THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED, 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 7885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1925. PART V. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, W.C. 1.LONDON, October, 7925. Publications Committee, 1925-26 T. SLATER PRICE (Chaivm.an), G. G. HENDERSON (President), H. C. L, BLOXAM, A. J. CHAPMAN, F. D. CHATTAWAY, W. M. CUMMING, LEONARD DOBBIN, A. VINCENT ELSDEN, LEWIS EYNON, W. R. FEARON, R. H. GREAVES, A. J. HALE, C. A, F. HASTILOW, I. M HEILBRON, PATR ICK H. KIR KALDY ( Treasurer). THOMAS MACARA, L. G. PAUL, B. D PORRITT, W. D. ROGERS, FRANK SOUTHERDEN. 279 Proceedings of the Council.AUGUST-OCTOBER, 1925. Forensic Chern istry.-From time to time, complaints have been received that professional chemists have not been allowed fees on the same basis as practitioners in other professions for attendance in Court for the purpose of giving evidence. In some cases the fees allowed have been higher than those received by other professional men, but where attendance has been re- quired simply for the purpose of expressing an opinion, without the necessity of conducting any practical investigation, the fees allowed have sometimes been quite inadequate for the services rendered and the time involved. The Council of the Institute has communicated with Sir Archibald Bodkin, the Director of Public Prosecutions, on this matter, and is greatly indebted to him for a reply embodying the following observations :-The fees and allowances to witnesses in criminal cases are governed by the regulations, dated 14th June, 1904, of the Secretary of State, made under the Criminal Justice Adminis-tration Act, 1851. Under those regulations allowances are prescribed to practising members of the legal and medical pro- fessions; but another section deals with allowances to “expert witnesses,” and provides that such witnesses shall receive such allowances for attending to give evidence as the Court may consider reasonable,-including, where necessary, an allowance for qualifying to give evidence. It is in this class that consulting chemists or Fellows and Associates of the Institute would fall; and whereas the allow- ances to practising members of the legal and medical professions are specific, the allowances to “expert witnesses” are in the discretion of the Court (or in practice on Circuit, of the Clerk of Assize; or in London, of the Clerk of the Central Criminal Court).Expert witnesses are not often called at Courts of Quarter Sessions; but if they are so called the Clerk of the Peace of the 280 County or Borough is the officer using his discretion, on behalf of the Court, in dealing with these allowances. Legal and medical professional witnesses, therefore, are entitled to fixed allowances in giving ordinary evidence of facts within their knowledge; while "expert witnesses "-who may be members of the legal or medical profession, or of other pro- fessions-are entitled to allowances fixed at discretion.The Director of Public Prosecutions is frequently concerned in cases in which expert analytical evidence is given-for instance, in poison cases, or where the absence of any poison becomes material, or where other evidence of a chemical character has to be given-but he has not received complaints of dis- crimination between the medical expert and the chemical expert adverse to the latter; in many cases the value of the evidence of the chemical expert is fully recognised, including allowance for the preliminary work and investigation ,experiment and analysis, and other chemical processes through which the chemical expert becomes qualified to give relevant evidence in the particular case.The Director is aware that elaborate chemical investigations are necessary in order to qualify the professional chemist for giving evidence which may be confined within the answers to two or three questions, but he feels that Taxing Masters appre- ciate the position of the consulting chemist, and there is no justi- fication for the opinion that the scientific evidence of the pro- fession of consulting chemists is regarded as less valuable than that given by medical or pathological experts. He suggests that any Fellow or Associate who is dissatisfied with any allowance should mention fully to the Taxing Master the length of time occupied on work relative to the evidence and particulars of the difficulty or delicacy of the investigation , and should suggest that the Court might be consulted on the matter if the Taxing Master does not respond to any representations of this character; because under the regulations above referred to, the Court is really making the allowances acting through its officer.In any suitable case it would be quite appropriate for Counsel to mention any exceptional value of, or difficulty in, or length of time expended over, the investigation by the chemical expert. In conclusion, the Director of Public Prosecutions does not think that it would be to the advantage of the profession which the Institute represents to take any steps to establish a scale 281 for professional chemical witnesses; in his opinion, the result of the application of any such scale would be likely to prove less satisfactory than the present discretionary method of making allowances. It is satisfactory to note that the member by whom the matter was brought to the notice of the Institute, after having complained of the allowance made to him in a certain matter, was supported in his claim by the Director of Public Prose- cutions, and, at a subsequent hearing, received an enhanced allowance.Royal Commission on National Health Insurance.-The attention of the Institute had been directed to evidence on the subject of testing prescribed medicines, given in June last, before the Royal Commission on National Health Insurance, by representatives of the Retail Pharmacists’ Union and the Chemists’ Defence Association, who sought to prove that “analytical methods are, like dispensing methods, subject to the human element of manipulative error.” It appeared desirable that the matter should not pass un- noticed, and it was, therefore, referred to the Public Appoint- ments Committee, on which the Society of Public Analysts is represented.The Registrar of the Institute was instructed to ask the witnesses for further information with regard to certain parts of the evidence which appeared to reflect on the work of an analyst; but a reply was received to the effect that it was not fair to the analyst concerned to give this information, and that it was thought that no good purpose could be served in pursuing the matter any further. The Royal Commission had decided not to hear further oral evidence except from representatives of Government Depart- ments; but, in reply to an enquiry from the Institute, the Secretary of the Commission suggested that a short statement giving the observations of the Institute and the Society of Public Analysts might be prepared and, if accepted by the Commission, might be included in the official records of their proceedings.The following statement was thereupon forwarded with a covering letter intimating that, should the Commission be prepared to receive evidence on behalf of public analysts, a representative would be appointed to support the memorandum. 282 To the Royal Commission on National Health Insurance.MEMORANDUM, from the Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Public Analysts, on the examination of prescribed medicines. Evidence given before the Royal Commission on National Health Insurance indicated definitely that certain pharmacists hold that public analysts are not competent to undertake the examination of medicines prescribed and dispensed on behalf of Insurance Committees. A Joint Committee of the Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Public Analysts desires to point out that public analysts throughout the country were entrusted with the analysis of medicines long before In- surance Committees were appointed, and that, whatever view may now be taken with regard to their competency to perform this work, they will still be called upon to analyse samples of medicines submitted to them under the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts. Public analysts are fully capable of dealing with the analysis of pharmaceutical preparations.During the course of training prescribed for Examination for the Fellowship of the Institute of Chemistry can- didates who intend to take the examination in the Chemistry of Foods and Drugs must produce evidence that they have systematically studied therapeutics and pharmacology, and the examination is conducted on lines approved by the Ministry of Health. In addition to a rigorous examination in the Chemistry of Food and Drugs, candidates are examined in therapeutics, pharmacology and microscopy, and they have to show acquaintance with the drugs and preparations contained in the British Pharmacopoeia.The examiner appointed for this part of the test is approved by the Ministry of Health, and Fellows of the Institute who have passed thc examination in question are formally recognised under the “Regulations as to Competency of Public Analysts ” to hold appointments under the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts. Public analysts are very frequently called upon to analyse samples of drugs :between 5,000 and 6,000 samples of drugs are submitted for analysisunder the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts annually in England and Wales. In 1923 adverse reports were made in respect of 324 samples of drugs,and in only 5 cases were appeals made at the request of the vendors; and in only two of these did the Government Laboratory disagree with the certificate originally given by the public analyst.The competence of public analysts might have been called in question if a 1ar.g‘ number of appeals had been made to the Government Laboratory and if the certificates had not been confirmed. It can definitely be stated, however, that in practically every case the certificates of the public analysts are confirmed by the analysts engaged by the vendors; otherwise the third portion re-tained by the Inspectors would have been much more frequently referred to the Government Chemist. In 1923, the Ministry of Health st’ated that under the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts, 660 prescriptions were submitted for analysis, and that in 110 cases adulteration certificates were issued.Adulteration, in these cases, refers to deficiencies or excesses in prescribed ingredients. If the pharmacists who dispensed these 110 prescriptions had held any evidence that the certificates issued by the public analysts were in any way in-accurate, they would undoubtedly have requested confirmation of the composition of the reserve samples by the Government Laboratory. The evidence placed before the Commission to the effect that a publicanalyst was unaware of the difference in composition between phenol and liquid phenol should not be accepted without the analyst concerned being given an opportunity to justify his certificate, since it is probable in this and other cases that the opinion of the public analyst as to the gravity of the offence was not asked.Having found a deficiency in a,prescribed 283 ingredient he was compelled to issue his certificate accordingly, and his Authority acted on that certificate. It has happened not infrequently that Local Authorities have drawn conclusions from certificates which are not in accord with the views held by public analysts. Insurance dispensing has been tested by public analysts on behalf of Insuranc2 Committees for several years with every satisfaction. The Insurance Committees have had the advice of the public analysts on their certificates and, although a very considerable number of inaccuracies in dispensing has been disclosed, no real objection has been taken to the certificates issued by public analysts in the past, and no grounds have been stated to justify any suggestion of lack of competence on their part to perform the duties entrusted to them.RICHARDB. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary, Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland. E. R. BOLTON, Hon. Secretary, Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists. 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.l. 18th September, 1925. The Secretary of the Royal Commission, in acknowledging the receipt of the memorandum, stated that it would be placed before the Commission and that the Institute would be informed whether the Commission thought it necessary to hear oral evidence in support thereof; the memorandum would be printed in the official record of the proceedings, and regard would be had to the views expressed in it before the Commission arrived at their conclusions on matters dealt with in the memorandum. A further letter was thereupon addressed to the Royal Commission expressing the hope that the Government Chemist or a representative from his Department would be heard; also that a public analyst would be called as representing a body of officers who are employed in relation to the administration of the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts.284 Local Sections. Birmingham and Midlands-The session opened with a smoking concert held at the White Horse Hotel, Congreve Street, on-26th October, to which all members and registered students of the Institute in the district were invited.The Annual General Meeting will be held in November, and a Dinner will be held jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry in December. A programme of the arrangements of the Section giving exact dates of meetings, etc., will be forwarded to every member in the district. Bristol and South-Westem.-Some modifications have been made in the programme of the Section for the ensuing session. On the zznd October, Mr. W. J. U. Woolcock gave an address on “British Chemical Industry ” before a joint meeting of the Bristol Sections of the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institute held at the University of Bristol. Mr. George Gray, Chairman of the Bristol Section of the Society, presided over a large attendance.Sir Ernest Cook, Chairman of the Bristol Section of the Institute, in presenting certificates to five new Associates, said that nothing but good could follow from the joint meetings of the two Societies. Referring briefly to the subject of Mr. Woolcock’s address, he said that the more the direction of big manufactories was influenced by qualified chemists the better it would be for the country at large. Mr. Woolcock, in opening his address, said that he was glad that Sir Ernest Cook’s remarks had been so well received. He hoped chemists would regard their work not merely as their profession, but as a means of contributing something for the benefit of industry. The manufacturers were accustomed to think of chemistry in two parts-the heavy materials and dyes and small stuff. The heavy chemical industry was a very 285 important section, especially in the north, and it included the soap industry.There were other branches of recent growth in which this country was not so far advanced as were Germany and America. He referred at some length to the political aspects of the dyestuffs industry, and to the influence of subsidies and prohibition. If dyes could be made at home and in sufficient quantities at a fair and reasonable price, then the consumer should be asked to prefer the home-made article. The onus of proof that the British-made dyestuff was superior was on the makers. He thought that that condition had been met, and that now between 85 and 90 per cent.of the dyestuffs used in this country was home made. The Germans were doing their utmost to perfect their organisation, even to the acquisition of coal mines. Lower taxation and lower freights were factors that favoured Germany, and France enjoyed similar advantages. There ought to be a determination in this country not to go back to the position which prevailed in 1914. The great diffi- culty with the dyestuff industry was that they could not increase the demand; alteration in fashions might help, but what was gained in one way might be lost in another. Considerable progress was being made in the production of fine chemicals in which we were steadily building up a British industry. He believed that with good-will between industry and chemistry, and proper assistance from the Government, we should have an industry that would be able to look at the industry across the water and not be ashamed to enter into a first-class fight if such a fight became necessary.A vote of thanks was accorded Mr. Woolcock, on the proposition of the Chairman, seconded by Prof. Francis. On 12th November, Dr. E. Vanstone will read a paper on “The r6le of Phosphorus in Agriculture,” and on 14th November the members will visit Exeter and hold a meeting at University College. On 10th December, the Section will hold a joint meeting with Fellows of the Chemical Society, when Mr. S. Piper will give a lecture on “The use of X-rays in Chemistry.” On 7th January, Mr. Stanley Robson will read a paper on “The Contact Process far the Manufacture of Sulphuric Acid, together with some reference to its origin in Bristol in 1831,” and on 4th February, Dr.A. Parker will read a paper on “The Smokeless Fuel Problem.” The Annual General Meeting will be held on 25th March, 1926. 286 Glasgow and West of Scotland.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, on 29th October, when the President gave a short address on the York Conference. On 27th November, Mr. W. G. Hiscock will read a paper on “The Heat evolved during the detonation of Explosives” to a Joint Meeting of the Section and the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry. The Ramsay Chemical Dinner, in which all local chemical societies will participate, will take place on 9th December.The chair will be taken by Sir Frederick Nathan, and the guests will include Sir Donald MacAlister (Principal of the University of Glasgow), Captain Walter Elliot, M.P., Sir Robert Bruce, Sir Robert Robertson, and the Registrar of the Institute. In January, on a date to be arranged, a Joint Meeting will be held with the Ardeer Chemical Club, at Ardrossan. On 26th February, Prof. R. A. Berry will give a lecture on “Soil Nitrogen” to a Joint Meeting with the Society of Chemical Industry, and the winter session will close with a Smoking Concert on 2nd April. A summer meeting will be arranged to take place on 28th and 29th May in which the Glasgow and Edinburgh Sections of the Institute and of the Society of Chemical Industry will participate.The meeting will be held at St. Andrews, and Principal Sir James C. Irvine has kindly consented to give an address. A Dinner will be held on 28th May; members will stay overnight in St. Andrews, and Saturday will be spent in golf, etc. Notes. Textile Institute.-The incorporation of the Textile Institute by Royal Charter was celebrated at a luncheon held at the Midland Hotel, Manchester, on 14th October. Sir Philip Cunliffe-Lister, President of the Board of Trade, in proposing the toast of the Textile Institute, said that the Charter enabled the Institute to function as an examining authority in textile technology; the teaching and practice of textile technology would thereby be elevated to the rank of a profession and students would have a definite incentive to continue study and investigation.He looked forward to close 287 co-operation between the Textile Institute and the Board of Trade. The President, Mr. John Emsley, in reply, said that scientific investigation had only lately been brought to bear on the problems that awaited solution. Our captains of industry had relied too much on the old-fashioned formula “rule of thumb,” but they would now have scientific knowledge to help them. Mr. J. H. Lester, who also replied to the toast, said that what was called “rule of thumb’’ he preferred to call “craft pride.’’ The textile indus try-the cot ton industry certainly- had been built up not upon science but upon craft pride.What they wanted was not art or science alone but both in combination with textile technology. With the permission of the President, Mr. Lester invited the Registrar of the Institute of Chemistry to speak on the advantages of incorporation by Royal Charter. Mr. Pilcher emphasised the fact that many of the great professions had been so incorporated during the past century, which was a period of remarkable advancement in all branches of professional endeavour. Charters were not granted for selfish ends; petitions which appeared to include selfish ends were always strenuously opposed. The great chartered societies and institutions had become part of the machinery of government, and the government constantly looked to these bodies for advice and assistance.Incidentally, he said, the government expected advice for nothing and usually got it. Royal Charters conferred powers and privileges, but also imposed duties and obligations. They might sometimes feel that they would like to exceed their powers and at others they would be glad they were limited. In general, they had to restrict the expenditure of funds to the objects for which their members had subscribed them. A Royal Charter constituted definite recognition of the position which an institution occupied in the world and of its right to speak for the profession it represented. The /institution had to accept the position and, with it, its responsibilities, by keeping the standard of its re- quirements for membership so high that its right to hall-mark a practitioner in its particular profession could not be challenged.India.-In the issue of The Times of India, dated zIst July last, reference was made to the proceedings of the Bombay Legislative Council in connection with the appointment of an 288 analyst. The Council debated whether public analysts were appointed or authorised and whether skill and experience were necessary on the part of the holder of the appointment. One member suggested that “the laboratory Ramoshi at a science college would gather sufficient experience to be an analyst in two years of setting up apparatus and cleaning test tubes.” The leader of the opposition charged the Government with attempting to provide good fat jobs for its favourites who would be foisted on the municipalities.. . . Some personalities followed, but eventually, when the matter was voted upon, it was decided that the “analysers ” appointed under the Pure Food Act should be required to produce evidence of special skill and experience. A debate ensued on the disposal of the penalties recovered under the Act, and ultimately it was decided (against the wish of Government) that the money should be paid to the local authorities in whose areas the offences were committed. A legal member of the Council terminated the proceedings by a vigorous protest against the Government encroaching on personal liberty, by appointing inspectors with power to search for impure foods.Publicity.-It is noted with interest that the Barnsley Chronicle has lately contained a series of articles by Mr. Arthur Price dealing with chemical and other scientific subjects. Work of this kind tends to a better appreciation by the public of the applications and uses of chemistry. Societ6 de Chimie 1ndustrielle.-The fifth Congress of the SociM de Chimie Industrielle was held in Paris from 4th to 11th October. Special attention was given to metallurgy and fuel, papers being read by M. L6on Guillet, Director of the Central School of Arts and Manufactures, on the contributions of France to metallurgy; by Sir Robert Hadfield, on his personal experience of metallurgical work in France; and by Professor Waterman, of Delft, on the Refinement of Mineral Oil.These papers occupied the whole of one day, and the other technical groups of the Socikt6 held meetings during the session. Over fifty foreign delegates from eighteen different countries attended the meetings and enjoyed the generous hospitality offered by the Socikt6. A reception of members and delegates and their ladies was held at the Hotel Majestic, followed by a musical and artistic entertainment. M. Paul Kestner, the 289 President and Founder of the SociM, was prevented from attending by ill-health. On 5th October, a reception was held by the Prbfet de la Seine at the Hotel de Ville. The Minister of Commerce and the General Commissioner of the Exhibition of Modern Decorative Arts entertained the foreign delegates to a Dinner followed by a Concert and Ball at the Grand Palais.The official banquet was held at the Palais d’Orssy, presided over by M. Borel, Minister of the Marine, and was followed by an impromptu dance. Visits were paid to various works at Grenoble and in Paris. At the closing ceremony-presided over by M. Chaumet, Minister of Commerce and Industry-M. Dior, the President of the SociM de Chimie Industrielle, presented the Gold Medal of the SociM to M. Chatillon and Prof. H. E. Armstrong. The Congress was followed by the Celebration of the Cen- tenary of the discoveries of Chevreul, which took place at the Natural History Museum, where much of Chevreul’s work was carried out. The President of the Republic was present, and M.Delbos, Minister of Instruction, presided. M. Mangin, Director of the Museum, and M. Moureu, President of the Soci6tk Chimique de France, traced the scientific career of Chevreul. Prof. Armstrong spoke on behalf of the foreign delegates, who were received by M. and Mme. Mangin. A concert was rendered by the Band of the Garde Rhpublicaine, and the foreign delegates were then entertained by the ladies of the Bienvenue FranCaise at the Cercle Interall%, at which each delegate spoke-Sir William Pope representing the British delegates on this occasion. M. Jean Gbrard, the General Secretary of the Socibtb, was highly complimented on the success of the Congress, and the special thanks of the foreign delegates were accorded him. The Institute was represented by Mr.Arthur R. Smith, Fellow. The next Congress is to be held in Brussels. 290 September Examinations, 1925. Summary of the Report of the Board of Examiners. Examinations were held at the times and places scheduled below. The number of candidates examined and of those who passed was:- UNDERTHE CURRENTREGULATIONS.No. examined No. passed. For the Associateship- At the Institute : 14th-19th September; 22nd-25th Sep-tember . . .. .. .. .. 21 8 For the Fellowship- At the Institute : Branch A, I.: Mineral Products, 21st-25th September' .. .. .. 1 0 At the Institute and at the Royal School of Mines. 28th September to 2nd October .. 1 1 At the Institute : Branch E : The Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs, and of Water .. .. .. .. 4 1 At the Institute and at the City Analyst's Laboratory, Liverpool : Special Examination in Oils and Fats 1 0 UNDER REGULATIONS PRIOR TO MARCH, 1920. For the Associateship- At the Institute : Branch (e): The Chemistry (includinp Microscopy) of Food and Drugs and of Water . . .. .. .. 1 1 Total .. .. .. 29 11 EXAMINATIONGENERALIN CHEMISTRYFOR THE ASSOCIATE-sHIP.-The answers to the theoretical questions in physical chemistry were very uneven. The question on the heat of formation of carbon bisulphide was accurately answered by only a few candidates. Several candidates were aware of methods for determining the Avogadro number and were able to give names of workers in this field, but none was able to 291 give an outline of the quantitative principles involved.Some of the answers to the question on the preparation and properties of the oxyacids of chlorine were surprisingly inaccurate, and the schemes for the analysis of the alloy were also unsatisfactory. The quantitative separation of arsenic and antimony did not appear to be familiar to the candidates, and textbooks were freely consulted. Most of the candidates showed good judgment in the choice of methods, although the fact that the arsenic was given as arsenate was in some cases disregarded, and time was wasted in reducing to arsenious sulphide and re- oxidising to arsenate. The results obtained showed an improve- ment on those of the two previous examinations, although several candidates fell into the common error of making their final calculations depend on volumes of standard solutions too small for accuracy.The qualitative exercise was, on the whole, well done. In the case of the mixture of arsenious sulphide and oxide, after finding arsenic and sulphur, in general no attempt was made to ascertain whether the substance was homogeneous or not, and whether it possessed the properties of pure arsenious sulphide. The written papers in organic chemistry were fairly well answered. In the practical exercises the quantitative work was generally well done, but the preparations were not neatly finished and the specimens left were in many cases moist and impure. EXAMINATIONSTHE FELLoWSHIP.-h Branch A there FOR was a slight lack of practical experience in the special laboratory methods in use among experienced workers, but the quantitative results were, on the whole, fairly good.In Branch E, the answers to the questions, both theoretical and practical, relating to drugs were very much better than those relating to foods. The microscopical work of most of the candidates was very unsatisfactory. The majority of the candidates did not show sufficient familiarity with the regulations under the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts. 292 PASS LIST. Examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry. Chater, Trevor Walter James, Central Technical School, Leeds. Everett, John Garwood. Chelsea Polytechnic. Hodgson, William Ronald Penrose, BSc.(Lond.), University College, Exeter. Klein, Ralph Harry, Sir John Cass Technical Institute. Phillips, Montague Alexander, Battersea Polytechnic. Richards, Colbert Eric, Northern Polytechnic, and Sir John Cass Technical Institute. Richardson, Robert William, Central Technical School, Leedq. Vickem, Arthur Eric Jarvis, B.Sc. (Lond.), Trained under the Head of the Chemistry Department, Central Schools of Science and Technology, Stoke -on-Trent . In Branch (e): The Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs and of Water. Williams, Albert Lester. Examination for the Fellowship. In Branch A; Inorganic Chemistry, Section TI. Metallurgy. Walker, William James. In Branch E: The Chemistry (includin#g Microscopg) of Food and Drugsand of Water.Illing, Edward Thomas. The following papers and exercises were given in the # Examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry. MONDAY, 14th SEPTEMBER, 1925: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. Give working methods for the recovery of-(a) Pure potassium iodide from iodine residues obtained in (5) Chlorplatinic acid, suitable for u9e in potassium deter- 2. Give definitions of tho terms “heat of combmtion” and “heat the laboratory. minations, from platinum residues. of formation.” Given that the heat of combustion of carbon bkulphide is 266.1 Gal. and the heats of formation of carbon dioxide and of sulphurdioxide respectively are 94.3 and 71 Cal., calculate the heat of formation of carbon biwlphide.3. Give an account of the work of Berzelius and Faraday with 4. Draw up a scheme for the quantitative analysis of an alloyespecial reference to ita bearing on electrochemistry. consisting mainly of copper and zinc, with tin (0.2 per cent.), iron (1 percent.), lead (0.2 per cent.) and aluminium (0.3 per cent.). The exact determination of the minor constituents is of special importance. 5. Mention the chief ores of tin and describe the mode of extraction of the metal. What impurities are usual in commercial tin, and how can they be detected? 293 2 to 5 p.m. 1. State the law governing the distribution of a substance when it is shaken up with two immiscible liquids. If the molecular weight of the substance is not the same in the two liquids show how the ratio of the molecular weights in the two liquids can be deduced from solubility measurements.2. Give an account of the mode of preparation, properties and use of three of the following:- Chromyl chloride, hydrazine sulphate, potassium permanganate, sodium bismuthate, barium hydroxide. 3. Give van der Waals equation of state, and show how to calculate the critical volume, pressure and temperature of a substance, given the constants a and b. Deduce van der Waals’ reduced equation of state. To what extent has the latter been confirmed experimentally ? 4. Give an account of the preparation and reactions of the oxyacids of chlorine, or salts when the acids are unstable. Describe the manu- facture on the large scale of any one of these and give its commercial applications.5. Write a short essay on either (a) The Avogadro constant, or (b) Berthelot’s law of maximum work. TUESDAY, 15th SEPTEMBER, 1925: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Questions Nos. 5 and 6 are alternatives.) 1. What methods are available for the preparation of aliphatioketones ? Select any ketone, other than acetone, and describe its behaviour towards (u)oxidising agents; (b)reducing agents; (c) reagents for detectingcarbonyl groups. 2. Write a concise essay on one of the following topics:- (a) Metallic catalysts in organic reactions. (b) The diazo-reaction and its application in the arts and manufactures. 3. Describe the preparation of acetylacetone.Illustrate the behaviour of this substance towards (a) alkylating agents, (b) bromine, (c) metallic hydroxides, (d) phenylhydrazine. What evidence is derived from these chemical changes as to the constitution of the diketone? 4. Indicate clearly what is the chemical significance of the terms “fat” and “wax.” Select a member of either of these two series of substances and describe how the selected material can be converted into simpler organic .compounds. How has the chemical constitution of these fission products been determined ? 5. Coal tar xylene consists of thrco isomerides. HOWhas it been ascertained that each of these compounds is a dimethyl-benzene with a characteristic orientation of the two methyl groups? or 6. What processes are available for introducing arsenical radicals into aromatic compounds ? Give three typical examples of the preparation of aromatic arsenicals and describe a method for estimating arsenio in these substances.2 to 3.30 p.m. The Candidates were required to translate into English, passages from the Berichte and from Chimie ct Industrie. 294 Practical : 1st Week. WEDNESDAY, 16th SEPTEMBER, 1925: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Solution A contains a mixture of sodium arsenate and tartar emetic. Determine the arsenic and antimony, expressing the results as gramsof metal in 100 grams of solution. One of the metals (at the choice of the candidate) must be determined by two independent methods. (This exercise may be continued to-morrow.) THURSDAY, 17th SEPTEMBER, 1925: 10 a.m.to 4.30 p.m. 1. Complete the work on solution A. 2. Report on the nature of substance B. (Sodium thioantimoniate and bismuth sulphide.) FRIDAY, 18th SEPTEMBER, 1925: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Report on the nature of the organic compound C. Examine the action of hydrolytic agents upon it and prepare two crystalline derivatives from one of its fission products. (C’ p-Chloracetanilide.C” p-Bromacetanilide. ) (The preparations may be completed to-morrow.) SATURDAY, 19th SEPTEMBER, 1925: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Complete the preparations from yesterday’s exercise. 2. Estimate the nitrogen in the organic substance D by the Kjeldahl method and so far as time permits ascertain the nature of the substance. (D’ Asparagin.D” Glycocoll.) Practical: 2nd Week. TUESDAY, 22nd SEPTEMBER, 1925: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Solution E contains a mixture of sodium arsenate and tartar emetic. Determine the arsenic and antimony, expressing the results as gramsof metal in 100 grams of solution. One of the metals (at the choice of the candidate) must be determined by two independent methods. (This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) WEDNESDAY, 23rd SEPTEMBER, 1925: 10 a.m. to 4.30 pm. 1. Complete the work on solution E. 2. Report on the nature of substance F. (Arsenic sulphide with some oxide.) THURSDAY, 24th SEPTEMBER, 1925: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Report on the nature of the organic compound G. Examine the action of hydrolytic agents upon it and prepare two crystalline derivatives from one of its fission products.(a’Benzylidene-o-toluidine. G“ Benzylidene -p -toluidine.) (The preparations may be completed to-morrow.) PRIDAY, 25th SEPTEMBER, 1925. 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Complete the preparations from yesterday’s exercise. 2. Ascertain the nature of the acetyl derivatives contained in specimen H and estimate the percentage of acetyl in this material. (H’ and H” Pentacetyl-glucose mixed with different proportions of glucose.) Examination for the Fellowship. Branch A. Inorganic Chemistry. Section I. Mineral Products. MONDAY, 21st SEPTEMBER, 1925: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Not more than FOUR questions are to be answered. Full marks may be obtained by answering three questions.) 1.Write an essay on valency dealing particularly with the work of Werner and recent work on co-ordination compounds. 2. Furnish a method for the analysis and examination of fireclay. 3. “ If we have a positively charged colloid like stannic oxide and a negatively charged colloid like gold, the two will tend to neutralize and to precipitate within certain limits. This phenomenon is absolutely general and does not lead to the formation of chemical compounds in definite and multiple proportions.” Discuss this statement, with particular reference to other inorganic complexes. 4. Give an account of the photochemical reaction between hydrogen and chlorine. 5. If sufficient of the caesium bearing mineral Pollucite were given, describe how you would proceed to separate the caesium in the form of a simple pure salt.6. Write an account of the zero group of elements with a state-ment of their industrial use. State how helium may be detected and how it has been separated from natural gas on the large scale. 2 to 5 p.m. (Not more than FOUR questions to be answered.) 1. How is titanium oxide prepared industrially, and what are its uses ? HOWwould you proceed in the examination of commercial titanium oxide for total TiO, and impurities? 2. Crude carnallite prepared from a natural brine gave the following constituents on ana.lysis :-Ca .. 0.08 per cent. Mg .. 7.95 )) Na .. 3-66 ,, K . . 10.52 ,, c1 .. 33.15 ,, Br .. 0.17 ,,so4 .. 7.32 ,, m7ater ..37.15 ,, Insoluble matter 0-43 ,, Give details of a satisfactory method for determining the constituents. What allowance for errors of experiment would you consider reasonable for the various constituents in the proportions shown ? 3. How has the existence of isotopes been demonstrated? What success has so far resulted from attempts to separate isotopes? 4. What are the sources of platinum? What other metals are usually associated with platinum? How is the platinum separated from the other metals in a pure state? 5. The atomic numbers of oxygen, sulphur, selenium and tellurium are 8, 16, 34 and 62 respectively. State the significance of their relation 296 from the point of view of the structure of atoms. State the properties of these four elements which lead to their being included in the same group of the periodic tables.6. Describe methods for the determination of the constituents of a gas mixture consisting of hydrogen, methane, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, oxygen and nitrogen. The precaution necessary to be observed in the use of any apparatus described should be given. TUESDAY-FRIDAY, 22nd-26th SEPTEMBER, 1925: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Identify the constituents of the mixture A and determine the proportions of the principal metallic radicals. (Titanium potassium oxalate and ferric potassium oxalate .) 2. Ascertain the composition of the alloy B, and make a quantitative analysis, paying particular attention to the minor constituents.(Manganese bronze containing Cu, Sn, Fe, Al, Ni, Mn, Zn.) Branch A. Inorganic Chemistry. Section II. Metallurgy. MONDAY, 28th SEPTEMBER, 1925: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (SIX questions to be answered, of which No. 2 is compulsory.) 1. How would you sample:- (a) Twenty bars of gold bullion obtained in the cyanide process ? (b) Five hundred tons of argentiferous lead, containing about 100 ox. of silver per ton. (c) A cargo of 1,000 tons of argentiferous matte, while un-loading ? 2. Give an account of the method you would adopt for the deter- mination of copper, iron and sulphur in a sample of matte. 3. What tests, physical and chemical, would you make of a, sampleof coke and coal to satisfy yourself that they are respectively suitable for blmt furnace purposes and for use in a producer? 4.Explain the “ multiple” and “series ” systems of electrolytic refining of copper. Compare the relative advantages and disadvantages of the two processes. 6. Describe, with the aid of sketches, a basic open hearth plant for the manufacture of steel, and give details of the various operations from the time the pig leaves the blast furnace until the ingot is removed from the ingot mould. 6. Review the phase and crystallographic changes of an 0-2 percent. carbon steel on cooling from above the liquidus to the ordinary temperature, and sketch the structure obtained with slow cooling. What is the effect of quenching the specimen from (a) 750°C. and (b) fromlooooc.9 7. You are required to determine the temperature of a charge which is being tapped from a Siemens furnace.Describe the instrument you would use and the operation of taking the temperature. 8. An ore, after roasting, contains:- Copper . . 4.85 per cent. Sulphur . . 8.4 ,, Silver . . 17.5 02. per ton (2,000 lb.)Gold .. 0.48OX. 297 During smelting, 8 per cent. of the copper is lost, 15 per cent. of the sulphur ie volatilised and 4 per cent. passes into the slag, while 96 per cent. of the gold and silver is recovered. Calculate: (1) the amount of matte which will be formed in treating 5,000 tons of this material, and (2) its contents in copper, silver and gold. 2 to 5 p.m. (Not more than SIX questions to be answered.) 1. Give a method for the determination of ferrous and ferric iron in a sample of magnetite. 2.From what sources are the salts of potassium prepared? State how you would demonstrate the presence of potassium in a mixture of calcium, sodium and potassium chlorides. How may potassium nitrate be prepared from potassium chloride 1 3. From what minerals are supplies of the following metals obtained: (a) molybdenum, (b) tungsten and (c) vanadium. Describe a processby which each metal can be obtained in a suitable condition for use in the manufacture of special steel. 4. Write a short essay on cata.lysis with special reference to technical processes. Briefly outline the method employed in the manufacture of oleurn by the contest process. 5. Give an outline of the method you would employ for the analysis of producer gas, and show how you would make use of the results obtained to check the working of the producer. 6.Describe a process for the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen. 7. State briefly how you would separate, on a large scale, the mar-ketable products from a rock containing about l per cent. of each of the following materials: (a) tin, (b) wolfram, and (c) arsenic. 8. Draw up a scheme for tha analysis of a fireclay. TUESDAY, 29th SEPTEMBER, 1925: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Make a qualitative analysis of the sample of s1a.g and determine the chief constituents (copper slag). (This exercise may be completed to-morrow, if necessamj.) WEDNESDAY, 30th SEPTEMBER, 1925: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Determine: (1) The amount of tin in a sample of tailing.(2) The gold and silver in an ore. THURSDAY, 1st OCTOBER, 1925: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Identify the constituents of the steel supplied and accurately deter- mine them (nickel chrome steel). (Thisexercise may be completed to-morrow, if necessary.) FRIDAY, 2nd OCTOBER, 1925: 10 a.m. to 5 pm. Examine the given alloy under the microscope and report on t'he heat trcatnient it has received. Illustrato your answer by means of sketches, indicating the various constituents, 298 Branch B. Physical Chemistry. Electro-Chemistry. FRIDAY, 23rd OCTOBER, 1925: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FOURquestions to be answered.) 1. The vapour pressure-composition curve for a system of two liquids varies in character according to the nature and the miscibility of the two compounds concerned.Set out the types of curve realised in practice, and, in the light of these, discuss the processes of fractional distillation and steam distillation. 2. What do you understand by “the order of a reaction,” and by what different methods can this be determined? Discuss two definite cases in which the kinetics of a reaction have been used to elucidate the mechanism of the reaction. 3. Indicate the nature of the experimental grounds for the view that substances in aqueous solution are hydrated. Discuss the bearing of this view on the electrolytic dissociation theory. 4. What interpretations can you offer of the following observations: (a) A fused mixture of two substances X and Y solidifies com- pletely at one temperature, which lies above the freezing point of X, but below that of Y.(b) The cooling record for a fused mixture of two metals exhibits three arrests. 5. What is the type of formula representing the isothermal equi- librium between a gas and charcoal, and how would you set about the experimental investigation of such an equilibrium ? Give an outline of modern work on the activation of charcoal. 6. Write a short essay on either (a)the physico-chemical aspects of inorganic analysis, or (6) the application of physico -chemical principles to gas reactions of technical importance. 2 to 5 p.m. (FOURquestions to be answered.) 1. Disc& the evidence for the view that in water or any dilute aqueous solution the product [He][OH] is a constant, and outline the methods by which values of this constant have been obtained.2. The current efficiency of the electrolysis of fused sodium hydroxide for the production of metallic sodium on the commercial scale is not above 50 per cent. To the operation of what factors would you attribute this low value ? What experiments are necessary in order to ascertain the energy efficiency of the lead accumulator? How do you explain the fact that this efficiency is less than 100 per cent. ? 3. T;CTrite an account of either (a)the methods available for determin- ing the solubility of sparingly soluble salts, or (6) the calculation and measurement of potential differences at the junction of aqueous solutions of electrolytes. 4.Explain exactly what is meant by “pR value” of an aqueous solution and set out. its relation to the hydrion concentration. Represent graphically the change in pHvalue during the neutralisation of dilute phosphoric acid with potassium hydroxide solution. In this connection discuss the significance of “buffer solutions.” 299 5. Deduce the exact relationship between the electrical energyobtainable from a primary cell, and the thermal effect of the chemical reaction occurring in the cell. 6. What is meant by the “hydrogen overvoltage” of a metal, and how does this vary for a given metal with the physical condition of the metal surface, the current density and the temperature ? Draw up a rough classification of the commoner metals with reference to the magnitude of their hydrogen overvoltages under comparableconditions, and discuss the value of this classification in the selection of a suitable cathode material for an electrolytic reduction process.7. Compare the effects of increasing current density on the anodic behaviour of iron and lead in dilute sulphuric acid and of aluminium in a dilute alkaline electrolyte. Discuss the view that the anodic passivity of iron is due to the formation of some kind of film covering the metal surface. MONDAY to THURSDAY, 19th to 22nd OCTOBER, 1925. 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. Examine as completely as time permits the following aspects of the electrolysis of neutral and acid copper sulphate solutions between copper electrodes:-(i) the variation of cathodic polarisation with current density in the deposition of copper from solutions of different copper con- centration and acidity at room temperature, and from a particular solution (say N/CuSO,: N/H,SO,) at several different tempera- tures ; (ii) the current efficiency of copper deposition from the latter solution (N/CuSO,: N/H,SO,) at different current densities and tempera- tures.Or MONDAY and TUESDAY, 19th to 20th OCTOBEB, 1925. 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. You are supplied with the hydrochloride of a mono-acid organic base of known molecular weight. Determine the degree of hydrolysis of the hydrochloride of this base in Msolution at 25” by two methods, one of 50 which is based on E.M.F.measurements and the other on conductivity measurements. Study also, so far as time permits, the effect of dilution on the extent of hydrolysis. WEDNESDAY and THURSDAY, 21st and 22nd OCTOBER, 1925. 10 a.m to 5 p.m. each day. Investigate the effect of concentration on the transport number of copper in solutions of cupric bromide. Branch E. The Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs, and of Water. MONDAY, 21st SEPTE’MBER, 1925: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. What. is meant by the term “polarised light”? How is polarised2. Stat>e what you know of the official regulations relating to the 3. Discuss the application of chlorine to the purification of water light ampplied to tho examination of food ? use of preservatives in food.for drinking purposes. 300 (Answer in a scparate notebook.) 4. Give the composition and the medicinal dose of the following: Tinct. Strophanthi; Tinct. Belladonnae ; Tinct. Opii; Tinct. Quininae ; Vinum Opii; Liquor Arsenicalis; Liquor Hydrargyri Perchloridi. 6. Give a list o€ the chief Emetics, distinguishing between those which act on the stomach and those which effect the medullary centre. What emergency treatment' is desirable when an individual has swallowed an overdose of (a) Tinct. Opii, or (h) Liquor Arsenicalis? 6. An individual dies after exhibiting symptoms of extreme gastro- intestinal irritation. Poisoning is suspected, and the viscera are sub-mitted to you for analysis. State how you would proceed.2 to 5 p.m. 1. How is yeast extract prepared? Outline a scheme for the analysis of this product. 2. Enumerate the substances used in the preparation of baking powders. Discuss their advantages and disadvantages. 3. Explain the following terms in relation to carbohydrates: mono- and di-saccharides ; optical rotation ; bi-rotation ; inversion;hydrolysis; reducing power. 4. Describe in detail the methods you would adopt for the detection of B. coli in drinking water. 5. Describe briefly a method for the analysis of an emulsion con- taining malt extract, cod liver oil and hypophosphites. TUESDAY, 22nd SEPTEMBER, 1925: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m 1. Analyse and report upon the specimen of coffee and chicory essence. (This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) 2.Make a qualitative analysis of the specimen A, which is a mixture of two substances only. WEDNESDAY, 23rd SEPTEMBER, 1925: 10 a.m. to 5 p.nt. 1. Complete the analysis of the coffee and chicory essence. 2. Determine the acetyl value of the mixture of castor and olive oils. From your result calculate the approximate composition of the mixture. THURSDAY, 24th SEPTEMBER, 1925: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. The medicine M is supposed to have been dispensed in accordance with the following prescription: Pilula Plumbi cum Opio, gr. 3. Mitte tales xx. Analyse the medicine and report as to the correctness of the dispensing. FRIDAY, 25th SEPTEMBER, 1925: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Examine the specimen of milk A for colouring matter. 2.From a microscopical examination only report as far as you 3. The lemonade E is supposed to contain an irritant poisonous can on the specimens B, C, and D. substance. Examine with a view to the detection of the poison (con- tained oxalic acid). 301 SATURDAY, 26th SEPTEMBER, 1925: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. Examine microscopically and report upon the powder B. 2. Examine the deposit from the sample of urine C. Draw and describe its cons ti tuen ts. The candidates were examined orally in general Therapeutics and Pharmacology. Special Examination in Oils and Fats, MONDAY, 5th OCTOBER, 1925: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. Give an account of the process of catalytic hydrogenation as applied in the oil industries. Discuss the influence of physical con-ditions upon the main reaction.2. Give a general description of the methods used for obtaining the following analytical data and explain the significance of the figures so obtained :-(a) Acid value of a fat. (b) Amount of unsaponifiable matter in a, fatty oil. (c) Insoluble-bromide value of the fatty acids in an oil. (d) The viscosity of an oil. 3. How would you proceed to determine the quantity of resin oil in a mixture of mineral and resin oils ? 4. Describe the construction of (a) the polarimeter, (b) the Abbe refractometer. Indicate their uses in the examination of oils and fats. 5. Write a short essay on the origins and functions of essential oils in planti tissues. MONDAY, 5th OCTOBER 1925: 2 to 5 p.m.1. Describe the technical methods of fat-splitting used in the modern soap industries. 2. How would you prodeed to investigate the characteristic properties of a drying oil? Give a brief description of the experimental details. 3. Give an account of the uses of aluminium chloride in the practice of modern petroleum refinery. 4. "The saponification value of a naturally-occurring essential oil is not strictly a measure of the ester-content." Explain this statement, and indicate the purely chemical reasons for it. 5. Describe in detail the Reichsrt-Meissl-Polenske-Kirschner process for the analysis of fats. TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 6th to 9th OCTOBER 1925. 10 a.m. to 5 pm. each day. 1. Analyse and report upon the sample of soap A.Determine the iodine value of the liquid fatty acids. 2. Analyse and report upon the sample of motor lubricating 3. From the mixture C separate the mixed fatty acids and deter- grease B. (calcuim soap, mineral oil, and water.) mine (a) the iodine value (Wijs), (b) the acetyl value, (c) the refractive index, (d) the mean molecular weight. 302 Obituary. YOUNGBUCHANANJOHN died in London, on 16th October, at tho age of 81 years. He was the son of John Buchanan of Dowanhill, and was educated at the Glasgow High School. He subseqJently pursuad his scientific studies at the Universities of Glasgow, Marburg, Leipzig and Bonn, and at the &cole de MBdecine, Park. F:om 1873 to 1576 he acted as chemist and physicist with the “Challenger ’ Expedition, his investi- gations on the specific gravity of ocean water at various depths and on the nature of deep sea deposits being incorporated in the report of the scientific results of the expedition which was published in 1884.He was for some time Lecturer in Geography in the University of Cambridge, where he received the degree of M.A. For many ysars he pursued chemical research and mineralogy in Edinburgh and London, his more important papers being published by the Cambridge University Press under the title of Comptes Rsndus : Observation and Reasoning.” ‘I He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1887, was awarded the Keith Medal of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, the Gold Medal of the Royal Scottish Geographical Society, and the Croix du Commandeur de 1’Ordre de St.Charles de Monaco. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1878. WILLIAM HENRY DEERING died on 5th September, at Torquay,at the age of 76 years. Born at Gravesend, he was educated at the City of London School, and then entered the College of Chemistry in 1864 as a student under Hofmann. In 1867, he joined the staff of the Chemical Department of the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich, where he remained for 42 years, eventually, in 1905, occupying the position of chemist to the War Department, which he held until his retirement in 1909, being appointed a Companion of the Imperial Service Order in 1906. Under Sir Frederick Abel, he worked on service explosives and was responsible for many improvements in matters relating to service explosives and stores, being associated with work on the Abel Heat Test for explosives and also with Petroleum flash testing apparatus. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1880.CHARLESEDWARD who died in a London Hospital on 23rd FRANCK, July, at the age of 55 years, was educated at the Philological School and at University College, London. He was for six years assistant to Mr. Cecil H. Cribb, and then turned his attention to brewing. In 1897 he was chemist and under-brewer to Messrs. Trouncer & Co., at the Old Brewery, Shrews- bury, and a few years later obtained an appointment at the Shropshire Maltings at Ditherington. He passed the Final Examination for the Associateship of the Institute in Biological Chemistry in October, 1901.CHARLESWILLIAMHAROLD died at Whitby, through drown- HOWSON ing,on 4th August, in his 35th year. He was educated at Bishop Vesey’s Grammar School, Sutton Coldfield, and at Birmingham University, where he graduated in science in 1915. He was then engaged, under Prof. Percy Frankland, on work for the Ministry of Munitions, until early in 1916, after which he served with the R.N.A.S. and R.N.V.R., at the Experimental Stat,ion at Stratford, until in 1918, when he was attached as 303 a Sub-Lieutenant to the Tank Corps in France. In April, 1919, he joined the research staff of Messrs. Lever Bros. at Port Sunlight, and then obtained an appointment with the Dunlop Rubber Co.under Dr. Twiss, with whom he carried out important investigations on vulcanisation catalysts, on the viscosity of rubber solutions, and on problems connected with the utilisation of rubber latex. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1920. CHARLES LEONARDMACDONALDdied at Paisley from the effects of war service, in his 33rd year. He was educated at St. Aloysius College, Glasgow, became a pupil apprentice and later an assistant in 1909 in the laboratory of Messrs. Wallace & Clark, of Glasgow,and attended courses at the Paisley Technical College, and the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, until 1914. Immediately on the outbreak of war he enlisted in the “Queen’s Own” Royal Glasgow Yeomanry, with whom he served in Gallipoli, Egypt and Palestine.In 1918 he transferred to the Royal Air Force, served in Egypt and, on being de- mobilised, with a commission, in 1919, returned to his studies at the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, but owing to ill-health he was not able to resume practice. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1921. WILLIAMJOSIAHP-LMERdied at Eltham, Kent, on 8th September, in his 48th year. Educated at Garnethill High School, Glmgow, he studied chemistry at the Glasgow and West of Scotland Technical College, and in the laboratories of Messrs. Tatlock & Thomson, with whom he was first as pupil and later as assistant for a period of five years. Turning his attention specially to the chemistry of paints, colours and varnishes, he held appointments in turn with Messrs.Shand Rros., The United Turkey Red Co., Messrs. W. H. Holmes & Sons, Mesws. Pinchin, Johnson & Co., Ltd., and finally with Messrs. Burrell & Co., Ltd., with whom at the time of his death he had been a director for about seven years. He was a vice-president of the Oil and Colour Chemists’ Association, to whose Journal he contributed several valuable papers, and was a representative of the National Federation of Paint, Colour and Varnish Manufacturers, on a panel of the British Engineering Standards Association. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1918. CHARLESETTYPOTTERdied at the Manchester Royal Infirmary on 13th September, in his 46th year. Educated at the N.E. CountySchool, Barnard Castle, and Yorkshire College-now the University- Leeds, he graduated B.Sc. (Vict.), in 1900, and pursued a post-graduate course in Applied Chemistry with special reference to Leather Industries.In the following year he joined the research staff of Messrs. Burroughs Wellcome & Co., and while so engaged published jointly with Dr. H. A. D. Jowett several papers in the Journal of the Chemical Society and in the Pharmaceutical Journal. Later, he occupied a position as chemist at their Dartford works. He was head of the chemical department of Batley Technical College from 1907 until 1917, when he obtained an appointment as a research chemist with Messrs. Levinstein, Ltd., at Blackley, Manchester, and after the amalgamation of that Company with British Dyes, Ltd., he continued in the same appointment until his death.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1918, and was for some time a member of the Committee of the Manchester Section. At his funeral the Institute was represented by the Chairman and Secretary of the Section. 304 Scientific and Industrial Research. The Report of the Committee of the Privy Council for Scientific and Industrial Research for the year 1924-25,recently published by H.M. Stationery Office,* states that the estimated expenditure for the programme of research and for administrative services during 1925-26 amounts to E380,263-an increase of fl50,ooo over that for the year under review. The larger provision is attributed to the closer contact that the Department is to have with important and urgent questions of Government policy, resulting from the efforts made by successive administrations towards the better co-ordination of scientific work done for the State.The Report of the Advisory Council is included, as usual, in the publication together with the customary Appendices supplying information as to the personnel of the Department, statistics with regard to grants made, and lists of researches published and of departmental publications; there is also a report on developments in the organisation of research in other parts of the Empire and in India. The Committee of the Privy Council, after the comment that “lack of scientific leadership in many of our industries may very easily hamper and delay recovery’’ of the position of our staple industries, quotes from a speech of the Prime Minister :-“No one will assert that British industry can be saved by science alone, but it is none the less true that until scientific methods and scientific men can take their place in industry and an equal place with the administrator and the financier, British trade will never be strong enough or resilient enough to meet the shocks that it is bound to meet as the years go by, or to meet the sudden and unexpected changes which will always arise in international trade.’’ This, at least, is more encouraging than some of the utterances of representatives of the previous Ministry regarding the place of science in the affairs of the country, and on it the Committee makes the following comments : lr The application of science to industry, if new things-rather than improvements in old “Cmd.2491 : 3s. net. 305 things-are to be achieved, is a long business at the best-and expensive both in money and brains.” . . . “The cost of the Fuel Research Station up to the present has been over fl400,000 in capital and maintenance. Yet though the production of smokeless fuel, fuel oil, light spirit, lubricants and gas cannot yet be shown to be commercially possible by low temperature treatment of coal, results have been obtained in other directions, that have brought profit and savings to industry and the nation exceeding the total expenditure on fuel research by the Govern- ment.” .. . “It is obvious . . . that science alone cannot save industry from its present troubles . . , But it can help by making many smaller and quicker improvements in existing practice, and above all by giving industry that ‘resilience ’ of which the Prime Minister spoke, and the courage which comes of knowledge.” The Department has continued to seek the co-operation of industries in the work undertaken in its research establishments, and to assist industries to build up co-operative research associations where this form of organisation is suitable. The Advisory Council is studying the activities of the Department with the object of assisting the industrial recovery of the country. Research A ssociatiom-The Glass Research Association and the British Portland Cement Research Association have decided to conclude their operations. The research work on the viscosity of glass at high temperatures, and the X-ray and electrical investigations on the constitution of glass, will be continued at the National Physical Laboratory, whilst a temporary grant has been made to the Glass Delegacy of the University of Sheffield to enable its Department of Glass Technology to continue laboratory scale researches, similar to those which have been carried on there for the Research Association. In view of these provisions, and bearing in mind the work upon optical glasses conducted by the British Scientific Instrument Research Association, as well as the present quality of British made scientific glassware, further provision for glass research is regarded as unnecessary, although the position is to be reviewed shortly.The Glass Research Association submitted to the Department a proposal to dispose of its surplus funds, by vesting them in trustees, the interest being expended upon the preparation and periodical publication of critical surveys of current research bearing on glass and its manufacture, It is intended that 306 these surveys shall not merely review the progress of research but also indicate the direction in which technical advances appear possible. Any remaining balance of the interest will be used for grants for promoting glass research. A research association has been formed by the colliery owners to which no grant is being contributed by the Government.Proposals are also on foot for the establishment of a Food Research Association which, if formed, will probably receive aid. The position of each grant-aided research association is considered towards the close of the first grant period by a specially appointed Ccmmit tee which includes independent scientific experts. Further aid to the amount of approximately jG~z,oooper annum is to be given to the Linen Industry Research Association, and approximately jG6,ooo per annum to the British Association of Research for the Cocoa, Chocolate, Sugar Confectionery and Jam Trades. The British Non-Ferrous Metals Research Association is, in the opinion of the reviewing committee, overtaking the work that lies before it in a praiseworthy manner, and the results should prove profitably to this industry and to the engineering industries generally.The Association is, therefore, to receive substantial aid. The Research Association of British Rubber and Tyre Manufacturers has, in the opinion of the committee appointed to review its operations, made useful advances in the solution 3f problems of direct practical importance, and, if given an opportunity of continuing its efforts, should prove indispensable to the industry. An offer of further aid has been made to the Association based on an effective expenditure of the order of fT8,ooo per annum. The British Leather Manufacturers Research Association has been successful in the investigation of fundamental problems of the industry and has obtained results which are likely to have a significant effect on the technical practice of the leather industry.The Association is aiming at the continuance of its work, with the aid of grants from the Department, on a scale of expenditure of about fT6,ooo per annum. The report of the independent experts on the operations of the Scottish Shale Oil Scientific and Industrial Research Association indicate that they have been on too limited a scale, 307 though useful work has been accomplished. The views of the scientific members of the inspecting committee are now being considered by the Association. The research association representing the laundry industry is dealing with the position in a way well calculated to secure a wide measure of support from the industry.An offer of further grant has been made to the Association based on an effective expenditure of fj6,500 per annum. The British Refractories Research Association has been suc- cessful in its scientific work, but is not yet receiving the financial support of the user industries to any substantial extent, nor does the refractory industry itself appear at present to be in a position to contribute effectively towards its support. Endeavours are being made to secure wider interest in the work of the Association with a view to placing it on a sound financial basis. Grants are to be continued for another year subject to certain modifications on the original conditions.Results of considerable significance to the cutlery industry have already been obtained by the Cutlery Research Association but their further development requires greater financial resources than have hitherto been available. Fzd Research-In June, 1924, the Secretary for Mines urged the desirability of a more rapid expansion of the work of fuel research, for which additional financial provision was made in the Estimate for the current financial year. The growing depression in the coal trade, the constantly increasing substitution of fuel oil for coal, the use of Diesel or semi-Diesel engines in the Mercantile Marine, the growing appreciatim of the enormous losses-in the repair of buildings, in expenditure on artificial lighting, from delays in traffic and in the health and efficiency of urban communities-due to a smoke laden atmosphere, have all contributed to produce a strong public opinion in favour of the substitution of smokeless fuels for raw coal wherever this may prove possible.The national interests involved make it most desirable that all the facts, not only of the experiments of+ the Fuel Research Station, but so far as possible the results of private endeavours, should be made available and compared in a manner which will help to create an enlightened public judgment, and to guide private investigators along the most promising lines of advance. Accordingly, the Advisory Council has obtained 308 powers for the Department to test without charge any promising full scale plant which its owners place at the disposal of the Fuel Research staff for the purpose and to publish the results. The Department confines its attention to the technical per- formance of the plant tested without regard to its commercial possibilities.A report of the Fuel Research Board for the period ended 31st December, 1924, will shortly be published, together with that of the Director of Fuel Research. Progress has been made with the question of methods for the commercial sampling of coal, and the assistance of the Department has been sought in con- nection with difficulties that have arisen between the coal exporters and foreign buyers? A report will also shortly be published on a method of enriching the gas produced in continuous vertical gas retorts when high percentages of steam are used, by the injection of gas oil into the retort during carbonisation. Studies of the phenomena connected with the working of the retort are being continued.A battery of full-size horizontal gas retorts is being erected at the Fuel Research Station, with a view to obtaining information as to their working and to testing the behaviour of coal in this class of retort. Experiments in low temperature carbonisation are proceeding and the study of low temperature tar is in hand. Four tests of low temperature carbonisation plant have been carried out during the year under the scheme published in August 1924. A report on one of these-conducted on Parker low temperature retorts at Barugh, Barnsley-has been published, and another on the plant of the Midland Coal Products, Ltd., at Netherfield, Nottingham, is in the press.The Department is making arrangements at the Fuel Research Station for the study of the problem of obtaining liquid fuel and other oils from coal under high pressures at moderate temperatures, while the basic problems of high pressure work are included in the programme of the new chemical laboratory at Teddington. In last year’s report reference was made to a process for converting the pentosans of cellulosic materials into fermentable sugars which was found to work satisfactorily in a small semi- technical scale plant ; but it necessitated acid hydrolysis under pressure in vessels constructed of acid-resisting material, which, however, could not be obtained of suitable size.In these cir- cumstances, a modified hydrolysis process was investigated 309 with the use of wooden tanks under atmospheric pressure. The results so far obtained have been satisfactory and are being confirmed on a large scale. At the same time, work is being continued with the object of increasing the proportion of acetone to ethyl alcohol in the mixture. Investigations are being continued on the problem of the direct fermentation of cellulose. The question of using cassava, sweet potatoes and yams, and of waste molasses, in the production of alcohol is under investigation by the Federal Government of Australia.The Third Memoradum on Fuel for Motor Transport, issued by the Fuel Research Board in January 1925,deals with the possibilities of using beets, mangolds and Jerusalem artichokes as raw material for the production of power alcohol. It appears unlikely that any of these materials could be grown and con- verted into alcohol at a cost which would enable the alcohol to be used as an alternative to petrol at its present price. Of the three materials, the Jerusalem artichoke is probably the most suitable, in view of the fact that by suitable treatment of the stalks, a pure resistant cellulose can be obtained, which would be useful for certain purposes. Several acres of these artichokes are being grown in order that the proposition may be tested on a large scale.Laboratory work is being carried out on the production and use of metallurgical coke, and information is being collected on questions of furnace design and practice. Forest Products Research.-Bulletins are being prepared, summarising existing information on the structure of wood, decay of timber, air-seasoning, kiln-drying, and preservation. Research is in progress into the cause of brittleness in timber, with special reference to aircraft spruce, and interesting results have already been obtained. The result of an expert enquiry on the question of wood preservation indicates that there is room for improvement in methods of creosoting. The Dkector is in consultation with the British Engineering Standards Asso-ciation with the object of formulating tentative standards of treatment, and it has been decided to set up an experimental plant to prove or improve their efficiency.The proposals for this work also embrace research into preservatives other than creosote, The work of the cheniistry of timbers has produced results now in process of development, which bid fair to realize at least one important industrial result. 310 Bailding Research.-Work has been in progress on the setting and hardening of Portland (and other) cements. Apparatus has been designed which it is believed will enable measurements to be made of the volume changes in cement from the time of mixing. Considerable work has been done on high aluminous cements, especially with regard to the lime-ferric oxide-alumina ternary system. Non-corrosive oxychloride flooring mixes have also received further attention. Corrosive tendencies towards metals, other than iron and steel, have been examined, and preliminary tests on the electrical conductivity of these compositions have been made.Prof. J. W. McRsin has been engaged on an investigation into the fundamental con-stitution of those building materials which show changes in volume due to moisture changes. Progress has been made, but the work is not yet in a sufficiently advanced stage to make a definite report possible. The methods adopted in the work on stone preservation have been by microscopic and chemical examination. A special technique has been developed and applied to the investigation of decay in various limestones. Dr.S. G. Paine is enquiring into the possible effects of bidogical action upon the life of stonework. The Stone Preservation Committee has decided during the year to put in hand tests of representative types of stone preservatives. For this purpose a system of piers of various kinds of building stone has been erected on a building in West- minster, to which the types of preservative will be applied, and it is proposed to expose these piers and to arrange for them to be periodically examined. A bulletin on the subject of Jointless (Magnesium Oxychloride) Floors is to be published shortly. Departmental Publications.-The Committee of the Privy Council makes some interesting remarks on the subject of publications.If an investigation is limited in scope but of general interest to the members of an industry, its results are communicated to the trade press; but when a research is tech- nical in nature, the results are embodied, in the first instance, in a paper contributed to a scientific society; while accounts of wmpleted investigations are issued through H.M. Stationery Office. In scientific work, where the results are derived from experiment and the theories advanced are empirical and subject to revision in the light of later work or of advances in other fields, a certain freedom of treatment is essential. Where the findings relate to, and perhaps reflect on, the practice of particular industries or even of individual firms, statements of opinion must be carefully framed and every word must be judiciously weighed.Great importance is attached, therefore, to the careful modelling of reports and the presentation of the matter in clear and logical order. This requires the continuous attention of the scientific staff who are responsible for the carrying out of the research work; otherwise considerable editing labours are entailed. The writing of popular accounts for wide dis- semination calls in addition for a special combination of qualities, in which a literary sense plays no small part. Patents.-The new applications for patents filed by the Department cover improvements relating to sound absorbing plasters, to means for determining impurities in gases, and to retorts.The Department has agreed to grant a licence in connection with the patents for protecting aluminium against corrosion. Special I.lzvestigations.-The Advisory Council has given careful consideration to the conditions under which the Depart- ment should undertake special investigations for individual firms, with a view to the adoption of a uniform procedure in all the research divisions of the Department, and to the encourage- ment of this form of assistance to industry. The Department is prepared to consider any suggestions for the conduct of research at any of its stations, provided the results are likely to be of general scientific or industrial interest. While the work which is done in these laboratories is undertaken primarily because it is of importance for Government purposes, or otherwise necessary in the national interest, it is the intention of the Department that these research establishments should be of the fullest use to industrial firms or groups of firms finding themselves confronted by scientific problems. The Department is accordingly prepared to arrange for research to be undertaken in its own laboratories on behalf of industries on the same terns as it offers to research associations.The Department does not confine its help to bodies re-presenting an industry as a whole, or even to groups of firms in an industry: it seeks to promote co-operative action within 312 an industry for the purpose of research; and it is willing to carry out on suitable terms special investigations of scientific or industrial interest for any outside body or person.Most of the experience gained by the Department in this field is the result of the twenty-five years’ work of the National Physical Laboratory. The problem as it affected that institution was the subject of a report by a representative committee appointed by the Treasury in 1906. With the conclusions of that report the Advisory Council found itself in agreement; it remained for the Council to extend and develop them as might be necessary in the light of further experience, and to apply them to research institutions maintained by Government The Advisory Council recommended that, as a rule, special in- vestigations for outside bodies and persons should only be under- taken when the results were likely to be of general interest, or when facilities for the work did not exist elsewhere, and that the results should be held available for the confidential information of Govern- ment.Normally, the Department reserves the right to publish the results of investigations entrusted to it, either wholly ,or in part, after consultation with the initiating body or person, although in special cases investigations may be undertaken on conditions which withhold or defer the publication of the results and their communication for the confidential information of Government. When such investigations are undertaken, the Department will hold itself free to carry out similar investiga- tions for other bodies on similar terms.The charges for con- fidential investigations will cover the full economic cost of the work, including an item for rent and interest on past capital outlays, but when the results are held available for publication a lower charge may be made. Food Im.mtigation.-The Low Temperature Research Station at Cambridge is occupied with investigations on fruit, vegetables, farm produce and meat. A series of special reports on the bacteriology of canned foods has been published. Chemical substances suitable for refrigerants have been investigated at the Oxford Engineering School; at the National Physical Laboratory, the laws governing the flow of heat through walls has been examined, the heat conductivity of various substances measured, and attention has been paid to the design of instru- ments for measuring and recording the humidity, temperature and gas content of cold stores. 313 Work on the higher unsaturated fatty acids, on the chemistry of glycogen, and the formation of fat by yeast has been continued.Departmental Chemical Laboratory.-Professor Gilbert T. Morgan has been appointed Superintendent of the new Chemical Laboratory at Teddington, which is approaching completion. Most of the work now being conducted at other establishments for the Chemistry Research Board will be transferred to this Labordtory as soon as possible. Adhesives Research.-The Advisory Council has considered the future of the work on the utilisation of the by-products of the fishing industry, with the object of obtaining high-grade odourless gelatin from fish offal.It has been successful from the technical point of view, and the product has been manu- factnred on a large scale, but at present it does not seem clear that it can be made at a cost to compete with other high-grade glues. The Department received an offer during the year from a prominent firm to subscribe towards the cost of the work of the Adhesives Research Committee, on the understanding that the firm should be kept informed of the progress made and the results obtained. This offer has been accepted in the hope that it will lead to closer co-operation with the industry, and a quicker application of the results to industrial problems.The arrange- ment, however, presents certain administrative difficulties and is regarded for the present as an experiment. British Museum.-At the British Museum Laboratory, Dr. Alexander Scott and his assistants are accumulating ex-perience in the effective and safe methods of preserving and restoring antiquities, of all kinds, without endangering their artistic or archaeological value. The major part of Dr. Scott’s investigations arises in con-nection with the objects in the British Museum itself. Under the procedure now adopted, newly-acquired objects are examined and, if necessary, treated prior to their exhibition in the Museum. Dr. Scott still continues to give advice upon the preservation of the many articles recovered from the tomb of King Tutankhamen.Grants to Individual Workers.-For the academic year 1924-25,the Advisory Council expected to spend fT35,ooo on grants to individual research workers and students-in-training ; 314 for the academic year 1925-26 the sum of ~40,000has been pro- vided for this purpose. The number of grants in respect of chemistry is almost as many as those in all of the other subjects collectively, but has fallen from 145,in 1922-23,to 93, in 1924-25. PubZicatiorts.-On the application made by scientific societies for grants to meet the increased cost of scientific publications due to the general increase in the cost of printing, paper, etc., the Advisory Council in particular cases, has arranged for publications to be issued by H.M.Stationery Office. The Council adds that the question of affording temporary assistance to scientific societies was perhaps a different one and, although it could not be provided from funds intended for research work, the Council would welcome common action by the scientific societies in the formulation of a policy for dealing with the present difficulties. In the meantime, the Treasury, after consultation with the Royal Society, has agreed to make provision in the Estimates for 1925-26, for an increase of E1,500 in the grant to the Royal Society towards the cost of publication of scientific papers. National Physical Laboratory .-The summary of the work of the research organisations of the Department mentions the chief lines of investigation at the National Physical Laboratory. Research has been initiated in the Metallurgy Department on the properties of ferrous alloys free from carbon and on methods of spectrographic analysis of metals and alloys.In the determination of the physical constants of metals and alloys at high temperatures it is hoped to measure specific and latent heats up to about ~,ooo"C. An interesting outcome of the work on the production of pure metals has been the devising of a method of making a type of magnesia crucible which will withstand the action of iron oxide. Progress bas been made on the investigation of the heat generated by plastic strain in metals, on the solubility of gases in metals, and on optical glass. Much attention has been given to the conditions for the production of sound castings of "Y" and other aluminium alloys.New methods of heat treatment have been investigated and the properties of aluminium-silicon alloys at normal and elevated temperatures are being examined, while the study of alloys of magnesium with aluminium and other metals has again been taken up. A paper presented to the Iron and Steel 315 Institute in September contained an account of some of the results of the researches on iron alloys. In the case of the work on the iron-oxygen system a special method was developed for producing suitable pots which were not attacked by the alloy. The testing of viscometers and flashpoint apparatus has now been undertaken at the request of the Institute of Petroleum Technologists under regulations made with the approval of the Laboratory.The Institute of Physics has now assunied entire responsibility for editing the Journal of Scienti$c Instruments, which was under- taken, for the first year, at the Laboratory. Under the Chemistry Co-ordinating Research Board, the work which has been carried out at Holton Heath, on the production of formaldehyde by the partial oxidation of hydro- carbons, has led definitely to the conclusion that there is little hope that a process can be developed which can compete com- mercially with other known processes. The research for alternative disinfectants for wool, as cheap as formaldehyde, has so far been unsuccessful.Large scale experiments on the preparation of carbon tetrachloride have indicated a method for the production of this substance. The plant used in these experiments has been converted during the course of the year in order to study the formation of methyl chloride, and plans for an experimental plant for the hydrolysis of methyl chloride have been considered. An account of the whole of the work on the chlorination of methane is being prepared for publication. Investigations into the fundament a1 problems involved in the corrosion of metals have continued steadily throughout the year and have been mainly concentrated on the quantitative measurement of corrosion by an oxygen consumption method. The Department has renewed its contribution towards the cost of the investigations on liquid oxygen containers by the Air Ministry.The subject of the production of synthetic resins in this country has been under consideration with particular reference to the use of these materials as dielectrics. Preliminary in- vestigations have been put in hand, and when the new Chemical Laboratory is ready, it is hoped to arrange for an extended re- search in collaboration with the National Physical Laboratory. In view of the extended uses of high pressures in the chemical 316 industry and of the important nature of the products obtained by these processes, the Board has decided to initiate at the Chemical Laboratory extended investigations on chemical reactions at high pressures.The Board has also considered the advisability of initiating experiments on methods for the production of glycerine and has been in touch with industrial firms interested in the subject. The United Alkali Company has kindly given the Govern- ment full working details of its plant for the oxidation of ammonia, which the Board had an opportunity of inspecting during the year. Reports have been received by the Board upon the investi- gation of fish oils undertaken by Professor He;lbron; a hydro- carbon has been isolated and its constitution is being examined. Arrangements have been made for the publication nf a report on the methods of protecting machinery from rust when stored for long periods. The work on the copper-cadmium system has been completed and researches upon alloys of zinc and cadmium are nearing completion.Further work has been on the mechanical proper- ties of pure cadmium, and the effect of cadmium on brass is being studied. The work on beryllium has been mainly directed to the pro- duction of the metal in a high state of purity. A considerable amount of beryllium metal has been prepared and its properties and behaviour are being studied. An investigation of the alloys of aluminium and beryllium is in progress. Under the Physics Co-ordinating Research Board, arrange-ments have been made for a research into the general nature of phosphorescence to be undertaken by the British Scienti fic Instrument Research Association. The stability of phos-phorescent sulphide has been examined and also the production of phosphorescent zinc silicate and the preparation of other materials which may be superior to it.This preliminary work has indicated the need for fuller investigation into the reasons why different zinc compounds, or various forms of one and the same compound, show marked differences in the sensitiveness to different regions of the ultra-violet spectrum and also differences in the time taken in showing full response to the exciting oscillations to which they are exposed. The range of temperature over which bodies can exhibit phosphorescence 317 and the effect of temperature on the phenomenon of latent phosphorescence are also being studied. Investigation on these lines may possibly suggest explanations of certain changes which occur under the influence of light which are not generally considered to be of the nature of phosphorescence.The first report of the Fabrics Co-ordinating Research Com-mittee will shortly be published, describing the general work of the Committee, with appendices dealing with the deterioration of fabrics by micro-organisms, the deterioration of fishing nets, the action of light on fabrics, the mechanical testing of fabrics, and the fireproofing of fabrics. The problem of evolving an efficient and safe fireproofing agent is still receiving attention. The Second Report of the Adhesives Research Committee is in the press. It has not been found possible to prepare a gelatin which can be regarded as a chemical entity.The production of highly purified gelatin, however, has been ac-complished by flocculation in an electric field and the properties of the product are being examined. A method for the quantitative determination of the amin9-acid residues in proteins is being developed by Professor Schryver and is likely to prove a valuable adjunct in the study of the purified gelatin and its degradation products. Seven papers dealing with this aspect of the work have been published by Professor Schryver and his collaborators. Investigations on the production of glue and gelatin from fish residues and various origins have been continued, with the co-operation of manufacturers, and have yielded important information on the relative suitability, for the production of high-grade glues, of the various kinds of raw materials available.Progress has been made in the investigations carried out under the immediate direction of Professor J. W. McBain with the object of arriving at a definite conception of the nature of adhesion. The experimental data have a practical value in that they indicate the adhesives that are likely to be of use in particular cases. The results obtained in the work at the Royal Aircraft Establishment have led to the important general conclusion that the variations obtained in the strength of glued joints are for the most part due to irregularities in the glue film itself or in its adhesion. Under the direction of the Dental Investigation Committee work is proceeding on the silver-tin amalgams at the National 318 Physical Laboratory, while substitutes for materials now used in the preparation of dentures are being studied at the Chemistry Department of Guy’s Hospital Medical School.Tests of experimental light cylinders of alloy steel have been carried out at the National Physical Laboratory, and the Gas Cylinders Committee’s programme of experimental work in connection with light cylinders for special purposes has been completed. A report on the possibility of using an alloy steel for such cylinders will shortly be published. 319 Books and their Contents. The following books have been presented by the authors or publishers, and may be seen in the Library of the Institute.‘‘Chemical Plant, the Design and Arrangement of, in relation to its Economic Control.” G. Weyman. Pp. xi. + 140. (London: Ernest Benn Ltd.) 6s.. Plant systems ; design of units ; arrangement and interconnection of units; means of control. “Distillation, Principles and Practice of Industrial.” E. Hausbrand. Translated by E. Howard Tripp from the fourth new and enlarged German edition. Pp, xx. + 300. (London : Chapman and Hall Ltd.) 21s. Conditions for condensers and rectifying columns ; ethyl alcohol; methyl alcohol; acetone; acetic acid; formic acid and ammonia; nitrogen and oxygen; water and nitric acid. “Fungus World, The Romance of the.” R. T. Rolfe and F. W. Rolfe. Foreword by J. Ramsbottom. Pp. xx. + 310.85 illustrations, (London: Chapman 13r Hall Ltd.) 12s. 6d. Introduction; fungi in mythology and folk-lore; fungi in fiction; fungi in reality, their structure and characteristics, their modes of existence; damage caused by fungi and its effect on mankind; uses of fungi in medicine, in industry, and as foods; cultivated fungi and other fungus foods of commerce; the poisonous fungi; curious phenomena exhibited by fungi; study of the fungi as a hobby; further historical aspects; derivation of fungus names. ‘‘ Inorganic Chemistry, Elementry.” F. W. Hodges. Pp. viii. + 230. (London: Longmans, Green & Co.) 3s. 6d. ‘‘Photosynthesis :The Assimilation of Carbon by Green Plants.” W. Stiles. Pp, vii + 268. (London: Longmans, Green & Co.) 16s.The assimilatory pigments ; demonstration and measurement of photosynthesis; the influence of external and internal conditions thereon; products, utilisation of energy and mechanism ; relation of photosynthesis to other plant activities; bibliography. ‘‘Power Plant, The Chemistry of .” W. M. Miles. Pp. xi. +144. (London: Ernest Benn Ltd.) 6s. Coal : analysis, combustion and valuation ; water: properties and analysis ; refractories : transformers and switch insulating oils. 320 “Soils and Manures, The Science of.” J. Alan Murray. Third edition, revised and enlarged. Pp. xiv. + 298, (London: Constable & Co., Ltd.) 12s. 6d. Origin of soils; physical properties, chemistry and biology;fertility; manures. Volumetric Analysis,” with a chapter on Simple Gravinietric Determinations, A.J. Berry, 3rd edition. Pp. 151. (Cambridge: Syndics of the Cambridge University Press.) 9s. 321 The Register. At the meetings of Council held on 16th October, 1925, 2 new Fellows were elected, 9 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 75 new Associates were elected, and 20 Students were admitted. The Institute has lost 3 Fellows and 5 Associates by death. New Fellows. Briggs, Richard Victor, S/B, La11 Bazar Street, Calcutta, India. Dickinson, Francis, B.Sc. (Q.U.B.), Chemical Research Division, Queen’s University, Belfast. Associate elected to the Fellowship (by examination). Illing, Edward Thomas, B.Sc. (Lond.), St. Andrews House, HoupellStreet, Lambeth, London, S.E.1.Associates elected to the Fellowship. Cook, James Wilfred, Ph.D., M.Sc. (Lond.), 6, Snowbury Road, Fulham, London, S.W.6. Dancaster, Ernest Augustus, M.Sc. (Lond.), 104, Queens Road, Wimbledon, London, S.TV.19. Drew, Harry Dugald Keith, Ph.D. (Birm.), M.Sc. (Lond.), 83, Greenfield Road, Harborne, Birmingham. Keyworth, Charles Maurice, M.Sc. (Leeds), Central Laboratory, The Calico Printers’ Association, Ltd., Rhodes, nr. Manchester. Laughton, Francis Eugene, Foyers, Inverness-shire. Matthews, Frank, Ph.D., B.Sc. (Lond.), 12, Hurlingham Court Mansions, London, S.W.6. Robertson, John Braithwaite, Ph.D., M.A., B.Sc. (Edin.), University of the Witwatersrand, Box 1176, Johannesburg, S. Africa. Wood, Frederick Charles, M.Sc.(Lond.), Research Department, 56, Oxford Street, Manchester. New Associates. Ackroyd, Percy, B.Sc. (Leeds), 91, New Cross Street, West Bowling,Bradford. Anderson, M’illiam, B.Sc. (Edin.), 2, Cambusnothan Street, Edinburgh. Arthur, Edmund James, B.Sc. (Lond.), 50, Worthington Koad, Surbiton, Surrey.Barraclough, Arthur, B.Sc. (I;ond.), 126, Sutherland Road, Derby. Bispham, Thomas, B.Sc. (Lond.), 227, Lordship Lane, E. Dulwich, London, S.E. Bond, George Douglas, B.Sc. (Lond.), 19, Aldermanbury, London, E.C.2. Brown, Conrad Bevan, B.Sc. (Wales), 2, East View Terrace, Barry, South Wales. 322 Brown, Maurice Allen Wilson, M.Sc. (Dun.), 13, Swindon Terrace, North Heaton, Newcastle-on-Tyne. Button, Donald Frank Harrington, A.R.C.S., 4, Curzon Road, Muswell Hill, London, N.lO. Cheshire, Arthur, Jr., B.Sc.(Liv.), 21, Cavendish Drive, Rock Ferry, Birkenhead. Claudet, Frederic Herbert Bontemps, B.A. (Cantab), 6 and 7, Coleman Street, London, E.C.2. Claydon, Robert Tansley, A.C.G.F.C., 116, Queens Road, Finsbury Park, London, N.4. Coles, Gordon Lemuel, A.R.C.S., 3, Berkeley Road, Crouch End, London, N.8. Connor, Robert Jordan, B.Sc. (Edin.), 53, McDonald Road, Edinburgh. Cook, William Thomas, B.Sc. (Wales), Works Chemist, The Excelsior Wire Rope Co., Ltd., Cardiff. Dyson, George Malcolm, Ph.D., H.Sc., (Lond.), B.A. (Oxon.), 36, Hills-borough Road, E. Dulwich, London, S.E.22. Featherston, Stanley James, B.Sc. (Lond.), 95, Heath Lane, Stourbridge, Worcs. Field, Miss Margaret Joyce, B.Sc.(Lond.), 61, Belgrave Road, London, S.W.1. Flint, Colin Falconer, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 41, Priory Road, Hornsey, London, N.8. Flood, Dona1 Thomas, M.Sc. (N.U.I.), 65, Grosvenor Road, Rathgar, Dublin. Forstner, George Eric, M.Sc. (Birm.), 15, Maple Road, Bournville, Birmingham. Gilyead, John Stanley Oldfield, M.Sc. (Leeds), 34, Chestnut Avenue, Headingly, Leeds. Glassett, John William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 47, Tyneham Road, Lavender Hill, London, S.W.ll. Godsell, Miss Alice Tudor, B.Sc. (Birm.), The Yat, Lon Mefus, Sketty, Swanse a. Harries, Gwynne Hughes, B.Sc. (Lond.), The Manse, Crediton, Devon. Henderson, James, B.Sc. (Wales), C/O F. W. Harris, Esq., F.I.C., 20, Trongate, Glasgow, C. 1. Herzog, Carl Otto Oswald, B.Sc.(Lond), 14, Hoveden Road, London, N.W.2. Heyworth, James Crabtree, B.Sc. (Mane.), 10, Rose Bank, Rawtenstall, nr. Manchester. Inkster, John James, B.Sc. (Durham), 24, Reading Street, South Shields. Jacobs, Julian Michael Samuel, B.Sc. (Lond.), 42, North Road, Devonshire Park. Birkenhead. Jewel], Percival Sydney, B.A. (Cantab.), 26, Syr David's Avenue, Canton, Cardiff. Jones, Arthur ButIer, B.Sc. (Liv.), 72, Aigburth Road, Liverpool. Joseph, Douglas Eric, B.Sc. (Lond.), 73, Oxford Gardens, N. Kensington, London, W. 10. Kentish, James, Jr., B.Sc. (Lond.), 73, Burnt Ash Road, London, S.E.12. Loudon, Miss Norah May, B.Sc. (Edin.), 52, Kenninghall Road, Clapton, London, E.5. Main, Victor Reginald, M.Sc. (Lond.), Oficina Santa F8, Chile.McIntyre, George Telford, B.Sc. (Edin.), 60, Ratcliffe Terrace, Edinburgh. McKell, Robert Pollock, B.Sc. (Glas.), 6, Crown Mansions, North Gardner Street, Glasgow, W.l. Meikle, John, B.Sc. (Glas.), 146, Hyndland Road, Glasgow, W.2. Merriman, Miss Doris Elizabeth, M.Sc. (Liv.), Hill Top, Saundersfoot, Pembro keshire. 323 Moore, Francis Harry, Ph.D., B.Sc. (Lond.), 6, Somerleyton Street, Nor-wich. Mukherji, K. C., M.Sc. (Calcutta), Officiating Industrial Chemist to Govern- ment, United Provinces, Cawnpore, India. Parkes, Edward Burdon, M.Sc. (Liv.), 18, Oxford Street, Liverpool. Paton, Frederic James, Ph.D., B.Sc. (Birm.), Holly Grove, St. Paul’s Road, Smethwick, Staffs. Pleass, Miss Winnifred Bertha, B.Sc. (Lond.), 23, Shandon Road, Clapham, London, S.W.4.Proven, Alexander, B.Sc. (Liv.), 36, Horringford Road, Aigburth, Liverpool Ritter, Harold William, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 93, Culverley Road, Catford, London, S.E.6. Roach, Arthur Maurice, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.C.G.F.C., 65, Milton Road, Eastbourne. Rowden, Eric, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., Wave Crest, Canadian Avenue, Gillingham, Kent. Sciver, Albert, B.Sc. (Lond.), 84, Vineyard Hill, Wimbledon Park, London, S.W.19. Sharp, John Frederick, B.A. (Oxon.), 5, Cross Street, Ellesmere, Salop. Slatopolsky, Isaac, B.Sc. (Glas)., 166, Main Street, Glssgow C.5. Sloan, Miss Annie Marion Ross, B.Sc. (Lond.), Little Dalby, Malton Mowbray, Leics. Smith, Dudley Herbert, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 21, Comberton Road, Upper Clapton, London, E.5.Speirs, Richard William, B.Sc. (Glas.), 66, Arkleston Road, Paisley. Stent, Howard Braithwaite, B.Sc. (Manc.), Ash Lodge, Stmtford, Mancheater. Stevenson, Harold William, B.Sc. (Lond.). A.R.C.S.. 64, Market Place, Chippenham, Wilts. Utting, Miss Ruth Mary, B.8c. (Lond.), 422, Camden Road, London, N.7. Van der Poel, Coenraad Stephen, l3.S~. (Cape), Union Glass, Ltd., Talana, Natal, S. Africa. Vankataraman, Krishnasami, M.A. (Madras), M.Sc. (Manc.), The University, Manchester. Warren, George James, B.Sc. (Lond.), 20, Ulverstone Road, West Norwood, London, S.E. 37. Webb, Miss Christine Elizabeth, B.Sc. (Lond.), 12, Blenheim Road, St. Albans, Herts. Weir, Alan Boyes, B.A. (Cantab.), 41, Howard Road, Southampton. Whitley, Walter, B.A.(Oxon.), 27, Burton Street, London, W.C.l. New Associates (by examination). Ball, Francis Edward, B.Sc. (Lond.), 19, Wheeldon Avenue, Kedleston Road, Derby. Chater, Trevor Walter James, 2, Lifton Place, University Road, Leeds. Everett, John Garwood, 39, Montserrat Road, Putney, London, S.W.15. Hodgson, William Ronald Penrose, B.Sc. (Lond.), The Manse, Budleigh Salterton. Klein, Ralph Harry, 11, Park Place Villas, Maida Vale, London, W.2. Phillips, Montague Alexander, 185, Hazelbank Road, Catford, London, S.E.6. Richards, Colbert Eric, 16, Dollis Hill Avenue, London, N.W.2. Richardson, Robert William, 8, Victoria Avenue, Kirkstall, Leeds. Selman, Raymond Frank William, 18, Spencer Road, Wealdstone, Middx.Vickers, Arthur Eric Jarvis, B.Sc. (Lond.), 27, Lily Street, Wolstanton, Stoke -on-Trent. Williams, Albert Lester, Briar Dene, Moore Park Drive, Bradford. 324 New Students. Baker, Leslie Charles, Northern Hospital, Winchmore Hill, London, N.2 1. Bilton, Basil King, 6, Grove Park Terrace, Harrogate. Craggs, Harold Cleveland, Wynyard, Coatham Road, Redear, Yorks. Crawshaw, Norman, 16, King Street, Rock Ferry, Birkenhead. Fisher, Henry Thomas, Coniston, Oak Road, Healing, Lines. Frederick, Robert Charles, Royal Naval Medical School, Royal Naval College, Greenwich, London, S.E.10. Glass, Norman, 180, Strand Road, Rootle, Lancs. Goode, Frederic Howard, 19, Montague Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham. Goodspeed, Jonathan, 36, Vicarage Lane, East Ham, London, E.6.Harris, Charles, 80, Marroway Street, Ladywood, Birmingham. Johnson, Edward Harold, 210, Hard Lane, St. Helens, Lancs. Kelley, Stanley Thomas Demain, 2, Cromwell Terraco, Thornaby-on-Tees. Martin, Alexander Barbour, Mill House, West Kilbride, Ayrshire. Martin, Eric Charles, 45, Regent Square, London, W.C.1. Neale, Miss Dorothy Grace, 28, Forty Lane, Wembley, Middx. Pearlson, Paul, 14, Gipton Terrace, Roundhay Road, Leeds. Sard, Bernard Abel, Holmegarth, Jersey Road, Osterley, Middx. Senior, Leslie, 14, Nabcroft Lane, Crosland Moor, Huddersfield. Taffs, Basil, 7, Greasby Road, Wallasey, Cheshire. Wilson, James, 6, Boness Road, Grangemouth. DEATHS. Fellows. John Young Buchanan, M.A. (Cantab.), F.R.S.William Henry Deering, 1.8.0. William Josiah Palmer. Associates. Charles Edward Franck. Charles William Harold Howson, B.Sc; (Birm.). Reginald Arthur Joyner, 1M.s~.(Bris.), Dr. Ing. (Rarlsruhe). Charles Leonard Macdonald. Charles Etty Potter, B.Sc. (Vict.). CHANGE OF NAMES. Clarice M. Dugdale, Associate, to Burns-on her marriage. Gladys M. Greenwood, Associate, to Weston-on her marriage. 325 General Notices. Me IdoIa Medal.-The Meldola Medal is awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise and is brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st December prior to the award; without restricting the award to any particular branch of chemical work, the administrators have primary regard to work bearing on analytical chemistry.The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work; but until 1928 the award may be made to candidates who at the time of the completion of the work are more than 30 years of age, provided that the age of the recipient does not exceed 30 by more than the period during which the recipient was engaged on active naval, military or air service. The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person. The Council will be glad to have their attention directed to work of the character indicated. The award for the year 1925 will be made in January, 1926. Examinations in 1 926.-The arrangements for examina- tions during 1926 are as follows: Dates of Exams. Entries close.4th to 9th Jan., 1926. Monday, 16th Nov., 1925. OY 11th to 16th Jan., 1926. 19th to 24th April, 1926. Monday, 15th Feb., 1926. or 26th April to 1st May, 1926. 20th to 25th Sept., 1926. Monday, 19th July, 1926. or 27th Sept. to 2nd Oct., 1926. Candidates for the Associateship will be examined in January, April and September, and candidates for the Fellowship in April and September only. Notice to Associates.-Associates electedprior to October, 1922, who have been continuously engaged in the study and practical applications of chemistry for at least three years since their election to the Associateship, can obtain from the Registrar particulars of the Regulations and forms of application for the Fellowship.326 Appointments Register,-A Register of Fellows and Associates of the Institute of Chemistry who are available for appointments is kept at the Offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their college course may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute on the same terms as Fellows and Associates, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their Professors. Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register.Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employ- ment are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will there- after be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period of six months if necessary. The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for such assistants and students are invited to communicate with the Registrar.The Library,-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students, between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays : 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The library consists of books which are likely to be required by candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is avail- able, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10 a.m. to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.). Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted for the present year to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books.Members and Students of the Institute using the library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesel1schaft.- The Council will be grateful to any member who will assist in making up the Institute’s set of the Berichte for the year 1924 and since. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved, through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, as far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration. Offici a1 C h em i caI A p poin t men ts, 5th Ed iti on .-Regis-tered Students may obtain copies of ‘‘Official Chemical Appoint- ments ” at a reduced price of 2s., on application to the Registrar.Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers for binding the Journal (cost about IS. 2d. each) are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements by indicating the dates of the years for which they are desirous of binding the Journal. Arrangements have been made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19, Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.z., to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGStheon following terms :-Buckram case, IS. 2d. ; binding, 2s. gd. ; postage and packing, gd.; in all, 4s. 8d. History of the institute, 1887-191 4.-Any member who is not in possession of a copy of the History of the Institute can borrow one either from the Honorary Secretary of his Local Section, or from the Institute direct, on application to the Registrar .Lantern SIid es for Lect u res.-Fellows and Associates are invited to co-operate in forming a collection of slides, to be kept at the Institute and placed at the disposal of members who wish to give lectures, or, alternatively to notify the Registrar if they are prepared to lend slides for this purpose. the collection already includes a large number of portraits and pictures of alchemists and chemists. 328 Sir George Beilby Memorial.-A Joint Committee of Officers and representatives of the Institute of Chemistry, the Institute of Metals, and the Society of Chemical Industry has issued an appeal for funds and particulars of a proposal for the establishment of a memorial to the late Sir George Beilby.With the concurrence of the Councils of the three bodies- of which Sir George was a past-president-an appeal has been issued for subscriptions towards a fund from which, at intervals to be determined by the administrators, substantial sums will be awarded to mark appreciation of a record of distinguished work in science, bearing in mind the special interests of Sir George Beilby, e.g., applied chemistry, chemical engineering and metallurgy. The proposal does not imply an award on the result of a competition for work on a set theme or the solution of a definite scientific problem, but the recognition of work of exceptional merit.The Joint Committee hopes to raise a sum of not less than &ooo-providing an income of about L250 a year for awards. Mr. Patrick H. Kirkaldy and Mr. John Fry have consented to act as Honorary Treasurers. The Secretaries of the three co-operating bodies have been appointed Honorary Secretaries, with the Registrar and Secretary of the Institute of Chemistry, as convener. Election of District Members of Council.-Fellows and Associates are reminded that for the election of District Members of Council, nominations should be received at the office of the Institute on or before Monday, 8th December 1925. I. In accordance with By-Law 30 (I), the following Districts were defined by the Institute in General Meeting, held on 7th March, 1921, and amended on 1st March, 1923:-(i) Birmingham and Midlands, including the Counties of Hereford, Salop, Stafford, Worcester, Warwick, Derby, Nottingham,Leicester, Lincoln, Rutland and Northampton. (ii) Bristol and South-Western Counties, including the Counties of Gloucester, Wilts, Dorset, Somerset, Devon and Cornwall.(iii) Liverpool and North-West Coast, including the Counties of Flint, Westmorland and Cumberland, and so much of the Counties of Chester and Lancaster as lies to the west of the line drawn through the centre of the postal district of Wiganand Warrington; the towns of Wigan and Warrington and all towns on the line of which the greater portion of the postal district lies to the west of the line.The Isle of Man. 329 London and South-Eastern Counties, including the Counties of Middlesex, Kent, Sussex, Surrey, Berks, Oxford, Bucking- ham, Hertford, Essex, Bedford, Cambridge, Suffolk, Norfolk, Huntingdon, Hants, with the Isle of Wight and the Channel Islands. Manchester and District, including so much of the Counties of Lancaster and Chester as lies to the east of the line drawn through the postal districts of Wigan and Warrington as aforesaid. North-East Coast and Yorkshire, including the Counties of Northumberland, Durham and York. Edinburgh and East of Scotland, ineluding the Counties of Nairn, Elgin, Banff, Aberdeen, Kincardine, Forfar, Perth, Fife, Kinross, Clackmannan, Stirling, Linlithgow, Edinburgh, Haddington, Berwick, Peebles, Selkirk and Roxburgh.Glasgow and West of Scotland, including the Counties of Caithness, Sutherland, Ross and Cromarty, Inverness, Argyll, Dumbarton, Renfrew, Lanark, Ayr, Wigtown, Kirkcudbright, and Dumf ries . Wales (excluding the County of Flint, see iii). The County of Monmouth. Northern Ireland, as defined in the Government of Ireland Act, 1920, and subsequent enactments relating thercto. Irish Free State, as dcfhed in the Government of Ireland Act, 1920, and subsequent enactments relating thereto. The Commonwealth of Australia, the Dominion of Canada, the Dominion of hTew Zealand, the Union of South Africa, the Empire of India, the Crown Colonies, and elsewhere abroad. The Council have adopted the following Rules for the election of District Members of Council :-11.(1) Any five Members whose registered addresses are within any one District, as defined and adopted by the Institute in General Meeting, may nominate one eligible Fellow as a candidate for election as a District Member of Council for that District, but no member shall nominate more than one such Fellow; except that the Committee of any Local Section constituted in accordance with By-Law 94, 2(a) may, as such, nominate one candidate for such election, or if there be morc than one Local Section in a District the Comrnittces of all the Local Sections in that District shall sit jointly for the purpose of nominating one Candidate for such election. (2) Any nomination made undcr these Rules shall be delivered to the Secretary at the Offices of the Institute or or before the second Mondayin December in the year preceding the date of election, and shall be in the following form :-“We, the ‘ undersigned, Members of the Institute of Chemistryof Great Britain and Ireland, do hereby certify that A.B., of (registered address) , a Fellow of this Institute, is, in our estimation, a fit and proper person to be a District Member of the Council of the Institute, and we do hereby nominate him as a, candidate for election as a District Member of the Council.” (3)Any such nomination may consist of several documents in like form, each signed by one or more Members.Nominations for District XII. should be received not later than 31st August.330 111. (1)On or before the fifth day of January in any year, the Council shall cause to be sent to every Member in each district in the manner prescribed by By-Law 81, a balloting list containing the names of the candidates nominated for election as District Members of Council for such District, and the balloting list shall indicate which, if any, of the candidates has been nominated by the Committee or Committees of the Local Section or Sections in the respective District; except that in the case of District (xii) this rule shall read as if “September” (in the year previous) were substituted for “January.” (2) Each Member desirous of voting- (a) Shall record his vote for a District Member of the Council by making a cross aga.inst the name of the candidate for whose election he desires to vote, but no Member shall vote for more than one such candidate.(h) Shall deliver or transmit his balloting list in a sealed envelope, bearing on the outside the signature of the Member, addressed to the Secretary at the ofice of the Institute, so that it be received not later than by the first post on the third Monday in January in the year for which the election is being held. IV. (1) The envelopes containing tho balloting lists shall, on the third Thursday in January in the year in which the election is held, be opened by two Scrutineers, not Members of the Council, nor candidates nominated for election as District Members of the Council, who shall be nominated by the Council in December of the year preceding the election at a meeting convened Specially for that purpose.(2) Th.e balloting list of any member who on the third Thursday in January is m arrear with any subscription or other sum payable by him to the Institute under the By-Laws shall be disallowed. (3) The Scrutineers shall present their Report to the Council at a meeting on the Third Friday in January specially convened for that purpose. (4)The candidate receiving the greatest number of votes in each District respectively shall be elected and, in any case of an equality of votes the Council shall decide the matter by ballot. (5) If at any time after the balloting lists have been sent to members, and before the dissolution of the Annual General Meeting, any candidate who would otherwise have been elected has died or has with- drawn his nominations or has in any way become ineligible for Membership of the Council, then the candidate having the next greatest number of votes shall be elected, or if there be no such candidate, the vacancy shall be filled as provided in Rule V.(6) The election of District Members of Council shall be notified to members when they are served with the balloting list for the election of General Members of Council at the Annual General Meeting. V. After the first election any vacancy among the District Members of the Council occurring between the Annual General Meetings, owing to death, resignation, removal or otherwise, shall be filled by the election by the Committee of the Local Section in the respective District of one eligible Fellow; or if there be more than one Local Section in tho District the Committees of all the Sections therein shall hold a joint meeting for the purpose of such election.Notice convening a meeting for this purpose shall be sent by the Secretary of the Institute to all the members of the Committee or Committees of the Section or Sections concerned at least fourteen days before the date of the meeting. 331 If there be no Local Section within a District, a casual vacancy shall be filled by the election by the Council of one eligible Fellow from the Fellows resident in that District. If there bo a casual vacancy in the case of the District Member of Council for District (xii), such vacancy shall be filled by the Council by the election of one eligible Fellow.The following Fellows are the present District Members of Council for the Districts indicated, and the names of those who are eligible for re-election are marked.* The District Member of Council for (ii) retires in accordance with By-Law 23. Birmingham and Midlands : Cyril Alexander Frederick Hastilow, * M.Sc. Bristol and South-Western Counties : Frank Southerden," R.Sc. Liverpool and Norkh-West Coast : Herbert John Evans," B.Sc. London and South-Eastern Counties : Ernest Mostyn Hawkins.* Manchester and District : Samuel Ernest Melling,* North-East Coast and Yorkshire: Lewis Gordon Paul,* Ph.D. Edinburgh and East of Scotland: Leonard Dobbin," Ph.D.Glaagow and West of Scotland: John Henry Young, M.Sc. Wales and the County of Monmouthshire: Clarence Arthur Seyler,* B.Sc. Northern Ireland : William Howieson Gibson, O.B.E., D.Sc. Irish Free State: T;CTilliam Robert Fearon," M.A., Sc.D. The Overseas Dominions and elsewhere abroad : Frankland Dent,* M.Sc., Ph.D. District Member of Council has as yet been elected for (xii) the Commonwealth of Australia, the Dominion of Canada, the Dominion of New Zealand, the Union of South Africa, the Empire of India, the Crown Colonies, and elsewhere abroad. British Chemistry Dinner (1 3th November, 1925).-Under the auspices of the Chemical Society, the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry, the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers, the Association of Petroleum Technologists, the Society of Public Analysts, the Bio-Chemical Society, the Oil and Colour Chemists Association, and the Chemical Industry Club, a UNITED DINNER will be held at the Connaught Rooms, Great Queen Street, London, W.C., on Friday, the 13th November, 1925,at 6.45 p.m., for 7.15 p.m, The Dinner will be followed by music and dancing.Tickets, 15/-each, are obtainable from the Secretary, the Chemical Industry Club, 2, Whitehall Court, London, S.W. I. LOCAL SECTIONS Fellows and Associates who have not already joined a Local Section are invited to communicate with the Hon. Secretaries of the Local Sections within their respective districts. Sections. Hon. Secretaries.BirminghamandMidlands: C. J. House, B.Sc., A.R.C.S., A.I.C., 38, Edmund Road, Saltley, Birmingham. Bristol and South Western A. W. M. Wintle, F.I.C., 170, NewbridgeCounties : Road, St. Anne’s Park, Rristol. Cape of Good Hope: Dr. C. F. Juritz, M.A., F.I.C., Department of Agriculture, Cape Town. Edinburgh and East of J. Adam Watson, A.C.G.I., F.I.C., 22, Scotland : Polwarth Gardens, Edinburgh. Glasgow and West of Scot-Dr. W. M. Cumming, F.I,C., ltoyal Tech- land : nical College, Glasgow. Huddersfield : Percy Calam, B.Sc., A.R.C.S., A.I.C., 4, Hill-side Avenue, Fartown, Huddersfield. Ireland (Belfast) : William Honneyman, B.Sc., F.I.C., 17, Cyprus Park, Belfast. ,, (Dublin): Dr. A. G. G. Leonard, F.I.C., 18, BelgraveRoad, Dublin. Leeds Area: Dr.R. lu. Forster, F.I.C., Dept. of Colour Chemistry and Dyeing, The Univcrsity, Leeds. Liverpool and North- John Hanley, F.I.C., 7, University Road, Western : Bootle, Liverpool. London and South-Eastern G. S. W. Marlow, B.Sc., F.I.C., c/o The Counties : Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W .C. 1. Manchester and District: Dr. Albert Coulthard, F.I.C., 58, Burton Road, West Didsbury, Manchester. Newcastle-on-Tyne and C. J.H. Stock, B.Sc. ,F.I.C., CountyAnalyst’s North-East Coast : Office, Darlington, Co. Durham. South Wales: Cecil W. Wood, A.I.C., c/o The National Oil Refineries, Skewen, Glam. Malaya : Morris Jamiesofi, R.Sc., A.R.C.S., A.I.C., Government Analyst’s Department, Singapore, Straits Settlements. Institute of Chemistry Students’ Association (London).Hon. SecretaPy: G. G. S. PULLEN,22 Kent House Road, Sydenham, S.E.26. INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY BENEVOLENT FUND, Founded in 1920 as a memorial to Fellows, Associates and Students who died in the service of their country, 1914-1 918. Contributions may be forwarded to The Hon. Treasurer, FUND,BENEVOLENT INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY, 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, W.C.l.LONDON,