THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1934. ~ PART I. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE,LONDON,W.C.I. February, r934, Publications Committee, 1933-34. W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD (Cha~rnzan), JOCELYN F. THORPE (President), C. 0. BANNISTER, J. C. A. BRIERLEY, R. BRUCE R. M. CAVEN, C. DOREE, A. E. EVEREST, P. F. GORDON, H. H. HODGSON, J. R. JOHNSON, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (Hun. Treasurer), A. G. G. LEONARD J. H. LESTER, E. RUSSELL, F. SOUTHERDEN, W. WARDLAW, H. B. WATSON, A. W. M. WINTLE, Report of the Council (1933-1 934) (Tobe submitted at the F$y-sixth Annual General Meeting of the Institute, to be held on Thursday, Is$ Mamh, 1934.) I.THE ROLL OF THE INSTITUTE. Since the date of the last Report (27th January, Ig33), the Council has elected 50 Fellows, of whom 45 were formerly Associates, and 261 Associates, of whom 91 were Registered Students. 2 Associates have been re-elected. 144new Students have been admitted, and I re-admitted. The Council regrets to record the death of 27 Fellows, and 15 Associates. Fellows : Arthur Adams. Walter Craven Ball, O.B.E. Frederick Woodward Branson. Edward Theodore Brewis. John Christian Briinnich. Alexander Hugh Dewar. Arthur Cawte Franklin. Henry George Greenish, Past Member of Council. David Douglas Hamilton.John Haworth. John Bright Hoblyn. Alfred Edward Johnson. Cecil Leigh. William John Livingston. William Marshall, Past Member of Council. William Partridge. Alfred RBe, Past Member of Council. Mortyn John Salter. Henry Lloyd Snape, O.B.E., Past Member of Council. Thomas Wilson Stuart. George Tate, Past Member of Council. John Millar Thomson, F.R.S., Past President. William Thomas Thomson, O.B.E. Bryan Charles Waller. John Watts. Charles Stuart Stanford Webster. James Wood. Associates : Thomas Patrick Ballingall. William Ernest Brazier. Edward John Venn Conolly.Edgar Evans. Geoffrey Harcourt Gibbs. 4 William Edward Gibbs. Thomas Halstead Holden. Bal Dev Kaura. John Craven Laycock.Frederick Lucas Le Fkvre. Angus Reid Morrison. John Staveley. Thomas Watson. Henry Marshall Webb. Walter Whitley. The Council records with special regret the death of Professor John Millar Thomson, who was elected a Fellow soon after the foundation of the Institute, and was intimately associated with its work for nearly 40 years. The Council again deplores that it has been necessary to remove the names of a number of members who have ignored repeated applications for their subscriptions. During the year a careful scrutiny of the list of Registered Students has been made, and as a consequence a number of Students, who were unable to continue their training in pre- paration for admission to the Associateship, resigned, and the names of a further number were removed from the Register.The resignations of 7 Fellows, 43 Associates and 36 Students have been accepted, and the names of g Fellows, 79 Associates and 86 Students have been removed from the Register in accord- ance with the By-laws. The Register at this date (26th January, 1934)contains the names of 1993 Fellows, 4149 Associates (in all 6142 Members), and of 715 Registered Students. The number of members has increased by 88, and of Students has decreased by 68. 2. THE COUNCIL, COMMITTEES & REPRESENTATIVES. The Council has held 11 meetings; the Committees, Sub-Committees and Board of Examiners have held 59 meetings. COMMITTEES AND CHAIRMEN. Appointments Register . , . . F. G. Edmed, V.-P. Benevolent Fund ... . Patrick H. Kirkaldy.Finance and House . , .. Patrick H. Kirkaldy, Hon. Treas. Legal and Parliamentary .. Sir Christopher Clayton, V.-P. Nominations, Examinations and The President. Institutions .. .. . . }€'atrick H. Kirkaldy,Vice-Chairman. Public Appointments .. .. W. H. Roberts, V.-P. 5 Publications .. .. .. W. J. A. Butterfield, V.-P. Joint Committee with the Board of Education (National Cer- The President. tifhates) . . .. .. Joint Committee with the Scot- tish Education Department G. G. Henderson, V.-P. (National Certificates) . . iProfessor Robert Robinson was elected a Member of Council to fill the vacancy arising from the retirement of Dr. 0. L. Brady on his appointment as an Examiner. The Institute has been represented on various occasions as follows :-The President, with Mr.W. J. A. Buttefield, Sir ChristopherClayton and Mr. F. G. Edmed, Vice-presidents, Mr. Patrick H. Kirkaldy, Hon. Treasurer, Mr. William Rintoul, Member of Council, and Dr. 0. L. Brady, Mr. Lewis Eynon, Mr. Edward Hinks, the Registrar and the Assistant Secretary,-at a Conference, convened at the suggestion of the Federal Council for Chemistry, for promotingco-operation among Chemical Societies. The President, with the Honorary Treasurer and the Registrar,--on the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund Committee. Sir Christopher Clayton,-on the Standing Advisory Committee of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research in connection with a scheme for the testing of building materials.Professor H. V. A. Briscoe,-on the Library Committee of the Chemical Society. Dr. Harold G. Colman,-on the British National Committee of the World Power Conference. Mr. H. Douglas Elkington, Member of Council,-on the Joint Chemical Trade Marks Committee formed on the proposal of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers and other Chemical Bodies. Dr. J. F. Tocher,-on the Advisory Committee appointed under the Therapeutics Substances Act. Dr. G. Roche Lynch,-on the Poisons Board, constituted under the Pharmacy and Poisons Act, 1933. Professor H. B. Dunniclif€,-at the Jubilee Celebrations of the Punjab University. The President and Mr. E. R. Bolton,--on Advisory Committees concerned with technological examinations of the City and Guilds of London Institute.The Registrar,-on the Headmasters of Secondary Schools Employment Committee, Ministry of Labour. The Assistant Secretary,--on the Chemical Trades Advisory Committee, and on the Chemical Trades Examination Board of the Union of Lancashire and Cheshire Institutes. The thanks of the Council are accorded to the following Fellows who have represented the Institute on the Chemical 6 Council and on Committees and Sub-committees of the British Standards Institution :-Dr. Leslie Aitchison,-Chemicals and Chemical Plant for Electro -plating; Mr. W. J. A. Buttefield, Vice-President,-on the Council of the Chemical Division; Mr. Arthur J. Chapman,-Sieves and Screens used in various Industries; Dr.Harold G. Colman,-Benzole for Motor Fuel; Sampling 01 Tar Products; Professor C. H. Desch, F.R.S., Member of Council,-Cement and Slag Cement; Dr. C. J. J. Fox,-Fibre Cores for Wire Ropes (Completed and Published, No. 525, 1933); and Reagents for Analytical Purposes; Mr. Walter C. Hancock,-High Alumina Cements; Dr. J. J. Fox, O.B.E.,-Analysis of Chemicals and Materials used in Electro-plating; Mr. F. W. Harbord, C.B.E.,-Cement; Mr. William Macnab, C.B.E.,-Mechanical Handling and Treat- ment of Liquids and Gases; Mr. William Thomason,-Salt Glazed-Ware Pipes ; Dr. James Watson,-Sand Lime Bricks and Portland Blast Fur- nace Slag Cement; Containers for Heavy Acids and Solvents; Mr. W. T. Burgess, Dr. J. T. Dunn, Dr.A. G. Francis, Member of Council, Professor G. G. Henderson, F.R.S., Vice-president, and Mr. R. L. Collett, Assistant Secretary,-on Technical Committee CjSon Standardisation of Scientific Glassware. Several Draft Specifications for Standards have been referred to Fellows and Associates having special knowledge and experi- ence of the matters concerned, and their opinions have been transmitted to the British Standards Institution. A brief summary of the work of the Standing and Special Committees of the Institute is included in this report, while the Council has dealt directly-without special reference to Com- mittees-with many other matters. The important question of the place of chemistry as a subject in school education was considered by the Council at its meeting on 26th January, 1934, and will be mentioned further in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS in due course.The Council had pleasure in conveying congratulations to Dr. George Christopher Clayton, C.B.E., M.P., Past President, and to Dr. Martin Onslow Forster, Past Vice-president, on their being created Knights Bachelor. 7 The administrators of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund made awards, of one hundred guineas each, to Dr. Constance F. Tipper (ke Elam) and Dr. Arthur Joseph Victor Underwood, in June, 1933. 3. THE FINANCE AND HOUSE COMMITTEE. The Financial Statements for the year 1933 are attached to this Report. The annual subscriptions showed an increase of E52 8s. rod., notwithstanding the circumstance that the marked increase under this heading in 1932 above that in 1931 was mainly due to the collection of arrears.The present statement, moreover, does not include subscriptions which have been paid, towards the end of the year, to the accounts of the Institute in Australia and New Zealand,-particulars of which are not yet to hand,- arrangements having been made whereby members in the Commonwealth and the Dominion, respectively, may pay their subscriptions in local currency until the rates of exchange im- prove. The reduced receipts from dividends and interest are mainly attributable to the conversion of War Loan and the low Bank interest on deposits during 1933. The Committee gratefully acknowledges the legacies received under the Wills of Mr.J. Gordon Gordon and Mr. J. E. Legg, which, together with entrance fees and life compositions, have been invested. Ex$euzditure.-The Committee has endeavoured to keep the expenditure within the income, having due regard to the policy of the Council of maintaining and extending the activities of the Institute, so far as possible, for the benefit of the members, as well as for the public good. In April, the Council, having received a resolution from the South Wales Section suggesting that the proportion of administrative costs to receipts should show a tendency to diminish as the membership increased, requested the Committee to investigate the matter, the report on which was published in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part 111.The Committee found that administrative expenses had been reduced in recent years, and that further reduction in expenditure could only be effected by restricting the activities of the Institute. In particular, more lectures have been published and, therefore, the expenditure under this heading has been increased. 8 The following statement shows the comparative value of the assets of the Institute, apart from its premises and their contents, at the close of the years 1932 and 1933:- ;E s. d. E s. d. Balanceatendof 1932 453 5 2 Balance at end of 1933 1151 4 6 Value of Investments Value of Investments at end of 1932 .. 23162 15 0 at endof 1933 .. 25790 0 0 RedemptionFund ., 1413 6 8 Redemption Fund. . 1523 15 0 Accountsdue ..121 14 2 Accounts due . . 54 7 2 25151 1 0 28519 6 8 Less Liabilities . . 585 19 8 Less Liabilities .. 461 18 8 24565 1 4 Capital Appreciation 3492 6 8 $28057 8 0 $28057 8 0 The balance uninvested at the end of the year was more than usual, in order to make provision for the cost of the publica- tion of the Eighth Edition of "Official Chemical Appointments " (now in proof), and of a revised edition of the Register, which will be produced during the present year. Apart from the in- creased balance, the capital appreciation is due to the purchase of stock to the value of ;tT1,477 3s. 9d., the premium on the Redemption Policy of LIIO 8s. 4d., and improvement in the market value of investments to the extent of EI,I~~11s. 3d. The premises have been maintained in good repair.The Council and Committee Rooms have been much used by other Societies during the year. 4, THE BENEVOLENT FUND COMMITTEE. The Accounts of this Committee are attached to this Report. The receipts (apart from E5oo bequeathed by Mr. J. Gordon Gordon) and disbursements for the years 1932 and 1933 are sub-mitted for comparison :-Receipts. 1932. S s. d. 1933. aE s. d. Subscriptions .. Annual subscriptions Donations .. .. . . .. .. .. . . 439 19 417 11 273 18 6 3 7 490 11 397 17 197 19 2 6 9 Loans repaid .. .. . .. Dividends and Interest .. .. 61 10 99 16 0 4 154 15 98 7 0 11 Income Tax Recovered .. .. 60 9 3 37 2 4 $1353 4 11 €1376 13 8 9 Disbursements. 1932.1933. s. d. 5 s. d. Grants . . .. .. .. 238 10 0 303 10 0 Expenses Loans . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. 41 18 215 0 8 0 32 15 120 0 1 0 Regular payments . . .. 537 10 0 397 13 6 $1032 18 8 $853 18 7 ~~ It will be seen from the above figures that the receipts showed an improvement to the extent of E23 8s. 9d.; the regular allowances decreased (through the deaths of three recipients, and from other causes) by &I39 16s. 6d., and total disbursements decreased by L179 0s. Id., with the result that the deficit on this account at the beginning of the year-Lgz 9s. 6d.-was eliminated, and the Committee had a balance of L232 5s. rod. in hand on 31st December. During the early part of the year, calls on the Fund were few, but, towards the end, four new cases came under consideration, which received immediate substantial help and will probably need regular allowances for some time to come; so that the Fund may be in difficulty unless the contributions are well maintained in 1934.At the present time, the Fund is aiding the delicate daughter of a deceased Fellow, seven widows and (in five cases) their children, in addition to a number of members who are in ill- health or requiring help while unemployed. The Committee is especially grateful to the members who have organised “group ” contributions. Many members have availed themselves of this method of helping the Fund. The Committee hopes for the more complete co-operation of the 6,000 members of the Institute, which they feel should result in providing means to assist all necessitous cases.5. LEGAL AND PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEE. The Legal and Parliamentary Committee has been interested in proceedings in the Houses of Parliament regarding the Beet Sugar Industry, the Rubber Industry, and the Pharmacy and Poisons Act, and, in this connection, gratefully acknowledges the advice and help of Lord Henley and Sir Christopher Clayton. 10 After the passing of the Pharmacy and Poisons Act, the Council considered the question of proceeding with the petition for a Supplemental Charter, to secure the title “Chartered Chemist’’ for the exclusive use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute, but decided to postpone the matter pending the pro- ceedings of the conference of representatives of various chemical bodies on means for promoting closer co-operation among chemical societies.6. LOCAL SECTIONS. The Council congratulates the Local Sections on their activity during the past year. A Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections was held at headquarters in June, when the President attended to welcome the Honorary Secretaries. The Report of the Confer- ence, which contained many valuable suggestions, was published in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part 111. The following schedule shows that many important papers have been read before meetings held both independently and jointly with the Local Sections of other Societies. ABERDEENAND NORTHOF SCOTLAND.Dr. F. C. Kelly . . . . “Leaves from the Diary of a Chemist.” Dr. J. A. Lovern .. .. “The Metabolism of Fats.” Visit to Stoneywood Paper Works. Mr. Andrew Dargie . . .. “Food Fakes and Food Laws.” EDINBURGHABERDEEN, AND GLASGOW. (Joint Meeting at Glasgow.) Dr. W. J. Jenkins . . . . “Cellulose and Some of its Uses.” Mr. E. M. Melville, on the work of the Experimental Farm and Estate at Auchincruive. Visit to Auchincruive. Visit to Ardeer Explosives Factory, Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd. BELFASTAND DISTRICT. Dr. N. S. Capper .. .. “Carotin and Vitamin-A.” Dr. T. E. Ellison . . .. “Viscose and Acetate Artificial Silk.” Mr. E. Mayne Reid .. .. ‘‘Sulphuric Acid and Fertilisers.” Visit to Richardson’s Chemical Manure Company. Dr.W. Honneyman .. . . “Analytical Metftods of the British Pharmacopeie. Film Exhibits: “Modern Asphalt Paving” and “HOWa Gramophone Record is made.” 11 BIRMINOE~MLND MIDLANDS. Visit to the Department of Industrial Fermentation, The University of Birmingham.Demonstrations of Apparatus.Visit to the Royal Grammar School, Worcester; Lecture and Demonstration on Organic Reagents for Metals and Acid Radicals, by Mi. J.C. Giblin. BRISTOLAND SOUTH-WESTERNCOUNTIES. Discussion on professional matters. Visit to Dartington Hall Estate and Buckfast Abbey. Social Meeting at the invitation of Dr. A. C. Fryer.Professor J.J. Suaborough .. “The Perishing of Paper in Indian Libraries.” Mr. G. S. Fawcett .. .. “Colour Measurement.” Mr.F. C. Tompkins .. .. “Quanta and Chemistry.” Dr. C. N. Hinshelwood, F.R.S. “The Relation of Gas Reactions to Reactions in Solution.” Professor W. E. Garner .. “The Induction Period in Solid Reac- tions.” CAPE. Mr. E. H. Croghan .. .. “Modern Sewage Disposal.” Professor E. Newbery .. “The Purification of Metallic Mercury.” Mr. Horace Weall .. .. “Poison8.” Visit to Stellenbosch-Elsenburg College of Agriculture.Dr. Isaac . . .. . . “Soil Micro-organisms and the Measure- ment of their Activity.” Professor I. de V. Malherbe “Chemical Methods of Determining the Maturity and Keeping Quality of Fruit.” EDINBURUHAND EASTOF SCOTLAND. Mr. A. Muir .. .. .. “Chemistry and Soil Problems in U.S.S.R.” (December, 1932).Mr. JohnBowman,M.Inst.C.E. “Edinburgh’s Water Supply.” Discussion on Unification of Chemical Societies. Mr.J. Rutherkrd Hill, Ph.C. “Incompatibilities in Medical Prescrip- tions.” Dr. H. G. Littler .. .. “Drikold.” Mr. Adam Tait .. .. “Science in the Brewing Industry.” Mr. William Bain .. .. “Plastics and their Application to Friction Fabrics.” Professor John Glaister . . “Serological Methods in the Detection of crime.” Mr. H. H. Flower .. .. “Infra-Red Photography.” GLASOOWAND WESTOF SCOTLAND. Professor Alexander Findlay. “Science and the Community.” Discussion on professional matters. Dr. J. W. Donaldson .. . . “Frictional Tests on Lubricating Oils.” Mr. Thomas Ramsay . . .. “A Survey of the work of the Glasgow Chamber of Commerce, with special reference to chemical affairs.” Discussion on the Report issued by the Chemical Industry Committee of the Scottish National Development Council.Dr. S. H. Tucker . . . . “Refresher” Lecture on Recent Work in Organic Chemistry Mr. H. H. Flower .. . . “Infra-Red Photography.” 12 HUDDERSFIELD. Mr. W. Doran .. .. .. “The Art and Science of Perfumery’’ (December, 1932). Dr. A. C. Cumming, O.B.E. . . “Cane Sugar Refining.” Mr. D. J. Law .. . . “Modern Light Leather Manufacture.” Dr. H. Baines .. .. .. “The Use $ Dyes in the Photographic Industry.Major F. A. Freeth, O.B.E., “Drikold.” F.R.S. Mr. N. D. Pullen .. .. “The Use of Aluminium. in Industry.” Professor R. M. Caven . . “Theories of Valency.” IRISHFREESTATE. Demonstrations of Laboratory Methods, by five members.Visit to the Alliance and Dublin Consumers’ Gas Company. Professor A. O’Farrelly .. “The Manufacture of Sugar from Beet.” Visit to the Carlow Factory of the Irish Sugar Manufacturing Company. LEEDSAREA. Professor R. Robison, F.R.S. “The Ctfemistry of the Calcification of Bone. Mr. Norman StrafTord . . “The Detection and Determination of Small Amounts of Substances byColorimetric Methods.” Dr. S. Glasstone .. . . “Electrornetric Methods in Physical and Analy tical Chemistry.” LIVERPOOLAND NORTH-WESTERN. Demonstrations of Laboratory Processes, by fourteen members. Mr. John Rae, M.P.S. . . “The Relationship of the Pharmaceutical Society to the Institute of Chemistry.” Mr. G. E. Knowles,-An Address on his experiences in the Near East, Professor A.Robertson .. “The Insecticides and Fish Poisons of the Derris root and related compounds.” AND SOUTH-EASTERNLONDON COUNTIES. Professor E. C. Dodds, M.V.O. “Some Aspects of the Applications of Chemistry to Medicine.” Mr. A. Marcan .. . . “The Chemist in the Far East.” Mr. Thomas Crook . . .. “The Geochemistry of Mineral Re-sources.’’ Visits to British Industrial Solvents, to the Laboratories of the Distillers Co., Ltd., and to the Low Temperature Research Station, at Cambridge.Exhibition of Apparatus, Instruments, Books, etc., and Cinematograph Films. Dr. J. G. King.. .. . . “Developments in the Coal Industry.” MAIAYA. Annual Conference. Address by Colonel B. J. Eaton, O.B.E.Visit to the Malayan Collieries, Ltd., at Batu Armg.Cinematograph Film of Local Anti-malarial Methods, exhibited by Mr. H. J. Benjafield.Mr. V. R. Greenstreet . . “Animal Nutrition.” 13 MANCHESTERAND DISTRICT. Dr. W. R. Ormandy .. .. Professor T. P. Hilditch . . Dr. G. N. Burkhardt . . .. Sir Robert Robertson, K.B.E., F.R.S. Major F. A. Freeth, O.B.E., F.R.S. -CHESTER An Address on some early experiences relating to subjects of technical im-portance. .. “Some Curious Features of the Composi- tion of Fats in Plants and Animals.” “The Properties of Groups in the Benzene Nucleus.” “Research in the Infra-Red.” “A Leaf from Bacon.” STUDENTS’SECTION. Visit to Bradford Road Gas Wo~ks. Mr. A. B.Owles . . Power-House Chemistry.” Visit to the Laboratories of the British Cotton Industries Research Asso- ciation. Visit to Chapel-en-le-Frith. Visit to Hovis Flour Mills. NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNENORTH-EASTAND COAST. Mr. W. Davidson . .. Dr. G. D. Bengough .. . . Dr. N. P. Inglis .. . . Professor H. E. Armstrong,F.R.S. *ProfessorF. G. Donnm, F.R.S. *Professor R. Whylaw Gray, F.R.S. Dr. A. E. Dunstan .. .. Dr. Arthur Harden, F.R.S. . . “The Work of the Scottish Coke Research Committee.” (December, 1932). “Corrosion of M;,tals in Salt Solutions and Sea Water. “Some Metallurgical Problems in Chemi- cal Industry.” “The Buried Past and Hidden Future of Coal.” “Osmotic Actions and Equilibria.” “The accurate Determination of Atomic Weights by Method of Limiting Densi- ties.’’ “Recent Developments in the Refining of Petroleum.” “The Chemistry of Fermentation.” Professor G.R. Clemo opened a Discussion on “Ohemistry and the Public.” *Professor R. A. Peters . . “Some Recent Aspects of the Vitamin-B Complex.”Mr. W. Singleton .. “Some Recent Developments in Lead for Chemical Plant.” * Bedson Club Meetings. NEWZEALAND. Annual Conference. Mr. W. Donovan . . .. “Chemistry as applied to Mining Industry in New Zealand.” Short Papers by five members during visit to Massey Agricultural College and Plant Research Station of the Department of Agriculture. SOUTHWALES. Mr. B. D. Porritt .. . . “The Earl: History of the Rubber Industry.Professor J.E. Coates, O.B.E. “Some Recent Advances in PhysicalChemistry.’’ 14 Mi-. C. E. BeynonMr. A. J. Cruise .. .. .. .. “Corrosion of Metals.” “The Use of Gaseous Fuel in South Wales Industries.” Mr. J. F. J. Dippy Mr. E. M. Wedlake .. .. . . .. “The Stability of Cyclic Compounds.” “Some Notes on the Tundishing of Steel, War Period.” Mr. E. Thornton .. .. “Notes on the Extraction and Refhing of Paraffin Wax.” Dr. A. E. Dunstan Dr. Idris Jones .. .. .. .. “Production and Refining of Petroleum.” “Hydrogenation of Coal.” On the occasion of Dr. Glasstone’s lecture given at Leeds, the President was accompanied by Mr. W. J. A. Butterfield, Vice- President, Professor N. M. Comber, Dr. A. E. Everest, Dr. H. H. Hodgson, Mr.A. W. M. Wintle, Members of Council, and the Assist ant Secretary . The President and the Registrar have visited the Manchester and District Section. The Registrar gave his lecture on “Alchemists in Art and Literature” at the University College of the South West of Eng- land, Exeter, in February, and also before the Oil and Colour Chemists’ Association in London in October. The Assistant Secretary has visited Edinburgh and Glasgow on the business of the Institute. 7. REGISTERED STUDENTS. Registered Students have been invited to meetings of the Institute at headquarters and of Local Sections. The Manchester Students’ Section has again enjoyed an inter- esting programme of fixtures. 8. NOMINATIONS, EXAMINATIONS AND INSTITUTIONS COMMITTEE.The Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee, which consists of the whole Council, has held 11meetings. The Committee has had under consideration 560 applications for Studentship, Examination and Membership. In this and other work, it has had the assistance of a large number of reports from Sub-Committees, from Local Interviewing Committees and the Advisory Committee in India, and records of work submitted by candidates. The Council desires to express its thanks to all who have co-operated with the Committee in this work. 15 The applications for Studentship and Membership are sum-marked below :-Applications for Admission to the Studentship : Accepted (including re-admitted) .. ,. 145 Declined .. *. *... .. .. 3 -148 Applications for Admission to Examination for the Associateship : Accepted .. .. .. .. .. 53 Applications for Election (and re-election) to the Associateship : Accepted .. .. .. .. . . 263 Declined .. .. .. .. .. .. 6 Referred for Examination or further training 12 -281 Applications for Admission to Examination for the Fellowship : Accepted .. .. .. .. .. 24 Applications from Associates for Election to the Fellowship : Accepted (including those examined) .... 45 Declined .. *. .. .. .. .. 3 -48 Applications from Non-Associates for Election to the Fellowship : Accepted (including those examined) .. Declined .. .. ,. .. .. .. .. - 5 1 6 Total . . *. .. .. 560 - EXAMINATIoNs.-Examhations were held in April and Sep- tember, 1933,and in January, 1934.The results are summarised below :-SUMMARYOF RESULTS. Associateship : EXAMINED.PASSED. General Chemistry .. .. .. 85 48 Fellowship : Branch A. Inorganic Chemistry . . 2 2 Branch B. Physical Chemistry .. --Branch C. Organic Chemistry .. 3 3 Branch D. Bio-Chemistry .. 3 2 Branch E. The Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs and of Water . . 14 6 1Branch F. Agricultural Chemistry .. 2 9 Branch G. Industrial Chemistry . . 2 2 Special Examination .. .. .. 1 1 -__ 112 66 --_ 16 The thanks of the Council are accorded to the Board of Examiners, to the Examiners in special subjects, and also to Fellows who have given special facilities for examinations in their laboratories, and to the Assessors who have been appointed from time to time to examine the papers submitted by candi- dates for the Fellowship. The Council is indebted to the University of Manchester, the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, the Central Technical College, Birmingham, the Royal School of Mines, London, University College, London, the University of Reading and the Anglo- Persian Oil Company for the use of laboratories and for facilities afforded in connection with the Examinations.The Council again acknowledges the valuable help of the Indian Advisory Committee and its Honorary Secretary, Dr. Gilbert J. Fowler. EXAMINERS-Dr. 0. L. Brady was appointed an Examiner in General Chemistry in succession to Professor Robert Robinson, F.R.S., whose term of office expired in April, 1933, Mr.S. E. Melling was appointed Examiner in Branch E, the Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs and of Water, in succession to Mr. John Evans, whose term of office also expired in April. REGuLATIONS.-The Regulations were slightly revised and reprinted in April, 1933. INSTITUTIONS.-The Brighton Technical College, the Con- stantine Technical College, Middlesbrough, and the Woolwich Polytechnic have been added to the list of Institutions recognised for the training of candidates for admission to the Associateship of the Institute. The thanks of the Council have been accorded to the Fellows who have kindly visited and reported on Institutions during the year.THEMELDOLA MEDAL (the gift of the Society of Maccabaeans) for 1933, has been awarded to Maurice Stacey, BSc., Ph.D. (Birm.), now holding a Beit Medical Fellowship at the London School of Tropical Medicine and at the University of Birmingham. FRANKLANDThe SIR EDWARD MEDAL AND PRIZE for 1933 have been awarded to Walter Lee, Registered Student, working with Mr. C. H. Manley, Fellow, and at the College of Technology, 17 Leeds, for his essay on “The Chemical Education of Part-time Students.” 9. NATIONAL CERTIFICATES IN CHEMISTRY. The Reports of the Assessors on the Examinations for National Certificates for England and Wales and also for Scotland, which were noticed in Part IV of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSfor 1933,show that the number of candidates presenting themselves for these examinations is increasing.The scheme is exercising a marked effect on the training in chemistry provided in the technical institutions. Dr. A. Jamieson Walker, on his retirement from his appoint- ment as one of H.M. Inspectors of Technical Schools, has agreed to remain a member of the Joint Committee of the Board of Education and the Institute, as one of the representatives of the Instit IIte. 10. PEDLER RESEARCH SCHOLARSHIP. Mrs. Janet W. Matthews, Associate, has been appointed the Third Pedler Research Scholar, and is engaged at the Imperial College of Science and Technology on the development of inor- ganic microchemical analysis with special reference to gravimetric work requiring separations.11. PUBLICATIONS AND LIBRARY COMMITTEE. The JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGShas been published in six Parts. The chief matters of interest are mentioned in this Report under the respective Committees. The scheme of lectures illustrating the trend of recent develop- ments in the main branches of chemistry was continued by the delivery, in May, by Professor Gilbert T. Morgan, O.B.E., F.R.S., of three lectures embodying “A Survey of Modem Inorganic Chemistry.” These, in addition to the following lectures, have been pub- lished as separate monographs :-“ Chemistry and Life ” (Fourth S. M. Gluckstein Memorial Lecture), by Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins, P.R.S. ; “ ‘Science and the Community, ” given before the Manchester and District Section, in November, 1932, by Professor Alexander Findlay ; 18 “The Chemist in the Far East,” given before the London Section in February, by Mr.Alexander Marcan; “The Detection and Determination of Small Amounts of Sub- stances by Colorimetric Methods,” given before the Leeds Area Section, in February, by Mr. Norman Strafford. ‘‘Joseph Priestley : 1733-1804,”given before the Institute, in March, on the occasion of the celebration of the bi- centenary of the birth of Priestley, by Professor R. M. Caven, Member of Council; “Alchemists in Art and Literature,” which had been given before Local Sections of the Institute and elsewhere since 1925,by the Registrar and Secretary of the Institute. “Beer,” (Sixteenth Streatfeild Memorial Lecture), given by Mr.H. F. E. Hulton, in November; “Electrometric Methods in Physical and Analytical Chemis- try,” given by Dr. Samuel Glasstone, at Leeds, in Novem- ber ; “The Chemist as a Directing Force in Industry,’’ (Fifth Gluckstein Memorial Lecture), delivered by Dr. Herbert Levinstein, in December ; The eighth edition of the “List of Official Chemical Appoint- ments” is now in the press, and a new edition of the Register of Fellows, Associates and Students will be published during the present year. Further lectures on modern laboratory technique are being arranged, under the advice of Professor H. V. A. Briscoe, to be given in April or May of this year, and will be announced in due course. The thanks of the Council are accorded to the Chemical Society for allowing Fellows, Associates and Registered Students of the Institute the privilege of the use of the Library of the Society.A further contribution of Ez~ofrom the general funds of the Institute was made towards the maintenance of the Library of the Society. The thanks of the Council are also accorded to authors, publishers and others, who kindly presented books and journals to the Library of the Institute. The collection of lantern slides formed for the use of Fellows, 19 Associates and others desirous of illustrating lectures, has been further augmented, and many sets of slides have been loaned during the past year. 12. PUBLIC APPOINTMENTS COMMITTEE. The Departmental Committee on Food Law, having resumed its work, invited the Council of the Institute to consider the revision of the Memorandum forwarded to the Departmental Committee in 1931,although the terms of reference to the Depart- mental Committee had been altered so as to exclude practically all matters dealt with in the original Memorandum.The Public Appointments Committee felt, however, that it would be difficult to make any change in the law relating to food without considering changes in the methods of its adminis- tration. The Committee, therefore, revised the Memorandum, and the Council directed that copies thereof be forwarded, with a covering letter to the Departmental Committee, supporting a Memorandum submitted by the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists, and offering to send representatives to give evidence if the Departmental Committee thought that the views of the Institute might be useful in connection with any changes in the Food Law.The Council also suggested that a permanent committee, on which public analysts and other food chemists should be represented, should be established to formulate standards and limits of purity, the need for which might arise in any emergency, and also to ensure that anomalies, such as at present exist in the food regulations, might be avoided in future. The Public Appointments Committee has also dealt with questions affecting the interests of chemists in the Colonial and Indian Services, which have received the attention of the authori- ties concerned.Representations have also been made to the proper authori-ties regarding complaints against the attempts of certain rate- aided institutions to undertake professional chemical consulting and analytical practice. 13. HONORARY CORRESPONDING SECRETARIES. The thanks of the Council are accorded to the Honorary Corresponding Secretaries, who have continued to assist -the 20 Institute in matters affecting chemists in the Overseas Dominions and the Colonies, and especially for their valuable help in ob- taining information for the new edition of the List of Oficial Chemical Appointments. 14. APPOINTMENTS REGISTER COMMITTEE. A report of the work on the Appointments Register appeared in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part V.The number of members who have informed the Institute that they are at present without employment is 184 compared with 196 in January, 1933. All Fellows and Associates are asked to assist, by every means in their power, in bringing suitable vacancies for chemists to the notice of the Institute. 26th January, 1934. 30, RUSSELL SQUARE, LONDON,W.C.I. 21 REPORT OF THE AUDITORS. We hereby report that we have examined the books and accounts of the Institute of Chemistry for the year ended 31st December, 1933, and have compared with the vouchers the entries therein, and certify that the following statements are correct as shown by the books. Certificates from the Bank of England and the Westminster Bank, Ltd., for investments held by them respectively for the Institute at the above date have been produced.DAVIDHENDERSON,Chartered Accountant. JOHN c. WHITE on. Aaaitors, J. Hy. LANE 1 1933-34-9th January, 1934. BENEVOLENT FUND. I hereby report that I have also examined the books and accounts of the Benevolent Fund and certify the statement as correct and in accordance therewith. DAVID HENDERSON, Chartered Accountanf. 9th January, 1934. 22 23 THE lNSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. Pounded 1877. Incorporated by Royal Charter, 1885. OF RECEIPTSAND EXPENDITURE FOR THE YEARENDED 31s~DECEMBER,1933.STATEMENT GENERAL 1932 RECEIPTS. 1933 1933 EXPENDITURE. 1033 f s. d. f s. d. E s. d. € s. d. f s. d. € s. d.566 14 11 Balance, 1st January, 1933 .. .. 453 5 2 Printing, Stationery, etc.- 588 0 11 Journal, Part VI, 1932, Parts I-V, 1933 .. 558 0 4Yubscriptions-271 0 0 Other Printing, Stationery, etc. . . .. .. 461 4 7 Fellows .. (3,252 0 0) .. 3,189 4 0 268 0 10 Postage4ournal and Lectures . . .. .. 263 9 9 452 8 4 ,, Ordinary .. .. .. .. 465 10 6Associates .. (6,291 14 9) .. 6,364 4 7 2,221 0 20 Rent, Rates, Taxes, Insurance and Telephone .. 951 1 1 Students .. (350 15 0) .. 393 10 0 425 8 6’ Repairs, House and Furniture .. .. .. 231 1 5 9,894 9 9 9,946 18 7 4,786 18 6 Salaries, Wages and Gratuities .. .. .. 4,702 12 6 Divirlends and Interest- 232 7 6 Advertisements .. .. .. .. .. 229 13 11 210 8 0 Gas, Water, Light, Power and Fuel .. .. 249 8 0Gross ..(1,087 15 1) .. 999 7 11 683 17 0 Examiners, Assessors and Assistants (Fees and LessTax .. (191 6 3) .. 209 10 0 Expenses) .. .. .. .. .. 627 G 4 896 8 10 789 17 11 I62 7 2 Apparatus and Materials .. .. .. .. 222 14 3 285 22 7 Library (including 2250 to Chemical Society) .. 285 14 9 23 19 7 Sale of Publications .. .. .. 55 9 1 407 13 0 Local Sections .. .. .. .. .. 338 12 4 729 Sundry Receipts .. .. .. 54 ---Section Secretaries Conference .. .. .. 45 9 6 51 9 0 Elire of Laboratories and Rooms .. 109 8 0 29 8 0 Donations .. .. .. .. .. .. 49 8 0 221 3 2 Miscellaneous .. .. .. .. .. 80 0 7 888 6 0 Examination and Assessment Fees . . 806 8 0 6’2 2 12 Oficors’ Travelling Espenses . . .. .. 48 6 1 265 7 6 Appointments Register .. .. 258 4 3 31 10 0 Auditor’s Honorarium .. .. .. .. 31 10 0 193 1 11 Advertimments in Journal . . .. 169 16 6 505 12 8 Lectures and Lantern Slides .. .. . . 722 12 0 372 9 3 Members of Council Travelling Expenses .. .. 423 4 8 *National Certificates (England) A/c 150 0 0 212 16 6 Staff Assurance .. .. .. .. .. 206 4 5 693 5 0 ICegister and Postage .. .. .. .. ---I0 20 0 Frankland Medal Award .. .. .. .. 10 10 0 ---Legal Expenses (1927-1933) . . .. .. 97 5 10 11,950 18 s 11,300 19 10 Extraordinary Expenditure- 12,787 0 3 12,739 12 10 Investments : Purchased €2,300 Local Lome 2,004 15 0 Sold €460 Conversion 5% Loan . . 527 1 3 2,268 11 10 1,477 13 0 Extraordinary Receipts- 110 8 4 Premium on Redemption Policy .. .. 110 8 4 Funds for Investment-ication Fees returned- 632 2 U Entrance Fees .... .. 631 1 0 25 24 6 APl%O and 1931 Accounts .. .. .. }45 13 6107 2 G Life Compositions .. .. .. 66 3 0 55 13 0 1932 Account .. ,. .. .. .. 450 0 G Legacies (late J. Gordon Gordon and 1933 Account, as per contra . . .. .. 32 0 6 J. E. Legg) .. .. .. 600 0 0 77 14 0 1,297 4 0 23 6 10 Office Equipment .. .. .. .. .. 68 11 0 Fees on Applications in abeyance- 270 14 5 New Lecture Hall .. .. .. .. ---64 1 6 Fellows .. .. .. .. 56 14 0 30 3 6 Lantern and Screen .. .. .. .. ---80 6 6 Associates .. .. .. .. 109 12 6 ---Cribb Prints Collection Expenses . . .. 27 4 0166 6 6 Postage on ‘‘Official Chemical Appointments ” .. 23 10 5 12 12 6 Fees retained .. .. .. .. 220 Balance, 31st December, 1933- 55 13 6 Fees received on application during 228 5 2 Current .... *. .. .. .. 651 4 61933, but returned ,. .. 32 0 6 235 0 0 Deposit .. .. .. .. .. .. 500 0 0 1,161 4 6 €14,188 16 2 214,237 5 10 214,188 16 3I €14,237 5 10 * In 1932, €100 from National Certificates A/c was deducted from Office Expenses. 1932. 1933. 1932. 1933. 2 s. d. 2 s. d. 6: s. d. € 8. 11. 453 5 2 Balanceasat 31st December, 1933 . . 1,151 4 6 Subscriptions received in advance- 300 0 0 2500 Gt. Western Railway 23% De-33 12 0 Fellows’ .. 30 9 0 benture Stock . . .. .. 315 0 0 64 16 0 Associates’ 83 3 9 230 0 0 €500 London, Midland & Scottish 2 0 0 Students’ .. 1 15 0 ~Railway 5% Redeemable Prefer- 100 8 0 115 7 9 ence Stock .. .. . . 455 0 0 144 7 0 Applications in abeyance .... 166 6 6 700 0 0 €2,000 London, Midland BE Scottish 51 9 0 Fees retained (1931-33) less reduc-Railway 4% Preference Stock . . 1,400 0 0 tions for fees forfeited .. .. 51 9 0 3,940 0 0 $4,000 33% War Stock .. .. 4,040 0 0 75 0 0 Rent outstanding .. .. .. 75 0 0 10,591 5 0 $9,250 ~edzccedlo €8,800 Conversion 214 15 8 Accounts rendered and due .. 53 15 5 Loan 5%, 1944-64t .. 10,208 0 0 24,565 1 4 Surplus assets over liabilities, 31st 6,747 0 0 €7,800 increased to €10,100, Local December, 1933 .. .. ..28,057 8 0 Loans 3%$.. .. 8,686 0 0 654 10 0 $700 South Africa 3@/,, 1953-73.. 686 0 0 1,413 6 8 Redemption Fund Premiums* .. 1,523 15 0 121 14 2 Sundry Accounts due .. .. 54 7 2 €25,151 1 0 €28,519 6 8 $25,151 1 0 228,519 6 8 BENEVOLENT FUND ACCOUNT, for the year ended 31st December, 1933.Current Account. 1932 1933 1932 1933 $ s. d. g s. d. $ s. d. $ s. d. 439 19 6 Subscriptions . . .. .. .. 490 11 2 138 17 2 Deficit as at 1st January, 1933.. .. 92 9 6 417 11 3 Annual Subscriptions .. .. .. 397 17 6 238 10 0 Grants .. .. .. .. . . 303 10 0 99 16 4 Dividends and Interest .. .. 98 7 11 537 10 0 Regular Payments .. .. .. 397 13 6 60 9 3 Income Tax recovered .. .. .. 37 2 4 36 13 8 Printing, etc. .. *. .. .. 27 10 1 61 10 U Loans repaid .. *. .. .. 154 15 0 5 5 0 Audit Fee .. .. .. .. 550 I.92 9 6 Balance . . .. .. .. .. ---215 0 0 Loans granted during 1933 .. 120 0 0 ---Balance, 31st December, 1933 .. .. 232 5 10 €1,171 15 101 $1,178 13 11 $1,171 15 10 g1,178 13 11 -Liabilities (Current Alc): Printing and Audit, estimtecdg33. $ s.d. .€ s. d. 2 s. d. $ s. d. 302 9 7 Balance, 1st January, 1933 .. .. 136 1 8 440 6 6 Investment: $350 Local Loans 3% .. 299 12 11 273 18 7 Donations . . .. .. .. 197 19 9 136 1 8 $450 5% Conversion __-Legacy (late J. Gordon Gordon) . . 500 0 0 Loan, 1944-64 .. 527 1 3 Balance, 3 1st December, 1933 ,. 773 $576 8 2 $834 1 5 $576 8 2 $834 1 5 $ s. d. .€ s. d. $ s. d. $ s. d. 1,455 0 0 Loans to 31st December, 1932 . . .. 1,670 0 0 538 4 4 Loans repaid to 31st Decomber, 1933 .. 692 19 4 215 0 0 Loans granted during 1933 . . .. 120 0 0 ---Loans written off .. .. .. G54 0 0 1,131 15 8 Loans outstanding .. .. . . 443 0 8-_-$1,670 0 0 $1,790 0 0 € s. d. 5 s. d. 1,145 0 0 €1,000 5% Conversion Loan, 1944-64; increased to €1,450* .. ..1,682 0 0 865 0 0 $1,000 3% Local Loans; increacsed to $1,3505 .. .. .. .. 1,161 0 0 1,060 0 0 51,000 4% Consols .. .. .. 1,090 0 0 Balance at 31st December, 1933 26 I2 3 Amount at Bank ,. 2 7 4 16 I9 I1 Cashinhand .. 4 19 11 773 92 9 6 Due from Current Account .. ---€3,206 1 8 53,940 7 3 27 Sir Alexander Pedler Scholarship Account : 31st December, 1933. Receipts. Expenditure. $ s. d. € s. d. By Balance, 1st January, 1933 .. .. 90 18 10 Dividends and Interest . . .. .. 167 4 11 Income Tax recovered .. .. .. 69 19 1 To Payments to Scholar . . .. .. 100 0 0 Balances, 31st December, 1933-On Deposit .. .. .. .. .. 221 6 0 Current at Bank .. .. .. ..6 16 10 €328 2 10 €328 2 10 -~ Value of Securities at 31st December, 1933-S s. d. $100 Great Western Railway 5% Consolidated Preference Stock.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 110 0 0 $900 Royal Mail Steam Packet Ordinary Stock .. .. €2,900 3% Local Loans .. .. .. .. .. 2,494 0 0 €2,000 5% Conversion Loan, 1944-64 $300 4% Consols.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2,320 .. 327 0 0 0 0 Balances, 31st December, 1933-On Deposit .. .. .. Current at Bank . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . 221 6 0 6 16 10 E s. d. € s. d. Balance .. .. 49 8 2 Lecture Expenses .. 2 15 1 Dividends and Interest 5 5 0 Balance on Deposit .. 51 18 1 €54 13 2 $54 13 2 € s. d. $ s. d. Balance .. .. 27 13 7 Balance on Deposit .. 27 13 7 227 13 7 $27 13 7 € s. d.$ s. d. Balance .. .. Dividends and Interest 10 6 3 6 9 0 Lecture Expenses Balance on Deposit .. .. 4 15 11 14 8 1 €16 9 9 €16 9 9 28 Proceedings of the Council. Council Meeting, 19th January, 1934.-The Council prepared the balloting list for the election of Council, Officers and Censors, at the Annual General Meeting to be held on Thursday, 1st March, which has since been issued to the Fellows and Associates. Professor Jocelyn Field Thorpe, C.B.E., F.R.S. was nominated for re-election as President, and Mr. Patrick Henry Kirkaldy, as Honorary Treasurer. Five Vice-presidents, being eligible, were nominated for re- election, and Dr. Herbert Henry Hodgson was nominated for election as a Vice-president, in the place of Professor George Gerald Henderson, F.R.S., who retires in accordance with the By-laws on completion of three years’ service in that office.Nominations in favour of the following members were received in accordance with By-law 26 :-Frederic Sutcliffe Aumonier, B.Sc. (Lond.).Thomas Callan, M.Sc. (Vict.), Ph.D. (Heid.). Frederick Daniel Chattaway, M.A. (Oxon.), B.Sc. (Birm.), Ph.D. (Munchen), D.Sc. (Lond.), F.R.S. Albert Coulthard, B.Sc. (Vict.), Ph.D. (Freiburg). Owen Rhys Howell, Ph.D. (Cantab. and Wales). Humphrey Desmond Murray, B.A. (Oxon.). Norman Picton, B.Sc. (Wales), Ph.D. (Leipzig). Thomas Fred Eric Rhead, M.Sc. (Manc.), M.1.Chem.E. In accordance with By-law 25, sixteen present Members of Council, being eligible, were nominated for re-election, and the following eight were also nominated by the Council. Herbert William Cremer, M.Sc.(Lond.), M.1.Chem.E. John Evans. Lewis Eynon, B.Sc. (Lond.).Bernard Farmborough Howard. Leslie Herbert Lampitt, D.Sc. (Birm.). Herbert Levinstein, M.Sc. (Vict.), Ph.D. (Zurich). Dorothy Jordan Lloyd, M.A. (Cantab.), D.Sc. (Lond.).Charles Ainsworth Mitchell, M.A., D.Sc. (Oxon.). (It should be noted that an asterisk, which should have appeared against the name of Mr. Bernard Howard, was acci-dentally omitted from the balloting list; also, that Mr. A. W. M. Wintle is now resident in the Liverpool and North-Western Area.) 29 The following were nominated, from whom four are to be elected as Censors :-Sir George Christopher Clayton, C.B.E., Ph.D., M.P.Professor George Gerald Henderson, D.Sc., LL.D., F.R.S. Sir Herbert Jackson, K.B.E ., F.R.S. Mr. Patrick Henry Kirkaldy, Honorary Treasurer. Mr. William Rintoul, O.B.E., Member of Council. Professor Arthur Smithells, C.M.G., D.Sc., F.R.S. Messrs. C. A. Adams and J. R. Nicholls were appointed Scrutineers for the forthcoming elections. Fellows and Associates are specially notified that the hour of the Annual General Meeting will be changed from 4.30 p.m. to 8 p.m., and that voting papers should be returned to the Secretary so that they be received at the Institute not later than 8 p.m. on Wednesday, 28th February, and proxies so that they be received not later than 8 p.m. on Tuesday, the 27th February.In addition to reports from Committees, the Council received a number of communications from other Societies and Institutions. The Council of the Chemical Society notified the Institute that it did not propose to make any definite ruling regarding the use of “ml.” in the place of “c.c.” so far as the Journal of the Society was concerned. The Council of the Society intimated that contributors would be invited to give careful consideration to the question, and to employ whichever term was appropriate in any given circumstances. In response to an invitation from the Federal Council for Chemistry to appoint delegates to the IXth International Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry, to be held in Madrid from 5th to 11th April, the Council appointed the President, with Professor I.M. Heilbron, D.S.O., F.R.S., and Professor Robert Robinson, F.R.S., as representatives of the Institute at the Congress. The Sixth International Congress for Scientific Management having invited the Institute to appoint a representative to serve on the Council of the Congress, Mr. William Rintoul was appointed and agreed to act as the representative of the Institute. (Inthis connection, it may be noted that Dr. E. F. Armstrong is a Member of the Executive Committee, and the Chairman of the Organising Committee of the Congress. ) Dr. Gilbert J. Fowler, Honorary Corresponding Secretary of the Institute in India, reported that Professor H. B. Dunnicliff had represented the Institute at the Jubilee of Punjab University; 30 further, that Professor Dunnicliff, on behalf of the Institute had wished the University continued success, and had con-gratulated it on the progress which it had achieved in the field of pure and applied chemistry.Mr. Edward Russell was appointed delegate of the Institute to attend the Health Congress to be held by the Royal Sanitary Institute at Bristol, from 9th to 14th July. A statement was received from the Conference on co-operation between Chemical Societies. The Council appointed the Presi- dent, with Mr. F. G. Edmed, Vice-president, and Mr. Patrick H. Kirkaldy, Honorary Treasurer, to act as representatives of the Institute on a Provisional Council which is being formed for the further consideration of the matter.At the same meeting, the Publications Committee reported that Professor H. V. A. Briscoe and Mrs. Janet W. Matthews had kindly undertaken to give before the Institute two lecture- demonstrations on ‘‘Microchemical Methods suitable for General Analytical Practice”-(see p. 81) and that Dr. A. D. Mitchell had kindly undertaken to give a lecture on I‘ Recent Applications of Indicators and other Reagents to Chemical Analysis” during the present year. Dr. 0. L. Brady was appointed Examiner for the Fellowship in Branch C: Organic Chemistry, in the place of Dr. Frank L. Pyman, F.R.S., who has resigned from that office owing to pressure of other work. Council Meeting, 26th January.--The Council received the Report of the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee, including the Report of the Board of Examiners, on the January Examinations for the Associateship, and on the award of the Meldola Medal.The Council also received the Report of the Assessors on the award of the Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize. The above awards are recorded in the Annual Report of the Council, which was approved at the same meeting and ordered to be issued to the Fellows, Associates and Students, together with the financial statements for 1933. The Council then proceeded to the further consideration of the resolution, transmitted by the Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North-East Coast Sections, as to the place of chemistry in general education, which has already been mentioned in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS.31 Professor G. R. Clemo, Chairman of the Section, and Mr. E. G. Savage, H. M. Senior Chief Inspector, and Chief Inspector of Technical Schools, Board of Education, attended, on the invitation of the Council. Further reference to the matter will be made in a future issue of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. British Standards Institution.--Dr. Leslie Aitchison has been nominated by the Council, and has kindly consented, to represent the Institute at a Conference on the proposed standardisation of Plated Finishes for Fittings and Equipment, and subsequently to serve on a Committee, if any be appointed for that purpose. Local Sections.-The approximate number of members attached at present to each Local Section is given below:- Section.So. of members. Aberdeen and North of Scotland .. .. .. . . 50 Belfast and District .. .. .. .. .. .. - 43 Bristol and South-Western Counties Birmingham and Midlands .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 561 206 Edinburgh and’Ettst of Scotland Glasgow and West of Scotland Huddersfield .. .. .. Irish Free State . . .. Cape .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 34 184 321 59 62 Lee& Area . . .. .. .. .. .. . . 335 Liverpool and North-Western Counties London and South-Eastern Counties .. .. .. .. . . . . 355 2343 Malaya .. .. .. Manchester and District .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. . . .. 29 441 Newcastle and North-East Coast .. .. .... 149 New Zealand .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 57 South Wales . . .. .. .. .. .. .. 153 32 Local Sections. Aberdeen and North of Scotland,-Professor James Hendrick presided at a meeting of the Section held at Marischal College, on 20th December, 1933,when Mr. Andrew Dargie gave a lecture on “Food Fakes and Food Laws.” Mr. Dargie said that the adulteration of food, which was no modern development, required expert detectives and expensively equipped laboratories for its discovery and prevention. The alchemists’ claim to have achieved the transmutation of metals was by no means the earliest record of sophistication. Greek and Roman traders were not above adulterating their wares. Pliny referred to the bakers using white earth in their flour, and Mr.Dargie suggested that Archimedes might be regarded as the first public analyst, since he detected base metal in King Hiero’s crown. In the reign of King John, a statute, “The Assize of Bread,” was introduced to put an end to the adulteration of bread. One penalty imposed was that the baker would be driven through the streets with the faulty loaf round his neck; for a second offence he was pilloried, and for a third he was effectively removed from the trade by having his oven pulled down. In 1582, butchers were penalised for selling “measly” pork, and brewers and vintners for being sparing with the malt and generous with water. Tea and coffee were being so freely adulterated at the beginning of the eighteenth century that legislation was passed to deal with offenders.Sloe leaves, liquorice leaves and previously used tea leaves were frequently added to tea, and in 1843there were actually eight factories in London for regenerating tea leaves, which were collected from hotels and coffee-houses. The extent of these malpractices was so great that in 1851 The Lancet used its influence to bring about a better state of affairs, and, as a result, the “Adulteration of Food and Drink Act” was passed in 1860. This Act permitted the appointment of Public Analysts, but did not make it compulsory, and it was not till the passing of “The Sale of Food and Drugs Act, 1875,” that this was achieved. This Act, with additions and amend- ments, under the title of “The Food and Drugs (Adulteration) 33 Act, 1928,” was still in force, but the lecturer emphasised that there was great need for more specific and more modern legislation on so important a matter.Mr. Dargie showed that there was need for further amendment, and mentioned some anomalies. There is no standard for cream which may contain as little as 20 per cent. butter fat, while thick cream contains from 50-60 per cent., but under the Act they are equally cream, and may be sold without discrimination in price. So also with cheese-even though three-quarters of the butter fat may have been removed from the milk, the resulting cheese had no legal distinction from the genuine product. Anomalies with regard to the permitted amount of preservatives in foods were created by this Act.Sulphur dioxide was the most common preservative used, and amounts varying from 40 parts per million in jams to 3,000 parts per million in certain fruit pulps were permitted; but, while its use was prohibited in mince during the winter months, it was allowed to the extent of 450 parts per million in sausages. After referring to instances of metallic poisoning arising from accidental contamination-arsenic, from glucose manufactured with arsenical sulphuric acid ;lead, from lead-glazed enamel ware ; copper, from vegetable preservatives; and tin from canned goods-Mr. Dargie quoted common examples of food adulteration and some misnomers-egg powder, which contained no egg ; custard powder, which was simply coloured and flavoured corn- flour; and baking powder, for which fantastic claims were made.Practically no foodstuff was free from the possibility of the practice of sophistry and contamination. Mr. Dargie stressed the necessity for better and more modern legislation to protect the public. A keen discussion followed, and Dr. Tocher moved a vote of thanks to the lecturer for his interesting and informative address. Birmingham and Midlands.-The Section has experienced difficulty in securing lecturers on dates which did not clash with other fixtures in the district. The Second Annual Summer Outing was well attended and proved very successful. The party met at Evesham for tea, and after visiting the surrounding country re-assembled at Stratford to see a performance of As You Like It at the Memorial Theatre.Members have been present at lectures held by the University of Birmingham Biochemical Society-on 19th October, 1933, by 34 Miss Stephenson, on Bacterial Metabolism; on 30th November, by Mr. G. Thomas, on Insulin and Carbohydrate Metabolism; and on 18th January, by Prof. R. H. Hopkins, on Some Physico- and Bio-Chemical Aspects of d-Fructose. On 13th December members of the Section were the guests of the Headmaster and Staff of the Royal Grammar School, Worcester. A lecture was given by Mr. J. C. Giblin, on “The Use of Organic Reagents for the Detection of Metals and Acid Radicles,” of which the following is a summary:-During recent years an entirely new technique in analytical chemistry has been developed.It has been found that many organic reagents exhibit a specific or selective action with metallic ions, and to a lesser extent with acid radicles also. In the opinion of the lecturer these tests had now reached such a stage of perfection that they could be employed advantageously by every analytical chemist, and should be taught in our schools and colleges. The literature on the subject was so vast that a considerable amount of pruning had been necessary in order to make certain that the best methods were being employed. Such a selection had been made by the lecturer and for several months the methods had been successfully employed by the more advanced students in the school.It was not suggested that the older methods should be entirely superseded, but that the new reagents should be employed for confirmatory tests. After mentioning some of the cases in which the older methods were admittedly unsatisfactory, the lecturer emphasised that these organic reagents were almost always specific and capable of distinguishing between closely related elements even in the presence of one another. Moreover, they were extremely sensitive, and also in many cases the theoretical principles underlying their action might be easily understood by a student possessing only an elementary knowledge of organic chemistry. The following reagents strated:- were recommended and demon- For Magnesium (a)“Magneson.” (b)Titan Yellow.Sodium Potassium Zinc uranyl acetate. Sodium cobaltinitrite. 35 Barium,Strontium Rhodizonic acid (Na salt). Calcium Picrolonic acid. Cobalt a-nitroso-/3-Naphthol. Nickel Dimet hylglyoxime. Aluminium Aurine tricarboxylic acid. Iron Thioglycollic acid. Chromium Diphen ylcarbazide. Bismuth, Mercury, Lead, Copper Cinchonine + Potassium iodide. Bismuth Thiourea. Copper (a)Sodium-diet hyl-dithio-carba- mate. (b) Benzoin oxime. Cadmium Diphenylcarbazide. Tin Cacot heline. Arsenic Gutzeit’s Test. Silver p-Dimethyl-amino-benzal-rhoda-nine. Nitrate (a) Brucine. (b) Diphenylamine. Phosphate Ammonium molybdate +I-amino-2-naphthol-4-sulphonic acid. Bromine Fluorescein. Many of the above reagents may also be employed for the colorimetric estimation of the appropriate radicles, and some-e.g., rhodizonic acid-as external indicators in volumetric analysis.The lecture was illustrated throughout by experiments. The meeting concluded with a vote of thanks to Mr. Giblin, proposed by the Chairman,-Mr. A. C. Carter. On zznd January, members were privileged to attend a lecture held under the auspices of the Chemical Society, in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of the University, at Edgbaston, when Professor R. Robinson, delivered an address on “Some Recent Work on the Alkaloid Group.” Cape.-At the invitation of the Cape Section of the Institute and the Cape Chemical and Technological Society, Dr. Arnstein gave an address on 17th November, 1933, on “Recent Developments in the Production of Alcohol.” Dr.Arnstein said that the economics of the production of alcohol from starchy materials had suffered a complete change during the last few years. There were two reasons for this, namely, the great advancement in our knowledge of the process of 36 fermentation and the rather sudden jump into prominence of an important by-product of the process-carbonic acid in the form of dry ice. Dealing with fermentation, he said that the quality and yield obtained depended on the quality of the yeast used. There were many kinds of yeast. Some converted sugar into alcohol and carbon dioxide ;others converted sugar into other substances or brought about secondary fermentation. Obviously, the maximum yield of alcohol would be obtained when this secondary fermentation was at a minimum.Within recent years it had become possible to grow pure yeast cultures which were able, under proper conditions, to give a yield of alcohol equal to 95 per cent. of that theoretically obtainable from the starch. Until very recently, most distilleries used ordinary bakers’ yeast-which was not grown as a pure culture in the distilleries-and the yield was never more than 85 per cent. Moreover, it was well known to biochemists that bacteria could be acclimatised to new conditions, and a pure yeast culture could be acclimatised to a liquor containing g per cent. of alcohol. Ordinary yeast could not function adequately in a liquor which contained more than 6 per cent.Dr. Arnstein then went on to describe the mylo process, which possesses many novel features apart from the use of pure cultures, one basic principle of the process being the exclusion of all foreign germs. Whereas the conventional process used about 15 per cent. of malt, or germinated barley, which carried with it innumerable foreign germs from the air, the amylo process used only I per cent. , and this is placed with the corn* in a pressure cooker where all undesirable moulds and germs were destroyed. A completely sterilised mash was thus produced. The actual conversion of the starch into sugar and then into alcohol was effected by a special mould acclimatised to live in a liquor with g per cent. alcohol. The output of the fermenter, or fermentation vat, was thus increased by 50 per cent.The conventional process also used open wooden vats, which were difficult to sterilise, and in any case foreign germs could get in and start secondary fermentation. In the amylo process closed steel fermenters were used so that the fermentation was at all times under control, and, moreover, this obviated the loss of alcohol through surface evaporation. The result of these improvements was that about 10 per cent. more alcohol was obtained from the same weight of grain, and the alcohol was purer and reasonably free from higher alcohols. * Presumably maize. 37 Dealing with the by-products, Dr. Arnstein instanced the analogous case of the packer, who, he said, frequently paid more for the live animal on hoof per pound than he received for the dressed beef, because he produced fertilisers, glue, leather, and all sorts of valuable by-products. Its by-products had on many an occasion been the salvation of an industry.In the production of alcohol from corn* the by-products were yeast, corn* oil, fuse1 oil, cattle feed and carbonic acid. The most important of these, due to recent developments, was the carbonic acid. The gas was very easily converted into liquid by compression (the exhaust steam from the compressors being available for heating the stills) and then into a snow-white solid-“dry ice.” This material was now used extensively in the freight cars on the American continent, and the cost of refrigeration had been reduced to less than one half.Owing to the absence of the necessity of recharging with refrigerant, the cars reached their destination in about half the time taken when ordinary ice was employed. The other by-products were also valuable where there was a market for them. Dr. Arnstein discussed the costs of the process. A few factories were already in operation in America, and the figures he quoted formed the flow sheet of one of these factories which was producing at the rate of 5,000,000 gallons of alcohol a year. An analysis of his figures showed that 80 per cent. of the total cost was for raw material, which in the case quoted was maize at about eight shillings per bag. According to his figures, the actual cost of production, apart from the cost of the raw material, was just below 3d.per gallon of alcohol. Asked whether conditions in South Africa, with its periodic drought and uncertainty of regular supplies of raw material, and its sparse population, as compared with America, were not disturbing factors, Dr. Arnstein gave it as his opinion that the enormous quantities of prickly pear could be employed in the event of a shortage of maize at any time, and that the long distances between concentrated masses of people was rather an argument in favour of producing the new refrigerant which would ensure the farmers’ produce reaching the docks in sound condi- tion. In reply to a question about the reputed corrosion of cylinders when alcohol was used as a fuel, Dr.Arnstein said that the instances of corrosion that had been met with in the past were due to the use of impure alcohol, particularly to the presence * Presumably maize. 38 of higher alcohols. Pure alcohol, he said, does not corrode and was, on the contrary, an excellent anti-knock. Dr. Juritz presided in the absence of the Chairman of the Section, and Sir George Cory expressed the thanks of the meeting for a most interesting and instructive address. Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-A joint meeting of the Local Sections of the Institute and of the Society of Chemical Industry was held on 8th December, 1933, in the Pharmaceutical Hall, Edinburgh,-Mr. Adam Tait in the chair. Professor John Glaister, of the Forensic Medicine Department of Glasgow University, delivered a lecture entitled ‘(Serological Methods in the Detection of Crime.” Professor Glaister said that the examination of blood stains was one of the most important tasks that the medical jurist was called upon to undertake.The ordinary laboratory tests were sufficient to determine whether the substance composing a stain was blood. In medico-legal work it was important that a definite opinion be expressed, whether the blood composing the stain was the blood of a human being as opposed to that of some other mammal. In order to arrive at this opinion the precipitin or serological test must be employed. In the precipitin test, advantage was taken of the fact that the anti-serum of any given animal would produce a precipitate when mixed with the blood serum obtained from a similar animal or one closely related to it.Professor Glaister described how the anti-serum was obtained by injecting an animal, usually a rabbit, with defibrinated blood of an unrelated animal, whereby an anti-serum was produced in the blood of the rabbit. This anti-serum would precipitate the serum of the animal whose blood was injected or of an animal closely related to it, and this reaction constituted the basis of the precipitin tests. Before the test can be applied to a stain the substance com- posing the stain must be brought into solution. For this purpose the stained material was steeped in normal saline and, if the stain was composed of blood which had not been fixed by any agent, a solution was easily obtained. Even when the stain had been acted on by tannic acid as in certain woods and leathers this solvent had been found most efficient.The determination of the degree of dilution of the blood serum was also of importance, as 39 the higher the dilution yielding a positive test, the more specific was the test. Dilutions of I in 20,000 were used in medico-legal work. An extract of the stain having been obtained an indication as to whether blood serum was or was not present might be arrived at by the application of the Foam Test. This consisted of blowing air into the solution by means of a fine pipette, when, if serum was present, a more or less persistent foam was produced. Professor Glaister then described some practical applications of the precipitin test and exhibited a number of lantern slides showing the formation of the precipitate.He discussed the effect of various factors on the specificity of the test, such as the purity of the anti-serum, the acidity or alkalinity of the blood, the effect of age, heat and treatment with other reagents. He indicated the precautions which a skilled operator would take to ensure that any precipitate or haze was not due to any extraneous factors. The reliability of the test in the hands of an expert was such that it had been accepted in Courts of Justice all over the world. A vote of thanks was accorded to Professor Glaister. The fourth joint meeting of the session was held on Tuesday, 16th January, 1934, in the Pharmaceutical Hall, Edinburgh, Mr.W. M. Ames presiding over a large attendance. Mr. H. H. Flower of the Ilford Co., gave an address on the applications of Infra-red Photography. The lecturer illustrated the various applications of infra-red photography to long-distance and aerial photography, the examination of fabrics and dyestuffs, clinical record work, analysis of documents, astronomy and microscopy. At the conclusion of Mr. Flower’s address, the first moving film to be taken by infra-red photography in this country was shown. The film was taken in a darkened room and its chief interest was the illustra- tion it gave of how films might be taken under conditions, such as darkness or fog, which make ordinary filming impossible at present.Mr. Flower received the thanks of the meeting for his most interesting address. (For a further report of the lecture, as given by Mr. Flower at Glasgow,-see p. 40.) 40 Glasgow and West of Scotland.-On 12th January, members of the Section of the Institute were guests of the Ardeer Chemical Club at their Annual Smoking Concert at the Eglinton Hotel, Ardrossan. Mr. Donaldson, who occupied the chair, extended a warm welcome to the guests, and invited them to contribute to the programme. Several of the local members responded, including Prof. W. M. Cumming, violin solo, Mr. J. F. Yeaman, pianoforte solo, while Messrs. Jack, Watson, and Jamieson assisted with items of a humorous nature.Prof. F. J. Wilson expressed the thanks of the visitors to the Ardeer Club for their hospitality and a very enjoyable evening. A Joint Meeting of the Local Sections of the Institute and of the Society of Chemical Industry was held in the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, on 15th January, when Mr. H. H. Flower gave a Lecture on Infra-Red Photography.” Prof. R. M. Caven, Chairman of the Local Section of the Institute, presided. Mr. Flower opened his remarks with a short description of the electro-magnetic range, pointing out the comparatively small region occupied by the visible spectrum. He mentioned that at first almost all research work had been directed towards the violet end of the spectrum, where ultra-violet and X-rays, both of immense value to the medical profession, had been discovered in the invisible region beyond the blue.In more recent times, however, investigation had been extended into the invisible region beyond the red end of the spectrum. The early photographic plates were sensitive only to blue rays but, by means of certain dyes, it was found possible to sensitise into the yellow and orange regions. This, howeGer, was still very unsatisfactory, and research was steadily continued until 1914, when the panchromatic plate was popularised, which was sensitive to the complete range of the visible spectrum. The latest development was the discovery of a method of sensi-tising plates to the invisible infra-red rays. This plate was still preponderantly sensitive to the blue end of the spectrum, however, and it was necessary to use a special infra-red filter, which would eliminate all visible light.With the filter in position the plate attained its maximum sensitivity in the infra-red region. 41 The further this sensitivity was carried into the infra-red, the more responsive the plate became to heat rays, and Mr. Flower showed a number of slides illustrating the possibilities of the photography of hot objects by their own radiation. Mr. Flower devoted the latter part of his lecture to the demonstration, by means of lantern slides, of the manifold applications of infra-red photography. By means of infra-red lamps installed in a picture theatre, it had been found quite possible to photograph the audience, who were, of course, quite unaware that they were being photographed.The use of the plate in this direction was illustrated by two slides shown by Mr. Flower. When applied to portraiture many startling features were observed, particularly with regard to eyes-the dark eyes of coloured men were in every case rendered brighter, whereas the eyes of white men were darkened considerably. Various remarkable points were observed with regard to the dyes of cloths: a number of cloths, apparently uniforrnly black by visible light, showed vast differences in the infra-red photograph, many of the cloths appearing as grey suitings. Mr. Flower said that experiments had now determined which dyes would absorb infra-red rays and which would reflect or transmit them. The possibilities, as yet very little developed, of the infra-red plate in clinical photography were also indicated, various slides being shown illustrating its use in the treatment of such shallow- seated diseases as lupus, varicose veins, and eczema.As shown by a number of portraits, purely superficial skin conditions were not portrayed in the infra-red photograph. By means of photomicroscopy it had also proved of great value in examining the effects of asbestosis and other conditions. In agriculture it had been of great assistance in the discovery of virus spots on potato leaves, at an early stage when these spots were quite invisible to the eye. Infra-red photography had also found widespread application in the deciphering of old documents, defaced either by over-writing or by the ravages of time, and in the photography of stars through the luminous nebulze which masked them from ordinary sensitised material.Lastly, Mr. Flower showed a number of slides illustrating the value of the infra-red plate in the realm of aerial and landscape photography. Although rendered somewhat unnatural by the brightness of the foliage, these photographs had a charm peculiarly their own. 42 Mr. Flower explained that there was a slight variation between the visible focus and the infra-red focus, but in many cases, particularly with short focus lenses, the variation was of no consequence and could be obviated by stopping down. It was interesting to note, however, that two firmswere now producing lenses which were corrected for infra-red photography.Since almost all woods, and substances such as celluloid and ebonite, transmitted infra-red rays quite freely, it was necessary to use a metal dark slide, but otherwise no special apparatus was needed for the practising of infra-red photography. The speed of the Ilford infra-red plate was given as 200 H. & D. to half- watt lighting, and 20 H. & D. to daylight. This did not permit of instantaneous photography, but an exposure of half a second in bright sunlight had been found fully sufficient. For the working of the plates in the darkroom a special safelight had been devised, transmitting only rays of those particular wavelengths to which the plate was insensitive, thus permitting of a considerable amount of light being used in complete safety.In proposing a vote of thanks, Mr. MacCallum complimented the Lecturer on his making his subject instructive and extremely interesting. This was also evident from the animated discussion which followed the Lecture. The members of the Section were invited to a meeting of the Society of Chemical Industry on 19th January, when Prof. F. J. Wilson, Chairman of the Local Section of the Society, delivered an address, entitled “Then and Now.” In the course of his remarks, Prof. Wilson gave a very com- prehensive survey of many substances and processes which at one time were more or less laboratory curiosities and had now become of first-rate commercial importance.A full report of this address appeared in Chemistry and In-dustry for 26th January, 1934. After a discussion the meeting concluded with a vote of thanks proposed by Mr. Roberts. Huddersfie1d.-A meeting of the Section was held on 12th December, 1933,at Field’s Cafk, Huddersfield, Mr. H. W. Moss presiding,-when Mr. N. D. Pullen, of the British Aluminium Co., Ltd., gave a lecture on “The use of Aluminium in Industry.” 43 The lecturer, who gave a resum6 of the modem method of aluminium production, has kindly supplied the following pr4cis :-Some of the properties of the metal which give it such a wide field of usefulness were described and the conditions for its successful employment in chemical plant considered.Pit formation and the corrosion of aluminium was touched on, and the effect of various types of solution, in particular natural waters of varying hardness, was considered. The curious phenomenon, popularly known as “blackening,” which is sometimes en-countered with aluminium utensils, was explained and shown to be basically an interference effect. The lecturer described the peculiar chemical behaviour of aluminium, and reference was made to its reactions with hydro- chloric, nitric, sulphuric and acetic acids of varying concentra- tions. The extremely deleterious effect of small amounts of mercury or mercury salts on aluminium, and also the dangerous corrosion liable to be set up by traces of copper in solution, were dealt with.Sodium silicate, while without much action in caustic alkali solutions, was a very effective inhibitory agent of the action of the alkali carbonate on aluminium. The considerations governing the choice of alloys for any piece of plant or apparatus were discussed. Alloys mentioned included “Y ” alloy, copper and copper-zinc alloys, duralumin, and aluminium-silicon alloys. The anodic film, as a recent development of increasing im- portance to industry, was discussed, and the various means of producing such films were mentioned. The different types of film produced by using such electrolytes as chromic acid, sulphuric acid, and oxalic acid, under various conditions were described. The ability of these films to absorb dyes was of considerable importance.Other properties of the anodic films which were dealt with, included the corrosion resistance, power of absorbing and acting as a base for oils, waxes, varnishes, etc., heat-resistance, hardness and electric insulation. The properties of the electro- lytic condenser were also dependent on a particular type of anodic film. The lecture was followed by a discussion, and particular interest was shown in the anodic film, samples of which were exhibited. A vote of thanks was accorded the lecturer, on the motion of Mr. Randolph, seconded by Dr. Goldthorpe. 44 Mr. H. Webster Moss presided at a meeting of the Section held in Field’s Caf6, Huddersfield, on 12th January, when Professor R. M. Caven, Member of Council of the Institute, gave a lecture on (‘Theories of Valency,” of which he has kindly supplied the following pr6cis:- If a system of forces acts at a point, the system may be investigated with reference to (I) the number of forces so acting, (2) their directions, (3) their magnitude, (4) their intrinsic nature.Valency is a force or forces acting between atoms or groups of atoms; and, historically, its study has followed the lines indicated above. Dalton placed atomic symbols together, but did not inquire how atoms were united. Berzelius, profiting by the electrolytic work of Davy, believed that atoms were held together by electrical attraction, and propounded his electrochemical theory which led to dualism; a view which was helpful in inorganic chemistry, but failed in the organic field when Dumas successfully maintained that a chemical compound was a complete whole, and did not consist of two oppositely charged parts.The study of organic chemistry in the middle of the last century led to the system of types associated with the names of Laurent , Gerhardt, Williamson, Wurtz, Hofmann, and Kekulk, by which relationships between organic compounds were suggested by comparison with simple inorganic substances, and research and discovery stimulated. Frankland’s work on organo-metallic compounds led to the idea of “saturation capacity” or the capacity of the atom of an element to combine with a definite number of other atoms, which is the first phase in the doctrine of valency.Couper introduced “bonds,” which have been invaluable in organic chemistry, but have been misused in the inorganic branch, since attempts have been made to represent constitution apart from evidence. The development of the “structure theory” by Kekul6 led to the conception of the benzene ring, and the adumbration by the same chemist of the tetrahedral disposition of the carbon valencies. “Chemistry in Space” followed the work of Pasteur on asymmetry, and was developed by Le Bel, van’t Hoff, and Wislicenus. Geometrical isomerism of the derivatives of ethylene, the “asymmetric carbon atom ” giving optical activity, 45 and the evidence that other atoms besides those of carbon could become centres of stereoisomerism were the chief develop- ments in this field; whilst the polyrnethylenes yielded other examples of the same phenomenon.The nature of electrolytes and of their reactions in solution was set forth by the electrolytic dissociation theory of Arrhenius; and the labours of Werner on the ammines, and the valency theory he developed therefrom, marked an outstanding advance- ment in chemical thought. Particularly is this the case with regard to Werner’s octahedral formulae, with the 1-2 and 1-6 isomerism, and the realisation of asymmetry and optical activity with these compounds; whilst the study of “chelate” compounds by Morgan and his co-workers marks a still further advance. Next is to be noticed Abegg’s theory of normal- and contra- valencies, which found its interpretation when the electron was introduced into chemistry.Ramsay seems to have been the first chemist to conceive of the electron as the unit of valency, but the development of the theory is due to Kossel, Lewis and Langmuir, and a number of contemporary chemists. There are now recognised three kinds of va1ency:-(I) electro-valency, (2) co-valency, and (3) co-ordinate valency. Electro-valency, which represents the ions of electrolytes as held together by electrostatic attraction after they have been formed by electron transference in the synthesis of the electrolyte, points back through the electrolytic dissociation theory of Arrhenius to the electro-chemical theory of Berzelius. Co-valency, in which atoms are held together by reciprocal sharing of electrons, corresponds with the bonds in organic and other non-electrolytic compounds, and justifies the unitary views of Dumas ;whilst co-ordinate valency explains, among other things, the union of simple molecules such as those of ammonia and water, with atoms that can accommodate them, through pairs of electrons provided solely by the uniting molecule.It thus accounts, not only for the constitution of ammines and hydrates, but for that of a number of unusual compounds containing metals, e.g. the Grignard reagent. The electronic theory has been applied in recent years to organic compounds, and the idea of electro-polarity in these compounds has been developed with interesting results. A vote of thanks for a most interesting and stimulating lecture, was passed on the motion of Dr.A. Y. Livingstone, which was seconded by Dr, A. E. Everest. 46 Irish Free State.-A meeting of the Section was held in Trinity College, Dublin, on Wednesday, 7th February, Prof. A. O’Farrelly presiding. Mr. T. Mason delivered a lecture on b‘ Modern Photography,” of which the following is a brief summary. In the history of the progress of photography, the names of two Dublin workers will stand out pre-eminently-Professor John Joly and Professor J. Alfred Scott. The former was the inventor of the modern system of colour photography, and his paper on the latent image, after a lapse of more than 25 years, still gives the most satisfactory explanation of the formation of the latent image.Professor Scott was the originator of the Exposure Light Tables, which are still standard all over the world, and the first satisfactory Exposure Calculator, which is still on the market, was his invention. Photography is both an art and a science. Many photo- graphic processes are still imperfectly understood. Far from being an exact science, the manufacture of sensitive materials is very largely empirical, although a great amount of research work has been done within recent years. The action of dyes in sensitising plates to different colours is not thoroughly under- stood. The possibilities are that Professor Joly’s theories in respect of this will hold the field as a reasonable explanation, although various other theories have been advanced.The lecturer dealt with the sensitivity of plates, and also with the freedom from grain, combined with high speed, of the modern photographic plate. He illustrated his remarks by photographs of the spectrum, and by numerous lantern slides, including subjects taken by ultra-violet and infra-red light ; he mentioned that a number of the infra-red photographs which he showed, were taken by Dr. McDonogh and Mr. McCormick of Dublin. Photographs in the Press which are regarded as a matter of course by the public, are really a very wonderful tribute to the manufacturers of sensitive materials and of modern lenses, and it is particularly owing to the demand on the part of the Press for the seemingly photographically impossible, that such great advances in modern photography have been made.47 A vote of thanks to Mr. Mason for his interesting lecture was proposed by Prof. T. J. Nolan and seconded by Dr. W. R. Fearon. Liverpool and North-Western.-At a meeting of the Section, held on 11th January, a paper was read by Mr. William Doran on 64 Microsublimation," of which he has kindly supplied the following abstract: Among the first to utilise sublimation as a means of separating and differentiating both organic and inorganic substances in very small amounts were Helwig (1864) and Guy (1867). These investigators sublimed the material (alkaloids, etc.) on to a microscope object-slide or cover-slip, and examined the sublimate under the microscope.Behrens (1895) and his collaborator, Kley, extended the method to a number of simple salts and organic substances. The field of natural products was opened up by Nestler (I~oI), Tunmann (qos), and Mitlacher (1906), by whom a wide range of vegetable products was submitted to microsublimation with the object of isolating and identifying, by this process, pure chemical compounds which would be characteristic of the original material. Thus were obtained caffeine from tea, vanillin from vanilla, gentisin from gentian, betulin from birch-bark, mannitol from manna, citraconic acid from citrus fruits, anthraquinone derivatives from rheum, senna, rhamnus, etc. More recently the technique has been improved, in various ways, and applied to forensic and toxicological problems, as well as to histochemical research, by Molisch, Kempf, Rosenthaler, Eder, Klein, and others.Microsublimation, under atmospheric pressure , requires only the simplest of apparatus to produce quite useful results. For work under lower pressures some kind of special apparatus is necessary, such as that of Eder, or the Werner-Klein modification of Eder's apparatus. Mention was made of the vacuum sublimation-tube with sintered glass diaphragm introduced by Soltys in 1930, which is used for the purification of 10 mgm. and upwards of material for quantitative microanalysis. Kempf (1923) has devised an elaborate and expensive apparatus which consists of an electrically heated plate, mounted on a porcelain base, with a special relay arrangement for keeping constancy of temperature to &I".The minimal distance 48 (r$ to mm.) travelled by the vapourised material permits of sublimation, at atmospheric pressure, of many substances hitherto regarded as decomposable or non-sublimable except in highest vacua. The sublimates, which condense on a circular glass cover-slip exactly fitting the apparatus, are nearly always of very definite crystalline character when examined under suitable magnification. In the discussion which followed Professor C. 0. Bannister said that the paper had suggested to him new possibilities in the application of micro-technique to metallurgical research. London and South-Eastern Counties.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on zznd November at Slater’s Restaurant, High Holborn. The following officers and committee were elected: Chairrnan, Mr.F. G. Edmed; Vice- Chairmen, Dr. L. H. Lampitt and Mr. J. R. Nicholls; Hon. Treasurer, Mr. C. A. Adams; Hon. Secretary, Mr. M. Bogod. Committee (Fellows) Dr. E. A. Dancaster, Mr. F. R. Ennos, Dr. B. S. Evans, Dr. F. H. Gamer, Dr. J. Grant, Mr. E. Hinks, Mr. A. C. Hoare, Miss D. Jordan Lloyd, Prof. H. Raistrick, Mr. C. E. Sage, Dr. J. Watson, Mr. W. 0. R. Wynn; (Associates) Mr. E. B. Bennion, Mr. T. Howard, Mr. H. T. Islip, Dr. T. Moran, Mr. D. M. Wilson, Miss W. Wright. Mr. E. J. Lush and Mr. F. H. B. Claudet were re-elected Hon. Auditors. A vote of thanks was accorded the retiring chairman, Dr.L. H. Lampitt, for his work on behalf of the Section during his term of office. The meeting was followed by an enjoyable smoking concert. A meeting of the Section was held at the Institute on 17th January,-Mr. F. G. Edmed in the Chair-when Dr. J. G. King delivered a lecture on bb Developments in the Coal Industry.” In view of the very wide scope of the subject the lecturer restricted his remarks to: (I) The utilisation of fine coal formed in coal mining and in preparation of coal for the market. (2) The carbonisation of coal in horizontal retorts for gas manufacture. 49 (3) Low temperature carbonisation. (4) Hydrogenation of coal. (5) Coal-oil suspensions. (I) Fine coal is separated from the dirt particles by flotation with oil in a vacuum, the effect being dependent upon the differences in the surface properties of coal and dirt.In an upward current of water the coal particles retain sufficient bubbles of air to allow them to float. The oils used are petroleum or coal-tar fractions to the extent of about I lb. per ton of coal. (2) In the manufacture of coal gas in horizontal retorts the normal yield of gas is about 76 therms per ton of coal, or IOO therms per retort per day. Experiments at the Fuel Research Station have shown that greater yields and greater outputs per retort can be obtained by the introduction of steam during the last hour of carbonisation, and by increasing thevelocity of the heating gases by circulating flue gases either through the gas producer or in admixture with the secondary air.The increase of yield is approximately 10 therms per ton of coal and increase of output up to 56 therms per retort per day (56 per cent.). (3) It has been shown by the success of the Low Temperature Carbonisation Co. that the production of smokeless fuel is now a commercial proposition. It has been established that good smokeless fuel should not contain more than 6 or 7 per cent. of ash, and the old notion that waste slack could be used is quite dead. The utilisation of the tar is still a problem, since at present it realises only a low price as fuel oil. The modern point of view is to regard the tar as a raw material for the production of motor spirit or Diesel oil, and hydrogenation- cracking forms the best means of converting the tar.A hundred gallons of low temperature tar can be converted directly into 98 gallons of motor spirit boiling below zooo C. The conversion is carried out at a pressure of 3,000 lbs. per square inch, and at a temperature of 480" C. (4) The conversion of coal into oil has now reached a stageof technical success, and Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd., are at work on the preparation of a plant for the treatment of 400 tons of coal per day. It is expected that the yield of motor spirit will be 165 gallons per ton of ash-free dry coal. The spirit contains about 24 per cent. of aromatic hydrocarbons, and has an octane number of 88 as against 66 for petroleum motor spirit.Almost any British bituminous coal can be hydrogenated 50 successfully, but the best yields of oil are obtained from coals of carbon content varying from 80-84 per cent. and hydrogen content from 5.0 to 5-8 per cent. Coals of lower carbon content give lower yields of oil; coals of higher carbon content are more difficult to treat, requiring higher temperatures and a longer time of treatment. (5) Some public interest has been aroused in the use of “colloidal” fuel during an Atlantic crossing. The fuel consists of a suspension of fine coal in oil. Its chief disadvantages are high viscosity and settling of the coal. The former imposes a limit of about 40 per cent. on the amount of coal. Settling can be impeded by (a) specially fine grinding, (b) a stabilising agent, (c) an oil having a high viscosity at low rates of shear, (d)peptising.In the discussion which followed, questions were raised as to the effect of an increased use of coal on the limited supplies of this mineral, and as to the possibility of the use of “dopes” in fuel-oil prepared by hydrogenation. Dr. King pointed out that the aim of the research worker on fuel was to get the most out of coal and thus to conserve the supplies. The use of “dopes” in oil from coal for Diesel engine purposes was possible, but such comparatively large quantities of dope are required as to make the price prohibitive at present. Manchester and District.-Mr. J. H. Lester presided at a meeting of the Section held on the 11th January, when an address was given by Major F.A. Freeth, O.B.E., F.R.S., entitled “A Leaf from Bacon.” Major Freeth has kindly supplied the following pr6cis:- The founders of the Royal Society in many cases confess to a great intellectual debt to Francis Bacon. Although Bacon, as we would say in modern slang “missed the ’bus” in some respects, his claim to immortality is as sure as that of many people. Bacon insisted on the value of experiment. His logical methods were not the success for which he had hoped for them, but his great realisation that something was wrong which could only be solved by experiment will, apart from the literary magnificence of his work and his general charm, always ensure him a place in the front rank of thinkers.It is to another quite well known, but not so much commented upon, aspect of his work that I wish to refer. Bacon indicated 51 very clearly the inherent natural disabilities of the human mind, and it is this to which I wish to draw your special attention. Bacon showed that the progress of mankind was impeded by idols of his own making. The sense in which he used the word “idols” is, of course, not that in which we use the word now. What I suppose he meant wereJixed ideas andJixed habits. You will remember some of them-we have idols of the market place, i.e. the trouble to them which is always induced by commonly received opinions; the idols of the Cave, which again in popular parlance might be described as “the private bats in the man’s own belfry”; and the idols of the tribe which, correspondingly, are “the public bats in the national belfry.” Some of you will doubtless have read the leading article in Nature of 30th December last, in which the eloquent plea is made for a larger share of the scientific community in the conduct of public affairs.This question is the one with which I propose to deal, always bearing in mind that if we can recognise the disabilities from which we suffer, we may get a little further along the path of progress. Let us consider for a moment what is meant by the voice of science. We have a number of excellent spirited bodies, such as The British Association for the Advancement of Science, The British Science Guild; the Learned Societies and numerous other organisations, who are slowly and carefully preparing, by means of committees and the general machinery of co-ordination, to further what they consider to be their legitimate ends.I freely admit that it is a piece of great temerity on my part to criticise any such matters, as, since you have got me here, it is very difficult without a great breach of the rules of ordinary politeness, to stop me. First of all, why in Great Britain should science always be classified as something apart from ordinary life, and why should scientists and science be to a certain extent mistrusted by the general public? The attitude of the public always seems to me to be a mixture of reverence and irritation, combined with a certain flavouring of contempt.This is, of course, due to the temper of our people with which it is difficult on certain occasions to sympathise; but I would now like to make a plea against the fear of science which seems so prevailing everywhere. Let me explain. There are plenty of places in London where you might meet large numbers of well educated and intelligent people, some of whom may be engaged in professions, some in commerce 52 and some doing nothing at all. If, in a representative body of this kind, the conversation happens to turn upon rather a fashionable subject like archaeology, there will undoubtedly be found a considerable number of people who can talk on this learnedly, critically and well, who have a knowledge of periods, recent excavations, rival theories which would possibly astonish a stranger. Similar remarks apply to psychology.People will talk about Jung, Freud, complexes, inhibitions, Pavlov, condition reflexes-and so on. You will find any number of people well abreast with current theory. Turning to more difficult matters-relativity, the theory of the Universe, Eddington, Jeans and so forth-you will also find that a very large number of people have read what some- times are laughingly described as "best sellers " by the above two great men, without, I am afraid, understanding much of what they are talking about. Finally, they have Einstein. Now then, let the conversation turn towards a relatively simple matter involving, say, the turning of heat into work, or anything to do with a quantity and intensity factor such as amperes and volts-the company will shy off, give a little shudder and say that it is either scientific, or technical, and therefore should be kept for a special race of people, but not be discussed in civilised society.There has been a great deal of talk about the necessity for politicians either to have received a scientific training or have some appreciation of science. I would like to suggest that if only one could make elementary science a little fashionable, and that the above mentioned clever people would turn their attention, for, say, two hours, on simplicities such as Force, Power, and Work, and then slowly apply these elemen- tary principles towards the ordinary questions which come before them, we should have made a great step forward.You will see that I am suggesting that the majority of intelligent people are scared by science for no reason and that, if we could only find some way of making them think a little bit, it would be to the national good. Let me give you a concrete example-the Weather reports. The weather reports give us pressure of the atmosphere in millebars, of all quantities, changed by a sweep of the pen from inches of mercury overnight. We have an intensity factor known as temperature, but we do not have what interests us most of all-what you might call a quan-tity factor, bearing upon our noble selves. Anyone who has 53 had the pleasure of meeting a Canadian or an American over here in the winter lor the first time, would be struck by the way in which he complained of the cold.I am not referring to what Grenfell of Labrador called “the coldest spot in the world- an English bedroom”; but to the cold in the open air. No attempt is made to tell us what sort of figure this should be, and yet, as you probably all know, the method and the means are well known. I am referring, of course, to Prof. Leonard Hill’s kata-thermometer which is sometimes called by the horrid barbarism “the comfort meter.” Why could not one of our more enterprising seaside resorts give us some kata-thermometric readings at certain spots, and a great newspaper like The Times print them, and give us an idea how cold it really was.There is a possible reason-the figures might be too frightening-but do not think this could be taken too seriously. Another simple matter-coal, gas, and electricity. Relation-ship between the theoretical amount of work which a quantity of coal could give can be found by anybody, and it would not be a bad thing if the public in general realised, for example, that the overall efficiency of a railway locomotive was of the order of 8 per cent. Now let us turn towards the various branches of science. We live in an age of specialisation, but the specialist is apt to have a very good set of cave idols and sub-tribe idols. There is a growing tendency for each specialised branch of science to treat the others with courtesy, and to explain to them that they are congenially incapable of realising each other’s mysteries.I would put it to you that this is all wrong and that, for example, an intelligent chemist-especially if he has had the misfortune to learn Latin and Greek in his youth-will have no difficulty in reading a good history of biology and will be all the better for it. Digressing for a moment on the history of science and tech- nology, it is possible that lack of historical sense is responsible for most of the mistakes we make; in other words, an historical sense is a first class destroyer of idols. Mr. C. J. T. Cronshaw, Dr. Donnington, Prof. Arthur Lapworth, Mr. J. H. Lester, Mr. E. L. Rhead, and Mr. J. M. Weir participated in the ensuing discussion.A vote of thanks to Major Freeth, proposed by Mr. Cronshaw and seconded by Mr. Rhead, was carried unanimously. Manchester and District Students’ Section.-At the Annual General Meeting of the Students’ Section, the Accounts for the past twelve months and a Report on the proceedings of the Section were received and adopted. The following Com- mittee was elected for 1934:-President, Mr. F. Scholefield, Fellow; Committee, Messrs. C. G. Halton, G. Hart, A. M. Keith, A. M. Kinnear, D. G. Brown, P. Smith, S. Weir, H. Zimmerman, and E. Bleasdale, Hon. Secretary. The meeting was followed by a social gathering, and the members enjoyed a programme of music. Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North-East Coast.-A joint meeting with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, was held on 15th December, 1933, at Armstrong College, Newcastle-on-Tyne, Prof.G. R. Clemo, Chairman of the Local Section of the Institute, presiding. Mr. W. Singleton of the Research Laboratories of Goodlass, Wall & Lead Industries, Ltd., read a paper on ‘‘Recent Developments in Lead for Chemical Plant.” The paper (which has been submitted for publication in the J.S.C.I.), was largely concerned with the study of the effects, on “pure” lead, of additions of small amounts of other elements, notably tellurium; which latter, at the rate of I lb. per ton, has been found to confer on lead greatly increased mechanical strength as well as some additional resistance to some corrosive agents. Mr.Singleton dealt with metallographic studies of this increase in resistance to the effects of annealing, recrystallisation, grain-growth and non-uniformity, which ultimately leads, in ordinary pure lead, to intercrystalline cracking and failure. Prof. Riley during the ensuing discussion referred to the limited production of tellurium (derived solely from the refining of other metals, e.g. electrolytic copper), which he estimated at a maximum of IOO tons per annum. The lecturer, however, did not anticipate any shortage. The importance of the lead industry on Tyneside was men- tioned by Mr. D. W. Jones, who supported the claims advanced for tellurium-lead. Mr. B. P. Hill expressed the thanks of the meeting to Mr. Singleton for his interesting and instructive lecture.55 On 31st January, Prof. G. R. Clemo presided at a joint meeting of the Local Sections of the Institute and of the Society of Chemical Industry, when Dr. Fraser Thomson, Research Manager of Scottish Dyes, Grangemouth, gave a lecture on “Complex Aromatic Ring Structures.” About 20 years ago Scholl’s perylene synthesis was discovered, depending on the peri-reactivity of naphthalene and its deri- vatives. Pyrene, now obtained from coal-tar commercially by German tar-distillers, has 8 peri-positions and leads to pyran- throne by ring closure of its dibenzoyl derivative. This had been prepared previously from I-chlor-a-methylanthraquinone by successive treatments with copper powder and potash.If two nitrogen atoms replace the C-H groups linking the molecules, flavanthrene is obtained, a curiously similar yellow dye, but the vat it forms is red, while that of pyranthrone is an intense blue. Indanthrene, a phenazine dye in which the nitrogen ring links two anthraquinone molecules, is made more stable to bleaching powder by substitution of chlorine in the 3: 3’ positions. Violanthrone, now known as dibenzanthrone, was once obtained by alkali fusions of benzanthrone, which then contained phenolic substances from the glycerol used in its manufacture. Pure benzanthrone does not give this reaction. Pure benzanthrone links (with another molecule) in the 3 :3’ position in the presence of an oxidising agent. Alcoholic potash at 60-100’forms the 4: 4’ compound. The dihydroxydibenzanthrone was made just before the war and is not a satisfactory dye, but its dimethyl derivative is Caledon Jade Green.The properties of this compound were described and demonstrated. Dr. Thomson then showed a series of slides illustrating the growth of the Scottish Dye-stuffs factory at Carlisle and then at Grangemouth. Finally, the dispersive action on the new wetting agents of in-soluble dyes was shown. On 2nd February, Dr. Riley presided at a meeting of the Bedson Club, to which members of the Newcastle Section were invited, when Dr. G. C. Simpson, C.B., F.R.S., Director of the Meteorological Office, gave an address on “The Physical and Chemical Constitution of the Higher Atmosphere.” Until about 1920,it was supposed that there was a uniform fall of temperature on ascent, and possibly a steady change in 56 the composition of the atmosphere.Observation of meteors, however, showed that this was not the case. The absorption of ultra-violet light by the atmosphere suggested that a belt rich in ozone occurred above the stratosphere, where the temperature rose steadily to 400’ K. or more. The reflection of sound waves confirmed this. The similar reflection of wireless waves led to the discovery of the Heaviside layer (roo km.) and the Appleton layer (220 km.), while above that, observations on the polar auroras had given some information up to 1000 km. The concentration of ozone was greatest over low pressure areas in the troposphere, and the height, and therefore the coldness, of the stratosphere was greatest at the Equator and least at the Poles, the difference for corresponding heights being about 30’ C., the reverse of surface conditions.South Wales.-Members of the Section were invited by the Chemical Society to attend a lecture given on 9th November, 1933, by Prof. S. Sugden, on “Some Applications of Magnetism to Chemical Problems,” and on 24th November, to participate in a discussion on the “Chemical Applications of Optical and Morphological Crystallography.” On 8th December, a paper was given at Swansea before a joint meeting of the Local Sections of the Institute and the Society of Chemical Industry, by Mr. E. Thornton, on ‘‘The Extraction and Refining of Paraffin Wax,” a report of which was published’ in Chemistry and Industry, 29th December, 1933.On 19th January, a joint meeting of the Local Section of the Institute was held with the Local Section of the Institution of Petroleum Technologists, when a lecture, illustrated by cinematograph films, was given by Dr. A. E. Dunstan on the “Production and Refining of Petroleum.” 57 January Examinations, 1934. Abstract of the Report of the Board of Examiners. EXAMINATION THE ASSOCIATESHIPIN GENERALFOR CHEMISTRY, The Examination for the Associateship was held at the Institute from the 8th-13th January. Fourteen candidates were examined of whom seven passed. One candidate completed the Examination by satisfying the Examiners in the practical work, and one candidate completed the Examination by satisfying the Examiners in the theoretical papers. One candidate failed to satisfy the Examiners in the theoretical papers; one candidate failed to satisfy the Examiners in the practical work; and one candidate failed to satisfy the Examiners in the theoretical papers and translation of French and German.INORGANIC AND PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY.-Discussions Of theories of valency were distinctly weak on the historical side, and, curiously enough, candidates quite generally failed to connect the thio-acids with analytical practice, The practical exercises proved to be well within the com- petence of the majority of the candidates. Candidates should be warned, however, that they cannot count on gaining credit for their results unless these are calculated out and stated in the form demanded by the paper.It is a substantial part of the examination test that candidates should so arrange and execute their work that they have proper time to obtain and state their results. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY.-The organic theory paper was answered moderately well, but it still appears that some of the candidates’ reading goes little beyond what is commonly regarded as an elementary course in this subject: for example, several candidates did not attempt to answer the questions on the isomerism of the diphenyl compounds, the Walden inversion, the diazonium compounds, the pinacone-pinacoline rearrange- ment, the Beckmann change, Michael reaction, and Victor Meyer’s esterification “law.” 58 The practical work was carried out better than usual by some of the candidates, and all achieved somemeasure of success in this part of the examination.PASS LIST. Hall, Norman Reginald, Central Technical College, Birmingham. Harris, Bert Stockwell, Birkbeck College, London. Harry, Ralph Gordon, Technical College, Cardiff. Kershaw, John Maurice, B.Sc. (Lond.), University College; and The Technical College, Hull. Timmins, Arthur Alfred, Central Technical College, Birmingham. Wallwork, Douglas Goodson, A.M.C.T., College of Technology, Manchester; and Woolwich Polytechnic. Welford, John Eric, B.Sc. (Lond.’), The Polytechnic, Regent Street, London. The following papers and exercises were set :-Examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry.MONDAY, 8th JANUARY, 1934: 10 a.#m.to 1 p.m. (Attempt FIVE questions only. Answer brie$y and to the point. Give formulae and equations where possible.) 1. Give explanatory definitions of the following terms indicating where possible the quantitative basis of their application :-osmoDic pressure, equilibrium constant, heat of reaction. 2. Explain precisely how any TWO of the following quantities are measured in the laboratory and outline briefly the significance and use of the measurement :-(a) specific heat, (b) refractive index, (c) electrode potential. 3. Discuss thoroughly and critically any analytical procedure you have employed largely in practice. 4.Give an historical account of the development of theories of valency. 5. How are FOUR of the following substances manufactured and what are their principal uses :-(u) calcium cyanamide, (b) ferro-silicon, (c) perchloric acid, (d) ammonium persulphate, (e) chloramine. 6. Describe and discuss the preparation and properties of the chief thio-acids and their anhydrides, indicating especially any which me important in analysis. 7. Outline the chemistry and practice involved in the extraction and purification of TWO of the following metals:- (a)copper, (b) vanadium, (c) cadmium. 2 p.m. to 5 p.m. 1. How is velocity of reaction measured, in what terms is it stated 2. Discuss carefully whether (a)boron more resembles silicon or 3.Give an account of the rare earths, their extraction, wes, and and what information may it give as to the nature of chemical reactions ? aluminium, und (b) whether phosphorus more resembles nitrogen or arsenic. 59 theoretical interest. 4. Discuss critically the theory of ‘‘ complete ionhation.” 6. Write a short essay on ONE of the following topics:- (a) Co-ordination compounds. (b) Ozone and hydrogen peroxide. (c) Heavy water. 6. What were the chief contributions to chemistry made by each of the following men :-Davy, Faraday, Graham, Moissan ? 7. Outline the phenomena of radioactivity and their sigdicance. TUESDAY, 9th JANUARY, 1934: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Attempt ~mquestions only. Answer briefly and to the point. Give formulae and equutiom where possible.) 1.Outline commercial methods for the manufacture of (a)methyl alcohol, (b) aniline, (c) anthracene, (d) glycerol. 2. Write a short account of EITHER (a)the isomerism of diphenyl compounds, OR (b) the Walden inversion. 3. Explain with examples the use of the following methods in the determination of the structure of organic compounds :-(a) exhaustive methylation, (b)catalytic hydrogenation, (c) formation and decomposition of ozonides. 4. Outline the researches which resulted in the establishment of the structure of ONE of the following compounds:- (a) uric acid, (b) camphor, (c) indigo, (d) papaverine. 5. Describe in detail two methods for the determination of nitrogen in organic compounds and indicate their limitations.6. Write a short essay on EITHER (a) Benzene substitution OR (b)the Baeyer strain theory. 7. Discuss the constitution of diazonium compounds. How would you prepare a solution of a diazonium salt from ltnilina and from 2 :.i-dinitroaniline? Explain why different methods are necessary. 8. Explain what is meant by (a)The pinacone-pinacoline rearrange- ment, (b) the Beckmann change, (c) the Michael reaction, and (d) Victor Meyer’s esterification “law.” WEDNESDAY, 10th JANUARY, 1934: 10 a.m. to 4.30 pm. You are supplied with 40 g. of p-toluidine (A). From 5 g. of this prepare a crystallised specimen of its p-toluenesulphonyl derivative. From another 5 g. prepare a crystallised specimen of tolyl-azo- p-naphthol, and from the remaining 30 g.prepare p-cresol. Quantity as well as quality will be considered in judging the specimens. THURSDAY, 11th JANUARY, 1934: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Determine approximately the amount by volume of benzene in 2. Report on the nature of the substance (C).the mixture of benzene and petroleum (B). (Tricresyl phoaphate or sodium naphthionate or quinine hydrochloride.) 60 FRIDAY, 12th JANUARY, 1934: 10 am.to 4.30 pm. 1. The solution (D) contains copper sulphate and silver sulphate. You are required to standardise the necessary solutions (which are supplied) and determine the copper and silver volumetrically. (THESE RESULTS MUST BE HANDED IN TO-DAY.) You are also required to estimate copper, silver and sulphate grevi- metrically.(THESE ANALYSES MAY BE COMPLETED AND REPORTED UPON TO-MORROW.) Report your volumetric results for the standard solutions by stating their normality and, for solution (D), by giving the content of Cu and Ag in terms of normality and as grams per litre. Report your gravimetric results in grams of Ag, Cu and SO,, per litre. 2. Identify the minerals (E) and (F) and report specially on anyimpurity present. (E = Galena + 10% fluorspar; F = Calcite + 10% spathic iron ore.) SATURDAY, 13th JAIC’UARY, 1934: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Complete the gravimetric exercises. 2. Analyse qualitatively the mixture G. (Copper sulphate, nickel chloride, zinc sulphide ; or Bismuth oxy- chloride, cobalt nitrate, manganese carbonate.) The candidates were required to translate into English, passages from French and German technical literature.61 Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. THE Report of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research for the Year 1932-1933 has recently been published. (H.M. Stationery Office, 3s. net.) The Report of the Advisory Council this year is largely devoted to a general-survey of the work of the Department since its inception in 1917. It is pointed out that, at that time, certain nations had secured, by the applications of science, a hold upon certain manufactured products which was found to be of an extent and nature to threaten our national well-being. This called for increasing effort if British industrial supremacy was to be maintained.The Government of the day, when setting up the new Department, had obtained from Parliament a capital sum of one million pounds. The idea of setting up industrial research associations was a bold one, as nothing of the kind had been attempted before, and sceptics were disposed to condemn as very sanguine the idea that firms would be willing to co-operate in attempting to discover and disclose to whole industries improved methods of manufacture, which hitherto had been the cherished possessions of the few. It was realised that the scheme would need to be very elastic. Some industries such as the electrical industry had been born out of and nurtured on science; in others no such antecedent conditions obtained, and they had little or no scientific background .It was the essence of the scheme that the research associations must be intimately bound up with the industries concerned, and be managed by them. The disbursements from the fund were made in the form of grants paid in proportion to the income subscribed by the industries themselves, and at the start the Department subscribed fl~for every LI subscribed by industry. The Department made it clear, however, that it was hoped that the value of the work would soon become so much appreciated that the associations would become entirely self-supporting. Up to the year 1928 the proportion subscribed by the Depart- ment fell, till in that year the income raised from industry was 62 approximately EIZO,OOO,and that subscribed by the Department approximately fl50,ooo.At that time, however, the industrial depression began to have an adverse effect on contributions, and it was then found necessary to increase the grants from the Department. The Council remarks that “. . . Inadequate finance is coupled with an uncertain future and, during the history of the movement, dependent as it has been on voluntary subscriptions of firms and temporary assistance from Government, the staffs of research associations have not enjoyed any great measure of security or freedom from anxiety as to their future.’’ The criticism of the movement is, therefore, that it is financed on a totally inadequate scale to realise the full measure of its possibilities.The sums subscribed by industry as a whole have, however, continued to increase, and in the year 1932the amount subscribed by industry was about fl165,ooo, and by the Department less than E70,ooo. The Council refers to discussions which have taken place as to the possibilities of a General Enabling Bill, under which firms would be required to contribute to the support of a co-operative research organisation where the bulk of the industry concerned desired such a step. The general concensus of opinion among the research associations seems, however, to be unfavourable to this proposal, but if any particular industry wished to submit suitable proposals of this kind, a measure to give effect to them deserved sympathetic backing.The Advisory Council maintains that science is destined to play an increasing part in industrial production, and that nations which fail to learn this lesson will find themselves relegated to the position of “hewers of wood and drawers of water” for more enlightened peoples. An important addition to the responsibilities of the Depart- ment has been made by the transfer of Road Research from the Ministry of Transport. This work will be continued in the Road Research Laboratory at Hannondsworth, at the National Physical Laboratory, the Chemical Research Laboratory at Teddington, and at the Building Research Station. The wide range of work undertaken under the auspices of the Department is indicated from the summary of the activities of the various boards and laboratories working directly under the Department, and of that of the industrial research associations themselves.63 In this article it is impossible to do more than to mention a few of these activities which may be specially interesting to chemists; members who are interested will be wise to obtain the full Report. National Physical Laboratory .-The study of the physical structure of metals and alloys by thermal, microscopical and X-rays methods has been continued, and the latter has proved of great assistance in the examination of nitrided steels, etc. Methods of measuring the viscosity of molten metal are being investigated with a view to providing information of value to foundrymen, and in connection with other researches success has been obtained in the preparation of iron in a high degree of purity.Fuel Research Board.-A physical and chemical survey of the national coal resources has been undertaken in nine laboratories in the principal coalfields, and at the Fuel Research Station, Greenwich. Work has also been undertaken on the purification of coal, carbonisation, hydrogenation, and pulverised fuel. The Food Investigation Board has undertaken researches on the changes occurring in meat during freezing and storage. Volatile aldehydes have been found to be largely responsible for the unpleasant flavour of oxidised food. Experiments have been undertaken on the metabolism of carbohydrates in fish, and on the relation between loss of sugars and loss of carbon dioxide in fruit.At the Chemical Research Laboratory, Teddington, work has been continued on a very wide range of subjects. The work on the corrosion of metals by sea water, and on an electrical process for producing on copper an artificial patina of green basic copper sulphate, was referred to and demonstrated at the Institute during the Lectures which the Director of this Laboratory, Professor G. T. Morgan, recently gave at the Institute. Other subjects investigated were tar research, chemo-therapy, synthetic resins and materials used for dentistry. The Research Association of British Paint, Colour and Varnish Manufacturershas continued its work on tung oil, on the principles underlying the incorporation of litharge into oil and varnish, and on aluminium paint.The British Cotton Industry Research Association, the staff of which now numbers over zoo, calls attention to the design and 64 development of apparatus and appliances for testing and record purposes, and notes a growing appreciation of its efforts to sub- stitute accurate scientific control for rule-of-thumb methods. The Wool Industries Research Association has acted jointly with the Association of Dyers and Colourists on the standardisa- tion of fastness of dyed fabrics, and has introduced important improvements with regard to shrinkage. The British Leather Manufacturers' Research Association has devoted attention to the use of sodium fluoride, sodium silico- fluoride and certain organic acids for the prevention of mould growth.Experiments on the deterioration of vegetable-tanned leather when used for bookbinding have been continued. The Research Association of British Rubber Manufacturers has published a Handbook of Physical and Chemical Properties of Rubber, and has investigated the use of chlorinated rubber as a base for improving anti-fouling paints for ships. It has been found that strontium sulphate, large deposits of which occur ' in Great Britain, can be used as a filler in place of barytes. The British Association of Research for the Cocoa, Chocolate, Sugar, Confectionery and Jam Trades has completed a study of the physical properties of commercial gelatins and has continued its work on pectin, starch and cocoa.Attention has also been directed to means of protecting confectionery from attacks of insect pests. The Report concludes with full information as to the personnel of the various Councils and Research Boards, and the names of the Directors and Secretaries of the Industrial Research Associa- tions. A list of publications by individuals in receipt of grants is also included. 65 Notes. Alfred Chaston Chapman.-On 13th January, in the Chemistry Department of the University of Leeds, the President of the Institute (Professor Jocelyn Thorpe) formally opened the Library presented by Mrs. Chaston Chapman in memory of her husband, the later Mr. Alfred Chaston Chapman, who was President of the Institute from 1921 to 1924.Professor R. W. Whytlaw-Gray, O.B.E., F.R.S., presided. Mr. R. A. Beck, who made the presentation on behalf of Mrs. Chaston Chapman, expressed appreciation of the situation which the authorities had found for the books, adding that it was particularly fitting that the library should find a home in Leeds, for although Mr. Chaston Chapman went further afield, it was always to Leeds that his attention was turned in matters that he had nearest at heart. Accepting the gift on behalf of the University, the Vice- Chancellor (Sir James Baillie) said that they appreciated the collection not merely on account of its scientific value, but also because of the thought that the memories of Mr. Chaston Chapman’s boyhood days had been so strong.The ties of Yorkshire to Yorkshire folk were, however, very strong and very difficult to sever. Sir James added that he trusted that Mrs. Chaston Chapman’s action would induce others to make gifts of a similar nature to facilitate the studies of staff and students. Professor Thorpe said they were met to honour the memory of a man who was not only a distinguished chemist, but also one whom chemists recognised and honoured as a leader of their profession. He was born 65 years ago, when his father was residing at Pool-in-Wharfedale. His association with the educational life of Leeds started, therefore, at an early age, since he received his general education at Leeds Grammar School, and, although temporarily severed by the transference of his father to London when the son was some seventeen years of age, it was resumed later in life, for he gave his services for several years to the University as a member of the Court. The transference of the family to London probably determined the career which the son ultimately adopted, for he was fortunate enough to join the Chemistry Department of University College, 66 London, at a time when Williamson was Professor of Chemistry and Charles Graham was Professor of Applied and Technical Chemistry.It was undoubtedly to the latter that Chaston Chapman owed the inspiration which prompted him to take up that branch of applied chemistry which dealt with the fermenta- tion industry, and at that time was occupying the attention of Graham.While still under twenty he was appointed demon- strator of chemical technology in Graham’s laboratory, but shortly afterwards he set up as a consultant on his own behalf. Although he devoted a great deal of attention to fermentation, he had also wide interests in other branches of the science of chemistry. In 1917he found that certain specimens of reputed cod-liver oil contained as much as go per cent. of unsaponifiable matter, consisting of a hydrocarbon which he was able to isolate, and to which he gave the name Spinacene and the formula C,H,. Investigation showed that this hydrocarbon, although certainly not derived from cod-liver oil, was, in fact, present in the livers of a species of shark inhabiting the Mediterranean Sea.Unknown to Chapman, however, it transpired that a Japanese had independently isolated a hydrocarbon of the same empirical formula from the livers of two Japanese fish of the same family, to which he had given the name Squalene. It was a remarkable fact that the discovery of Spinacene (Squalene) and its synthesis by Karrer led to the investigation of the Carotinoids-the hydrocarbons of the carotin type which were so closely related to Vitamine A (C,H,O). In rgoo there occurred an epidemic of arsenical beer poisoning, and Chapman was able to devise a method by which the trouble- some inertness of zinc in the Marsh-Berzelius test could be overcome by coating the granulated zinc used in the hydrogen evolution flask with cadmium, a discovery of considerable importance to the analyst.Chapman also carried out experiments on the estimation of arsenic in marine crustaceans and shell fish. His results were in many respects surprising, the amounts varying from 17parts per million in shrimps to 174parts per million in prawns. The arsenic was evidently present in some form of organic combina- tion, and was derived from the sea water, since fresh water crustaceans were found to be arsenic-free. Emphasising the value of the gift by Mrs. Chaston Chapman, Professor Thorpe said the days were rapidly passing when the 67 individual could hope to collect a home library with the tools of his profession which he most required around him. When he himself was a young man it was his ambition to collect books and periodicals and keep them up to date, but he calculated that he would have to be prepared to allot an additional three or four yards of shelving every year in order to keep abreast of the times.The only solution in these days was the departmental library- not a large one, but one in which three or four students could sit and work out their ideas with the tools of their profession around them. They should be allowed the use of the library as and when required. He felt sure that the library which had been opened that day was but the first of a number of small departmental libraries, and that the generous gift of Mrs. Chaston Chapman would show the way to the solution of a problem which had become really acute in chemical research laboratories.Sir Robert Robertson and Dr. Bernard Dyer were also present, and paid tributes to the memory of Mr. Chaston Chapman. (The abovo report is abstracted from The Yorhhire Post,-15th January, 1934.) Microchemical Club.-The first ordinary meeting of the Microchemical Club will be held at the Lister Institute, Chelsea Gardens, London, S.W.x, at 10.30 a.m. on 17th March. In the afternoon of the same day, the Annual General Meeting will be held to adopt a constitution, to elect officers, and to discuss future policy. Both meetings will be open to all who are interested, but at the Annual General Meeting only members will be entitled to vote. . Papers and demonstrations are invited.The proposed titles should be sent to Mrs. Janet Matthews, Ph.D., Imperial College of Science and Technology, London, S.W.7, before 28th February. Particulars of membership can be obtained from the Honorary Secretary, Miss M. Healey, Ph.D., 79, Pope’s Avenue, Twicken- ham, Middlesex. British Association.-The President of the Chemistry Section of the British Association for the Advancement of Science at the Annual General Meeting, to be held at Aberdeen from 5th to 12th September next, will be Professor T. M. Lowry, C.B.E., F.R.S., Fellow. Obituary. ARTHURHAMILTONBURRdied at Dennistoun, Glasgow, on 28th December, in his 48th year. Educated at the Central School, and the University of Aberdeen, he graduated in Arts and Science in 1914, and before the War was engaged as a teacher in Scottish Secondary Schools.Early in 1916 he became attached to the Chemists’ Section of the Royal Engineers. In July of that year he was transferred to H.M. Factory, Litherland, and in the year following was appointed a chemist in charge of the chemical laboratories at H.M. Factory, Langwith, where he remained until February, 1919. He continued his studies at the College of Tech- nology, Manchester, and in 1921 obtained the degree of R.Sc.Tech. with honours in applied chemistry. Later, in the same year, he was appointed a research chemist with Messrs. J. & P. Coats, Paisley, and in 1922 became a lecturer in pure and applied chemistry in the Royal Technical College, Salford.In 1926 he obtained the degree of M.Sc.Tech. for his investiga- tions on the constitution of various pigments. In 1931 he was appointed head of the Chemistry Department in the Technical College, Coatbridge, which position he held until the time of his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1917, and a Fellow in 1930. ARTHURCAWTE FRANKLINdied at Hong Kong on 27th November, in his 58th year. Educated at High Street Academy, Fareham, and Portsmouth Grammar School, he was engaged in pharmacy, for eight years, with his father, and, after a course with Dr. John Muter, FeEEow, passed the minor and major Examinations of the Pharmaceutical Society. In 1899 he joined the analytical staff of Messrs. Savory & Moore, where he worked under the late Charles Ekin and Mr.J.E. Saul, both Fellows, and three years later was appointed Assistant Analyst in the Government Laboratory at Hong Kong. Later, while on leave, he took courses at the Royal College of Science, London, and in 1908 passed a Special Examina- tion for the Fellowship of the Institute. He continued in the Government Service until 1913, when he was appointed Lecturer in Chemistry and Registrar of the then newly-founded University of Hong Kong. In 1918 he resigned these appointments and established a successful consulting and analytical practice in Hong Kong. In 1931 he suffered a breakdown in health from which he made only a temporary recovery before his death. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1908.WILLIAMEDWARDGIBBS died on 18th January in his 45th year. The son of the.Rev. W. H. Gibbs, he was educated at Rutlish School, Merton, at Liverpool Institute High School and Liverpool University, where he graduated B.Sc. with honours in chemistry in 1909, proceeding to MSc. in 1910 and D.Sc. in 1917. From 1914 to 1916 he held a lecture- ship in metallurgy in the University. Following some experience as Chemist to the Straits Trading Company, Singapore, he was engaged on investigations for the Corrosion Committee of the Institute of Metals; he was then, for seven months, chief examiner in the Aeronautical Inspection Department, until February, 1917, when he was appointed Chief Chemist at the Government Rolling Mills at Southampton. In 1918 he was appointed Chief Chemist to the Salt Union at Runcorn, where he remained until 1928, when he was appointed Ramsay Professor of Chemical 69 Engineering in the University of London.He prepared the Third Report of the Corrosion Committee of the Institute of Metals, 1916, and was the author of The Pishing Industry, 1922; Clouds and Smokes; The Properties of Disperse Systems in Gmes, 1924; and The Dust Hazard in Indzlst.ry, 1925. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1917. LEONARDGOODBANdied at Kensington on 2nd February, in his 42nd year. Educated at St. Paul’s School and University College, London, he qualified for the Associateship of the Institute, taking the final examina- tion in the chemistry of food and drugs.He was for two years assistant to Dr. Wynter Blyth, and subsequently held appointments as works chemist and assistant manager to the British Oil and Turpentine Corpora- tion, at Hayes, Middlesex, and as chemist to Messrs. George Rowney & Co., Pencil Manufacturers, Malden Pencil Works. During the war he was gazetted in 1915, and served in India from 1916 to 1919, his total service with the Volunteer and Territorial Forces extending over 20 years. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1910, and a Fellow in 1914. ERNESTGRIFFITHS-JONESdied at Cairo on 24th January, in his 45th year. Educated at Chorlton Grammar School and at the University of Manchester, he graduated B.Sc. with honours in chemistry in 1910, and proceeded to M.Sc.by research in 1911. After three years’ experience in the Government Laboratories, he was appointed in 1914 to the staff of the laboratories of the Public Health Department at Cairo. Throughout the war he was entrusted with the chemical analysis of food and water, and, occasionally, with special investigations for the ExpeditionaryForces in the Cairo area. He continued in the same department, where, in 1923, he was appointed Chief Chemist, which position he held until the time of his death, He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1918, and a Fellow in 1930. JOHN died at Millhouses, Sheffield on the 20th January, HAWORTH in his 65th year. Educated at Midield Grammar School, Blundell’s School, Tiverton, and University College, Exeter, he was for six years assistant to Mr.Frank Scudder, Fellow, chief chemist to the Mersey and Irwell Joint Committee. From 1892 to 1899 he was public analyst to the Borough of Tiverton, science master at Blundell’s and lecturer in chemistry and physics at Tiverton Technical Schools. In 1899 he was appointed chief chemist and general manager to the Sewage Disposal Department of the Corporation of Sheffield, to which also he was Water Examiner; and he held these posts until the time of his death. His name is associated with the bio-aeration process of sewage disposal. He was a recognised authority on the treatment of sewage and effluents, and President of the Association of Managers of Sewage Disposal Works. He gave evidence on these matters before Parliamentary Committees and before an Advisory Committee of the Ministry of Health and the Royal Com- mission on Sewage, and was one of the representatives of the Institution of Municipal and County Engineers on the British Standards Institution Committee on bitumen, asphalts, tar and building materials. In 1930 he was appointed a Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1917.Mr. John Evans represented the Institute at the funeral at Abbey Lane Cemetery, Sheffield, on 23rd January. 70 JOHNBRIUHT died at Luton on 24th December in his 54th HOBLYN year. Educated at Dewsbury Technical School and the Royal College of Science, London, he gained the Associateship of the College in 1904, and, in the same year, was appointed Lecturer in Chemistry and in Hygiene and Domestic Science at the Luton Technical Institute.Later he became associated with the local industries. He conducted researches in the bleach- ing of straw, was interested in the manufacture of hydrogen peroxide, and later became metallurgical chemist to Vauxhall Motors, Ltd. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1905, and a Fellow in 1912. FREDIBBOTSONdied at Sheffield on the 5th February, in his 67th year, From school he gained a scholarship tenable at Firth College, Sheffield, and later obtained an Exhibition at the Royal College of Science for Ireland. He obtained the Associateship of the latter college, with medal, in the Faculty of Mining in 1887, and subsequently became a Fellow of the College.In the same year, he was appointed teacher of chemistry and mathematics at the Central Higher School, Sheffield, and in the following year graduated B.Sc. (Lond.) in chemistry, in the First Division. In 1895 he was appointedlecturer in chemistry at the (then) Sheffield Technical Schools, which were subsequently incorporated in the University in 1897, and became the Applied Science Department in 1905. In due course he was awarded the degree of D.Met., and became senior lecturer in the Faculty of Metallurgy in the University. He was an acknowledged authority on the analysis of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, alloys and ores, and joint author, with Mr. Harry Brearley, of many papers contributed to The Chemical News, which were subsequently incorporated in the Analysis of Steel Works Materials (Longmans, 1920).He contributed other papers to !Z’he Chemical News, jointly with Messrs. R. Harden and S. G. Clark, ELS well as with Dr. Leslie Aitchison. He was joint author with Professor J. 0. Arnold of Steel Works Analysis (Pitman, 1919) and with Dr. Leslie Aitchison of The Analysis of Non-Ferrous Alloys (Longmans, 1922). He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1918. At his funeral the Institute was represented by Mr. Hugh Childs. JOHNCRAVEN LAYCOCK died at Warrington on 18th October at the age of 25 years. Educated at Market Lavington School and at Devizes Secondary School, he entered Downing College, Cambridge, in 1926, and graduated in the Natural Sciences Tripos, Part 11, in 1929.He then obtained an appointment as Assistant Chemist in the Research Laboratory of the British Aluminium Co. at Warrington, where he was still engaged until shortly before his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1930. WILLIAMMARSHALLdied at Stockport on the 16th January, in his 76th year. He received his professional scientific training at University College, Nottingham, taking chemistry under Clowes, from 1888 to 1891. He passed the Examination of the Institute in the latter year. He was public analyst for the County Borough of Stockport and the Borough of Hyde, and was also keenly interested in textile technology. He was patentee of a method of mercerising viscose, or viscose and cotton, fabrics, whereby the ill effects of the ordinary mercerisation are avoided by washing out the caustic soda with a neutral salt solution instead of with water.He was a Member of the Council of the British Cotton Industry Research Association. 71 He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1891; served as a Member of Council from 1921 to 1924 and from 1927 to 1930, and was a prominentMember of the Manchester and District Section. Mr. S. E. Melling and Mr. J. P. Shenton represented the Institute at his funeral. RICHARDJACKSONMoss died at Ballylsrack, Co. Dublin, on 27th January, in his 88th year. In 1869, he succeeded J. Cargill Brough as Editor of the “Corner for Students” in The Chemist and Druggist, and in 1875 was appointed analyst to the Royal Dublin Society in succession to J.Emerson Reynolds. Soon after, he was also appointed to the position of keeper of minerals in the Museum of Science and Art, Dublin, and, subse- quently, from 1878 and for over 40 years, also held that of registrar of the Royal Dublin Society, from which he retired in 1921. In 1888, the Royal Agricultural Society of Ireland was amalgamated with the Royal Dublin Society, thus adding to his responsibilities, which included the arrangement of the Dublin Horse Show. He was associated with the late Professor John Joly and the late Dr. Walter Stevenson in the foundation, in 1914, of the Irish Radium Institute, under the auspices of the Society.He contributed numerous scientific papers, chiefly on mineral analysis and inorganic chemistry to the Proceedings and Transactions of the RoyalDublin Society. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1880. 72 Coming Events. 1934 February 19 to MAR. 2 BRITISH INDUSTRIESFAIR at the White City,Shepherd’s Bush, London, W., and Castle Bromwich, Birmingham : (Scientific and Technical Conferences at Castle Bromwich). INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Leeds Area Section) : “Some Chemi- cal Aspects of Nutrition.’’ Prof. J. H. SHANNON. OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY20 INSTITUTION (Scottish Section) : “Rubber Manufacture of General Interest to Sales and Office Staff.” Dr. T. J. DRAKELEY,at the Chamber of Commerce,. Edinburgh, at 7 p.m.21 INSTITUTE (London and S.E. Counties Section): OF CHEMISTRY “Problems relating to the Profession of Chemistry.” Dis-cussion opened by Dr. E. F. ARMSTRONG,J.P., LL.D., F.R.S. 30, Russell Square, W.C. 1, 7.30 p.m. OF22 INSTITUTEFUEL:Discussion on “Should Large Coal be Crushed to meet the Increasing Demand for Smalls?” at St. Ermin’s Hotel, Caxton Street, Westminster, S.W.1, at 6.30 for 7 p.m. :“Chlorophyll.” Prof. HANS FISCHER,THECHEMICALSOCIETY in the Lecture Theatre of the Royal Institution, Albemarle Street, London, W., at 8 p.m. 23 INSTITUTE (Birmingham and Midlands Section), OF CHEMISTRY jointly with the Institution of Petroleum Technologists(Birmingham Section) : “Some Reminiscences of Petroleum Research.” Dr. A. E.DUNSTAN, Vice-president I.C., in Room No. 1, Main Buildings, University of Birmingham, at 6 p.m. LANCASTRIAN SOCIETY(FRANKLAND) : “The Chemical Nature of Vitamins, with special reference to Vitamin C.” Dr. E. L. HIRST. Storey Institute, 8 p.m. ROYAL SANITARY INSTITUTE: Discussion on “Some Recent Developments in Food Analysis’’ (to be opened by Mr. JOHN and on “The Advantages of the Bio-Aeration EVANS)System of Sewage Purification” (to be opened by Mr. S. THORNHILL),at Stephenson Hall, Chesterfield, at 5 p.m. OF DYERSAND COLOURISTSSOCIETY (Scottish Section) :“Fluore-scence Comparisons in Textile Manufacturing.” Mr. JOHN MUIR, at the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, at 7.15 p.m. SOCIETY (Liverpool Section and Chemi- OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY cal Engineering Group) : “Safety Precautions in Chemical Manufacture.” hlr.T. J. DIXON, at the University, Liver- pool, at 6 p.m. 73 February 28 INSTITCTTION (North-West Branch) :OF WELDINGENGINEERS “Recent Advances in the Technique and Applications of Electric Welding.” Mr. J. H. PATERSON,at Manchester College of Technology, at 7.30 p.m. ROYAL SOCIETY OF ARTS: “The Canning Industry.” ByMr. T. N. MORRIS, in the Hall of the Society, John Street, Adelphi, London, W.C.2, at 8 p.m. March OF1 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY: Annual General Meeting. 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.l, 8 p.m. OFINSTITUTE CHEMISTRY (South Wales Section): “The Colloidal Conditioning of Boiler Feed Water.” Mr. H. ZAGERMAN,at Cardiff. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Bristol Section) : “X-RayInterpretation of the Molecular Structure of Fibres.” Dr.W. T. ASTBURY, at the University of Bristol, at 7.30 p.m. OF PUBLIC2 SOCIETY ANALYSTS:Annual General Meeting at the Chemical Society’s Rooms, Burlington House, Piccadilly, W. 1, at 3 p.m. ; 60th Anniversary Dinner,-Trocadero Restaurant, Piccadilly, London, W. 1, 7 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Plastics Group and Man- Chester Section): Joint Meeting with the Oil and Colour Chemists’ Association. “Cellulose Ethers.” Dr. D. TRAILL, at 17, Albert Square, Manchester, at 7 p.m. SOCIETY AND INSTITUTEOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY OF CHEMISTRY (Glasgow Sections) : Industrial Films, at the Royal Technical College, at 7.30 p.m. 5 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(London Section): “The Chemistry of Rubber Accelerators.” Dr.W. J. S. NAUNTON, at the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly,London, W.1, at 8 p.m. 6 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Leeds Area Section): Joint Meeting with the Leeds University Chemical Society. “Micro-methods in Inorganic Chemistry.” Prof. F. G. TRYHORN, D.Sc. 7.30 p.m. 8 EASTLONDONCOLLEGE-CHEMICAL COLLOQUIUM: “Elements, Old and New.” Professor J. KENDALL,F.R.S., at the College, Mile End Road, E. 1, at 5.30 p.m. ASSOCIATIONOIL AND COLOURCHEMISTS’ : “Some observations on Colloidal Behaviour in Paint and Varnish Systems.” Part 11. Mr. W. E. WORNUM, at the Dr. W. KRUMBHAAR, Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C. 1, at 7.30 p.m.SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Nottingham Section): “Tariffs and the Chemical Industry.” Mr. J. DA~IDSON PRATT,at University College, Nottingham, at 7.30 p.m. 74 Ma.ch 9 SOCIETY (Chemical Engineering Group OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY with the Road and Building Materials Group), jointly with the Institution of Structural Engineers : “Some Trends of Development in Building Materials.” Major VICTOR LEFEBURE,at Imperial Chemical House, London, S.W. 1. 12 SOCIETY (Edinburgh and East of Scot-OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY land Section): “Lubrication.” Dr. A. E. DUNSTAN, at the North British Station Hotel, at 7.30 p.m. OF13 INSTITUTEFUEL:“Coal Handling at Ports.” Mr. D. E. CAMERON,at the Institution of Mechanical Engineers,Storey’s Gate, Westminster, London, S.W.1, at 6 p.m.SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Food Group). Members’ Meeting at Burlington House, Piccadilly, W. 1, at 7.30 p.m. 14 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY: “ Microchemical Methods suitable for General Analytical Practice. Part I: Quantitative and Preparative.” Prof. H. V. A. BRISCOE and Mrs. J. W. MATTHEWS,at the Institute, 30, Russell Square, W.C.l, at 8 p.m. OF WELDING ENGINEERS INSTITUTION : “The Collation of Research and Application for Wulded Fabrications.” Mr. H. W. HAWKINS, at the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Storey’s Gate, London, S.W.1. OF16 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Glasgow and West of Scotland Section): Refresher Lecture on Physical Chemistry. Dr. J. A. CRANSTON,at the Royal Technical College, at 7.30 p.m.SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Liverpool Section) : “Salt Deposits.” Prof. H. H. READ, at the University of Liver-pool, at 6 p.m. CLUB. First Ordinary Meeting, at the Lister 17 MICROCHEMICAL Institute, Chelsea Gardens, London, S.W. 1, at 10.30 a.m. ; in the afternoon, the Annual General Meeting. 19 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Yorkshire Section) : “The Oiling of Wood and other Fibres.” Dr. J. B. SPEAKMAN. OF :20 INSTITUTEFUEL “Radiant Heat and Comfort.” Dr. HAROLDHARTLEY,at The Engineers’ Club, Albert Square, Manchester, at 7 p.m. 22 CHEMICALSOCIETY:Annual General Meeting, at the University of Birmingham, at 3 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(Newcastle Section) : Joint Meeting with the Coke Oven Managers’ Association.“Hydro- genation of Coal.” Dr. SAUNDERS. 23 LANCASTRIAN SOCIETY(FRANKLAND) : “The Preparation of Sera and Vaccines.” Mr. A. H. ROBERTSON,at the StoreyInstitute, at 8 p.m. 75 March 23 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (Birmingham and Midland INDUSTRY Section): Visit to Messrs. Dunlop, Ltd., 2 p.m. SOCIETYOF DYERSAND COLOURISTS(Scottish Section) : “Tar, the Genesis of Dyestuffs.” Mr. THOMASA. WILSON, at the George Hotel, Buchanan Street, Glasgow, at 7.15 p.m. OF :26 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY‘(Microchemical Methods suitable for General Analytical Practice. Part I1: Qualitative tbnd ‘ Spot ’ Tests.” Prof. H. V. A. BRISCOE and Mrs. J. W. MATTHEWS,at the Institute, 30, Russell Square, W.C.l, at 8 p.m. April 6 SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(Yorkshire Section), Jointly with the Chemical Engineering and Food Groups of the Society: “Air Conditioning.” Dr.E. GRIFFITHS,Dr. M. C. MARSH,and Dr. L. H. LAMPITT. 2.30 to 4 p.m., Demonstra- tion of Humidity Controlling Methods by Dr. S. G. BARKER. 9 SOCIETY (London Section) : “Studies on OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY Byssochlamys fulvs and its Effect on Processed Fruit.” Miss M. OLLIVERand T. RENDLE, at the Chemical Society, Burling- ton House, Piccadilly, W.l, at 8 p.m. 12 OIL AND COLOURCHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION : “The Manufacture of Oilskins.” Mr. J. MILLIGAN,at the Institute of Chemistry,30, Russell Square, London, W.C.l, at 7.30 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Nottingham Section): “Recent Developments in the Field of Petroleum.” Dr.A. E. DUNSTAN, at Derby Technical College. 18 SOCIETY (Chemical Engineering Group), OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY Joint Meeting with the Institution of Chemical Engineers and the Institute of Fuel: “Economic Use of Steam Energy in Chemical Works.” Messrs. F. H. PREECE, B. SAMUELS,and W. F. CAREY, at the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, W. 1. 19 SOCIETY (Birmingham Section) : “SomeOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY Remarkable Properties of Nascent Soap.” Mr. A. RAYNER,at the University Buildings, Edmund Street, Birmingham, at 7.30 p.m. 24 On; AND COLOUR CHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION: ‘; Thixotropy.”Mr. J. PRYCEJONES,at the Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C. 1. 76 Books and their Contents. The following books have recently been presented by the authors. Copies may be seen in the Library of the Institute.“Boyle, The Honble. Robert, F.R.S., A Bibliography of.” J. F. Fulton. Reprinted from The Oxford Bibliographical Society Proceedings and Papers :-Vol. 111, Part I, pp. 1-172, 4to. (Oxford University Press, 1932.) Preface, including the essential facts of the life of Robert Boyle; (A)Separate Works (42); (B) Contributions to other Works; (C) Collections (with Opera Vuria); Bibliography and Criticism; Appendixes, and General Index. “O’Sullivan, Cornelius, F.R.S., The Life and Work of.” H. D. O’Sullivan. Pp. 236. (Guernsey: Guernsey Star and Gazette Co., Ltd.) General Introduction; Part I: The Life (1841-1907); Part 11: The Published Work (1872-1901); Part 111: The Unpublished Work (1897-1906). The British Standards Institution has published No.526-1933, Definitions of Gross and Net Calorific Value. This has been prepared by a Technical Committee of the Chemical Divisional Council, and is recommended for general adoption. (IS.net; post free IS. zd.) OFTHE INSTITUTE PHYSICS has published a lecture by Dr. R. E. Stradling on Physics in the Building Industry,” being the 30th lecture in a series dealing with physics in Industry. (Post free IS. Id. from the Institute of Physics, I, Lowther Gardens, London S.W.7.) The Safety in Mines Research Board has recently published “The Movement of Flame in Firedamp Explosions, ” by H. F. Coward and R. V. Wheeler:-S.M.R.B. Paper No.82 (H.M. Stationery Office, IS. 6d. net). This is a concise presenta- tion of the results of many years’ study of the way in which explosions develop in firedamp-air mixtures. It deals first with the simplest conditions of flame propagation, those of the “uniform movement” of flame in a gallery, and follows with chapters on the vibratory movement of flame and on flame propagation as influenced by a number of other factors, such as openings or constrictions in the galleries, and by turbulence in the burning mixture. 77 An account is given of the studies which have been made of the use of wire gauzes, narrow tubes, and perforated plates as a means of ensuring the reliability of safety lamps and other mining appliances.The final chapter summarises the contents of the paper, and indicates the qualifying considerations which have to be borne in mind in applying the experimental results to the study and interpretation of the behaviour of a firedamp explosion under the more complicated conditions of a coal mine. Water Pollution.-The Department of Scientific and Industrial Research has published "Water Pollution Research ": Summary of Current Literature, Vol. VII, No. I, January, 1934: Abstracts, Nos. 1-125. (H.M. Stationery Office, 2s. net.) The Colorimetric Determination of Oxidation-Reduction Balance," is the title of a booklet-obtainable (free) from The British Drug Houses, Ltd., Graham Street, City Road, London, N.1,-in which are described the methods of using oxidation-reduction indicators and some of their applications.R.E.F.U.T.A.S."Viscosity-Temperature Chart.-Baird and Tatlock (London), Ltd., have published a Viscosity-Temperature Chart, designed by C. I. Kelly, Fellow. The chart measures 24in. X 24in. and derives its name from the circumstance that it deals with the principal viscometers employed by the petroleum industry throughout the world. Amongst the many functions of the chart may be mentioned: (a) The drawing of straight-line-viscosity-temperature curves. (b) The graphic determination of the viscosity of an oil in either Saybolt, Redwood, or Engler degrees from the viscosity curve obtained by a series of measurements at various temperatures with either of the instruments.(c) The interconversion of viscometer readings. (d) The estimation of the approximate viscosity of an oil-mixture obtained by mixing two oils of known viscosity. The following scales and units are included on the chart. (a) Kinematic Viscosity ( 1.72 to 20,000,000 centistokes).(b) Redwood No. 1 (31 to 100,000,000 seconds). (c) British Road Tar Association (5 to 120 B.R.T.A. seconds).(d) Saybolt Furol (20 to 10,000,000seconds).(e) Engler (1.5 to 3,000,000 degs.).(a Saybolt Universal (35 to 100,000,000 seconds). (9) Adjacent Scales graduated in " F. and " C. In addition there is another Redwood No. 1scale forming the boundary of a chart, which is ruled horizontally witb iso-viscosity lines and vertically from 40"F."to 350"F. Horizontal percentage scales marked "0.100 Light" and 100 to 0 Heavy" are situated immediately above the chart and divide into 100 equal parts the portion between the 30" F.and 250" F. sothermal lines. * Redwood, Engler, Furol, Ubbelohde, Tar,Absolute, Saybolt. 78 The Register. At the meetings of Council held on 19th and 26th January, 1934,I Associate was elected to the Fellowship, 36 Associates were elected, and 15 Students were admitted. The Council regrets to record the deaths of 8 Fellows and 2 Associates. Associate elected to the Fellowship. Davies, Cecil Whitfield, D.Sc. (Wales), 30, Berrylands, W. Wimbledon, London, S.W.20. New Associates. Baird, Donald Kenneth, B.Sc. (Birm.), 49, Allesley Old Road, Coventry.Barron, Harry, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 25, Shore Road, London, E.9. Blackmore, Richard Lye, B.Sc. (Lond.), 6, Doughty Street, London, W.C.1. Bloch, Albert Montague, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., Norton Hall, Norton-on-Tees, Co. Durham. Bloomfield, George Frederic, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 34, Morton Way, London, N.14. Calcutt, William Edwin Joseph Richard, B.A. (T.C.D.), 28, CherryfieldAvenue, Sandford Road, Dublin. Carrette, Gerald Victor, B.Sc. (Lond.), 65, Devonshire Avenue, Roundhay, Leeds, 8. Cash, Wilfrid Ernest, M.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 10, Bexley Road, Belvedere, Kent. Chamberlain, Kenneth Alfred John, B.Sc. (Birm.), Elmleigh, Cookhill, nr. Alcester, Warwickshire. Cropper, Francis Raymond, B.Sc.(Lond.), 40, Rhgmer Road, North Moulscombe, Brighton. Desikachar, Nadipuram Narasimhachar, B.Sc. (Mysore), M.Sc. (Bombay), c/o Tata Oil Mills Co., Ltd., Tatapuram P.O., S. India. Dymond, George Cecil, c/o Sir J. L. Hulett &, Sons, Ltd., Darnal, Durban, S. Africa. Evans, Wilfrid James, B.Sc. (Lond.), Penmon, Portmore Park, Weybridge, Surrey.Hall, Norman Reginald, Sunny Cottage, Leach Green Lane, Rednal, Birmingham.Harris, Bert Stockwell, 56, Clovelly Road, London, W.5. Harry, Ralph Gordon, 183, Cathedral Road, Cardiff. Hutchinson, James Bertram, B.Sc. (Wales), 8, Risca Road, Rogerstone,nr. Newport, Mon. Kershaw, John Maurice, B.Sc. (Lond.), Sunnymede, Atwick Road, Hornsea, E. Yorks. 79 Krishna, Basettihalli Hanumantharao, B.Sc.(Mysore), M.Sc. (Bombay), Government Industrial and Testing Laboratory, Malleswaram P.O., Bangalore, India. Lawton, John Huntly Tarring, B.Sc. (Lond.), 31, Hampstead Lane, London, N.6. Melville, Harry Work, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Edin.), 18, Kirkhill Gardens, Edin- burgh.Metcalfe, William John, B.Sc. (Lond.),177, Eaglesfield Road, South Shields, Co. Durham. Mills, Herbert, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Dun.), 31, Highfield Crescent, Widnes. Myerscough, Leslie Charles, B.Sc. (Lond.), 37, Montserrat Road, London, S.W.15. Oldfield, Alexander Ivo, B.Sc. (Birm.), 188, Lightwoods Hill, Warley Woods, nr. Birmingham. Pal, Patitpaban, M.Sc. (Calcutta), M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), 14, Duncan Road, Longsight, Manchester. Sadasivan, Ramasamy, B.Sc.(Mysore), M.Sc. (Calcutta), M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), 7, Crescent Road, High Ground, Bangalore, S. India. Shaikh, Abdul Baki Md. Solieman Solieman, M.Sc. (Bombay), Ph.D. (Lond.), D.I.C., Research Department, Royal Institute of Science, Fort Bombay, India. Shennan, Robert John, 18, Spray Street, London, S.E.18. Shrikhande, Jageshwar Gopal, M.Sc. (Nagpur), Ph.D. (Lond.), Gymkhana Road, Craddok Town, Nagpur, C.P., India. Smith, James Herbert Francis, 69, Eltham Hill, London, S.E.9. Taylor, William, B.Sc. (Manc.), Tangley Cottage, Pickhurst Rise, West Wickham, Kent. Timmins, Arthur Alfred, 404, Portland Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham, 17. Wallwork, Douglas Goodson, A.M.C.T., 32, Wilmount Street, London, S.E.18. Welford, John Eric, B.Sc. (Lond.), 3, Heber Road, London, N.W.2.Young, Leslie, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 56, Holmeside Avenue, Gillingham, Kent. New Students. Barnes, David Hope, 164, Porter Road, Derby. Bell, Basil Lawn, 63, North Quay House, Great Yarmouth. Bosch, Ralph William van den, 25, Nightingale Square, London, S.W.12. Boursnell, John Colin, 3, Bridge Avenue Mansions, Hammersmith, London, W.6. Campbell, Norman Robert, 245a, Cavendish Road, London, S.W.12. Carter, Douglas Henry, Cia Mexicana de Petroleo, El Aguila S.A., Apartado 16I, Tampico, Mexico. Gorvin, John Henry, 141, Bryn Road, Swansea. Limmer, Bernard George, 471, Earlham Rise, Norwich. Nisbet, James Carey Goodwin, 557, Alexandra Parade, Dennistoun, Glasgow.Rumens, Murray James, 18, Buckthorne Road, London, S.E.4.Terry, Richard Creese, 111, Fowlers Walk, London, W.5. Tomalin, Eric Frederick Joffre, 19, Gloucester Road, Hampton, Middlesex. Walley, Geoffrey, 11, Irvine Road, Higher Tranmere, Birkenhead. Wilcox, William Thomas Thrift, 14, Cornwall Road, Bishopston, Bristol,7. Wit, Abraham Izak George de, 96, Nightingale Road, Carshalton, Surrey. 80 DEATHS. Fellows. Arthur Hamilton Burr, M.A., B.Sc. (Aberd.), M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.). Arthur Cawte Franklin. Leonard Goodban. Ernest Grfiths-Jones, M.Sc. (Manc.). John Haworth, M.B.E. John Bright Hoblyn, A.R.C.S. William Marshall. Richard Jackson Moss. Associates. William Edward Gibbs, D.Sc. (Liv.), M.1.Chem.E. John Craven Laycock, B.A. (Cantab). 81 General Notices. The Annual General Meeting of the Institute will be held at the Institute, on Thursday, 1st March, 1934, at 8 p.m.The time of the meeting has been changed from 4.30 p.m. to 8 p.m. Votes for the election of Officers, Council and Censors may be received up to 8 p.m. on 28th February. -Lecture-Demonstrations.-The Council is glad to announce that Professor H. V. A. Briscoe and Mrs. Janet W. Matthews will give two Lecture-Demonstrations, in the Hall of the Institute, on ** Microchemical Methods suitable for General Analytical Practice,” on Wednesday, 14th March : Quantitative and Preparative ; on Monday, 26th March: Qualitative and “Spot” Tests; at 8 p.m. on each occasion. The President will take the Chair. Examinations.-The list of entries for the April Examina- tions closed on 5th February.Examinations for the Associateship will be held in London and Glasgow, from 17th to 22nd September. The list of entries will be closed on Monday, 9th July. (Notebooks can be received up to 7th September.) Examinations for the Fellowship will be held in London from 24th to 29th September. The list of entries will be closed on 9th July, except for candidates in Branch G :Industrial Chemistry, whose applications should be received before 4th June. Beilby Memorial Awards.-From the interest derived from the invested capital of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, at intervals to be determined by the administrators representing the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry, and the Institute of Metals, awards will be made to 82 British investigators in science to mark appreciation of records of distinguished original work, preference being given to in-vestigations relating to the special interests of Sir George Beilby, including problems connected with fuel economy, chemical engineering, and metallurgy.Awards will be made, not on the result of any competition, but in recognition of continuous work of exceptional merit, bearing evidence of distinct advancement in knowledge and practice. The administrators of the Fund are the Presidents, the Honorary Treasurers, and the Secretaries of the three partici- pating Institutions, who will meet in October, 1934,and will be glad to have their attention directed to outstanding work of the nature indicated.Correspondence on this subject should be addressed to the Convener, Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.I. Notice to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months, and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship, may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their professors. Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register.Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employment are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not 83 successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period, if necessary.The Institute also maintains a List of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students and Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is available, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10 a.m.to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.), except during August and the early part of September, when the hours are from 10a.m. to 5 p.m. Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted, at present, to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books. Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. FORTHE LOANOF BOOKSREGULATIONS FROM THE SCIENCE LIBRARY TO FELLOWS OF THE INSTITUTEAND ASSOCIATES OF CHEMISTRY. I.The Institute has entered into an arrangement with the Science Library, Science Museum, South Kensington, S.W.7, whereby books may be borrowed on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary. 2. Members, Fellows, and Associates wishing to borrow books from the Science Library are required to give to the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary a written undertaking to bear the 84 cost of replacement of any work lost or damaged, and to return to the office of the Institute for cancellation, the duplicate (pink) requisition forms obtained from the Library when the books are returned. 3. Subsequently, borrowers may call, either personally or by representative, at the office of the Institute, and obtain signed requisitions, by means of which the works may be obtained from the Science Library.4. Or, books can be sent by post to Fellows and Associates on written application (specifying the volume or volumes re- quired), to the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary, who will complete and transmit to the Science Library the necessary requisition forms, and the books will be posted direct from the Library. Postage will be charged to the borrower and collected from him by the Science Library authorities. 5. The regulations of the Science Library require that books on loan shall be returned at once if asked for by the Keeper of the Library; otherwise within fifteen days, or sooner, if they can be dispensed with.Fellows and Associates are earnestly re- quested to comply with this regulation, and to return books within the period specified, without waiting for a reminder from the Library. Applications for the extension of the loan period may be granted if circumstances permit. 6. A Hand-list of the periodicals in the Science Library may be consulted at the office of the Institute, or copies of the Hand- list (with Supplement) may be obtained direct from the Science Library for 2s. 8d. post free. An extensive author and subject catalogue is accessible at the Science Library, and bibliographies of special subjects are compiled by its expert staff as and when required. Boots Booklovers’ Library.-Fellows and Associates who desire to take advantage of the special arrangements made with Boots Booklovers’ Library are reminded that forms can be obtained on application to the Registrar.The current subscription arranged for members of the Institute will expire on the 1st March, and fresh application forms must be obtained by those members who desire to continue for a further year’s service. 85 The attention of such members is specially directed to the necessity for the renewal of subscriptions or the return of the last volumes and membership tokens to the respective branches of issue. Members who have had the use of the library, but do not desire to continue the service, should return the tokens and outstanding volumes to the branch of issue immediately after the date of expiration. Any subscriber detaining the property of the library beyond the period subscribed for must be charged for such detention.Hitherto such fees have been charged at the rate of IS. 3d. per month in the case of Class “A,” and 5d. per month or part thereof in the case of Class “B.” In future, detention fees will be charged at the usual subscription rate for the number of days during which the books are retained beyond the expiry. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers (IS. zd. each) for binding the Journal in annual volumes, are requested to hotify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required. Arrangements may be made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19,Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSon the following terms: buckram cover, IS.zd.; binding, 2s. gd.; postage and packing, gd.; in all, 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who wish to give lectures. Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration. 86 Appointments Register.A Register of chemists who are available for appointments, or who are seeking to improve their positions, is kept at the office of the Institute. The facilities afforded by this Register are available (gratis) to Companies and firms requiring the services of Chemists, and to Universities, Colleges and Technical Schools requiring teachers of chemistry and technology. A List of junior assistants is also available. All communications to be addressed to The Registrar, The Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.X. Institute of Chemistry Benevolent Fund. Founded in 1920 as a memorial to Fellows, Associates and Students who died in the service of their country, 1.914-18. Contributions may be forwarded to The Hon. Treaswer, BENEVOLENTFUND, INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY, 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, LONDON, W.C.I.