THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. Patron -H.M. THE KING. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. PART I: 1938. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B.PILCHER, Registvav and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE,LONDON,W.C.1. February, 1938. Publications Committee, 1937-38. W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD (Chaivman), Sir ROBERT H. PICKARD (President), JAMES BELL, HAROLD BURTON, G. R. CLEMO, ALBERT COULTHARD, H. E. COX, W. M. GUMMING, B. S. EVANS, A. E. EVEREST, ALEXANDER FINDLAY, A. E. FINDLEY, J. B. FIRTH, WILLIAM HONNEYMAN, J. R. JOHNSON, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, EDGAR LEWIS, C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, J. R. NICHOLLS, ADAM TAIT, E.A. TYLER. 3 The Hon. Robert Boyle THEportrait of the Honourable ROBERTBOYLE (1626-1691), in the Library of the Institute, is attributed to Jonathan Richardson, Senr., a contemporary of Kneller and Dah1,-early eighteenth century. Richardson left many portraits unsigned ; this has been pronounced by several authorities as undoubtedly his work. The portrait bears the dates of Boyle’s birth and death (1626-1691) and was probably a posthumous portrait. Richardson was born in 1665; however, names and dates were often added to portraits long after they had been painted. The portrait resembles the engraving of a bust by Faber and bears a close likeness to Boyle’s sister, the Countess of Ranelagh, at whose house in London he lived and worked for many years.It has been objected that few of the nobility and gentlemen of the time of Charles I1 and James I1 were painted otherwise than in court dress. Portraits showing gentlemen in dressing gowns .and velvet caps appeared more frequently about 1720, when Boyle had been dead nearly 30 years; but it may be suggested that Richardson preferred to represent him as a philosopher in his study. Towards the end of his life, Boyle lived very quietly in the country and did not frequent the court. The picture was purchased at a sale at Loudon Castle, Galston, Ayrshire, and acquired for the Institute, by private subscription, in 1931. It is interesting to note that Lady Jean Boyle, who died in 1729, was the wife of the third son of the second Earl of Loudon, a lieutenant-general in the army in 1743.THEHON. ROBERTBOYLE:1626-1691. 4 Report of the Council: 1937-1938 (To be submitted at the Sixtieth Ann.ual General Meetivzg of the Institute, to be held on Tuesday, 1st March, 1938.) I. THE ROLLOF THE INSTITUTE. This Report covers the twelve months ending 28th January, 1938. Since the publication of the Report for 1936-37, the Council has elected 73 new Fellows, of whom 64 were formerly Associates and 2 Fellows have been re-elected. 331 new Associates have been elected, of whom 113 were Registered Students. 5 Associates have been re-elected. 242 new Registered Students have been admitted, and 8 Students re-admitted. The Council records with regret the death of 31 Fellows, 16 Associates, and 2 Students, namely:- Fellows Robert Westrup Blair.Percival Walter Clutterbuck, O.B.E. Joseph Bernard Coleman. William Bates Ferguson, K.C. Alfred Cooper Fryer.William Rrantingham Giles. Christopher Maurice 'Walter Grieb. Harold Albert Goldsbrough. George Gray, M.B.E. Richard Elliott Griffi ths. Henry Charles Jenkins. Hedley Gordon Jones. Alfred Henry Knight. Arthur Robert Ling. Robert Dexter Littlefisld. Sir David Orme Masson, K.B.E., F.R.S. David Miller. John James Morgan. 5 Paul Murphy. Sidney Scrivener Napper. Francis Richard O’Shaughnessy. Arthur George Perkin, F.R.S. Edmund Charles Rossiter. Henry Russell Smith. Andrew Stewart. Claude Trevine Symom.Frank Litherland Teed.Joseph Harold Totton. John Augustus Voelcker, C.I.E. Albert Watkins Maggs Wintle, Member of Council. Sydney Young, F.R.S. Associatee (Mm.) May Sybil Burr. John Wallace Crabtree. Leslie Fullerton Davidson, M.C. Edmund Arthur Elsby. Sam Gaskell. Robert Oswald Hall. Hubert Walter Harrison. Percy John Higson.William Jefferys Lesley.Henry Elwyn Lloyd. Denis Madden. William Muirhead. Ralph David Owen. Hamish Robertson. Kenneth James Rennie Robertson. James Ross Todd. Students Arthur Stanley Back. Hubert Thomaa Forth Evans. The Council has accepted the resignations of 5 Fellows, 27 Associates and 37 Students. The names of 4 Fellows, 47 Associates and 80 Students have been removed from the Register in accordance with the By-laws.The Register at 28th January, 1938, contains the names of 2131 Fellows, 4865 Associates (in all 6996 members), and 764 Registered Students. The number of members has increased by 217, and the number of Registered Students has increased by 18. 2. THE COUNCIL, COMMITTEES AND REPRESENTATIVES. The Council has held 12 meetings; the Committees, Sub- committees and Board of Examiners have held 52 meetings. 6 COMMITTEESAND CHAIRMEN. Appointments .. .. The President. Benevolent Fund Bernard I?. Howard, Eon. ..Finance and House -. j. Treasurer. Legal and Parliamentary .. The President. Nominations, Examinations and Institutions .. .. .. The President. Pedler Fund .. .. .. The President.Publications and Library .. W.J. A. Butterfield. Joint Committee with the Board of Education (National Certifi- cates) .. .. .. .. The President. Joint Committee with the Scot- tish Education Department (National Certificates) . . G. G. Henderson, F.R.S. Joint Committee with the Board of Education, Northern Ireland (National Certificates) . . The President. The Public Appointments Committee and the Appointments Register Committee have been combined. Dr. H. A. Tempany, C.B.E., was elected District Member of Council for the Overseas Dominions and elsewhere abroad, in the place of Professor J. I. Orme Masson, who had completed his term of office. At the Annual General Meeting held on 1st March, 1937, a new district for the election of a Member of Council was provided for East Midlands and South Yorkshire, and Dr.G. Malcolm Dyson was elected first Member of Council for the district. The Council of the Institute joined with the Councils of the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry, conveying their congratula- tions and an expression of their devotion to the Throne, in a Loyal Address to Their Majesties King George VI and Queen Elizabeth, on the occasion of their Coronation. The Institute has been represented as follows:-Sir Robert H. Pickard, F.R.S., President, represented the Institute at the Coronation of His Majesty King George VI and Queen Elizabeth in Westminster Abbey on 12th May, 1937. The President also represented the Institute on the National Committee for Chemistry (Royal Society); and on the Standing Advisory Committee for the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research concerned with the testing of building materials.Professor Jocelyn F. Thorpe, C.B.E., F.R.S., Past President, with Mr. F. G. Edmed, O.B.E., and Mr. W. A. S. Calder,-on the Chemical Council. Professor Jocelyn F. Thorpe, C.B.E., F.R.S., Past President,- on the Advisory Committee on the Dyeing of Textiles of the City and Guilds of London Institute in connexion with the Examinations of the Department of Technology. The President, with the Honorary Treasurer and the Registrar,- on the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund Committee. 7 Mr. H. Douglas Elkington, Vice-President,--on the Patents Committee of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers. Professor H.V. A. Briscoe and Mr. W. J. A. Butterfield, Members of Council,-on the Comnlittee of the Chemical Council appointed to consider the question of publishing a Weekly Journal to circulate to all members of the three Chartered Chemical Bodies and to review the question of publishing lectures or monographs. Mr. W. J. A. Butterfield, Member of Council, Mr. Lewis Eynon and the Registrar-at a Conference held at the Air Raid Precautions Department, Home Office, to consider steps to be taken to secure the services of Gas Detection Officers. Mr. W. A. S. Calder, Member of Council,-on the British Manage- ment Council ; at the International Congress of Industrial Chemistry and at the Celebration of the twentieth anniversary of the foundation of the Socidt6 de Chimie Industrielle.Sir Christopher Clayton, C.B.E, Past President, and the Registrar, -on the Parliamentary Science Committee. Professor H. V. A. Briscoe, Member of Council, Mr. H. W. Cremer, Dr. J. J. Fox, Vice-president, and Dr. E. Vanstone,-on the Joint Library Committee of the Chemical Society. Dr. Edward Ardern,-at the Health Congress of the RoyalSanitary Institute held at Birmingham. Mr. E. R. Bolton,-on the Advisory Committee on Petroleum and Petroleum Products, and on Oils, Fats and Waxes, of the City and Guilds of London Institute, in connexion with the Examinations conducted by the Department of Technology. Dr. H. G. Colman,-on the British National Committee of the World Power Conference.Dr. Gilbert J. Fowler, Honorary Corresponding Secretary, India,-at the Silver Jubilee of the Indian Science Congress, meeting jointly with the British Association for the Advancement of Science, at Calcutta, from 3rd to 9th January, 1938. Dr. C. R. Austin,-at the Forty-first Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Political and Social Science at Philadelphia. Dr. J. F. Toeher,-on the Advisory Committee appointed under the Therapeutic Substances Act. The Registrar,--on the Headmasters of Secondary Schools Em-ployment Committee, Ministry of Labour. The Assistant Secretary,-on the Chemical Trades AdvisoryCommittee, and on the Chemical Trades Examination Board of the Union of Lancashire and Cheshire Institutes.STATUTORYAPPOINTMENT. Dr. G. Roche Lynch, O.B.E., Member of Council,-on the Poisons Board, constituted under the Pharmacy and Poisons Act, 1933. The following Fellows have represented the Institute on the Council of the Chemical Division and on Committees and Sub- Committees of the British Standards Institution :-Dr. Leslie Aitchison,-Chemicals and Chemical Plant for Electro-plating, and at a Conference on the proposed Standardisation of Plated Finishes for Fittings and Equipment i 8 Mr. S. A. Brazier,-delegate to a Conference called to consider the desirability of making provision for the standardisation and co-ordina- tion of tests for rubber and rubber products, and, later, Chairman of the Technical Sub-committee to which the question was referred; Mr.W. J. A. Butterfield, Member of Council,-on the Council of the Chemical Division; and on a Committee to co-ordinate the work of the Building, Chemical and Engineering Divisional Councils. Dr. Harold G. Colman,-Benzole for Motor Fuel; Sampling of Tar Products; Professor C. H. Desch, F.R.S.,-Cement and Slag Cement; Dr. J. J. Fox, O.B.E., Vice-President,-Analysis of Chemicals and MateriaL used in Electro-plating; Mr. Walter C. Hancock,-High Alumina Cements; Mr. F. W. Harbord, C.B.E.,-Cement ; Mr. William Macnab, C.B.E.,-Steam- Jacketed Pans. Mr. William Henry Simmons,-on a Technical Committee to examine the draft methods for the analysis of soaps and fats, prepared by the International Commission for the Study of Fats.Dr. James Watson,-Sand Lime Bricks; Portland Blast Furnace Slag Cement; Containers for Heavy Acids and Solvents; Dr. A. G. Francis and Professor H. V. A. Briscoe, Members of Council, Mr. W. T. Burgess, Dr. J. T. Dunn, and the Assistant Secre- tary,--on Technical Committee C/S on Standardisation of Scientific Glassware; Dr. A. D. Mitchell,-Chemical Symbols and Abbreviations. Many Fellows and Associates have participated in drafting Specifications for various Standards, and others have assisted the British Standards Institution by contributing their observations on draft specifications. Dr. Francis H. Cam, C.B.E., Member of Council, reported specially on questions referred to him regarding the Specification for Steam- Jacketed Pans.3. THE FINANCE AND HOUSE COMMITTEE. Acting largely on the suggestions made by Dr. E. B. Hughes at the Annual General Meeting on 1st March, 1937,the Auditors, with the approval of the Finance and House Committee and the Council, have presented the Financial Statements for the year 1937 in a different form. The accounts attached to this Report consist of a Statement of Income and Expenditure, a Balance Sheet as at the 31st December, 1937, a statement of Investments held and Dividends received therefrom, and a summary of the accounts for subscrip- tions and fees retained in Australia and New Zealand. 9 After careful consideration, it was decided that the cost of publishing "Official Chemical Appointments '' and the Register should not be spread over any period of years.It was thought that the accounts would be simpler if the payments for these publications were included in the accounts for the year in which they were actually paid. The amount received for Examination Fees was reduced owing to the fact that candidates presenting themselves at centres other than London are not now required to pay local fees. The premises of the Institute have been maintained in good repair . The use of the hall and meeting rooms has been granted for many meetings of other Societies and Institutions. 4. THE BENEVOLENT FUND COMMITTEE. The accounts of the Benevolent Fund for the year 1937are also attached to this Report. The Benevolent Fund Committee records its grateful thanks to all who have supported the fund, including those who have very kindly made themselves responsible for collecting "group " contributions.The total receipts for the Coronation Year exceeded those for 1936 by E607 19s. 8d., and the number of contributors was increased from 2240 to 2854. However, while the Capital Account was augmented by l563 14s. ~od.,of which sum f7338 6s. 7d. is due for investment, the Current Account was overdrawn at the end of the year to the extent of E47 9s. gd. In addition to casual grants and loans, regular benefit from the fund is being granted to-Two aged Fellows; thirteen widows (with 27 children); a daughter of a deceased Fellow; two children of a Fellow (widower, abroad), financially embarrassed; and the mother of a Fellow who was killed in a road accident.The Committee looks to every Fellow and Associate to participate in this good work, and hopes that the list of contribu-tors, which showed such an improvement in 1937, will be still further increased. The Committee records with gratitude bequests to the Fund of 1625 by Dr. Alfred Cooper Fryer, and LIOO by Dr. John Augustus Voelcker. 10 5. LEGAL AND PARLIAMENTARY. PROPOSED SUPPLEMENTAL CHARTER.-FeUOWS and Associates are aware of the steps taken by the Council with the object of securing their approval of a Petition to His Majesty The King for a proposed Supplemental Charter, providing, inter alia, for the addition of a third category of members to be termed “Graduates Registered by the Institute.” A full report of the Special General Meeting of the Institute, held on 19th November, to consider the matter, has appeared in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,together with the result of the postal vote, subsequently taken on the proposal.While regretting that the vote was adverse, the Council must have regard to the facts that the majority was small, and that less than half of the Fellows and Associates who could have voted actually recorded their votes. The matter has been referred to a Special Committee. The Council has under consideration the Draft Regulations of the Home Office, under the Hydrogen Cyanide (Fumigation) Act, 1937,and is obtaining the views thereon of Fellows who have special experience in fumigation work.6. LOCAL SECTIONS. A new Section has been formed for East Anglia, comprising essentially the counties of Norfolk, Suffolk and that part of Essex north of a line drawn east to west through (and including) Colchester. The following schedule records the main activities of the Local Sections:-ABERDEENAND NORTHOF SCOTLAND. Mr. John Duckworth . . “Some Aspects of Blood Chemistry.” Professor E. W. H. Cruickshank “The Application of Chemistry to Living Systems.” Dr. R. B. Strathdee .. . . “An Introduction to the Chemistry of Phenanthrene.” Mr. Patrick Mitchell . . “Some Aspects of the Application of Chemistry to the Paint and Varnish Industry.” BELFASTAND DISTRICT. Mr.W.Kerr .. .. .. “Ancient Remedies and Cures for Farm Animals.” Mr.G. R. Perdue . . .. “Measurements of Hydrogen Ion Con- centration.” Visit to Belfast Ropework Co., Ltd. Joint Visit with the Irish Free State Section to the Alcohol Factory at Cooley. Discussion on the proposed Supplemental Charter. BIRMINUHAMAND MIDLANDS. Dr. D. L. Woodhouse . . “Biochemical Investigations as an Aid to the Diagnosis of Cancer.” Dr. J. H. Quastel .. . . “Enzymes.”Mr. J. Ivon Graham . . “The Work of the Mining Research Laboratory.” Meeting to consider the proposed Supplemental Charter. BRISTOLAND SOUTH-WESTERNCOUNTIES. Dr. Julius Grant .. .. “Fluorescence Analysis as an Aid to the Chemist.” Dr. C. Ainsworth Mitchell, Vice- “The Evidence of Inks and Pencil President Pigments.” Mr.Richard B. Pilcher, O.B.E., “From Boyle to Priestley.” RegistrarDr. H. E. Cox, Member of “Recent Developments in the Chemistry Council of Food.” Dr. R. P. Linstead .. .. “Some Recent Developments in Colour Chemistry.” Visit to the works of Mesrrs. C. & T. Harris (Calne), Ltd. CARDIFF AND DISTRICT. Prof. Alexander Robertson .. “Some Recent Advances in the Chemistry of the Rotenone Series and Related Compounds.”Dr. J. J. Fox, O.B.E., Vice-“Some Recent Investigations at the President Government Laboratory.” Dr. A. E. Dunstan .. .. “Operations of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Co., Ltd., in Iran.” Mr. H. W. Cremer .. .. “The Choice of Constructional Metale for Chemical Plant.” Discussion on “The Chemist’s Attitude towards World Affairs.” EASTANULIA.Inaugural Meeting. Symposium on “Molasses,” by Messrs. Whyatt, Green, Van Perlstein and Stoton. Members of the Chemical Staff of Messrs. Nobel Finishes, Ltd. “Nitro-cellulose Finishes.” EASTMIDLANDS. Symposium on the “Determination and Identification of Fats.” Dr. Samuel Glasstone .. “Oxidation and Reduction Potentials.” Sir Robert H. Pickard, F.R.S.,President . . .. . . ‘~cellulos0.” *Dr. G. Malcolm Dyson, Mem- ber of Council ,. “Some New Micro-Analytical Reagents.” tDr. E. W. Smith, C.B.E. .. “The Up-grading of Coal.” Mr. A. D. Powell .. . . “The Analytical Control of Drugs and Medicines.” * Joint meeting with the Leicester Literary and Philosophical Society (Chemistry Section), at Leicester. t Joint meeting with the Nottingham Section of Society of Chemical Industry. EDINBURGHAND EASTOF SCOTLAND.TMr. Richard B. Pilcher, O.B.E., Registrar .. . . ‘‘From Boyle to Priestley.” *Prof. C. N. Hinshelwood, F.R.S. .. .. .. “Some Fundamental Laws of Chemical Change.”SDr. J. P. Baxter (joint author with Mr. J. G. Moore) .. “The Properties of Chlorinated Rubber.” tDr. E. B. Maxted .. .. “Catalysis and its Application to In-dustry.” $Two-day Summer Meeting at Hexham, Northumberland. tDisplay of non-advertising sound films. * Joint meeting of the Chemical Society with the Local Sections of the Institute and the Society of Ohemical Industry. -f Joint meeting with the Local Section of Society of Chemical Industry. 5 Joint meeting with the Local Section and the Plastics Group of the Society of Chemical Industry.$ ?ointly with the Newcastle and Glasgow Sections of the Institute and of the Society of Chermcal Industry.GLASGOWAND WEST OF SCOTLAND. *Dr. J. T. Dunn . . .. “Service of Science to Industry.” tProf. J. P. Kendall, F.R.S. . . “Ionic Migration.” *Mr. J. W. Napier .. .. “The Chemist and the Chemical Engineer in Relation to the Commercial Develop- ment of the Gas Iridustry.” $Dr. C. Ainsworth Mitchell, “The Forensic Chemist in the Criminal Vice-president Courts. ’’ tMr. J. D. Bernal, F.R.S. . . “The Systematic Theory of the Liquid State.” *Prof. C. H. Desch, F.R.S. .. “Alloys of some Light Metals.” Mr. R. Leslie Collett, Assistant Secretary .... . . Attended a discussion on the proposed Supplemental Charter. Dr. C. P. Stewart .. .. “Some Recent Advances in Biochemis- try.” $Two-day Summer Meeting at Hexham, Northumberland. Visit to Messrs. Colville’s Clydebridge Steel Works. Visit to Messrs. Clyde Paper Company’s Works at Rutherglen. Visit to the offices of The Qlasgow Herald. * By invitation of the Qlasgow Section of Society of Chemical Industry. t By invitation of the Chemical Society. g Second Tatlock Memorial Lecture. 3 Jointly with the Edinburgh and Newwtle Sections of the Institute and of the Sooiety of Chemical Induetry. HUDDERSFIELD. Dr. Eric Seddon . . .. “The Casting of the World’s Largest Telescope Disc (in Glass) of 200h. Diameter.” *Dr. J. B. Speakman ..“Recent Advances in the Chemistry of Wool and Wool Textile Processes.” Mr. W. R. Moore . . .. “Modern Advances in the Technology of Explosives Manufacture .” Dr. H. D. Kay . . .. . . “Control of the Chemical Composition of Cow’s Milk.” Dr. E. A. Fisher .. ,. “Some Scientific Aspects of BakingQuality in Flour.” Visit to the Woollen Mills of Messrs. John Crowther & Sons, Ltd., Milnes- bridge.Summer Meeting with the South Yorkshire Section. Visit to Messrs. Hailwood & Ackroyd’s Works at Morley, near Lee&. Discussion on the proposed Supplemental Charter. *Joint meeting with the Huddersfield Section of the Society of Dyem and Colourfsts. 13 INDIA. Meetings in Calcutta, during the Silver Jubilee Meeting of the Indian Science Congress Association. IRISHFREESTATE.Dr. P. S. Amp .. Dr. G. Van B. Gilmour } Practical Demonstrations. Prof. E. A. Werner .. Dr. A. G. G. Leonard.. .. “Atmospheric Pollution.” LEEDSAREA. Dr. L. H. Lampitt .. .. “Scientific Food Preparation.” *Symposium on “Applications of Microchemistry.” Major-General C. H. Foulkes, C.B., C.M.G., D.S.O. . . “Chemical Warfare and the Civil Popu- lation.” Mr. R. Taylor .. .. .. “Modern Developments in High Pressure Chemistry.” Joint Visit with Belfast Section to the Alcohol Factory at Cooley. Discussion on the proposed Supplemental Charter. *Joint meeting with the Microchemical Club and the Leeds University Chemical Society. LIVERPOOLAND NORTH-WESTERN. Professor W.H. Roberts ..“The Function of the Analyst in the Detection of Crime.’’ Mr. G. E. Knowles .. .. “Leather.” Mr. G. Brearley .. “Let’s Go Somewhere.” The late Mr. A. W. M: ‘Wintle, Member of Council .. .. “Chemical Service Implications.” *Mr. G. Thompson .. .. “Our Newspapers-From Forest to Fire- side.’’ Prof. T. P. Hilditch, Member of Council .. .. .. “Fats, Facts and Figures.” *Joint meeting with the Liverpool Section of the Society of Chemical Industry. AND SOUTH-EASTERNLONDON COUNTIES. Mr. J. Davidson Pratt, O.B.E. “Gas Defence from the Point of View of the Chemist.” Prof. J. F. Thorpe, C.B.E., F.R.S., Vice-president .. “The Past and Future of the Institute. Mr. F. L. Brady .. . . “Chemistry in the Building Industry.” Visit to the Battersea Power Station.Visit to the Laboratories of Messrs. J. Lyons & Co., Ltd. Visit to the Croxley Paper Mills of Messrs. John Dickinson & Co., Ltd. Visit to the Mogden Sewage Purification Works. Visit to the Dagenham Works of the Ford Motor Co. Discussion on the proposed Supplemental Charter. MALAYA. Annual Conference. Visit to the Nipah Distilleries of Malaya. MANCHESTERAND DISTRICT. Mr. B. D. W. Luff .. “As Others See Us.” Mr. Richard B. Pilcher, O.B.E.’, Registrar .. .. .. “From Boyle to Priestley.” Mr. F. R. Cooper .. .. “Aspects of Personal Finance.” *Prof. Dr. Kurt H. Meyer .. “Researches on Rubber and Rubber-like Substances.” Prof. A. D. Ritchie .. . . “Can Science Tell the Whole Truth ? ” Summer Meeting at Hawkstone Park, Weston, near Shrewsbury.Golf Competition for the Chairman’s Bowl.* Jointly with the Local Sectiona of the Society of Chemical Industry, the Society of Dyers and Colourists, the Chemical Society, and the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society. 14 NEWCASTLE COAST.UPON TYNEAND NORTH-EAST Dr. A. Eric J. Vickers .. “Chemistry at High Temperatures.” IIDr. W. T. Astbury .. .. “X-Ray Interpretation of Protein Struc- ture. ’’ fMr. M. P. Applebey .. .. “Sulphur from Smelter Gases.” Prof. J. W. H. Harrison, F.R.S. “Sex, Sex-determination and Sex-linked Inheritance.” [[Sir E. J. Russell, O.B.E., “Chemistry and Modern Food Produc-F.R.S. t ion. ” *Dr. P. 0. Rosin .. .. “Influence of Particle Size in Processes of Fuel Technology.” \\Prof.G.I. Finch .. . . “Electron Diffraction and Surface Stwc- ture.” 16M.r. F. Hudson .. .. “Corrosion Problems in Chemical In-dustry.”//Prof.J. R. Partington, M.B.E. “Chemistry in the Ancient World.” **Two-day Summer Meeting at Hexham, Xorthumberland. Discussion on the Proposed -Supplemental Charter. *Joint meeting with Society of Chemical Industry, Coke Oven Managers’ Association, and Institute of Chemical Engineers. tJoint meeting with the Society of Chemical Industry. 5 Joint meeting with the Local Sections of the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institute of Metals.11 Bedson Lectures.** Jointly with the Edinburgh and Ctlasgow Sections of the Institute and of the Society of Chemical Industry. NEW ZEALAND.Mr. F. H. V. Fielder .. .. “Science and Nationalism.” Conference of the Australian and New Zealand Association for the Ad- vancement of Science:-Papers by Dr. R. 0. Page; Sir T. Rigg; Dr. H. 0. Askew, with Mr. R. Thomson and Miss Kidson; Dr. H. 0. Askew and Dr. J. K. Dixon; Sir T. Rigg, Dr. H. 0.Askew and Mr. E. Chittenden; Dr. H. 0. Askew, Mr. J. K. Dixon and Miss Bell; Dr. J. K. Dixon and Mr. A. C. Harris; Dr. M. C. Franklin; Dr. H. R. Whitehead and Mr. I. R. Sherwood; Dr. F. H. McDowall; Dr. G. M. Moir; Dr. Roy Gardner and Mr. W. B. Seymouth. SOUTHWALES. *Prof. J. S. S. Brame, C.B.E.. . “Liquid Fuel from Coal.” Mr. J. 0. Samuel .. .. “Flocculation in Theory and Practice.” tDr.-now Sir-J. W. Mellor, F.R.S., and Mr. A. T. Green “Refractory Materials.” $Prof.F. A. Paneth .. .. “The Chemical Exploration of the Stratosphere.”#Dr. S.Glasstone . . . . “Some Aspects of Electrolytic Oxidation.” $MissI. H. Hadfield .. . . “Micro-Analysis.”Mr. E. Thornton . . .. “The Lighter Hydrocarbons.” *Joint meeting With the Institution of Petroleum Technologists. t Joint meeting with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry. $ Meetings of the Chemical Society. 5 Joint meeting with the Local Section of the Institute of Metals. SOUTH YORKSHIRE. Mr. W. W. Stevenson . . “Steel making with special reference to the High Frequency Furnace.” Mr. F. Brewer .. . . “The Search for the Rare Elements.” Mr. Richard B. Pilcher, O.B.E., Registrar . . .. . . “From Boyle to Priestley.”Prof. H.S. Holden .. .. “The Place of the Biologist in Forensic Science.’ Visit to the Works of the Dinnington Main Coal CO., Ltd. Visit to the Works of the Thorncliffe Coal Distillation, Co., Ltd. 15 The Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections was held at the Institute on 26th June, 1937,and was opened by Mr. H. Douglas Elkington, Vice-president. The report of the proceedings was published in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part IV, 1937. The President has visited the London and the East Midlands Section. The Registrar has visited the Bristol, Edinburgh, Glasgow (Ramsay Chemical Dinner), Manchester, and South Yorkshire Sections, and attended meetings of the London Section. The Assistant Secretary has visited Glasgow, and attended meetings of the London Section.7. HONORARY CORRESPONDING SECRETARIES. The thanks of the Council are accorded to the Honorary Corresponding Secretaries in the Overseas Dominions and in the Colonies for their continued help and advice in connexion with matters affecting Fellows and Associates in their respective districts. On the retirement of Colonel B. J. Eaton, O.B.E., Honorary Corresponding Secretary for Straits Settlements and the Far East, the late Mr. R. W. Blair was appointed to succeed him. Mr. H. J. Page, M.B.E., has occupied that position since the death of Mr. Blair. Mr. W. R. Jewell has succeeded Mr. A. E. Leighton, C.M.G., as Honorary Corresponding Secretary for Victoria, Australia. 8. NOMINATIONS, EXAMINATIONS AND INSTITUTIONS COMMITTEE.The Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee (the Council in Committee) has held g meetings. The Committee has reported on 818 applications for Student- ship, Examination and Membership, and on many enquiries in connexion with the training for admission to the Associateship and Fellowship. Sub-Committees and Local Interviewing Committees have interviewed many candidates for the Associateship and Fellow- ship, and the Council again records its indebtedness to the Advisory Committee in India, and its Honorary Secretary, Dr. Gilbert J. Fowler, for their assistance in connexion with applications and enquiries from that Empire. Applications for Studentship and Membership are summarised below :-Applications for Admission to Studentship, including readmission Accepted .... .. .. .. .. 250 Declined . . .. .. .. .. .. 3 -253 Applications for Admission to Examination for the Associateship Accepted .. .. .. .. .. .. 98 Applications for election (and re-election) to the Associateship Accepted .. .. .. .. .. .. 336 Declined . . .. .. .. .. .. 1 Referred for Examination .. .. .. 22 -359 Applications for Admission to Exurnination for the Fellowship Accepted . . .. .. .. .. .. 31 Declined . . .. .. .. .. .. 132 Applications from Associates for election to the Fellowship Accepted . . .. .. .. .. .. 64 Declined .. .. .. .. .. .. 165 Applications from Non-Associates for election to the Fellowship Accepted .... .. ...... 9 Applications for re-election to the Fellowship Accepted .. .. .. .... .. -2 818 EXAMINATIONS.-Examinations were held in Apzand September, 1937,and in January, 1938. The entries and results are here summarised :-SUMMARYOF RESULTS. Associateship EXAMINED.PASSED. General Chemistry . . .. .. 152 72 FellowshipBranch A. Inorganic Chemistry .. -1 1 Branch B. Physical Chemistry .. -Branch C. Organic Chemistry .. 4 1 Branch D. Biochemistry .. .. 1 0 Branch E. Chemistry (including Micro- scopy) of Food and Drugs, and of Water .. .. 23 13 Branch F. Agricultural Chemistry .. 2 2 Branch G. Industrial Cheniistry .. 2 2 Chemical Technology of Textiles .. .. .. 1 1 General Analytical Chern-istry .. .... 1 1 187 93- 17 In the corresponding summary for 1936-1937, the number of candidates examined for the Associateship was 158, of whom 69 passed, and the total number of candidates examined for the Associateship and the Fellowship was 193, of whom 85 passed. The thanks of the Council have been accorded to the authorities of the following Universities and Colleges, who have kindly provided facilities for the Examinations :-The University, and the College of Technology, Leeds; The University, and the College of Technology, Manchester ; The Royal School of Mines, London ; King’s College, Newcastle-upon- Tyne ; The Royal Technical College, Glasgow ; Central Technical College, Birmingham ; Technical College, Bradford; City Technical College, Liverpool ; Royal Academical Institution, Belfast ; also to the Gas Light & Coke Co.; the British Association of Research for Cocoa, Chocolate, Sugar, Confectionery and Jam Trades; the Research Association of British Paint, Colour and Varnish Manufacturers ; the South African Institute for Medical Research; and to Dr.G. D. Elsdon. The thanks of the Council are accorded to the Board of Examiners, to the Examiners in special subjects, and to the Assessors who have examined records of research, specifications for patents, etc., submitted by candidates for admission to the Fellowship. EXAMINERS.-NO change has been made in the constitution of the Board of Examiners. REGuLATIONS.-The Regulations were revised and reprinted in July, 1937.INSTITUTIONS.-The South-East Essex Technical College, Dagenham, and The University of Manitoba, have been added to the list of Institutions recognised by the Council of the Institute for the training of candidates for admission to the Associateship. AwARDs.-The Council, with the concurrence of the Society of Maccabaeans, the donors of the Meldola Medal, have awarded the Medal for 1937to Mr. Ronald Percy Bell, M.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), of Balliol College, Oxford. The Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize for 1937has been awarded to Mr. Lewis Smith, a Registered Student of the Institute, studying at the Sir John Cass Technical Institute. Louis George Whybrow Palethorpe, a Registered Student at University College, Nottingham, was adjudged proxime accessit.18 9. APPOINTMENTS COMMITTEE. The Council has supported the representations made by the Society of Public Analysts to the Ministry of Agriculture, on matters concerning the appointment of Official Agricultural Analysts, and by the Irish Free State Section of the Institute, on the subject of the appointment of State Chemist. Fellows and Associates are reminded that in the Report of Council for 1936-37, it was stated that the Institute should, so far as possible, discourage local authorities from offering profes- sional chemical work to tender. Representations have lately been made in that connexion to one local authority recalling the view expressed by the Local Government Board (now the Ministry of Health) over thirty years ago that the Board con- sidered the offering of such appointments on tender as open to some objection and hoped that the practice would be discontinued.APPOINTMENTSREGISTER.-The record of the Appointments Register during the twelve months ending 30th September, 1937, was published in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part V. The number of Fellows and Associates known to be without appoint- ment at the present time is 66 (less than one per cent.). so. AIR RAID PRECAUTIONS. The Council has co-operated with the Councils of the Allied Societies and Institutions in inviting chemists to volunteer for service as Gas Detection Officers under the Air Raid Precautions Department of the Home Office, and in this connexion, with the concurrence of the author, has provided a wide circulation of Mr.J. Davidson Pratt’s lecture on “Gas Defence from the Point of View of the Chemist.’’ The Department secured the number of volunteers required for certain important areas, and Whig-Commander Hodsoll, C.B., the head of the Department, now Chief Inspector, subsequently presided at a Conference of Officers held at the Institute. 11. PUBLICATIONS AND LIBRARY COMMITTEE. The JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGShas been published in six Parts. Discussion was continued on the teaching of general science in schools, on which the Council recorded its opinion that the syllabus in general science proposed by the Sub-committee of the 19 Science Masters’ Association made insufficient use of the peculiar merits of the study of elementary chemistry as a means of general scientific education, and urged the importance of devoting to it a substantially larger proportion (than was proposed in the syllabus) of the time and effort available for General Science in Schools.A copy of the resolution was forwarded to the Board of Education and to the Science Masters’ Association. Correspondence was subsequently continued with the Science Masters’ Association, and the Institute was informed that the differences between the views of the Council and the Sub-Com- mittee were in part due to misunderstanding, and that a full report would be published giving an extended syllabus in which chemistry would be dealt with more adequately. MONOGRAPHS.-The following monographs have been pub- lished during the year:- “Gas Defence from the Point of View of the Chemist,” by Mr.J. Davidson Pratt, O.B.E. ; “Oxidation-Reduction Potentials and their Applications,” by Dr. S. Glasstone; “Chemical Changes and Chances ”-the Twentieth Streatfeild Memorial Lecture-by Sir Martin Forster, F.R.S. ; and “Forensic Chemistry in the Criminal Court,” by Dr. C. Ainsworth Mitchell, Vice-president. The Synopsis of Two Lectures on “Recent Work on Mono-molecular Films” given by Professor Eric K. Rideal, M.B.E., F.R.S., was published in Part IV; and Mr. W. A. S. Calder’s lecture entitled ‘‘ Chemist’s Progress” being the Ninth Gluckstein Memorial Lecture, was published in Part VI of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS.“OFFICIAL CHEMICAL APPOINTMENTS.”-The ninth edition of the List of “Official Chemical Appointments” was published in November, 1937. It was referred to the Publications Committee to consider Colonel Potter’s suggestion regarding the inclusion of additional advertisements in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGStheof Institute, but the matter has been postponed pending the con- sideration by the Chemical Council of other matters relating to the publications of the three Chartered Chemical Bodies. LIBRARY.-The thanks of the Council are accorded to authors, publishers and others, who have kindly presented books and journals to the Library of the Institute. 20 Fellows, Associates and Registered Students have continued to enjoy the full use of the Library of the Chemical Society, and of the Science Library, South Kensington. The Socibtb de Chimie Industrielle has presented the Institute with a bronze plaque, bearing in relief the heads of MM.Jean Gerard and Paul Kestner, to commemorate the Twentieth Anniversary of the Soci6t6. The Wellcome Foundation has presented the Institute with a replica of the Commemorative Medal struck in honour of Dr. F. B. Power, formerly Director of the Wellcome Chemical Research Laboratories, 1914. LANTERNSLIDEs.-The collection of lantern slides at the Institute has been augmented and continues to be in demand for illustrating lectures. 12. NATIONAL CERTIFICATES IN CHEMISTRY. Reports on the Examinations for National Certificates in Chemistry have been published in the JOURNAL AND PROCEED-INGS with abstracts of the Reports of the Assessors.13. PEDLER RESEARCH SCHOLARSHIP. Dr. Charles Simons, Associate, has been appointed the Fourth Pedler Scholar, and will work under Professor Frederick Chal- lenger at the University of Leeds, on "The Formation of Volatile Compounds of Arsenic and Selenium by Micro-organisms." 28th Janzcary, 1938. Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.I. 21 REPORT OF THE AUDITORS. We have examined the Balance Sheet at 31st December, 1937, of the Institute of Chemistry, also the Statements of Account for the year ended 31st December, 1937, with the books and vouchers. The values of the Lease and Premises of the Institute, Furni- ture, Library, Apparatus, etc., are not included in the Balance Sheet.Subject to that remark, we have obtained all the in- formation and explanations we have required and in our opinion the Balance Sheet and Statement of Accounts are properly drawn up and are in accordance with the entries in the books. We certify that we have seen the certificates for the registered stocks and we have received from the Bank of England, the Westminster Bank, Ltd., the Bank of Montreal, Ltd., and the Commonwealth Bank of Australia, Ltd., certificates that they hold on behalf of the Institute the Investments shown on the Statement of Investments. (Signed) DAVIDHENDERSON}Chartered AccountantsJ. Y. FINLAY J. HY. LANE IHon. Auditors, w.c. HANCOCKf 1937-38. 10th January, 1938. 22 THE lNSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRlTAIN AND IRELAND. 23 Founded 1877. Ineorporatad by Boyd Charter, 1885. FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31~~DECEMBER,1937. 1936 INCOME. 1937 Dr. Cr. E s. 300 0 473 7 112 7 221 1 4997 4 215 2 204 14 27 9 427 3 493 10 33 10 275 16 d. 0 4 4 8 8 3 8 5 7 7 1 6 € s. d. € s. d. To Premises-Rent .. .. *. .. 300 0 0 Rates and Schedule A Tax, . 485 11 3 Insurances .. .. .. 96 15 4 RepeirsandMaintenance .. 423 12 4 Salaries, Wages and Gratui- ties. . .. .. .. 5,249 5 8 Assurances .. .. .. 218 0 0 1,305 18 11 9) Staff-5,467 5 8 9, Office Expenses- Gas, Water, Light, Power and Fuel .. .. .. 245 1 0 Telephone .. .. .. 30 5 1 Printingandstationery .. 473 8 9 Postage .... .. 487 4 6 Travelling .. .. .. 46 7 2 Advertisements .. .. 254 19 10 $ s. d. S 8. d. 3,447 19 t 6,827 19 li 426 10 I 1,370 5 1 936 15 2 282 9 C 139 13 t 34 6 I 881 776 25 0 C By Subscription- Fellows .. .. .. .. Associates .. .. .. Students .. .. .. .. 39 Examination and Assessment Fees ,? Dividends and Interest . . .. 97 Advertisements in Journal .. 97 Sale of Publications .. .. 93 Fees forfeited .. .. .. 97 Hire of Rooms .. .. .. 9, National Certificates- 33 Appointments Register .. .. England and Wales A/c. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. *. € 3,536 7,496 440 25 s. d. 8 0 2 6 5 0 0' 0 E s. 11,472 15 1,274 14 946 15 276 13 103 11 57 4 13 13 10 10 d. 6 0 5 0 0 2 0 0 42 0 98 17 77 1 51 2 661 4 0 8 5 6 8 97 5, ,9 Auditors' Honorarium . . 57 15 0 Miscellaneous .... 124 12 5 1,719 13 Income Tax: Schedule D .. .. .. 126 10 Repairs and Renewals of Office Equipment 64 15 Members of Council Travelling Expenses .. 641 12 9 0 3 7 9,325 16 2 25 0 1 42 166 16 j 5, 97 Scotland A/c. .. .. .. Sundry Receipts .. .. .. .. .. Australia and New Zealand Account (p. 28). 25 0 0 50 0 0 1 11 148 17 8 ~7 Publications- 648 5 9 Journal .. .. .. 659 3 1 257 14 9 Postage .. .. .. 314 18 5 974 1 6 624 5 207 1 - 1 6 Register .. Postage .. Official Chemical ments .. .. .. .. .. Appoint-.. .. --692 2 9 - Postage .. .. .. '216 7 8 908 10 5 385 14 11 Lectures and Lantern Slides 260 11 6 2,143 3 5 $7 Examinations- 787 1 4 Examiners, Assessors and Assistants . .734 8 9 175 13 4 Apparatus and Materials .. .. .. 227 14 7 962 3 4 7, Local Sectiom- 571 7 7 Grants .. .. .. .. .. 451 12 10 89 9 9 Section Secretaries' Conference .. .. 49 12 8 601 5 ti 10 10 0 77 Frankland Medal Award .. .. .. 10 10 0 31 4 3 7) Library.. .. .. .. Chemical Society under Deed Less Tax .. .. .. 550 0 137 10 .. 0 0 46 7 4 412 10 0 515 17 6 Additional .. .. .. 141 9 4 -553 19 4- 600 6 8 85 18 0 77 Donations .. .. .. .. .. 61 15 0 I 626 16 6 9, 99 Proposed Supplemental Charter .. Excess of Income 0~7er Expenditure .. .. 125 10 624 5 1 6 $13,698 14 7 €14,354 15 8-- €13,698 14 1 €14,354 15 8 24 25 Dr. 1936 f 8. d. 529 19 I! 77 1 t! 117 16 I 45 3 I 364 2 6 32,289 5 d BALANCE SHEET as at € s.d. E s. d. t'o *Sundry Creditors .. .. .. .. .. 324 0 3 39 Income Tax Reserve .. .. .. .. .. 163 18 2 7, Subscriptions paid in advance . . .. .. .. 86 13 3 97 Application Fees Retained pending further application- Add Fees retained during year . . 14 14 0 59 17 0 Balance 1st January, 1937 .. .. 45 3 0 Less Fees forfeited .. 13 13 0 Transferred to Entrance Fees . . .. .. 110 14 14 0 45 3 0In abeyance awaiting decision .. 390 6 11 435 9 11 99 Investment Account .. .. .. .. . . 33,261 10 11 3, Income and Expenditure Account Balance asper contra 245 14 11 482 9 10 221 2 0 31,190 6 6 31st December 1937. 3, 9, 9) 7, (Australia and New Zealand, at st,erling value) . . .. 3, Sundry Debtors, Rates etc., paid in advance .... .. .. ),Investments at cost (including Redemp- 9, Income and Expenditure Account-- tion Fund) . . .. .. .. 378 10 7 Balance at debit, 1/1/37 .. .. Deduct Excess of Income over Ex-. . penditure for year to 31/12/37 Balance credit as per contra .. .. ,, debtor at 31/12/36 Note.-The balance sheet does not in- clude the value of the lease and premises of the Institute, furniture, library, apparatus, etc. cr. 1937 € 8. d.€ a. d. 348 9 7 645 0 6 993 10 1 261 16 0 33,252 1 4 378 10 7 624 5 6 €245 14 11 ~ ~~ €33,423 7 3 %34,507 7 5 -svi €33,423 7 3 ._______ €34,507 7 5 26 Investment Account for the year ended 31st December, 1937. f a. d. E a. d. Balance of Accumulated Fund, 1st January, 1937 . . .. 32,289 5 5 Funds received for Investment dur- ing year- Entrance Fees .... .. 884 11 6 Entrance Fees, Australia and New Zealand, 6510 1 7 (augmented to Sterling) .. .. .. 12 12 0 Life Composition Fees . . .. 65 2 0 962 5 6 €33,251 10 11 € a. d. Investments held at 1st January, 1937 (including RedemptionFundPolicy) .. .. .. 31,190 6 6 Investments mads during year- %2,200 3% Local Loans 651951 6 6 Redemption Fund Policy Premium €110 8 4 2061 14 10 33,252 1 4 Actual amount over-invested 10 5 %33,251 10 11 %33,251 10 11 STATEMENT OF INVESTMENTS HELD AND DIVIDENDS RECEIVED THEREFROM. Holding. cost. Market Gross. Tax. Net. Value.t € % s. d. .€ s. d. E s. d. % s. ti. € s. d. Great Western Railway 24(y0 Debenture Stock 500 384 16 3 337 10 0 12 10 0 3 0 11 991 L.M.S.Railway 5% Redeemable Preference .IStock .. .. .. .. 500 503 00 517 10 0 25 0 0 6 1 11 18 18 1 L.M.S. Railway 4% Preforonce Stock .. 2,000 1,843 51 1,635 0 0 80 0 0 19 10 0 60 10 0 39% W-ar Loan .. .. .. .. .. 13,000 13,554 68 13,195 0 0 455 0 0 9 455 0 0 Dominion of Canada 3i04 Loan, 1950-55 .. 1,000 973 70 1,003 16 0 32 10 0 7 18 G 24 11 6 99 77,, 4yu Loan, 1963-58 .. 1,000 1,090 30 1,098 15 0 40 0 0 9 13 0 30 5 0 Government of Commonwealth of Australia 3Q% Stock, 1964-7-1 .. .. .. 4,000 3,985 57 3,605 0 0 130 0 0 31 13 9 98 6 3 Union of South Africa 5% Loan, 1915-75 .. 1,000 1,136 80 1,112 10 0 50 0 0 12 3 9 37 16 3 991, 9, ,, 33% Loan, 1953-73 .. 700 070 70 719 5 0 24 10 0 026 1876% New Zealand 5% Loan, 1049 .... .. 1,000 1,141 80 1,092 10 0 50 0 0 12 10 0 37 10 0 Local Loans 3% increased from $2,000 to S4,200 .. .. .. .. .. 4,200 3,795 56 3,651 7 G 87 10 0 21 10 0 6G 0 0 Port of London Authority 3ky0 Registered Stock, 1965-75 .. .. .. .. 1,000 1,033 49 1,012 10 0 35 0 0 8 10 7 2G 9 5 Southern Railway Company 5% Redeemablo Guaranteed Preference Stock, 1957 .. 1,000 1,174 62 1,155 0 0 50 0 0 12 3 9 37 16 3 Deposit Intorest .. .. .. .. 25 16 1 9 25 16 1 31,250 13 0 €30,135 12 G $1,097 16 1 r151 0 8 €940 15 5 -*Redemption Fund Policy .. .. .. 1,965 8 4 E33,252 1 4 *To realise L50,OOO in year 3010. 7 A1 3181 December, 1931. 6 Income Tax Reserve €163 18 2 (see Balance Sheet). 28 Subscriptions and Fees Paid in and Retained (in Currency) in Australia and New Zealand.Receipts. Expenditure. E s. d. E s. d. % s. d. By Balance, 1st January, 1937 .. 603 2 4 Subscriptions Fellows .. .. .. 62 9 6 Associates .. .. .. 113 2 9 176 12 3 Entrance Fees .. .. .. .. 12 12 0 Deposit Interest .. .. .. .. 12 7 9 Miscellaneous .. .. .. .. 2 12 7 Fee Retained .. .. .. .. 110 Bank Charges .. .. .. .. 124 Balances at Bankers, 31st December, 1937 Deposit .. .. .. 725 0 0 Current .. .. .. 81 5 7 806 6 ‘it €807 7 11 807 7 11 f Sterling: E645 08. 6d. Statement of Subscriptions and Fees Received, less Outgoings. E s. d. E 8. d. Subscriptions-Fellows .. .. .. .. .. .. 62 9 6 Associates .. .. .. .. .. 113 2 0 175 12 3 Deposit Interest .. .. .. .. .. 12 7 9 Entrance Fees .... .. .. .. 12 12 0 Fee Retained . . .. .. .. .. .. 110 Miscellaneous .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 12 7 201 5 7 Less Bank Charges . . .. .. .. .. 124 203 3 3 .Less Adjustment on Exchange into Sterling .. 40 12 7 162 10 8 Less Entrance Fees taken to Investment Account. . 12 12 0 149 18 8 Less Fee Retained taken to Fees Retained Account 110 Amount (in Sterling) taken to Income and Expenditure Account f118 17 8 BENEVOLENT FUND ACCOUNT, €or the year ended 31st December, 1937 Income 1936. Receipts 1937. 1936. Payments 1937. 6: 8. .S s. d. s s. ti. 5 s. d. --Balance, 1st January, 1937 .. .. 134 12 G 16 15 1 Dr. Balance, 1st January, 1936 .. ---685 14 Subscriptions .. .. .. .. 7x5 13 s 170 0 0 Grants .. .. .. .. .. 177 0 0 461 0 Annual Subscriptions .... .. 502 6 10 1,001 1s 4 ltegular Payments .. .. .. 1,221 5 0 143 3 Dividends and Interest .. .. 146 17 11 35 10 8 Printing . . .. .. .. .. 98 13 8 52 8 Income Tax recovered . . .. .. 31 17 0 550 Audit Fee .. .. .. .. 550 202 15 loans repaid .. .. .. . . 76 7 0 171 0 0 Loans granted during 1937 .. .. 201 0 0 ~Dr.Balance, 3 1st December, 1937 .. 47 9 9 10 0 0 Donation to London Orphan School .. 25 0 0 134 12 G Balance, 31st December, 1936 .. ---x1,545 1 $1,728 3 8 $1,*545 1 7 €1,728 3 8 E s. d. SE s. d. 19% 19 7 Balance, 1st January, 1936 .. .. _-_ I.192 1 9 Donations .. .. .. 427 10 2 -Donations (Special Coronation Appeal) 328 G 5 1,292 2 0 Sale of Stock . . .. .. .. ---17 10 3 Dr. Balance, 31st December, 1937 .. ---€1,694 13 7 5755 16 7 51,694 13 7 $755 16 7 Statement of Loans. SE € a. d. SE 6. d. E s. d. 2,045 Loans to 31st December, 1937 .. 2,216 6 0 1,107 15 4 Loans repaid to 31st December, 1937 1,184 2 4 171 Loans granted during 1937 . . .. 201 0 0 654 0 0 Loans written off to 31st December, 1935 (354 0 0 Loans outstanding at 3 1st December, 454 10 8 1937 .. .. .. .. .. 579 3 8 €2,216 6 0 $2,417 6 0 $2,216 6 0 €2,417 6 0 - 1936. 1937. Valuo. cost. Value. t s. d. ;E s. a. E 8. d. 2,125 0 0 €1,000 Consols 4% .. .. .. .. . . 1.077 13 0 1,090 7 G 510 0 0 €500Doniiiiion of Canada 3a74 Loan, 1950-55 . . 486 18 G 541 17 6 522 10 0 S500 Port, of Loiidon Authority 31% RegisteredStock, 1965-75 .. .. .. .. .. 516 17 11 506 5 0 385 10 0 S400,increased to B50, Local Loans, 3% . ... 7GS 15 9 735 19 4 w 565 0 0 €500New Zealand 5% Loan, 1949 . . .. .. 570 14 G 543 5 0 0 1,263 0 0 €1,200 I\.ar Loan 3&0/, .. .. .. .. 1,206 3 0 1,218 0 0 3.‘36 0 0 €400 Government of Commonwealth of Australia3$”/h Stock, 1964-74 . . .. .. .. 39s 10 7 360 10 0 ---Balaiice at 31st December, 1937: Czrrent at Bank -_-338 6 7 -~4,767 0 0 .. 5,115 13 3 5,310 10 11 17 10 3 Loss Amount over-invested during 1936 .. .. _-_ ----%4,Y49 9 n €5,115 13 3 S5,340 10 11 _-__I__-__ ~~-!2 31 Sir Alexander Pedler Scholarship Account : 31st December, 1937. Receipts. Expenditure-€ s. d. $ s. d. By Balance, 1st January, 1937 .. .. .. .. .. 383 9 2 Dividends and Interest .... .. .. .. 171 11 4 Income Tax recovered .. .. .. .. .. 26 0 7 l'o Balance, at Bankers, 31st December, 1937-Deposit Current . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 570 11 0 1 0 1 €581 1 1 €581 1 1 Securities held at 31st December, 1937-cost. Value. E s. d. E s. d.. El00 Great Western Railway 5% Consolidated Preference Stock .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 94 0 0" 118 0 01 E900 Royal Mail Steam Packet Ordinary Stock .. .. 787 10 O* ---€2,600War Loan 3&% .. .. .. .. .. .. 2,808 6 0 2,639 0 0 6500 Port of London Authority 3&%, Registered Stock,1965-75 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 516 17 11 506 5 0 €500Southern Railway Company 5% Redeemable Guaranteed Preference Stock, 1957 .. .. .. .. .. 587 4 10 577 10 0 E500 New Zealand 5% Loan, 1949 .. .. .. .. 570 14 6 546 5 0 E300 4% Consols .. .. .. .. .. .. 323 1 0 328 6 3 2500 Dominion of Canada 34% Loan, 1950-55 .. .. 486 18 6 501 17 6 2200 Local Loans 3% .. .. .. .. .. .. 184 18 6 173 17 6 €6,359 11 3 €5,391 1 3----.-The total value of the original legacy was $4,785 16s. 2d. net. * Value when bequeathed. 32 S s. d. € s. d. Balance .. .. Dividends and Interest 44 17 7 4 5 3 LectureExpenses Balance on Deposit .. .. 3 12 11 48 8 9 €52 1 8 €52 1 8 i. E s. a. € s. d. Dr. Balance due to Dividends and Interest 1 17 0 Jnstitute .. .. 107 Amount due to Institute Balance on Deposit .. 1 17 0 on 1936 Accounts (see contra) .. .. 107 €2 17 7 652 17 7 S. M. Gluckstein Memorial Lecture Fund: 31st December, 1937.€ s. d. € s. d. Dividends and Interest 6 7 4 Dr. Balance due to Income Tax recovered 4 18 7 Institute . . .. 835 Amount due to Institute Lecture Expenses .. 355 on 1936 Account (see Balance on Deposit .. 806 contra) .. .. 835 519 9 4 €19 9 4 33 Proceedings of the Council. Council Meeting, 21st January, 1938.-Among the matters arising from previous Minutes, the Council received a letter from Mr. H. J. Page, M.B.E., accepting appointment as Honorary Corresponding Secretary for the Straits Settlements and the Far East. Dr. C. R. Austin was appointed to represent the Institute at the Forty-second Annual Meeting of the American Academy for Political and Social Science to be held at Philadelphia on 1st and and April.Mr. W. J. A. Butterfield was appointed representative of the Institute to act on a Committee to co-ordinate the work of the Building, Chemical and Engineering Divisional Councils of the British Standards Institution. The Council received from the Home Office a draft of the Regulations prepared under the Hydrogen Cyanide (Fumigation) Act, 1937, with an intimation that any representations thereon should be made to the Secretary of State within forty days after the date of publication,-~qth January. The Council decided to communicate with Fellows and Associates who are specially interested in fumigation and to invite their observations on the proposed Regulations. Dr. D. F. Twiss was appointed to represent the Institute at the Rubber Technology Conference to be held in London from 23rd to 28th May. Reports were received from the Standing Committees.The Finance and House Committee indicated that preliminary consideration was being given to the arrangements for staff assurance and pensions, and the Council decided on the contribu- tions to be made to the British Standards Institution and to the Parliamentary Science Committee for the year 1938. The Benevolent Fund Committee reported that receipts to 17th January amounted to L7gr 19s. II~.,compared with 34 E960 11s. od. at the corresponding date in 1937, also that the prospective commitments for the year, for regular allowances, exceeded &I,ZOO, and it was necessary, therefore, that Fellows and Associates be reminded that more general support of the Fund was essential in order to enable the Committee to deal satisfactorily with all cases requiring help. The Publications Committee reported that Dr.C. Ainsworth Mitchell’s lecture on “Forensic Chemistry in the Criminal Courts” had been published, and that Dr. R. Alan Morton had consented to give two lectures on “Spectrophotometry ” in March (p. 97). The Council received the Second Annual Report of the Chemical Council (p. 64). The President reported briefly on the work of the Censors during the past year. The complaints had been very few, and it had not been necessary for the Censors to refer any matter to the Council. The Council proceeded with the arrangements for the nomi- nation of the new Council.Sir Robert Pickard was nominated for re-election as President, and Mr. Bernard F. Howard as Honorary Treasurer. The President mentioned that Mr. H. Douglas Elkington did not seek to be re-nominated as Vice-President,-his reason being that he thought it right to break the arrangement under which, owing to various circumstances, five Vice-presidents had retired together in 1936. The Council adopted Mr. Elkington’s decision expressing their appreciation of his services. The following were nominated for election as Vice-presidents : Mr. W. A. S. Calder, Dr. A. E. Everest, Dr. J. J. Fox, Dr. C. Ainsworth Mitchell, Professor Robert Robinson, and Professor J. F. Thorpe. The following nominations for election as Members of Council were received under By-law 26 : Mr.C. L. L. Claremont, Dr. P. F. Gordon, Dr. H. H. Hodgson, Mr. G. King, Dr. W. S. Patterson, Dr. John Weir and Dr. B. Wylam. The Council nominated the following 24 Fellows for election as General Members of Council: Mr. A. L. Bacharach, Dr. 0. L. Brady, Professor H. V. A. Briscoe, Mr. W. J. A. Butterfield, Dr. F. H. Carr, Dr. A. Coulthard, Dr. H. E. Cox, Mr. W. A. Damon, Mr. F. G. Edmed, Dr. B. S. Evans, Dr. J. R. Firth, Dr. A. G. Francis, Professor T. P. Hilditch, Mr. J. R. Johnson, Dr. P. Lewis-Dale, Dr. G. Roche Lynch, Dr. H. McCombie, 35 Mr. B. G. McLellan, Mr. F. M. Potter, Dr. R. E. Slade, Professor Samuel Smiles, Dr. D. F. Twiss, Mr. J. C. White and Mr. A. W. M. Wintle.The following were nominated, from whom four are to be elected as Censors at the Annual General Meeting: Mr. W. A. S. Calder, Dr. A. E. Everest, Professor I. M. Heilbron, Sir Gilbert T. Morgan, Professor Robert Robinson and Professor J. F. Thorpe. Messrs. C. A. Bassett and J. A. Hedd were appointed Scrutineers to report on the ballot. Voting papers for the election of Officers and Members of Council must be returned to the Secretary so that they be received at the Institute not later than 8 p.m. on Monday, the 28th February, and proxies so that they be received not later than 8 p.m. on Saturday, 26th February. Dr. Charles Simons, Associate, was appointed Fourth Pedler Research Scholar. Council Meeting, 28th January, 1938.-The meeting was informed of the death of Mr.Albert Watkins Maggs Wintle, Member of Council. The Members stood in silence as a tribute to his memory. The Council received replies from Fellows accepting nomina- tion for election to the Council and as Censors. The Council received with grateful appreciation an intimation, from the Solicitors to the Executors of the late Dr. J. A. Voelcker, that he had bequeathed to the Institute a legacy of EIOOfree of death duty for the benefit of the Benevolent Fund. The Report of the Council for the year 1937-1938, prepared under the supervision of the Publications Committee, and the Financial Statements for the year 1937, duly audited, were approved for issue to the Fellows, Associates and Registered Students.The Council received the Report of the Board of Examiners on the January Examinations, and a recommendation regarding the award of the Meldola Medal, to which reference is made in the Annual Report. The Council also received the Report of the Assessor on the Award of the Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize, which is recorded in the Annual Report. 36 Salary Statistics.-In October, 1930,Fellows and Associates were invited to make returns of their salaries and emoluments- anonymously-in order that the Council might be able to obtain information regarding the remuneration of the profession. Cards were issued for the purpose, the returns were collated, and the results published in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part 111, 1931.The information so obtained has proved to be of considerable utility in assisting the officers, both in answering enquiries from members with regard to salaries and in advising prospective employers as to the salaries that they should offer for appointments. The above Part of the JOURNAL has been in such demand that it is now nearly out of print, and the Council has under consideration the issue, some time during this year, of a further request for similar information. Fellows and Associates are reminded that the utility of such returns depends upon their being thoroughly representative, and it is hoped, therefore, that, when the cards are 'issued, every Fellow and Associate will make his return. The object is to present a statement, as complete and true as possible, of the remuneration received by all Fellows and Associates.A special appeal will, therefore, be made to all, whatever position they may occupy, because it will be realised that it is of the utmost importance that the impression gained should truly represent the financial status of the profession. Past experience has shown that an attempt to obtain information in much detail, with regard to the kind of employment, conditions of service, etc., in connexion with such a return, has resulted in a dis-appointing number of replies being received. It is therefore proposed, as on the last occasion, to ask Fellows and Associates merely to make a cross in the proper square on the cards, which will be issued in due course.37 Local Sections. [The Institute is not responsible for the views expressed in papers read, or in speeches delivered during discussion.] Aberdeen and North of Scotland.-On 4th February, at the Marischal College, Aberdeen, before the Local Sections of the Institute and the Society of Chemical Industry and local Fellows of the Chemical Society, Dr. John Read, F.R.S., Professor of Chemistry in the University of St. Andrews, gave a lecture on “ Alchemy in Scotland.” Mr. W. Godden, Chairman of the Aberdeen and North of Scotland Section of the Institute, presided. The following abstract has been provided by Professor Read : Scotland’s impressive contribution to the development of chemistry is well known; but it is not often realised that from the advent of alchemy into western Europe until the birth of modem chemistry this little land in the far north fostered a succession of outstanding exponents of the “Divine Art” of alchemy, the fore- runner of chemistry.The earliest of them was Michael Scot, a veritable “Wizard of the North,’’ who achieved fame in Spain and Italy early in the thirteenth century’ as a master of Latin learning, of Hebrew, and of Arabic, and became court astrologer to the Emperor Frederick I1 in Sicily. Some three hundred years later, James IV of Scotland returned the compliment by appointing an Italian, John Damian, as his court alchemist. This intelligent monarch, who was skilled in medicine and surgery, extended his interest to alchemy, and founded Scotland’s first research laboratory in Stirling Castle, about the year 1500.The accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland from 1501 to 1513 provide interesting and valuable information concerning the nature and cost of the materials which Damian and his associates used in their attempts to prepare the “quinta essencia,” or Philosopher’s Stone. These experiments ended abruptly with the death of the King at Flodden Field, in 1513. Damian was also Scotland’s first flying man; equipped with “ane pair of wingis of fedderis,” he attempted to take off 38 from the battlements of Stirling Castle for a non-stop flight to Paris on 27 September, 1507. In the seventeenth century alchemy became very popular in Scotland, especially among the noble families.The century opened with the romantic story of Alexander Seton, who is said to have travelled from Scotland to the Continent in 1602,and to have achieved a dramatic series of transmutations of base metals into gold at Enkhuysen, Basel, Strasburg, Frankfurt, Cologne, Hamburg, Helmstedt and Dresden. Falling into the hands of the Elector of Saxony, he was tortured; and although he was rescued in a dramatic manner by the Polish nobleman, Michael Sendivogius, this “chief martyr of Alchemy” died in 1604as a consequence of the cruel treatment he had received. Seton is said to have written the Novum Lumen Chymicum, which was afterwards published anonymously under an anagram- matised form of the name Michael Sendivogius.That this “New Light of Alchymie” could win the strong approval of the public through the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries is a circumstance which throws a vivid light upon the mentality of that age; but even Sir Isaac Newton treated the work with great respect. The Aberdonian, Duncan Liddel (1561-1613),who achieved a great reputation in mathematics and medicine in the University of Helmstedt, has no overt connection with alchemy; but he may have been a Scots correspondent of Count Michael Maier, the author of Atalanta Fugiens, and composer of the alchemical music contained in that work and recently sung at the Royal Institution, London, by a student-choir from the University of St. Andrews. There is a fine brass of Liddel in St.Nicholas’ Kirk at Aberdeen, affording an unusual representation of a man of science of that period, attired in academic costume and seated in his study amidst his instruments and books. John Napier, of Merchiston (1550-1617), the inventor of logarithms, who pursued his early studies in the University of St. Andrews, was keenly interested in alchemy. Manuscript copies of Napier’s own account of his discussions with a German adept of alchemy at Edinburgh are still extant, and form very interesting reading, Napier, like Newton, had three main interests : mathematics, alchemy, and religion. Napier’s father, and also his son Robert, were likewise active exponents of alchemy. Robert Napier left a manuscript treatise on the subject.39 Sir David Lindsay, first Earl of Balcarres (1587-1641), was an enthusiastic student of natural philosophy, and a seeker after the Philosopher’s Stone and Elixir of Life; and so was his con-temporary, Sir George Erskine, who left a remarkable collection of alchemical manuscripts. Among several members of the noble family of Ruthven who were distinguished for their study of the natural sciences, Patrick Ruthven (1584-1652) calls for special notice ; his alchemical commonplace-book, containing a compendium of extracts from alchemical writers, is still extant. Probably the most discerning of all Scottish exponents of alchemy during the seventeenth century was the Aberdonian, William Davidson, or Davisson (1593-1669 ?), who became physician to the King of France and first incumbent of the chair of chemistry at the .Jardin du Roi in Paris. The teaching of this first Scots professor of chemistry attracted pupils from many countries, and it was for their benefit that Davidson published, in 1633-35, what was essentially an early text-book of chemistry, under the title PhiloSophia Pyrotechnia, seu Cursus chymiatricus (“ Pyrotechnic Philosophy, or a Course in Medical Chemistry ”) .The fourth part of this book deals with the apparatus and operations of chemistry, especially as applied to medicine, and also contains one of the earliest contributions to crystallography- “a new subject,” as Davidson says, “which, so far as I know, none before has elaborated.” Davidson has claims to be called a chemist rather than an alchemist, and in this respect he ranks with his contemporary, Glauber. After the turn of the seventeenth century, indeed, the enthusiasm for alchemy began to wane in Scotland, as elsewhere; and the extravagant claims and unintelligible mysticisms of alchemy gradually gave way to a sane and sober consideration of the facts and applications of chemistry.Thus, at the begin- ning of the eighteenth century a course of what would now be called pharmaceutical chemistry was given at Edinburgh under the auspices of the Incorporation of Surgeons; and in 1713 the first professor of physic and chemistry was appointed at Edin- burgh. Fifteen years later, in 1728, appeared the first-born harbinger of scientific chemistry, in the person of the eminent Scots chemist, Joseph Black.The meeting was followed by an informal dinner at the Palace Hotel, where Prof. Read was the guest of honour. Several members and their guests contributed to a musical 40 programme, and the members were entertained with song and story. Bristol and South-Western Counties.-Mr. F. E. Needs presided over a meeting of the Section held at Bristol University, on 20th January, when Dr. R. P. Linstead gave a lecture on b6 Some Recent Developments in Colour Chemistry.” He referred to a number of typical colouring matters dis-covered during the early years of the dyestuff industry. The vast majority of these were aromatic compounds and contained nitrogen.Many of the common natural colours which are encountered in everyday life are of a very different type. For example the carotenoids, which include the colouring matters of the carrot, tomato and lobsters and the pigments of autumn foliage, are composed of only carbon, hydrogen, and (in some cases) oxygen. The structure of these substances and their relationship with vitamin A were outlined, and reference was made to the recent discoveries of synthetic vat-dyestuffs which also contain only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. The lecturer also dealt with the colouring matters of the blood and the chlorophyll pigments of green leaves. The results of recent work on the structure of these were summarised and the relations between the various pigments were illustrated.These natural colouring matters are paralleled in the synthetic dyestuff industry in the recently discovered group of phthalo- cyanines. The main features of the chemistry of these substances were outlined, and the resemblances to the natural (porphyrin) pigments were indicated. Finally the lecturer dealt with some of the recent developments in phthalocyanine chemistry. A discussion followed. East Ang1ia.-On 8th February, a meeting of the Section was held at the Ipswich Public Library Lecture Hall, under the chairmanship of Mr. W. Lincolne Sutton. Dr. J. W. Corran read a paper on 6b Mustard.” The following brief report has been supplied by the author. Dr. Corran gave a description of the nature and distribution of the mustard plant and, in particular, of the two varieties, Brassica (Sinupis) nigra and alba, whose seeds are the sources of the mustard flour of commerce. Then followed a summary of the chemical composition of the two kinds of flour, brown and 41 white respectively, which are obtained by the milling of the above seeds.Especial reference was made to the enzymic reactions involved when the mustard flours are moistened with water, leading to the formation of the respective essential oils, ally1 and parahydroxybenzyl isothiocyanates. Various applications of mustard were then described-firstly, its condimental use, the one best known to the public, and next, its emulsifying properties, in which connexion it has been shown to have a strong stabilising action towards creamy types of emulsion, such as are desired in mayonnaise products, and an antagonising effect towards the production of greasy (water in oil) emulsions.The preservative qualities of mustard form a less known aspect of the subject, and have been demonstrated more especially towards yeast fermentation. Last of the important practical uses of mustard came its therapeutic applications, such as mustard poultices, packs and baths. The physiological facts underlying its action were outlined and shown to account for its well-known value in alleviating the pain from widely different ailments. Some miscellaneous uses of mustard, such as the removal of odours from musty wine barrels, and the cleaning of wireworms from infested soil, concluded the lecture, which was illustrated throughout with lantern slides and specimens.At the same meeting, the Rules for the Section were adopted, subject to the approval of the Council, and the Officers and Committee were elected as follows :-Chairman, Mr. W. Lincolne Sutton; Honorary Secretary, Dr. J. W. Corran; Honorary Treasurer, Mr. A. G. Avent; Committee, Mr. B. J. Balfe, Mr. R. S. Colborne, Dr. J. S. Gourlay, Mr. G. C. Green and Mr. A. P. Lipscomb. Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in the North British Station Hotel, Edinburgh, on 20th January, Dr. A. M. Smith presiding. The Secretary’s report and the Financial Statement were received and adopted, and the Office Bearers and Committee for the session were elected as follows:-Chairman, Dr.A. M. Smith ;Vice-chairman, Dr. W. G. Hiscock ; Honorary Secretary, Mr. G. Elliot Dodds; Committee (to fill vacancies), Messrs. W. M. Ames, R. Bruce, Dr. H. B. Nisbet and Dr. B. Wylam. Mr. J. W. Romanes was re-elected Honorary Auditor. 42 A vote of thanks was accorded to the Chairman for his services that evening and throughout the past session. A special meeting of the Section was held on 1st February, in the North British Station Hotel, Edinburgh, when Chief Constable W. B. R. Morren, M.V.O., Inspector F. P. McCulloch, Edinburgh City Police, and Major Barclay Brown, Home Office Air-Raids Precautions Inspector for Scotland, addressed an audience of about 120 chemists on the subject of ‘‘Air-Raids Precautions.” Chief Constable Morren, in introducing Major Barclay Brown, explained that air-raids precautions had been considerably delayed through financial difficulties, but that these had now been solved and that, in Edinburgh, plans were well advanced.All the regular police and the majority of special constables had received the special training approved by the Home Office and the courses for air-raid wardens were to start immediately. He also stated that an information bureau had been opened in the centre of the city and that qualified police officials were constantly in attendance to give information and advice. Major Barclay Brown opened his remarks by directing attention to the vital necessity for arranging means of defence against attacks by air.Our country was no longer isolated and the sea, long a source of strength in defence, was now in some ways a grave disadvantage. Our position meant that war planes could reach our eastern counties with very little warning and that, in conjunction with the probability that no future war would start “officially” with a declaration, meant that it was essential to undertake defence precautions. No mobilisation was required for an Air Force and when it was generally realised that the 300 tons of bombs dropped on this country during the war of 1914-1918could now be easily dropped in one night by a fleet of modern bombers, planes flying at 300 m.p.h. and with a greatly extended radius, the importance of this matter should be obvious to all, particularly to scientists.The forms of attack would naturally depend upon the object of attack, but the most probable were the following:-the high explosive bomb, weighing 3,000 lbs., directed towards selected objects; a general purposes explosive bomb, weighing 500 lbs., wherein indescriminate damage was intended ;incendiary bombs, weighing 2& lbs., which can be carried in thousands for scattering broadcast ;gas bombs and, possibly, gas spraying. The air-raids precautions now being set in motion would give little protection against high explosive bombs, that could pierce, possibly, as much as 13-14feet of concrete, although the after-effects would naturally be lessened by the general precautions. The pre- cautions that were shortly to be put in action were intended to protect, so far as possible, against incendiary bombs, splinters and gas.These, in the main, consisted of dispersal of the populace into groups of not more than fifty people-or, better, smaller numbers-in gas-proof rooms, preferably with brick or stone walls at least 134inches thick and roofed with five inches of concrete. This latter roof was impermeable to incendiary bombs. The usefulness and comparative safety of gas-proof rooms was demonstrated by a series of experiments recently carried out in England where a cottage containing such a room, was subjected to very high concentrations of various poisonous gases with no ill-effects to subjects, wearing the official type of gas mask, confined in the room for lengthy periods.In connexion with gas detection and gas detectors, the failings of an early course at Falfield, arranged for gas detection officers were noted and, SO far as the speaker was aware, no further special course had been drawn up. As most of the gases likely to be used were well- known, it was not expected that this would be a large service and it was probable that in a city of the size of Edinburgh not more than six or seven Gas Detection Officers would be required, and the main duty of these would probably be to take samples of gases “unknown” to air-raid wardens, who were to be trained in the detection of common gases, and rush them to central laboratories for analysis.Local authorities would consult the local sections of chemical societies in selecting their gas detection officers and these officers would be given a special course in gas detection, lasting about five days. A Home Office Memorandum on this section of air-raids precautions would be published at an early date. In conclusion, it was stressed that air-raids precaution was a permanent service like the territorial army and would be improved and brought up-to-date from time to time. Inspector McCulloch outlined what had been accomplished in the City of Edinburgh with regard to air-raids precautions. Three hundred uniformed special constables, with a reserve of 100,had been recruited; go per cent. of these, in addition to 44 all the regular police, had already received training for the air-raids precautions.The entire prison staff, the railway police, the fire brigade personnel and R.A.C. patrols had also received this training. Air-raid wardens to the number of over 500 were being enrolled and their training was to commence at once. The city, for air-raids precautions purposes, was divided into 23 districts (based on the existing wards, since necessary data of population, etc., was readily available in this form of division) each with permanent headquarters, in charge of a chief air-raid warden, and containing accommodation for a first-aid post and a decontamination squad. Various city departments were made responsible for combatting the effects of air-raids; the personnel of their departments was in course of training and in some cases, e.g., the fire brigade, auxiliaries were being enrolled.The city engineer was in charge of the rescue and repair service; his department was responsible for making good damage done by destruction of buildings, water mains, gas and electricity installations, for filling up shell craters, for the demolition of buildings left in a dangerous condition, etc. The duties of the fire brigade were obvious. The lighting and cleansing departments were to supervise decontamination after gas attacks, and the ward decontamination squads were already trained according to Home Office specifications. The Medical Officer of Health was in charge of first-aid casualty clearance and hospital services, although it had been decided that the latter were to be a Government and national function.The Police Force, in addition to their ordinary duties, was to be responsible for the enrolling and training of air-raid warden messengers, motor drivers and gas detection officers, although these might eventually be appointed nationally, not locally. In conclusion, the great importance and value of well-trained air-raid wardens was stressed; in time of peace they were the advisors of their own immediate neighbours and would be responsible for fitting and issuing gas masks for practice purposes. In time of war their self-control would be an example to others; they were to issue instructions to “take cover,” spot the fall of bombs, identify gases released from bombs and report damage to headquarters.At the end of a raid they would give the “all clear” signals to the populace. It was suggested that chemists would make valuable air-raid wardens, and the speaker concluded with an appeal for volunteers. Many interesting points were raised in the subsequent 46 discussion, among the most important of these were the following. -that there was little risk of “unknown ” gases being used, hence the small number of gas detection officers required; that it was unlikely that air-raids precaution volunteers over 30 years of age would be taken for other forms of war service, particularly as it was the opinion of the authorities that we should not send an expeditionary force to a Continental country; that it was not the intention of the Home Office to keep the supply of gas masks in central stores.(Local authorities were shortly to be asked to provide district storage accommodation, one store to each 30,000 of population. Later these would be redistributed to sub-depots, one for each 3,000 persons.) The grave dangers to which air-raid wardens would be exposed were mentioned and a question was asked about pro- vision for widows and disability pensions. It was stated that the Home Office had a pensions scheme worked out but, so far as Major Barclay Brown knew, air-raid wardens had not been graded. He admitted that this was an unsatisfactory reply, but hoped that more information on this extremely important matter would soon be available.In thanking the speakers, Major Robert Bruce expressed the hope that anyone with criticisms or advice to offer should get into touch with the local Air-Raids Precautions headquarters and not write to the press. Huddersfie1d.-A meeting of the Section was held in Fields’ Cafk, Huddersfield, on 14th December, 1937, when Dr. A. E. Everest presided and introduced Dr. E. A. Fisher, Director of the Research Association of British Flour Millers , who gave a talk entitled bbSomeScientific Aspects of Baking Quality in Flour.” Dr. Fisher described the many difficulties encountered in the investigation of the problem of evaluating the baking quality of flour. He described the baking tests carried out in which the quality of the flour was assessed by the quality and appearance of the resulting loaves, and went on to point out the very many possible sources of error in this practical test.These arose mainly from the great sensitivity of the dough to slight variations in the method of manipulation during preparation and during the subsequent baking. Moreover, the human factor was very evident in these baking tests, and different bakers would get widely different results 46 from the same series of flours. Dr. Fisher described how the Research Association had endeavoured to develop an accurate method of evaluating quality of flour by measuring the physical properties of the dough prepared from the flour. Among these were rate of extension, modulus of elasticity and viscosity.An apparatus was first designed to measure these properties using a cylinder of dough extruded from a gun, but the results showed little relation to the results of baking tests, and this was found to be due to an alteration in the physical character of the dough brought about by the method of preparation of the cylinders used in the tests. After further experiments, an apparatus was designed by which the ratio of elasticity to viscosity was measured by pulling balls of dough to the breaking point. With this machine results were obtained which showed good agreement with the baking tests and were probably more reliable. It was then possible to test out the effect of many important factors such as moisture content, time of fermentation and quality of flour on the quality of the dough produced, and it had been possible to predict results with reasonable certainty.The lecturer pointed out that, apart from the quality of the flour, the most important factors in producing good quality of bread were fermentation time and temperature. India.-Dr. Gilbert J. Fowler, Honorary Corresponding Secretary in India, was appointed as the delegate of the Institute to the Silver Jubilee Meeting of the Indian Science Congress Association, held jointly with the British Association for the Advancement of Science, in Calcutta, from 3rd to 9th January. The Inaugural Ceremonies were opened by the Viceroy before an audience of over 2,300.In consequence of the death of Lord Rutherford, which occurred in October last, Sir James Jeans was called upon to accept the duties of the vacant Presidentship. He paid eloquent testimony to the genius and personal charm of Lord Rutherford and read the greater part of the address, which the latter had prepared in anticipation of his own presence in Calcutta. The address stressed the ideal of the progress of India towards a higher standard of life, and her contribution to world peace, through her emphasis on the spiritual aspect of scientific progress. Lord Rutherford had dealt freely with the subject of industrial research and the needs of India in this respect. 47 Dr. Fowler, in his report on the meeting, said that there could be no doubt that apart from its world-wide importance as an occasion when the scientific workers from East and West met in happy comradeship, the specific interests of the science and profession of chemistry will have gained greatly from the Silver Jubilee of the Indian Science Congress Association.In referring to Dr. Bhatnagar’s masterly survey of “Recent Advances in Magnetism relating to Chemistry,” he quoted the author’s last sentence, as typical of the spirit which imbued all the public utterances during the meeting. Dr. Bhatnagar said :-“In concluding this survey, I cannot help hoping that this historic meeting will help us in forging new bonds of personal magnetism which will lead to further advances in physics and chemistry and to the cementing of the relations between the East and the West and the old and new worlds.” Among the pre-arranged discussions of special chemical interest may be mentioned :-1.Recent Advances in Molecular Structure from the Physico-chemical standpoint. 2. The Absorption of Salts by Plants. 3. Algal Problems peculiar to the tropics, with special reference to India. 4. Recent Advances in the Structure of Alkaloids. 5. Diet and Adaptation to Climate. 6. Colloids in Biology, Medicine and Agriculture. 7. Chemistry and Industrial Development in India. Dr. Fowler participated in the discussions on Algae, on Colloids and on Chemistry and Industrial Development. The last discussion was of special interest, the lecture theatre being packed, whereas on a similar occasion, at Benares in 1925, not more than 20 persons were present.Sir Henry Tizard, who presided, kept the speeches brief and to the point and many new aspects of the subject were well ventilated, emphasis being laid on the training of students with a view to developing “machin e-sense” or “technical sense,” and on the need for collecting satisfactory data concerning production in relation to possible markets. Dr. Fowler adds that “One lady speaker, after hearing of the waste and other elementary deficiencies in certain Indian factories, urged that what was wanted was a woman’s instinct for ‘ good house-keeping.’ ” 48 Viscount Samuel, in an address entitled Science, a basis for Philosophy,” spoke of the age-old interest of India in things of the mind, and on her modem contact with physical science depending upon the observation of facts, experiment and measurement.The annual meetings of ten scientific societies took place, including that of the Indian Section of the Institute. Dr. Fowler presided at the first of these held on 5th January. The meeting adopted the Annual Report submitted by the Honorary Secretary, Dr. Edmondson Spencer. It was agreed that the Committee might be enlarged by electing members from centres not previously represented. Dr. Spencer felt that it was necessary for him to retire from the secretaryship owing to his having to spend half the year out of India; and, in the meantime, it was agreed that the business of the Section be entrusted to Mr.K. B. Sen, who, at a later meeting, was duly appointed General Secretary for the Indian Section. It was further agreed that correspondence with Headquarters should be carried on by the General Secretary acting under the instructions of a Chairman, and that Dr. Fowler, as Honorary Corresponding Secretary for India, should be Chairman of the Section,-his duties, as such, being independent of his position as Honorary Secretary of the Indian Advisory Committee. Dr. Fowler took advantage of the opportunity to consult with other Fellows and Associates on various matters concerning the business of the Institute, especially in connection with applica- tions for election to Associateship. He also attended the Annual Meeting of the Society of Biological Chemists (India), which is steadily extending its activities.Leeds Area.-A meeting of the Section was held on 17th January, in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of the University of Leeds. Dr. H. Burton was elected Chairman of the Section in succession to Dr. F. A. Mason. Mr. R. Taylor, Head of the High Pressure Section, Chemical Research Laboratory, Teddington, gave a lecture on “Modern Developments in High Pressure Chemistry.” 49 The lecturer has kindly supplied the following prkcis :-The development of the synthesis of ammonia from its elements may still be regarded as the most outstanding achieve- ment of high pressure chemistry, and the researches carried out during this work in connection with catalysts and promotor action, and also the attack of hydrogen on steels under conditions of synthesis, are of fundamental importance.Progress made in the hydrogenation of coal and tars may be appreciated by comparing Bergius’s original process with the methods now employed at Billingham, where the plant embodies most of the modern developments in catalytic hydrogenation in the liquid and vapour phase. The hydrogenation of oils and tars has been made possible on an industrial scale by the discovery of catalysts that are not poisoned by sulphur, such as the oxides and sulphides of molybdenum and tungsten, while the hydrogenation of coal has been set on a practical basis by I.C.I., who have found that compounds of tin, especially in conjunction with hydrochloric acid, act as most efficient catalysts in this process.Detailed examination at the Fuel Research Station of spirit fractions obtained by pressure hydrogenation of low temperature tar has shown the effect of catalyst on the composition of the spirit. Research at Teddington on the production of alcohols from carbon monoxide and hydrogen has indicated how the composition of the synthetic alcohols is dependent on the kind of catalyst employed. The synthesis of acetic acid from carbon monoxide and methanol, which has also been investigated at Teddington, offers a method of manufacture alternative to the oxidation of acetalde- hyde. The action of carbon monoxide under pressure on the higher alcohols in the presence of phosphoric acid has led to a number of interesting syntheses of higher aliphatic acids.The reactions that occur can be explained by the hypothesis that the formation of olefins was a step in the process, and experiments with olefins, steam and carbon dioxide confirmed this view. The effect of pressure on the oxidation of hydrocarbons has been studied at the Imperial College, and the stabilising effect of pressure has made it possible with short times of heating to obtain a high percentage of the hydrocarbon burnt in the form of intermediate oxidation products. The effect of very high pressures on the rate of chemical 50 change in the liquid phase has been investigated both at the Imperial College and by I.C.I.(Northwich). The effect on “slow” type reactions has been found to be much greater than is the case with reactions of the “normal” type. One of the most interesting applications of pressure to chemical change has been in the polymerisation of olefinic bodies, since the constitution of the products of reaction are dependent on the degree of pressure employed. Solid resinous polymers are obtained from ethylene by the use of high pressure at moderate temperatures, assisted in certain cases by the presence of small amounts of oxygen. The resins may be moulded, cast or extruded into threads. The conditions of polymerisation determine the molecular weight of the polymer, which again determines the tensile strength of the thread.Liverpool and North-Western.-A meeting of the Section was held at the Constitutional Club, India Buildings, Water Street, Liverpool, on 13th January. The Chair was taken by Mr. L. V. Cocks (Vice-chairman), owing to the absence, through illness, of the Chairman. Professor T. P. Hilditch gave a lecture entitled “Fats, Facts and Figures.” Professor Hilditch said that the alliterative title of the paper was merely one of convenience. Having been asked to speak on some research topic, he had felt that the fairly large number of members of the Liverpool and North-Western Section specially interested in fats might also be interested in hearing something of what was going on at the moment in his laboratories. At the time the title had to be chosen, he did not know the precise topics which would be available and suitable at the date of his paper, and therefore selected a general title, knowing that at any rate the subject would be treated from the standpoint of quantitative compositions (and therefore involving a lot of figures) and hoping that there would be adequate factual evidence in support of what he had to say.Actually, he proposed to touch upon two matters which had recently been under investigation by his colleagues and himself: the occurrence as a very minor component in vegetable and higher animal reserve fats of hexadecenoic (palmitoleic) acid (well-known as a major component acid in all fats of aquatic origin), and some new developments in the determination of the amounts of the major component glycerides present in solid fats.51 With the aid of an electrically heated and specially packed column which had been applied by Dr. H. E. Longenecker to the fractional distillation of higher fatty esters, it had been possible to demonstrate in the author's laboratory during the past year that hexadecenoic acid, C,,H,,02, occurred in butter fat to the extent of 3-4 per cent. of the total fatty acids, and in the depot fats of oxen and pigs to the extent of 2'5-3 per cent. Further, the same acid had been shown to be present in ground-nut, olive, teaseed, palm, cotton-seed and soya bean oils; but in these vegetable fats it rarely exceeded more than I per cent. of the total fatty acids, and in some cases the amount was probably definitely less.The interest of these observations lay in the circumstance that hexadecenoic acid was now found to be a component of all kinds of natural reserve fats, and that the proportion of the acid present varied in a regular way with the evolutionary development of the organisms concerned. Hexa-decenoic acid forms from 15-20 per cent. and upwards of the total fatty acids in glycerides present in most forms of aquatic life, simple or highly developed. In the depot fats of amphibious and land animals, it steadily decreases in amount as the evolu- tionary scale is ascended, while in the land flora it is present in quantity in the lower organisms such as yeast and the spores of cryptogams, and has now been found (but in minute proportions) in the seed and fruit-coat fats of some of the higher plants.The other subject which the speaker wished to mention- the determination of the amount of the chief individual mixed glycerides present in certain fats-was of more practical interest because it appeared to take us some small distance in the direction of being able to give an estimate of the major component glycerides of many fats from the composition of their combined fatty acids. The method employed was somewhat involved and would not be discussed at length that evening. Briefly, most solid fats could be resolved by crystallisation from acetone into groups of some-what less complexity than the original fats; in the more sparingly soluble fractions the mono-oleodisaturated glycerides were con- centrated, and in the more soluble fractions dioleomonosaturated glycerides and (if present) triolein predominated.By determining the component acids in each fraction, and also determining the tristearin content of each fraction after it had been hydrogenated it usually became possible to deduce the approximate amount of the chief components present in each fraction and, therefrom, to give an approximate statement of the major component mixed glycerides of the whole fat. This procedure was being applied to a number of fats in which palmitic, stearic, oleic (and linoleic) acids were the only main component acids. In the instances so far studied (in all of which the proportion of oleic was greater than that of either palmitic or stearic acid) it had been found that the proportions of palmitodiolein and stearodiolein were close to those obtained if, in the whole fat, the oleic acid were divided in proportion to the amounts of palmitic and stearic acid, and combined separately with each of these by calculation as mono-oleo- and dioleo-glycerides of the respective saturated acids ;the mono-oleo-derivatives were usually found, not as oleodipalmitin and oleodistearin, but for the most part as oleopalmitostearins. Whilst it was intended to study several other fats before putting this forward as a definite general rule, it seemed likely that the component glycerides of any fat built up on the lines of “even distribution” of fatty acids amongst the glycerol molecules might be roughly calculable in this way.Illustrations were given of the chief components likely to be present in a number of common fats, including ground-nut, olive, cottonseed and linseed oils, if the same principles applied as had been shown to operate in the cases which had been in- vestigated (cacao butter, mowrah fat and shea fat). The Vice-chairman, Mr. E. T. Williams, Dr. R. L. Edwards and Mr. V. Biske participated in the discussion. Manchester and District.-At a meeting of the Section held on 13th January,-Mr. F. Scholefield, Deputy Chairman, presiding,-Professor A. D. Ritchie of Manchester University gave an address on- (( Can Science Tell the Whole Truth ?” The following prdcis has been supplied by the author:- The scientific method of investigation is to deal with problems piecemeal and in abstract terms.In order to answer any me question, the answers to many others have to be assumed without investigation and many things have to be dismissed as irrelevant. As these assumptions are made provisionally and can always be revised, this procedure is not so rash as at first sight might appear. Further, every question has to be formulated in abstract terns. No scientific use can be made of purely individual facts. The facts of science are general; they are the things that can be 63 repeated and are common to all observers. As a result of this, science in attempting to grasp part of the truth and to avoid asserting what is false gives up the attempt to find the whole truth.It is really only common sense to tackle the easy problems first and to put aside the difficult ones. Some thinkers have been so much impressed with the limita- tions of science that they have gone so far as to deny that science attempts to tell the truth at all or that there is any truth to tell. This is essentially the positivist or phenomenalist attitude- namely that sense experience constitutes the whole of the data of science and that there is nothing else but scientific theory, which is merely a conceptual scheme for correlating the data in general terms. This view has appealed to theorists and mathe- maticians rather than to experimental scientists. In fact there are historical examples to show that, in many instances, if experi-mentalists had been positivists, they would have failed to make the discoveries they did.The denial that there is any reality beyond the facts of individual experience is difficult to refute directly, but the history of scientific discovery seems to provide an indirect refutation in favour of the common sense view. The following took part in the discussion which ensued:- Mr. J.C. Flatt, Mr. F. Scholefield, Dr. A. Geake, Mr. F. R. Cooper, Mr. G. H. Frazer, Dr. P. Gaunt, Dr. E. Isaacs and Dr. V. G. Morgan. Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast.-At the Nineteenth Annual General Meeting of the Section held in the Oak Room of the University Union, King’s College (Armstrong Col- lege), Newcastle upon Tyne, on 12th October, 1937,the Com-mittee’s Report for the previous session was received and adopted and the Committee and Officers for the ensuing year were elected.Dr. E. E. Aynsley was elected Honorary Secretary in place of Dr. W. E. Scott, who had resigned on leaving the district. A vote of thanks was accorded to Dr. Scott for his valuable services to the Section. After the annual business, the Chairman, Mr. F. H. Walker, opened a discussion on the Proposed Supplemental Charter. He referred to the earlier consideration of the question of registration of chemists, when the Council had decided that the establishment of a third group was undesirable, and also laid down that the functions of the universities were to educate and 54 preserve and advance knowledge, but that they were not con- cerned with professional organisation.Now, it was proposed that the future constitution of the Council should provide for the inclusion of Fellows of the In- stitute nominated directly by the universities, and the creation of a third category with qualifications equivalent to those required for the Associateship, but whose privileges were to be limited to the inclusion of their names on a register. It was proposed to allow representation on the Council by Fellows representing non-subscribing interests, and he (Mr. Walker) asked in what way the present provisions failed to meet the requirements of the universities and whether more direct association with the universities could not be achieved by some method of co-operation which did not tamper with our present method of election? Many members of the Institute had been in favour of a third category, but of a different character from that now proposed.The members were asked to decide whether it would be wise to make concessions to those who, for the purpose of practising chemistry, wished to be registered but did not desire to take practical part in the work of the Institute; and whether it would be for the best to add a new category of members with no right to vote and no responsibility in the government of the Institute. Members would sympathise with those who had tried to meet the difficulties arising in connection with the Pharmacy and Poisons Act, but it should not prevent them from taking a fair and open consideration of the problem.They had to con- sider if any better method could be devised, whether to make any change at all, or to attempt something much more drastic. A discussion followed in which many members participated and the whole problem was well ventilated. There was a feeling that the proposal needed elucidation and it was decided to hold a second meeting to receive and consider replies to a number of questions, which the Honorary Secretary was instructed to forward to Headquarters. The Adjourned Meeting was held on 28th October, when resolutions were passed to the effect that the Section disagreed with the proposals regarding the election of members to the Council by non-contributing bodies and the institution of a new class of member, at a low fee, having the essential qualifications 66 for Associateship; also that, in the opinion of the meeting, the proposed alterations should be subject to a postal vote.The Honorary Secretary was asked to forward copies of the resolutions to the Honorary Secretaries of all Local Sections and to Headquarters. (The Reports of the Meetings recorded above were inadver- tently omitted from the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part VI, 19374 Members of the Section of the Institute were invited to the thirty-ninth Bedson Lecture entitled 6b Electron Diffraction and Surface Structure,” delivered on 25th October at King’s College, Newcastle-upon- Tyne, by Prof.G. I. Finch, M.B.E. Prof. G. R. Clemo, F.R.S., presided. Professor Finch dealt first with the technical differences between the examination of solids by X-ray and electron diffraction methods, and gave a short description of the apparatus used in electron diffraction experiments. Patterns are obtained on a photographic plate placed in the path of an electron stream which has been allowed to graze the surface of a solid body, and from these diffraction patterns an accurate indication of the surface structure is obtained. Professor Finch went on to describe some of the many theoretical and practical applications of electron diffraction experiments. He showed, by means of interesting lantern slides, how the diffraction patterns tended more and more towards well-defined rings, with decreasing crystal size and more random orientation, until eventually an effect similar to the Debye- Scherrer pattern was obtained.Experiments with thin films of nickel deposited on a copper surface showed that the nickel crystals followed, up to a certain thickness, the orientation and size of the original copper crystals. As the thickness of the nickel film increased to about 30,000 Angstrom units, the crystals oriented themselves in directions independent of the original copper crystals, although ordinary microscopic examination indicated a continuance of the original orient ation. Electron diffraction experiments had also been used for determining the chemical composition of thin surface films, where ordinary chemical analysis had failed; for example, the 66 composition of the blue film on tempered steel razor-blades had been successfully determined in this manner, Sir George Beilby’s theory of surface liquefaction of solids during polishing had received experimental proof from electron diffraction experiments on polished surfaces, and extremely important work was being carried out in this field in connection with the running-in of machinery.South Yorkshire.-At a meeting of the Section held at the Doncaster Technical College on 3rd November, 1g37,-Dr. G. Lawton, Chairman, presiding-a lecture was given by Prof. H. S. Holden (Director of the Home Office Forensic Laboratory, Nottingham), on “The Place of the Biologist in Forensic Science.” Professor Holden said a forensic science laboratory was not a place where miracles were worked.It was an institution established by the Government to assist the police officers in the detection and prevention of crime. It often provided a missing link in a chain of evidence against a suspect, or helped by demonstrating that another line of inquiry would be useful. Professor Holden said that he was a biologist, and the work of a biologist often involved the study of minute parts of plant and animal matter. Study of Hair.-There was hair for instance. A biologist could quite easily differentiate between the different types of hairs on animals and human beings, and in a large percentage of cases could say from what part of the body the hair came.The study of human hair often played an important part in criminal cases. It could prove an association between two people, or help in a case of abduction. Probably when a person had been assaulted some of his hair might be found on the weapon used, or if someone were knocked down by a vehicle, hair might even be found on the vehicle and might lead to the solution of the mystery. Occasionally a person after committing a crime, might leave his headgear near the scene of the crime. At a dance hall, Professor Holden went on, an overcoat was reported stolen. In its place was left one of an inferior brand made by a multiple firm. It was old and the written matter on the manufacturer’s label on the coat had been torn away.The 57 coat had been made for a man of medium height with a rather narrow chest. There were a number of rabbit hairs on it in a range of colours which suggested that the owner kept rabbits. A further discovery of the down feathers of chickens on the coat suggested that the owner also kept chickens. A key and three broken teeth of an ordinary comb were also found. Finally, as a result of investigations, said Professor Holden, they were able to tell the police that the owner of the coat was a man with sandy hair going grey or bald, who probably kept rabbits and chickens, was small, and had a narrow chest. In a small district the search would be considerably narrowed by these discoveries.Cut Huirs.-In another case a house had been broken into by thieves, who had enjoyed a meal before leaving. One of them had sat in a decrepit easy chair. When suspects were apprehended for interrogation it was found that one had a lot of cat hairs from om cat on his trousers seat. It was later found that the decrepit chair was the resting place of the family cat. Another case illustrated the importance of the study of different kinds of furs. A valuable consignment of furs had been stolen, and two persons were suspected. They had stolen the furs and had to get rid of them. One, posing as a retired Indian Colonel, wrote to a firm saying that he had come to England to settle. As his wife felt the intense cold of the English climate, he had bought her some furs.Unfortunately she had died, and the “colonel” wished to dispose of the furs. The other man said that he had a shop in a working-class district and had been persuaded to take a particularly expensive style of furs. He found he could not sell them in his district and would like a larger firm to buy them from him. Unfortunately for the men they both applied to the same firm and supicions were aroused. A search was made of their lodgings and a number of significant hairs were found. “You have often seen notices in the papers to the effect that ‘Young Society Lady wishes to dispose of valuable collection of furs’” said Professor Holden, “If you are silly enough to be taken in, you will get furs which look very well. They are, however, made in bulk in the East of London, and sold to the ‘greener type’ of person.’’ Professor Holden said that the ordinary micro- scopical method was the easiest way of studying hairs, and he showed several examples by means of lantern slides.Lately, 58 however, the making of surface moulds of hairs had been perfected. Talking of plant matter, Professor Holden said that a man after walking over country covered with vegetation might later find traces of that vegetation on his person. He might easily have plant remains of so distinctive a character as to place him as having been in one locality. Sometimes the investigator had only a minute piece of evidence to work on, aud his task was not an easy one. He was lucky if the material for his evidence was an eighth of an inch square. Professor Holden paid a tribute to the police, saying that he had always been struck by their absolute fairness.Rotge on Notes.-Another case he knew concerned a woman shopwalker who lost two LI notes from her bag. She had the staff searched and two LI notes were found in the possession of the cleaner. The shopwalker then called in the police and when asked by them how she knew the notes were hers, said that they were in her bag next to some rouge. She had seen marks on the notes. Thereupon the police obtained two clean pound notes smeared them with the woman’s rouge, and there was an astonish- ing similarity to the marks on the original notes. The cleaner maintained that the notes were hers, however, and that she had them from her husband. He kept his money in a red wallet and he perspired so that the red from the wallet often went on to the notes.The husband was sent for, said Professor Holden, and a police officer tactfully questioned him. It was found that the cleaner’s story was true. Yet another case, Professor Holden said, indicated how science probably saved a man from being wrongly convicted. A number of slot machines had been “cleaned out” by the insertion of lead discs-a common offence. A man who had been in trouble before was suspected. The machines were quite near to his work, and, moreover he made toys and had lead moulds in his possession. All the lead discs were of the same series, and Professor Holden asked the police to get a sample of the material used by the toymaker at his craft.The police did so, and the lead used by the man was found to be quite different from the lead discs in the machines. 59 January Examinations, 1938. Abstract of the Report of the Board of Examiners. FORAn EXAMINATION THE ASSOCIATESHIPIN GENERAL CHEMISTRYwas held at the Institute from 10th to 15th January, and from 18th to 21st January, some candidates taking their theory papers at other centres. Thir t y-f our candidates presented themselves . The following papers and exercises were set :-MONDAY, 10th JANUARY, 1938, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Attempt FIVE questions only. Answer concisely and to the point. Give formulae and equations where possible.) 1.Write an essay on EITHER (a) the classification of the hydrides, OR (b) the development of the ionic theory. 2. How may the following products be prepared, starting from the natural sources stated :-(a) metallic chromium from chromite; (b) red phosphorus from a naturally-occurring phosphate; (c) sodium peroxide from common salt; (d)sulphur from copper pyrites? 3. Discuss EITHER (a) the experimental evidence for the nuclear atom; OR (b) the evidence for the existence of isotopes of non-radioactive elements. 4. Describe typical applications of the hydrogen and the quin- hydrone electrodes to some problems in inorganic and physical chemistry. 5. Indicate the chemical characteristics of boron and its compounds. Discuss the relationship of this element to (a)aluminium, (b) silicon.6. What compounds of carbon are manufactured in the electric furnace ? Outline their preparation and describe their properties and industrial applications. 7. Describe the contributions made to chemistry by any THREE of the following :-Priestley, Davy, Ramsay, Bunsen. 2 p.m. to 5 p.m. (Attempt FIVE questions only. Answer concisely and to the point. Give formulae and equations where possible.) 1. Discuss the experimental conditions under which oxygen reacts with (a) nitrogen; (b) hydrogen chloride; (c) sulphur dioxide. Describe how these reactions can be demonstrated in the laboratory and indicate their industrial importance. 2. Describe the device known as the “Equilibrium Box” introduced 3. What are the salient points of resemblanoe and differenoe between by van’t Hoff and illustrate its use by proving the Law of Mass Action, 60 the elements :-(a) sulphur, selenium and tellurium; (b) iron, cobalt and nickel; both in the properties of the free elements and their compounds? 4.EITHER, describe the experimental methods available for the determination of the viscosity of a liquid. Give some indication of the value of this measurement in the theory and practice of chemistry, OR write a concise account of the preparation and properties of gels and emulsions. 5. Write an essay on ONE of the following topics:- (a) The present-day conception of the chemical bond; (b) Surface films; (c) The stereochemistry of 4 covalent atoms.6. By what process would you determine the composition of a gaseous mixture consisting of carbon monoxide, hydrogen and methane with a little nitrogen? How may small quantities of carbon monoxide in air be determined? 7. Explain carefully some of the methods which are available for the experimental determination of the transition point of chemical sub- stances. TUESDAY, 11th JANUARY, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Attempt FIVE questions only. Answer concisely and to the point. Give formulae and equations where possible. ) 1. Describe the methods available for the preparation of hydroxy- acids. Give an account of the more important reactions of these com- pounds. 2. Give TWO examples of the use of each of the following reagents:- sodium ethoxide, phenyl iso-cyanate, phenylhydrazine, acetic anhydride, ethyl magnesium bromide.3. By means of equations and brief notes indicate how the following compounds are usually obtained from benzene :-(a) p-nitrophenol, (b) p-nitraniline, (c) resorcinol, (d) benzidine, (e) cyclohexanol. 4. Outline the evidence for the usually accepted structure of ONE of the following compounds:- (a)piperine, (b)glucose, (c) camphor. 5. Give an account of the more important achievements of ONE of the following chemists :-E. Fischer, Pasteur, Baeyer. 6. Write a short essay on om of the following subjects:- (a) The structure of diazo-compounds; OR (b) The application of physical measurements in the determination of structure. 7.Write short explanatory notes on ONE of the following topics:- (a) conjugated double bonds; (b) the co-ordinate or semipolar link; (c) free radicals. 8. Write out the strucural formulae of compounds having the molecular formulae C,H,O, and indicate how these compounds can be prepared. 61 2 p.m. to 4.30 p.m. Translation from French and German technical literature. PRACTICAL WORK: 1ST WEEK. WEDNESDAY, 12th JANUARY, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. (A)is a mixture of two compounds. You are required to (a) identify each; (b) isolate a pure specimen of each; (c) estimate roughly the proportions in which they are present; (d) prepare two crystalline derivatives of one compound and one derivative of the other compound.(Toluene and p-toluidine OR cyclohexanol and phenol.) This exercise may be completed tomorrow. THURSDAY, 13th JANUARY, 10 u.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercise. 2. Identify the two compounds (B) and (C). (B) = ethyl carba- mate OR methyl oxalate; (C) = p-nitrophenol OR cinnamic acid.) (Full credit will not be given unless the evidence of identity is adequate.) FRIDAY, 14th JANUARY, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Identify the substances (D) and (E). (D) = bauxite; (E) = sjli-con. (This result must be handed in by 1 p.m., in a separate notebook.) 2. Estimate gravimetrically the percentage of copper and the per- centage of nickel in the alloy (F)provided. Thk exercise my be completed tomorrow.SATURDAY, 15th JANUARY, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Complete the gravimetric determinations which were commenced yesterday. 2. Determine the percentage of sodium in the given substance (G) provided. (G) = borax. 3. Identify the radicals in the mixture (H). (H) = barium sulphate, sodium hexametaphosphate, and potassium bromide ; OR lead sulphate, sodium hexamet,aphosphate, and ammonium iodide.) (This result must be handed in by 1 p.m., in a separate notebook.) PRACTICALWORKFOR CANDIDATESPRESENTING THEMSELVES IN THE 2ND uTEEK. TUESDAY, 18th JANUARY, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. (P) is a mixture of two compounds. You are required to (a) identify each; (b) isolate a pure specimen of each; (c) estimate roughly the proportions in which they are present; (d) prepare two crystalline derivatives of one compound and one derivative of the other compound.(P) = toluene and p-toluidine OR cyclohexanol and phenol. This exercise may be completed tomorrow. 62 WEDNESDAY, 19th JANUARY, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday's exercise. 2. Identify the two compounds (Q) and (R). (Q) = quinol OR resorcinol; (R) = ethyl oxalate OR ethyl benzoate. (Pull credit will not be given unless the evidence of identity is adequate.) THURSDAY, 20th JANUARY, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Identify the substances (S) and (T). (S) = carborundum; (T) = antimonous oxide) (This result must be handed in by 1 p.m. in a separate notebook.) 2.Estimate gravimetrically the percentage of copper and the per- centage of zinc in the alloy (U) provided. This exercise may be completed tomorrow. FRIDAY, 21st JANUARY, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Complete the gravimetric determinations which were com-menced yesterday . 2. Determine the percentage of antimony in the given substance (V) provided. (V) = antimonous oxide. 3. Identify the radicals in the mixture (W). (W) = barium phos- phate, zinc sulphate, and potassium bromide; OR magnesium phosphate, aluminium sulphate, and ammonium iodide. (This result must be handed in by 1 p.m., in a separate notebook.) INORGANIC AND PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY.-Most candidates attempted five questions on each paper and there was no question that was not attempted by a reasonable number of candidates.There is no evidence that some parts of the subject are being neglected at the expense of others, but there is a tendency to accumulate superficial knowledge. Possibly this is unavoidable in an examination in which such a wide range of knowledge is required, but it should be emphasised that the type of answers acceptable at Intermediate Science stage cannot be assessed equally highly at the A.I.C. stage. Some of the most disappoint- ing answers came from the candidates who attempted Question 6, Paper z,--on the determination of the composition of a mixture of carbon monoxide, hydrogen and methane with a little nitrogen. The practical exercises involving qualitative analysis were well done, but the quantitative work was in many cases below the usual standard.Generally, however, the work submitted in this examination shewed a marked improvement on that dealt with in the Septem- ber examination. ORGANICCHEMISTRY.-The unsatisfactory character of many of the answers to the first three questions suggests that there 63 is room for improvement in the knowledge of, and familiarity with, common and fundamental chemical reactions. Many candidates appear to think that the usual method of the con- version of benzene into phenol is via nitration, and a surprisingly large proportion of them stated that resorcinol is prepared by the interaction of nitrous acid and m-phenylenediamine. With a few notable exceptions the practical exercises were well done.The translation of French and German technical literature was done rather better than usual. PASS LIST. Emmination in General Chemistry for the Associateship. Bidgood, Eric, University College, Nottingham. Black, Robert Arthur, City Technical College, Liverpool. Bolton, Frank Monkman, College of Technology, Leeds. Collyer, Thomas Alan, B.Sc. (Lond.), University College, London; and Battersea, Polytechnic, London. Cross, Frank Baynham, The Polytechnic, Regent Street, London. Hullah, Ralph, Bradford Technical College. Langridge, Rodney Arthur, Ph.C., Municipal College, Portsmouth; and Woolwich Polytechnic, London. Mackey, Donald Robert, West Ham Municipal College; and Sir John Cass Technical Institute, London. Magee, John Howarth, City Technical College, Liverpool.Middlebrook, William Robert, College of Technology, Leeds. Salter, John Clement Mitchell, B.Sc. (Lond.), University College; and The Imperial College of Science, London. Shreir, Louis Lionel, Chelsea Polytechnic, London. Smith, Christopher Thomas Morley, B.Sc. (Lond.), Municipal Technical College, Hull. Westwood, Joseph Vincent, B.Sc. (Lond.), University College, Leicester. Woodall, George Henry, Central Technical College, Birmingham. Woodhead, Charles Alfred Bevan, City Technical College, Liverpool. 64 The Chemical Council. SECOND ANNUAL REPORT. Since the publication of its first Annual Report (and December, 1936), the Council has pursued the policy therein outlined of promoting co-operation between the three Chartered Chemical Bodies, and in raising a fund to assist in meeting the cost of chemical publications and the Chemical Library.The constitution of the Council provided that the object of the fund should be the allocation of grants for the co-ordination of scientific and educational publications, the publication of new discoveries, the promotion of research, the maintenance of the library of the Chemical Society, and eventually the provision of adequate accommodation. The appeal for the fund was based on the proposal that “Industry” might help in the endeavour to cope with the over- whelming increase in the output of new scientific knowledge, which must be published and may, at any time, become of direct practical importance in the affairs of everyday life.The Chemical Society (for nearly IOO years) and the Society of Chemical Industry (for nearly 60 years) have published the record of progress of pure and applied chemistry almost entirely at the expense of their members, but, owing to the extraordinary development of the science, those who pursue it have become divided into other specialised societies and groups, so that there are now twenty different bodies, of which British chemists may become members. As a result, the membership of the two large publishing societies has, for some years past, remained nearly stationary, and the societies have found their expenditure exceeding their income. While universities, colleges and other institutions are often endowed by generous benefactors, with funds for research purposes, provision has seldom been made for the publication of 65 results; yet the importance of such publication to the country is incalculable.Government help is provided by a Publications Grant, administered by the Royal Society, and from that the Chemical Society has received very valuable help, but it must be borne in mind that other sciences also require assistance. It follows, therefore, that if chemical publications are to continue to serve a useful purpose, the cost must still be met largely by chemists themselves. In other words, every chemist, whether he wishes to possess the publications or not, should help in defraying the cost of producing them.Before the issue of the first appeal, in June, 1936, the Council received many contributions and promises from chemists,- including j69,ooo from Sir Robert Mond (which, being contributed under Deed of Covenant, will ultimately realise approximately j611,4g1 13s. 4d.), and a sum of i52,128 19s. 7d. received from the liquidators of the Association of Scientific and Technical Institu- tions, in respect of contributions previously made by chemists to the funds of that Association. In the first appeal issued by the Council, it was sought to obtain funds for (a) an endowment fund to provide permanent additional income for the publications, and (h) a capital fund to maintain the cost of the library, and (eventually) to provide suitable premises.However, at the request of the contributors who are members of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers and of allied Associations, the greater part of the sum so far promised or contributed is to be devoted to current expenditure for the next seven years, in the hope that, with the help of the Council, the societies may be placed on a self-supporting basis and may be able to augment the numerical strength of their membership, by working in closer co-operation, and by improving their publica- tions and services, in the interests of all branches of chemistry. Practically the whole of the contributions for currefit expenditure comes from chemical industry. The contributions received to zznd November, 1937, for the Endowment Fund amount to E24,680 19s.gd. and those for Current Expenses to L27,044 18s. gd.-in all a sum of k51,725 18s. 6d. This includes the contributions and promises received in reply to a second appeal, which was published in June, 1937. 66 The appeals were circulated very widely, but did not meet with that general response for which the Council hoped; in fact, the fund has made good progress through the generosity of comparatively few contributors. However, it is not for lack of sympathy with, or appreciation of, the objects for which it was established that the number of contributors has been disappointing. The replies contain expressions of encouragement, although in many instances directors or those responsible feel that other causes have a more direct claim upon them.The great City Guilds, for example, indicate that the first call upon their funds must be directed to channels of a strictly charitable nature,-such as hospitals, schools, etc. The banking, railway and insurance companies acknowledge the desirability of promoting the objects of the fund, but do not recognise that science has a direct claim on their consideration. Representative companies in the engineering, electrical, metal- lurgical and mining industries, and even some gas companies, suggest that the bearing and importance of chemistry on their undertakings is somewhat remote, notwithstanding that their operations and the materials they employ are obviously of a chemical nature, and dependent upon chemical science for their development and improvement .Some companies say that “chemistry is of no direct benefit to us,” or that they must limit their financial support to objects more intimately concerned with their own undertakings ; others mention that they are already contributing to industrial research associations, and hold that they should restrict their donations to organisations devoted to their own particular industries : such donations should be regarded as their contribution to chemistry. Others consider that it is sufficient that their chemists should subscribe to the societies, or contend that they are supporting chemistry by employing chemists; so that it would seem that they entirely overlook the fact that their chemists are dependent for new scientific and technical knowledge upon the continued existence of the publishing societies.Several manufacturers maintain that, as they possess their own laboratories and staffs of chemists, it is unnecessary for them to provide funds for the publication of new knowledge discovered elsewhere. It is clear, however, that the work carried out in their laboratories must necessarily be of an ad hoc character-work which must have a 67 bearing on their own immediate requirements. They have neither the time nor do they wish to run the risk of undertaking fundamental or “long-distance” research, and yet it is upon this kind of research that development depends. Excellent and useful as it is, ad hoc research ultimately reaches its limit and the investigator who relies on it will soon find himself at a standstill, owing to the lack of the direction which fundamental enquiry affords.Notwithstanding these demurs, the effect of which it is sincerely hoped chemists will endeavour to correct, the response referred to above has been very gratifying to the Council, and the publishing societies are now in a position to take steps, without unreasonable restrictions, towards the improvement of their publications. One suggestion in particular, as part of the policy of making the journals of the societies more attractive, for which the Council has already made provision,-namely, that each paper accepted for publication should be accompanied by a clear and concise summary of its contents,-has already been adopted.Further than that, it is emphasised that the records of investiga- tions accepted for publication should be of sufficient scientific importance, of wide enough interest, and reasonably complete, and that the subject-matter should be so presented as to render it easily understood.. Among other matters discussed by the Council during the year have been the more even distribution of the cost of publications and the provision of a scheme by which the activities of the Societies can be collated. These are subjects which require careful and thorough investigation, and will be reported upon in due course. Another problem of immediate urgency which is receiving attention is the housing of the library of the Chemical Society, the accommodation for which at Burlington House, Piccadilly, is now exhausted.The Chemical Council has had under consideration means for effecting economies in various other directions, and has continued to negotiate contracts for printing and paper supplies. Diffi-culties arising from reduction of hours in the printing trade, and increase of prices in the paper trade, have had to be met and, in the adverse circumstances, the best terms have been secured. Funds have been placed at the disposal of both publishing societies. 68 Professor N. V. Sidgwick, C.B.E., M.A., F.R.S., on completing his term of office as President of the Chemical Society in March last, relinquished his seat on the Chemical Council. The vacancy thus caused was filled by the appointment of the new President of the Society, Professor F.G. Donnan, C.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S. The Council acknowledges the further helpful advice of Mr. F. P. Dunn, B.Sc., A.R.C.S., F.I.C., in matters relating to publications, and the continued honorary services of the Registrar and Secretary and the staff of the Institute of Chemistry. ROBERTH. PICKARD, Chairman. 6th December, 1937. The List of Contributors and copy of the audited accounts can be obtained on application to the Hon. Secretary, The Chemical Council, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1. Notes. British Standards Institution.-From Fellows who have kindly represented the Institute on the Chemical Council, Committees and Panels of the British Standards Institution, the following information has recently been received.The Council of the Chemical Division, through its twenty-six technical committees, and numerous sub-commi ttees and panels has been very active. Specifications have been in course of preparation or revision dealing with coal, dairying, disinfectants, electro-plating, glues, laboratory ware, leather, marine oils, soaps and fats, moulding materials and adhesives. Protests have been made by chemists against the reputed extension of the number of chemical products for which specifications are under consideration, but the idea that there has been any artificial stimulation to such extension does not appear to be justified. The Institution does not undertake the preparation of a specification until there is a definite call for it by producers and/or consumers.It is open to any interested party to protest against a proposal to prepare a new specification, and any such proposal is communicated to all sections of producer and con- sumer who are likely to be interested. The interests of industry and trade sometimes make a disproportionate call on the time of independent analysts who are asked to assist in defining the specific methods of analysis and it is unfortunate that the speci- fications, when issued, sometimes tend to reduce the professional work entrusted to analysts and arbitrators. Mr. Sidney A. Brazier reports that the Technical Sub-committee on the Standardisation and Co-ordination of Tests for Rubber and Rubber Products will shortly issue recommended methods for testing rubber.Dr. Harold G. Colman reports that there has been no recent meeting of the Committee concerned with Benzol for Motor Fuel, but the Committee on Sampling of Tar Products has completed its work and a revised specification has been passed for publication in the near future. Dr. J. J. Fox has reported that the Committee on Analysis of Chemicals and Materials used in Electroplating is about to 70 issue specifications dealing with nickel anodes, nickel salts and cyanides and is preparing a specification for chromic oxide for elec tro-plating. Mr. F. W. Harbord gives a short resum6 of the proceedings of the Cement Committee.During 1937work has been carried out by the Building Research Station in developing compression tests for cement by mechanical methods with a view to eliminating, so far as is possible, the human factor in cement testing. A vibrating machine has been designed by the Station, which, after being extensively tested, was sent to co-operating labora- tories together with a detailed resum6 of the method of operation. The result showed a closer agreement with those obtained recently on similar tests. Tentative specification figures for compression tests are under consideration and it is hoped to draft a combined speci- fication to cover ordinary Portland cement, rapid hardening Portland cement and aluminous Portland cement.The Building Research Station is giving consideration to the simplification of cube-making machines with a view to reducing the initial cost and increasing output. The question of regular supplies of a standard sand for cement testing has been under the consideration of the Committee, as the difficulty of obtaining regular supplies from the present sources has been increasing. Tests are being carried out on different grading of sands for compression tests which it is hoped will render available considerable quantities of sands which are not at present accept able. Dr. A. D. Mitchell, who represents the Institute at the Committee on Chemical Symbols and Abbreviations, has reported that when it became known that the Chemical Society, the Physical Society and the Faraday Society were appointing a joint committee to report on thermodynamic and other physico- chemical equivalents it was decided to suspend further action until that report became available. The drafting sub-committee has again become active and is presenting a report to the main committee.Professional.-The attention of the Institute was recently directed to an article in a newspaper, in which it was stated that a skin specialist, a doctor and a chemist had agreed to serve on a Beauty Board, presumably to advise readers on the use of 71 cosmetics, etc. Under a portrait published in connexion with this article, it was stated that it was not possible to publish pictures of the doctor and the woman skin specialist-" for the usual reasons that govern medical etiquette." From this statement it would appear that it was assumed that there was no professional etiquette among chemists.It was thought desirable, therefore, to direct the attention of the Editor of the newspaper in question to the fact that Fellows and Associates of the Institute, as members of the recognised profes- sional body, are debarred by the code of the Institute, for exactly the same reasons as those governing medical etiquette, from allowing their names and portraits to appear in any similar announcement. Laxminarayan Technological Institute, Nagpur.-On 8th December, His Excellency Sir Hyde C. Gowan, K.C.S.I., C.I.E., V.D., I.C.S., Chancellor of the Nagpur University, laid the foundation stone of the Laxminarayan Technical Institute.The Chancellor congratulated Sir Hari Singh Gour, the Vice- Chancellor, on having acquired the site for the Institute, for which the late Rao Bahadur D. Laxminarayan had bequeathed over f1400,000 to the Nagpur University, with the object of providing instruction in applied science and chemistry. The University has decided to create, in the first place, a Department of Applied Chemistry and Dr. R. S. Thakur, Fellow, who has been visiting England and the Continent on behalf of the University during the past two years, has been appointed Organising Officer. It is hoped that the new building will be ready in July, 1939. Beit Fellowships for Scientific Research.-The 25th election of Fellows will take place on or about 8th July.Forms of application, which must be returned not later than 7th April, may be obtained (by letter only) from the Rector, Imperial College of Science and Technology, South Kensington, London, s.w.7. The fellowships are of the value of ;6240, and tenable for two years, subject to satisfactory reports. Candidates must be under 25 years of age at the date of election. 72 The Microchemical Club.-The Annual General Meeting of the Club will be held on 12th March, in the Physiology Theatre, University College, London, at 10.30 a.m. Membership of the Club is open to all interested in the use and development of micro-methods. Two or three meetings are held annually, one usually in the North, when papers are read on the applications of micro-methods in different branches of science.The Club, formed four years ago, possesses a library containing micro-chemical journals and films of microchemical technique which can be borrowed by members. Further information and forms of application for membership can be obtained from the Hon. Secretary, J. R. O’Brien, Dept. of Biochemistry, The Museum, Oxford. Dr. F. Heathcoat, Fellow, has been appointed Vice-Principal and Head of the Chemistry Department at Swansea Technical College. Professor F. G. Donnan, Fellow, has been elected Emeritus Professor of Chemistry in the University of London. Mr. W. P. Henderson, Fezlow, has been appointed Chief Chemist to the London, Midland & Scottish Railway, on the retirement of Dr.P. Lewis-Dale, Member of CounciZ. On the occasion of the Dinner of the Institution of Mining Engineers held at Grosvenor House, London, on and Febrary, the medal of the Institution was presented to Dr. Carl Beyling, of Germany, and to Professor Richard Vernon Wheeler, FeZZow, Director of the Experimental Stations of the Safety in Mines Board. The medal is awarded in recognition of conspicuous services in the advancement of the science and art of mining; in promoting the safety and health of those engaged in the coal mining industry; or for outstanding services in the application of scientific knowledge and research to mining practice. SCIENCEIN PARLIAMENT Pasteurised Milk.-On the 2nd December in the House of Commons the Minister of Health stated that his medical advisers were satisfied, from the experiments carried out at the National Institute for Research in Dairying and the Rowett Institute, that pasteurisation had no significant effect on the nutritive value of milk.It was, however, desirable, especially in the case of children reared on a milk diet, where the milk was raw or pasteurised, that the diet should be supplemented by fruit or vegetable juice, such as orange or tomato. This view was supported by the report on cattle diseases published in 1934. CoaZ Produced Oil (Extraction).-In the House of Commons on the 14th December the Secretary of Mines stated that out of a total of 85 million gallons of motor spirit produced in 1936 from coal and by-products of oil, 51 million gallons were obtained from several gas works and coke-oven installations, at which a total of about 39 million tons of coal were carbonised.Of the balance, 334 million gallons were obtained at the Billington Hydrogenation Plant, and in this connection, 425,000 tons of coal were used. 800,000 gallons were produced at low-temperature carbonisation plants, at which 364,000 tons of coal were carbonised. 95 million gallons of heavy oils were produced, of which 89 million gallons were obtained from gas works and coke ovens, and just over 6 million gallons from low-temperature carbonisation plants. Abroad, plants for the production of oil from coal by the hydrogenation, synthesis or low-temperature carbonisation processes were understood to be operating in Germany, France, Japan and U.S.A.Oil was also produced in these and many other countries by high-temperature carbonisation. No reliable information was available regarding the quantities of coal carbonised, and of the quantities of oil produced by the processes named in each country. Defence (Oil SufifiZies).-On 15th December, the Lord Privy Seal stated that the closest consideration was being given to this subject. A Sub-committee of the Committee of Imperial Defence, under a Cabinet Minister, was considering the matter in all its aspects, and taking into account all possible needs, including the security of the reserve we were rapidly building up, the location and lay-out of storage, and the question of tanker tonnage.The protection of tanker tonnage was under special consideration of the Admiralty. There were also the questions of rationing, and the various schemes of control both in this country and elsewhere. With regard to alternative supplies, 74 the fact had to be faced that we could not produce all our require- ments in this country. Nevertheless, the Government were giving every encouragement to the various processes of producing oil from coal. Water Supplies (Puri3cation) .-On 16th December, in answer to a question in the House of Commons the Minister of Health stated that, generally speaking, the areas depending on fissurated strata for water supplies were those in the eastern part of Lin- colnshire and the East Riding of Yorkshire, and those south-east of a line drawn from King’s Lynn to Bridport, excluding large parts of Sussex and Kent.He was not empowered to call for analyses or to give directions as to the intervals at which they should be made, or as to the installation of purification plant. It was the statutory duty of water undertakings to provide wholesome water, and the responsibility for taking the necessary steps for safeguarding the supply rested with them. The matter of whether power ought to be taken by him to deal with these matters was now being considered by the Central Advisory Water Commit tee. Silicosis Research.-On zIst December, in answer to a question whether he was aware that an investigation had been conducted by a group of scientists at the McIntyre Mine, Ontario, Canada, into the possibility of the prevention of silicosis by the admixture of metallic aluminium with silica dust, the Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster stated that the progress of these Canadian experi- ments was being followed with interest by the special committee advising the Medical Research Council in this subject, and some experiments on similar lines had already been initiated in this country, The Air-Raid Precautions Act, 1937, which received the Royal Assent on the zznd December, defines the duty of certain local authorities to prepare and submit Air-Raid Precautions schemes, provides.for allocating between the London County Council, the Common Council of the City of London and the Councils of the Metropolitan Boroughs, the duty of preparing and submitting Air-Raid Precaution schemes to be made for minimising the risk of danger to persons and property likely to result from air-raids, and provides for the necessary expenditure. Sir Samuel Hoare, speaking recently at the Constitutional Club, said that the Air-Raid Precautions Bill defined the duties of the central government and the local authorities in undertaking air-raid precautions. His Department had since distributed to the local authorities regulations giving the lines on which the work should develop.He compared the highly centralised compulsory systems of countries such as Germany with our own local voluntary services.Local authorities were already dealing with fire-fighting] decontamination and first-aid, and that was essential for the purpose of air-raid precautions. It was felt that the work depended for its success on the individual householder and on special local conditions, and that it must be carried out on the spot. He was satisfied that the authorities realised the gravity and the urgency of the problem. He had been asked how the local councils were to know what was required of them and how the individual householder was to know what he ought to do. They were dealing with men and women living in very different conditions in many different places, and he had thought it wise not to issue these instructions till the local authorities were ready to deal with them and to help the householders with expert advice. They were, he continued, very conscious of the fact that there was a great deficiency of expert knowledge in the country.They were hoping that the local authorities would organise schools for the local workers, and it was a key-point in their scheme that they should have a central staff college for training the higher officials in this new field of national activity, to which they would come for an intensive course of study, of about three weeks’ duration. The school would be organised by Commander Franks, a whole-time senior official of the Air-Raid Precautions Department. Bythis means valuable opinion could be exchanged between Whitehall and the local authorities. They were actively engaged on other aspects of the air-raid problem-the best type of air-raid shelter, the evacuation of population and the maintenance of public utility services.The plan was to utilise in particular the services of expert departments in addition to the Air-Raid Precautions Department. Sir Samuel Hoare concluded by emphasising the non-political nature of the task and the necessity for preserving the morale of the country and maintaining the public services in the event of a national emergency. 76 Obituary. PERCIVALWALTERCLUTTERBUCKdied at Northwood, Middlesex, on 1st January, in his 41st year. He entered the University of Leeds in 1914 and, in 1916, enlisted in the Royal Engineers, and became engaged on research at the Gas and Trench Warfare Station at Porton.In recog- nition of his services he was appointed an officer of the most Excellent Order of the British Empire. In 1919 he returned to the University of Leeds, graduating H.Sc. with first-class honours in chemistry in 1922, proceeding to Ph.D. in 1924, and D.Sc. in 1930. From 1920-23 he carried out research at Leeds under the late Professor J. B. Cohen, on antiseptics and chloramines, and, from 1923-28, with Professor Raper, on the bio- chemistry of the oxidation of fats, at Manchester University, where he was demonstrator and assistant lecturer in physiological chemistry. In 1929, he was engaged on research at the Lister Institute for a short time, and then proceeded to an appointment in the biochemical resoarch depart- ment of Nobel’s Explosives Co., Ltd., at Stevenston.He subsequently conducted research for Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, at which school he was also a Iecturer in biochemistry. He was the author of numerous papers pub- lished in the Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemistry and Industry, and the Biochemical Journal, and was an Abstractor to the Bureau of Chemical Abstracts. He was elected an A4ssociate of the Institute in 1922, and a Fellow in 1928. HEDLEY died at Dartford, on 29th December,1937, GORDONJONES in his 76th year. He roceived his scientific training at University college, London, from 1880 to 1882, and subsequently at King’s College, before he became assistant in the laboratory of Dr.I?.L. Teed, Fellow. In 1888, he became assistant to Professor IV. It. 13. Hodgkinson, at tho Royal Military Academy, Llioolwich, and subsoquently engaged in privateconsulting practice until his retirement. He was elected an Associate in 1888 and a Fellow in 1891. DAVIDMILLERdied at Liverpool, on 17th December, in his 25th year. Educated at University College School, London, he proceeded to The Polytechnic, Regent Stroet, graduated B.Sc. with honours in chemistry.After taking courses in the chemistry of food and drugs at Ihttersea Polytechnic, he was appointed Assistant Chemist in the laboratories of W. & R. Jacobs, Ltd., of Aintree. Liverpool, in 1931. He was elected an Associate in 1934, and, having passed the examina- tion in the chemistry and microscopy of food and drugs, was elected a Fellow in 1937.HENRYELWYNLLOYDdied at Burton-on-Trent on 2nd January, in his 31st year. Educated at the County IntermediaLe Scliool, Penygroes, he studied at the University College of North Wales, Bangor, and graduated B.&. (Wales) with honours in chemistry in 1930. In the following year, he obtained an appointment as a teacher in 77 Deiniolen Central School, Carnarvonshire, where he remained for two years. Later he was appointed chemist to the English Grains Co., Ltd., at Burton-on-Trent, which position he held at the time of his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1934. JOHNPRICEMILLINGTON,who died on the 28th December, after a short illness, was born on 21st August, 1879, and educated at Tho College, Wellington, Selop.In 1896 he entered with a scholarship University College, Aberystwyth, where he graduated B.Sc. (Wales), and from 1900 to 1904 continued his studies in chemistry and physics at Christ’s College, Cambridge, gaining a first-class in both parts of the Natural Sciences Tripos.During his last year at Cambridge he carried out research work with H. 0. Jones and €1. J. H. Fenton, publishing various papeis in the journal of the Chemical Society. At the same time he was an Assistant Demonstra- tor in the University chemical laboratories, and Senior Lecturer in Chemistry at Wren’s for candidates in the Home and Indian Civil Service.He proceeded to M.A. in 1905. In 1903 he was appointed chemist to Messrs. C. W. Maitin & Sons, Ltd., FULDressers and Dyers, at Alaska Factory, Reimondsey, London. At the beginning of the present century a new group of fur bases, suitable for dyeing skins, had been discovered, and their method of application called for an entirely new technique, which occupied the greater part of Mr. Millington’s early years with his firm. In 1914, when supplies of dyestuffs became unobtainable, Nr. Millington hslped to provide this deficiency by making certain essential products. In 1915 he was invited to take control of a scientific section attached to the Intelligence Branch of the War Office, in which work he continued until the end of the war, visiting in the course of his duties France, Italy, Malta, Egypt and India.He was also a member of the Air Inventions Committee, and was mentioned three times in despatches arid twico in the Gazette of India. In 1920, he was admitted a Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire, On returning to Martin & Sons, in 1919, he was appointed manager of the factory, and elected a director of the company. In 1928, as a result of ill-health, he gave up his full-time connection with the firm, but still continued to act in a consultant capacity. He was the author of a Lqfe of John DaZton, in Dent’s “English Men of Science” series, arid one of the chief contributors to the Gresham Company’s Science in Modern Life, and hlodern Industrial Chemistry.He also translated, from the German, Bluchor’s AuskunJstbuch fur die Chemische Industrie.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1917 and resigned shortly before his death, owing to failing health. JOHNJAMESMORGANdied at Flixton, Manchester, on 30th October, 1937, in his 76th year. Educated at the Abergavenny Grammar School, he became a pupil under the late A. E. Tucker, Fellow, and was appointed head assistant analyst to the Rhymney Iron, Steel & Coal Co. Three years later he joined the Ebbw Vale Iron, Steel & Coal Co., as chemist to the steelworks department, subsequently becoming head assistant analyst to the Blaenavon Iron, Steel & Coal Co. From 1919 to 1929 he conducted a private practice aa a metallurgist and analytical chemist, at Manchester.He was the author of Notes on Foundry Practice (1920); and contributed numerous articles to The Chemical News, the Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry, The Engineer and other technical journals. Ho was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1900. 78 SYDNEY GROSSPAINEdied on 25th December, 1937, at Aliriston, Sussex, in his 57th year. He received his training at University College, Nottingham, graduated B.Sc. in the University of London in 1911, and D.Sc. in 1917. After acting as demonstrator for short periods at University College, Sheffield, and at the Royal Veterinary College, London, he was appointed, in 1904, research assistant and works chemist to Brooke, Simpson & Spiller, at Hackney Wick.In the following year he obtained a temporary post in the Customs Laboratory. From 1908 to 1910, he worked with Mr. John Golding, Fellow, at the Midland Agricultural and Dairy college, Kingston-on-Soar, Derby.Early in 1910, he became a research student in biochemistry at the Lister Institute and remained working there with Professor-now Sir-Arthur Harden, until October, 1911, when he was appointed a demonstrator in plant physiology and pathology, at the Imperial College of Science and Technology. Two years later, he was appointed lecturer in bacteriology, and in 1920 assistant professor in that subject, which post he held at the time of his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1903, and a Fellow in 1906. He resigned, owing to ill-health, in December, 1937.HENRYRUSSELL SMITH died at Potters Bar, Middlesex, on 24th January, in his 84th year. He entered the Laboratory of Messrs. Teschmacher & Smith, Consulting Agricultural and Analytical Chemists, at Aubert Park, Highbury, in 1870, and seven years later became a partner in the firm with his uncle, J. Denham Smith. He subsequently carried on the practice as sole partner until 1911, when he was joined by his son, Mr. W. Russell Smith, and in 1925 they were joined by Mr. I. E. Macdonald. Mr. Smith attended business until 1936, when he retired owing to ill-health. He was elected an Associate in 1878 and a Fellow in 1882. ALBERTWATKINSMAGGSWINTLE died at Liverpool on 26th January, in his 48th year.He received his early education at St. George Secondary School, Bristol, and from 1905 to 1908, while continuing his studies at Merchant Venturers’ Technical College, was lecture assistant to the late W. A. Shenstone, F.R.S., at Clifton College. He then spent a year in the University of Bristol, and in 1910, joined the analytical staff at Nobel’s Explosives Co. Ltd., Ardeer, where, in the following year, he was trans- ferred to the Research Department. He also attended evening courses at the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, until 1914, and remained at Ardeer until 1915, when he was appointed chemist at the Netham Works of the United Alkali Co. Bristol. In 1933 he was transferred to I.C.I. (GeneralChemicals), Ltd., Widnes, which position he occupied when he died.He was elected an Associate in 1918 and a Fellow in 1924. He was for several years Honorary Secretary of the Bristol and South- Western Counties Section; he served as a Member of Council from 1928 to 1931, 1932 to 1935, and had been again in office since March, 1936; and at the time of his death, was Chairman of the Liverpool and North-Western Section. During his service on the Council he was an active member of the Publications Committee. 70 Books and their Contents. The following books have been kindly presented by the authors and publishers and may be seen in the Library of the Institute :-“Chemistry (with some Geology).” J. A. Lauwerys and J. Ellison. New General Science Series. (General Editor : W.J. Gale.) Part I. Pp. xii + 220. (London: University of London Press.) 3s. 3d. net. The air and combustion; water and solutions; the composition of water; earth ; earth-minerals valuable to man-metals ; some chemical theory; useful substances obtained from the sea; the air as raw material; sulphur and its uses in industry; appondix A: table of elements, physical constants of some important elements, solubilities. Appendix B : prices of important chemicals. Illustrations. Index. “Chemistry (with some Geology).” J. A. Lauwerys and J. Ellison. Complete volume,-4s. 6d. net-including Part I as above. New General Science Series. Enlarged to 356 pages, by the addition of-More chemical theory ; food and clothing; fuels ; electricity in the service of chemistry; light and chemical action.‘I Qualitative Inorganic Analysis.” A. J. Berry. Pp. Viii + 148. (Cambridge University Press.) Certain general principles ;the methods of qualitative analysis; reactions of the metals; reactions of the acid radicals; systematic analysis of the metals; examination for acid radicals; tabular summaries of the groupreactions of the metals and the preliminary reactions of the acid radicals. Index. I‘ Qualitative Organic Analysis,” Notes on. F. R. Storrie. Pp. x + 68. (London: J. M. Dent & Sons, Ltd.) 2s. 3d. Nature of the substances,-simple or complex; separation of mixtures ; preliminary tests ;group tests ; preparation of derivatives ; reagents and tests; examples; tables and index.Qualitative Analysis (Higher School) .” F. A. Meerendonk. Pp. viii + 40. (London: J. M. Dent & Sons, Ltd.) IS. 6d. Analysis of a simple salt ;a simple mixture ;acomplex mixture ;recording results; the theory of precipitate formation, 80 “Mbthodes actuelles de la Chimie.” Pierre Jolibois. 3e Edition enticrement refondue. Pp. 224. (Paris: Librairie Armand Colin.) Reli6 17.50 frs.; Broch6 15 frs. GBn6ralj tk-Observations, mesures, cnlculs. Les principaux facteurs des reactions ;le fractionnemerlt ; 1‘616ment; le corps pur :les phBnomAiies de solubilitk; la rkaction chimiquo; la synthhse chimiyue; bibliographie sommaire; table des inatihros. “Sand, Gravel and Other Aggregates,-Methods of Testing.” James Watson. Pp.48. (London: A. Gallenkamp & Co., Ltd.) 4s. 6d. net. A oonche textbook on methods for testing sand and gravel. Sieving and grading; impurities in sand; specific gravity; voids in sand and aggre- gate; chemical analysis of sands, etc. ; moulding sands; special sands; tables of useful information; equipment. The British Standards Institution.-Among the publica- tions recently issued by the British Standards Institution may be mentioned the following :-No. 757-1937. Gelatines. No. 758-1937. Domestic Hot Water Supply Boilers burning Solid Fuel. Part I.-Specification. Part 11.-Method of Testing. No. 763-1937. Report on the Sampling of Coal with special reference to the Size-Weight-Ratio Theory by E. S. Grummell, with notes on Sampling and Analysis for Ash-Content by Dr.A. Crawford and Mr. W. Reed. The Handbook of Information, January, 1938,including Indexed Lists of British Standard Specifications and Methods of Test, has also been published recently and is obtainable from the Publications Department, 28, Victoria Street, London, S.W.I. IS. od. World Power Conference.-The Transactions of the Third World Power Conference (in 10 volumes) and of the Second Congress on Large Dams (5 volumes) are about to be published by the United States Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. The Transactions of the Conference will be supplied at ;65 18s. od. carriage paid, or 13s. 6d. for single volumes. The price for the Transactions of the Dams Congress will be relatively sanewhat higher, 81 The selling agency in the United Kingdom and Colonies has been entrusted to Messrs.Percy Lund, Humphries & Co., Ltd., 12, Bedford Square, London, E.C.I. As the extent of the printing must be determined by the response to the prospectus, it is important that orders be sent at once. The Annual Report of the Imperial Institute (1937), recently published, deals with the expanding work of the Institute in creating new economic and educational links between the nations of the British Commonwealth. The Imperial Institute is concerned with the problems of finding uses for Mineral Resources, and Plant and Animal Products, and of securing new supplies of raw materials for this and other countries. In addition to the scientific investigatory work carried on in the laboratories, the Institute controls Exhibition Galleries, a Cinema, and a Film Library, all representing its activities in Empire affairs.The Mineral Resources Department has pub- lished monographs dealing with Strontium and Barium Minerals, and Asbestos, as well as a special publication entitled The Min.era2 Position of the British Empire, containing a survey of mineral deposits and mining industries. The Consultative Committees concerned with Plant and Animal Products have issued a second edition of the “Grading Rules and Standard Sizes for Empire Hardwoods’’ and a mono- graph on “The Preparation of Empire Hides and Skins,” while the Committees and Sub-committees have been active in connec- tion with such products as vegetable fibres, tung and perilla oils, essential oils, and many other natural products.Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd.-On the occasion of the Opening of the New Research Laboratories at Blackley, on Ioth, 11th and 12th January, Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., published an illustrated brochurenntitled “Chapters in the Development of Industrial Organic Chemistry,”--dealing systematically with the work of the various laboratories under the following headings :-Science of Molecular Architecture, Dyestuffs and Pigments, Technical Service, Rubber Chemicals, Synthetic Rubber, Resin Polymers, Technique, Auxiliary Chemicals, Pest Control, Medicinal Chemicals, Appendices. Appendices to the publication give particulars of the personnel of the Dyestuffs Group and its distribution, 82 Scientific and Industrial Research.The Report for the year 19367 of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, recently published (London : H.M. Stationery Office, 3s. net), deals with many matters of interest to chemists. The Report of the Advisory Committee contains an account of the history of the Water Pollution Research organisation of the Department, which has now completed ten year’s work. The survey and study of the River Tees affords an excellent example of the solution of the problem of the disposal of sewage and effluents. The Council comments upon the increase in the interest which the general press takes in scientific news and on the difficulty of presenting such news in a form which can be under- stood by the public.The daily newspapers are ready and anxious to publish anything relating to new scientific discovery and to stress the value of research in national development. The Department itself promotes publicity in the form of exhi- bitions, such as those relating to smoke abatement, held at the Science Museum in October, 1936; the Public Health Exhibition held at the Royal Agricultural Hall in November, 1936, and exhibitions subsequently held at the Building Centre in March, 1937; and of testing plant and apparatus, at the Institution of Civil Engineers, in April, 1937. The Department has also recently made short films dealing with the various phases of its work.The scale of operations of the Research Associations continues to develop. The aggregate income subscribed by industry has reached about a quarter of a million pounds and the Govern- ment’s grants are nearly half of that amount. A new Research Association is being formed for the Pottery Industry. In the Report on the National Physical Laboratory, the Executive Committee indicates that it has been considering how the usefulness of the Laboratory can be further increased, and it has “decided that, in appropriate cases, the staff shall be available for visits to works, to study practical problems of production, and to plan investigations and carry them out, on suitable terms, under the conditions obtaining in manufacturing 83 practice.” (This is suggested as a direction in which it may be possible to strengthen the contacts between the Laboratory and industry; but the Executive Committee will, no doubt, bear in mind the interests of the general public and of independent consultants and specialists, who may be affected by this pro- position.) Under the heading of Food Investigation, attention is directed to leaflets published by the Department dealing with problems of transport and storage of foodstuffs and to the commercial development of gas-storage of home-grown apples and pears, the carriage of chilled beef from Australia and New Zealand and the study of conditions in spaces carrying frozen meat, butter, chilled beef in gas-storage, cheese and fruit.The Building Research Station has been directing attention to external rendering, the density and strength of mortars, the ultimate results of spreading cement on the wall with a trowel as distinct from throwing it on, and similar matters. In the Metallurgical Department of the National Physical Laboratory the preparation and study of metals and alloys of the highest possible purity is being continued. A plant has been installed capable of producing pure metallic iron in sufficient quantities for the researches in progress on alloys of iron and manganese. A supply of pure nickel has also been secured for the re-investigation of iron-nickel alloys. Further, steps have been made in reserach on the oxidation of metals, and on the development of improved steels for use at high temperatures, carried out for the British Electrical and Allied Industries Research Association.The Department conducts for the Metallurgical Research Board, investigations on magnesium and aluminium alloys, alloy steels, cracking of boiler plates, gases in steel, oxides in steel and intercrystalline failure. The report on Fuel Research deals with the physical and chemical survey of the national coal resources ; preparation of coal for the market ; carbonisation arid gasification; hydrogena-tion ; hydrocarbon synthesis ; lubricating oil; engineering ; and domestic heating. The report on Food Investigation covers work concerned with-meat; eggs and poultry; pork, bacon and hams; fish; fruit and vegetables ; canning ; and engineering.84 Under Building Research there are brief notes on materials, building stones, asphalt , cement, cast concrete, asbestos cement products, blast furnace slag, limes and plasters, paint, clay bricks, plain clay roofing tiles and sand lime bricks; structures and strength of materials ; pile driving, vibrated concrete, soil mechanics, reinforced concrete, compaction of mortar cubes ; grading of aggregates and the workability of concrete; high tensile steel, bridge tests; fire resistance ; surface finishes for concrete ; efficiency of buildings from the standpoint of the user ; heat transmission through walls ; thermal conductance of a window; effect of moisture on the thermal resistance of insulating wall-boards ; ventilation.Under Road Research, there are notes on-soil mechanics; concrete; bituminous materials; road tar; tyre effects; wet road clock ;skidding ;surface irregularity ;co-operative researches and special investigations. The Chemistry Research Board promises that the report of the work for the three years to 31st December, 1937,will be published shortly. The brief reference here deals with corrosion of metals, chemical reactions at high pressure, researches on coal tar and rubber, chemotherapy, synthetic resins, microbiology, etc. Particulars are also given of reports dealing with lubrication, atmospheric pollution, furnace design and toxic gases in industry. The work of the Research Associations is briefly reviewed and Appendices are included, giving the list of Assessors to the Advisory Council and of members of Research Boards and Committees of the Department ; a list of establishments of the Department and of the Research Associations ; statistics relating to maintenance allowances to students in training; a summary of the expenditure of the Department; a list of publications by individuals in receipt of grants and a list of Departmental publications.85 The Register. At the meetings of Council held on 21st and 28th January, 1938, I new Fellow was elected, 6 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 46 new Associates were elected, and 11Students were admitted. The Council regrets to report the deaths of 5 Fellows and I Associate.New Fellow. Childs, Albert Edward, B.A. (Cantab.), B.Sc. (Lond.), Experimental Station, Porton, Wilts. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Cocker, Leslie, 49, Muncaster Gate, York. (EZected 19th November ;omitted from Part VI, 1937.)Franklin, Reginald George, B.Sc. (Lond.), 7, Crooks Barn Lane, Norton, Stockton-on-Tees. Gardiner, Percy Cyril, M.Inst.Gas E., M.I.Chem.E., 69, Church Way, London, N.20. Roger, Robert, B.Sc., Ph.D. (St. Andrews), 243, Strathmartine Road, Dundee, Scotland. Shimwell, John Lester, D.Sc. (Birm.), Hillside, St. Ann’s Hill, Co. Cork. Warr, John Culver, B.A. (Oxon.), M.I.Chem.E., Barrister-at-Law, Grove House, Lower Green Road, Esher. Wornurn, William Esmond, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., Calydor, Codsall Road, Tet tenhall, Staff s.New Associates. Bidgood, Eric, 8, Queen’s Road, Beeston, Notts. Black, Robert Arthur, Ellerslie, Mark Rake, Bromborough, Cheshire. Bolton, Frank Monkman, 33, Cardinal Grove, Leeds, 11. Broad, Donald William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 74, Sidney Street, King’s Lynn. Brunner, Henry, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 33, High Street, London, N.W.l. Cahill, Patrick, B.Sc. (Lond.), 18, Dudley Road, London, S.W.19. Chater, Charles William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 32, Avonmore Road, London, W.14. Collyer, Thomaa Alan, B.Sc. (Lond.), 23, Birdhurst Rise, South Croydon. Cox, David, B.A. (Cantab.), 20, Queen’s Road, Urmston, Manchester. Cross, Frank Baynham, 21, Faringdon Avenue, Bromley, Kent. Cuthill, Ronald, MSc., Ph.D. (Leeds), 420, Livingstone Road, Bolton Villas, Bradford.Davies, Cyril Gordon, M.Sc. (Wales), 45, Pembroke Street, Tonyrefail, Glam. :(Elected 19th November ;omitted from Part 111,1937.)Davies, Thomas Trevor, B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), 77, Sunnyside Road, London. N.19. Duerden, Alan, B.Sc. (Manc.), 330, Railway Street, Nelson, Lancs. 86 Durrant, George Geoffrey, B.Sc. (Liv.), 23, Horringford Road, Aigburth, Liverpool, 19. Fairbairn, Raymond Ernest, B.Sc. (Lond.), 52, Vernon Road, Seven Kings, Ilford. Farmer, Stanley Nicholas, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 62, Lamb’s Conduit Street, London, W.C.I. Finegan, Eugene Benedict, B.A., B.Sc. (N.U.I.), Derrycra, Newry, Northern Ireland. Glasspool, Charles Norman, c/o African Explosives & Industries, Ltd., Umbogintwini, Natal, South Africa.Gorvin, John Henry, B.Sc. (Wales), 141, Bryn Road, Swansea. Howe, Dennis John Thomas, B.Sc. (Lond.), 18, Ferme Park Road, London, N.4. Hullah, Ralph, 250, Upper Woodlands Road, Bradford. Ichaporia, Minocher Bomonji, M.Sc. (Bombay), Ph.D. (Liv.), 26, Coram Street, London, W.C. 1. Kidney, Miss Eileen Ann, B.Sc. (St. Andrews), 58, Dalkeith Road, Dundee. Knott, Edward Bowes, B.Sc. (Birm.), Ph.D. (Frankfurt), 101, Elm Drive, North Harrow, Middlesex. Langridge, Rodney Arthur, Ph.C., 10, Crusoe Road, Erith, Kent. Mackey, Donald Robert, 12, Darnley Road, Woodford Green, Essex. Magee, John Howarth, 30, Turret Road, Wallasey. Markwell, William Alfred Nottage, 129, Brunswick Road, Greystoke Park, Ealing, London, W.5.Mawer, Frank Clifford, B.Sc. (Lond.), 37, Alexandra Road, Grimsby. Middlebrook, William Robert, 37, Middleton Road, Ilkley, Yorks. Morley-Smith, see Smith. Pritchard, Robert Rheon, B.Sc. (Wales), Bryn Heulog, Segontium Road South, Caernarvon, North Wales. Ramage, George Rowntree, MSc., Ph.D. (Dun.), Jesmond, Belmont Avenue, Bangor, North Wales. Salter, John Clement Mitchell, B.Sc. (Lond.), St. Clements, Rockside Drive, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol. Shapiro, Uriel George, Ph.D. (Lond.), 86, The Avenue, Brondesbury, London, N.W.6. Shrier, Louis Lionel, 128, Churchfield Road, London, W.3. Smith, Christopher Thomas Morley-, B.Sc. (Lond.), Cotswold, Northgate, Cottingham, E. Yorks. Smith, George Armstrong, M.Sc. (Cape), P.O.Box 217, Pretoria, Transvaal, South Africa. Smith, Philip Walter, B.Sc. (Lond.), The Platanes, Champion Hill, London, S.E.5. Soane, Arthur Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.), 23, The Avenue, Muswell Hill, London, N. 10. Stammers, Douglas William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 11, Station Road, South-minster, Essex. Swann, Geoffrey, B.Sc., Ph.D. (St. Andrews), Bushey Leys, Summerleys Road, Princes Risborough, Bucks. Thompson, James McAllan Cormack, M.A., B.Sc. (Aberd.), Dyson Perrins Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford. Westwood, Joseph Vincent, 3, Copinger Road, Saffron Lane, Leicester. Wiltshire, William Ashley, B.Sc. (Lond.), 21, Torver Road, Harrow, Middlesex. Woodall, George Henry, 18, Springfield Drive, Blackheath, Birmingham. Woodhead, Charles Alfred Bevan, 14, Marina Crescent, Netherton, Liver- pool 10.87 New Students. Albans, John William, Walcott, Lincoln. Ambrose, Douglas, 29, Palmerston Road, Buckhurst Ell, Essex. Cumberland, Frank Charles, 50, Revidge Road, Blackburn. Darnbrough-Cameron, James, 38, King Street, Clitheroe. Harrison, John Douglas, 28, Fairmile Avenue, London, S.W. 16. Scoffom, Charles Edward, 27, Little Francis Street, Birmingham 7. Seymour, Donald Edwin, 2, Earl Road, Bramhall, Stockport. Sharp, William, M.P.S., 245, King Street, Stenhousemuir, Larbert, Stirling- shire. Smart, John Valentine, The Square, Countesthorpe, Leics. Stephenson, Henry Scott, 33, Windsor Gardens, North Shields, Northum- berland. Sullivan, Edward Herbert, 32, Lincoln Gardens, Ilford.DEATHS. Fellows. Percy Walter Clutterbuck, O.B.E., D.Sc. (Leeds). Hedley Gordon Jones. David Miller, B.Sc. (Lond.). Henry Russell Smith. Albert Watkins Maggs Wintle. Associate. Henry Elwyn Lloyd, B.Sc. (Lond.). 88 Coming Events. 1938 February “The17 ROYALINSTITUTION: Mechanism of Gaseous Chemical Rqactions.” Dr. H. W. Melville, at 5.15 p.m. Course of Three Lectures, 7s. 6d.; also on 24th February and 3rd March. 18 INSTITUTIONOF CHEMICAL ENGINEERS: Sixteenth Annual Cor-porate Meeting, at Victoria Hotel, Northumberland Avenue, W.C.2, at 11 a.m. Business Session and President’s Address. “Some Applications of Electrical Precipitation to Industrial Effluent Gwes.” Dr. H. J. Bush, at 2.15 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(Manchester and Liverpool Sections): “Catalysis and its Application to Industry.” Jubilee Memorial Lecture.Dr. E. B. Maxted, at Liverpool. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Glasgow and West of Scotland Section) : “The Chemical Examination of Dusts causing Silicosis.” Professor H. V. A. Briscoe, at the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, at 7.30 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Newcmtle-upon-Tyne and North-East Coast Section): THE SOCIETY OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRYand THE CHEMICALSOCIETY.Group of Students’ Papers. SOCIETYOF DYERSAND COLOURISTS(Manchester Section): Mem- bers’ Instrument Exhibition. “Practical Testing.” Mr. L. B. Tansley, in the Lecture Room of the Literary and Philosophical Society, 36, George Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m.21 to 4 Mar. BRITISH INDUSTRIESFAIR opens: Earl’s Court and Olympia. 21 CHEMICALCLUB: “Early London Pottery.” Dr. F. H. Garner, in the Chemical Club Smoke Room, 2, Whitehall Court, London, S.W.1, at 8.15 p.m. OF LONDON:UNIVERSITY “Reactions in Gaseous and Solid Mix- tures.” Dr. IT7. P. Jorissen, in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, Imperial College of Science, S. Kensington, London, S.W.7, at 5.15 p.m. 22 BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS: Two Lecturettes entitled “Paper Making” and “New Artificial Silicates.” Messrs. Sowter and Stanbridge, at the Cavendish Cafe, Derby. OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRYINSTITUTION (Scottish Section) : “The Approach of Plastics to Rubber.” Dr. H. Barron, at the Chamber of Commerce Rooms, 25, Charlotte Square, Edinburgh.ROYALINSTITUTION:“Helium as a Clue to the History of the Earth.” Dr. F. A. Paneth, at 5.15 p.m. Course of Three Lectures, 7s. 6d.; also on 1st and 8th March. 23 HULLCHEMICALAND ENGINEERING Ladies’ Evening at SOCIETY: Powolny’s, King Edward Street, Hull, at 7.45 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (London and South-Eastern Counties Section): Visit to Croxley Paper Mills, Messrs. J, Dickineon & Co., Ltd. 89 February 23 SOCIETYFOR TEE STUDYOF ALCHEMYAND EARLYCHEMISTRY: “Alchemists’ Apparatus in Art.” Mr. Richard B. Pilcher, O.B.E., at the Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1, at 8 p.m. Fellows and Associates of the Institute are invited to attend. 24 ASSOCIATION WORKERSOF SCIENTIFIC : “Science and Food Produc- tion,” Sir E.John Russell, O.B.E., F.R.S., in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, University College, Gower Street, London, W.C.1, at 8.15 p.m. ROYALINSTITUTION: “The Mechanics of Gaseous Chemical Reactions.” Dr. H. W. Melville, at 5.15 p.m. 25 MANCHESTERLITERARY SOCIETYAND PHILOSOPHICAL (Chemistry Section): “Health in Industry.” Dr. R. E. Lane, at 36, GeorgeStreet, Manchester, at 7 p.m.SOC~ETY (Chemical Engineering Group) :OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY “Metals in Chemical Engineering.” Mr. V. Harbord, at the Royal Metal Exchange, Fisher Street, Swansea, at 7.30 p.m. SOCIETY28 ROYAL OF ARTS : “Gases and Metals.” Dr. C. J.Smithells, at The Society, John Street, Adelphi, W.C.2, at 8 p.m.; ah0 on 7th and 14th March.March 1 HULLCHEMICALAND ENGINEERINGSOCIETY:“New Processes in Water Treatment.” Mr. E. L. Holmes, at the Hull Photo- graphic Society’s Room, Grey Street, Park Street, Hull, at 7.45 p,m.INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY: Annual General Meeting, at 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.l, at 8 p.m. “Some Considerations Affecting the Policy of the Institute.” Sir Robert H. Pickard, F.R .R., President. ROYALINSTITUTION:“Helium &s a Clue to the History of the Earth.” Dr. F. A. Paneth, at 5.15 p.m. OF WORKERS2 Assoc~a~Io~SCIENTIFIC : “Science in the Chemical Industry.” Major F. A. Freeth, O.B.E., F.R.S., in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, University College, London, W.C. 1, at 8.15 p.m. OF PUBLIC ANALYSTS: SOCIETY Ordinary Meeting at the Rooms of the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m.3 CHEMICAL SOCIETY: Ordinary Scientific Meeting at BurlingtonHouse, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Bristol Section): Annual Meeting. Jubilee Memorial Lecture : “Catalysis and its Appli- cations in Industry.” Dr. E. B. Maxted, in the Chemical Department of the University, Woodland Road, Bristol, at 7.30 p.m.ROYALINSTITUTION: “The Mochanics of Gaseous Chemical Reactions.” Dr. H. W. Melville, at 5.15 p.m. 4 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Birmingham and Midland Section and Chemical Engineering Goup) and COVENTRY SOCIETYENGINEERING : Visit : British Industries Fair (Bir-mingham); Dinner. OF PUBLIC Annual General Meeting, at the SOCIETY ANALYSTS: Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1, at 3 p.m.Dinner, at the Empress Rooms, Royal Palace Hotel, Kensington, W.8, at 7 for 7.30 p.m. 90 March 4 SOCIETY (Glasgow Section) : Chairman’sOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY Address. Dr. I. V. Hopper, at the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, at 7.45 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(Manchester Section and Road and Building Mateiials Group) : At the Constitutional Club, St. Ann’s Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m. 5 BRITISHASSOCIATIONOF CHEMISTS:London Section Annual Dinner at the Waldorf Hotel, Aldwych, London, W.C.2. 7 CHEMICALSOCIETY:Meeting for the reading of original papers, at the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, Manchester University, at 7 p.m.INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Edinburgh and East of ScotlandOF Section): Lecture by Dr.J. E. Humphries, at the Scottish Dyes Club, Grangemouth, at 7.30 p.m.SOCIETY OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(London Section) : “The Scientific Basis of Odour.” Dr. G. Malcolm Dyson, at the Rooms of the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W. 1, at 8 p.m. OF CHEMICALINDUSTRYSOCIETY (Plastics Group and Yorkshire Section): “Vinyl Esters, their Origin, Transformation and Place in the Plastics Field.” Dr. F. W. Skirrow, at the Chemistry Department, the University, Leeds, at 7.15 p.m. OF OF8 INSTITUTIONCHEMICAL ENGINEERS and INSTITUTION ELECTRICAL :ENGINEERS“The Theoretical and Commercial AspeCts of Flocculation.” Mr. J. 0. Samuel, at the Institution of Electrical Engineers, Savoy Place, Victoria Embankment, w.c.2.ROYAL INSTITUTION: “Helium as a Clue to the History of the Earth.” Dr. F. A. Paneth, at 5.15 p.m. OF WORKERS9 ASSOCIATION SCIENTIFIC : “Training Chemists for Industry.” Dr. E. A. Rudge, in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, University College, London, W.C.l, at 8.15 p.m.INSTITUTECHEMISTRY(London and South-Eastern Counties OF Section): Visit to The Sun Engraving Co., Ltd., Watford. OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRYINSTITUTION (Midland Section) : “Material Specifications and Specification Tests.” Mr. H. W. Rowell, at the James Watt Memorial Institute, Great Charles Street, Birmingham. 10 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(East Midland Section): “Brain Bio- chemistry and Vitamin B.” Professor R.A. PETERS,F.R.S.,at University College, Nottingham, at 7.30 p.m. Informal Dinner, County Hotel, 6.45 p.m.INSTITUTE (Liverpool and North- Western Section) :OF CHEMISTRY “Adsorption by Porous Solids.” Dr. L. J. Burrage, at the Constitutional Club, India Buildings, Water Street, Liverpool, at 7.30 p.m.INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North-East Coast Section): “Some Recent Developments in Corrosion Research.” Dr. W. H. J. Vernon, at the Sunderland Technical College.OIL AND COLOURCHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION: “Passivity as Induced by Pigments.” Mr. U. R. Evans. INSTITUTIONROYAL : “The Fertility of the Earth.” Sir Frederick Keeble, C.B.E., Sc.D., F.R.S. Course of Four Lectmes, 108.; also on 17th, 24th and 31st March.91 March OF11 INSTITUTECHEMI:~Y (Cardiff and District Section) and CHEMICALSOCIETY: Strong Electrolytes.” Dr. C. $1’. Davies, F.I.C., in the University College, Cathays Park, Cardiff, at 7.0 p.m. OIL AND COLOUR CHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION(Manchester Section) “Synthetic Water Finishes.” Mr. A. E. Bevan. OIL AND COLOUR CHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION(Scottish Section),; “Some Problem in the Application of Colours to Paper. Mr. S. R. H. Edge, at St. Enoch Hotel, Glasgow. 12 MICROCHEMICALCLUB:Annual General Meeting, in the Physiology Theatre, University College, London, W.C.1, at 10.30 a.m. OF14 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section): “Multiple Links.” Professor N. V. Sidgwick, F.R.S. OF THE PLASTICS (Midland Section) : “TheINSTITUTE INDUSTRY Behaviour of Plastics under Various Service Conditions.” R.P. Cartwright, at The James Watt Memorial Institute, Birmingham, at 8 p.m. OF THEINSTITUTION RUBBER INDUSTRY: “The History of the Plantation Rubber Industry.” Mr. B. D. Porritt, at the Royal Empire Society, Northumberland Avenue, London, W.C.2. INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Edinburgh and East of ScotlandOF Section): Lecture by Professor N. V. Sidgwick, in the North British Station Hotel, Edinburgh, at 7.30 p.m. 15 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Huddersfield Section) :Annual General Meeting. 16 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (London and South-Eastern Counties Section): “Air-Raids and Air-Raid Protection.” Professor J. B. S. Haldane, at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, W.C.1.SOCIETYFOR THE STUDYOF ALCHEMYAND EARLYCHEMISTRY: “Assyrian Chemistry of the Seventh Century B.C.” Professor R. Campbell Thompson, at 8 p.m. OF WORKERS17 ASSOCIATION SCIENTIFIC : “Fuel Research by the D.S.I.R.” Dr. F. S. Sinnatt, C.B., M.B.E., in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, University College, Gower Street, London, W.C.l, at 8.15 p.m. CHEMICALSOCIETY: Joint Discussion with the Physical Society. INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Bristol and South-Western Counties OF Section):Annual Meeting; Chairman’s Address, in the Chemical Department of the University, Woodland Road, Bristol, at 5.30 p.m. INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Manchester and District Section):OF Annual General Meeting. Mr. C. Gordon Douglas, F.R.S., at the Constitutional Club, St. Ann’s Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m.: “The Fertility of the Earth.” Sir FrederickROYALINSTITUTION Keeble, C.B.E., Sc.D., F.R.S., at 5.15 p.m. 92 March 18 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY: “The Practical Aspects of AbsorptionSpectrophotometry.” Dr. R. Alan Morton, at the Institute, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.l, at 8 p.m. SOCIETYOF DYERS AND COLOURISTS (Manchester Section) : “Dyeing of Fibro.” A Representative of Messrs. Courtaulds, Ltd., in the Lecture Room of the Literary and Philosophical Society, 36, George Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m. “19 ROYAL INSTITUTION: Some Scientific Problems of Industry.”(i)Iron and Steel; (ii) Alloys; (iii) Refractories. Dr. W. L. Bragg,F.R.S., at 3 p.m.Course of Three Lectures, 79. 6d.; also on 26th March and 2nd April. 21 CHEMICAL CLUB : “Homo Tintinnantis canistri” (in English). Mr. E. Hinks, M.B.E., in the Club Smoke Room, 2, Whitehall Court, London, S.W.l, at 8.15 p.m. INSTITUTION RUBBERINDUSTRYOF THE (Manchester Section) : Short papers, including “Notes on the Analysis of Organic Accelerators,’’ by Mr. J. G. Robinson, and “The Tendency in Latex Research,’’ by Mr. F. S. Roberts, at the Constitution Club, St. Ann’s Street, Manchester. 22 SOCIETY (Yorkshire Section and Chemical OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY Engineering Group) and THE SHEFFIELD METALLURGICAL CLUB: “Corrosion Resisting Iron and Steels for Chemical Engineering.” Mr. J. H. G. Monypenny. 23 BRITISH ASSOCIATION CHEMISTS: Manchester Section Annual OF Dinner, at the Engineers’ Club, Albert Square, Manchester.INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (Irish Free State Section): Address by Mr. R. L. Collett, at University College, Dublin. 24 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (Belfast and District Section): Annual General Meeting and Address by Mr. R. L. Collett, at Thompson’s Restaurant. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Glasgow and West of Scotland Section): Works Visit to Craigpark Electric Cable Co., Ltd., at 7 p.m. ROYALINSTITUTION: “The Fertility of the Earth.” Sir Frederick Keeble, C.B.E., Sc.D., F.R.S., at 5.15 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Plastics Group) and THE INSTITUTION ENGINEERSOF ELECTRICAL : “Plastics and Elec- trical Insulation.” Dr. Hartshorn, Mr. N. J. L.Megson and Mr. E. Rushton, at The Institution of Electrical Engineers, Victoria Embankment, W.C.2, at 6 p.m. 25 BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS: Scottish Section Annual Meeting, at Mackay’s Hotel, Glassford Street, Glasgow. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY: “The Practical Aspects of AbsorptionSpectrophotometry.” Dr. R. Alan Morton, at the Institute, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.l, at 8 p.m. MANCHESTERLITERARYAND PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY (Chemistry Section): “The Technical and Economical Considerations Affecting the Domestic Use of Town’s Gas.” D. Harold Hartley, at 36, George Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m. March 26 ROYALINSTITUTION: “Some Scientific Problems of Industry.” (i)Iron and Steel; (ii) Alloys; (iii) Refractories. Dr. W. L.Bragg, F.R.S., at 3 p.m. 29 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Food Group and Yorkshire Section) and the HULL CHEMICALAND ENGINEERINGSOC~TY: Visits to Worka and Fish Docks (afternoon). “Some Scientific Aspects of the Fish Industry.” OF CHEMICALINDUSTRYSOCIETY (South Wales Section) : “Stainless Steels.” Mr. J. H. G. Monypenny. 30 BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS: Liverpool Section Annual Dinner, at the Constitutional Club, India Buildings, at 7 p.m.INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (Birmingham and Midland Section) : Annual Meeting. 31 THE CHEMICALSOCIETY:Ninety-Seventh Annual General Meeting and Anniversary Dinner, in Manchester. ROYALINSTITUTION:“The Fertility of the Earth.” Sir Frederick Keeble, C.B.E., Sc.D., F.R.S., at 5.15 p.m. April 1 CHEMICALSOCIETY:Pictet Memorial Lecture.Professor G. Bar-ger, F.R.S., in Manchester. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Glasgow and West of Scotland Section) : Works Visit to the Ioco Rubber and Waterproofing Co., Ltd., at 7.15 p.m. 1 and 2 AMERICAN OF POLITICALACADEMY AND SOCIALSCIENCE,Phila-delphia. Discussion of World Mairs with special emphasis on the relation of the United States to them. 2 ROYALINSTITUTION: “Some Scientific Problems of Industry.”(i)Iron and Steel; (ii) Alloys; (iii) Refractories. Dr. W. L. Bragg, F.R.S., at 3 p.m. 4 SOCIETY (London Section and Chemical OF CHEWC~LINDUSTRY Engineering Goup): “Modern Trade Mark Law.” MajorH. J. W. Bliss, at the Rooms of the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m.6 BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS: Notts. and Derby Section Annual Meeting, at Irongates, Derby. OF CIVIL ENGINEERS:INSTITUTION “The Work of the Paint Re- search Laboratory of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway.” Mr. F. Fancutt, at 6 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Birmingham and Midland Section): Annual Meeting. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Birmingham and Midland Section): “A New Absorbent for the Recovery of Carbon Dioxide.” Mr. D. W. Parkes and Mr. R. B. Evans. OF CHEMICALINDUSTRYSOCIETY (Manchester Section) : Annual General Meeting, at the Constitutional Club, St. Ann’s Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m. 94 April 6 BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS: Liverpool Section Annual Meeting, at the Exchange Hotel.OF PUBLIC ANALYSTS: SOCIETY Ordinary Meeting at the Rooms of the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. 7 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Liverpool and North-Western Section) : Annual General Meeting; “Ventilation in the Mersey Tunnel.” Dr. W. F. Higgins. Visit to the Tunnel Control Room and Ventilation Station, George’s Dock, at 5 p.m. 8 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(East Midlands Section) :Annual General Meeting, at the Bell Hotel, Leicester, at 7.45 p.m. “Forgers and Forgeries.” Dr. C. Ainsworth Mitchell, at 8 p.m. Informal Dinner, 6.45 p.m. OIL AND COLOURCHEMISTS’ASSOCIATION(Manchester Section) : Annual General Meeting and Hot-pot Supper. OIL AND COLOUR CHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION(Scottish Section) : Annual General Meeting and Smoker, at Sloan’s Arcade Caf6, Glasgow.SOCIETYOF DYERSAND COLOVRISTS(Manchester Society) :Annual Meeting and Symposium on “Dyeing Difficulties and Faults,” at the Lecture Room of the Literary and Philosophical Society, 36, George Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m. 12 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Plastics Group) : Members’ Meeting:“Colourless Ketonic Resins.” Members of the Chemical Research Laboratory, Teddington, at the Rooms of the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 7.30 p.m. 13 INSTITUTEOF CEEMISTRY (London and South-Eastern Counties Section): Visit to Southend Water Works, Maldon, Eesex. OF CHEMICALINDUSTRYSOCIETY (Food Group) :Members’ Meeting, at the Rooms of the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m.14 OILAND COLOUR CHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION:“Factory Testing of Paints and Varnishes.” Mr.E. W. Plowman. OF27 INSTITUTECEEMISTRY (Belfast and District Section) : Visit to the B.B.C. Transmitting Station, Lisburn. 28 THECHEMICAL SOCIETY:Ordinary Scientific Meeting, at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. 29 BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS: London Section Annual Meeting. INSTITUTE (Cardiff and District Section) and the OF CHEMISTRY‘ CHEMICAL SOCIETY: Some Recent Developments in the Reactions of Surfaces.’’ Professor E. K. Rideal, M.B.E., F.R.S., in the Physiology Institute, Newport Road, Cardiff, at 5.45 p.m. May2 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(London Section) : Annual General Meeting folldwed by Joint Meeting with the Road and Building Materials Group : “The Decay of Building Materials through Micro-Biological Agencies.” Mr.Thomas McLachlan, at the Rooms of the Chemical Society, Burlington House,Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. 95 May 4 SOCIETY ANALYSTS:OF PUBLIC Ordinary Meeting at the Rooms of the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly , London, W.l, at 8 p.m. 6 THE CHEMIC~~LSOCIETY “Some Carbohydrate Problems.”: Professor W. N. Haworth, at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.1, at 8 p.m. 11 BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS (Birmingham and Midland Section): Annual Meeting. SOCIETY (Food Group): Annual General OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY Meeting and Chairman’s Address, at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, W.C.l, at 8 p.m.SOCIETYFOR THE STUDYOF ALCHEMYAND EARLY CHEMISTRY: “Alchemy under James IV of Scotland.” Professor John Read, F.R.S., at 8 p.m. 12 On AND COLOUR CHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION:“Driers.” Mr. H. L. Howard. 16-21 TENTH INTERNATIONAL OF CHEMISTRY,CONGRESS at Rome. OF CHEMICAL OF17 INSTITUTION EZQINEERSAND THE INSTITUTION MECHANICALENGINEERS The Improvement of Atmospheric : Air Conditions in Deep and Humid Mines.” Dr. J. H. Dobson and Professor W. J. Walker, at the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Storey’s Gate, Westminster. 19 THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY:Discussion on “Organic Intermolecular Complexes,” to be opened by Professor G.M. Bennett, at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. 23-28 RUBBERTECHNOLOGYCONFERENCE,in London. May-Oct. SCOTLAND’SEBWIREEXHIBITION : Glasgow. June 2 THECHEMICAL SOCIETY:Ordinary Scientific Meeting, at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. 9 INSTITUTECHEMISTRYOF (London and South-Eastern Counties Section):Visit to The South-Eastern Agricultural College, Wye. ENGINEERING21 INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS: Glasgow. 29 THE SOCIETY OF ALCHEMYFOR THE STUDY AND EARLYCHEMISTRY: “The Name of Plat0 in Alchemy.” Miss D. W. Singer, at 8 p.m. JdY 11-16 ROYALSANITARY INSTITUTE:Health Congress, at Portsmouth. 12 REP-RIGERATION in the Rooms of the Royal Society, CONFERENCE,London. 16-21 TENTHINTERNATIONAL OF CHEMISTRY,CONGRESS at Rome.Aug-FOR TEE ADVANCEMENT17-24 BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF SCIENCE: Cambridge Meeting. Aug. 25 to M70RL~ POWER CONFERENCE: Vienna Sectional Meeting: SEPT.2 Subjects for discussion: The supply of energy for agriculture, small-scale industries, household purposes, public lighting and electric railways. Study tours,-approximately a week. In-formation obtainable from the Austrian National Committee of the World Power Conference, Lothringerstrasse 20. (Konzerthaus), Wien. 111. Sept. INTERNATIONAL19-23 SEVENTH MANAGEMENTCONGRESS: Washington,D.C., U.S.A. 21-26 INTERNATIONAL FEDERATIOX at Oxford.FOR DOCUMENTATION, 23-26 ASSOCIATION LIBRARIES BUREAUX,OF SPECIAL AND INFORMATION at Oxford. Oct.3-21 IRONAND STEELINSTITUTE OFand INSTITUTEMETALS:Joint Autumn Meeting: New York, U.S.A. Local Sections.-The approximate number of members at present attached to each Local Section is given below. Section. No. of members. Aberdeen and North of Scotland .. .. .. 56 Belfast and District . . .. .. .. .. 51 Birmingham and Midlands .. .. .. .. 435 Bristol and South-Western Counties .. .. 220 Cape of Good Hope .. .. .. .. .. 42 Cardiff District .. .... .. .. 73 East Anglia* .. .. .. .. .. .. 65 East Midlands .. .. .. .. .. .. 209 Edinburgh and East of Scotland . . .. .. 187 Glasgow and West of Scotland . . .. .. 344 Huddersfield .. .. .. .. .. .. 76 India ,. .. .. .. .. ,. ,. 228 Irish Free State .. .. .. .. .. 59 Leeds Area .. .. .. .. .. .. 264 Liverpool and North-Western Counties .. .. 466 London and South-Eastern Counties .. .. 2617 Malaya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 27 Manchester and District .. .. .. .. 529 Newcastle and North-East Coast .. .. .. 173 New Zealand .. .. .. .. .. .. 67 South Wales (Swansea) .. .. .. .. 79 South Yorkshire .. .. .. .. .. 110 Previowly in London and South-Easten Counties Section. 97 General Notices. The Annual General Meeting of the Institute will be held at the Institute, on Tuesday, 1st March, 1938, at 8 p.m. Votes for the election of Council, Officers and Censors must be received at the office of the Institute not later than 8 p.m. on Monday, the 28th February. Lectures.-Dr. R. Alan Morton, FeZZow, has kindly consented to give two lectures on “The Practical Aspects of Absorption Spectrophotometry,” at the Institute,-the first on Friday, 18th March, at 8 pm., and the second on Friday, 25th March, at 8 p.m.Examinations.-The list of entries for the April Examina- tions closed on 7th February. Examinations for the Associateship will be held from 12th to 17th September.* The list of entries will be closed on Monday, 11th July. (Notebooks can be received up to 2nd September.) Examinations for the Fellowship will be held from 19th to 24th September.* The list of entries will be closed on Monday, 11th July, except for candidates in Branch G, Industrial Chemistry, or for those desiring special examinations, whose applications should be received before 10th June.Forms of Application and further particulars can be obtained from the Registrar. * When the number of Candidates renders it necessary, Examinations may also be held during the succeeding week. Notices to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar, 98 Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists.Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship, may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their professors. Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employment, are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period if necessary.The Institute also maintains a List of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students or Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The Library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is available, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates and Registered Students of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10a.m.to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.), except during August and the early part of September, when the hours are from 10a.m. to 5 p.m. Members and Students of the Institute 99 using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. The Institute has entered into an arrangement with The Science Library, Science Museum, South Kensington, S.W.7, whereby books may be borrowed on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary of the Institute. In addition to its comprehensive sets of literature on cognate subjects, which are not available in specialised libraries, this Library contains an exceptionally extensive collection of works on chemistry.Nine thousand scientific and technical periodicals are received regularly in the Library. All publications added to the Library are recorded in its Weekly Bibliography of Pure and Applied Science, which has a wide circulation among research workers and institutions. Boots’ Booklovers Library.-Under the arrangements made on behalf of Fellows and Associates of the Institute, current subscriptions will expire on 1st March. All who wish to continue the use of the Library, or to subscribe de novo, should obtain application forms from the Registrar of the Institute. Members who do not immediately renew their subscriptions to the Library should return to the most convenient branch library any volume of the Library which they may have in their possession and also their membership tokens.Lewis’s Lending Library.-Any Fellow or Associate who is not already acquainted with this Library of Scientific and technical books may obtain a copy of the Prospectus from the Registrar of the Institute. A copy of the Catalogue of the Library (revised to December, 1927,with Supplements 1928-30 and 1931-33) is available in the Library of the Institute. A Bi-monthly list of Additions is also issued. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers (IS.zd. each) for binding the Journal in annual volumes, are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required.Arrangements may be made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17--1g,Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSon the following terms: buckram cover, IS. zd.; binding, 2s. gd.; postage and packing, gd.; in all,4.8d. 100 Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who are giving lectures. Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As the slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration.A new edition of the Register of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students is now in preparation. All requests for changes in the Register should be addressed to the Registrar, and not to the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. l1The Profession of Chemistry" (Third Edition, 1935), will be supplied gratis to any Fellow, Associate or Registered Student, on application to the Registrar.