THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. Patron -H.M. THE KING. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. PART VI: 1941. Issued iinder the supervision of the Publications Committw. Publications Committee, 194 1-42. F. P. DUNN (Chainnaw), J. J. FOX (Pvesident), E. E. AYLING, H. BAINES, M. BOGOD, R. R. BUTLER, F. CHALLENGER, J. W. COOK, A. COULTHARD, A. E. DUNSTAN, L. EYNON, E. GREGORY, T. P. HILDITCH, W. HONNEYMAN, R. H.HOPKINS, H. HUNTER, 0. W. MONIER-WILLIAMS, A. C. MONKHOUSE, H. W. MOSS, J. R. NICHOLLS, T. J. NOLAN, SIR ROBERT PICKARD, F. M. ROWE, GARFIELD THOMAS, 5. W. A. WIKNER, F. J. WILSON. 303 Schedule of Reserved Occupations. In the new revision of the Schedule of Reserved Occupations published on 16th December, 1941, changes are made which are of great importance both to younger chemists and to the organisa- tions by which they are employed. Although the age of 21 still appears opposite the occupational category of “Chemist (Analyti- cal, Research, etc.) ” there will be a progressive rise in this age.Commencing on 1st January, 1942, the age will be raised by one year on the first day of each month. That is to say, on 1st January, 1942, all chemists who were under 22 at the date upon which they Registered under the Armed Forces Act will be de- reserved; on 1st February, 1942, this will apply to all who were under 23 at the date of their Registration; on 1st March, to all who were under 24, and so on.A notification will be sent to each man affected by this arrange- ment stating the date upon which he will cease to be reserved and requesting him to inform his employer. Men below the ages of reservation, including those who cease to be reserved, as the result of the raising of ages of reservation each month, will, where necessary, be retained in industry by means of individual deferment of calling up. Individual defer- ment will thus gradually replace reservation under the Schedule. Forms of application for deferment (Form X.S.300) and a leaflet (Y.L.8) explaining the method of making application can be obtained at any locaJ office of the Xnistry of Labour and National Service. Application forms, after completion, should be forwarded to the offices of the Ministry shown on the man’s certificate of Registration (S.S.2).-4pplication must be made for the deferment of the calling up of all men, whether engaged on protected or unprotected work, who become de-reserved as above, at least fifteen days before the date upon which they cease to be reserved. A Statement should appear on form X.S. 300 that the name of the man on whose behalf deferment is asked is included on the Central Register, and, if possible, his classifica- cation number on that Register should be given. If an employer does not make such an application, an opportunity will be given to the man to make an application for deferment when he is called for medical examination.Deferment cannot be granted after an enlistment notice ha5 been issued. Applications for deferment will only be admitted where the Minister of Labour and h’ational Service is satisfied that the man for whom deferment is sought is engaged on work of national 304 importance, that the work must continue in order to maintain necessary production or services essential for the community and that the man cannot be replaced by an older or unfit man or by a \*.‘oman. It is understood that in the cases of chemists whose applica- tions for deferment are not accepted it does not necessarily mean that they wiil immediately be called up for ordinary military service. An opportunity may be given to see in what way their work can best serve the national interest. Men under the age of 2 j when their age group registered under the Armed Forces Act, who possess the Associateship of the Institute or a University honours degree in Chemistry among other subjects, may-even if they have left College and are employed in industry-apply for deferment to the University Joint Recruiting Boards, but they are advised to make applica- tion by filling up form N.S.300 as above. These Boards may recommend that such men should engage in technical service in the Forces, or in scientific or technical work of a civilian character, or continue a course of study soas to be better fitted for such service. The provisions for postponement on grounds of exceptional hardship are retained. “Exceptional hardship ” may relate to the position in which a man’s household or dependents will be placed if he is called up, to other personal circumstances or to his business responsibilities and interests.If the application is based on business grounds, it can be granted only on proof that the business cannot be carried on in the applicant’s absence. It will not be sufficient to show that such absence would merely entail difficulty, inconvenience or delay. Special arrangements will be made respecting the reservation of certain classes of chemical students by means of the Joint Recruiting Boards. The age for “Laboratory assistants, skilled,” is now stated as 25, but will be subject to the same progressive monthly rise in the reserved age as in the case of qualified men, and applications for deferment must be made in exactly the same way as in the cases of qualified chemists.The Joint Recruiting Boards also have power to consider applications from men under twenty-five who have started or are about to start a full-time course, at a University, University College, or recognised Technical College or Institution, for an honours degree in chemistry, and also men who have started a course, at a recognised Technical College or Institution, for the Associateship of the Institute. There is no statement that the Joint Recruiting Boards cannot consider part-time students under this ruling. 305 Employers and Senior Chemists who may be called upon to complete and return the forms of application for deferment of their juniors are advised to state the exact nature of the work being done by the individual for whom deferment is asked and the importance of this work in as clear, convincing and concise a manner as possible.Proceedings of the Council. CouncilMeeting, 21stNovember,194Q.-The Council gave further consideration to the correspondence which had passed between the Institute and the Ministry of Health regarding the activities of the Emergency Public Health Laboratory Service, and the matter was referred to the Joint Committee of the Institute and the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists. It was reported that as the result of a ballot among Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections, the following were added to the Special Committee appointed to consider and make recommenda- tions on the future policy of the Institute with particular reference to the post-war period and to the possible union of chemical bodies:-Professor H.V. A. Briscoe, Mr. G. Elliot Dodds, Mr. E. M. Joiner and Sir Robert Robinson. Dr. James Brierley Firth was elected a Member of Council to fill the vacancy caused by the retirement of Dr. G. D. Elsdon. The attention of the Institute having been directed to the application for a licence of the Board of Trade made on behalf of the Incorporated Institute of Cycle Traders and Repairers, seeking, infer alia, to acquire for its members the use of the letters F.I.C.T. and A.I.C.T., it was reported that the Officers of the Institute had suggested that the said Incorporated Insti- tute should make some slight variation in the initials which it proposed to use to indicate membership,-such as F.I.I.C.T.The Institute of Chartered Shipbrokers, which had the right to use F.I.C.S., concurred in the action taken, which was approved by the Council. The Committee of the London and South Eastern Counties Section transmitted a report and a minority report of a Sub-Committee on the future policy of the Institute, with a request that the views embodied in the reports be published in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSin order that individual members 306 might have the opportunity of commenting on them. The Council directed that parts of the report relating to the constitu- tion of the Council be referred to the Special Committee dealing with that matter and parts dealing with policy be referred to the Special Committee on policy.The Registrar reported that he had attended a preliminary conference at the Mines Department, whereat the Institute, among other professional technical Institutes and Societies, was invited to co-operate in arranging meetings in various districts for discussions on fuel efficiency and economy. It had been generally agreed that such bodies could assist the Depart- ment in the manner suggested, the meetings being arranged by the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections and addressed by representatives of the Mines Department, for the purpose of encouraging the more efficient and economic use of fuel for specific purposes.The Council concurred. It was reported that a new Order would be issued by the Board of Trade making special provision in respect of laboratory coats and overalls. The American Academy of Political and Social Science having invited the Council to appoint delegates to attend the Annual Meeting of the Academy to be held on Io-IIth April, 1942, it was decided that Professor C. R. Austin be invited to represent the Institute on that occasion. Reports of the Standing Committees were received and adopted. Streatfeild Memorial Lecture.-The twenty-fourth Streatfeild Memorial Lecture was given at the Institute on Wednesday, 26th November, by Mr. H. Gordon Dale, who selected for his subject “The Precious Metals.” Dr.Francis H. Carr, C.B.E., Vice-president, himself a pupil of Streatfeild at Finsbury Technical College, presided, in the unavoidable absence of the President. A vote of thanks, moved by Mr. E. M. Hawkins, seconded by Professor C. H. Desch, F.R.S., was accorded the lecturer. Dr. William Cullen, President of the Society of Chemical Industry, and Professor H. V. A. Briscoe associated themselves with the vote. The Chairman presented Mr. Dale with the Streatfeild Medal, the gift of the City and Guilds of London Institute, together with a photograph of Streatfeild. The lecture will be published in due course. 307 Local Sections. (The Institute is not responsible for the views expressed in pacersread or in speeches delivered during discussions.) Birmingham and Midlands-About 75 members attended a meeting at the Birmingham Chamber of Commerce on 12th November, when a discussion took place on “A United Body of Chemists.” Among those present were Dr.W. Cullen (President of the Society of Chemical Industry), Dr. L. H. Lampitt (Chairman of the Chemical Council), and Mr. F. P. Dunn (Treasurer of the Chemical Society). Dr. J. J. Fox (President of the Institute) was unable to be present owing to indisposition. The Chairman, Mr. T. H. Gant, said that, looking at the question of co-operation from a political aspect, he regarded some form of federation of the chemical societies of this country as inevitable. Such a federation should be under a Chemical Council, be able to speak for chemists as a whole, and have direct access to Ministers of the Crown.The Ministers themselves would come for advice on information concerning matters pertaining to the profession of chemistry. Such contact was as necessary as a preparation for defence as it was for maintenance of essential industries in peace time. Mr. E. M. Joiner criticised, from his point of view, the strength and limitations of each Chartered Body. Each had made valuable contributions to Chemistry, but, as the President had pointed out, no one body could claim to represent all the competent chemists of this country. If we had to replan the chemical world we should surely not produce three societies, but one. The “United Body of Chemists” he wished to see would register chemists, give status, publish literature, maintain close relationship with Chemical Industry, improve facilities for scientific work, organise benevolence and organise social functions, Mr.Arthur Churchman endorsed Mi-. Joiner’s proposals and was strongly in favour of the registration of chemists. He hoped that the British Association of Chemists would not be overlooked in any question of unity. Dr. Leslie H. Lampitt said that chemists for many years had done their best to formulate a scheme of collaboration for the many chemical societies, institutions, etc. Some of these schemes had been very ambitious, others less so, but in all cases the greatest obstacle had been vested interests : vested interests of 308 the Societies, of the Councils, of the Local Sections and of mem- bers themselves.Another difficulty was the apathy of chemists- the amount of money subscribed to the present Chemical Council Fund by chemists was very small, but more serious was the fact that the number subscribing was also small. Had it not been for industry, the present scheme, or any other scheme, would be a failure. However, the Chemical Council, in its six years of existence, had produced two definite schemes, both of which had been rejected in part by one or other of the collaborating bodies. The present scheme was somewhat of a compromise, but it did show signs of successful development. That publications had been put on a sound footing was a definite step forward, and the joint secretariat to be set up in the New Year, although it only con- cerned the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry, would be of great help and would insure definite economies.Although the continual difficulties had been a constant source of disappointment to the Chemical Council, Dr. Lampitt thought the present prospects encouraging. Mr. George King said that the chemist was not as interested in his profession as he ought to be, and this was the main reason why co-operation had not become an established fact. We had to consider what could be accomplished by union and not what we could get out of it. Mr. Dunn remarked that the latest act of the Chemical Council, whereby the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry set up a joint office for accountancy and distribution of publications, marked a further important step in the co-operation scheme.As far as these two publishing bodies were concerned, there could be no further appreciable saving in printing costs or in salaries if a federated body were formed, since most of the latter was" spent on editorial and abstracting work and the scales of pay were not excessive. The Chemical Council had by the formation of the joint office promoted a scheme whereby increased efficiency and economy would be effected. Dr. W. Cullen thought that absence of leadership in the chemical profession was largely due to the existence of, at least, a dozen chemical bodies.We should try to work together more, then greater support from industry would be forthcoming. He would preach co-operation and collaboration wherever he went. Mr. T. F. E. Rhead strongly urged chemists to support the Chemical Council scheme which, small as it was, seemed to be the only common ground on which chemists could meet after years of strenuous endeavour. As this scheme grew stronger it would spread and many of the advantages of unity would follow. 309 Cardiff and District.-The opening meeting of the session, which took the form of a display of “talking films” of technical interest, was held at the Technical College, Cardiff, on 20th September,-Xr. S.Dixon, Chairman of the Local Section, in the Chair. A vote of thanks was accorded to Mr.W. S.Vernon, who arranged the display. A meeting of the Section, jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry and Fellows of the Chemical Society, was held on 1st November at University College, Cardiff, when Dr. Magnus Pike gave a lecture on “The Chemical Determination of Vitamins.” The next meeting of the Section will be held on Friday, 27th February, when Professor H. V. A. Briscoe will deliver a lecture, details of which will be announced in due course. Dublin.-At the Annual General Meeting of the Dublin Section, held on 19th November, Mr. John Wilfrid Parkes was elected Chairman of the Section in succession to Professor A. O’Farrelly, and Mr. John Andrews was nominated for election as District Member of Council to succeed Professor T.J. Nolan. East Ang1ia.-A meeting was held on 25th October at the Norwich Technical College. Mr. Lincolne Sutton (Chairman) presided. The first part of the meeting dealt with the Gas Identification Service, introduced by Dr. J. W. Corran who, in his capacity as Senior Gas Identification Officer for Norfolk, described a new co-ordination scheme for this service in the County and its County Boroughs. This was followed by a paper by Mr. R. C. Terry, who made a critical survey of both field and laboratory tests for chemicals in warfare. The second half of the meeting dealt with the examination of foodstuffs Contaminated by war gases. Mr. Lincolne Sutton described briefly the organisation for the examination of contaminated foodstuffs.He referred to the panels of chemists formed under the auspices of the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists. Mr. R. C. Terry read a paper 011his experiences in the quanti- tative estimation of war gases, particularly those containing arsenic. The meeting was well attended and included the Civil Defence Controllers of Norfolk and Nonvich, in addition to military and naval personnel. East Midlands.-Two meetings have been held as follows: On 6th November, at the Technical College, Derby, 310 Professor J. B. Speakman gave a lecture on “The Reactivity of Protein Fibres.” On 4th December, at the Welbeck Hotel, Nottingham, Mr. E. M. Bavin gave a lecture on “The Coagulation of Blood.” Mr.G. F. Hall presided at both meetings. Erratum.-The lecturer on “Molecular Compounds, ” men-tioned on page 263 of JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part V, should have been named as Dr. M. Crawford, not Dr. J. M. Crawford. Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-At the Annual General Meeting of the Section, held at the North British Station Hotel, Edinburgh, on zznd October, Dr. W. R.2 Ames was elected Chairman, Dr. H. B. Nisbet, Vice-chairman, and Mr. G. Elliot Dodds, was re-elected Hon. Secretary-Treasurer. Messrs. S.W. Challenor, J. Meikle, J. A. Robertson and R. W. Sutton were elected to fill vacancies on the committee. The Hon. Secretary submitted his report, which showed that seven well-attended ordinary meetings had been held; also that the Committee had met on five occasions and was now meeting regularly on alternate months.Reference was made to the work of the Educational Sub-committee and the report submitted to the Council was approved by the meeting. Mention was also made of the possibility of the provision of revision courses for chemical graduates in the area. The audited financial statement was read and approved and the honorary auditor, Mr. J. W. Romanes, was re-elected. The meeting concluded with a special vote of thanks to Dr. W. M. Ames and Mr. G. Elliot Dodds for their services to the Institute and the Section. Well attended meetings of the Section were held in October and November, when lectures were given by Dr. Stanislas Bakowski, an officer in the Polish Army, on “A New Azeotropic Method of Dehydration of Alcohol,” and by Professor H.L. Riley, of Durham University, on “The Crystallisation of Graphite.” Dr. W. Cullen, President of the Society of Chemical Industry, was present at the October meeting and made a plea for the closer union and collaboration of the chartered chemical societies. Glasgow and West of Scotland.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in The Royal Technical College, Glasgow, on 24th October, the chair being occupied by Mr. J. W. Hawley, Vice-chairman of the Section. After the usual preliminaries, the reports of the Hon. Treasurer and the Hon. Secretary were read and adopted. The Hon. Treasurer explained that the appearance of an emergency 311 account in his financial statement was due to the extra grant received from Headquarters, and authorised by Council in accordance with the resolution passed at the Conference of Hon.Secretaries in June. Among the matters referred to in the Hon. Secretary’s report were,-a further increase in the membership of the Section, a change in the Committee by the co-option of Dr. James Bell to replace Dr. R. D. Blair, who had been trans- ferred to the south, and the addition of Professor James W. Cook, F.R.S., District Member of Council, to the Committee which interviews prospective candidates for the Institute’s examinations, The report also noted that, during the session 1940-41,five meetings had been held jointly with the Chemical Society and the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry.The thanks of the Section to Dr. G. D. Muir for acting as Hon. Auditor were voiced by the Chairman, and on his proposal Dr. Muir was reappointed for the ensuing year. Some discussion took place on the advisability of the Section holding meetings other than of the “joint” type, and various opinions and suggestions were given. The Secretary promised to place before the Committee at an early date the views expressed by the members. A list of seven forthcoming scientific meetings was read, and as all were to be held in the Royal Technical College the hope was expressed that members would find it possible to accept the invitation to attend them. At the conclusion of the business, members attended a meeting convened by the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, at which a lecture was given by Dr.D. T. Gibson, of Glasgow University. The new President of the Society, Dr. William Cullen, was present, and was warmly welcomed by a large audience presided over by Mr. W. H. Nuttall. Dr. Cullen spoke mainly on what he called “domestic matters” as applied to all sections of chemists. He discussed with en- thusiasm the prospects of increased collaboration and co-opera- tion among the Chartered bodies and based his hopes for future advance towards greater unity on the close association and har- mony of outlook among the Presidents of the Chartered Chemical Societies. He also stressed the economies in money and labour which would follow any amalgamation, and mentioned the growing sense, among the members, of the urgent need for a more united front.He commended the practice of holding joint meetings, and spoke of his pleasure in finding that such meetings were the rule in the Scottish Sections. He appealed to all members to consider carefully new schemes which were put forward, to examine them thoroughly and thoughtfully, and whenever possible to give them support. 312 Dr. Gibson delivered his lecture on “An Introduction to Micro-analysis,” giving a brief historical survey, mentioning the names of Emich, Pregl and Feigl, and drawing attention to the remarkable expansion in the application of micro-methods in the short space of thirty years.Micro-methods were used in organic and inorganic analysis, in qualitative tests and in chemical microscopy. Dr. Gibson exhibited a variety of apparatus, and explained the use of much of it, dealing very fully with micro-qualitative analysis. Three films were also shown: (a)the use of the sintered platinum filter, (b)the separation of silver, lead and mercury on a microscopic slide, and (c) the use of the centrifuge in micro- analysis. On 7th November, members attended a joint meeting con- vened by the Chemical Society, when Professor J. W. Cook, F.R.S.,occupied the Chair, and a lecture was given by Professor T. S.Patterson, Gardiner Professor of Organic Chemistry in-the University of Glasgow, entitled: “Forty Years of Optical Activity.” Starting with the work of Percy F. Frankland in 1890, Professor Patterson built up the historical survey in a most interesting and instructive manner.Huddersfie1d.-A joint meeting of the Section with the Huddersfield Section of the Society of Dyers and Colourists was held on 9th December, in Field’s CafC, Huddersfield,-Dr. A. E. Everest in the Chair. Dr. H. H. Goldthorpe gave a talk entitled “The Treatment of Sewage and Trade Effluent.” There was an excellent attendance of members and friends and a good discussion. Leeds Area.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in the University of Leeds on 10th November, Professor F. Challenger, Chairman of the Section, presiding. The Hon. Treasurer presented the financial statement, which was adopted.Dr. R. M. Barrer, Mr. R. Gawler, Mr. H. J. Hodsman, and Mr. H. M. Mason were elected to the Committee, and Messrs. J. T. Thompson and A. Woodmansey were re-elected as Honorary Auditors. Dr. Dorothy Jordan Lloyd gave a lecture on “The Applica- tion of X-Rays to Research in Leather Manufacture.” A full and interesting discussion followed, in which Dr. Astbury, Mr. Atkin, Dr. Phillips and a number of others participated. 313 Liverpool and North-Western.-The opening meeting of the session was held on 29th November, at Reece’s Restaurant, Parker Street, Liverpool. The Chairman, Mr. J. R. Stubbs, announced with regret that the President, who had hoped to be present, was prevented from attending through illness.Mr. Stubbs then introduced his successor in the Chair, Mr. H. Humphreys Jones, who delivered an address entitled “The Growth of Pharmacopceia.” London and South-Eastern Counties.-At the Annual General Meeting of the Section, held on 19th November, in addition to the usual business, the Section appointed a member (Dr. J. G. A. Griffiths) to foster the interests of the Benevolent Fund. The Committee for the coming Session was elected as follows: Chairman, J. R. Nicholls; Vice-Chairmen, J. Grant and G. L. Riddell; Hon. Treasurer, H. Baines; Hon. Secretary, E. Q. Laws; District Member of Council, M. Bogod; Messrs. M. P. Balfe, C. W. Davies, R. B. Drew, D. C. Garatt, J. G. -4.Griffiths, S.J. Johnstone, D. W. Kent-Jones, T.McLachlan, D. D. Moir, E. A. Rudge, J. B. Wilton, Fellows; Messrs. J. S. Cook, R. J. Jinkings, W. Peck, H. E. C. Powers, L. W. Ragg, A. W. H. Upton, Associates. Mr. D. M. Freeland was nominated as District Member of Council to succeed Mr. Bogod in March, 1942. The Committee of the Section has transmitted to the Council the Report of a Sub-committee on “The Future Policy of the Institute,” which has also been sent to the Committees of Local Sections. It deals with the following subjects:- (I) Re-organisation of the Council.-The Sub-committee suggests that a representative Council could be obtained by electing 34 (instead of 50) members, comprising a President, 6 Vice-presidents, an Honorary Treasurer and 10General and 16 District or Sectional members.(2) Election of Sectional Members.-The Sub-committee suggests that such members be nominated by not less than five members and elected by postal ballot within the Section every other year. (3) Election of Ojicers and General Members.-The Sub-Committee suggests that ten Fellows following specialised branches of the profession be elected to the Council; that the election of President, Vice-presidents and General Members should take place in alternate years to the election of District Members; and that the candidates for election as Officers should 314 be nominated by the Council, but General Members be nominated by any five members of the Institute and, if insufficient nomina- tions have been received from members of the Institute, the Council should present three nominations in excess of the number required.(4)The Eligibility of Associates as Members of Council.-Having considered arguments in favour of electing Associates to the Council, the Sub-committee feels that, for certain reasons, the presence of Associates on the Council would create difficulties, -such as the situation which would arise when judgment upon matters concerning Fellows must be made, or when the eligibility of Associates for Fellowship is considered. The Sub-committee suggests that the type of Associate who aspires to a seat on the Council is likely to possess the qualities which will enable him to reach the standard for the Fellowship; that the Council should take additional steps to encourage such Associates to gain the Fellowship, and those who could in a period of-say five years- produce evidence of having performed investigational work of merit, or of having attained sufficiently important positions in a sphere of chemical work, should apply for Fellowship.(5) Ulzion with other Chemical Bodies.-The Sub-committee holds that the profession should present a united front, and that this would be fostered by reviving the proposal to establish a “Chemistry House,” in which all the constituent Chemical Bodies could be domiciled, carrying on their respective spheres of activity, under the authority of a Chemical Council. This should be the aim of the reconstructive policy which the Institute will have to face in the post-war period.Mr. J. Stewart Cook submitted a Minority Report. Manchester and District.-The first meeting of the session was held jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry and the Chemical Society on 29th October, at the Manchester University. Mr. F. Howlett and Dr. H. Hunter gave a paper entitled “Long Molecules.” There was an attendance of about a hundred and the number of questions raised at the conclusion of the lecture was an indication of the interest aroused. The second meeting was held jointly with the Chemical Society, on the 29th November, in the Manchester University. Prof. M. G. Evans (Leeds University) gave a paper entitled “Some Aspects of the Physical Chemistry of Micro Molecules.” Professor Evans’ lucid delivery enabled his audience to under- stand some of the recent developments in the theoretical treat- ment of long molecules and the reactions leading to their forma- tion, There was an interesting discussion.315 On 17th January, 1942, another joint meeting with the Chemical Society will be held, when Prof. A. R. Todd will give a paper entitled “The Chemistry of Hashish.” South Wales.-On 25th October members of the Section participated in a meeting arranged by the South Wales Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, held in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, University College, Swansea,-bfr. F. S. Kernick presiding. Dr. E. B. Hughes delivered the Jubilee Memorial Lecture entitled “Modern Concepts of Analysis, with particular reference to Food.” On 29th November, a meeting of the Section was held, jointly with the University College of Swansea Chemical Society, in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, University College, Swansea,- Mr.R. H. Jones presiding. Dr. Wilson R. Harrison, Director of the Forensic Science Laboratory for the South Wales and Monmouthshire Area, delivered a lecture on “The Scientific Examination of Docu-ments.” South Yorkshire.-At a meeting of the Section held on 1st November, at the College of Art and Technology, Rotherham, Dr. R. A. Mott presented a paper on “Modern Methods of Coal Analysis.” The meeting was well attended, and a keen discussion took place. The next meeting of the Section will be held in Sheffield on 14th February, 1942, when Mr.E. J. Vaughan, Fellow, and Lt. Dr. J. Convey will present a paper on “Further Advances in Metallurgical Analysis.” SUMMARIES OF LECTURES. Physical Methods in the Investigation of Molecular Structure. By Dr. E. G. Cox, F.1nst.P. pirmingham and Midlands Section, on 24th September, 1941.1 A molecule consists of a number of relatively massive positive nuclei surrounded by light negative electrons, some of which bind the molecule together in a more or less fixed configuration. Much experimental research in chemical physics has been directed 316 to tht determination of the size and shape of molecules, the length and energy of the bonds holding the atoms in them together, and the distribution of electrons in them.Fortunately it is found that many properties of an atom combined with others in a molecule are approximately independent of the other atoms present: thus we find for example that the “radius” and bond angles of an atom are nearly constant quantities, so that we can predict with some confidence the form and dimensions of mole- cules which are much too complicated to be subjected to direct investigation with any hope of success at the present time. In some cases, however, knowledge of atomic radii and bond angles alone is not sufficient to enable the form of a molecule to be predicted uniquely; this arises from the possibility of free rotation about single bonds. In such cases the actual con-formation adopted by a molecule under given conditions depends upon the forces between those groups in the molecule which are free to move.The investigation of these forces and the conditions of equilibrium of flexible molecules is an important part of the general study of molecular structure. Since molecules are fundamentally electrical in nature, it is convenient to divide them into two classes according to the distribution of electricity in them. On the one hand we have those molecules in which the centres of gravity of the positive and negative charges coincide, e.g. benzene, carbon tetra-chloride, stannic iodide; these are termed non-polar. On the other hand we recognise that in many molecules, owing to unequal binding of electrons by different nuclei, this condition is not fulfilled, and such molecules, e.g.hydrogen chloride and phenol, possess a permanent electric dipole; they are said to be polar. Such a classification is important chemically, because the force due to a dipole varies inversely as the third power of the distance as compared with about the inverse tenth power for a non-polar molecule; thus at relatively long range the force between two molecules depends almost entirely on any dipoles which they may possess. Since molecules are electrical it is of interest to consider the effect of placing them in an electric field. In non-polar molecules the result is a displacement of electrons and nuclei in opposite directions, giving rise to induced dipoles which are manifested in a dielectric constant greater than unity.If the molecules are polar, orientation of the dipoles occurs, with the consequence that the dielectric const-ant is again greater than unity. In this case, however, the amount of orientation is dependent on temperature ; thus polar and non-polar substances are readily distinguished by the fact that in the one case the 317 polarisation diminishes with rising temperature, whereas in the other it is constant. Moreover, from the rate of change of polar- isation with temperature the actual magnitude of the dipole moment of a molecule can be calculated; this procedure has been very fruitful in the study of the electron distribution in a very large number of molecules. It has obvious applications in the study of such matters as cis-trans isomerism.If our polar molecules are placed in an alternating electric field, the frequency of which is gradually increased, the polarisa- tion remains approximately the same and then falls off con-siderably. This occurs at a frequency of about IO~O cycles/sec. when the inertia of the molecules is too great to allow the dipoles to change their orientation with the field. At still higher frequencies (near infra-red) the polarisation falls still more, both with polar and non-polar molecules; this marks the limit of response of the nuclei, and the remaining polarisation (which at these frequencies is deduced from the refractive index) is due only to the electrons. The study of these polarisation changes with frequency is a necessary part of the full study of dipole moments.In detail the polarisation-frequency curve shows various irregularities which occur when the frequency of the radiation corresponds with one of the natural frequencies of the molecule under examination and, from a study of these natural frequencies, a great deal of information about the structure of the molecule can be obtained. The total energy of a molecule is not constant but can be increased or decreased not only by collision with other molecules but also by absorption or emission of radiation. These energy exchanges are quantised, and the amount of energy E transferred is related to the frequency of the radiation by the equation E = hv where his Planck’s constant. Apart from electronic changes, the energy transferred to or from a molecule may be associated with (I) Rotation of the molecule as a whole; (2) Rotation or oscillation of its parts; (3) Vibration of various parts relative to each other.The study of these can be carried out by investigating absorp- tion of radiation in the ultra-short wireless region and the infra-red, supplemented by Raman spectra and specific heats. (I) and (2) depend chiefly on the moment of inertia of the mole- cule or atomic group concerned; in the case of simple molecules the moments of inertia can be calculated and from them inter- nuclear distances found. In the case of vibrations, two types have to be considered, valency bending and valency stretching. In general it is much 318 easier to bend molecules than to stretch them, so that absorption bands associated with stretching occur at higher frequencies.It is found that vibration frequencies associated with particular bonds (e.g. C-H) can be traced almost unchanged through whole series of compounds ; this circumstance enables vibration spectra of quite complicated molecules to be interpreted. From the vibrational frequencies the force constants of bonds can be calculated, i.e. it is possible to obtain a measure of the strengths of bonds. Since a change of vibration energy is often accompanied by a change of rotational energy, the vibrational spectrum consists of a series of bands, the fine structure of which is due to rotational changes.From the analysis of such bands it is possible to deduce the moment of inertia of the molecule. Similarly the fine structure of electronic bands (in the visible and ultra-violet region) is due to vibrational changes. The scattering of radiation by molecules can also be made to yield information as to their structure. In the visible and ultra-violet region there is the Raman effect, already mentioned, which is of particular value in supplementing the results of the more difficult infra-red technique, and the depolarisation of scattered light, from which is obtained the polarisability of molecules in different directions and which is therefore of value especially in conjunction with refractivity and the Kerr effect. In the scattering of X-rays by molecules new effects appear because the wave-length of the radiation is comparable with molecular dimensions so that diffraction effects occur.From these diffraction effects, ranging from a few diffuse rings in the case of a gas to hundreds of sharp reflexions in the case of a crystal, the electron distribution in the molecule can be deduced. The technique has been very highly developed and it is possible in this way to determine with considerable accuracy the bond lengths and angles in very complicated molecules. The Food Industry in War-time. By Dr. LESLIE F.I.C.H. LAMPITT, [Birmingham and Midlands Section, on zznd October, 1941.1 War-time conditions in the Food Industry necessitate stringent economy, adaptation to changing supplies of raw materials and provision of substitutes.The Industry owes much to science in dealing with the conditions which arise from these war factors. 319 Food manufacturers through shortage of certain essential ingredients have to make a choice between reduced output at pre-war standards and the normal output at a changed standard. As the standard of food in England in pre-war times was remark- ably high, it has been found possible, without lowering the nutritive value of the food, gradually to grade down the standard of luxury quality to meet the shortage of supplies. The greatest difficulty in the production of food has occurred in connexion with the restricted amounts of fats, of sugar, and of eggs, and also with the changed types of flour.The bigger the firm, with its more specialised machinery, the greater the difficulty of adapting the plant available to changing conditions, because plant designed by engineers and chemists to do certain jobs presupposes standard raw materials: flour of a certain grade, grease of a certain quality, sugar of a particular grinding and purity. None of these standard raw materials is now available, or at least not regularly available, and long and patient investi- gation is necessary before the best use can be made not only of the plant available, but of the raw materials available. It is important not to forget the psychological aspect of feeding. It would be quite possible to bring the food of the country to a standard utilitarian, but not attractive, level.The Ministry of Food in stimulating the continuity of ice-cream, cakes, fruit pies, etc., has recognised this. In all these cases, raw materials available are very different from those available before the war; but food manufacturers have reacted well to the stimulus of the Ministry and by utilising chemical and engineering skill available, have produced goods which are not only nutritionally sound but also titillate the senses, and are therefore potent factors in maintaining the morale of the people. Examples were given of the methods adopted to enforce economy in manufacture, and of the type of research work which was going on to provide substitutes where substitutes were necessary. The Preservation of Foodstuffs by Canning.By Dr. A. J. KIDNEY,BSc., A.R.C.S., A.I.C. [Belfast Section, on 6th November, 1941.1 The lecturer introduced the subject by outlining the normal processes of deterioration of foods through the agency of tissue enzymes, enzymes from micro-organisms, insect pests and absorption of atmospheric oxygen. 320 The basic process of canning was then defined as follows: The food is placed in the can and heated to a temperature between 50" C. and 85" C. and the lid is hermetically sealed, The completely closed can is cooked until enzymes are inactivated and micro-organisms destroyed or inhibited from growth. Perfect protection is afforded against insect' pests and there is very little oxygen left to attack the fats and vitamins.Conse-quently there is no way open for the food to deteriorate. The successive steps in manufacture were then described in detail with the help of lantern slides kindly supplied by the Metal Box Co., Ltd. The first step is usually some form of grading of the food followed by light boiling or steaming. After filling into the cans the product is heated to the desired temperature and then the can is sealed. A demonstration of the method of hermetically sealing the lids by the process of double seaming was shown on a small hand-operated machine. The lecturer illustrated the magnitude of the problem of sealing by considering an imaginary seam ten feet high, five feet six inches wide and rolled out of five layers of ten-inch steel plate.On this scale, many micro- organisms (cocci) would be approximately I mm. in diameter. If micro-organisms are to be prevented from penetrating the seam after manufacture there is clearly no latitude possible in the seaming operation. One of the most important duties of the laboratory of a canning factory is to maintain the seaming at the highest possible standard. Routine methods of dissecting the seam for examination by micrometer or gauge were shown and a supplementary examination of seam cross-sections in Bakelite mounting, recently introduced into the Iecturer's labora- tory, aroused some interest. The cooking of the sealed cans was next described after pointing out the vast difference in technique between the canning of fruit on the one hand contrasted with the canning of meat and vegetables on the other.The object of cooking is to destroy or at least inhibit growth of the heat-resistant spores of all micro-organisms. In fruit canning we are dealing with a medium of pH 2-4 and under these acid conditions exposure to tempera- tures below boiling point for a few minutes inactivates micro- organisms. Fruit cans are simply iminersed in boiling water for not longer than 30 minutes, which explains why fruit canning is usually successful in the home. In meat and vegetables we have a $H of 6-7 and the heat resistance of bacterial spores is enormous. Many spores survive 30 minutes at 110' C. and a few 30 minutes at 115' C. The cooking time and temperatures are worked out by means 321 of special thermocouples which indicate the centre temperature of cans while being cooked under commercial conditions in a pressure vessel or retort.The thermocouple assembly used for the purpose was on view. From the time-temperature graph the times at which the centre of the can is held at 110' C. and and 115'C. are deduced. It is important that all meat and vegetable packs be held at least 30 minutes at 110' C. as these are the minimum conditions for destruction of the organism B. botulinus, which is a member of the most resistant group of pathogenic organisms. This allows a reasonable factor of safety for factory fluctuations as the above thermal death point was worked out under more favourable conditions for the organism than occur in a can.Products which can stand higher tempera- tures are best given 115OC. for 30 minutes, as this destroys practically all bacterial spores. Both the above processes tend to give a product which is overcooked by ordinary standards, so the cans are rapidly cooled by water sprays in the pressure vessels, and subsequently tested, labelled and dispatched. Methods of testing cans by examination of the exterior were described and details given of the all-important bacteriological examination of the contents. After illustrating some modern developments in canning technique, and dealing with the attitude of the public to canned goods, the lecturer closed with the following remarks on the wider aspects of food preservation. Due to the development of canning, refrigeration, dehydra- tion and gas-storage of foodstuffs, food technologists could make very practical contributions to the solution of post-war world problems.In the meantime it was encouraging to note that the Ministry of Food had taken proper scientific advice and was pursuing a policy of educating the public in diet, coupled with controlling distribution of foods according to the needs of various population groups. It was to be hoped that this policy would be extended after the war to all nations. The Application of X-Rays to Research in Leather Manufacture. By Dr. D. JORDAK LLOYD,M.A., F.I.C. [Leeds Area Section, on 10th November, 1941.1 X-rays have been used by Astbury to study the molecular architecture of the collagen molecule and the changes brought about by tanning.Whereas he employed a fibre technique, the work described by the lecturer was done with the less elegant 322 but still useful powder diagram, the pictures being obtained from sections about I mm. in thickness. Skins are woven of three different types of fibres: collagen fibres which form the bulk of the skin and react with the tans to give leather: elastin fibres found mainly in the grain; and reticulin fibres which form an investing sheath round the collagen fibres. There has been some dispute as to whether reticulin fibres are chemically distinct from collagen. X-ray evidence will eventually solve this problem. The tanner seldom receives hides or skins in the fresh condition.but generally after salt curing. There are two salts in common use, sodium chloride which is used all over the world, and sodium sulphate which is used largely in India. There are two methods of salt cure known as “wet salting” and “dry salting” respec- tively. X-rays can show not only the nature but the condition of the salt inside the skin, and there is evidence that in dry salting the salt separates in large crystals which may produce damage in some of the skin structures and lead to troubles in leather manufacture. The preparation of skins for tannage does not lead to any change in the X-ray diagram, and tanning also, if carried out with an agent with small molecules, can take place without any change, showing that tanning does not essentially involve any change in the periodicities in the fibre structure. Tanning is, however, generally accompanied by a broadening and outward shift of the collagen rings, indicating loss of periodicity in and shrinkage of the structure.This affects all the rings except the outermost, which has been related by Astbury to the periodic spacing down the backbone. The loss of pattern in the other rings is to a considerable extent reversible. X-rays can be used to show whether other materials in crystal- line form are deposited in the leather during tannage: for instance ellagic acid deposits on the surface of leather with certain vege- table tannins an adherent cream-coloured crystalline crust, known to the tanners as “bloom.” X-rays show that deposition takes place right through the leather.The ellagic acid thus acts as a filler, X-rays also show that paraformaldehyde is some- times present in formaldehyde leathers. Modem sole leather tannages are finished by treating with a saturated solution of magnesium sulphate (and sugar if avail-able!). The tan is precipitated from the strong liquors in between the fibres, whereupon, like ellagic acid, it acts as a filler. X-rays show the degree of penetration and presence of excess salt and the effect of the sugar on the distribution and crystal- lisation. 323 X-rays can also be used to track down at least one fault in process. Damage due to an excess of heat and acid at the hot- pitting stage of sole leather tanning causes a widening, outward movement and final disappearance of the outermost collagen ring.Hence, weak-fibred leather showing this effect must have been damaged in this way. Weak-fibred leather due to absorp- tion of acid fumes from the atmosphere of an industrial town or to a poor quality hide shows no change in X-ray pattern. Notes. The Council of the Royal Society has awarded the Davy Medal to Dr. Henry Drysdale Dakin, F.R.S., Fellow, for his work as a pioneer in biochemical research and especially because of his fundamental contributions to the study of intermediate metabolisms. Mr. William Gordon Carey, Fellow, has been appointed Public Analyst for the City of Newcastle upon Tyne and for the County Boroughs of Gateshead, Sunderland and Tynemouth. The Ministry of Supply has made an Order controlling the prices of commercial grade Sodium and Potassium Dichromates in quantities less than I cwt. The Ministry has also issued an Order relating to the control of Sulphur, fixing maximum prices for sulphur ground from crude sulphur.Copies of the above Orders may be obtained (price Id. each) from H. M. Stationery Office. The General’ Council of the British Standards Institution has decided, that in view of the continuing expansion of the Institution and the development of its relations with Government departments and other bodies, an Executive Com- mittee be appointed, with a whole-time Chairman, to keep d activities of the Institution under review, and report to the General Council as may be necessary.Mr. C. Le Maistre, C.B.E., has been appointed the first Chair- man of the Committee, and Mr. P. Good, C.B.E., Director and Secretary of the Institution. The Therapeutic Research Corporation of Great Britain, Ltd., has been formed by the following Companies:- Boots Pure Drug Co., Ltd., British Drug Houses, Ltd., Glaxo 324 Laboratories, Ltd., May and Baker, Ltd., and the Wellcome Foundation Ltd. The founder Companies will subscribe the capital of the Corporation as and when required in equal amounts. The principal objects of the organisation are:- (a) To provide for the co-ordination and extension of research in matters of common interest with a view to accelerating the discovery of new substances for the service of therapeutic and preventive medicine ; to ensure proper collaboration with medical, dental and veterinary practi- tioners in the introduction of new medicinal substances and to assist in the advancement of the art of medicine by the subsidisation of research on a broader and more rational basis than has so far been possible in the British Pharma- ceutical Industry.(b) To provide for the pooling of manufacturing facilities, where desirable. (c) To enable the industry to co-operate more effectively in national planning by presenting to the Government through its appropriate medical, dental, veterinary, scientific and technical organisations the pooled knowledge and facilities acquired by the constituent companies in the field of therapeutic research.Plans for research will be drawn up by a Panel consisting of the Heads of Research from each of the constituent Companies, and arrangements for production will be made by a Panel consisting of the Heads of Production of the constituent Com- panies. The products will be sold by the Constituent Companies. The registered ofices (pro tern.) of the Corporation are at 183, Euston Road, London, N.W.I. The Ministry of Supply appeals for waste paper and card- board. Clean white paper and newspapers should be kept apart from coloured packing papers, cardboard, etc., so that sorting by the merchant may be facilitated. Obituary. DOUGLASLAY died on 1st November at Victoria, British Columbia, in his 65th year.The youngest son of Horatio Selson Lay, C.B., he was educated at St. Dunstan’s College, Catford, under Dr. C. M. Stuart, Fellow, end received his technical training at the Royal School of Mines, where he gained the Associateship in metallurgy, in the first class, in 1899. Between 1899 and 1905, he was analytical chemist and assayer 325 with the North Star Xining Co., Ltd., the Hall Mining and Smelting Co., and the Rambler-Carriboo Mines, Ltd.; from 1905-1906 he was metallur- gist and superintendent to the Reliance Gold Nining and 3lilling CO., Ltd., and, from 1906-1918, consulting mining engineer and metallurgist to Messrs. Alexander Hill and Stewart, in the Clty of London.He was the inventor of processes for the recovery of gold from cyanide solutions by electrical precipitation, the results of which were published in the Engineering Mining Journal, New York, 1920, and developed a method of compacting flotation concentrate in lieu of filtration, published in the same journal in 1922, under the title of “Concentration of Rossland, B.C., Ores.” During the war of 1914-1918, he was a works chemist at H.M. Factory, Queensferry. From 1921-1923 he was manager with Le Roi No. 2, Ltd., Rossland, B.C., engaged on the design and erection of plant for the treatment of ores by the flotation process, and was then engaged in private practice as a consulting engineer in Rossland and Vancouver, B.C., until 1925, when he was appointed Resident Mining Engineer to the North-Eastern Xineral Survey District, British Columbia.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1918 and a Fellow in 1928. ARTHURPUNTERROXALD died at sea on 20th January, in his 50th year. He was educated at Queen Mary’s School, Basingstoke, arid University College, Reading, graduating B.Sc. (Lond.), in 1912, in which year he joined the staff of Nobel’s Explosives Co., Ltd., at Ardeer. In 1916, he was trans- ferred to the Safety of Factories Branch of the Ministry of Munitions, and later became Technical Inspector of Propellants Factories, Cotton Waste Mills and other establishments, returning after the war to Nobel’s Explosives Co., and eventually becoming a member of the staff of ImperialChemical Industries, Ltd.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1918. OSWALDDIGBY ROBERTS died on 1st Sovember, at Horton Emergency Hospital, in his 59th year. He was trained in the Chemical Department of the City and Guilds Technical College, Finsbury, and after a period with a firm of manufacturing chemists joined the scientific staff of the Imperial Institute in 1909 as assistant in the Mineral Laboratories. He was later transferred to the plant side, specialising on essential oils and fibres. At the time of his death he held the position of a senior assistant and was Secretary of the Institute’s Consultative Committee on Essential Oils. He was also a member of certain Committees of the Textile Institute. Most of his work was incorporated in official reports issued by the Institute, but either alone or jointly with the late Dr.Ernest Goulding, he also contributed a number of papers on essential oils from Empire sources to the Transactions of the Chemical Society and the Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry. He was elected an Associate of the Institute of Chemistry in 1911 and a Fellow in 1916. JAMES FREDERICK ROW-LANDFOTHERGILL died at Hampstead on 2nd November in his 72nd year. Educated at Usk Grammar School and St. Catharine’s College, Cambridge, he graduated B.A. in Divinityin 1899, but soon after turned to science. He studied physics at Cam- bridge, under Glazebrook, and chemistry and bacteriolo$ji at the Battersea and the South-Western Polytechnics.After some years’ experience as a senior science master at the Whitgift Middle School, Croydon, he became assistant, in 1904, to Dr. Alexander Winter Blyth, Public Analyst for Marylebone, to whose practice he eventually succeeded. From 1909 he was a Relieving Gas Examiner to the London County Council; from 1917, lecturer in chemistry at the Crystal Palace School of Practical Engineering, and later he was for some years lecturer on science at Harrow School. 326 He was Public Analyst for the Borough of St. Marylebone for about 20 years, and consulting toxicologist to Middlesex Hospital. Under the name of “Rowland James,” he was the author of a number of poems, He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1919. JOHN RICHARDSKELTOXdied at Sorwich on 1st November in his 83rd year. The eldest son of Richard Skelton, Veterinary Surgeon of Leyton, Essex, he was educated at Chigwell Grammar School and studied chemistry and physics under Edward Frankland and Guthrie, respectively, at the Royal College of Chemistry, South Kensington, from 1878 to 1880, in which year he obtained an appointment as chemist with the New Explosives Co., Ltd., Stowmarket, Suffolk. In tho following year, he returned to London and studied at the Royal School of Mines under Roberts-Austen, devoting his attention to metallurgy and assaying.In 1882, he was appointed demonstrator and assistant to bleymott Tidy at London Hospital Medical College, and in 1883, was appointed works chemist to the Norwich Crape Co., Ltd., with which he remained for the rest of his professional life, becoming works manager and later managing director of the Company, and retiring in 1925.During the war of 1914-1918, Mr. Skelton invented, and the Company produced, a crbpe bandage with elastic qualities, which came into great demand, and is still being produced by another Korfolk textile factory. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1887. PHILIPALPREDSTIFFwas killed at Abadan, Iran, on 25th August. The son of the late Rev. A. T. Stiff, Vicar of All Souls, Brighton, he was born on 14th January, 1904, and educated at Haileybury College, Herts. He gained an Open Scholarship to Cambridge, which he held at Sidney Sussex College; he obtained further scholarships as a result of Inter- Collegiate Examinations, and graduated with honours in the Natural Science Tripos, Part 11, 1926.He joined the Anglo-Persian Oil Company in the same year, and was posted to the Llandarcy Refinery, next to Sunbury, and later, in 1928, was transferred to Abadan, where he was employed in process development and research. In 1937, he was appointed assistant production superintendent and, in 1938, plant development superintendent, which position he held at the time of his death, At Cambridge, he was a member of his College “Fifteen,” and was a prominent representative of boxing in the University. He was also a great lover of horses and an outstanding player on the polo field. Among his varied interests, he was an enthusiastic entomologist.His loss will be keenly felt in Iran, especially among the members of the chemical staff of his Company. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1927 and a Fellow in 1931. WILLIAM TREVOR WILDE, age 23 years, was killed in October, 1941, during enemy action. He was educated at Nether Edge School, Sheffield, and at the University of Sheffield. He graduated B.Sc. in 1939 with honours in chemistry and turned his attention to the theoretical aspects of refractory materials, under the supervision of Mr. W. J. Rees. At the time of his death he was awaiting the conferment of the degree of Ph.D. for his research on the ternary system Cr,O, 7MgO -Al,O,. He was collaborating in work on the bonding properties of clays used in steel moulding sands.The contamination of steels by refractory materials also engaged his attention. He played E large part in the life of the University. He was Styring Research Scholar, Editor of the University Magazine, Arrows, and Secre- tary of the University Athletics Committee. He was also a Gas Identi- fication Officer in the City of Sheffield. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1940. -The Council records with regret the death, on 29th September, at Newbury, Berks., of David Henderson, Chartered Accountant, and Auditor to the Institute from 1918 to 1940. 327 Books and their Contents. -The following books have been kindly presented by the authors and publishers and may be seen in the Library of the 1nstitute:-Analysis of Aluminium and its Alloys.Pp. 188.(London: British Aluminium Co., Ltd.) Introduction; analytical tolerances; sampling; reagents ;pure aluminium; determination of other metals; aluminium alloys ; schemes of analysis for alloys; special analyses: analysis of super purity aluminium, alumin- ium bronze, skimmings and dross ;determination of non-metallic impuri- ties; spot tests; photometric methods; spectrochemical analysis; polarographic analysis. Annual Reviews of Petroleum Technology. Vol. VI. (Petroleum Technology in 1940.) General Editor: F. H. Garner. Pp. iv + 318. (Eirmingham: The Institute of Petroleum.) 11s. Eighteen papers recording progress in the applications of science to the petroleum industry. Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Analysis.Henry J. S. Sand. Vol. 111. Electrical Methods Applied to Titra-tion, Moisture Determination and $H Measurement. Pp. x + 118. (London and Glasgow: Blackie & Son, Ltd.) 5s. 6d. net. Potentiometric analysis ; conductinietric analysis and the dielectric constant in chemical analysis; the determination of moisture by the measurement of capacitance; the potentiometric determination of pHIndex. Physical and Chemical Constants and someMathematica1 Functions. G. W. C. Kaye and T. H. Laby. 9th edition. Pp. viii + 182. (London, New York and Toronto : Longmans, Green & Co.) 18s. English Physical and Chemical Tables. Atomic weights; units; general physics and astronomy; heat; sound; light, including spectroscopy; electricity and magnetism; X-rays, atoms and ions; chemistry and geology; mathematical tables; isotopes; index.The Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain has pre- sented the Institute with a volume produced to commemorate its Centenary Celebration on the 15th April, 1941. The principal contents relate to the Inaugural Meeting, the Councils since 1841, a Century of Service, a Programme of the Centenary Commemoration, a Play entitled “Jacob Bell and some Others” by H. N. Linstead, and Miscellanea-a collection of papers and records of special interest to pharmacists, recalling Jacob Bell, 328 Daniel Hanbury, Henry Deane, Edmund White, Sir William Glyn-Jones, and the Story of the British Pharmacopceia (1618-1914).The British Non-Ferrous Metals Research Association has published “Researches on the Structure of Alloys” by W. Hume-Rothery, F.R.S.-(Association Series, No. 562 : June, 1941) : 2s. 6d. The work has been mainly directed to the establishment of the general principles which decide whether and in what proportions two or more metals are capable of forming solid solutions, the structural and equilibrium characteristics of alloy systems, and the properties of alloys. The Register. At the meeting of Council held on 21st November, 1941,z new Fellows were elected, IZ Associates were elected to the Fellow- ship, 35 new Associates were elected, 3 Associates were re-elected, and 28 new Students were admitted. The Council regrets to record the deaths of 4 Fellows, 3 Associates, and one Student.New Fellows. Bucknell, Edwin Thomas Holman, 102, Bristol Road, Weston-super-Mare, Somerset. Wilson, Christopher Lumley, B.Sc. (Leeds), Ph.D., D.Sc. (Lond.), 6, Dales Lane, Whitefield, Lancs. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Airs, Raymond Spencer, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 23, Westways, Stoneleigh Hill, Ewell, Surrey. Bowes, Miss Joane Hylton, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), c/o Rothamsted Experi- mental Station, Harpenden. Corfield, Mrs. Ella, B.Sc. (Lond.), Ph.C., 47, Northumberland Road, New Barnet, Herts. Crawley, Blick, If .A. (Oxon.), c,o Trinidad Leaseholds, Ltd., Pointe-a- Pierre, Trinidad, R.W.I. Cunningham, Robert Neil, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.). Everett, John Garwood, B.Sc., Ph.D.(Lond.), Deben, -4yloff’s Walk, Hornchurch, Essex. Gladden, George William, B.Sc. (Liv.), 23, Thwaites Road, Oswaldtwistle, Lancs. Langridge, Rodney Arthur, Ph.C., 31, Hilary Gardens, Stanmore, Bliddx. Middleton, Charles Roger, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., c/o British United Oilfields of Trinidad, Ltd., Port Fontin, Trinidad, B.W.1. Keave, Edward William James, M.Sc. (Lond.), M.C., 9, Church Close, Epsom.Oswin, Charles Robert, M.A., 33.S~. (Oxon.), 120, Wellington Road, Bridgwater, Somerset. Rawson, Valentin Stratford, B.Sc. (Queensland), c/o Rev. C. I. Rawson, County Hospital. Prestwich, Manchester. 329 New Associates. Allen, James Joseph, M.C., 558, Kottingham Road, Chaddesden, nr. Derby. Armstrong, Alasdair William, B.Sc.(Aberd.), 18, Belmont Street, Glasgow, w. 2. Bhaskara Rama Murti, Polapragada, 31.S~.(Andhra), J.V.D. College of Science and Technology, Andhra University, Waltair, S. India. Booth, Henry, B.A. (Oxon.), Xessrs. Henry Booth (Abingdon), Ltd., Abingdon-on-Thames. Boyd, John, B.Sc. (Liv.), Homecroft, Devonshire Road, Douglas, Isle of Man. Cormack, Robert Houston, B.Sc. (Edin.), 28, Griffiths Street, Falkirk, Stirlingshire. Denton, Cecil, 27, Oxford Avenue, Guiseley, nr. Leeds. Dickinson, Edward John, B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), Oakdene, Cheapside Lane, Denham, nr. Uxbridge. Fentiman, Miss Rosalind Mary, B.Sc. (Birm.), 241, Wake Green Road, RIoseley, Birmingham, 13. French, Alfred Thomas, 3, Lancaster Avenue, Barking, Essex. Glen, John, 24, East Carlton Park, nr.Market Harborough. Gregg, Sidney John, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., Troy Farm Cottage, illonmouth. Griffin, John Wlliam, B.Sc. (Glas.), 28, Grfiths Street, Falkirk, Stirling- shire. Hudsmell, Fred, MA. (Cantab.), 8, Wimmerfield Avenue, Gower Road, Swansea. Hutcheson, Robert, B.Sc. (Glas.), A.R.T.C., 82, Walter Street, Glasgow, E.l. Kilby, Bernard Ashford, MA., P1i.D. (Cantab.), 254, Hills Road, Cam- bridge.Lecomber, Leslie Vincent, B.Sc. (Mane.), 104, Pitt Street, Oldham. Little, Andrew James, A.R.T.C., 30, Xelson Street, Greenock, Scotland. Llewellyn, Donald Rees, B.Sc. (Birm.), Brynteg, Woodmancote, Dursley, Glos. Mitchell, Gilbert Archibald Maldwyn, BSc. (Glas.), 64, Beechwood Gardens, Calder Road, Bellshill, Lanarkshire.Nicholson, Eric Samuel, B.Sc. (Edin.), 17, Craigmount Grove, Corstorphine, Edinburgh, 12. Owen, John Harold, 5, Prescott Avenue, Golborne, nr. Warrington. Potter, Xeville Mowbray, 111.S~.(Lond.),49, Barholm Road, Sheffield, 10. Prakash, Brahm, RI.Sc. (Punjab), Loco Works Laboratory, B.B. & C.I. Railway, Dohad, India. Ramanavva, Somavaiula Venkata. B.A., M.Sc. (Andra), Sugar Chemist, The'Vuyyur S;gk Factory, Vuyyur, Dt. Kishna, India: Ross, Robert Paton, BSc. (Glas.), A.R.T.C., 39, Stow Hill, Newport, Man. Sanderson, Tom, B.Sc. Tech. (Manc.), c o Bank Chambers, Crosby Street, Varyport, Cumberland. Simmonds, George Herbert, B.Sc. (Lond.), 42, Buxton Road, Erith, Kent. Suttle, Harold Kershaw, A.M.I.Chem.E., 16, Abercrombie Street, Chester- field.Swann, Raymond Vaughan, B.Sc. (Wales), 1506, Greenford Road, Green- -ford, %iddx. Swift, Robert Atkinson, M.Sc. (Manc.), 11, Brook Road, Morecambe, Lancs. Vasistha, Shyam Kishor, LL.B., D.Sc. (B.H.U.), Mangalashram, Lanka, Benares City, U.P., India. Walker, George U7illiam, 17, John Street, Dalbeattie, Kirkcudbright. Whinham, William Xeville, B.Sc. (Wales), 27, Tynewydd Road, Barry. White, John Parker, B.Sc. (Lond.), c o Ross, Euroa, Langbank, Renfrew- shire. 330 Re-elected Associates. Buchan, Samuel, M.A., B.Sc. (Aberd.), Ph.D. (Cantab.), Erwyn, Hillcrest Gardens, Hinchley Wood, Surrey. Cratchley, Leo Gordon, B.Sc. (Leeds), Fartown Lodge, Bradford Road, Huddersfield. Gurney, Edward William Moye, B.Sc.(Lond.), 19, Dartford Road, Bexley. New Students. Beynon, Eric, 173, Aiewport Road, Middlesbrough. Bridge, Allan Clare, 169, LTpper Parliament Street, Liverpool, 8. Bristow, Frederick Jack, 127, ,Studdridge Street,, London, S.W. 6. Brown, Bernard Clark, 15, Ring Road, Lower Worthy, Leeds, 12. Dale, Eric Charles Beresford, 12, Liscard Road, Wallasey, Cheshire. Darlington, Ronald, 524, Broadway, Chadderton, Lancs. Dunn, John Henry, 75, Wellesley Road, Ilford, Essex. Evans, Miss Florence Mary Lucy, 32, Park Road N., Newton-le-Willows, Lancs. Gardener, Sidney Herbert, 3, Tiverton House, Pleasant Place, Canonbury, London, N.1. Gough, Kenneth John, 16, Connaught Gardens, London, N. 10. Greaves, John Tracey, 12, St. John's Crescent, Canton, C'ardiff.Hookway, Harry Thurston, 26, Court Drive, Waddon, Croydon. King, Allan James, 40, Newlaithes Gardens, Horsforth, nr. Leeds. Lister, Bryan Alfred Jack, 6, Connaught Gardens, London, N. 10. London, Eric, 43, The Crescent, Naghull, nr. Liverpool.Majury, Trevor Gault, 28, Maryville Park, Belfast, N. Ireland. McMullen, Arnold Ivor, Campsie, Ballygrainey, Bangor, Co. Down, N. Ireland. Nicholls, Stanley Frederick, c/o 1, Chapel Lane, Spondon, nr. Derby. Reed, Kenneth James, 5, Hardennaye, Tot'teridge, High U'ycombe, Bucks. Riley, Frederick William, 23, Green Park Avenue, Skircoat Green, Halifax, Yorks. Robinson, Stanley Richard, 20, Thorpedale Road, London, N.4. Rolles, Robert Rollos, 83, Upper Brownhill Road, Nursling, Southampton. Saunders, Aubrey, Gas Works House, Butts Road, Stanford-le-Hope, Essex. Stoor, Charles Henry, 38, Sandling Lane, Maidstone, Kent.Sutherland, Marcus Gunn, c/o Melville, 5, Dowanside Road, Glasgow, W. 2. Tolley, George, 3, Spring Meadow, Old Hill, Staffs. Watson, Ernest Alan, 7, Lilac Gardens, Low Fell, Gateshead, 9, Co. Durham. Wright, Alfred, 28, Culme Road, Liverpool, 12. DEATHS. Fellows. Douglas Lay, A.R.S.M. Oswald Digby Roberts. John Richard Skelton. Philip Alfred Stiff, B.A. (Cantab.). Associates. Ronald Arthur Punter, B.Sc. (Lond.). James Frederick Fothergill Rowland, B.A. (Cantab.).William Trevor Wilde, B.Sc. (Sheffield). Student. Ronald Greenwood. -CHANGE OF NAME. Miss Ella Kathleen Parsons, B.Sc.(Lond.), Associate, to Mrs Pinder,-on her marriage to Jack Leake Pinder, Fellow. 331 Coming Events. Jan., 1942 5 SOCIETY (London Section) : Joint Meeting OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY with Food Group, “Insecticides.” Mr. G. A. Freak, at the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 2.15 p.m. 12 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Leeds Area Section). “Chemotherapy.”Mr. S. Ellingworth. 21 SOCIETY (Food Group) : Domestic Meeting OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY of Microbiological Panel. “Nodule Eacteria and the Cultivation of Legumes,” Dr. H. G. Thornton, F.R.S., at the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.1. 22 INSTITUTION ENGIXEERS.“The Totally Electri- OF ELECTRICAL fied Cane Sugar Factory,” Mr. L. B.Whitaker; “Electricity in a Beet Sugar Factory,” Mr. B. Smith, at Savoy Place, Victoria Embankmen’t, London, W.C.2. 23 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL IHDUSTRY(Birmingham and Midlands Section): Short papers on topical subjects. At the Chamber of Commerce, Birmingham, at 4 p.m. AND OF28 SOCIETYOF CHEMICALIXDUSTRY IXSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Edinburgh and East of Scotland Sections): “SyntheticalInvestigations in the Natural Resin Field.” Professor R. D. Haworth, at the North British Station Hotel, Princes Street, Edinburgh, at 7.30 p.m.Feb 2 SOCIETY (London Section). “Fluorescence OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY Measurement,” Mr. G. F. Lothian, at the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 2.15 p.m. 9 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (Leeds Area Section).“High Pressure Reactions and Technique.” Professor D. M. Newitt. OF14 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (South Yorkshire Sectio?). Joint Meeting with the Sheffield Metallur@al Association. Further Advances in Metallurgical Analysis, Mr. E. J. Vaughan and Lt. J. Convey, at 198, West Street, Sheffield, 1, at 3.0 p.m. OF18 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Birmingham and Midland Section). at the Chamber of Commerce. INSTITUTE (London and S.E. Counties Section). OF CHEMISTRY “Artificial Radioactivity and the Completion of the Periodic System.” Professor F. A. Paneth, at the Institute, at 4p.m. 27 SOCIETY (Birmingham and MiFnd Sec- OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY tion). Joint Meeting with the Plastics Group: Chemical Factors involved in the glueing of wood with cold-setting urea- formaldehyde resins.” Mr. W.G. Campbell, at the Chamber of Commerce, at 5.30 p.m.CHEMICAL SOCIETY (South Yorkehire). “The Chemistry of Starch.” Professor E. L. Hirst, F.R.S., at the University, Western Bank, Sheffield, 10, at 5.30 p.m.March 2 INSTITUTE Annual General Meeting, at thehstitute, OF CHEMISTRY: at 3 p.m.SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(London Section). “Gold and its Scope in Industry.” Mr. E. Downs, at the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.1, at 2.15 p.m. 7 BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS (Birmingham and Midland Section). 10 CHEMICAL SOCIETY. Joint Meeting wit!‘ the Leeds University Chemical Society. Discussion on the Enzymatic Breakdown of Tryptophan to Indole.” Opened by Dr.H. A. Krebs,Dr. F. C. Happold and Dr. J. W. Baker. 332 17 SOCIETYOF CHERUCAL INDUSTRY.Annual General Meeting. vnt Meeting of the Yorkshire Section with the Food Group. Colour in Foods.” OF18 INSTITUTECHEXISTRY (London and S.E. Counties Section). Joint Meeting with the Institute of Physics. “Physics in America and some Recent Applications of Nuclear Physics.” Professor &I.L. E. Oliphant, F.R.S., at the Royal Institution. 20 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Birmingham and Midland Section). Annual General Meeting, at 6.15 p.m., Jubilee Memorial Lecture: “Science and the Land.” Professor F. L. Engledow, at the Chamber of Commerce, at 6.30 p.m. OF25 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Birmingham and Midland Section). Annual General Meeting, at the Chamber of Commerce.OF28 INSTITUTE CHEMISTRY (South Yorkshire Section). “The Colliery Chemist at a Group of Collieries,” Mr. J. T. Storrow; “The Colliery Chemist and Safety Requirements,” Dr. F. V. Tideswell; “The Training of the Colliery Chemist,” Dr. T. G. Woolhouse. Short paper3 to be followei3 by discussion, at the College of Technology and Art, Rotherham, at 3.0 p.m.April1 BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS (Birmingham and Midland Section). Annual General il$eeting. 6 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL IXDUSTRY(London Section). Discussion on “Laboratory Design,” opened by Mr. J. McKillop, Mr. W. E. Prytherch and Mr. P. L. Bilham, at the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 2.15 p.m. OF15 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (London and S.E.Counties Section). “The Use of Chemicals by the Green Plant.” Dr. Hugh Nicol, at the Institute, at 6 p.m. General Notices. -_ Laboratory Overalls.-The Board of Trade has announced that in future all industrial overalls will be available on surrender of two, three or four coupons each, according to type. Long laboratory coats reaching below the knee will be obtain- able on surrender of three coupons and short laboratory jackets reaching only to the waist for two coupons. Both must, how- ever, be made of cotton and either in a natural or bleached state or dyed navy blue, brown or khaki. The Annual General Meeting of the Institute will be held on Monday, 2nd March, 1942. Nomination of General Members of the Council.-Attention is directed to the By-laws relating to the nomination of General Members of Council:-By-law 26.--(I) Any twenty Members, not being Members of the Council, may nominate one eligible Fellow as ci candidate for election as a General Member of the Council, but no Xember shall nominate more than one such Fellow.333 (2) Any nomination made under this By-law shall be delivered to the Secretary six weeks at least before the Annual General Meeting, and shall be in the following form:-“We, the undersigned, Members of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland, do hereby certify that A.B., of (registeredaddress) , a Fellow of this Institute, is, in our estimation, a fit and proper person to be a General Member of the Council of the Institute, and we do hereby nominate him as a Candidate for election as a General Member of the Council.” (3) Any such nomination may consist of several documents in like form, each signed by one or more Members. (The name of every candidate nominated in accordance with By-law 26 will be included in the Balloting List.) By-law 24.-(2) No person who has been elected as a District Member of the Council for any year of Office shall be eligible for election as a General Member of the Council for that year of Office, and if such person is elected as President, Vice-president or Treasurer for that year of Office he shall vacate his Office as a District Member of the Council and the vacancy shall be filled up, as on a casual vacancy.The Officers and General Members of Council who retire at the next Annual General Meeting, on 2nd March, 1942, in accordance with the By-laws and are ineligible for re-election are as follows:- Vice-Presidents.Henry Vincent Aird Briscoe, D.Sc., A.R.C.S., D.I.C. Francis Howard Carr. C.B.E.. D.Sc.. M.1.Chem.E. Thomas Percy Hilditch, D.Sc’. Gerald Roche Lynch, O.B.E., M.B., B.S. Sir Robert Howson Pickard, D.Sc., F.R.S. General Members of Council. William Murdoch Cumming, D.Sc., M.1.Chem.E. Ernest Harold Farmer, D.Sc., D.I.C. Alexander Findlay, M.A., Ph.D., D.Sc. Thomas Reginald Hodgson, MA. Reginald Haydn Hopkini;, D.Sc. Harold Hunter, D.Sc., A.Inst.P., A.M.1.Chern.E. Leslie Herbert Lampitt, D.Sc., M.1.Chern.E. Frederick Maurice Row-e, D.Sc.Nominations for the new Council must be delivered at the Institute before 2.30 p.m. on 19th January, 1942. District Members of Council.-The District Members of Council will be as follows:- (i) Birmingham and Midlands : Garfield Thomas, XSc. (ii) Bristol and South-Western Counties : Allan Cuthbertson Monk- house, B.Sc., Ph.D. (iii) East Midlands and South Yorkshire: Edwin Gregory, M.Sc., Ph.D. (iv) Liverpool and North-West Coast: Leslie Victor Cocks. (v) London and South-Eastern Counties : David Michael Freeland. (vi) Manchester and District :Harold Stevenson. (vii) Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast: Sigurd Walfrid Albert Wikner. (viii) Yorkshire : George James Denbigh, KSc. (ix) Edinburgh and East of Scotland: Louis Fletcher.(x) Aberdecn and Xorth of Scotland: John Steele Allan. (xi) Glasgow and West of Scotland: James Wilfred Cook, Ph.D., D.Sc. (Lond.), F.R.S. 334 (xii) Wales and the County of Monmouth: Ernest Edward Ayling,M.Sc., A.K.C. (xiii) Northern Ireland: Donald Alford Derrett-Smith, B.So., A.C.G.F.C. (xiv) Irish Free State: John Andrews, B.Sc. (xv) The Overseas Dominions and elsewhere abroad: Norman Lindsay Sheldon, C.I.E., Ph.D. In order to facilitate identification, Fellows and Associates are asked to give their full initials on communications addressed to the Institute. In the prevailing circumstances, Fellows and Associates are also asked not invariably to expectformal acknowledgments of communications addressed to the 'Institute unless replies are necessary.Active Service.-Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who are on .active service with the Navy, Army and Air Force are requested to notify the Registrar of the Institute, giving such particulars as may be permissible, as to their rank, unit, etc. Examinations.-It is hoped to arrange Examinations for the Associateship and Fellowship in April, 1942. Intending candidates are asked to complete and return forms of application for admission to the Examinations as early as possible, Candidates whose applications have been accepted will be given full information at the earliest moment, and may then forward their entry forms and pay the required fees.Associates who desire to present themselves for Examination for the Fellowship are asked to forward their applications for consideration by the Council, and not to wait for a notification in the JOURNAL of the exact times and places of the Examinations. Notices to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. 335 For Library Notices of the Institute, The Chemical Society, The Science Library, Boots' and Lewis's, see JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part IV, August, 1941, pp.250-251. During January, 1942, the Library of the Chemical Society will be closed at 4 p.m. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers (IS. 7d. each) for binding the JOURNAL in annual volumes, are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As the slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.-Fellows, Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration.All requests for changes in the Register should be addressed to the Registrar, and not to the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. The business of the Institute has been carried on, almost without interruption, at its headquarters since the outbreak of war. All correspondence should normally be addressed to 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1; but should Members, Registered Students or other correspondents find difficulty in communicating with the Institute, urgent enquiries may be addressed to the Registrar, at 9, Westbury Road, Woodside Park, Finchley, London, N.12. Telephone number: Hillside 1859. Institute of Chemistry Benevolent Fund Founded in 1920 as a memorial to Fellows, Associates and Students who died in the service of their country, 1914-18. Contributions may be forwarded to The Hon. Treasurer, BENEVOLENTFUND,INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY, 30, RUSSELL SQUARE, LONDON, W.C.I. APPOINTMENTS REGISTER Fellows and Associates are reminded to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. All communications to be addressed to the Registrar.