Summary and ConclusionsA comparison of the records of patients with cancer of the rectum who underwent surgical resections for cure during the period January 1, 1957, through December 31, 1962, with a similar series treated during the years 1939 to 1951, indicates an improved overall survival rate. The improved survival rate occurred in the group of patients who had metastasis to lymph nodes, proved by examination of the resected specimen. Refinements of surgical technic may have accounted for this improvement.Preoperative irradiation as an adjunct to surgical resection could not be shown to affect survival rate.Additional experience with preoperative x‐ray therapy has been gained from a randomized study begun in 1960 and continued through December 31, 1967. Results of this experience will be reported when a five‐year follow up is possible.