THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. I FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER 1886 JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1928. PART VI. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER Registrar and Secretary. 30 RUSSELL SQUARE LONDON W.C. 1. December 1928. Publications Committee 1928-29 ARTH U R SM I T H ELLS (President) P. E. BOWLES A. J. CHAPMAN F. D. CHATTAWAY W. CLAYTON J. C. DRUMMOND LEWIS EYNON W. H. GIBSON C. M. W. QRIEB G. G. HENDERSON H. H. HODGSON PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (Treasurer) A. W. KNAPP A. G. G. LEONARD W. MARSHALL E. Q. McLELLAN C. A. MITCHELL H. E. MONK D. F. TWISS J. A WATSON A. W. M. WINTLE. 279 Proceedings of the Council. NOVEMBER-DECEMBER 1928.Registration.-The question of the Registration of Chemists other than pharmacists having been re-opened by some members of the Institute abroad the Council has authorised the publica- tion of a study of the subject in this Part of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. (Page 283.) One of the initial difficulties is to determine the title which should be restricted to those who could be recognised as legally qualified to be registered. It will be recalled that the Council was requested to defer publication of its proceedings respecting the Memorandum on the use of the title CHEMIST which was forwarded to the Inter-Departmental Committee on the Poisons and Pharmacy Acts and on the evidence given on behalf of the Institute before that Committee by Dr.G. C. Clayton and the Registrar until the report of that Committee had been published. Consideration of the subject of registration was accordingly postponed. Up to the present time so far as can be ascertained the enthusiasm for or against the proposal has been limited to comparatively few and the majority of members have shown little or no interest in it; but it appears likely that the report of the Inter-Departmental Committee may be pub- lished in the near future. In the meantime the Council would welcome and consider carefully the views which any member may desire to contribute towards the elucidation of the matter. Registered Students.-At a recent meeting of the Belfast Section (see page 296) a resolution was passed asking the Council to consider means for making registration with the Institute more attractive to students.The Council has this matter under consideration; but in the meantime it is suggested that Fellows and Associates especially professors and teachers in universities and colleges could do much to help in the desired direction. It might be pointed out to all who aim a t adopting chemistry as a career that it would be helpful to them to give some small part of their time to the consideration of professional matters in addition to their technical education and that by registering as Students of the Institute at the earliest possible moment they 280 will obtain opportunities of keeping in touch with professional interests. Students could be informed that if they register they will receive the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS gratis and that by devoting an hour or so every two months to its perusal they can keep themselves informed on much that relates to the career of their choice.On the question of expense it may be mentioned that a student who registers for two years prior to his admission to the Associateship really pays nothing for while he pays an annual registration fee of IOS. he is entitled to an abatement of one guinea in the amount of his entrance fee to the Associateship. Registered students can apply to the officers for help and advice on any matters affecting their careers and many avail themselves of this assistance to their great advantage. Further- more Registered Students can proceed to the Associateship under the regulations in force at the time of their registration and are thus assured that future alterations will not affect them adversely.In most areas registered students are invited by the respective local sections to attend meetings of general interest and in London they have the valuable privilege of using the libraries both of the Institute itself and of the Chemical Society. It is particularly suggested that professors and teachers in universities and colleges should bring the Regulations of the Institute to the attention of their students and should also arrange for the distribution of copies of the handbook of the Institute The Professiovt of Chemistry which can be obtained on application to the Registrar. Research Associations.-The Council has under considera- tion and is dealing with further complaints on the subject of the possible encroachment of Research Associations on the practice of private consultants.Holding the view that it was the intention of the Government that the Associations should conduct original investigation and publish the results for the benefit of their members and that work which was not of that nature should not fall within their sphere the Council is gratified to note that this opinion is supported by the Director of the Water Pollution Research Board who stated in a recent report that it was not his business to advise on questions which are commonly dealt with by consultants whose professional services may readily be obtained.281 Licences for Stills etc.-Correspondence has passed between the Institute and the Custom House regarding licences in respect of stills and the use of methylated spirits in chemical labor at ories . In July 1892 the Council of the Institute was in communica- tion with the Board of Inland Revenue with respect to the Use of stills by analytical chemists solely for the preparation of distilled water. A reply was received that the Board had no desire to extend the obligation of taking out a licence to analytical chemists using stills solely for the purpose of distilling water and that if an analytical chemist on being called upon to take out a licence would submit his case to thelBoard it would give the matter careful consideration. After further correspondence the Board gave instructions to its officers that professors and teachers of chemistry and analytical chemists should be allowed the use of stills for purely professional work in all cases in which no manufacture of any article for sale from or with spirit was carried on.In March 1907 further correspondence passed between the Council of the Institute and the Board with respect to the recovery or purifying of methylated spirit and the Board replied that it was not proposed to interfere unduly with the ordinary practice of an analytical and consulting chemist although the official form of application should be filled up in every case. In the same year further correspondence passed regarding the size of the stills used by professional chemists when the Board replied confirming the position which it had adopted in 1892.Recently a Fellow of the Institute in practice was called upon to take out a licence for a water still. On his protesting he was sent a form for permission to keep the still with a request that he would supply full information regarding the mechanism of the still which was in fact connected with the main water supply by a metal pipe and was heated by gas. Next the local representative for Customs and Excise called upon the Fellow concerned to provide a bond for a substantial amount in respect of the use of the still. This was the first case which has come to the notice of the Institute in which a professional chemist had been asked to comply with this condition.An enquiry was addressed therefore to the Commissioners of Customs and Excise as to whether it 282 was their intention to insist upon professional chemists giving bonds in respect of stills used exclusively for the purpose of distilling water . A reply has been received from the Custom House to the following effect. It has been the established practice of the Commissioners in the interests of the Revenue to require a bond to be entered into in all cases where an appreciable quantity of industrial methylated spirits is used and a still is also kept. It was in accordance with that requirement that the Fellow referred to had been requested to enter into a bond. In the light of the representations made by the Institute however the Commissioners have reviewed the matter and have decided that where methylated spirits not exceeding 50 gallons in amount per annum are used by an analytical chemist and a still is kept they will be prepared to waive the bond requirement provided that the chemist furnishes the Department’with a signed under- taking that the spirits will be used only in his laboratory for the authorised purpose and that the methyl alcohol constituent of the spirits will not be removed.The Commissioners wish to make it clear that this con- .cession must be strictly confined to the case of chemists whom they feel able to regard as being of recognised professional standing and the purposes for which they desire to use industrial methylated spirits must be fully disclosed to and approved by the Commissioners.The concession to analytical chemists in respect of still licence duties and the use of methylated spirits in ordinary chemical operations still holds good. 283 Registration. PRELIMINARY.-In dealing with the question of Registration it is instructive to study the position of other professions in this connection. In discussions on the subject frequent reference has been made to the conditions which obtain in the medical profession for which the registration authority is the General Medical Council which was first constituted under the Medical Act 1858. The Medical Register for 1928 contains the names of rather more than 50,000 persons practising in Great Britain and Ireland and over 3000 abroad.The General Medical Council as constituted under the Medical Act 1886 consists of members appointed by universities having medical faculties members appointed by medical corporations such as the Royal Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons members appointed by His Majesty the King in Council and members elected by the profession as a whole together with three dentists who are appointed for dental business. The Council meets twice and its Executive Committee three or four times annually. A memorandum prepared by the Registrar of the General Medical Council (published in March 1928 by Constable & Co.) states that the General Medical Council is entrusted with making and keeping the Medical Register which contains the names of those alone whom the law declares to be duly or legally qualified.“The Council has to see that the tests of professional fitness actually applied by the examining bodies to aspirants for regis- tration are sufficient,” and “ that no registered person who by crime or misconduct has become unworthy of the legal status which registration confers shall remain on the Register.” ‘‘ It is a Council of Education and a Board of Registration under the supervision of the Privy Council which may direct it to amend its errors if any or supersede it if it persists in them.” It con- stitutes “ a Professional Court of Justice for the trial and deter- mination of grave charges brought against registered practitioners in their professional capacity,” and its judicial decisions in all cases within its competence a,re held to be final on questions of professional conduct.The Council has no jurisdiction over the 284 Licensing Bodies in regard to the withdrawal under their by- laws of qualifications from their own members or licentiates. (Many of the Universities it may be noted have no power to withdraw degrees once conferred.) The Licensing Bodies are not bound either to await or to follow a decision by the Council and since a practitioner must be in the possession of at least one qualification for registration in the event of his name having been removed the Council has no power to restore it unless he is in fact qualified. The General Medical Council is not concerned with rates of pay or hours of work or disputes with employers or theories of practice; it offers no pecuniary benefits and it can be sued in the courts like any other corporation.It exists in fact for the protection of the public not of the profession. It is “neither a parliament for making professional laws nor a union for pro- tecting professional interests.” Its purpose is “not to promote the welfare of professional men or professional corporations ,” but simply to protect the interest of the public because it is expedient that persons requiring medical aid should be able to distinguish qualified from unqualified practitioners. It is the machinery for hall-marking the qualified practitioner in order that he may be easily recognised when his services are required; but the public are free to seek ‘‘ nedical aid ” from the unqualified practitioner if they choose to do so.The unqualified prac- titioner i s free to practise for gain among those who choose to consult him; but the fact that he is not registered certainly militates against his obtaining practice. He must not pretend that he is registered; he cannot use the courts for the recovery of his charges or give a valid certificate for sickness or death or prescribe certain dangerous drugs; but except for such in- convenient disabilities he is not affected by the law. The qualified man however enjoys a definite legal status and official recognition although he is subject to educational and disciplinary control. In some places abroad even in some parts of the King’s Dominions an unqualified person who habitually and for gain holds himself out as practising any branch of medicine or surgery is liable to penalties; but legislation restricting the practice of medicine and surgery in this country to qualified persons only is not at present regarded as either probable or possible.In discussions on registration reference is also frequently made to the British Medical Association which was founded in 285 1832 and has a membership of over 30,000 or about three-fifths of those whose names axe on the Medical Register. The object of the Association is “ to promote the medical and allied sciences and maintain the honour and interests of the medical profession.” Its activities however are scientific ethical medico-political and social; it is very largely recognised as the representative organisation of the profession ; it has branches and divisions throughout the Empire publishes a weekly journal conducts an Information Bureau for assisting medical practitioners in clinical and scientific as well as medico-political matters; but it is not the Registration Authority.The position in respect of Veterinary Practice is much the same as that of medicine; the title Veterinary Surgeon or Veterinary Practitioner or any title which may reasonably cause any person to believe that the user is a registered veterinary surgkon is forbidden to any person not so registered. Restrictive registration is in some respects more complete under the Dentists Act 1921 the practice of dentistry by un- registered persons being prohibited so that any person who acts in contravention of this prohibition is in respect of each offence liable on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding ,SIOO; but a registered medical man may practise dentistry and also a duly registered pharmaceutical chemist or druggist where the case is urgent and no registered medical practitioner or registered dentist is available and the operation is performed without the application of any general or local anxsthetic.The per- formance is allowed also in any public dental service of minor dental work by any person under the personal supervision of a registered dentist and in accordance with conditions approved by the Minister of Health after consultation with the Dental Board. The Dentists Act 1921 provided however for the admission to the Register of persons (I) of good character who (2) had been engaged for five or seven years immediately pre- ceding the commencement of the Act as their principal means of livelihood in the practice of dentistry in the British Islands or who were admitted to the membership of the Incorporated Dental Society not less than one year before the commencement of the Act and (3) had attained the age of 23 years before the commence- ment of the Act.The Act also provided under certain conditions for the admission to the Register of dental mechanics who within 10 years from the commencement of the Act pass the prescribed examination in dentistry. The Dentists Act 1923 made certqin 286 special provisions for persons who had neglected to apply for registration and for persons who had served during the war in His Majesty’s Forces provided they passed the prescribed ex- amination.(While their number will continuously decrease a period of half a century must pass before the Dentists’ Register will cease to contain the names of persons who have not become qualified in the now established orthodox manner.) In Pharmacy the object of restrictive legislation is to regulate the sale of poisons for the proper protection of the public. Restrictive registration is complete so far as the Law (barristers and solicitors) is concerned. The profession of patent agent is restricted under powers vested in the Board of Trade the Register being kept by the Chartered Institute of Patent Agents although all registered patent agents are not members of that Institute.Regulation of the profession of architecture has recently been considered in Parliament but up to the present without result. Fellows and Associates of the Royal Institute of British Architects are entitled to use the term “Chartered Architect,” and the expression ‘‘ Chartered ” is similarly restricted to members of the Chartered Institutes of Accountants Civil Engineers Electrical Engineers Patent Agents Surveyors and Secretaries. With these examples in view the position of the profession of chemistry may be considered bearing in mind what has already been done by the Institute during the past 50 years to promote the organisation of qualified chemists to maintain their efficiency and status to represent them in matters of public importance and to create among them a code of professional procedure.I. ‘VOLUNTARY REGIsTRATIoN .-I t has been proposed that a register of Chemists (aceording to a definition of the word chemist yet to be established to identify those herein concerned) should be formed voluntarily before anything further is done in order that the country might be provided with a definite record of its chemical personnel. I t has been suggested moreover that a “ General Chemical Council,” consisting of representatives of the various chemical organisations and of the Universities and Colleges be appointed to form such a register as a preliminary measure before deciding what further action if any should be taken.The data for such a register are largely available in the lists of members of existing chemical organisations and might be augmented with the assistance of the Universities and Colleges. The Universities and Colleges however would probably find difiiculty in deciding which of their graduates should be regarded as chemists (seeing that many graduates in chemistry do not pursue the science as a profession) and how far teachers of general science should be included. There are also no doubt many persons who are not members of any chemical society but regard themselves as chemists and many who have acquired a certain status without systematic technical education. The difficulty of deciding who should be registered would devolve on the General Chemical Council.Experience shows that at least 25 per cent. of chemists change their addresses annually so that whether the Register be pub- lished or not the expense of its maintenance would necessitate an initial fee or a small annual levy which (under a scheme of voluntary registration) all who desired to be registered would be expected to pay or financial aid would have to be found from some other source. Under any voluntary scheme this would be difficult to enforce without some definite advantage being offered in return. It is held that the existence of such a register would promote the unification of the profession and would enhance its status; that it would be useful in time of stress-in time of war for instance.(It has been shown however that at such a time means are available for readily assembling any chemical per- sonnel that might be required.) It is also held that such a register would be a useful directory since it would concentrate in one volume the names of all persons engaged in the practice of chemistry as a means of livelihood. It has been suggested further that a list might be compiled containing the names of all members of the existing chemical organisations at the expense of such organisations; but that would not include all chemists while it would include many who do not profess to be chemists. (In such an event the Institute would still have to maintain in accordance with its Charter its own Register of Fellows and Associates). The question to be considered therefore is whether such a register or directory is necessary or desirable.2. COMPULSORY REcISTRATION.-Next may be considered the question of compulsory Registration and the restriction of practice which it implies. The profession of chemistry differs essentially in its con- stitution from those of medicine and dentistry. Considerably 288 less than 10 per cent. of the members of the profession of chemistry are engaged as individual practitioners; the remainder earn their livelihood on a salary basis; whereas the majority of medical men and dentists as also solicitors barristers and stockbrokers axe their own masters and as such come into direct contact with the public. There is no confusion in the minds of the public when a medical man or a dentist is mentioned this is not so with the chemist who i s confused with the pharmacist.Medicine (except occasionally elementary hygiene and ‘‘ first- aid”) and dentistry moreover are not taught at school; whereas chemistry and allied sciences are subjects of general education which may be continued in the universities as purely educational as distinct from vocational subjects. When the study of chemistry is pursued as a vocational subject the individual in time may reach a standard when he may be regarded as a chemist in a general sense or he may acquire a fair knowledge of principles and be regarded as a chemist in relation to some special branch of work; or he may acquire by evening classes and by practice in the laboratory of a works or of a private practitioner (as medical practitioners’ assistants did formerly) sufficient knowledge and experience to render him a useful chemist with a fairly wide range of experience or in a special branch.The necessity for definition of qualification has been met by the Institute of Chemistry. It was founded for that purpose and it is the duty imposed on the Institute by Royal Charter to maintain for the guidance of the public a register of chemists who are competent to the satisfaction of the Council. The standard maintained by the Council accords with the education afforded by the Universities and Colleges-the Associateship representing a satisfactory qualification in general chemistry and the Fellowship indicating recognition of experience and ability to carry out work independently.Except for the main- tenance of a register of students who are in the process of qualification it is not the business of the Institute (under its present constitution) to register persons who are not so qualified; so that unless its constitution be altered it would not be the function of the Institute to register persons whose quali- fications for practice are lower than those required for the Associa teship If compulsory registration were introduced it would be necessary to decide what standard should be accepted. If all 289 qualified chemists would come under the wing of the Institute- and the Institute is working for that end-the position of the Institute would be such that the public could easily exercise its discrimination in the choice of chemists and the necessity for legislative restrictive registration would largely be met.Moreover it is not improbable that the Institute may secure a legal title (in addition to A.I.C. and F.I.C.) for the exclusive use of its members. The question to be considered is whether it is desirable in the public interest to impose any restriction or hindrance on the practice of chemistry as a means of livelihood. The restriction may be in respect of the use of a title (yet to be determined) which in effect is nearly the same as restricting independent practice since the unregistered practitioner must find a description in order to practise without infringing the law and is obviously at a disadvantage.The qualified supporters of the extension of Registration are prepared to make a sacrifice in order to secure the closing of the profession in the future believing that it would enhance the status of the profession and secure fuller recognition of the services which it renders to the community. These aims are justifiable ; but selfish considerations-such as restricting the numerical strength of the profession merely in order to secure improved economic conditions for its members-cannot be accepted as the main reason for closing the profession. (In- cidentally we still have medical men and dentists whose charges are remarkably moderate.) It must be shown that such closure is for the public good for the benefit of industry that it will raise the status of the profession and ensure an efficient chemical service by affording chemists through their representatives more complete powers of professional self-government.It must be borne in mind moreover that chemists are required for very simple as well as for very difficult work; it is not reasonable to contend that highly qualified chemists are required for certain types of routine testing which can be well undertaken by assistants less qualified. Such assistants are necessary in industry and in private practice and it would be unreasonable to demand that those falling in this class should be denied a right to work and earn their living merely because they had not reached a required standard and might not be capable of reaching that standard.Chemical assistants would occupy 290 prebumably positions analogous to those of dental mechanics dispensers and nurses and solicitor’s clerks. The question of registration may now be considered in its relation to various branches of the profession ; private practice industry teaching and government and municipal service. (a) Private Practice.-It has been proposed by some that restriction might apply only-or in the first instance-to persons in individual practice leaving them to be responsible in turn for those working under them. This proposition would appear to be feasible although it would be difficult to show that it is called for by reason of the prevalence in this country of charlatans or that the public is suffering from the need for legislation in this respect.So far as certain practitioners are concerned-for example public analysts and official agricultural analysts- a measure of legal definition has been provided by government. In addition to public analysts and official agricultural analysts there are consultants and analysts in general and specialised practice and chemical engineers metallurgists scientific jour- nalists chartered patent agents and barristers dealing with technical matters etc. In respect of these the qualifications of the practitioners afford the public the means for exercising discrimination in the engagement of their services. The public however needs constantly to be reminded of the significance of qualifications and of the existence of chartered professional bodies which are entrusted with the duty of hall-marking professional men ; whereas the supporters of registration hold that by their method the public would recognise more easily the position of the registered professional man.In Italy an Act has been passed for the registration of practising consulting and analytical chemists and similar powers exist in some other countries. (Full particulars of the Italian Act are being prepared.) The Legislative Assembly of the Province of Quebec has reserved the title ‘ I professional chemist ” to members of the Association of Professional Chemists of Quebec; but the Act does not prevent any person from practising chemistry provided that he does not assume the name of professional chemist or any abbreviation thereof.The suggestion to provide for a closed profession was rejected by the Public Bills Committee. It may be argued that protection is necessary in respect of advice given in connection with joint stock enterprises wherein the public risk their funds and this implies that promoters are 291 not able to discriminate in selecting technical advisers. There is little evidence however that promoters are in the habit of ignorantly consulting persons who are not qualified to advise them or that the position would be improved by compulsory registration of individual practitioners. Apart from the public interest it may be questioned whether the majority of existing qualified independent practitioners would be in favour of or benefit from compulsory registration since such a measure would give for many years official recognition to those who are less qualified.This objection applies to Registration in any profession and the difficulty cannot be obviated if the proposal is held to be for the ultimate good. Presuming however that it is held to be desirable to seek compulsory registration and that a suitable and distinctive title is reserved for qualified chemists it would be for the Govern- ment to decide how far it would be reasonable or just or advan- tageous to restrict the right to practise to those registered. Such restrictive registration powers would be sought in order to provide the public with means of distinguishing the qualified from the unqualified and to ensure the observance of a code of professional conduct.The advantage to registered practitioners would lie mainly in a clause preventing the unregistered practitioner from suing for a fee. In chemistry however a dilettante worker may make a valuable discovery of which the public should have the benefit; such a worker does not require registration and need possess no qualification but he could not be debarred from experiment provided that there is no risk of his doing harm to others and if he should make a discovery of value he should be entitled to his reward. On the other hand it might be made an offence for a person not qualified within the meaning of the Act to hold himself out as a chemist or to offer to do chemical work which although not qualified he may be able to do quite well.A member of another profession-an engineer or architect for example-may possess sound chemical knowledge which would enable him to advise a client on a chemical question. Is he to be obliged to call in a chemist or should he act as the chemist does when he feels qualified to advise on an engineering problem? Many would prefer that the practice of science (where it does not directly affect health as in the case of medicine) should be as unrestricted as art or music but if it is considered desirable in the public interest to impose a restriction on the practice of (c) 292 chemistry by independent practitioners a minimum qualification must be defined; such registration must be combined with the provision of a restrictive title or definition of function and with the insistence on a disciplinary code provision being made for the removal of the names of offenders against that code.(b) Ifidastry.-With regard to chemists engaged in industry it has been suggested by some that employers should be prevented from employing persons to do certain chemical work unless they are qualified to a certain standard. If that suggestion were followed it would belnecessary to define the restricted work in itself an almost impossible task and the suggestion implies the inspection of works and the enforcement of regulations with regard to the chemical personnel employed. In the absence of evidence to show that industry is unable to safeguard its own interests and those of its employees and of the public in this matter it may be doubtful whether industry could be expected to tolerate interference of this character.Consideration might be given to the necessity of enforcing registration of those engaged in dangerous industries or in industries which are concerned with the health and safety of the public for example the manufacture of explosives of food and drugs and of materials of construction. In dangerous industries much protective legislation already exists but apart from that the employers realise the importance of employing qualified chemists and even then it is necessary to recognise that they must be specially trained while actually employed in those industries since they cannot acquire such necessary special know- ledge and skill in colleges or elsewhere and cannot be entrusted with certain operations until they have been trained actually on the works.There is little evidence of laxity in safeguarding employees against injury in dangerous industries; while in respect of industries relating to food and other commodities affecting the health of the people the law has provided protection by the examination of such products by public analysts although much more should be done to ensure a thoroughly satisfactory food supply. Can it be shown that compulsory registration of chemists in industry would be advantageous to the public to employers or to industrial chemists themselves ? Teachers.-The inclusion of teachers in a compulsory register might also have to be considered.Chemistry-unlike 293 medicine dentistry and the law-being a subject of general education as well as a vocational subject calls for a considerable number of teachers (over 1500 in England Scotland and Wales in public and secondary schools) in addition to those in the Universities and Colleges. Teachers of chemistry in Universities and Colleges would generally be regarded as eligible for regis- tration as chemists but teachers in schools vary considerably in their qualifications and in their work. Many prepare pupils for examinations of intermediate University standard; others are teaching only elementary science. Some are earnest chemists pursuing research in their spare time. Others are general Form- masters who do not maintain close touch with the modern progress of chemistry.At the time of qualification however any of these might be entitled to be registered as chemists; later if they ceased to take any particular interest in chemistry they would probably not desire to be registered. It is difficult to decide how far teachers engaged solely as such should be considered as coming within a scheme of registration and whether any ad- vantage could accrue to them or to the public by their inclusion in such a scheme. (d) Govevnmertt and Mzcrcicipal Service.-The question of registration might also affect chemists seeking appointments in government and municipal service since in the event of the in- troduction of compulsory registration qualified chemists en- gaged in the public service would no doubt be required to be registered although lower grades of assistants in laboratories would still be necessary.On this point the Institute has already advocated that a distinction which in some departments has been adopted be drawn between qualified chemists of various grades to whom the title of chemist is applied and the secondary staff to whom the title is not applicable-such as chemical assistants laboratory assistants and laboratory attendants. It is difficult to see how any advantage from compulsory registration could accrue to chemists at present holding per- manent government or municipal appointments since their position is already assured. The public Chemical Service will be satisfactory so long as the conditions are attractive to qualified men and women of the best type.In general the question to be decided is whether any form of restriction of a name or title or of practice is desirable a d if so 294 whether it is more likely to be beneficid to the public and to the professionJr-under Governmental control or under the aegis of a chartered body. The Architects’ Registration Bill was introduced in the House of Lords on 7th November by Lord Wigan (Earl Crawford). It seeks on behalf of the Royal Institute of British Architects authority to set up and maintain the Register of Architects. It may be noted that the Bill provides that the following persons shall be entitled to be registered:- (a) Architect members of the Royal Academy and of the Royal Scottish Academy; (b) Every person who has gained a degree or diploma in architecture from any University in Great Britain or Northern Ireland or from the Architectural Association London ; (c) Every person who at the passing of the Act is or has been in bonajde practice as an architect; and Every person (i) who has been for a period of five years immediately prior to and is at the passing of the Act a bona fide architectural assistant or (ii) who sub- sequently to the passing of the Act has completed a period of five years one year at least of which shall have been prior to the passing of the Act as a bona$de architectural assistant ; provided that applications for registration from persons referred to in (c) and (d) must be made within a period of five years from the passing of the Act.Provision is made for the appointment of an Admission Committee consisting of 24 persons including representatives of the professional bodies of architects and 12 other bodies concerned with such subjects as surveying engineering land agency estate management auctioneering rating surveying and valuing. Provision is also made for the appointment of a Discipline Committee who shall be responsible for the removal of names from the Register for misdemeanours or for unpro- fessional conduct. The Discipline Committee is to consist of three members registered under the Act appointed by the Council of the Royal Institute of British Architects; one member ap- pointed by the Ministry of Health; one by the President of 296 the Law Society; one by the Incorporation of Architects in Scotland; and one by the Ulster Society of Architects (In- corporated).The Bill is intended to protect the use of the title " Registered Architect " and-subj ect to certain reservations regarding the rights of local authorities and other bodies corporate-provides that any unregistered person who so practises or pretends to be a registered architect shall be liable to penalties-not ex- ceeding fl50 for the first offence and EIOO for every subsequent offence. The Bill was ordered to be printed but it is understood that it is not generally regarded as satisfactory. The constitution of the Admission Committee whereon so many professions are to be represented is an unusual feature as is also the inclusion of representatives of the Ministry of Health and the Law Society on the Discipline Committee.296 Local Sections. Belfast and District.-At a meeting of the Section held in the Royal Belfast Academical Institution on 23rd October a paper was read by Dr. W. H. Gibson the Chairman on " Membership of the Institute." Dr. Gibson expressed the view that the best way to encourage the organisation of chemists under the Institute was to induce them to join at an early stage and for this reason he thought that the Studentship should be made more attractive. The member- ship of the Institute helped chemists to advance their position; but when considering membership they should not merely think of the advantage to themselves but of the interests of the pro- fession as a whole.The development of the activities of the Local Sections was a great help since it afforded facilities for chemists to come together and discuss their problems for their mutual bene- fit. In other ways membership of the Institute was of much more use to younger men than to those who were well established in the profession. For example the Appointments Register assisted many to obtain their first positions. As a means of help- ing both the Institute and its Local Sections Dr. Gibson suggested that the registration of students should be further encouraged and also that younger members should be induced to take an active part in the work and management of the Section. A discussion followed in the course of which several members expressed their opinions.Dr. Hawthorne reviewed the position with regard to the possibility of drawing students from Queen's University and the Municipal College of Technology and came to the conclusion that the Section was not likely to derive membership from those Golleges because the students who qualified usually 1eft'Belfast to seek work elsewhere. Dr. Still said that the majority of the students in the chemical department at the Technical College were pharmacists. Dr. Honneyman suggested that studentship could be improved by making an optional examination at the age of eighteen years for preliminary subjects and allowing candidates to concentrate for the Associateship also that the Register of the 297 Institute should contain the dates of entries of the members a Students Associates and Fellows and whether members ha( passed the Institute’s own examinations The Register shoulc indicate such successes.On a motion by Dr. Honneyman seconded by Mr. Dickerson, resolution was passed to the effect that the Council should b asked to consider means for making the Registration of Student more attractive . Mr. Derrett Smith Mr. Haller andMr. Hoskins also particj pated in the discussion the last urging that prospective member should not look solely on the advantage of membership t( themselves. Birmingham and M idlands-The seventh annual genera meeting of the Section was held on 16th October Professor A. R Ling in the chair when the Committee for the ensuing sessioi was elected.Professor Ling and Mr. F. H. Alcock having served three year as Chairman and Vice-president respectively retired in favou of Dr. Twiss and Dr. Wardlaw. Thanks were accorded th’ retiring officers for their excellent services to the Section durini their term of office. The reports of the Treasurer and Hon. Secretary were receivec and adopted. A discussion followed on the programme for the presen session and on other topics of interest special reference beinl made to the postponement of the consideration of the subjec of Registration. Members of the Section were invited to attend a meeting helc at the University Edgbaston on the 18th October under th( auspices of the University of Birmingham Bio-chemical Society when Professor Ling introduced Professor S.B. Schryver whc gave an address on b 4 Some Aspects of the Chemistry of Proteins.’’ The lecture was devoted mainly to the methods of separatini the products of hydrolysis of the proteins. Attention was callec to the inadequacy of the esterification method introduced b Emil Fischer; among the more recent methods which werr available the lecturer described the carbamate method whicf consisted in converting the amino-acids into the barium salts o their carbamates. During the course of this work three hithertc 298 unknown products of hydrolysis were discovered viz. hydroxyly- sine hydroxy-amino-butyric acid and hydroxyvaline. These are all hydroxy derivatives and it thus appears that for nearly every amino-acid present in the hydrolysis products the corres- ponding hydroxy-acid is also found There is however one important exception leucine.In an attempt to isolate hydroxy- leucine a new base with eight carbon atoms was discovered to which the name protoctine was given. As five instead of three basic products of hydrolysis are now known a method had to be evolved for separating these five when they are all found in the hydrolytic products of a single protein. An account of such a method was given and attention was called to some interesting results regarding the occurrence of these bases. An account was then given of a method more convenient than the carbamate method for separation of the products of hydrolysis which has given still more satisfactory results and has led to the isolation of still one more unknown hydrolytic product the nature of which has not yet been finally determined.The essential feature of this second method is the separation of the copper salts into three fractions. The lecturer pointed out that the separation of the products of hydrolysis was only the first stage in research on the proteins. The next stage is the separation of the products of digestion by ferments; no satisfactory method of accomplishing this has as yet been evolved. Finally the lecturer drew attention to the fact that the peptide structure of the proteins suggested by Fischer only accounts for the mere skeleton of the protein molecule. The proteins contain active peripheral groups and readily undergo intramolecular changes examples of which the lecturer gave from his own experience.The proceedings terminated with a cordial vote of thanks to the lecturer. On the 4th December the members of the section were invited to attend a lecture demonstration of ‘* Photomicrography ” by Professor G. Haswell Wilson M.D. Professor of Pathology in the University of Birmingham. The lecture took place in the Department of Pathology where Professor Wilson exhibited apparatus which had been specially constructed to his design. The necessity of centreing the optical system was stressed and 299 novel methods of ensuring this were described and demonstrated; the methods whereby an accurate focus of the image to be recorded might be obtained were also dealt with.By careful pre- liminary standardisation of conditions-employing a constant source of light an accurately known scale of enlargement a definite developer acting for a definite time Professor Wilson was able to show how the production of uniformly excellent negatives was a scientific certainty. The lecturer concluded with an account of the preparation of lantern slides also under standard conditions thus rendering uniform production an easy matter and gave a number of useful formulae for developers and fixing solutions. At the conclusion many members obtained useful advice on the subject from the lecturer and a hearty vote of thanks pro- posed by the Chairman Dr. Twiss was carried by acclamation. On ~ 3 r d November under the auspices of the Birmingham and Midlands Section a lecture was given in the Medical Theatre at the University (Edmund Street) by the Registrar on (( Alchemists in Art and Literature ’ ’ illustrated by lantern slides.A vote of thanks was accorded to the lecturer on the motion of Dr. D. F. Twiss Chairman of the Section. The lecture was open to the public and was very well attended. In returning thanks the Registrar emphasised the importance of chemistry in modern life. B ri sto I and South- Weste rn .-Mr. Edward Russell presided at the second meeting of the session held in the Chemical Department of Bristol University on 13th November when a paper was read by Dr. 0. C. M. Davis Head of the Department of Forensic Medicine on ‘‘ Some Relationships between Chemical and Pharma- cological Action in Elements and Compounds.” The lecture which was highly interesting and instructive was followed by a useful discussion in which Messrs. E. Lewis R. D. Littlefield F. O’Brien A. W. M. Wintle D. R. Wood and the Chairman participated. A vote of thanks was accorded the lecturer on the proposition of Mr. R. D. Littlefield seconded by Mr. F. Southerden. On 29th January rgzg Mr. Edward Russell will read a paper on “Some Toxicological Cases.” 300 Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-The first meeting of the session was held jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry in the hall of the Pharmaceutical Society Edinburgh on aand October when Major Robert Bruce read a paper entitled :- b b Some Problems in Colloid Chemistry,” dealing specially with gels and their structures.In his preliminary remarks Major Bruce set forth the two main theories of gel structure-the older or emulsoid theory and the later view that the structure is that of a network of crystalline fibrils of little more than molecular dimensions separated by liquid. He then discussed the classical work of Graham on silicic acid gels and indicated that as far as silicic acid is concerned the facts are all against the emulsoid theory and easily explainable on the basis of a fibrillar network. After touching briefly on various gel-forming substances Major Bruce described his own work on the conditions producing synaresis and opalescence in gelatine gels and the relationship between maximum opalescence in gels of low concentration and the minimum swelling of gelatine at the isoelectric point.He adduced evidence for the belief that a gelatine gel in equilibrium consists of a single phase in the sense of the Phase Rule. After describing and commenting upon various theories of the structure of gelatine gels he concluded by drawing attention to the views of the late Professor Procter as being those which appear best to fit the facts as at present known. A discussion followed in which Dr. W. W. Taylor Dr. Kermack Mr. A. M. Cameron and Mr. Rutherford Hill took part. The meeting concluded with a vote of thanks to the lecturer proposed by Mr. J. Adam Watson. The second meeting of the session was held jointly with the local section of the Society of Chemical Industry on 15th November in the North-British Station Hotel Mr.J. Adam Watson presiding. Dr. W. J. Jenkins delivered a lecture on Nitrocellulose Lacquers and Enamels. ” The following abstract is reproduced from Chemistry and Industry ~ 3 r d November; a more complete abstract has been 301 filed at the Institute for the inspection of members who wish further details of the paper. Nitrocellulose finishes could be divided into two classes- lacquers and enamels. In addition to nitrocellulose the lacquers contained resin plasticiser solvents and diluents ; enamels containing pigments as well. It was largely the ratio of the nitrocellulose plasticiser and resin to each other that determined the quality of the film.After describing the experimental procedure for determining the composition necessary to give the properties required for any type of lacquer the author considered the ingredients entering into the composition of a nitrocellulose enamel. One of the causes of the enormous advance in the use of nitrocellulose finishes since the war was the production of nitro- celluloses of very much lower viscosity than were hitherto avail- able thus permitting a thick coat to be built up in comparatively few operations. For the manufacture of lacquer it was usual to use a nitrocellulose with a nitrogen content between 11.8-12.3 per cent. The most suitable nitrocelluloses for the manufacture of lacquers and enamels fell within the range of 10 to 200 poises in a 40 per cent.solution in aqueous acetone obtained by mixing 95 C.C. of pure acetone with 5 C.C. of water. In nearly all nitrocellulose finishes the solvent was a mixture of liquids of such nature to ensure that the composition had a suitable viscosity and to enable the rate of drying of the film to be more readily controlled. One of the most necessary properties of a good solvent for nitrocellulose was that it should confer a high resistance to precipitation by a hydrocarbon on a solution of nitrocellulose. This need became obvious on comparing the prices of solvents and hydrocarbons such as toluol and xylol. When graded according to this test solvents could be classified roughly in the following groups in the order of decreasing solvent power ketones and esters of monobasic hydroxyacids ; ethers of poly- hydric alcohols; and esters.The most common solvents were the simple esters such as ethyl acetate butyl acetate and amyl acetate. The extended use of nitrocellulose lacquers and enamels was due largely to the production of butyl alcohol by fermentation thus giving rise to an almost inexhaustible supply of butyl alcohol and butyl acetate at a low price. So far little use had been made of ketones in lacquer solvents in spite of their high solvent power. The esters of monobasic hydroxyacids such as ethyl lactate and butyl lactate found 302 limited use and lately a certain interest had been taken in the ethers of polyhydric alcohols. Plasticisers were introduced into lacquers to prevent the film becoming brittle.They also increased the pliability and the elasticity of the film and thus helped it to withstand temperature changes and vibrations without cracking. There did not appear to be a definite relationship between the suitability of a plasticiser and its ability to dissolve nitrocellulose. Thus castor oil a non- solvent for nitrocellulose was nevertheless a comparatively good plasticiser in certain circumstances. The essential property of a plasticiser in addition to its softening action on the film was that it should not be volatile otherwise the quality of the film depre- ciated during ageing. After a discussion of the use of resins natural and synthetic in nitrocellulose finishes the author considered pigments and observed that with the development of nitrocellulose enamels for motor bodies there had been an ever-increasing demand for a high-grade pigmented enamel.Pigments which were satis- factory in ordinary oil enamels were not necessarily suitable for use in conjunction with nitrocellulose. Finely-divided opaque pigments were necessary for lacquers for outside use as sunlight slowly decomposed clear lacquer films. Opaque pigments considerably increased the life of nitrocellulose films. Pigments should have as low a specific gravity as is possible and should be finely ground so as to keep down the rate of settling. Pigments with a soft texture were chosen wherever available to reduce the cost of grinding. Since the quantity of pigment that could be ground in a given time depended on the bulk of the pigment and the “oil,,’ a low oil absorption was desirable.Certain pigments reacted with solvents and so were not used in enamels. In conclusion the author described the manufacture of nitrocellulose lacquers and enamels. A discussion followed in which Mr. W. M. Ames Dr. Kermack Messrs. W. F. Martin J. W. Ingham and J. Adam Watson took part and a hearty vote of thanks was accorded Dr. Jenkins on the motion of Mr. G. F. Merson. Glasgow and West of Scotland.-A meeting of the Section was held jointly with the Society of Dyers and the Society of Chemical Industry at White’s Restaurant Glasgow on 19th October when an address on 303 *‘ Some Random Thoughts on Chemical Themes” was given by Dr.H. H. Hodgson of Huddersfield Technical College,-Mr. Thomas Ramsay in the chair. The lecture took the forrn of a review of recent utterances at public conferences during 1928 from the standpoints of chemist and teacher “ Science and Craftsmanship,” an address given by Sir W. Bragg before the British Association receiving primary attention. The revolution in industry now in progress due to the ever increasing dependence of industry on process and ever diminishing reliance on manual skill emphasised the import- ance of humanistic non-vocational studies in our National Scheme of Education; since in a democratic age when great issues are decided by a majority vote the necessity for all sections of the population to meet somewhere on common ground be- comes self-evident.The results of the Research Associations were held to justify Sir W. Bragg’s opinion that “much of our hope for the future is built upon their work.” The position of the chemist in industry was considered and a rapid survey made of large-scale operations which have little or no laboratory equivalent viz. agitation and stirring crystallisation dissolu- tion of solids filtration drying packing of columns and towers design of fractionating and rectifying columns corrosion and continuous processes. Above all the importance of a knowledge of costing was emphasised. A new class of operative due to the research associations was held by Sir W. Bragg to be the required intermediate link ” between school and industry and the consequences of this new factor were discussed.The intrinsic dangers of mass production rationalisation standardisation etc. were considered and the vital need for continuous research pure and applied was urged. The study of Lord Melchett’s valuable Presidential Address to the Association of Technical Associa- tions was recommended as a stimulant for the Science Teacher the importance of contentment in employment brought about by a proper realisation of the underlying interest in all scientific operations being impossible to over-rate. Dr. Hodgson ex- pressed the view that teachers of experimental science must have research experience in order that they may be capable of inspir- ing pupils both by precept and example. The present and grow- ing evils attendant upon the methods of secondary education now in practice were indicated together with the pernicious types of school examinations now in vogue.Current opinion as judged by recent public utterances appeared to be abandoning 304 organisation as the sole means of solution of our problems and turning towards the development of the individual as the true aim of educational endeavour. A quotation from Sir W. Bateson concludes the paper “The one reasonable aim of man is that life shall be made as happy as it can be made there is only one way of attaining that aim namely by the pursuit of natural know- ledge. ’ ’ The annual general meeting of the Section was held in the Engineers’ and Shipbuilders’ Institute Glasgow on 24th October.Mr. F. W. Harris Chairman of the Section presided. Reports from the Hon. Secretary the Hon. Treasurer and the Publicity Committee were received and approved. Mr. A. R. Jamieson and Dr. Harold Raistrick were elected members of committee in place of Messrs. Thos. Cockburn and D. Trevor Jones who retired by rotation. At the close of the business Mr. Malcolm Gillies read the essay for which he was awarded the Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize and was warmly thanked by the Chairman who congratulated him on his work. A joint meeting of the Section with the Local Sections of the Institution of the Rubber Industry and the Society of Chemical Industry was held in the Lecture Theatre of the Royal Philoso- phical Society of Glasgow on 7th November when a paper was read on ‘‘ Electrical Insulating Materials from a Chemical Standpoint * * by Mr.W. H. Nuttall. Mr. Thomas Ramsay presided. The author emphasised the need of improved insulating materials to keep pace with the constantly increasing voltages employed. Reference was made to the usual methods of testing insulating materials and the effect of thickness temperature and moisture was described in some detail. Unless electrical tests were carried out under very definitely specified conditions the results obtained were worthless. Amongst the tests referred to were determination of the breakdown voltage insulation resistance and dielectric constant. The significance of the dielectric constant as propounded by Debye was described and the importance of the constant in high tension electrical engineering was illustrated by reference to graded and also to composite insulators.305 The author then proceeded to discuss the possibility of corre- lating the electrical behaviour of insulating materials with their chemical composition. Enumerating most of the insulating materials in general use it was pointed out that all of these were colloidal in character and this suggested that there might be some connection between insulating properties and the colloidal state. Conduction whether through a conductor or through an insulator entailed the passage of ions through the material. Conductivity depended not only upon the number of ions but upon their velocity. In all the colloidal materials mentioned there was a very high mechanical resistance to ionic migration so that materials which behave as conductors when near the molten state did actually behave as insulators at ordinary temperatures owing to the great frictional resistance to the motion of the ions.Further the colloidal state pre-supposes matter in a high state of aggregation. Illustrations were given showing that in the manufacture of insulating materials the final stage was so far as organic materials were concerned usually one of polymerisation. Matter in a high state of association was not readily ionised and this being the case such materials always acted as non-conductors of electricity. An interesting discussion followed in which the Chairman (Mr .Thomas Ramsay) Messrs. Ryan Caven Fleming Gunn Mitchell Keyworth Macleod and Macallurn jun. participated. Dr. Gordon expressed the opinion that since so little had been written on this subject it would be unfortunate if the full text of the paper were not made generally accessible by publica- tion in say the Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry. A meeting of the Section was held in the Engineers’ and Ship- builders’ Institute Glasgow on 30th November when members were invited to participate in a discussion on professional matters. Mr. F. W. Harris presided. The Chairman on behalf of the section extended a very cordial welcome to Mr. R. Leslie Collett Assistant Secretary of the Institute who had kindly consented to open the discussion. He also congratulated Dr.D. N. McArthur Hon. Assistant Secretary of the section on his recent promotion to the chair of chemistry in the West of Scotland Agricultural College. 306 Mr. Collett said that the Council had under constant con- sideration all subjects which affected or were likely to affect the professional position of chemists. In dealing with “registration,” he pointed out that over fifty years ago it was generally felt by chemists that there was a necessity to provide the Government and the public with some means of recognising those who had been properly trained and proved to be competent to practise chemistry as a profession. It was for that object that the Institute had been founded and it was one of the Institute’s prime functions.In 1885 the Royal Charter was given to the Institute with authority to grant certi- ficates of competency and to register persons qualified to practise. He firmly believed that the regulations which were now in force were such that no artificial barrier was placed between the really competent chemists and their recognition by the professional body. If however in the future it should be felt that there were grades of men who could not reach the Institute’s standard’ he saw no reason why the scope of the Institute should not be widened to enable them to come within the fold in some way or other. In dealing with some of the activities of the Institute he pointed out that the action taken in regard to the conditions of employment of chemists in beet sugar factories was chiefly in the interests of less qualified and junior men.A few but only a few members of the Institute itself were directly interested in the temporary and junior appointments wherein the conditions were unsatisfactory. He suggested that it was inadvisable to write letters-to the press giving publicity to cases where chemists had been offered poor terms of remuneration. This was like putting out a notice “Chemists are cheap to-day.” As a matter of fact this was untrue. He believed that on the whole the remuneration of chemists was favourably comparable with that of members of other professions. He hoped that the Council would authorise the issue of another request for salary statistics and that this would meet with more general response as the information so obtained would be of great value to the officers in their constant work of pointing out to employers that the services of a properly trained man could not be obtained unless he were adequately paid.Mr. Collett ended by pointing out that a very large amount of the work of the Institute was not suitable for publication. It 307 consisted to a large extent in giving useful information advice and"he1p on all kinds of subjects to individual members and he was glad to take the opportunity of acknowledging the help freely given by members with specialised experience to other members of the professional body. The Chairman Professor Henderson Messrs. Wilson Mitchell Caven Hopper Hawley Cumming Jamieson Duncan Keyworth McIntyre Caunce and Gordon participated in the discussion.The Ramsay Chemical-Dinner was held at " The Grosvenor," Glasgow on 11 th December Dr. Herbert Levinstein President of the Society of Dyers and Colourists and Chairman of the Council of the Society of Chemical Industry in the chair. The guests included Principal Sir James C. Irvine Sir Henry S. Keith Mr. C. M. Aitchison K.C. Ex-Treasurer Thomas Kelly (Glasgow Corporation) Dr. and Mrs. Stockdale and the Registrar of the Institute and Mrs. Pilcher. The dinner was held as usual under the joint auspices of the various organisations concerned with chemistry in the West of Scotland. The menu and toast list were accompanied by apt quotations from various authors. The loyal toasts having been honoured Mr.C. M. Aitchison proposed the toast of " The Profession of Chemistry.'' He remarked that chemistry although it was an intricate and abstruse study had always appealed to the popular imagination probably due to the fact that the human mind was always captivated by the mysterious and also perhaps because it was a legacy of the far-off days when alchemists were seeking to discover the philosopher's stone. The dream of the alchemists was to-day passing from the region of myth into that of reality. Fifty years ago science including chemistry was touching only the fringes of industry; today it was penetrating every branch and transforming every aspect of it. Whatever might be the industrial structure of to-morrow he hoped that the scientist would receive that recognition of his place in industry which hitherto he had been denied.The chairman in reply said that they heard a good deal of the need for educating the public as to the value of chemistry to the nation. Propaganda was valuable not he thought because it mattered so much to the chemist but because it mattered to the public to know more than it did of science. He 308 would like to see a knowledge of physics chemistry and other natural sciences regarded as much a sign of culture as a know- ledge of the classics. There should be an atmosphere in politics and finance and a social atmosphere favourable to chemists and to the development of chemical invention. Why should not a man going up to the University without the intention of entering a profession as did so many young men take science instead of classics history or the law? There was as much culture to be derived from science as from the humanities and much more useful knowledge.The history of the World when it was young was more truly history and more romantic than the record of battles in say the Third Punic War. The date when Ramsay discovered helium gas imprisoned in cleveite was of greater interest to a cultured mind and of far greater import- ance than the date of the Battle of Lutzen. Helium still oozed out of the earth in tiny quantities little remnants of what one might well surmise was once present in great profusion ; tiny traces like jewels found in ancient tombs revealing old forgotten culture.To learn that this gas was present in large quantities outside the sun and to find that the spectrum lines of this tiny prisoner found in cleveite in 1898 were identical with those found 30 years earlier by Lockyer in the sun was thrilling. To know why the sun should contain large quantitichs of helium and the earth tiny quantities was more romantic than the stories of the crimes of Cesare Borgia. In the following year (1899) the Curies on their honeymoon went to Joachimsthal and brought home with them radio active uranium pitchblende. They isolated the radium and then discovered that it gave off an emanation which was helium. Was there not something portentous of world importance in these discoveries? He suggested that it was more important for the young to know the story of helium and that it was far more fascinating than to be steeped in the tiresome orations of Cicero.If some old stone released helium after aeons that could not be measured and this helium turned out to be something left over by the Master Builder of the universe and Ramsay found it was that not enough to immortalise the name of Ramsay? Sir Henry Keith proposed the toast of “The City of Glasgow,” to which Councillor Kelly replied. Dr. Henry L. G. Leask proposed “The Guests,” on whose behalf Principal Sir James Irvine replied and in doing so paid a fine tribute to the memory of Ramsay. 309 The Chairman having mentioned the services rendered by Mr. R. G. W. Eadie in the arrangements for the evening Mr. Eadie acknowledged the help which he had received from the officers of the participating societies.Between the toasts violin solos rendered by Miss Helen Young were much appreciated. The remainder of the evening was devoted to dancing. The Publicity Committee of the Glasgow and West of Scotland Section has reported on the articles which have been contributed to the press by its members during the past year. Since the scheme was started about five years ago 163 articles have appeared in the Glasgow Herald and 170 in the local evening and other papers. The Section has expressed its warm apprecia- tion of the encouragement received from Sir Robert Bruce who has taken so much interest in the matter and also to the con- tributors of the articles. The following have appeared since the list published in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS Part VI 1926:- In the GZasgow Her&:-Prof.R. M. Caven “Colour in the Mineral World”; and “Symbols of Long Ago.” Dr. J. A. Cranston “Relation of Chemistry to Astronomy.” Dr. A. B. Crawford “The Surface of Things.” Dr. W. M. Cumming “Power Alcohol”; and “Common Salt.” Prof. D. Ellis “Sewage Disposal ” ; ‘‘ Preservatives in Food ” ; ‘‘ Principles of Retting ” ; *‘ Biochemical Studies ” ; ‘‘ Black Sand on the Clyde.” Dr. G. S. Ferrier ‘‘ Paints aqd Varnishes.” Dr. J. D. Fulton ‘‘ Fermenta- tion.” Dr. D. T. Gibson “ Carbonic Acid Gas ” ; and “ Silver.” Dr. I. V. Hopper ‘‘ Cellulose ” (2 articles). Dr. J. Knox ‘‘ Limits of Chemical Analysis.” Dr. S. Mitchell I ‘ The Interferometer ” ; and “ The Spectroscope ” Dr.P. Maitland Ingenious Experi- ments.” Dr. J. McLintock “Aluminium.” Mr. J. C. MacMaster “The Photographic Plate.” Mr. M. N. Nicholson Science and the Soil” ; and “ Production of Plants.” Dr. R. C. Smith ‘‘ Forms of Energy ” ; ‘‘ Food Preservation.” Mr. R. Somerville “Archi- bald Scott Couper.” Mr. F. R Storrie John Stenhouse.” Mr. G. Thomson “Relation to Aviation” (2 articles). Dr. S. H. Tucker ‘‘ The Boiling Point ” ; and “ Pasteurised Research,” In the Manchester Guardian.-Dr. P. F. Gordon ‘‘ Keeping an Eye on Technical Progress ” (Scottish Chemical Industries). 310 H uddersfie1d.-The eighth annual general meeting of the Section was held in the Queen Hotel on 29th October Dr. H. H. Hodgson in the chair.The statement of accounts for the past session was submitted and approved. Mr. P. Calam and Dr. A. E. Everest were elected to the Committee in place of Mr. H. S. Foster and Dr. H. H. Hodgson who retired in accordance with the Rules and Mr. H. S. Pink was re-appoint ed Hon. Secretary . After discussion it was decided to suspend the local subscrip- tion for a further period of one year. Mr. A. 0. Jones suggested that a comprehensive lecture on Industrial Poisons would be useful and that the subject was of such importance that the Institute might publish such a lecture in pamphlet form. The Section also discussed the Alkali Works Regulations Statutory Rules and Orders 1922 No. 731 particularly with regard to the definition of Nitro-and Amido-Processes which appears to call for authoritative interpretation.It was left to the District member to bring the matter before the Council. At a meeting held in the Physics Theatre Huddersfield Technical College zIst November Dr. A. E. Everest in the chair Prof. H. M. Dawson gave an address entitled ‘‘ Electrons and Protons in Modern Chemistry” The significance of electrons and protons in the modern interpretation of the physical and chemical properties of the elements and their compounds and of physical and chemical phenomena in general was dealt with by the lecturer who emphasised the very great changes which have taken place in basic theoretical conceptions during the present century. The discovery of the radio-active or transitory elements and the mixed or isotopic elements of methods by which the atoms of the elements can be artificially disintegrated and of the spectral relations which led to the recognition of the atomic number as the basis of the periodic system have indeed resulted in a pro- found modification of 19th century views and it is now possible to express the chemical and physical properties of the elements in terms of simple structures in which the ultimate units are the proton and the electron.Chemical change is now recognised to be intimately associated with the transfer of electrons and the 311 traditional distinction between substances as acidic or basic would seem to find an explanation in terms of the proton in the sense that acids are substances which can part with a proton to the bases.The supposition that the hydroxyl group is the distinguishing characteristic of bases so far as aqueous solutions are concerned is inconsistent with the recent advances which have been made in the study of catalysed reactions. Such reactions may be catalysed not only by hydrogen ions and hydroxyl ions but also by neutral molecules complex positive ions of the ammonium type and by acid anions. All these catalytically active entities are to be classed as acids or bases according to whether they act as proton donators or proton acceptors. After a discussion a hearty vote of thanks was accorded to Prof. Dawson on the motion of Dr. H. H. Hodgson. Irish Free State.-A General Meeting of the Section was held in the Physics Lecture Theatre of Trinity College on the 26th October Prof.W. E. Adeney in the chair. Dr. F. W. Aston F.R.S. delivered a lecture on ‘‘ Isotopes and Packing Fractions” The atomic theory of Dalton was first mentioned introducing the conception that all the atoms of any one element are identical and equal in mass. Prout’s hypothesis that the different elementary atoms were composed of “ protyle ” or hydrogen required that the atomic weights of the elements should be whole numbers if that of hydrogen were taken as unity. The occurrence of undoubted fractional atomic weights resulted in the rejection of the hypo- thesis. About IOO years later Soddy and Hyman found that lead derived from the radio-disintegration of thorium had an atomic weight of 208 while Richards found 206 for lead derived from uranium.The two leads were chemically identical but the atoms had different masses. To this phenomenon Soddy gave the name “Isotopy.” About the same time Sir J. J. Thomson in an electromagnetic examination of neon (atomic weight 20.2) obtained evidence that the gas consisted of a mixture of atoms of masses 20 and 22. Attempts to separate isotopes by physical methods gave slightly positive results but the processes were very laborious and complete separation was not feasible. 312 Dr. Aston then described his original mass-spectrograph in which the atoms or groups of atoms deprived of one or more electrons and hence positively charged were submitted to the deflecting actions of electric and magnetic fields and subsequently fell upon a photographic plate in positions dependent upon the charge and mass of the particles.The determination of atomic mass by this instrument gave an accuracy of I in 1000 and showed that most of the elements examined exhibited isotopy. It further appeared that all the elements examined exhibited isotopy; also that all the elements except hydrogen (1.008) possessed atoms the masses of which were whole numbers on the scale oxygen = 16. This was known as the “ whole number rule.” These results led to a modernised form of Prout’s hypothesis; the atom of hydrogen is considered to consist of a nucleus the mass of which is almost that of the whole hydrogen atom with unit positive charge a round which a single electron moves in an orbit.The hydrogen nucleus is termed a proton and other atoms are regarded as being built up of protons with suitable arrangements of electrons. By means of this theory it is easy to account for the occurrence of atoms of one and the same element which have different masses dependent on the number of protons present in the nuc- leus but identical in chemical properties dependent on the electronic system. It would apparently follow that the atomic masses should be multiples of that of hydrogen ( I ~ o o ~ ) whereas they are on the whole number rule multiples of unity on the scale oxygen = 16. This loss of mass of the nuclei is considered to be caused by the close packing of the electric charges on the protons in the nucleus.To investigate the whole number rule more critically a new mass-spectrograph was constructed in which the atoms had a mean free path of I metre and such increased resolution was obtained as to give an accuracy of mass measurement of I in 10,000. Thus for example the atomic weight of hydrogen was found to be 1.00778 the masses of methane and oxygen shown to be different and atomic weight of phosphorus was found to be less than 31 a result which has recently been confirmed. It was now found that many atomic masses departed to some extent from the whole number rule and a quantity termed the “ packing fraction ’’ was introduced to express this departure. The packing fraction is the divergence of the atomic mass from 313 the whole number rule divided by the atomic mass and represents the gain or loss of mass per proton when the nuclear packing is changed from that occurring in oxygen to that of the atom in question.The packing fraction throws fresh light on atomic constitution as it is a measure of the forces binding the protons and electrons constituting the nucleus. Thus were the packing fraction of helium not greater than that of oxygen the nucleus of the latter could not consist of four unchanged helium nuclei as there would be no loss of energy or mass to correspond to the forces holding the four particles together. When the packing fractions of the atoms are plotted against mass number all except light atoms of even atomic number lie on a curve showing a minimum at -9 for bromine.Prof. A. W. Conway F.R.S. in proposing a cordial vote of thanks to the lecturer said that the results obtained by Dr. Aston opened a very hopeful method of attack on atomic struc- ture. Mr. R. W. Ditchbourne F.T.C.D. seconding the vote of thanks spoke of the great experimental difficulties overcome by Dr. Aston in his researches He thought that Dr. Aston had paid a very high compliment to the intelligence of his Irish audience as he had given in one lecture the subject-matter of a course to which he devoted at least eight lectures in Cambridge. The meeting closed with a very hearty vote of thanks to Dr. Aston. The annual general meeting was held in the Physics Lecture Theatre Trinity College Dublin on 30th November,-Professor W.E. Adeney presiding. The reports of the honorary secretary and treasurer having been received and adopted the chairman declared the committee re-elected as follows:-Professor W. E. Adeney Dr. J. Bell Mr. B. G. Fagan Dr. A. G. G. Leonard Dr. J. H. Millar Mr. A. O’Farrelly Mr. J. W. Parkes and Professor S. Young. Messrs. G. Brownlee and P. O’Callaghan were re-elected honorary auditors. Mr. A. C. Brookes delivered an address describing the nature of the work carried on at the Government Laboratory in Singa- pore. He said that the work was large in volume and varied in nature. Speaking of the testing of fuel oils he referred to the inconsistency of the results obtained in the viscosity test at 3 2 O F. 314 while the results obtained at 40" F.were quite consistent. He felt that little value could be attached to those obtained at the lower temperature. A large proportion of the population of the Straits Settlements consists of Chinese of whom the well-to-do smoke a prepared form of opium known as chandoo. Chandoo once smoked leave a residue known as dross which was smoked by the poorer Chinese with harmful results. The government have endeavoured to stop dross smoking by offering a relatively high price for dross. Thus chandoo costs about 12 dollars (28s.) per tael (1.3 02.) and contains about 10 per cent. morphine while a good once- smoked dross should contain more than 4 per cent. morphine and is paid for by the government at seven dollars per tael. Sophis- tication of the dross led to the necessity of analytical control for all dross returned and some 400 tests are carried out weekly.All dross purchased in this manner is subsequently destroyed by the government. Of alcoholic liquors the commonest are brandy and toddy the latter being the juice of a local palm which ferments spontaneously and rapidly. Toddy more than two days old is definitely harmful and vendors are not permitted to have such on their premises. Acidity calculated as free acetic acid is a measure of the age of toddy and must not exceed 0.8 gr. per IOO C.C. Sophistication by adding water and sometimes also raw spirit necessitates other determinations. Cow's milk is consumed to some extent and when adulterated by adding water and buffalo milk (6 per cent.fat) the adulteration is diecult to detect unless overdone. Speaking of the liquefaction test on explosives he said that few if any samples passed the test which was probably due in his opinion to the high humidity of the climate in Singapore. Tin concentrates were assayed by a method which required go minutes each stage being carefully timed. The sample finely ground and dried was fused with soda extracted with hydrochloric acid reduced by nickel after the addition of marble titrated with iodine in an atmosphere of carbon dioxide. Many other types of analysis were briefly mentioned by Mr. Brookes who also exhibited a number of slides illustrating the nature of the country in the vicinity of Singapore. The Chairman conveyed the hearty thanks of the meeting to Mr.Brookes and spoke of the pleasure which the members felt in having him in Dublin again. 315 Leeds Area.-The annual general meeting of the Leeds Area Section was held on 19th November at the Great Northern Hotel Leeds. The reports of the Secretary and Treasurer and the Financial Statements were received and adopted. Messrs. R. Gawler L. L. Lloyd C.rH. Manley and E. E. Wells were elected to fill vacancies on the Committee. Mr. H. J. Hodsman was re-elected Hon. Secretary and Treasurer and Messrs. J. Firth and J. T. Thompson Hon. Auditors. On the conclusion of the business a paper was read by Mr. L. Staniforth Costing Accountant to Messrs. Brotherton & Co. on b b The Costing of Chemical Manufacturing Processes. ” On the recommendation of the Leeds Area Section that the paper and discussion should be published in full the Publications Committee has decided that it is of such importance and general interest that it should be printed as a separate monograph.With the consent of Mr. Staniforth it is hoped that the publica- tion will be issued shortly. An interesting discussion followed and at the conclusion a cordial vote of thanks was passed to the lecturer. meeting of the Section was held on 11th October Professor C. 0. Bannister in the chair. Live rpoo I and N o rt h - W este rn .-The eighty-third ordinary Dr. R. A. Morton read a paper on b b Recent work on the Fat-Soluble Vitamins.” The growth promoting factor A the anti-rachitic factor D and the anti-sterility factor E are all fat-soluble substances which appear in the non-saponifiable portion of certain natural fats and oils.Rickets the disease for which vitamin D is a prophylactic is an affection with a marked seasonal incidence being especially rampant in temperate climates after periods of sunlight deficiency. Light especially ultra-violet rays in the region of 270-320 pp shares with cod-liver oil the property of improving the health of children afflicted with rickets. The possibility that the two methods of treatment are closely con- nected was clearly indicated by Steenbock’s discovery that many materials acquired anti-rachitic potency after being subjected to the action of ultra-violet rays. When vegetable oils were examined in this way it was found that the ‘ activatable ” material could be concentrated in the sterol fraction; it was also found that the 316 sterols from animal fats possessed some of the parent substance ot vitamin D and that cholesterol from brain or from cod-liver oil possesses the property of acquiring anti-rachitic potency to a marked degree.The photochemical formation of the vitamin implied the absorption of light ; spectrographic examination disclosed that three absorption bands in the middle ultra-violet were character- istic of provitamin D and that the activatable material was an impurity present in minute amount in natural sterols. A short time after this observation was made it was found that ergosterol exhibited the same three bands with remarkable intensity and that on irradiation a product was formed which was many thousand times more active than cod-liver oil in combating rickets.The nature of this photochemical change has not yet been fully elucidated; apparently the vitamin has an absorption band near 280pp and another product of the reaction or reactions absorbs selectively at 247pp. The concentration of vitamin D appears to reach a maximum when only 10 per cent. of the provitamin has disappeared; so that the process is very far from being efficient. There seems no reason to doubt that before long vitamin D will be known as a pure substance of definite con- stitution. Vitamin A like vitamin D is decomposed by light but we have as yet no knowledge of a photochemical precursor for the growth-promoting factor although one might be expected to exist.The fact that this vitamin is light-sensitive lends colour to the suggestion that it should absorb selectively. Experiment has proved that this is the case and that a band at 328pp is as much a property of vitamin A as the well-known colour test with antimony trichloride. Vitamin A appears to give a decomposi- tion product with a band at 275-285pp in the same region as the band for vitamin D. Spectrographic work on derivatives of ergosterol together with convergent evidence from several other directions suggests that vitamin A as well as vitamin D is a derivative of ergosterol. Such evidence as we possess does not rule out the possibility that vitamin E is also of the same family. Progress in the field of vitamin chemistry is now very rapid and probably the reason for the advance is that a large number of workers in physics chemistry and medicine in various countries are co-operating.A discussion followed in which Professor Hilditch Professor Roberts Messrs. W. A. Sexton T. McLachlan and F. G. 317 Martin took part and after the lecturer’s reply the meeting closed with a hearty vote of thanks proposed by the Chairman supported by Mr. H. Humphreys Jones. On 8th November a Smoking Concert was held. The chair was taken by Professor Bannister and arrangements were in the hands of Mr. F. J. Smith and Mr. John Hanley. The artistes who contributed to the enjoyment of the members were Messrs. Richard Brown W. Bowler W. King H Lunt and C.F. Lumby. Joint meetings with the Liverpool Section of the Society of Chemical Industry took place in October and November. On 19th October Mr. B. D. W. Luff read a pape; on “The Rubber Industry,” and in the afternoon by courtesy of the Company members visited the works of the Liverpool Electric Cable Co. Professor Bannister’s lecture on “ Some Examples of the Corrosion of Metals,” on 16th November was also well attended by members of the Section. The Section has received a cordial invitation from the Chemical Society to co-operate in the annual general meeting and anniver- sary dinner of the Chemical Society which takes place in Leeds on zIst March 1929. The Section records its very deep regret on the death of Alfred Smetham a past Chairman of the Section who will long be remembered for his loyal work for the Section and for many acts of kindness to its individual members.London and South-Eastern Counties.-The annual general meeting of the section was held at the Institute on zIst November Professor J. C. Drummond in the chair. The Treasurer’s report and the Committee’s report were received and adopted. The officers for the ensuing year were elected as follows :-Chairman Professor J. C. Drurnmond Vice-Chairmen Sir Robert Robertson and Mr. G. S. W. Marlow Treasurer Mr. Arthur J. Chapman Hon. Secretary Mr. E. B. Hughes Committee Messrs. L. K. Boseley L. E. Campbell N. Evers L. Eynon T. H. Fairbrother S. H. Greenwood G. N. Grinling G. A. R. Kon L. H. Lampitt J. R. Nicholls H.Shankster W. H. Simmons W. 0. R. Wynn (Fellows) Messrs. R. G. Atkinson J. J. V. Backes A. W. Barrett Miss K. Culhane Messrs. S. G. Kendrick C. W. Spiers (Associates). 318 Thanks were accorded Messrs. Lush and Claudet who were renominated for election as Honorary Auditors for the ensuing year. After the formal business the members enjoyed a smoking concert to which the following contributed :-Miss Broers Mr. H. E. Cory Mrs. Cosbie Mrs. J. Grant Mr. G. Hopkinson Mr. W. G. Messenger and Mr. and Mrs. F. W. Smith. Malaya.-At the College of Medicine Singapore on 19th July Dr. J. L. Rosedale gave a lecture entitled ‘&The Proteins of Fish.” Mr. I;. L. Okell presided. Prior to the lecture the members and guests visited the Bio-chemical Laboratories where Dr.Rosedale demonstrated the process for the preparation of the proteins and their analysis by Van Slyke’s method as modified by himself and Professor Plimmer (Biocbiem. J. 1925 xix p. 1,004). Dr. Rosedale outlinsd the constitution of the proteins as being complexes of amino acids some twenty of which were known to exist in proteins. The number of amino-acids present varied; some of them were absent from certain proteins. This was important from the physiological point of view because correct tissues could not be built up unless the food contained the required amino acids. Failure of normal growth resulted from restriction in the diet to proteins which were not “complete.” The Van Slyke method of analysis was sufficiently sensitive to show up such deficiencies.Dr. Rosedale instanced the fact that maize was deficient in lysine which was necessary to build up the normal muscle tissues of chickens. Generally animal proteins were more complete ” than those derived from seeds. The amino acids of animal tissues had received fairly extensive investigation and this had recently been extended to fish. Several kinds of fish had been studied both as to the proteins of their muscles and of their roes. Tables were given showing the proportion of nitrogen in various forms present in the muscle and roes of the varieties of fish studied. It was hoped by means of this work to throw some light upon the nature of the peptides. The work was as yet in its infancy and new methods and modifications of the old ones were now being investigated.‘* The Application of Chemistry in Modern Farming ” 319 At Kuala Lumpur on 9th September Dr. T. A. Buckley gave a lecture entitled ‘‘ Coal Research and Mining Safety.” Mr. R. W. Blair presided. Mr. Buckley reviewed the great developments that had taken place in research on fuel problems during recent years following upon the realisation that supplies were not inex- haustible and upon the increasing industrial competition among nations. Much co-ordinated team work was being done in Germany and in the U S A . England also was well to the fore H.M. Fuel Research Board being active in a wide field and Research Associations and the Universities taking an important part. The Safety in Mines Research Board on whose work the lecturer had been engaged considered problems both of safety and of utilitarian advantage and these often merged into one another.The Board was appointed in 1921 but experiments regarding coal dust explosions had previously been conducted by the Mining Association of Great Britain. The Home Office had established an experimental station in Cumber- land where Dr. R. V. Wheeler and his staff studied explosion dangers on a large scale and conducted fundamental researches. A new station in a sufficiently isolated yet accessible position had been opened near Buxton in July 1927; this was under the immediate direction of Dr. Wheeler and there was a valuable arrangement for co-operation with the U.S. Bureau of Mines.The researches covered such subjects as explosions safety lamps mechanical appliances wire ropes etc. and included extensive investigation of the constitution of coal. The lecturer then gave a summary of the results obtained in the more recent investigations into the last named subject dealing more particularly with the work carried out by Stopes Thiessen Fischer and Schrader as well as by Professor Wheeler and his colleagues of the Safety in Mines Research Board and concluded with a short account of his own work on the possible production of the “ ulmin” constituents of coal by the interaction of amino-acids polypeptides or peptone with reducing sugars. Manchester and District.-On the 2nd November at the Engineers’ Club Sir E. J. Russell Director of the Rothamsted Experimental Station gave a lecture on before a joint meeting of the Section of the Institute with the 320 Manchester Sections of the Society of Chemical Industry and the Society of Dyers and Colourists and the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society.Mr. L. Guy Radcliffe chairman of the Manchester Section of the Institute presided. Sir John Russell said that the first great triumph of chemistry in modern farming was the introduction of artificial fertilisers notably calcium superphosphate sulphate of ammonia nitrate of soda and potassium salts. Since the war there had been the added achievement of synthetic nitrogenous fertilisers. Artificial fertilisers had added greatly to the productiveness of soils all over the world had given large crops of cereals potatoes sugar beets grass etc.and had caused a large increase in the produc- tion of milk and meat. Superphosphate played an important part in the agricultural development of Australia indeed it was not too much to say that without artificial fertilisers the earth to-day could not feed all its population. Fertilisers not only increased the crop but altered its com- position and habit of growth. Fertilisers were also used to in- fluence quality and especially to help the plant to adapt itself to different weather conditions. For example superphosphate en- couraged root development and therefore helped the young plant to become established and to send its roots down into the moist subsoil-a very valuable thing in dry seasons.Sulphate and muriate of potash increased the efficiency of the leaf and so helped the plant in a sunless season. This explained their importance in Northern Europe. In regions where the climate was fairly regular from season to season this methodof adjusting the crop to the climate by means of fertilisers was likely to be very useful when it was better understood and in the uncertain climate of England it had already proved useful in levelling up good and bad seasons especially for the growth of fodder crops. The effect on quality was less easy to analyse. Nitrogenous fertilisers tended to increase the amount of protein in the crop which might enhance their feeding value but might detract from other values e.g. increased nitrogen-content in barley would usually lower the brewing quality of the grain.On the other hand an increased nitrogen-content of wheat was associated in a general way with improved baking properties. These good effects of fertilisers along with the improvements in seed crop varieties and farm machinery said Dr. Russell had enabled British farmers to attain high yields in good years and to avoid the disasters such as used periodically to occur as when in 1879 the wheat crop almost completely failed there was now always a crop whatever the season. The problem of increased production per acre was solved sufficiently for to-day’s needs and efforts were now directed to lowering the costs of production by increasing efficiency and lowering waste and loss.In recent years he continued there had been an increase in the number of plant diseases. Every country had always had a few; and nowadays with more rapid transport diseases were liable to be carried from one country to another. Further under cultivation plants were more liable to disease than in the wild state. Wild wheat on the hills of Palestine and Transjordania did not get rust; but cultivated on the experimental farm it did. The most destructive crop disease in the history of mankind had been the ordinary potato blight (Phytophera infestans). This was a native of South America and it never reached Europe until steamships began to make the journey from South America in such short time that they could carry vegetable products. About 1840 it invaded Ireland and swept the country with all the vigour of a new pest destroying the potato crop on which the peasants lived reducing then to starvation; so that thousands died in the terrible famine that followed.For forty years Ireland was never free. Once the disease appeared the farmer was helpless; nothing could be done. Of all the tyrants Ireland ever had the potato disease was the worst. It cost thousands of lives untold suffering and misery and millions of money; but after forty years a remedy was found in Bordeaux mixture and the blight has never caused serious trouble since. Following on this had come a host of chemical fungicides and insecticides and there seemed considerable outlet for coal-tar derivatives in this direction. One of the chloro-cresols had been found at Rotham- sted to have special insecticidal value.An important set of applications of chemistry to agriculture had arisen out of the improved knowledge of the chemistry of the soil. The greatest part of the soil was composed of minerals and their derivatives and of these by far the most important was clay. Its agricultural properties were now explained by recognising that the clay of normal soils was a calcium compound of a very complex alumino-silicic acid. As in other compounds the calcium could be replaced either by hydrogen or by another metal. Replacement by hydrogen was effected by washing the clay with rain water; it gave an acid clay of sticky unpleasant 322 nature familiar to all cultivators in cold wet regions.Replace- ment by sodium occurred whenever sodium salts were brought into contact with the clay-a common occurrence in irrigated areas; the sodium clay was sticky and very different to work and the result might be highly unfortunate. In either case the best remedy was to get back to the calcium clay by adding calcium carbonate to an acid clay or calcium sulphate to an alkaline one but this process was often difficult and expensive and a cheaper method was very desirable. In the general advance of agricultural science it was often difficult to pick out what had been done by chemists and what by other workers. Chemists were the first in the field but biologists physicists and nowadays mathematicians were playing an increasingly important part and their work was so interblended that discrimination was not always easy.The achievements of science in agriculture were perhaps best summed up by comparing the prediction of Sir William Crookes in 1898 with the accomplishments of agriculture to-day. Speak- ing with a full knowledge of science as it then was Sir William Crookes predicted that the world in 1931 would require go million tons of wheat to feed its population but that this represented the utmost that the wheat growers of the world could do; afterwards the world would be faced with starvation. The accuracy of his forecast in regard to consumption showed how carefully he had made his calculation. As he predicted the world required in 1928 about go to IOO million tons of wheat; but science had advanced so much as to upset altogether his calculations about the possible production.The quantity of go millions which he thought was the limit had been much exceeded even in 1911 and could be considerably exceeded to-day if it were wanted. The fear of world starvation had gone and the achievements of science were only at their beginning. The following took part in the discussion Mr. L. Guy Radcliffe Mr. C. J. T. Cronshaw Mr. G. E. Holden Mr. C. Rawson Mr. John Allen Mr. T. Horner Mr. Elsdon Mr. Shenton and Dr. T. Callan. Sir John Russell having replied to the points raised was accorded a hearty vote of thanks on the proposal of the Chair- man seconded and supported by Mr. C. J. T. Cronshaw (Chairman of the Section of the Society of Chemical Industry) Mr.G. E. Holden (Chairman of the Section of the Society of Dyers and 323 Colourists) and Mr. T. Homer (Chairman of the Chemical Section of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society). Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North-East Coast. -A Meeting of the Section was held on 13th December at Tilley's Rooms Newcastle-upon-Tyne Professor H. V. A. Briscoe in the Chair. Further discussion took place concerning the deputation from the Section to the Newcastle Chamber of Commerce there being differences of opinion as to the best methods of bringing science to the aid of Tyneside industries and as to the powers of local sections in making representations to public bodies. Means should be found for safeguarding the interests of all concerned and especially of those who depended on investigation and research as well as on regular testing which in many cases is now undertaken on the works instead of being entrusted to the private practitioner.There was however a need for new indus- tries based on original work. The Council will be consulted as to the action taken by the deputation. The Section will co-operate with the local section of the Society of Chemical Industry and with the Chemical Industry Club in arranging a Joint Annual Dinner. I t was also decided that an invitation should be sent to the Council to arrange a meeting of the Institute in Newcastle during the period when the Exhibition is held in 1929. South Wales.-At a Joint Meeting with the South Wales Section of the Society of Chemical Industry held at Swansea University College on 19th October Mr.Louis King gave a lecture entitled 6' In a Persian Oilfield." Mr. King described methods of prospecting for oil drilling and transport etc. paying particular attention to the drilling and charting of areas thus enabling forecasts to be made as to the extent of the field the area tapped by a particular well etc. The lecture was followed by a cinematograph film illustrating the subject and showing the properties owned and methods adopted by the Anglo-Persian Oil Company Ltd. in Persia. The"1ecture was appreciated by a large audience of members and visitors a vote of thanks proposed by Mr. G. Madel seconded by Mr. J. R. Green being accorded with acclamation.324 At a Joint Meeting held at the University College on 2nd November Mr. Morris Jones gave a lecture on 4 b X-Rays.” The particular branch of the subject chosen was the application of X-Rays to the study of crystal structures and properties of metals. The methods used for the determination of the atomic arrange- ments of crystals were described and the three main types of atomic arrangements found in metallic crystals were discussed with the aid of models. The face-centred and body-centred cubic systems were fully dealt with and the dependence of the physical properties of the metals on the atomic arrangement was explained. Solid solutions eutectics and intermetallic compounds the dependence of their atomic structures on those of the constituent metals were discussed some of the research work carried out by the lecturer himself being considered.A discussion followed and a hearty vote of thanks proposed by Mr. E. A. Tyler seconded by Dr. A. G . Ramsay concluded the meeting. The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in Swansea on 23rd November Mr. C. M. W. Grieb presiding. The following Officers and Committee were elected Chairman Mr. E. A. Tyler; Hon. Secretary Dr. P. Macnair; Committee Messrs. P. F. Ellis C. A. Seyler E. E. Ayling Prof. J. E. Coates Dr. L. E. Hinkel and Dr. A. G. Ramsay. Mr. C. M. W. Grieb was nominated District Member of Council for a further year. Votes of thanks were accorded the retiring chairman Mr. C . M. W. Grieb and the Honorary Secretary Dr.A. G. Ramsay. The Meeting was followed by a Smoking Concert to which many of the members present contributed. 325 S t r ea t f eild Memorial Lecture. THE eleventh Streatfeild Memorial Lecture was delivered at King’s College London on the 18th November by Professor Arthur R. Ling Professor of Brewing and the Bio-chemistry of Fermentation in the University of Birmingham who selected as his subject 66Contributions to the History of Starch and its Transformation Products. ’’ The lecturer dealt in the first place with his association with Finsbury Technical College and he paid a high tribute to the inspiring influence he had derived from Professor H. E. Armstrong and the late Mr. F. W. Streatfeild. Guided by Professor Arm- strong he commenced research work while acting as junior chemist to the London Beetroot Sugar Association.Some years subsequently he was appointed chief chemist to the Association and he then became associated with Mr. Julian L. Baker with whom he commenced research work on the chemistry of starch. A series of papers was published in their joint names from 1895-1897 after which circumstances necessitating their separation the work had been continued by each separately. Dealing with the early history of starch chemistry the lecturer pointed out that even as long ago as the early part of the 18th century it had been recognised by Leeuwenhoek that starch granules had a definite form and that they consisted of more than one substance. It was now known with certainty that the starch granules of potato arrowroot etc.were made up of amylopectin-the substance to which the gelatinising property of starch was due-and amylose. The former existed in the granules as a calcium phosphate ester and the latter partially as an ester of the same kind. When starch granules were treated with 7 per cent. hydrochloric acid at ordinary temperature the esters were hydrolysed and the de-esterified granules then formed a limpid though colloidal solution with boiling water. The lecturer showed some sections of the starches of potato arrowroot and wheat and he pointed out that their structure was in a sense analogous to that of a cell. The hilum contained 326 phosphate nitrogen iron etc. in combination with organic matter and it appeared to be similar in some respects to the nucleoproteins.Round the hilum were alternate layers of amylopectin and amylose. The starch granules of the cereals barley wheat rice etc. contained according to Schryver a third substance to which Ling and Nanji had given the name amylohemicellulose. It was a silico-phosphoric ester of amylose and it was converted com- pletely into maltose by both forms of diastase. The minute granules of starch present in foliage leaves had been found in the lecturer's department to be composed of amylose for when treated with the diastase of translocation present in raw grain and in foliage leaves this amylose was converted complete1y"into maltose. Amylopectin on the other hand was de-esterified and depolymerised.When amylopectin was treated with the diastase of secretion (malt diastase) it was converted into a series of substances known as maltodextrins together with a trisaccharide (P-glucosidomaltose) maltose and isomaltose according to the conditions of the experiment. At the conclusion Mr. Julian Baker being invited to comment on the paper referred to his past association with Professor Ling whom he complimented on the comprehensive character of the lecture. The President presented Professor Ling with the Streatfeild Memorial Medal and a portrait of Frederick William Streatfeild in whose honour the lecture is given annually. The meeting terminated with a cordial vote of thanks to Professor Ling. 327 Notes. The Annual Chemical Dinner held at the Connaught Rooms London on 9th November was attended by over 450 members of the participating chemical societies and institutions and their guests.Dr. G. C. Clayton presided and was accom- panied by Mrs. Clayton; the guest of the evening was the Rt. Hon. W. G. A. Ormsby-Gore Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies. The Loyal Toasts having been honoured Mr. Ormsby-Gore proposed “ Chemistry.” He remarked that people were begin- ning to realise that progress in national affairs depended very largely on the ever-widening application of assembled and ascer- tained knowledge to industry. England had awakened to the fact that in the past the scientific aspect of things had been neglected and had come to realise that research was a national necessity.In that connection he referred to the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. Whereas formerly a man was regarded as having a good general education if he could write a decent piece of Latin prose now-a-days he was not looked upon as educated unless he knew some chemistry some physics and some biology. The chemists and the chemical industry of the country had a very good record for work which had been done without the aid of Government and there was no doubt that the chemical industry was in a reasonably prosperous condition and was broadening out in many new directions. Progress in the standards of living and in the degree of civilisation of the people depended on the sciences going forward together with industry.In his own particular sphere of work he (Mr. Ormsby Gore) had visited 22 of our overseas possessions and he had become more and more convinced that the possibilities of develop- ment especially in tropical countries depended on what the scientist especially the chemist could do. In the tropics Nature was incredibly bountiful and there was an immense wealth to be won but development was hindered by the prevalent 328 tropical diseases not only among men but among domestic animals and plants. He knew of troubles which had been overcome for example in connection with the sugar cane and of wonderful beneficial results that could be traced to researches carried out in remote laboratories by devoted workers. The hope of the future lay in science taking a bigger part in the general scheme of things.In his view no class deserved more the sup- port of public men than those earnest scientific workers who were engaged in extending the boundaries of fundamental knowledge. Dr. Clayton in responding to the toast said that they must regret that science had lost Mr. Ormsby-Gore who having studied chemistry at Eton and Oxford with distinction had fallen away from grace by becoming a politician. It was gratify- ing to know however that he was making some return by the interest which he took in science. All parties in the House of Commons were agreed that wherever else economy might be practised there should be no false economy in the grants made to scientific research. It was a new feature that we appreciated the work of science much more than we did 30 years ago.About that time a friend of his who wished to get into the chemical industry applied to Lord Leverhulme for a position in a soap works and was informed that “there did not appear to be any necessity for a chemist in a soap works.” He (Dr. Clayton) had come back from Germany with a degree and wanted to get into an industrial position and the reply which he had received from another soap company was to the effect that “after considerable difficulty they had succeeded in getting rid of their chemist and they did not want another.” To-day however no industry could be considered properly and efficiently conducted without chemical advice. Many industries were obtaining that advice through their own research departments or through research associations encouraged by the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research.Lord Balfour who was the head of the department was a strong supporter of the view that science was essential to industry and he took great interest in all scientific developments. In conclusion Dr. Clayton congratulated the various societies on that remarkable gathering which enabled the members of the different organisations to meet together and acknowledged the services rendered by Mr. F. A. Greene a member of the Committee of the Chemical Industry Club and those who had worked with him in making the meeting a success. The remainder of the evening was devoted to dancing. 329 The British Patent System.-The report of the British Science Guild " On the Reform of the British Patent System " contains among many interesting proposals a few which if made law would improve the status of English Chemical Patents.Thus for example one useful suggestion is that the Patent Office search in respect of novelty should be extended to documents other than British Specifications. If adopted this would legalise the existing informal action of Chemical Examiners who fre- quently for the purpose of assisting the applicant draw his attention to publications of which they are aware. Another useful suggestion is that a patent should not be invalidated by prior publication occurring in any document more than fifty years older than the patent itself. The Committee although covering a wide field of investigation appears to have omitted to consider the defects of section 38 (a) of the Acts which has particular interest for chemists because it deals with chemical processes chemical products and substances intended for food or medicine and is in need of amendment to render it free from ambiguity.The Report however serves a useful purpose as a basis for examination by and further suggestions from the various pro- fessional and other bodies whose members are interested in patents. Centenaire Paul Schutzenberger 1 929.-The Institute has received from Professor G. Urbain the General Secretary for the celebration of the Centenary*:of Paul Schutzenberger an invitation to participate in the celebration in honour of a chemist who materially contributed to the development of industry and science.A fund is being raised for the promotion of scientific or industrial research and possibly for the provision of prizes. Members who wish to contribute to the fund are invited to send subscriptions to M. G. Mkker Trksorier Centenaire Paul Schutz- enberger 11 Avenue Casimir Asniitres (Seine) France. Cheques to be made payable to the order of the ComittS du Centenaire Schutzenberger . Paul Schutzenberger the son of a professor of law was born at Strasbourg in 1829. Originally intended for the profession of medicine he was attracted to chemistry and in 1853 went to Paris as Pr4parateur to J. F. Persoz at the Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers. In following year he began teaching chemistry at Mulhausen where he remained until 1865 as a professor in the 330 h o l e Supkrieure des SciZtnces when he returned to Paris as Assistant to Professor Balard at the Collkge de France.In 1876 he succeeded Balard in the Chair of Chemistry and in 1882 became Directing Professor at the Municipal Ecole de Physique et de Chimie holding both Chairs until his death in 1897. He is known for his researches on the constitution of alkaloids and of the albuminoid bodies. He was author of a treatise on general chemistry and of other works relating to physiology and animal pathology colouring matters and fermentation. American Chemical Society.-The programme of Co- ordination for the Middle Atlantic States (including Connecticut New Jersey and Pennsylvania) of the American Chemical Society will be glad to hear from members of the Institute who may be visiting America and are prepared to give lectures.Any such members who are visiting the States mentioned are invited to communicate with Dr. Ellice McDonald Cancer Research Laboratory of the Graduate School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania. The British Association.-The British Association for the Advancement of Science has notified that its annual meeting in 1929 will be held in South Africa from sznd July to 7th August beginning in Cape Town continuing in Johannesburg and Pretoria. Visits will also be paid to important centres in Natal and other parts of the Union and in Rhodesia. Particulars are obtainable from the Secretary British Association Burlington House London W.I. The Transactions of t h e Fuel Conference held at the Imperial Institute London from September 34th to October 6th will be published in three volumes early in the new year and will include all the papers read at the Conferences and full reports of the discussions thereon. Safety in M i n e s Research Board.-TheMinesDepartment have issued a Paper No. 45 dealing with “The Support of Under- ground Workings in the Coalfields of the South Midlands and the South of England.” The Board is studying methods of pre- venting accidents due to falls of roof and side. The Report is 331 illustrated by numerous sketches of actual working face and describes methods of working and support in the coal fields referred to.The use of steel supports is recommended. (H.M. Stationery Office zd. net). Tech n ical A p pl icat ions of t h e Spect roscope.-The Technical Optics Department of the Imperial College has decided to take a new step of particular interest to chemists. A course of instruction in the uses of the spectroscope has been specially designed to meet the needs of chemists and other scientific workers to whom practical spectroscopy may constitute a valuable accessory. This course will be conducted by Asst. Prof. H. Dingle A.R.C.S. BSc. and will consist of a series of eleven lectures commencing on January 16th~ 1929 followed by practical work occupying about 30 hours at times to be arranged with intending students. Further information may be obtained from the Registrar of the Imperial College of Science and Technology South Kensington S.W.7.Special Evening Courses in London.-Special evening courses will be given at the Sir John Cass Technical Institute Jewry Street Aldgate during January February and March 1929 in the following subjects:-“ Technical Gas Analysis,” by Mr. N. F. Goodway; “ Electrolytic Analysis,” by Dr. H. J. S. Sand; “English Law as Related to Industrial Chemistry,” by Mr. G. S. W. Marlow; “Coal Carbonisation,” by Mr. H. D. Greenwood; and ‘ I Brewing,” by Mr. H. Lloyd Hind. Particulars can be obtained from the Principal. 332 Obituary. EDWARD GEORGE BALLARD died at Lansdowne HOW Holland Park London on the 7th November in his 80th year. He was born at East Retford Notts.and received his early education at Islington. After attending courses in the Applied Science Department for two years at King’s College London he was a student at the old Royal School of Mines Jermyn Street from 1868 to 1871 obtaining the Diploma A.R.S.M. in Metallurgy. In 1873 he was appointed chemist to the Germania (lead and silver) Smelting and Refining Works in Utah U.S.A. and in the following year Manager of the Chicago Silver Mining and Smelting Com- pany Ltd. with whom he remained for several years. In 1880 he was appointed Manager of the Par Smelting Works in Comwall and in 1882 became an Inspector under the Alkali etc. Works Regulations Act for West Lancashire Cheshire North Wales and Ireland districts from which position he retired in 1914.In the following year he accepted appointment aa Assistant Manager to the St. Helen’s Smelting Company dealing with antimony silver and gold and from 1917 devoted himself to research mainly in connection with dyes at the Sir John Cass Technical Institute and to private practice in London. He w&s elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1894. JOHN HOWARD BROWN JENKINS died suddenly on 11th December while attending a meeting a t the Railway Clearing Home Euston London in his 63rd year. He beg= his career as an engineering student a t the Swindon Great Western Railway Engineering Works and there came into contact with Frank W. Harris Chief Chemist to the Company under whom he took courses until about 1886 when he passed from the engineering side and became Assistant in the Great Western Railway Chemical Labora- tory.He was a competitor for the Whitworth Engineering Scholarship and was awarded an Exhibition in 1887. About four years later he was sppinted Chief Chemist to the Great Eastern Railway Company in which position he continued until his death. He served for several periods as a Member of Council and for one period aa a Vice-President of the Society of Public Analysts,,,to which in 1905 he contributed jointly with D. G. Riddick a paper on The Micro- scopic Examination of Metals,” which waa published by the Society with a portfolio of microphotographs. He waa elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1923. JOSEPH PARRY LAWS who died in September in his 68th y w waa educated at University College School and University College London from 1869 to 1879 and thereafter pursued agricultural and analytical chemistry with Dr.Bernard Dyer until 1882. He then returned to University College and engaged in research work under Sir J. Burdon Sanderson with whom and Dr. Klein he subsequently assisted in investiga- tions for the medical department of the Local Government Board. Later he was appointed a Demonstrator in Physiological Chemistry to the Medical School a t Oxford which position he held until 1889. From then until 1893 he was again engaged in research and consulting practice and carried out a prolonged series of experiments for the Main Drainage Com- Inittee of the London County Council and assisted Professors Harcourt a d Riicker in experimental work for the Committee on Standards of Light.In 1891 he waa appointed &n Amistant Loo4 Inspector under the Soienoe 333 and Art Department of the Board of Education subsqently a Sub- Inspector in 1895 an Inspector in 1900 and a Divisional Inspector in 1905;. He retired from the service of the Board in 1923. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1887. EDMUND WHITE died a t 2 Putney Common London on 3rd Novem- ber at the age of 62 years. In 1886 he entered the School of the Pharma- ceutical Society as a Senior Bell Scholar and after a distinguished student- ship and passing the minor and major examinations of the Society with distinction remained in the School as demonstrator in chemistry under Attfield and qualified as an Associate of the Institute.Later he obtained the degree of B.Sc. (Lond.) with first class honours in chemistry and waa elected a Fellow in 1891. In 1899 he was appointed to the position of pharmaceutist to St. Thomas’ Hospital and in 1903 he joined the staff of Messrs. Hopkin and Williams Ltd. a branch house of Messrs. Howards & Sons of which he became managing director in 1914. From 1908 he had been keenly interested in an endeavour to establish the rare earth industry in England and in 1914 became Managing Director of Thorium Ltd. and in the following year also of Hopkin and Williams (Tmvancore) Ltd.-both successful enterprises,-the latter being concerned with the working of monazite in India. In 1912 he gave a lecture before the Institute on “ Thorium and its Compounds,” which was published as a separate monograph.In 1906-7 he was President of the Western Pharma- cists’ Association and from 1907 when he was elected a Member of the Council of the Pharmaceutical Society he took a prominent part in all the affairs of the Society and especially educational matters. In 1913 he was elected to the office of President of the Society which he held through- out the war until 1918. He continued to serve on the Council of the Society until 1927. From 1903-1909 he was Honorary Joint General Secretary of the British Pharmaceutical Conference and was President of the Conference a t the Bath Meeting in 1924 and at the Glasgow Meeting in 1926. His addresses on those occasions were largely instrumenbl in suggesting the institution of the Pharmacological Laboratories of the Society.He was a Vice-president of the International Pharmaceutical Federation and in 1925 acted as a delegate of the British Governen$ a t the International Conference held in Brussels to discuss the standardisa- tion of potent drugs the unification of maximum doses the biological standardisation of drugs and the creation of an international pharma- copceial bureau. He was the author of many papers contributed to the Phamutcezctical Jouml and to meetings of the Society and of the Pharmaceutical Con- ference. He was joint author with Rlr.6GJohn Humphrey of a work on materia medica and pharmacy entitled Pha.rmacopcr?dia.” and waa an active member of Committees concerned with the publication of the British Pharmaceutical Codex.For Hopkin and Williams he produoed a book on chemical reagents which was largely utilised by the special committee appointed by th?‘ Institute and the Society of Public Analysts in the preparation of the List of Reagents for Analytical Purposes,” published jointly by the Institute and the Society in 1915 in order to encourage manufacturers to produce reagents during the early period of the war. At the opening of the 85th session of the School of Pharmaay in October 1926 to mark the appreciation of the services which Nlr. White had rendered to pharmacy he was presented with his portrait painted by Mr. Douglas Chandor. The portrait now hangs in the Council Room of the Pharmaceutical Society in Bloomsbury Square.Although his interests were so largely centred in the Pharmaceutical Society he was always keenly interested in the affairs of the Institute. He served as a Member of the Council from 1917 to 1920. 334 Institute of Chemistry Students’ Association (London). THE sixth annual general meeting of the Students’ Association was held at the Institute on 1st November Mr. E. Richards Bolton President of the Association in the chair. The annual accounts submitted by the Hon. Treasurer were received and adopted; the annual report of the Committee and the report of the Secretary for Works Visits were also received and adopted. The President then delivered an address surveying the present position of chemistry as a profession and the prospects of those who are preparing for it at the same time giving reminiscences both instructive and amusing from his own experience.A vote of thanks was proposed by Professor Smithells President of the Institute who commented on the difficulties both of professors and of students which had arisen owing to the enormous advances made in all branches of chemistry. He sympathised with the students in their arduous work and with the professors who had to keep pace with modern developments. The necessity of a reorganisation of the curriculum was becoming marked. The vote of thanks having been carried and the business concluded the company adjourned for refreshments and conversa- tion. The officers and committee for the ensuing year are:- President E.Richards Bolton F.I.C. ; Vice-president F. E. Joselin B.Sc. A.I.C. (Birkbeck College) ; Hon. Treasurer Richard B. Pilcher O.B.E.; Hon. Secretary N. Stuart (Imperial College) ; Hon. Secretary for Works Visits E. B. Robertson BSc. A.I.C. (University College); Members of the Committee D. C . Beese (Sir John Cass Technical Institute) Frank Brierley (Regent Street Polytechnic) L. E. Cook (Birkbeck College) C. A. Mac- Donald (Battersea Polytechnic) P. G. Packman (Northern Polytechnic) and J. W. T. Spinks (King’s College). Books and their Contents. Since the publication of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS Part V 1928 the following books have been presented by the authors or publishers and may be seen in the Library of the Institute :- *‘ Artificial Silk.” F.Reinthaler. Enlarged and revised edition translated from the German by F. M. Rowe. Pp. xii + 276. (London Chapman & Hall Ltd.) ~ G I IS. “Alkaline Accumulators.” J. T. Grenfell and F. M. Lea. Pp. ix + 132. (London Longmans Green & Co. Ltd.) 10s. 6d. Introductory ; development construction and manufacture of a h l i n e cells ; electrochemical theory ; electrical characteristics ; operation and maintenance; theory of the reactions in alkaline cells; factors affecting the performance of alkaline cells ; the cadmium-iron negative plate ; applications ; appendix. ‘‘ Atmospheric Nitrogen Fixation of.” F. A. Ernst. Pp. ix + 154. &ondon Chapman & Hall Ltd.) 12s. 6d. Nitrogen ; atmospheric nitrogen fixation ; arc process ; cyanamide process ; direct synthetic ammonia process ; economic considerations ; ammonia conversion products ; statistics ; appendices..‘Feeding Stuffs.” A. S. Carlos. Pp. x + 152. (London Chapman & Hall Ltd.) 5s. Compositions and functions of feeding s t d s ; graina and aeeda ; oil- cakes and meals and their manufacture; animal products; su?.dcy feeding stuffs ; compound foods ; comparative value of foods ; a m a l rations ; feeding stuffs used in the British Empire ; summary of the Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Act 1926 and Regulations ; statistics tables and analyses. ‘‘ Fermentation The Problem of The Facts and the Hypotheses.” M. Schoen with an introduction by A. Fernbach translated by H. Lloyd Hind revised and enlarged by the author. Pp.xii + 211. (London Chapman & Hall Ltd.) flr IS. Introduction ; Pasteur’s theory in the light of recent discoveries ; the enzyme theory and its application to bacterial fermentation ; alcoholic fermentation and intramolecular respiration ; lactic acid and fermenb- tion ; pyruvic acid and acetaldehyde and their fixation during alcoholic fermentation ; interpretation of experimental results ; the mechanism Dent & Sons Ltd.) 4s. Sons Ltd.) 12s. 6d. 336 of bacterial fermentations; stmeoisomerism of the hexoses and some special fermentations ; phosphates ; reaction of the medium ; hydrogen ion concentration ; hydrogen and the phenomena of fermentation ; bibliographical index ; index. Science General ” (mainly chemistry and biology). E. J. Holmyard.Pp. xii + 236. (London and Toronto J. M. Gunpowder; sulphur; salt and Chile saltpetre; how planta live; explanation of combustion ; sugar alcohol and fermentation ; ansesthetics and poisons; coal-tar and coal-gas; bacteria and anti- septics ; coinage metals. “Starch Its Chemistry Technology and Uses.” L. Eynon and J. H. Lane. Pp. viii + 256. (Cambridge W. Heffer & History; starch in its relation to plant metabolism; constitution; properties ; microscopy ; manufacture of potato wheat maize and rice starch; other commercial starches; applications of starch and its producte ; 8nalysis. “Wave Mechanics and the New Quantum Theory.” A. Haas translated from the German by L. W. Codd. Pp. xviii + 124. (London Constable & Co. Ltd.) 7s.6d Atomic mechaaics ; Fermat’s principle the Lorentz transformation ; group velocity ; wave mechanics of de Broglie ; the relation between wave mechanics and relativity; diffraction of material waves; Schrodinger’s theory and the quantum mechanics of Heisenberg in relation ; mechanics of characteristic values ; matrix mechanics ; the c d and the statistical views in atomic physics; Pauli’s principle and the quantum theory of the periodic table ; qutmtum statistics of Bose; statistics of Fermi; further applications of philosophy and quantum mechanics. 337 The Register. At the meetings of Council held on 16th November and 14th December 3 new Fellows were elected 11 Associates were elected to the Fellowship 35 new Associates were elected one Associate was re-elected and 26 Students were admitted.The Institute has lost 4 Fellows by death. New Fellows Dickins Arthur William Martin 2 Rotherwick Court Rotherwick Road London N.W. 1 1. McOwan George M.A. B.Sc. Ph.D. (St. Andrem) Professor of Chemistry Raffles College Singapore S.S. White Philip B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. Director Leather Researah Associa- tion Dominion Laboratory Wellington N.Z. Associates elected to the Fellowship Barraclough Arthur B.Sc. (Lond.) 218 Village Street Derby. Cocks Leslie Victor 8 Woodhey Park Bebington Cheshire. Cory Harold Edward John M.Sc.Tech. (Mane.) A.M.C.T. The Laburnums Woodside Grange Road Woodside Park London N.12. Haldane John Hunter B.Sc. Ph.D. (Edin.) c/o Messrs. Begg Sutherlchnd a Co. Ltd.Marhowrah P.O. Saran District India. Hodkin Frederick William B.Sc. (Sheff.) 14 Queen Anne’s Gardew Bush Hill Park Enfield Middlesex. Ledbury Wilfrid M.Sc. (Birm.) Main Laboratory R.N. Cordite Factory Holton Heath Dorset. Rees Edgar Charles c/o African Explosives & Industries LM. Um- bogintwini Natal S. Africa. Slater William Kershaw D.Sc. (Mane) Woodstock AthenEum Road London N.20. Thorne Percy Cyril Leslie M.A. (Cantab.) M.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.) 5 Micheldever Road Lee London S.E.12. Voelcker Eric A.R.C.S. 110 Oakwood Court London W.14. Wheeler Edward M.B.E. A.C.G.I. 31 Hawthorne Avenue Harrow. New Associates. Anderson Henry George Alexander B.Sc. (Glas.) 7 Leslie Street Pollok- shields Glasgow S. Bamford Ivor James M.Sc. (Wales) Kylemore Arlington Rod Porth- cawl S.Wales. Bird Thomas Reid B.Sc. (Lond.) 78 Saughtorhll Drive Edinburgh. Bishop Albert Edward B.Sc. (Lond.) 22 Fairfield Road Brodey Kent. Blakeley John Dyson B.Sc. (Lond.) 40 Grey Street Stalybridge Cheehire. Brash John Calder Shanlue B.Sc. (Edin.) 10 Panmore Place Edinburgh 338 Bridgman Mise Joan Marjorie B.Sc. (Lond.) c/o Mrs. McManus Ranfurly Terrace Duncannon Co. Tyrone. Brocklesby Horace Nicholae M.Sc. (Manitoba) Fisheries Experimental Station (Pacific) Prince Rupert B.C. Canada. Buchan Samuel M.A. B.Sc. (Aberd.) 9 Victoria Crescent Elgin. Card Stephen Thomas B.Sc. (Lond.) 1 Park View New Malden. Clark William Samuel O.B.E. 8 Lichfield Road East Ham London E.6. Davis John Wakeford B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. Saffron Walden School Saffron Walden Essex.Ellis Cecil Philip BSc. (Lond.) Whyte Gables Highcliffe Hants Elsworth Miss Muriel B.Sc. (Lond.) 5 Alma Place Bradford Moor Bradford. Evans Walter Edmund B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. British Portland Cement Manufacturers Ltd. Sundon Works Nr. Luton Beds. Fielder Hemy Lawrence B.Sc. (Lond.) 67 Coleshill Buildings Pimlico Road London S.W.I. Goodson Howard Ernest A.R.C.S. 7 Brentwood Grove Armley Leeds. Grover Donald William B.Sc. (Lond.) 1 Rookfield Avenue Muswell Hill London N. 10. Hague Ernest Noel M.Sc. Ph.D. (Sheff.) 87 Cravens Road Darnall Sheffield. Hartley Arthur Griffiths M.Sc. (Mane.) 2 St. Albans Road Blackpool. Hayward Donald Robert B.Sc. (Lond.) 116 Pepys Road London S.W.20 Johnson Sydney Walgate B.Sc.(Dun.) 6 Grange Road Newburn Northumberland. Leiper Alexander John Simpson A.R.C.S. 74 Whitworth Noad S. Norwood London S.E.25. Lewis Elvet B.Sc. (Lond.) 39 Bruce Grove London N.1’7. Mackinney Herbert William 5 Woodhey Road Woodhey Kock Ferry. Millar Stewart Halley B.Sc. (Lond.) 11 Montpelier Edinburgh. Moelwyn-Hughes Emyr Alun B.Sc. (Liv.) 10 Reedville Oxton. Oxford Albert Edward M.Sc. Ph.D. (Mane.) 7 Talbotville Road Broad Green Liverpool. Patel Chaturbhai Kuberbhai M.Sc.Tech. (Mane.) M.Sc. (Bombay) 461 Chester Road Manchester. Prescott Frederick M.Sc. (Lond.) 5 Jessica Road Wandsworth Common London S.W.18. Itobertson Edward Blair U.8c. (Lond.) 19 Morpetli ’Mansions \Testrniii- ster London S.W.l. Sumner Cyril Gordon M.Sc. (Vict.) 53 St.Thomas’ Road Chorley. Ward Leslie Ernest B.Sc. (Lond.) 40 Moor Mead Road St. Margarets-oii- Thames. Wood William Laurence M.Sc.Tech. (Sheff.) 86 Eceleshall Road S. Sheffield. Woodhouse Dennis Leyton MSc. (Birm.) 71 Lichfield Road Bloxwich Nr. Walsall. Re-election to the Associateship. Chamneton Philibert Camille B.Sc. (Leeds) Cellulose Acetate Silk Co. Ltd. Caton Road Lancaster. New Students. Aldred John 78 Orretl Road Orrell Nr. Wigan. Atherton John 68 Ormskirk Road Newtown Wigan. Bayley Andrew Newton 20 Wigan Lane Wigan. Bell Arthur Ernest 8 Holywell Avenue Monkseaton Northumberland. 339 Brown Douglas Grant 28 Moss Road Winnington Northwich. Caldwell Walter Anderson 653 Shields Road Pollokshielda Glsegow. Dwerryhouse Richard Taylor 32 Ryde Street Beverley Road Hull.Dyson Lewis Arnold 178 Victoria Road Lockwood Huddersfield. Edwards Cyril Hugh 61 Plaistow Lane Bromley Kent. Evans Daniel Marcus Tivy Dairy Gorseinon Swansea. Fergup James Latto 8 Piershill Terrace Edinburgh. Harris Bert Stockwell 56 Clovelly Road Ealing London W.5. James Thomas 25 Cwm Lan Landore Swansea. Johnson Francis Raban 5 Hallawelle Road Golders Green London N.W.11. Kay Jack 3 London Terrace Darwen. Maskell Leslie Ormes 40 Maury Road Stoke Newington London N.16. Mathys Herbert Reginald 23 Boveney Road Forest Hill London S.E.23. Noble Ernest Gilbert 22 Dartmouth Park Road London N.W.6. Novikoff Andrew Laurent 13 Blomfield Road London W.4. Pugh John Stanley 40 Lessar Avenue Clapham Common London S.W.4.Rampton Harry Cecil 2 Station Path Stakes. Rigby George Reginald 90 Campbell Road Stoke-on-Trent. Waring Herbert Omer Nor View Queen’s Road Chorley. Wescott Cecil Ernest b a u d 65 Oaklands Grove Shepherds Bush London TN.12. White George Barham House Bromley Common Bromley. Yule Robert 14 Fairlie Park Drive Glasgow W.1. DEATHS. Fellows. Edward George Ballard A.R.S.M. John Howard Brown Jenkins. Joseph Parry Laws. Edmund White B.Sc. (Lond.). General Notices. Examinations in 1 929.-The arrangements for examina- tions for A.I.C. and F.I.C. after January 1929 are as follows:- Erttries close. Monday 11th February 1929. Monday 15th July 1929 Dates of Examifiatiorts. 8th to 13th April. OY 15th to 20th April. 16th to 21st September.or 23rd to 28th September. Beilby Memorial Awards.-From the interest derived from the invested capital of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund at intervals to be determined by the administrators representing the Institute of Chemistry the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institute of Metals awards will be made to British investigators in science to mark appreciation of records of distinguished original work preference being given t o in- vestigations relating to the special interests of Sir George Beilby including problems connected with fuel economy chemical engineering and metallurgy. Awards will not be made on the result of any competition but in recognition of continuous work of exceptional merit bearing evidence of distinct advancement in knowledge and practice.The administrators of tne Fund are the Presidents the Honorary Treasurers and the Secretaries of the three partici- pating Institutions. Notice to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to proceed to the Fellowship as soon as possible. The attention of Associates elected prior to January 1926 who have since been continuously engaged in the study and practical application of chemistry is directed to the syllabuses for the examinations for the Fellowship. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar 341 Register of Fellows and Associates of the Institute of Chemistry who are available for appointments is kept at the offices of the Institute.For full information inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute Appointments Register :-A for not less than six months and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute on the same terms as Fellows and Associates provided that their applrcations for this privilege be endorsed by their professors. Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment but seeking to improve their positions are required to pay 10s.for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employ- ment are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six. months and if not successful in obtaining an appointment will there- after be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period of six months if necessary. The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and in some cases Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students and Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Libraryof the Institute is open for the use of Fellows Associates and Registered Students between the hours of 10 a.m.and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays 10 a.m. and I p.m.) except when examinations are being held. The library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is avail- able by the courtesy of the Council of the Society for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books from 1fa.m. to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays of September when the hours are from 14 a.m. to 5 p.m. Regis- from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.) except during August and the earl3 part tered Students of the Institute are also permitted at present to 342 use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes but not to borrow books. Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books.The Director and Secretary of the Science Museum South Kensington has notified the Council that arrangements have been made for the issue of book and periodicals on loan to scientific workers introduced by approved institutions. Students and research workers frequently require books on a variety of subjects other than those of their special study so that books which can be obtained easily from other Institutions would not ordinarily be lent by the Science Library. The Science Library however contains some 360 periodicals specially devoted to chemical science and arrangements have now been made (by means of a form of requisition obtainable from the Registrar of the Institute) for borrowing any of these and the remainder of the 8,000 periodicals in the Library that may not be available in the Library of the Chemical Society or elsewhere.Covers for Journal.--Members who desire covers for binding the JOURNAL IS. zd. each) are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements indicating the years for which they are desirous of binding the JOURNAL. Arrangements have been made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co. Ltd. 17-19 Bishop’s Road Cambridge Heath London E.2 to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS on the following terms Buckram case IS. zd. ; binding 2s. gd. ; postage and packing gd.; in all 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides for Lectures.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who wish to give lectures.The collection includes a large number of portraits and pictures of alchemists and chemists which are especially useful to members lecturing on various phases of the history of chemistry. As the slides are constantly in demand members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address,-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates etc. Fellows Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify 343 changes of address are requested to give so far as possible their permanent addresses for registration. Nomination of General Members of Council.- Attention is directed to the By-laws relating to the nomination of Members of Council :- By-law 26.(1) Any twenty Members not being Members of the Council may nominate one eligible Fellow as a candidate for election as a General Member of the Council but no Member shall nominate more than one such Fellow. (2) Any nomination made under this By-law shall be delivered to the Secretary six weeks at least before the Annual General Meeting and shall be in the following form “We the undersigned Members of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland do hereby certify that A.B. of (registered address) a Fellow of this Institute is in our estimation a fit and proper person to be a General Member of the Council of the Institute and we do hereby nominate him as a Candidate for election as a General Member of the Council.” (3) Any such nomination may consist of several documents in like form each signed by one or more Members.(The name of every candidate nominated in accordance with By-law 26 will be included in the Balloting List.) By-law 24 (2). No person who has been elected as a District Member of the Council for any year of Office shall be eligible for election as a General Member of the Council for that year of Office and if such person is elected as President Vice-president of Treasurer for that year of Office he shall vacate his Office as a District Member of the Council and the vacancy shall be filled up as on a casual vacancy. The Vice-president and General Members of Council who retire at the Annual General Meeting in accordance with the By-laws and are ineligible for re-election are as follows:- Vice-president.Harold Govett Colman D.Sc. Ph.D. Members of Council George Christopher Clayton C.B.E. Ph.D. M.P. John William Cobb C.B.E. B.Sc. Jack Cecil Drumond D.Sc. Bernard Dyer D.Sc. Arthur Gordon Franc& B.Sc. Edward Hinks M.B.E. B.Sc. Arthur William Knapp M.Sc. Basil Gordon McLellan A.R.T.C. Lionel Guy Radcliffe M.Sc. Tech. Eric Keightley Rideal M.B.E. D.Sc. Nominations for the new Council must be delivered at the Institute before 4.30 p.m. on Friday 18th January. The Annual General Meeting of the Institute will be held on Friday 1st March 1929. 344 District Members of Council.-District Members of Council will continue in office from the 1st March 1929,-except Mr.Walter Henry Coleman (Glasgow and West of Scotland) in whose place Mr. Frederick Wilham Harris has been nominated and Mr. Joseph Harold Totton (Belfast and District’) in whose place Dr. John Hawthorne has been elected. Council Council in Committees Committee t=5 c3?3! 0 gg . . 7 . . 8 . . 6 8 Edinburgh 1 . . Newcastle-on-Tvne 6 345 ATTENDANCES AT MEETINGS OF THE COUNCIL AND COMMITTEES MARCH TO 1 4 ~ ~ DECEMBER 1928. A. Smithells,* P?es. London A. J. Chapman,V.P. London E. G. Colmrtn V.P. London E. M. Hawkins V.P. Canterbury G.G. Henderson V.P.Glasgow . . * . 2 R. H. Pickard V.P. Manchester J. F. Thorpe V.P. London P. H. Kirkaldy,Treas.London T.L. Bailey A. A. Boon P. E. Bowles S. W. Bunker . . London F.D. Chattaway . . Oxford G. C. Clayton . . Chester W. Clayton J. W. Cobb 7 6 8.6 0 6 5 7 0 0 2 7 0 6 0 7 0 0 0 1 0 1 2 6 7 . . 3 6 0 2 6 6 5 0 5 0 . . . . 0 7 0 . . 6 . . 8 . . London . . 6 4 Dover Bristol 8 0 2 6 3 3 3 4 . . 3 6 3 1 5 0 * . 2 2 . . . . . . 0 * . T i 3 0 2 . . London . . Lee& W. H. Coleman . . London 6 R. T. Colgate . . Reading . . J. C. Drummond B. Dyer . . London 6 London F. G. Edmed Portsmouth G. D-Elsdon Manchester L.Eynon . . London 8 A. G. Francis . . London W. H. Gibson . . Belfast C. M. W. Grieb . . London Swansea 6 E. Hinks . . Huddersfield * H. H. Hodgson . . B. F. Howard . . London - . 6 C. K. Ingold . . Leeds D. W. Kent-Jones A. W. Knapp Birmingham L. H. Lampitt . . London A. G. G. Leonard . . Stockport W. Marshall B. G. McLellan . . York Dublin C. A. Mitchell . . London * . 6 H. E.Monk Liverpool . . L. G. Radcliffe . . Manc hester A. Rrie Manches ter E. K. Rideal Cambridge . . P. W. Tainsh . . Birkenhead 3 J. H. Totton . . Belfast 0. Trigger London D. F.Twiss Birmingham J. A. Watson . . Edinburgh 0 A. W. M. Wintle * Ex-officio a member of all Committees. 6 0 0 1 3 0 0 1 1 0 0 6 0 0 5 .. 7 f Elected April 1928. aJ - 3 1 .p 3 47 17 18 20 6 14 17 22 2 2 16 2 6 14 4 0 12 2 7 2 2 2 2 2 6 8 14 20 0 7 1 22 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 15 2 0 0 9 11 10 0 0 4 8 1 0 0 6 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 2 3 19 16 16 14 16 12 2 12 17 14 16 1s 16 18 17 1 0 2 0 12 12 16 16 4 LOCAL SECTIONS OF THE INSTITUTE Africa. field. Scctio?l.3. Birmingham and Midlands Dr. F. W. Norris A.R.C.S. A.I.C. 91 Bristol and South-Western A. W. M. Wintle F.I.C. 6 Glentworth Counties Cape of Good Hope Edinburgh and East of Scotland Glaegow and West of Scotland Huddersfield Ireland (Belfast) , (Dublin) C.S. McDowell B.Sc. A.I.C. 33 Wellington Park Belfast. Dr. A. G. G. Leonard F.I.C. 18 Belgrave Road Dublin. H. J. Hodsman M.B.E. M.Sc. F.I.C. Dept. of Fuel The University Lee&. H. E. Monk B.Sc. F.I.C. 27 Kenwyn Road Wallasey Cheshire. London and South-Eaatern E. B. Hughes M.Sc. F.I.C. c/o The Institute of Chemistry 30 Russell Square London W.C.1. Witherford Way Selly Oak Birmingham. Road Redland Bristol. Dr. C. F. Juritz M.A. F.I.C. Villa Marina Three Anchor’s Bay Cape Town South J. W. Ingham M.Sc. F.I.C. Dept. of Chemistry Hemot-Watt College Edin- burgh.Dr. P. F. Gordon F.I.C. Royal Technical college Glasgow. H. S. Pink M.Sc. A.I.C. Braganza Netheroyd Hill Road Fartown Hudders- V. R. Greenstreet A.C.G.F.C. A.I.C. Dept. of Agriculture Kuala Lumpur F.M.S. Dr. Albert Coulthard F.I.C. 136 Barlow Moor Road West Didsbury Manchester. F. H. Walker BSc. A.I.C. 17 Chester Street Newcastle-on-Tyne. W. Rest Mummery F.I.C. Box 2 Aramoho Wanganui New Zealand. Dr. P. M. Macnair A.I.C. Caecobin Gower Road Killay Swansea. Hon. Secretaries. h d e Area Liverpool and North- Western Counties Malaya Manchester and District Newcastle-on-Tyne and North-East Coast New Zealand South Wales Insti t\u te of Chemistry Students’ Association (London). Bon. Secretary NORMAN STUART jun. I I Platts Lane Hampstead N.W.3. Publications of the Institute Copies of the following publications of the Institute are now obtainable at the prices indicated below :- J. T. Wood F.I.C. 28. 6d. HISTORY OF THE INSTITUTE 1877-1914. Special Edition. 21s. LECTURES “Cement.” Bertram Blount F.I.C. 2s. 6d. net. “Cellulose.” C. F. Cross B.Sc. F.I.C. 2s. 6d. net. “Some Scientific Aspects of Tanning.” “Modern Application of Chemistry to Crop Production.” Sir E. J. Russell O.B.E. F.R.8. 2s. net. “Chemists and the Patent Laws.” Horatio Ballantyne F.I.C. 28. net. “Some Aspects of the Law of England affecting Chemists.” E. J. MacGillivray Barrister-at-Law. 2s. net. “The Progress of Chemistry in Public Affairs.” J. T. Dunn D.Sc. F.I.C. 2s. net. “The Influence of Chemical Research on Medicine and Forensic Medicine. Sir William H. Willcox K.C.I.E. C.B. C.M.G. M.D. F.I.C. 2s. net. “Notes on Contracts of Service.” G. S. W. Marlow B.Sc. F.I.C. Barrister-at-Law. 2s. net. “Copyright with special reference to Scientific Papers and Publica- tions.” E. J. MacGillivray Barrister-at-Law. 2s. net. “The Growth of the Profession of Chemistry during the past Half- Century .” A. Chaston Chapman F.I.C. F. R . S. Past -President. 2s. net. “Fire Risks in Industry.” Alec M. Cameron B.Sc. F.I.C. 28. net. “Chemists and Dividends.” S. M. Gluckstein. 2s. net. “The Chemist in the Photographic Industry.” 0. F. Bloch F.I.C. 2s. net. REGULATIONS FOR THE ADMISSION O F STUDENTS ASSOCIATES AND FELLOWS. Crutis. PROCEEDINGS (prior to 1920). Four Parts annually. 1s. net. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS (1920 and after). Six Parts annually. 28. each net. EXAMINATION PAPERS. Annual Sets (prior to 1917) 6d. each (7d. by post). After 1917 Is. post free. OEFICIAL CHEMICAL APPOINTMENTS. 6th Edition 1927. 69. net. (To Registered Students 2s.) THE PROFESSION OF CHEMISTRY. Revised Edition. 2s. 6d. net. REGISTER OF FELLOWS ASSOCIATES AND STUDENTS 1928. 5s. net. 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