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THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. Patron -H.M. THE KING. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. PART I: 1938. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B.PILCHER, Registvav and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE,LONDON,W.C.1. February, 1938. Publications Committee, 1937-38. W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD (Chaivman), Sir ROBERT H. PICKARD (President), JAMES BELL, HAROLD BURTON, G. R. CLEMO, ALBERT COULTHARD, H. E. COX, W. M. GUMMING, B. S. EVANS, A. E. EVEREST, ALEXANDER FINDLAY, A. E. FINDLEY, J. B. FIRTH, WILLIAM HONNEYMAN, J. R. JOHNSON, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, EDGAR LEWIS, C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, J. R. NICHOLLS, ADAM TAIT, E.A. TYLER. 3 The Hon. Robert Boyle THEportrait of the Honourable ROBERTBOYLE (1626-1691), in the Library of the Institute, is attributed to Jonathan Richardson, Senr., a contemporary of Kneller and Dah1,-early eighteenth century. Richardson left many portraits unsigned ; this has been pronounced by several authorities as undoubtedly his work. The portrait bears the dates of Boyle’s birth and death (1626-1691) and was probably a posthumous portrait. Richardson was born in 1665; however, names and dates were often added to portraits long after they had been painted. The portrait resembles the engraving of a bust by Faber and bears a close likeness to Boyle’s sister, the Countess of Ranelagh, at whose house in London he lived and worked for many years.It has been objected that few of the nobility and gentlemen of the time of Charles I1 and James I1 were painted otherwise than in court dress. Portraits showing gentlemen in dressing gowns .and velvet caps appeared more frequently about 1720, when Boyle had been dead nearly 30 years; but it may be suggested that Richardson preferred to represent him as a philosopher in his study. Towards the end of his life, Boyle lived very quietly in the country and did not frequent the court. The picture was purchased at a sale at Loudon Castle, Galston, Ayrshire, and acquired for the Institute, by private subscription, in 1931. It is interesting to note that Lady Jean Boyle, who died in 1729, was the wife of the third son of the second Earl of Loudon, a lieutenant-general in the army in 1743.THEHON. ROBERTBOYLE:1626-1691. 4 Report of the Council: 1937-1938 (To be submitted at the Sixtieth Ann.ual General Meetivzg of the Institute, to be held on Tuesday, 1st March, 1938.) I. THE ROLLOF THE INSTITUTE. This Report covers the twelve months ending 28th January, 1938. Since the publication of the Report for 1936-37, the Council has elected 73 new Fellows, of whom 64 were formerly Associates and 2 Fellows have been re-elected. 331 new Associates have been elected, of whom 113 were Registered Students. 5 Associates have been re-elected. 242 new Registered Students have been admitted, and 8 Students re-admitted. The Council records with regret the death of 31 Fellows, 16 Associates, and 2 Students, namely:- Fellows Robert Westrup Blair.Percival Walter Clutterbuck, O.B.E. Joseph Bernard Coleman. William Bates Ferguson, K.C. Alfred Cooper Fryer.William Rrantingham Giles. Christopher Maurice 'Walter Grieb. Harold Albert Goldsbrough. George Gray, M.B.E. Richard Elliott Griffi ths. Henry Charles Jenkins. Hedley Gordon Jones. Alfred Henry Knight. Arthur Robert Ling. Robert Dexter Littlefisld. Sir David Orme Masson, K.B.E., F.R.S. David Miller. John James Morgan. 5 Paul Murphy. Sidney Scrivener Napper. Francis Richard O’Shaughnessy. Arthur George Perkin, F.R.S. Edmund Charles Rossiter. Henry Russell Smith. Andrew Stewart. Claude Trevine Symom.Frank Litherland Teed.Joseph Harold Totton. John Augustus Voelcker, C.I.E. Albert Watkins Maggs Wintle, Member of Council. Sydney Young, F.R.S. Associatee (Mm.) May Sybil Burr. John Wallace Crabtree. Leslie Fullerton Davidson, M.C. Edmund Arthur Elsby. Sam Gaskell. Robert Oswald Hall. Hubert Walter Harrison. Percy John Higson.William Jefferys Lesley.Henry Elwyn Lloyd. Denis Madden. William Muirhead. Ralph David Owen. Hamish Robertson. Kenneth James Rennie Robertson. James Ross Todd. Students Arthur Stanley Back. Hubert Thomaa Forth Evans. The Council has accepted the resignations of 5 Fellows, 27 Associates and 37 Students. The names of 4 Fellows, 47 Associates and 80 Students have been removed from the Register in accordance with the By-laws.The Register at 28th January, 1938, contains the names of 2131 Fellows, 4865 Associates (in all 6996 members), and 764 Registered Students. The number of members has increased by 217, and the number of Registered Students has increased by 18. 2. THE COUNCIL, COMMITTEES AND REPRESENTATIVES. The Council has held 12 meetings; the Committees, Sub- committees and Board of Examiners have held 52 meetings. 6 COMMITTEESAND CHAIRMEN. Appointments .. .. The President. Benevolent Fund Bernard I?. Howard, Eon. ..Finance and House -. j. Treasurer. Legal and Parliamentary .. The President. Nominations, Examinations and Institutions .. .. .. The President. Pedler Fund .. .. .. The President.Publications and Library .. W.J. A. Butterfield. Joint Committee with the Board of Education (National Certifi- cates) .. .. .. .. The President. Joint Committee with the Scot- tish Education Department (National Certificates) . . G. G. Henderson, F.R.S. Joint Committee with the Board of Education, Northern Ireland (National Certificates) . . The President. The Public Appointments Committee and the Appointments Register Committee have been combined. Dr. H. A. Tempany, C.B.E., was elected District Member of Council for the Overseas Dominions and elsewhere abroad, in the place of Professor J. I. Orme Masson, who had completed his term of office. At the Annual General Meeting held on 1st March, 1937, a new district for the election of a Member of Council was provided for East Midlands and South Yorkshire, and Dr.G. Malcolm Dyson was elected first Member of Council for the district. The Council of the Institute joined with the Councils of the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry, conveying their congratula- tions and an expression of their devotion to the Throne, in a Loyal Address to Their Majesties King George VI and Queen Elizabeth, on the occasion of their Coronation. The Institute has been represented as follows:-Sir Robert H. Pickard, F.R.S., President, represented the Institute at the Coronation of His Majesty King George VI and Queen Elizabeth in Westminster Abbey on 12th May, 1937. The President also represented the Institute on the National Committee for Chemistry (Royal Society); and on the Standing Advisory Committee for the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research concerned with the testing of building materials.Professor Jocelyn F. Thorpe, C.B.E., F.R.S., Past President, with Mr. F. G. Edmed, O.B.E., and Mr. W. A. S. Calder,-on the Chemical Council. Professor Jocelyn F. Thorpe, C.B.E., F.R.S., Past President,- on the Advisory Committee on the Dyeing of Textiles of the City and Guilds of London Institute in connexion with the Examinations of the Department of Technology. The President, with the Honorary Treasurer and the Registrar,- on the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund Committee. 7 Mr. H. Douglas Elkington, Vice-President,--on the Patents Committee of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers. Professor H.V. A. Briscoe and Mr. W. J. A. Butterfield, Members of Council,-on the Comnlittee of the Chemical Council appointed to consider the question of publishing a Weekly Journal to circulate to all members of the three Chartered Chemical Bodies and to review the question of publishing lectures or monographs. Mr. W. J. A. Butterfield, Member of Council, Mr. Lewis Eynon and the Registrar-at a Conference held at the Air Raid Precautions Department, Home Office, to consider steps to be taken to secure the services of Gas Detection Officers. Mr. W. A. S. Calder, Member of Council,-on the British Manage- ment Council ; at the International Congress of Industrial Chemistry and at the Celebration of the twentieth anniversary of the foundation of the Socidt6 de Chimie Industrielle.Sir Christopher Clayton, C.B.E, Past President, and the Registrar, -on the Parliamentary Science Committee. Professor H. V. A. Briscoe, Member of Council, Mr. H. W. Cremer, Dr. J. J. Fox, Vice-president, and Dr. E. Vanstone,-on the Joint Library Committee of the Chemical Society. Dr. Edward Ardern,-at the Health Congress of the RoyalSanitary Institute held at Birmingham. Mr. E. R. Bolton,-on the Advisory Committee on Petroleum and Petroleum Products, and on Oils, Fats and Waxes, of the City and Guilds of London Institute, in connexion with the Examinations conducted by the Department of Technology. Dr. H. G. Colman,-on the British National Committee of the World Power Conference.Dr. Gilbert J. Fowler, Honorary Corresponding Secretary, India,-at the Silver Jubilee of the Indian Science Congress, meeting jointly with the British Association for the Advancement of Science, at Calcutta, from 3rd to 9th January, 1938. Dr. C. R. Austin,-at the Forty-first Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Political and Social Science at Philadelphia. Dr. J. F. Toeher,-on the Advisory Committee appointed under the Therapeutic Substances Act. The Registrar,--on the Headmasters of Secondary Schools Em-ployment Committee, Ministry of Labour. The Assistant Secretary,-on the Chemical Trades AdvisoryCommittee, and on the Chemical Trades Examination Board of the Union of Lancashire and Cheshire Institutes.STATUTORYAPPOINTMENT. Dr. G. Roche Lynch, O.B.E., Member of Council,-on the Poisons Board, constituted under the Pharmacy and Poisons Act, 1933. The following Fellows have represented the Institute on the Council of the Chemical Division and on Committees and Sub- Committees of the British Standards Institution :-Dr. Leslie Aitchison,-Chemicals and Chemical Plant for Electro-plating, and at a Conference on the proposed Standardisation of Plated Finishes for Fittings and Equipment i 8 Mr. S. A. Brazier,-delegate to a Conference called to consider the desirability of making provision for the standardisation and co-ordina- tion of tests for rubber and rubber products, and, later, Chairman of the Technical Sub-committee to which the question was referred; Mr.W. J. A. Butterfield, Member of Council,-on the Council of the Chemical Division; and on a Committee to co-ordinate the work of the Building, Chemical and Engineering Divisional Councils. Dr. Harold G. Colman,-Benzole for Motor Fuel; Sampling of Tar Products; Professor C. H. Desch, F.R.S.,-Cement and Slag Cement; Dr. J. J. Fox, O.B.E., Vice-President,-Analysis of Chemicals and MateriaL used in Electro-plating; Mr. Walter C. Hancock,-High Alumina Cements; Mr. F. W. Harbord, C.B.E.,-Cement ; Mr. William Macnab, C.B.E.,-Steam- Jacketed Pans. Mr. William Henry Simmons,-on a Technical Committee to examine the draft methods for the analysis of soaps and fats, prepared by the International Commission for the Study of Fats.Dr. James Watson,-Sand Lime Bricks; Portland Blast Furnace Slag Cement; Containers for Heavy Acids and Solvents; Dr. A. G. Francis and Professor H. V. A. Briscoe, Members of Council, Mr. W. T. Burgess, Dr. J. T. Dunn, and the Assistant Secre- tary,--on Technical Committee C/S on Standardisation of Scientific Glassware; Dr. A. D. Mitchell,-Chemical Symbols and Abbreviations. Many Fellows and Associates have participated in drafting Specifications for various Standards, and others have assisted the British Standards Institution by contributing their observations on draft specifications. Dr. Francis H. Cam, C.B.E., Member of Council, reported specially on questions referred to him regarding the Specification for Steam- Jacketed Pans.3. THE FINANCE AND HOUSE COMMITTEE. Acting largely on the suggestions made by Dr. E. B. Hughes at the Annual General Meeting on 1st March, 1937,the Auditors, with the approval of the Finance and House Committee and the Council, have presented the Financial Statements for the year 1937 in a different form. The accounts attached to this Report consist of a Statement of Income and Expenditure, a Balance Sheet as at the 31st December, 1937, a statement of Investments held and Dividends received therefrom, and a summary of the accounts for subscrip- tions and fees retained in Australia and New Zealand. 9 After careful consideration, it was decided that the cost of publishing "Official Chemical Appointments '' and the Register should not be spread over any period of years.It was thought that the accounts would be simpler if the payments for these publications were included in the accounts for the year in which they were actually paid. The amount received for Examination Fees was reduced owing to the fact that candidates presenting themselves at centres other than London are not now required to pay local fees. The premises of the Institute have been maintained in good repair . The use of the hall and meeting rooms has been granted for many meetings of other Societies and Institutions. 4. THE BENEVOLENT FUND COMMITTEE. The accounts of the Benevolent Fund for the year 1937are also attached to this Report. The Benevolent Fund Committee records its grateful thanks to all who have supported the fund, including those who have very kindly made themselves responsible for collecting "group " contributions.The total receipts for the Coronation Year exceeded those for 1936 by E607 19s. 8d., and the number of contributors was increased from 2240 to 2854. However, while the Capital Account was augmented by l563 14s. ~od.,of which sum f7338 6s. 7d. is due for investment, the Current Account was overdrawn at the end of the year to the extent of E47 9s. gd. In addition to casual grants and loans, regular benefit from the fund is being granted to-Two aged Fellows; thirteen widows (with 27 children); a daughter of a deceased Fellow; two children of a Fellow (widower, abroad), financially embarrassed; and the mother of a Fellow who was killed in a road accident.The Committee looks to every Fellow and Associate to participate in this good work, and hopes that the list of contribu-tors, which showed such an improvement in 1937, will be still further increased. The Committee records with gratitude bequests to the Fund of 1625 by Dr. Alfred Cooper Fryer, and LIOO by Dr. John Augustus Voelcker. 10 5. LEGAL AND PARLIAMENTARY. PROPOSED SUPPLEMENTAL CHARTER.-FeUOWS and Associates are aware of the steps taken by the Council with the object of securing their approval of a Petition to His Majesty The King for a proposed Supplemental Charter, providing, inter alia, for the addition of a third category of members to be termed “Graduates Registered by the Institute.” A full report of the Special General Meeting of the Institute, held on 19th November, to consider the matter, has appeared in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,together with the result of the postal vote, subsequently taken on the proposal.While regretting that the vote was adverse, the Council must have regard to the facts that the majority was small, and that less than half of the Fellows and Associates who could have voted actually recorded their votes. The matter has been referred to a Special Committee. The Council has under consideration the Draft Regulations of the Home Office, under the Hydrogen Cyanide (Fumigation) Act, 1937,and is obtaining the views thereon of Fellows who have special experience in fumigation work.6. LOCAL SECTIONS. A new Section has been formed for East Anglia, comprising essentially the counties of Norfolk, Suffolk and that part of Essex north of a line drawn east to west through (and including) Colchester. The following schedule records the main activities of the Local Sections:-ABERDEENAND NORTHOF SCOTLAND. Mr. John Duckworth . . “Some Aspects of Blood Chemistry.” Professor E. W. H. Cruickshank “The Application of Chemistry to Living Systems.” Dr. R. B. Strathdee .. . . “An Introduction to the Chemistry of Phenanthrene.” Mr. Patrick Mitchell . . “Some Aspects of the Application of Chemistry to the Paint and Varnish Industry.” BELFASTAND DISTRICT. Mr.W.Kerr .. .. .. “Ancient Remedies and Cures for Farm Animals.” Mr.G. R. Perdue . . .. “Measurements of Hydrogen Ion Con- centration.” Visit to Belfast Ropework Co., Ltd. Joint Visit with the Irish Free State Section to the Alcohol Factory at Cooley. Discussion on the proposed Supplemental Charter. BIRMINUHAMAND MIDLANDS. Dr. D. L. Woodhouse . . “Biochemical Investigations as an Aid to the Diagnosis of Cancer.” Dr. J. H. Quastel .. . . “Enzymes.”Mr. J. Ivon Graham . . “The Work of the Mining Research Laboratory.” Meeting to consider the proposed Supplemental Charter. BRISTOLAND SOUTH-WESTERNCOUNTIES. Dr. Julius Grant .. .. “Fluorescence Analysis as an Aid to the Chemist.” Dr. C. Ainsworth Mitchell, Vice- “The Evidence of Inks and Pencil President Pigments.” Mr.Richard B. Pilcher, O.B.E., “From Boyle to Priestley.” RegistrarDr. H. E. Cox, Member of “Recent Developments in the Chemistry Council of Food.” Dr. R. P. Linstead .. .. “Some Recent Developments in Colour Chemistry.” Visit to the works of Mesrrs. C. & T. Harris (Calne), Ltd. CARDIFF AND DISTRICT. Prof. Alexander Robertson .. “Some Recent Advances in the Chemistry of the Rotenone Series and Related Compounds.”Dr. J. J. Fox, O.B.E., Vice-“Some Recent Investigations at the President Government Laboratory.” Dr. A. E. Dunstan .. .. “Operations of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Co., Ltd., in Iran.” Mr. H. W. Cremer .. .. “The Choice of Constructional Metale for Chemical Plant.” Discussion on “The Chemist’s Attitude towards World Affairs.” EASTANULIA.Inaugural Meeting. Symposium on “Molasses,” by Messrs. Whyatt, Green, Van Perlstein and Stoton. Members of the Chemical Staff of Messrs. Nobel Finishes, Ltd. “Nitro-cellulose Finishes.” EASTMIDLANDS. Symposium on the “Determination and Identification of Fats.” Dr. Samuel Glasstone .. “Oxidation and Reduction Potentials.” Sir Robert H. Pickard, F.R.S.,President . . .. . . ‘~cellulos0.” *Dr. G. Malcolm Dyson, Mem- ber of Council ,. “Some New Micro-Analytical Reagents.” tDr. E. W. Smith, C.B.E. .. “The Up-grading of Coal.” Mr. A. D. Powell .. . . “The Analytical Control of Drugs and Medicines.” * Joint meeting with the Leicester Literary and Philosophical Society (Chemistry Section), at Leicester. t Joint meeting with the Nottingham Section of Society of Chemical Industry. EDINBURGHAND EASTOF SCOTLAND.TMr. Richard B. Pilcher, O.B.E., Registrar .. . . ‘‘From Boyle to Priestley.” *Prof. C. N. Hinshelwood, F.R.S. .. .. .. “Some Fundamental Laws of Chemical Change.”SDr. J. P. Baxter (joint author with Mr. J. G. Moore) .. “The Properties of Chlorinated Rubber.” tDr. E. B. Maxted .. .. “Catalysis and its Application to In-dustry.” $Two-day Summer Meeting at Hexham, Northumberland. tDisplay of non-advertising sound films. * Joint meeting of the Chemical Society with the Local Sections of the Institute and the Society of Ohemical Industry. -f Joint meeting with the Local Section of Society of Chemical Industry. 5 Joint meeting with the Local Section and the Plastics Group of the Society of Chemical Industry.$ ?ointly with the Newcastle and Glasgow Sections of the Institute and of the Society of Chermcal Industry.GLASGOWAND WEST OF SCOTLAND. *Dr. J. T. Dunn . . .. “Service of Science to Industry.” tProf. J. P. Kendall, F.R.S. . . “Ionic Migration.” *Mr. J. W. Napier .. .. “The Chemist and the Chemical Engineer in Relation to the Commercial Develop- ment of the Gas Iridustry.” $Dr. C. Ainsworth Mitchell, “The Forensic Chemist in the Criminal Vice-president Courts. ’’ tMr. J. D. Bernal, F.R.S. . . “The Systematic Theory of the Liquid State.” *Prof. C. H. Desch, F.R.S. .. “Alloys of some Light Metals.” Mr. R. Leslie Collett, Assistant Secretary .... . . Attended a discussion on the proposed Supplemental Charter. Dr. C. P. Stewart .. .. “Some Recent Advances in Biochemis- try.” $Two-day Summer Meeting at Hexham, Northumberland. Visit to Messrs. Colville’s Clydebridge Steel Works. Visit to Messrs. Clyde Paper Company’s Works at Rutherglen. Visit to the offices of The Qlasgow Herald. * By invitation of the Qlasgow Section of Society of Chemical Industry. t By invitation of the Chemical Society. g Second Tatlock Memorial Lecture. 3 Jointly with the Edinburgh and Newwtle Sections of the Institute and of the Sooiety of Chemical Induetry. HUDDERSFIELD. Dr. Eric Seddon . . .. “The Casting of the World’s Largest Telescope Disc (in Glass) of 200h. Diameter.” *Dr. J. B. Speakman ..“Recent Advances in the Chemistry of Wool and Wool Textile Processes.” Mr. W. R. Moore . . .. “Modern Advances in the Technology of Explosives Manufacture .” Dr. H. D. Kay . . .. . . “Control of the Chemical Composition of Cow’s Milk.” Dr. E. A. Fisher .. ,. “Some Scientific Aspects of BakingQuality in Flour.” Visit to the Woollen Mills of Messrs. John Crowther & Sons, Ltd., Milnes- bridge.Summer Meeting with the South Yorkshire Section. Visit to Messrs. Hailwood & Ackroyd’s Works at Morley, near Lee&. Discussion on the proposed Supplemental Charter. *Joint meeting with the Huddersfield Section of the Society of Dyem and Colourfsts. 13 INDIA. Meetings in Calcutta, during the Silver Jubilee Meeting of the Indian Science Congress Association. IRISHFREESTATE.Dr. P. S. Amp .. Dr. G. Van B. Gilmour } Practical Demonstrations. Prof. E. A. Werner .. Dr. A. G. G. Leonard.. .. “Atmospheric Pollution.” LEEDSAREA. Dr. L. H. Lampitt .. .. “Scientific Food Preparation.” *Symposium on “Applications of Microchemistry.” Major-General C. H. Foulkes, C.B., C.M.G., D.S.O. . . “Chemical Warfare and the Civil Popu- lation.” Mr. R. Taylor .. .. .. “Modern Developments in High Pressure Chemistry.” Joint Visit with Belfast Section to the Alcohol Factory at Cooley. Discussion on the proposed Supplemental Charter. *Joint meeting with the Microchemical Club and the Leeds University Chemical Society. LIVERPOOLAND NORTH-WESTERN. Professor W.H. Roberts ..“The Function of the Analyst in the Detection of Crime.’’ Mr. G. E. Knowles .. .. “Leather.” Mr. G. Brearley .. “Let’s Go Somewhere.” The late Mr. A. W. M: ‘Wintle, Member of Council .. .. “Chemical Service Implications.” *Mr. G. Thompson .. .. “Our Newspapers-From Forest to Fire- side.’’ Prof. T. P. Hilditch, Member of Council .. .. .. “Fats, Facts and Figures.” *Joint meeting with the Liverpool Section of the Society of Chemical Industry. AND SOUTH-EASTERNLONDON COUNTIES. Mr. J. Davidson Pratt, O.B.E. “Gas Defence from the Point of View of the Chemist.” Prof. J. F. Thorpe, C.B.E., F.R.S., Vice-president .. “The Past and Future of the Institute. Mr. F. L. Brady .. . . “Chemistry in the Building Industry.” Visit to the Battersea Power Station.Visit to the Laboratories of Messrs. J. Lyons & Co., Ltd. Visit to the Croxley Paper Mills of Messrs. John Dickinson & Co., Ltd. Visit to the Mogden Sewage Purification Works. Visit to the Dagenham Works of the Ford Motor Co. Discussion on the proposed Supplemental Charter. MALAYA. Annual Conference. Visit to the Nipah Distilleries of Malaya. MANCHESTERAND DISTRICT. Mr. B. D. W. Luff .. “As Others See Us.” Mr. Richard B. Pilcher, O.B.E.’, Registrar .. .. .. “From Boyle to Priestley.” Mr. F. R. Cooper .. .. “Aspects of Personal Finance.” *Prof. Dr. Kurt H. Meyer .. “Researches on Rubber and Rubber-like Substances.” Prof. A. D. Ritchie .. . . “Can Science Tell the Whole Truth ? ” Summer Meeting at Hawkstone Park, Weston, near Shrewsbury.Golf Competition for the Chairman’s Bowl.* Jointly with the Local Sectiona of the Society of Chemical Industry, the Society of Dyers and Colourists, the Chemical Society, and the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society. 14 NEWCASTLE COAST.UPON TYNEAND NORTH-EAST Dr. A. Eric J. Vickers .. “Chemistry at High Temperatures.” IIDr. W. T. Astbury .. .. “X-Ray Interpretation of Protein Struc- ture. ’’ fMr. M. P. Applebey .. .. “Sulphur from Smelter Gases.” Prof. J. W. H. Harrison, F.R.S. “Sex, Sex-determination and Sex-linked Inheritance.” [[Sir E. J. Russell, O.B.E., “Chemistry and Modern Food Produc-F.R.S. t ion. ” *Dr. P. 0. Rosin .. .. “Influence of Particle Size in Processes of Fuel Technology.” \\Prof.G.I. Finch .. . . “Electron Diffraction and Surface Stwc- ture.” 16M.r. F. Hudson .. .. “Corrosion Problems in Chemical In-dustry.”//Prof.J. R. Partington, M.B.E. “Chemistry in the Ancient World.” **Two-day Summer Meeting at Hexham, Xorthumberland. Discussion on the Proposed -Supplemental Charter. *Joint meeting with Society of Chemical Industry, Coke Oven Managers’ Association, and Institute of Chemical Engineers. tJoint meeting with the Society of Chemical Industry. 5 Joint meeting with the Local Sections of the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institute of Metals.11 Bedson Lectures.** Jointly with the Edinburgh and Ctlasgow Sections of the Institute and of the Society of Chemical Industry. NEW ZEALAND.Mr. F. H. V. Fielder .. .. “Science and Nationalism.” Conference of the Australian and New Zealand Association for the Ad- vancement of Science:-Papers by Dr. R. 0. Page; Sir T. Rigg; Dr. H. 0. Askew, with Mr. R. Thomson and Miss Kidson; Dr. H. 0. Askew and Dr. J. K. Dixon; Sir T. Rigg, Dr. H. 0.Askew and Mr. E. Chittenden; Dr. H. 0. Askew, Mr. J. K. Dixon and Miss Bell; Dr. J. K. Dixon and Mr. A. C. Harris; Dr. M. C. Franklin; Dr. H. R. Whitehead and Mr. I. R. Sherwood; Dr. F. H. McDowall; Dr. G. M. Moir; Dr. Roy Gardner and Mr. W. B. Seymouth. SOUTHWALES. *Prof. J. S. S. Brame, C.B.E.. . “Liquid Fuel from Coal.” Mr. J. 0. Samuel .. .. “Flocculation in Theory and Practice.” tDr.-now Sir-J. W. Mellor, F.R.S., and Mr. A. T. Green “Refractory Materials.” $Prof.F. A. Paneth .. .. “The Chemical Exploration of the Stratosphere.”#Dr. S.Glasstone . . . . “Some Aspects of Electrolytic Oxidation.” $MissI. H. Hadfield .. . . “Micro-Analysis.”Mr. E. Thornton . . .. “The Lighter Hydrocarbons.” *Joint meeting With the Institution of Petroleum Technologists. t Joint meeting with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry. $ Meetings of the Chemical Society. 5 Joint meeting with the Local Section of the Institute of Metals. SOUTH YORKSHIRE. Mr. W. W. Stevenson . . “Steel making with special reference to the High Frequency Furnace.” Mr. F. Brewer .. . . “The Search for the Rare Elements.” Mr. Richard B. Pilcher, O.B.E., Registrar . . .. . . “From Boyle to Priestley.”Prof. H.S. Holden .. .. “The Place of the Biologist in Forensic Science.’ Visit to the Works of the Dinnington Main Coal CO., Ltd. Visit to the Works of the Thorncliffe Coal Distillation, Co., Ltd. 15 The Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections was held at the Institute on 26th June, 1937,and was opened by Mr. H. Douglas Elkington, Vice-president. The report of the proceedings was published in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part IV, 1937. The President has visited the London and the East Midlands Section. The Registrar has visited the Bristol, Edinburgh, Glasgow (Ramsay Chemical Dinner), Manchester, and South Yorkshire Sections, and attended meetings of the London Section. The Assistant Secretary has visited Glasgow, and attended meetings of the London Section.7. HONORARY CORRESPONDING SECRETARIES. The thanks of the Council are accorded to the Honorary Corresponding Secretaries in the Overseas Dominions and in the Colonies for their continued help and advice in connexion with matters affecting Fellows and Associates in their respective districts. On the retirement of Colonel B. J. Eaton, O.B.E., Honorary Corresponding Secretary for Straits Settlements and the Far East, the late Mr. R. W. Blair was appointed to succeed him. Mr. H. J. Page, M.B.E., has occupied that position since the death of Mr. Blair. Mr. W. R. Jewell has succeeded Mr. A. E. Leighton, C.M.G., as Honorary Corresponding Secretary for Victoria, Australia. 8. NOMINATIONS, EXAMINATIONS AND INSTITUTIONS COMMITTEE.The Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee (the Council in Committee) has held g meetings. The Committee has reported on 818 applications for Student- ship, Examination and Membership, and on many enquiries in connexion with the training for admission to the Associateship and Fellowship. Sub-Committees and Local Interviewing Committees have interviewed many candidates for the Associateship and Fellow- ship, and the Council again records its indebtedness to the Advisory Committee in India, and its Honorary Secretary, Dr. Gilbert J. Fowler, for their assistance in connexion with applications and enquiries from that Empire. Applications for Studentship and Membership are summarised below :-Applications for Admission to Studentship, including readmission Accepted .... .. .. .. .. 250 Declined . . .. .. .. .. .. 3 -253 Applications for Admission to Examination for the Associateship Accepted .. .. .. .. .. .. 98 Applications for election (and re-election) to the Associateship Accepted .. .. .. .. .. .. 336 Declined . . .. .. .. .. .. 1 Referred for Examination .. .. .. 22 -359 Applications for Admission to Exurnination for the Fellowship Accepted . . .. .. .. .. .. 31 Declined . . .. .. .. .. .. 132 Applications from Associates for election to the Fellowship Accepted . . .. .. .. .. .. 64 Declined .. .. .. .. .. .. 165 Applications from Non-Associates for election to the Fellowship Accepted .... .. ...... 9 Applications for re-election to the Fellowship Accepted .. .. .. .... .. -2 818 EXAMINATIONS.-Examinations were held in Apzand September, 1937,and in January, 1938. The entries and results are here summarised :-SUMMARYOF RESULTS. Associateship EXAMINED.PASSED. General Chemistry . . .. .. 152 72 FellowshipBranch A. Inorganic Chemistry .. -1 1 Branch B. Physical Chemistry .. -Branch C. Organic Chemistry .. 4 1 Branch D. Biochemistry .. .. 1 0 Branch E. Chemistry (including Micro- scopy) of Food and Drugs, and of Water .. .. 23 13 Branch F. Agricultural Chemistry .. 2 2 Branch G. Industrial Cheniistry .. 2 2 Chemical Technology of Textiles .. .. .. 1 1 General Analytical Chern-istry .. .... 1 1 187 93- 17 In the corresponding summary for 1936-1937, the number of candidates examined for the Associateship was 158, of whom 69 passed, and the total number of candidates examined for the Associateship and the Fellowship was 193, of whom 85 passed. The thanks of the Council have been accorded to the authorities of the following Universities and Colleges, who have kindly provided facilities for the Examinations :-The University, and the College of Technology, Leeds; The University, and the College of Technology, Manchester ; The Royal School of Mines, London ; King’s College, Newcastle-upon- Tyne ; The Royal Technical College, Glasgow ; Central Technical College, Birmingham ; Technical College, Bradford; City Technical College, Liverpool ; Royal Academical Institution, Belfast ; also to the Gas Light & Coke Co.; the British Association of Research for Cocoa, Chocolate, Sugar, Confectionery and Jam Trades; the Research Association of British Paint, Colour and Varnish Manufacturers ; the South African Institute for Medical Research; and to Dr.G. D. Elsdon. The thanks of the Council are accorded to the Board of Examiners, to the Examiners in special subjects, and to the Assessors who have examined records of research, specifications for patents, etc., submitted by candidates for admission to the Fellowship. EXAMINERS.-NO change has been made in the constitution of the Board of Examiners. REGuLATIONS.-The Regulations were revised and reprinted in July, 1937.INSTITUTIONS.-The South-East Essex Technical College, Dagenham, and The University of Manitoba, have been added to the list of Institutions recognised by the Council of the Institute for the training of candidates for admission to the Associateship. AwARDs.-The Council, with the concurrence of the Society of Maccabaeans, the donors of the Meldola Medal, have awarded the Medal for 1937to Mr. Ronald Percy Bell, M.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), of Balliol College, Oxford. The Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize for 1937has been awarded to Mr. Lewis Smith, a Registered Student of the Institute, studying at the Sir John Cass Technical Institute. Louis George Whybrow Palethorpe, a Registered Student at University College, Nottingham, was adjudged proxime accessit.18 9. APPOINTMENTS COMMITTEE. The Council has supported the representations made by the Society of Public Analysts to the Ministry of Agriculture, on matters concerning the appointment of Official Agricultural Analysts, and by the Irish Free State Section of the Institute, on the subject of the appointment of State Chemist. Fellows and Associates are reminded that in the Report of Council for 1936-37, it was stated that the Institute should, so far as possible, discourage local authorities from offering profes- sional chemical work to tender. Representations have lately been made in that connexion to one local authority recalling the view expressed by the Local Government Board (now the Ministry of Health) over thirty years ago that the Board con- sidered the offering of such appointments on tender as open to some objection and hoped that the practice would be discontinued.APPOINTMENTSREGISTER.-The record of the Appointments Register during the twelve months ending 30th September, 1937, was published in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part V. The number of Fellows and Associates known to be without appoint- ment at the present time is 66 (less than one per cent.). so. AIR RAID PRECAUTIONS. The Council has co-operated with the Councils of the Allied Societies and Institutions in inviting chemists to volunteer for service as Gas Detection Officers under the Air Raid Precautions Department of the Home Office, and in this connexion, with the concurrence of the author, has provided a wide circulation of Mr.J. Davidson Pratt’s lecture on “Gas Defence from the Point of View of the Chemist.’’ The Department secured the number of volunteers required for certain important areas, and Whig-Commander Hodsoll, C.B., the head of the Department, now Chief Inspector, subsequently presided at a Conference of Officers held at the Institute. 11. PUBLICATIONS AND LIBRARY COMMITTEE. The JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGShas been published in six Parts. Discussion was continued on the teaching of general science in schools, on which the Council recorded its opinion that the syllabus in general science proposed by the Sub-committee of the 19 Science Masters’ Association made insufficient use of the peculiar merits of the study of elementary chemistry as a means of general scientific education, and urged the importance of devoting to it a substantially larger proportion (than was proposed in the syllabus) of the time and effort available for General Science in Schools.A copy of the resolution was forwarded to the Board of Education and to the Science Masters’ Association. Correspondence was subsequently continued with the Science Masters’ Association, and the Institute was informed that the differences between the views of the Council and the Sub-Com- mittee were in part due to misunderstanding, and that a full report would be published giving an extended syllabus in which chemistry would be dealt with more adequately. MONOGRAPHS.-The following monographs have been pub- lished during the year:- “Gas Defence from the Point of View of the Chemist,” by Mr.J. Davidson Pratt, O.B.E. ; “Oxidation-Reduction Potentials and their Applications,” by Dr. S. Glasstone; “Chemical Changes and Chances ”-the Twentieth Streatfeild Memorial Lecture-by Sir Martin Forster, F.R.S. ; and “Forensic Chemistry in the Criminal Court,” by Dr. C. Ainsworth Mitchell, Vice-president. The Synopsis of Two Lectures on “Recent Work on Mono-molecular Films” given by Professor Eric K. Rideal, M.B.E., F.R.S., was published in Part IV; and Mr. W. A. S. Calder’s lecture entitled ‘‘ Chemist’s Progress” being the Ninth Gluckstein Memorial Lecture, was published in Part VI of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS.“OFFICIAL CHEMICAL APPOINTMENTS.”-The ninth edition of the List of “Official Chemical Appointments” was published in November, 1937. It was referred to the Publications Committee to consider Colonel Potter’s suggestion regarding the inclusion of additional advertisements in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGStheof Institute, but the matter has been postponed pending the con- sideration by the Chemical Council of other matters relating to the publications of the three Chartered Chemical Bodies. LIBRARY.-The thanks of the Council are accorded to authors, publishers and others, who have kindly presented books and journals to the Library of the Institute. 20 Fellows, Associates and Registered Students have continued to enjoy the full use of the Library of the Chemical Society, and of the Science Library, South Kensington. The Socibtb de Chimie Industrielle has presented the Institute with a bronze plaque, bearing in relief the heads of MM.Jean Gerard and Paul Kestner, to commemorate the Twentieth Anniversary of the Soci6t6. The Wellcome Foundation has presented the Institute with a replica of the Commemorative Medal struck in honour of Dr. F. B. Power, formerly Director of the Wellcome Chemical Research Laboratories, 1914. LANTERNSLIDEs.-The collection of lantern slides at the Institute has been augmented and continues to be in demand for illustrating lectures. 12. NATIONAL CERTIFICATES IN CHEMISTRY. Reports on the Examinations for National Certificates in Chemistry have been published in the JOURNAL AND PROCEED-INGS with abstracts of the Reports of the Assessors.13. PEDLER RESEARCH SCHOLARSHIP. Dr. Charles Simons, Associate, has been appointed the Fourth Pedler Scholar, and will work under Professor Frederick Chal- lenger at the University of Leeds, on "The Formation of Volatile Compounds of Arsenic and Selenium by Micro-organisms." 28th Janzcary, 1938. Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.I. 21 REPORT OF THE AUDITORS. We have examined the Balance Sheet at 31st December, 1937, of the Institute of Chemistry, also the Statements of Account for the year ended 31st December, 1937, with the books and vouchers. The values of the Lease and Premises of the Institute, Furni- ture, Library, Apparatus, etc., are not included in the Balance Sheet.Subject to that remark, we have obtained all the in- formation and explanations we have required and in our opinion the Balance Sheet and Statement of Accounts are properly drawn up and are in accordance with the entries in the books. We certify that we have seen the certificates for the registered stocks and we have received from the Bank of England, the Westminster Bank, Ltd., the Bank of Montreal, Ltd., and the Commonwealth Bank of Australia, Ltd., certificates that they hold on behalf of the Institute the Investments shown on the Statement of Investments. (Signed) DAVIDHENDERSON}Chartered AccountantsJ. Y. FINLAY J. HY. LANE IHon. Auditors, w.c. HANCOCKf 1937-38. 10th January, 1938. 22 THE lNSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRlTAIN AND IRELAND. 23 Founded 1877. Ineorporatad by Boyd Charter, 1885. FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31~~DECEMBER,1937. 1936 INCOME. 1937 Dr. Cr. E s. 300 0 473 7 112 7 221 1 4997 4 215 2 204 14 27 9 427 3 493 10 33 10 275 16 d. 0 4 4 8 8 3 8 5 7 7 1 6 € s. d. € s. d. To Premises-Rent .. .. *. .. 300 0 0 Rates and Schedule A Tax, . 485 11 3 Insurances .. .. .. 96 15 4 RepeirsandMaintenance .. 423 12 4 Salaries, Wages and Gratui- ties. . .. .. .. 5,249 5 8 Assurances .. .. .. 218 0 0 1,305 18 11 9) Staff-5,467 5 8 9, Office Expenses- Gas, Water, Light, Power and Fuel .. .. .. 245 1 0 Telephone .. .. .. 30 5 1 Printingandstationery .. 473 8 9 Postage .... .. 487 4 6 Travelling .. .. .. 46 7 2 Advertisements .. .. 254 19 10 $ s. d. S 8. d. 3,447 19 t 6,827 19 li 426 10 I 1,370 5 1 936 15 2 282 9 C 139 13 t 34 6 I 881 776 25 0 C By Subscription- Fellows .. .. .. .. Associates .. .. .. Students .. .. .. .. 39 Examination and Assessment Fees ,? Dividends and Interest . . .. 97 Advertisements in Journal .. 97 Sale of Publications .. .. 93 Fees forfeited .. .. .. 97 Hire of Rooms .. .. .. 9, National Certificates- 33 Appointments Register .. .. England and Wales A/c. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. *. € 3,536 7,496 440 25 s. d. 8 0 2 6 5 0 0' 0 E s. 11,472 15 1,274 14 946 15 276 13 103 11 57 4 13 13 10 10 d. 6 0 5 0 0 2 0 0 42 0 98 17 77 1 51 2 661 4 0 8 5 6 8 97 5, ,9 Auditors' Honorarium . . 57 15 0 Miscellaneous .... 124 12 5 1,719 13 Income Tax: Schedule D .. .. .. 126 10 Repairs and Renewals of Office Equipment 64 15 Members of Council Travelling Expenses .. 641 12 9 0 3 7 9,325 16 2 25 0 1 42 166 16 j 5, 97 Scotland A/c. .. .. .. Sundry Receipts .. .. .. .. .. Australia and New Zealand Account (p. 28). 25 0 0 50 0 0 1 11 148 17 8 ~7 Publications- 648 5 9 Journal .. .. .. 659 3 1 257 14 9 Postage .. .. .. 314 18 5 974 1 6 624 5 207 1 - 1 6 Register .. Postage .. Official Chemical ments .. .. .. .. .. Appoint-.. .. --692 2 9 - Postage .. .. .. '216 7 8 908 10 5 385 14 11 Lectures and Lantern Slides 260 11 6 2,143 3 5 $7 Examinations- 787 1 4 Examiners, Assessors and Assistants . .734 8 9 175 13 4 Apparatus and Materials .. .. .. 227 14 7 962 3 4 7, Local Sectiom- 571 7 7 Grants .. .. .. .. .. 451 12 10 89 9 9 Section Secretaries' Conference .. .. 49 12 8 601 5 ti 10 10 0 77 Frankland Medal Award .. .. .. 10 10 0 31 4 3 7) Library.. .. .. .. Chemical Society under Deed Less Tax .. .. .. 550 0 137 10 .. 0 0 46 7 4 412 10 0 515 17 6 Additional .. .. .. 141 9 4 -553 19 4- 600 6 8 85 18 0 77 Donations .. .. .. .. .. 61 15 0 I 626 16 6 9, 99 Proposed Supplemental Charter .. Excess of Income 0~7er Expenditure .. .. 125 10 624 5 1 6 $13,698 14 7 €14,354 15 8-- €13,698 14 1 €14,354 15 8 24 25 Dr. 1936 f 8. d. 529 19 I! 77 1 t! 117 16 I 45 3 I 364 2 6 32,289 5 d BALANCE SHEET as at € s.d. E s. d. t'o *Sundry Creditors .. .. .. .. .. 324 0 3 39 Income Tax Reserve .. .. .. .. .. 163 18 2 7, Subscriptions paid in advance . . .. .. .. 86 13 3 97 Application Fees Retained pending further application- Add Fees retained during year . . 14 14 0 59 17 0 Balance 1st January, 1937 .. .. 45 3 0 Less Fees forfeited .. 13 13 0 Transferred to Entrance Fees . . .. .. 110 14 14 0 45 3 0In abeyance awaiting decision .. 390 6 11 435 9 11 99 Investment Account .. .. .. .. . . 33,261 10 11 3, Income and Expenditure Account Balance asper contra 245 14 11 482 9 10 221 2 0 31,190 6 6 31st December 1937. 3, 9, 9) 7, (Australia and New Zealand, at st,erling value) . . .. 3, Sundry Debtors, Rates etc., paid in advance .... .. .. ),Investments at cost (including Redemp- 9, Income and Expenditure Account-- tion Fund) . . .. .. .. 378 10 7 Balance at debit, 1/1/37 .. .. Deduct Excess of Income over Ex-. . penditure for year to 31/12/37 Balance credit as per contra .. .. ,, debtor at 31/12/36 Note.-The balance sheet does not in- clude the value of the lease and premises of the Institute, furniture, library, apparatus, etc. cr. 1937 € 8. d.€ a. d. 348 9 7 645 0 6 993 10 1 261 16 0 33,252 1 4 378 10 7 624 5 6 €245 14 11 ~ ~~ €33,423 7 3 %34,507 7 5 -svi €33,423 7 3 ._______ €34,507 7 5 26 Investment Account for the year ended 31st December, 1937. f a. d. E a. d. Balance of Accumulated Fund, 1st January, 1937 . . .. 32,289 5 5 Funds received for Investment dur- ing year- Entrance Fees .... .. 884 11 6 Entrance Fees, Australia and New Zealand, 6510 1 7 (augmented to Sterling) .. .. .. 12 12 0 Life Composition Fees . . .. 65 2 0 962 5 6 €33,251 10 11 € a. d. Investments held at 1st January, 1937 (including RedemptionFundPolicy) .. .. .. 31,190 6 6 Investments mads during year- %2,200 3% Local Loans 651951 6 6 Redemption Fund Policy Premium €110 8 4 2061 14 10 33,252 1 4 Actual amount over-invested 10 5 %33,251 10 11 %33,251 10 11 STATEMENT OF INVESTMENTS HELD AND DIVIDENDS RECEIVED THEREFROM. Holding. cost. Market Gross. Tax. Net. Value.t € % s. d. .€ s. d. E s. d. % s. ti. € s. d. Great Western Railway 24(y0 Debenture Stock 500 384 16 3 337 10 0 12 10 0 3 0 11 991 L.M.S.Railway 5% Redeemable Preference .IStock .. .. .. .. 500 503 00 517 10 0 25 0 0 6 1 11 18 18 1 L.M.S. Railway 4% Preforonce Stock .. 2,000 1,843 51 1,635 0 0 80 0 0 19 10 0 60 10 0 39% W-ar Loan .. .. .. .. .. 13,000 13,554 68 13,195 0 0 455 0 0 9 455 0 0 Dominion of Canada 3i04 Loan, 1950-55 .. 1,000 973 70 1,003 16 0 32 10 0 7 18 G 24 11 6 99 77,, 4yu Loan, 1963-58 .. 1,000 1,090 30 1,098 15 0 40 0 0 9 13 0 30 5 0 Government of Commonwealth of Australia 3Q% Stock, 1964-7-1 .. .. .. 4,000 3,985 57 3,605 0 0 130 0 0 31 13 9 98 6 3 Union of South Africa 5% Loan, 1915-75 .. 1,000 1,136 80 1,112 10 0 50 0 0 12 3 9 37 16 3 991, 9, ,, 33% Loan, 1953-73 .. 700 070 70 719 5 0 24 10 0 026 1876% New Zealand 5% Loan, 1049 .... .. 1,000 1,141 80 1,092 10 0 50 0 0 12 10 0 37 10 0 Local Loans 3% increased from $2,000 to S4,200 .. .. .. .. .. 4,200 3,795 56 3,651 7 G 87 10 0 21 10 0 6G 0 0 Port of London Authority 3ky0 Registered Stock, 1965-75 .. .. .. .. 1,000 1,033 49 1,012 10 0 35 0 0 8 10 7 2G 9 5 Southern Railway Company 5% Redeemablo Guaranteed Preference Stock, 1957 .. 1,000 1,174 62 1,155 0 0 50 0 0 12 3 9 37 16 3 Deposit Intorest .. .. .. .. 25 16 1 9 25 16 1 31,250 13 0 €30,135 12 G $1,097 16 1 r151 0 8 €940 15 5 -*Redemption Fund Policy .. .. .. 1,965 8 4 E33,252 1 4 *To realise L50,OOO in year 3010. 7 A1 3181 December, 1931. 6 Income Tax Reserve €163 18 2 (see Balance Sheet). 28 Subscriptions and Fees Paid in and Retained (in Currency) in Australia and New Zealand.Receipts. Expenditure. E s. d. E s. d. % s. d. By Balance, 1st January, 1937 .. 603 2 4 Subscriptions Fellows .. .. .. 62 9 6 Associates .. .. .. 113 2 9 176 12 3 Entrance Fees .. .. .. .. 12 12 0 Deposit Interest .. .. .. .. 12 7 9 Miscellaneous .. .. .. .. 2 12 7 Fee Retained .. .. .. .. 110 Bank Charges .. .. .. .. 124 Balances at Bankers, 31st December, 1937 Deposit .. .. .. 725 0 0 Current .. .. .. 81 5 7 806 6 ‘it €807 7 11 807 7 11 f Sterling: E645 08. 6d. Statement of Subscriptions and Fees Received, less Outgoings. E s. d. E 8. d. Subscriptions-Fellows .. .. .. .. .. .. 62 9 6 Associates .. .. .. .. .. 113 2 0 175 12 3 Deposit Interest .. .. .. .. .. 12 7 9 Entrance Fees .... .. .. .. 12 12 0 Fee Retained . . .. .. .. .. .. 110 Miscellaneous .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 12 7 201 5 7 Less Bank Charges . . .. .. .. .. 124 203 3 3 .Less Adjustment on Exchange into Sterling .. 40 12 7 162 10 8 Less Entrance Fees taken to Investment Account. . 12 12 0 149 18 8 Less Fee Retained taken to Fees Retained Account 110 Amount (in Sterling) taken to Income and Expenditure Account f118 17 8 BENEVOLENT FUND ACCOUNT, €or the year ended 31st December, 1937 Income 1936. Receipts 1937. 1936. Payments 1937. 6: 8. .S s. d. s s. ti. 5 s. d. --Balance, 1st January, 1937 .. .. 134 12 G 16 15 1 Dr. Balance, 1st January, 1936 .. ---685 14 Subscriptions .. .. .. .. 7x5 13 s 170 0 0 Grants .. .. .. .. .. 177 0 0 461 0 Annual Subscriptions .... .. 502 6 10 1,001 1s 4 ltegular Payments .. .. .. 1,221 5 0 143 3 Dividends and Interest .. .. 146 17 11 35 10 8 Printing . . .. .. .. .. 98 13 8 52 8 Income Tax recovered . . .. .. 31 17 0 550 Audit Fee .. .. .. .. 550 202 15 loans repaid .. .. .. . . 76 7 0 171 0 0 Loans granted during 1937 .. .. 201 0 0 ~Dr.Balance, 3 1st December, 1937 .. 47 9 9 10 0 0 Donation to London Orphan School .. 25 0 0 134 12 G Balance, 31st December, 1936 .. ---x1,545 1 $1,728 3 8 $1,*545 1 7 €1,728 3 8 E s. d. SE s. d. 19% 19 7 Balance, 1st January, 1936 .. .. _-_ I.192 1 9 Donations .. .. .. 427 10 2 -Donations (Special Coronation Appeal) 328 G 5 1,292 2 0 Sale of Stock . . .. .. .. ---17 10 3 Dr. Balance, 31st December, 1937 .. ---€1,694 13 7 5755 16 7 51,694 13 7 $755 16 7 Statement of Loans. SE € a. d. SE 6. d. E s. d. 2,045 Loans to 31st December, 1937 .. 2,216 6 0 1,107 15 4 Loans repaid to 31st December, 1937 1,184 2 4 171 Loans granted during 1937 . . .. 201 0 0 654 0 0 Loans written off to 31st December, 1935 (354 0 0 Loans outstanding at 3 1st December, 454 10 8 1937 .. .. .. .. .. 579 3 8 €2,216 6 0 $2,417 6 0 $2,216 6 0 €2,417 6 0 - 1936. 1937. Valuo. cost. Value. t s. d. ;E s. a. E 8. d. 2,125 0 0 €1,000 Consols 4% .. .. .. .. . . 1.077 13 0 1,090 7 G 510 0 0 €500Doniiiiion of Canada 3a74 Loan, 1950-55 . . 486 18 G 541 17 6 522 10 0 S500 Port, of Loiidon Authority 31% RegisteredStock, 1965-75 .. .. .. .. .. 516 17 11 506 5 0 385 10 0 S400,increased to B50, Local Loans, 3% . ... 7GS 15 9 735 19 4 w 565 0 0 €500New Zealand 5% Loan, 1949 . . .. .. 570 14 G 543 5 0 0 1,263 0 0 €1,200 I\.ar Loan 3&0/, .. .. .. .. 1,206 3 0 1,218 0 0 3.‘36 0 0 €400 Government of Commonwealth of Australia3$”/h Stock, 1964-74 . . .. .. .. 39s 10 7 360 10 0 ---Balaiice at 31st December, 1937: Czrrent at Bank -_-338 6 7 -~4,767 0 0 .. 5,115 13 3 5,310 10 11 17 10 3 Loss Amount over-invested during 1936 .. .. _-_ ----%4,Y49 9 n €5,115 13 3 S5,340 10 11 _-__I__-__ ~~-!2 31 Sir Alexander Pedler Scholarship Account : 31st December, 1937. Receipts. Expenditure-€ s. d. $ s. d. By Balance, 1st January, 1937 .. .. .. .. .. 383 9 2 Dividends and Interest .... .. .. .. 171 11 4 Income Tax recovered .. .. .. .. .. 26 0 7 l'o Balance, at Bankers, 31st December, 1937-Deposit Current . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 570 11 0 1 0 1 €581 1 1 €581 1 1 Securities held at 31st December, 1937-cost. Value. E s. d. E s. d.. El00 Great Western Railway 5% Consolidated Preference Stock .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 94 0 0" 118 0 01 E900 Royal Mail Steam Packet Ordinary Stock .. .. 787 10 O* ---€2,600War Loan 3&% .. .. .. .. .. .. 2,808 6 0 2,639 0 0 6500 Port of London Authority 3&%, Registered Stock,1965-75 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 516 17 11 506 5 0 €500Southern Railway Company 5% Redeemable Guaranteed Preference Stock, 1957 .. .. .. .. .. 587 4 10 577 10 0 E500 New Zealand 5% Loan, 1949 .. .. .. .. 570 14 6 546 5 0 E300 4% Consols .. .. .. .. .. .. 323 1 0 328 6 3 2500 Dominion of Canada 34% Loan, 1950-55 .. .. 486 18 6 501 17 6 2200 Local Loans 3% .. .. .. .. .. .. 184 18 6 173 17 6 €6,359 11 3 €5,391 1 3----.-The total value of the original legacy was $4,785 16s. 2d. net. * Value when bequeathed. 32 S s. d. € s. d. Balance .. .. Dividends and Interest 44 17 7 4 5 3 LectureExpenses Balance on Deposit .. .. 3 12 11 48 8 9 €52 1 8 €52 1 8 i. E s. a. € s. d. Dr. Balance due to Dividends and Interest 1 17 0 Jnstitute .. .. 107 Amount due to Institute Balance on Deposit .. 1 17 0 on 1936 Accounts (see contra) .. .. 107 €2 17 7 652 17 7 S. M. Gluckstein Memorial Lecture Fund: 31st December, 1937.€ s. d. € s. d. Dividends and Interest 6 7 4 Dr. Balance due to Income Tax recovered 4 18 7 Institute . . .. 835 Amount due to Institute Lecture Expenses .. 355 on 1936 Account (see Balance on Deposit .. 806 contra) .. .. 835 519 9 4 €19 9 4 33 Proceedings of the Council. Council Meeting, 21st January, 1938.-Among the matters arising from previous Minutes, the Council received a letter from Mr. H. J. Page, M.B.E., accepting appointment as Honorary Corresponding Secretary for the Straits Settlements and the Far East. Dr. C. R. Austin was appointed to represent the Institute at the Forty-second Annual Meeting of the American Academy for Political and Social Science to be held at Philadelphia on 1st and and April.Mr. W. J. A. Butterfield was appointed representative of the Institute to act on a Committee to co-ordinate the work of the Building, Chemical and Engineering Divisional Councils of the British Standards Institution. The Council received from the Home Office a draft of the Regulations prepared under the Hydrogen Cyanide (Fumigation) Act, 1937, with an intimation that any representations thereon should be made to the Secretary of State within forty days after the date of publication,-~qth January. The Council decided to communicate with Fellows and Associates who are specially interested in fumigation and to invite their observations on the proposed Regulations. Dr. D. F. Twiss was appointed to represent the Institute at the Rubber Technology Conference to be held in London from 23rd to 28th May. Reports were received from the Standing Committees.The Finance and House Committee indicated that preliminary consideration was being given to the arrangements for staff assurance and pensions, and the Council decided on the contribu- tions to be made to the British Standards Institution and to the Parliamentary Science Committee for the year 1938. The Benevolent Fund Committee reported that receipts to 17th January amounted to L7gr 19s. II~.,compared with 34 E960 11s. od. at the corresponding date in 1937, also that the prospective commitments for the year, for regular allowances, exceeded &I,ZOO, and it was necessary, therefore, that Fellows and Associates be reminded that more general support of the Fund was essential in order to enable the Committee to deal satisfactorily with all cases requiring help. The Publications Committee reported that Dr.C. Ainsworth Mitchell’s lecture on “Forensic Chemistry in the Criminal Courts” had been published, and that Dr. R. Alan Morton had consented to give two lectures on “Spectrophotometry ” in March (p. 97). The Council received the Second Annual Report of the Chemical Council (p. 64). The President reported briefly on the work of the Censors during the past year. The complaints had been very few, and it had not been necessary for the Censors to refer any matter to the Council. The Council proceeded with the arrangements for the nomi- nation of the new Council.Sir Robert Pickard was nominated for re-election as President, and Mr. Bernard F. Howard as Honorary Treasurer. The President mentioned that Mr. H. Douglas Elkington did not seek to be re-nominated as Vice-President,-his reason being that he thought it right to break the arrangement under which, owing to various circumstances, five Vice-presidents had retired together in 1936. The Council adopted Mr. Elkington’s decision expressing their appreciation of his services. The following were nominated for election as Vice-presidents : Mr. W. A. S. Calder, Dr. A. E. Everest, Dr. J. J. Fox, Dr. C. Ainsworth Mitchell, Professor Robert Robinson, and Professor J. F. Thorpe. The following nominations for election as Members of Council were received under By-law 26 : Mr.C. L. L. Claremont, Dr. P. F. Gordon, Dr. H. H. Hodgson, Mr. G. King, Dr. W. S. Patterson, Dr. John Weir and Dr. B. Wylam. The Council nominated the following 24 Fellows for election as General Members of Council: Mr. A. L. Bacharach, Dr. 0. L. Brady, Professor H. V. A. Briscoe, Mr. W. J. A. Butterfield, Dr. F. H. Carr, Dr. A. Coulthard, Dr. H. E. Cox, Mr. W. A. Damon, Mr. F. G. Edmed, Dr. B. S. Evans, Dr. J. R. Firth, Dr. A. G. Francis, Professor T. P. Hilditch, Mr. J. R. Johnson, Dr. P. Lewis-Dale, Dr. G. Roche Lynch, Dr. H. McCombie, 35 Mr. B. G. McLellan, Mr. F. M. Potter, Dr. R. E. Slade, Professor Samuel Smiles, Dr. D. F. Twiss, Mr. J. C. White and Mr. A. W. M. Wintle.The following were nominated, from whom four are to be elected as Censors at the Annual General Meeting: Mr. W. A. S. Calder, Dr. A. E. Everest, Professor I. M. Heilbron, Sir Gilbert T. Morgan, Professor Robert Robinson and Professor J. F. Thorpe. Messrs. C. A. Bassett and J. A. Hedd were appointed Scrutineers to report on the ballot. Voting papers for the election of Officers and Members of Council must be returned to the Secretary so that they be received at the Institute not later than 8 p.m. on Monday, the 28th February, and proxies so that they be received not later than 8 p.m. on Saturday, 26th February. Dr. Charles Simons, Associate, was appointed Fourth Pedler Research Scholar. Council Meeting, 28th January, 1938.-The meeting was informed of the death of Mr.Albert Watkins Maggs Wintle, Member of Council. The Members stood in silence as a tribute to his memory. The Council received replies from Fellows accepting nomina- tion for election to the Council and as Censors. The Council received with grateful appreciation an intimation, from the Solicitors to the Executors of the late Dr. J. A. Voelcker, that he had bequeathed to the Institute a legacy of EIOOfree of death duty for the benefit of the Benevolent Fund. The Report of the Council for the year 1937-1938, prepared under the supervision of the Publications Committee, and the Financial Statements for the year 1937, duly audited, were approved for issue to the Fellows, Associates and Registered Students.The Council received the Report of the Board of Examiners on the January Examinations, and a recommendation regarding the award of the Meldola Medal, to which reference is made in the Annual Report. The Council also received the Report of the Assessor on the Award of the Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize, which is recorded in the Annual Report. 36 Salary Statistics.-In October, 1930,Fellows and Associates were invited to make returns of their salaries and emoluments- anonymously-in order that the Council might be able to obtain information regarding the remuneration of the profession. Cards were issued for the purpose, the returns were collated, and the results published in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part 111, 1931.The information so obtained has proved to be of considerable utility in assisting the officers, both in answering enquiries from members with regard to salaries and in advising prospective employers as to the salaries that they should offer for appointments. The above Part of the JOURNAL has been in such demand that it is now nearly out of print, and the Council has under consideration the issue, some time during this year, of a further request for similar information. Fellows and Associates are reminded that the utility of such returns depends upon their being thoroughly representative, and it is hoped, therefore, that, when the cards are 'issued, every Fellow and Associate will make his return. The object is to present a statement, as complete and true as possible, of the remuneration received by all Fellows and Associates.A special appeal will, therefore, be made to all, whatever position they may occupy, because it will be realised that it is of the utmost importance that the impression gained should truly represent the financial status of the profession. Past experience has shown that an attempt to obtain information in much detail, with regard to the kind of employment, conditions of service, etc., in connexion with such a return, has resulted in a dis-appointing number of replies being received. It is therefore proposed, as on the last occasion, to ask Fellows and Associates merely to make a cross in the proper square on the cards, which will be issued in due course.37 Local Sections. [The Institute is not responsible for the views expressed in papers read, or in speeches delivered during discussion.] Aberdeen and North of Scotland.-On 4th February, at the Marischal College, Aberdeen, before the Local Sections of the Institute and the Society of Chemical Industry and local Fellows of the Chemical Society, Dr. John Read, F.R.S., Professor of Chemistry in the University of St. Andrews, gave a lecture on “ Alchemy in Scotland.” Mr. W. Godden, Chairman of the Aberdeen and North of Scotland Section of the Institute, presided. The following abstract has been provided by Professor Read : Scotland’s impressive contribution to the development of chemistry is well known; but it is not often realised that from the advent of alchemy into western Europe until the birth of modem chemistry this little land in the far north fostered a succession of outstanding exponents of the “Divine Art” of alchemy, the fore- runner of chemistry.The earliest of them was Michael Scot, a veritable “Wizard of the North,’’ who achieved fame in Spain and Italy early in the thirteenth century’ as a master of Latin learning, of Hebrew, and of Arabic, and became court astrologer to the Emperor Frederick I1 in Sicily. Some three hundred years later, James IV of Scotland returned the compliment by appointing an Italian, John Damian, as his court alchemist. This intelligent monarch, who was skilled in medicine and surgery, extended his interest to alchemy, and founded Scotland’s first research laboratory in Stirling Castle, about the year 1500.The accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland from 1501 to 1513 provide interesting and valuable information concerning the nature and cost of the materials which Damian and his associates used in their attempts to prepare the “quinta essencia,” or Philosopher’s Stone. These experiments ended abruptly with the death of the King at Flodden Field, in 1513. Damian was also Scotland’s first flying man; equipped with “ane pair of wingis of fedderis,” he attempted to take off 38 from the battlements of Stirling Castle for a non-stop flight to Paris on 27 September, 1507. In the seventeenth century alchemy became very popular in Scotland, especially among the noble families.The century opened with the romantic story of Alexander Seton, who is said to have travelled from Scotland to the Continent in 1602,and to have achieved a dramatic series of transmutations of base metals into gold at Enkhuysen, Basel, Strasburg, Frankfurt, Cologne, Hamburg, Helmstedt and Dresden. Falling into the hands of the Elector of Saxony, he was tortured; and although he was rescued in a dramatic manner by the Polish nobleman, Michael Sendivogius, this “chief martyr of Alchemy” died in 1604as a consequence of the cruel treatment he had received. Seton is said to have written the Novum Lumen Chymicum, which was afterwards published anonymously under an anagram- matised form of the name Michael Sendivogius.That this “New Light of Alchymie” could win the strong approval of the public through the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries is a circumstance which throws a vivid light upon the mentality of that age; but even Sir Isaac Newton treated the work with great respect. The Aberdonian, Duncan Liddel (1561-1613),who achieved a great reputation in mathematics and medicine in the University of Helmstedt, has no overt connection with alchemy; but he may have been a Scots correspondent of Count Michael Maier, the author of Atalanta Fugiens, and composer of the alchemical music contained in that work and recently sung at the Royal Institution, London, by a student-choir from the University of St. Andrews. There is a fine brass of Liddel in St.Nicholas’ Kirk at Aberdeen, affording an unusual representation of a man of science of that period, attired in academic costume and seated in his study amidst his instruments and books. John Napier, of Merchiston (1550-1617), the inventor of logarithms, who pursued his early studies in the University of St. Andrews, was keenly interested in alchemy. Manuscript copies of Napier’s own account of his discussions with a German adept of alchemy at Edinburgh are still extant, and form very interesting reading, Napier, like Newton, had three main interests : mathematics, alchemy, and religion. Napier’s father, and also his son Robert, were likewise active exponents of alchemy. Robert Napier left a manuscript treatise on the subject.39 Sir David Lindsay, first Earl of Balcarres (1587-1641), was an enthusiastic student of natural philosophy, and a seeker after the Philosopher’s Stone and Elixir of Life; and so was his con-temporary, Sir George Erskine, who left a remarkable collection of alchemical manuscripts. Among several members of the noble family of Ruthven who were distinguished for their study of the natural sciences, Patrick Ruthven (1584-1652) calls for special notice ; his alchemical commonplace-book, containing a compendium of extracts from alchemical writers, is still extant. Probably the most discerning of all Scottish exponents of alchemy during the seventeenth century was the Aberdonian, William Davidson, or Davisson (1593-1669 ?), who became physician to the King of France and first incumbent of the chair of chemistry at the .Jardin du Roi in Paris. The teaching of this first Scots professor of chemistry attracted pupils from many countries, and it was for their benefit that Davidson published, in 1633-35, what was essentially an early text-book of chemistry, under the title PhiloSophia Pyrotechnia, seu Cursus chymiatricus (“ Pyrotechnic Philosophy, or a Course in Medical Chemistry ”) .The fourth part of this book deals with the apparatus and operations of chemistry, especially as applied to medicine, and also contains one of the earliest contributions to crystallography- “a new subject,” as Davidson says, “which, so far as I know, none before has elaborated.” Davidson has claims to be called a chemist rather than an alchemist, and in this respect he ranks with his contemporary, Glauber. After the turn of the seventeenth century, indeed, the enthusiasm for alchemy began to wane in Scotland, as elsewhere; and the extravagant claims and unintelligible mysticisms of alchemy gradually gave way to a sane and sober consideration of the facts and applications of chemistry.Thus, at the begin- ning of the eighteenth century a course of what would now be called pharmaceutical chemistry was given at Edinburgh under the auspices of the Incorporation of Surgeons; and in 1713 the first professor of physic and chemistry was appointed at Edin- burgh. Fifteen years later, in 1728, appeared the first-born harbinger of scientific chemistry, in the person of the eminent Scots chemist, Joseph Black.The meeting was followed by an informal dinner at the Palace Hotel, where Prof. Read was the guest of honour. Several members and their guests contributed to a musical 40 programme, and the members were entertained with song and story. Bristol and South-Western Counties.-Mr. F. E. Needs presided over a meeting of the Section held at Bristol University, on 20th January, when Dr. R. P. Linstead gave a lecture on b6 Some Recent Developments in Colour Chemistry.” He referred to a number of typical colouring matters dis-covered during the early years of the dyestuff industry. The vast majority of these were aromatic compounds and contained nitrogen.Many of the common natural colours which are encountered in everyday life are of a very different type. For example the carotenoids, which include the colouring matters of the carrot, tomato and lobsters and the pigments of autumn foliage, are composed of only carbon, hydrogen, and (in some cases) oxygen. The structure of these substances and their relationship with vitamin A were outlined, and reference was made to the recent discoveries of synthetic vat-dyestuffs which also contain only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. The lecturer also dealt with the colouring matters of the blood and the chlorophyll pigments of green leaves. The results of recent work on the structure of these were summarised and the relations between the various pigments were illustrated.These natural colouring matters are paralleled in the synthetic dyestuff industry in the recently discovered group of phthalo- cyanines. The main features of the chemistry of these substances were outlined, and the resemblances to the natural (porphyrin) pigments were indicated. Finally the lecturer dealt with some of the recent developments in phthalocyanine chemistry. A discussion followed. East Ang1ia.-On 8th February, a meeting of the Section was held at the Ipswich Public Library Lecture Hall, under the chairmanship of Mr. W. Lincolne Sutton. Dr. J. W. Corran read a paper on 6b Mustard.” The following brief report has been supplied by the author. Dr. Corran gave a description of the nature and distribution of the mustard plant and, in particular, of the two varieties, Brassica (Sinupis) nigra and alba, whose seeds are the sources of the mustard flour of commerce. Then followed a summary of the chemical composition of the two kinds of flour, brown and 41 white respectively, which are obtained by the milling of the above seeds.Especial reference was made to the enzymic reactions involved when the mustard flours are moistened with water, leading to the formation of the respective essential oils, ally1 and parahydroxybenzyl isothiocyanates. Various applications of mustard were then described-firstly, its condimental use, the one best known to the public, and next, its emulsifying properties, in which connexion it has been shown to have a strong stabilising action towards creamy types of emulsion, such as are desired in mayonnaise products, and an antagonising effect towards the production of greasy (water in oil) emulsions.The preservative qualities of mustard form a less known aspect of the subject, and have been demonstrated more especially towards yeast fermentation. Last of the important practical uses of mustard came its therapeutic applications, such as mustard poultices, packs and baths. The physiological facts underlying its action were outlined and shown to account for its well-known value in alleviating the pain from widely different ailments. Some miscellaneous uses of mustard, such as the removal of odours from musty wine barrels, and the cleaning of wireworms from infested soil, concluded the lecture, which was illustrated throughout with lantern slides and specimens.At the same meeting, the Rules for the Section were adopted, subject to the approval of the Council, and the Officers and Committee were elected as follows :-Chairman, Mr. W. Lincolne Sutton; Honorary Secretary, Dr. J. W. Corran; Honorary Treasurer, Mr. A. G. Avent; Committee, Mr. B. J. Balfe, Mr. R. S. Colborne, Dr. J. S. Gourlay, Mr. G. C. Green and Mr. A. P. Lipscomb. Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in the North British Station Hotel, Edinburgh, on 20th January, Dr. A. M. Smith presiding. The Secretary’s report and the Financial Statement were received and adopted, and the Office Bearers and Committee for the session were elected as follows:-Chairman, Dr.A. M. Smith ;Vice-chairman, Dr. W. G. Hiscock ; Honorary Secretary, Mr. G. Elliot Dodds; Committee (to fill vacancies), Messrs. W. M. Ames, R. Bruce, Dr. H. B. Nisbet and Dr. B. Wylam. Mr. J. W. Romanes was re-elected Honorary Auditor. 42 A vote of thanks was accorded to the Chairman for his services that evening and throughout the past session. A special meeting of the Section was held on 1st February, in the North British Station Hotel, Edinburgh, when Chief Constable W. B. R. Morren, M.V.O., Inspector F. P. McCulloch, Edinburgh City Police, and Major Barclay Brown, Home Office Air-Raids Precautions Inspector for Scotland, addressed an audience of about 120 chemists on the subject of ‘‘Air-Raids Precautions.” Chief Constable Morren, in introducing Major Barclay Brown, explained that air-raids precautions had been considerably delayed through financial difficulties, but that these had now been solved and that, in Edinburgh, plans were well advanced.All the regular police and the majority of special constables had received the special training approved by the Home Office and the courses for air-raid wardens were to start immediately. He also stated that an information bureau had been opened in the centre of the city and that qualified police officials were constantly in attendance to give information and advice. Major Barclay Brown opened his remarks by directing attention to the vital necessity for arranging means of defence against attacks by air.Our country was no longer isolated and the sea, long a source of strength in defence, was now in some ways a grave disadvantage. Our position meant that war planes could reach our eastern counties with very little warning and that, in conjunction with the probability that no future war would start “officially” with a declaration, meant that it was essential to undertake defence precautions. No mobilisation was required for an Air Force and when it was generally realised that the 300 tons of bombs dropped on this country during the war of 1914-1918could now be easily dropped in one night by a fleet of modern bombers, planes flying at 300 m.p.h. and with a greatly extended radius, the importance of this matter should be obvious to all, particularly to scientists.The forms of attack would naturally depend upon the object of attack, but the most probable were the following:-the high explosive bomb, weighing 3,000 lbs., directed towards selected objects; a general purposes explosive bomb, weighing 500 lbs., wherein indescriminate damage was intended ;incendiary bombs, weighing 2& lbs., which can be carried in thousands for scattering broadcast ;gas bombs and, possibly, gas spraying. The air-raids precautions now being set in motion would give little protection against high explosive bombs, that could pierce, possibly, as much as 13-14feet of concrete, although the after-effects would naturally be lessened by the general precautions. The pre- cautions that were shortly to be put in action were intended to protect, so far as possible, against incendiary bombs, splinters and gas.These, in the main, consisted of dispersal of the populace into groups of not more than fifty people-or, better, smaller numbers-in gas-proof rooms, preferably with brick or stone walls at least 134inches thick and roofed with five inches of concrete. This latter roof was impermeable to incendiary bombs. The usefulness and comparative safety of gas-proof rooms was demonstrated by a series of experiments recently carried out in England where a cottage containing such a room, was subjected to very high concentrations of various poisonous gases with no ill-effects to subjects, wearing the official type of gas mask, confined in the room for lengthy periods.In connexion with gas detection and gas detectors, the failings of an early course at Falfield, arranged for gas detection officers were noted and, SO far as the speaker was aware, no further special course had been drawn up. As most of the gases likely to be used were well- known, it was not expected that this would be a large service and it was probable that in a city of the size of Edinburgh not more than six or seven Gas Detection Officers would be required, and the main duty of these would probably be to take samples of gases “unknown” to air-raid wardens, who were to be trained in the detection of common gases, and rush them to central laboratories for analysis.Local authorities would consult the local sections of chemical societies in selecting their gas detection officers and these officers would be given a special course in gas detection, lasting about five days. A Home Office Memorandum on this section of air-raids precautions would be published at an early date. In conclusion, it was stressed that air-raids precaution was a permanent service like the territorial army and would be improved and brought up-to-date from time to time. Inspector McCulloch outlined what had been accomplished in the City of Edinburgh with regard to air-raids precautions. Three hundred uniformed special constables, with a reserve of 100,had been recruited; go per cent. of these, in addition to 44 all the regular police, had already received training for the air-raids precautions.The entire prison staff, the railway police, the fire brigade personnel and R.A.C. patrols had also received this training. Air-raid wardens to the number of over 500 were being enrolled and their training was to commence at once. The city, for air-raids precautions purposes, was divided into 23 districts (based on the existing wards, since necessary data of population, etc., was readily available in this form of division) each with permanent headquarters, in charge of a chief air-raid warden, and containing accommodation for a first-aid post and a decontamination squad. Various city departments were made responsible for combatting the effects of air-raids; the personnel of their departments was in course of training and in some cases, e.g., the fire brigade, auxiliaries were being enrolled.The city engineer was in charge of the rescue and repair service; his department was responsible for making good damage done by destruction of buildings, water mains, gas and electricity installations, for filling up shell craters, for the demolition of buildings left in a dangerous condition, etc. The duties of the fire brigade were obvious. The lighting and cleansing departments were to supervise decontamination after gas attacks, and the ward decontamination squads were already trained according to Home Office specifications. The Medical Officer of Health was in charge of first-aid casualty clearance and hospital services, although it had been decided that the latter were to be a Government and national function.The Police Force, in addition to their ordinary duties, was to be responsible for the enrolling and training of air-raid warden messengers, motor drivers and gas detection officers, although these might eventually be appointed nationally, not locally. In conclusion, the great importance and value of well-trained air-raid wardens was stressed; in time of peace they were the advisors of their own immediate neighbours and would be responsible for fitting and issuing gas masks for practice purposes. In time of war their self-control would be an example to others; they were to issue instructions to “take cover,” spot the fall of bombs, identify gases released from bombs and report damage to headquarters.At the end of a raid they would give the “all clear” signals to the populace. It was suggested that chemists would make valuable air-raid wardens, and the speaker concluded with an appeal for volunteers. Many interesting points were raised in the subsequent 46 discussion, among the most important of these were the following. -that there was little risk of “unknown ” gases being used, hence the small number of gas detection officers required; that it was unlikely that air-raids precaution volunteers over 30 years of age would be taken for other forms of war service, particularly as it was the opinion of the authorities that we should not send an expeditionary force to a Continental country; that it was not the intention of the Home Office to keep the supply of gas masks in central stores.(Local authorities were shortly to be asked to provide district storage accommodation, one store to each 30,000 of population. Later these would be redistributed to sub-depots, one for each 3,000 persons.) The grave dangers to which air-raid wardens would be exposed were mentioned and a question was asked about pro- vision for widows and disability pensions. It was stated that the Home Office had a pensions scheme worked out but, so far as Major Barclay Brown knew, air-raid wardens had not been graded. He admitted that this was an unsatisfactory reply, but hoped that more information on this extremely important matter would soon be available.In thanking the speakers, Major Robert Bruce expressed the hope that anyone with criticisms or advice to offer should get into touch with the local Air-Raids Precautions headquarters and not write to the press. Huddersfie1d.-A meeting of the Section was held in Fields’ Cafk, Huddersfield, on 14th December, 1937, when Dr. A. E. Everest presided and introduced Dr. E. A. Fisher, Director of the Research Association of British Flour Millers , who gave a talk entitled bbSomeScientific Aspects of Baking Quality in Flour.” Dr. Fisher described the many difficulties encountered in the investigation of the problem of evaluating the baking quality of flour. He described the baking tests carried out in which the quality of the flour was assessed by the quality and appearance of the resulting loaves, and went on to point out the very many possible sources of error in this practical test.These arose mainly from the great sensitivity of the dough to slight variations in the method of manipulation during preparation and during the subsequent baking. Moreover, the human factor was very evident in these baking tests, and different bakers would get widely different results 46 from the same series of flours. Dr. Fisher described how the Research Association had endeavoured to develop an accurate method of evaluating quality of flour by measuring the physical properties of the dough prepared from the flour. Among these were rate of extension, modulus of elasticity and viscosity.An apparatus was first designed to measure these properties using a cylinder of dough extruded from a gun, but the results showed little relation to the results of baking tests, and this was found to be due to an alteration in the physical character of the dough brought about by the method of preparation of the cylinders used in the tests. After further experiments, an apparatus was designed by which the ratio of elasticity to viscosity was measured by pulling balls of dough to the breaking point. With this machine results were obtained which showed good agreement with the baking tests and were probably more reliable. It was then possible to test out the effect of many important factors such as moisture content, time of fermentation and quality of flour on the quality of the dough produced, and it had been possible to predict results with reasonable certainty.The lecturer pointed out that, apart from the quality of the flour, the most important factors in producing good quality of bread were fermentation time and temperature. India.-Dr. Gilbert J. Fowler, Honorary Corresponding Secretary in India, was appointed as the delegate of the Institute to the Silver Jubilee Meeting of the Indian Science Congress Association, held jointly with the British Association for the Advancement of Science, in Calcutta, from 3rd to 9th January. The Inaugural Ceremonies were opened by the Viceroy before an audience of over 2,300.In consequence of the death of Lord Rutherford, which occurred in October last, Sir James Jeans was called upon to accept the duties of the vacant Presidentship. He paid eloquent testimony to the genius and personal charm of Lord Rutherford and read the greater part of the address, which the latter had prepared in anticipation of his own presence in Calcutta. The address stressed the ideal of the progress of India towards a higher standard of life, and her contribution to world peace, through her emphasis on the spiritual aspect of scientific progress. Lord Rutherford had dealt freely with the subject of industrial research and the needs of India in this respect. 47 Dr. Fowler, in his report on the meeting, said that there could be no doubt that apart from its world-wide importance as an occasion when the scientific workers from East and West met in happy comradeship, the specific interests of the science and profession of chemistry will have gained greatly from the Silver Jubilee of the Indian Science Congress Association.In referring to Dr. Bhatnagar’s masterly survey of “Recent Advances in Magnetism relating to Chemistry,” he quoted the author’s last sentence, as typical of the spirit which imbued all the public utterances during the meeting. Dr. Bhatnagar said :-“In concluding this survey, I cannot help hoping that this historic meeting will help us in forging new bonds of personal magnetism which will lead to further advances in physics and chemistry and to the cementing of the relations between the East and the West and the old and new worlds.” Among the pre-arranged discussions of special chemical interest may be mentioned :-1.Recent Advances in Molecular Structure from the Physico-chemical standpoint. 2. The Absorption of Salts by Plants. 3. Algal Problems peculiar to the tropics, with special reference to India. 4. Recent Advances in the Structure of Alkaloids. 5. Diet and Adaptation to Climate. 6. Colloids in Biology, Medicine and Agriculture. 7. Chemistry and Industrial Development in India. Dr. Fowler participated in the discussions on Algae, on Colloids and on Chemistry and Industrial Development. The last discussion was of special interest, the lecture theatre being packed, whereas on a similar occasion, at Benares in 1925, not more than 20 persons were present.Sir Henry Tizard, who presided, kept the speeches brief and to the point and many new aspects of the subject were well ventilated, emphasis being laid on the training of students with a view to developing “machin e-sense” or “technical sense,” and on the need for collecting satisfactory data concerning production in relation to possible markets. Dr. Fowler adds that “One lady speaker, after hearing of the waste and other elementary deficiencies in certain Indian factories, urged that what was wanted was a woman’s instinct for ‘ good house-keeping.’ ” 48 Viscount Samuel, in an address entitled Science, a basis for Philosophy,” spoke of the age-old interest of India in things of the mind, and on her modem contact with physical science depending upon the observation of facts, experiment and measurement.The annual meetings of ten scientific societies took place, including that of the Indian Section of the Institute. Dr. Fowler presided at the first of these held on 5th January. The meeting adopted the Annual Report submitted by the Honorary Secretary, Dr. Edmondson Spencer. It was agreed that the Committee might be enlarged by electing members from centres not previously represented. Dr. Spencer felt that it was necessary for him to retire from the secretaryship owing to his having to spend half the year out of India; and, in the meantime, it was agreed that the business of the Section be entrusted to Mr.K. B. Sen, who, at a later meeting, was duly appointed General Secretary for the Indian Section. It was further agreed that correspondence with Headquarters should be carried on by the General Secretary acting under the instructions of a Chairman, and that Dr. Fowler, as Honorary Corresponding Secretary for India, should be Chairman of the Section,-his duties, as such, being independent of his position as Honorary Secretary of the Indian Advisory Committee. Dr. Fowler took advantage of the opportunity to consult with other Fellows and Associates on various matters concerning the business of the Institute, especially in connection with applica- tions for election to Associateship. He also attended the Annual Meeting of the Society of Biological Chemists (India), which is steadily extending its activities.Leeds Area.-A meeting of the Section was held on 17th January, in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of the University of Leeds. Dr. H. Burton was elected Chairman of the Section in succession to Dr. F. A. Mason. Mr. R. Taylor, Head of the High Pressure Section, Chemical Research Laboratory, Teddington, gave a lecture on “Modern Developments in High Pressure Chemistry.” 49 The lecturer has kindly supplied the following prkcis :-The development of the synthesis of ammonia from its elements may still be regarded as the most outstanding achieve- ment of high pressure chemistry, and the researches carried out during this work in connection with catalysts and promotor action, and also the attack of hydrogen on steels under conditions of synthesis, are of fundamental importance.Progress made in the hydrogenation of coal and tars may be appreciated by comparing Bergius’s original process with the methods now employed at Billingham, where the plant embodies most of the modern developments in catalytic hydrogenation in the liquid and vapour phase. The hydrogenation of oils and tars has been made possible on an industrial scale by the discovery of catalysts that are not poisoned by sulphur, such as the oxides and sulphides of molybdenum and tungsten, while the hydrogenation of coal has been set on a practical basis by I.C.I., who have found that compounds of tin, especially in conjunction with hydrochloric acid, act as most efficient catalysts in this process.Detailed examination at the Fuel Research Station of spirit fractions obtained by pressure hydrogenation of low temperature tar has shown the effect of catalyst on the composition of the spirit. Research at Teddington on the production of alcohols from carbon monoxide and hydrogen has indicated how the composition of the synthetic alcohols is dependent on the kind of catalyst employed. The synthesis of acetic acid from carbon monoxide and methanol, which has also been investigated at Teddington, offers a method of manufacture alternative to the oxidation of acetalde- hyde. The action of carbon monoxide under pressure on the higher alcohols in the presence of phosphoric acid has led to a number of interesting syntheses of higher aliphatic acids.The reactions that occur can be explained by the hypothesis that the formation of olefins was a step in the process, and experiments with olefins, steam and carbon dioxide confirmed this view. The effect of pressure on the oxidation of hydrocarbons has been studied at the Imperial College, and the stabilising effect of pressure has made it possible with short times of heating to obtain a high percentage of the hydrocarbon burnt in the form of intermediate oxidation products. The effect of very high pressures on the rate of chemical 50 change in the liquid phase has been investigated both at the Imperial College and by I.C.I.(Northwich). The effect on “slow” type reactions has been found to be much greater than is the case with reactions of the “normal” type. One of the most interesting applications of pressure to chemical change has been in the polymerisation of olefinic bodies, since the constitution of the products of reaction are dependent on the degree of pressure employed. Solid resinous polymers are obtained from ethylene by the use of high pressure at moderate temperatures, assisted in certain cases by the presence of small amounts of oxygen. The resins may be moulded, cast or extruded into threads. The conditions of polymerisation determine the molecular weight of the polymer, which again determines the tensile strength of the thread.Liverpool and North-Western.-A meeting of the Section was held at the Constitutional Club, India Buildings, Water Street, Liverpool, on 13th January. The Chair was taken by Mr. L. V. Cocks (Vice-chairman), owing to the absence, through illness, of the Chairman. Professor T. P. Hilditch gave a lecture entitled “Fats, Facts and Figures.” Professor Hilditch said that the alliterative title of the paper was merely one of convenience. Having been asked to speak on some research topic, he had felt that the fairly large number of members of the Liverpool and North-Western Section specially interested in fats might also be interested in hearing something of what was going on at the moment in his laboratories. At the time the title had to be chosen, he did not know the precise topics which would be available and suitable at the date of his paper, and therefore selected a general title, knowing that at any rate the subject would be treated from the standpoint of quantitative compositions (and therefore involving a lot of figures) and hoping that there would be adequate factual evidence in support of what he had to say.Actually, he proposed to touch upon two matters which had recently been under investigation by his colleagues and himself: the occurrence as a very minor component in vegetable and higher animal reserve fats of hexadecenoic (palmitoleic) acid (well-known as a major component acid in all fats of aquatic origin), and some new developments in the determination of the amounts of the major component glycerides present in solid fats.51 With the aid of an electrically heated and specially packed column which had been applied by Dr. H. E. Longenecker to the fractional distillation of higher fatty esters, it had been possible to demonstrate in the author's laboratory during the past year that hexadecenoic acid, C,,H,,02, occurred in butter fat to the extent of 3-4 per cent. of the total fatty acids, and in the depot fats of oxen and pigs to the extent of 2'5-3 per cent. Further, the same acid had been shown to be present in ground-nut, olive, teaseed, palm, cotton-seed and soya bean oils; but in these vegetable fats it rarely exceeded more than I per cent. of the total fatty acids, and in some cases the amount was probably definitely less.The interest of these observations lay in the circumstance that hexadecenoic acid was now found to be a component of all kinds of natural reserve fats, and that the proportion of the acid present varied in a regular way with the evolutionary development of the organisms concerned. Hexa-decenoic acid forms from 15-20 per cent. and upwards of the total fatty acids in glycerides present in most forms of aquatic life, simple or highly developed. In the depot fats of amphibious and land animals, it steadily decreases in amount as the evolu- tionary scale is ascended, while in the land flora it is present in quantity in the lower organisms such as yeast and the spores of cryptogams, and has now been found (but in minute proportions) in the seed and fruit-coat fats of some of the higher plants.The other subject which the speaker wished to mention- the determination of the amount of the chief individual mixed glycerides present in certain fats-was of more practical interest because it appeared to take us some small distance in the direction of being able to give an estimate of the major component glycerides of many fats from the composition of their combined fatty acids. The method employed was somewhat involved and would not be discussed at length that evening. Briefly, most solid fats could be resolved by crystallisation from acetone into groups of some-what less complexity than the original fats; in the more sparingly soluble fractions the mono-oleodisaturated glycerides were con- centrated, and in the more soluble fractions dioleomonosaturated glycerides and (if present) triolein predominated.By determining the component acids in each fraction, and also determining the tristearin content of each fraction after it had been hydrogenated it usually became possible to deduce the approximate amount of the chief components present in each fraction and, therefrom, to give an approximate statement of the major component mixed glycerides of the whole fat. This procedure was being applied to a number of fats in which palmitic, stearic, oleic (and linoleic) acids were the only main component acids. In the instances so far studied (in all of which the proportion of oleic was greater than that of either palmitic or stearic acid) it had been found that the proportions of palmitodiolein and stearodiolein were close to those obtained if, in the whole fat, the oleic acid were divided in proportion to the amounts of palmitic and stearic acid, and combined separately with each of these by calculation as mono-oleo- and dioleo-glycerides of the respective saturated acids ;the mono-oleo-derivatives were usually found, not as oleodipalmitin and oleodistearin, but for the most part as oleopalmitostearins. Whilst it was intended to study several other fats before putting this forward as a definite general rule, it seemed likely that the component glycerides of any fat built up on the lines of “even distribution” of fatty acids amongst the glycerol molecules might be roughly calculable in this way.Illustrations were given of the chief components likely to be present in a number of common fats, including ground-nut, olive, cottonseed and linseed oils, if the same principles applied as had been shown to operate in the cases which had been in- vestigated (cacao butter, mowrah fat and shea fat). The Vice-chairman, Mr. E. T. Williams, Dr. R. L. Edwards and Mr. V. Biske participated in the discussion. Manchester and District.-At a meeting of the Section held on 13th January,-Mr. F. Scholefield, Deputy Chairman, presiding,-Professor A. D. Ritchie of Manchester University gave an address on- (( Can Science Tell the Whole Truth ?” The following prdcis has been supplied by the author:- The scientific method of investigation is to deal with problems piecemeal and in abstract terms.In order to answer any me question, the answers to many others have to be assumed without investigation and many things have to be dismissed as irrelevant. As these assumptions are made provisionally and can always be revised, this procedure is not so rash as at first sight might appear. Further, every question has to be formulated in abstract terns. No scientific use can be made of purely individual facts. The facts of science are general; they are the things that can be 63 repeated and are common to all observers. As a result of this, science in attempting to grasp part of the truth and to avoid asserting what is false gives up the attempt to find the whole truth.It is really only common sense to tackle the easy problems first and to put aside the difficult ones. Some thinkers have been so much impressed with the limita- tions of science that they have gone so far as to deny that science attempts to tell the truth at all or that there is any truth to tell. This is essentially the positivist or phenomenalist attitude- namely that sense experience constitutes the whole of the data of science and that there is nothing else but scientific theory, which is merely a conceptual scheme for correlating the data in general terms. This view has appealed to theorists and mathe- maticians rather than to experimental scientists. In fact there are historical examples to show that, in many instances, if experi-mentalists had been positivists, they would have failed to make the discoveries they did.The denial that there is any reality beyond the facts of individual experience is difficult to refute directly, but the history of scientific discovery seems to provide an indirect refutation in favour of the common sense view. The following took part in the discussion which ensued:- Mr. J.C. Flatt, Mr. F. Scholefield, Dr. A. Geake, Mr. F. R. Cooper, Mr. G. H. Frazer, Dr. P. Gaunt, Dr. E. Isaacs and Dr. V. G. Morgan. Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast.-At the Nineteenth Annual General Meeting of the Section held in the Oak Room of the University Union, King’s College (Armstrong Col- lege), Newcastle upon Tyne, on 12th October, 1937,the Com-mittee’s Report for the previous session was received and adopted and the Committee and Officers for the ensuing year were elected.Dr. E. E. Aynsley was elected Honorary Secretary in place of Dr. W. E. Scott, who had resigned on leaving the district. A vote of thanks was accorded to Dr. Scott for his valuable services to the Section. After the annual business, the Chairman, Mr. F. H. Walker, opened a discussion on the Proposed Supplemental Charter. He referred to the earlier consideration of the question of registration of chemists, when the Council had decided that the establishment of a third group was undesirable, and also laid down that the functions of the universities were to educate and 54 preserve and advance knowledge, but that they were not con- cerned with professional organisation.Now, it was proposed that the future constitution of the Council should provide for the inclusion of Fellows of the In- stitute nominated directly by the universities, and the creation of a third category with qualifications equivalent to those required for the Associateship, but whose privileges were to be limited to the inclusion of their names on a register. It was proposed to allow representation on the Council by Fellows representing non-subscribing interests, and he (Mr. Walker) asked in what way the present provisions failed to meet the requirements of the universities and whether more direct association with the universities could not be achieved by some method of co-operation which did not tamper with our present method of election? Many members of the Institute had been in favour of a third category, but of a different character from that now proposed.The members were asked to decide whether it would be wise to make concessions to those who, for the purpose of practising chemistry, wished to be registered but did not desire to take practical part in the work of the Institute; and whether it would be for the best to add a new category of members with no right to vote and no responsibility in the government of the Institute. Members would sympathise with those who had tried to meet the difficulties arising in connection with the Pharmacy and Poisons Act, but it should not prevent them from taking a fair and open consideration of the problem.They had to con- sider if any better method could be devised, whether to make any change at all, or to attempt something much more drastic. A discussion followed in which many members participated and the whole problem was well ventilated. There was a feeling that the proposal needed elucidation and it was decided to hold a second meeting to receive and consider replies to a number of questions, which the Honorary Secretary was instructed to forward to Headquarters. The Adjourned Meeting was held on 28th October, when resolutions were passed to the effect that the Section disagreed with the proposals regarding the election of members to the Council by non-contributing bodies and the institution of a new class of member, at a low fee, having the essential qualifications 66 for Associateship; also that, in the opinion of the meeting, the proposed alterations should be subject to a postal vote.The Honorary Secretary was asked to forward copies of the resolutions to the Honorary Secretaries of all Local Sections and to Headquarters. (The Reports of the Meetings recorded above were inadver- tently omitted from the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part VI, 19374 Members of the Section of the Institute were invited to the thirty-ninth Bedson Lecture entitled 6b Electron Diffraction and Surface Structure,” delivered on 25th October at King’s College, Newcastle-upon- Tyne, by Prof.G. I. Finch, M.B.E. Prof. G. R. Clemo, F.R.S., presided. Professor Finch dealt first with the technical differences between the examination of solids by X-ray and electron diffraction methods, and gave a short description of the apparatus used in electron diffraction experiments. Patterns are obtained on a photographic plate placed in the path of an electron stream which has been allowed to graze the surface of a solid body, and from these diffraction patterns an accurate indication of the surface structure is obtained. Professor Finch went on to describe some of the many theoretical and practical applications of electron diffraction experiments. He showed, by means of interesting lantern slides, how the diffraction patterns tended more and more towards well-defined rings, with decreasing crystal size and more random orientation, until eventually an effect similar to the Debye- Scherrer pattern was obtained.Experiments with thin films of nickel deposited on a copper surface showed that the nickel crystals followed, up to a certain thickness, the orientation and size of the original copper crystals. As the thickness of the nickel film increased to about 30,000 Angstrom units, the crystals oriented themselves in directions independent of the original copper crystals, although ordinary microscopic examination indicated a continuance of the original orient ation. Electron diffraction experiments had also been used for determining the chemical composition of thin surface films, where ordinary chemical analysis had failed; for example, the 66 composition of the blue film on tempered steel razor-blades had been successfully determined in this manner, Sir George Beilby’s theory of surface liquefaction of solids during polishing had received experimental proof from electron diffraction experiments on polished surfaces, and extremely important work was being carried out in this field in connection with the running-in of machinery.South Yorkshire.-At a meeting of the Section held at the Doncaster Technical College on 3rd November, 1g37,-Dr. G. Lawton, Chairman, presiding-a lecture was given by Prof. H. S. Holden (Director of the Home Office Forensic Laboratory, Nottingham), on “The Place of the Biologist in Forensic Science.” Professor Holden said a forensic science laboratory was not a place where miracles were worked.It was an institution established by the Government to assist the police officers in the detection and prevention of crime. It often provided a missing link in a chain of evidence against a suspect, or helped by demonstrating that another line of inquiry would be useful. Professor Holden said that he was a biologist, and the work of a biologist often involved the study of minute parts of plant and animal matter. Study of Hair.-There was hair for instance. A biologist could quite easily differentiate between the different types of hairs on animals and human beings, and in a large percentage of cases could say from what part of the body the hair came.The study of human hair often played an important part in criminal cases. It could prove an association between two people, or help in a case of abduction. Probably when a person had been assaulted some of his hair might be found on the weapon used, or if someone were knocked down by a vehicle, hair might even be found on the vehicle and might lead to the solution of the mystery. Occasionally a person after committing a crime, might leave his headgear near the scene of the crime. At a dance hall, Professor Holden went on, an overcoat was reported stolen. In its place was left one of an inferior brand made by a multiple firm. It was old and the written matter on the manufacturer’s label on the coat had been torn away.The 57 coat had been made for a man of medium height with a rather narrow chest. There were a number of rabbit hairs on it in a range of colours which suggested that the owner kept rabbits. A further discovery of the down feathers of chickens on the coat suggested that the owner also kept chickens. A key and three broken teeth of an ordinary comb were also found. Finally, as a result of investigations, said Professor Holden, they were able to tell the police that the owner of the coat was a man with sandy hair going grey or bald, who probably kept rabbits and chickens, was small, and had a narrow chest. In a small district the search would be considerably narrowed by these discoveries.Cut Huirs.-In another case a house had been broken into by thieves, who had enjoyed a meal before leaving. One of them had sat in a decrepit easy chair. When suspects were apprehended for interrogation it was found that one had a lot of cat hairs from om cat on his trousers seat. It was later found that the decrepit chair was the resting place of the family cat. Another case illustrated the importance of the study of different kinds of furs. A valuable consignment of furs had been stolen, and two persons were suspected. They had stolen the furs and had to get rid of them. One, posing as a retired Indian Colonel, wrote to a firm saying that he had come to England to settle. As his wife felt the intense cold of the English climate, he had bought her some furs.Unfortunately she had died, and the “colonel” wished to dispose of the furs. The other man said that he had a shop in a working-class district and had been persuaded to take a particularly expensive style of furs. He found he could not sell them in his district and would like a larger firm to buy them from him. Unfortunately for the men they both applied to the same firm and supicions were aroused. A search was made of their lodgings and a number of significant hairs were found. “You have often seen notices in the papers to the effect that ‘Young Society Lady wishes to dispose of valuable collection of furs’” said Professor Holden, “If you are silly enough to be taken in, you will get furs which look very well. They are, however, made in bulk in the East of London, and sold to the ‘greener type’ of person.’’ Professor Holden said that the ordinary micro- scopical method was the easiest way of studying hairs, and he showed several examples by means of lantern slides.Lately, 58 however, the making of surface moulds of hairs had been perfected. Talking of plant matter, Professor Holden said that a man after walking over country covered with vegetation might later find traces of that vegetation on his person. He might easily have plant remains of so distinctive a character as to place him as having been in one locality. Sometimes the investigator had only a minute piece of evidence to work on, aud his task was not an easy one. He was lucky if the material for his evidence was an eighth of an inch square. Professor Holden paid a tribute to the police, saying that he had always been struck by their absolute fairness.Rotge on Notes.-Another case he knew concerned a woman shopwalker who lost two LI notes from her bag. She had the staff searched and two LI notes were found in the possession of the cleaner. The shopwalker then called in the police and when asked by them how she knew the notes were hers, said that they were in her bag next to some rouge. She had seen marks on the notes. Thereupon the police obtained two clean pound notes smeared them with the woman’s rouge, and there was an astonish- ing similarity to the marks on the original notes. The cleaner maintained that the notes were hers, however, and that she had them from her husband. He kept his money in a red wallet and he perspired so that the red from the wallet often went on to the notes.The husband was sent for, said Professor Holden, and a police officer tactfully questioned him. It was found that the cleaner’s story was true. Yet another case, Professor Holden said, indicated how science probably saved a man from being wrongly convicted. A number of slot machines had been “cleaned out” by the insertion of lead discs-a common offence. A man who had been in trouble before was suspected. The machines were quite near to his work, and, moreover he made toys and had lead moulds in his possession. All the lead discs were of the same series, and Professor Holden asked the police to get a sample of the material used by the toymaker at his craft.The police did so, and the lead used by the man was found to be quite different from the lead discs in the machines. 59 January Examinations, 1938. Abstract of the Report of the Board of Examiners. FORAn EXAMINATION THE ASSOCIATESHIPIN GENERAL CHEMISTRYwas held at the Institute from 10th to 15th January, and from 18th to 21st January, some candidates taking their theory papers at other centres. Thir t y-f our candidates presented themselves . The following papers and exercises were set :-MONDAY, 10th JANUARY, 1938, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Attempt FIVE questions only. Answer concisely and to the point. Give formulae and equations where possible.) 1.Write an essay on EITHER (a) the classification of the hydrides, OR (b) the development of the ionic theory. 2. How may the following products be prepared, starting from the natural sources stated :-(a) metallic chromium from chromite; (b) red phosphorus from a naturally-occurring phosphate; (c) sodium peroxide from common salt; (d)sulphur from copper pyrites? 3. Discuss EITHER (a) the experimental evidence for the nuclear atom; OR (b) the evidence for the existence of isotopes of non-radioactive elements. 4. Describe typical applications of the hydrogen and the quin- hydrone electrodes to some problems in inorganic and physical chemistry. 5. Indicate the chemical characteristics of boron and its compounds. Discuss the relationship of this element to (a)aluminium, (b) silicon.6. What compounds of carbon are manufactured in the electric furnace ? Outline their preparation and describe their properties and industrial applications. 7. Describe the contributions made to chemistry by any THREE of the following :-Priestley, Davy, Ramsay, Bunsen. 2 p.m. to 5 p.m. (Attempt FIVE questions only. Answer concisely and to the point. Give formulae and equations where possible.) 1. Discuss the experimental conditions under which oxygen reacts with (a) nitrogen; (b) hydrogen chloride; (c) sulphur dioxide. Describe how these reactions can be demonstrated in the laboratory and indicate their industrial importance. 2. Describe the device known as the “Equilibrium Box” introduced 3. What are the salient points of resemblanoe and differenoe between by van’t Hoff and illustrate its use by proving the Law of Mass Action, 60 the elements :-(a) sulphur, selenium and tellurium; (b) iron, cobalt and nickel; both in the properties of the free elements and their compounds? 4.EITHER, describe the experimental methods available for the determination of the viscosity of a liquid. Give some indication of the value of this measurement in the theory and practice of chemistry, OR write a concise account of the preparation and properties of gels and emulsions. 5. Write an essay on ONE of the following topics:- (a) The present-day conception of the chemical bond; (b) Surface films; (c) The stereochemistry of 4 covalent atoms.6. By what process would you determine the composition of a gaseous mixture consisting of carbon monoxide, hydrogen and methane with a little nitrogen? How may small quantities of carbon monoxide in air be determined? 7. Explain carefully some of the methods which are available for the experimental determination of the transition point of chemical sub- stances. TUESDAY, 11th JANUARY, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Attempt FIVE questions only. Answer concisely and to the point. Give formulae and equations where possible. ) 1. Describe the methods available for the preparation of hydroxy- acids. Give an account of the more important reactions of these com- pounds. 2. Give TWO examples of the use of each of the following reagents:- sodium ethoxide, phenyl iso-cyanate, phenylhydrazine, acetic anhydride, ethyl magnesium bromide.3. By means of equations and brief notes indicate how the following compounds are usually obtained from benzene :-(a) p-nitrophenol, (b) p-nitraniline, (c) resorcinol, (d) benzidine, (e) cyclohexanol. 4. Outline the evidence for the usually accepted structure of ONE of the following compounds:- (a)piperine, (b)glucose, (c) camphor. 5. Give an account of the more important achievements of ONE of the following chemists :-E. Fischer, Pasteur, Baeyer. 6. Write a short essay on om of the following subjects:- (a) The structure of diazo-compounds; OR (b) The application of physical measurements in the determination of structure. 7.Write short explanatory notes on ONE of the following topics:- (a) conjugated double bonds; (b) the co-ordinate or semipolar link; (c) free radicals. 8. Write out the strucural formulae of compounds having the molecular formulae C,H,O, and indicate how these compounds can be prepared. 61 2 p.m. to 4.30 p.m. Translation from French and German technical literature. PRACTICAL WORK: 1ST WEEK. WEDNESDAY, 12th JANUARY, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. (A)is a mixture of two compounds. You are required to (a) identify each; (b) isolate a pure specimen of each; (c) estimate roughly the proportions in which they are present; (d) prepare two crystalline derivatives of one compound and one derivative of the other compound.(Toluene and p-toluidine OR cyclohexanol and phenol.) This exercise may be completed tomorrow. THURSDAY, 13th JANUARY, 10 u.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercise. 2. Identify the two compounds (B) and (C). (B) = ethyl carba- mate OR methyl oxalate; (C) = p-nitrophenol OR cinnamic acid.) (Full credit will not be given unless the evidence of identity is adequate.) FRIDAY, 14th JANUARY, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Identify the substances (D) and (E). (D) = bauxite; (E) = sjli-con. (This result must be handed in by 1 p.m., in a separate notebook.) 2. Estimate gravimetrically the percentage of copper and the per- centage of nickel in the alloy (F)provided. Thk exercise my be completed tomorrow.SATURDAY, 15th JANUARY, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Complete the gravimetric determinations which were commenced yesterday. 2. Determine the percentage of sodium in the given substance (G) provided. (G) = borax. 3. Identify the radicals in the mixture (H). (H) = barium sulphate, sodium hexametaphosphate, and potassium bromide ; OR lead sulphate, sodium hexamet,aphosphate, and ammonium iodide.) (This result must be handed in by 1 p.m., in a separate notebook.) PRACTICALWORKFOR CANDIDATESPRESENTING THEMSELVES IN THE 2ND uTEEK. TUESDAY, 18th JANUARY, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. (P) is a mixture of two compounds. You are required to (a) identify each; (b) isolate a pure specimen of each; (c) estimate roughly the proportions in which they are present; (d) prepare two crystalline derivatives of one compound and one derivative of the other compound.(P) = toluene and p-toluidine OR cyclohexanol and phenol. This exercise may be completed tomorrow. 62 WEDNESDAY, 19th JANUARY, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday's exercise. 2. Identify the two compounds (Q) and (R). (Q) = quinol OR resorcinol; (R) = ethyl oxalate OR ethyl benzoate. (Pull credit will not be given unless the evidence of identity is adequate.) THURSDAY, 20th JANUARY, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Identify the substances (S) and (T). (S) = carborundum; (T) = antimonous oxide) (This result must be handed in by 1 p.m. in a separate notebook.) 2.Estimate gravimetrically the percentage of copper and the per- centage of zinc in the alloy (U) provided. This exercise may be completed tomorrow. FRIDAY, 21st JANUARY, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Complete the gravimetric determinations which were com-menced yesterday . 2. Determine the percentage of antimony in the given substance (V) provided. (V) = antimonous oxide. 3. Identify the radicals in the mixture (W). (W) = barium phos- phate, zinc sulphate, and potassium bromide; OR magnesium phosphate, aluminium sulphate, and ammonium iodide. (This result must be handed in by 1 p.m., in a separate notebook.) INORGANIC AND PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY.-Most candidates attempted five questions on each paper and there was no question that was not attempted by a reasonable number of candidates.There is no evidence that some parts of the subject are being neglected at the expense of others, but there is a tendency to accumulate superficial knowledge. Possibly this is unavoidable in an examination in which such a wide range of knowledge is required, but it should be emphasised that the type of answers acceptable at Intermediate Science stage cannot be assessed equally highly at the A.I.C. stage. Some of the most disappoint- ing answers came from the candidates who attempted Question 6, Paper z,--on the determination of the composition of a mixture of carbon monoxide, hydrogen and methane with a little nitrogen. The practical exercises involving qualitative analysis were well done, but the quantitative work was in many cases below the usual standard.Generally, however, the work submitted in this examination shewed a marked improvement on that dealt with in the Septem- ber examination. ORGANICCHEMISTRY.-The unsatisfactory character of many of the answers to the first three questions suggests that there 63 is room for improvement in the knowledge of, and familiarity with, common and fundamental chemical reactions. Many candidates appear to think that the usual method of the con- version of benzene into phenol is via nitration, and a surprisingly large proportion of them stated that resorcinol is prepared by the interaction of nitrous acid and m-phenylenediamine. With a few notable exceptions the practical exercises were well done.The translation of French and German technical literature was done rather better than usual. PASS LIST. Emmination in General Chemistry for the Associateship. Bidgood, Eric, University College, Nottingham. Black, Robert Arthur, City Technical College, Liverpool. Bolton, Frank Monkman, College of Technology, Leeds. Collyer, Thomas Alan, B.Sc. (Lond.), University College, London; and Battersea, Polytechnic, London. Cross, Frank Baynham, The Polytechnic, Regent Street, London. Hullah, Ralph, Bradford Technical College. Langridge, Rodney Arthur, Ph.C., Municipal College, Portsmouth; and Woolwich Polytechnic, London. Mackey, Donald Robert, West Ham Municipal College; and Sir John Cass Technical Institute, London. Magee, John Howarth, City Technical College, Liverpool.Middlebrook, William Robert, College of Technology, Leeds. Salter, John Clement Mitchell, B.Sc. (Lond.), University College; and The Imperial College of Science, London. Shreir, Louis Lionel, Chelsea Polytechnic, London. Smith, Christopher Thomas Morley, B.Sc. (Lond.), Municipal Technical College, Hull. Westwood, Joseph Vincent, B.Sc. (Lond.), University College, Leicester. Woodall, George Henry, Central Technical College, Birmingham. Woodhead, Charles Alfred Bevan, City Technical College, Liverpool. 64 The Chemical Council. SECOND ANNUAL REPORT. Since the publication of its first Annual Report (and December, 1936), the Council has pursued the policy therein outlined of promoting co-operation between the three Chartered Chemical Bodies, and in raising a fund to assist in meeting the cost of chemical publications and the Chemical Library.The constitution of the Council provided that the object of the fund should be the allocation of grants for the co-ordination of scientific and educational publications, the publication of new discoveries, the promotion of research, the maintenance of the library of the Chemical Society, and eventually the provision of adequate accommodation. The appeal for the fund was based on the proposal that “Industry” might help in the endeavour to cope with the over- whelming increase in the output of new scientific knowledge, which must be published and may, at any time, become of direct practical importance in the affairs of everyday life.The Chemical Society (for nearly IOO years) and the Society of Chemical Industry (for nearly 60 years) have published the record of progress of pure and applied chemistry almost entirely at the expense of their members, but, owing to the extraordinary development of the science, those who pursue it have become divided into other specialised societies and groups, so that there are now twenty different bodies, of which British chemists may become members. As a result, the membership of the two large publishing societies has, for some years past, remained nearly stationary, and the societies have found their expenditure exceeding their income. While universities, colleges and other institutions are often endowed by generous benefactors, with funds for research purposes, provision has seldom been made for the publication of 65 results; yet the importance of such publication to the country is incalculable.Government help is provided by a Publications Grant, administered by the Royal Society, and from that the Chemical Society has received very valuable help, but it must be borne in mind that other sciences also require assistance. It follows, therefore, that if chemical publications are to continue to serve a useful purpose, the cost must still be met largely by chemists themselves. In other words, every chemist, whether he wishes to possess the publications or not, should help in defraying the cost of producing them.Before the issue of the first appeal, in June, 1936, the Council received many contributions and promises from chemists,- including j69,ooo from Sir Robert Mond (which, being contributed under Deed of Covenant, will ultimately realise approximately j611,4g1 13s. 4d.), and a sum of i52,128 19s. 7d. received from the liquidators of the Association of Scientific and Technical Institu- tions, in respect of contributions previously made by chemists to the funds of that Association. In the first appeal issued by the Council, it was sought to obtain funds for (a) an endowment fund to provide permanent additional income for the publications, and (h) a capital fund to maintain the cost of the library, and (eventually) to provide suitable premises.However, at the request of the contributors who are members of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers and of allied Associations, the greater part of the sum so far promised or contributed is to be devoted to current expenditure for the next seven years, in the hope that, with the help of the Council, the societies may be placed on a self-supporting basis and may be able to augment the numerical strength of their membership, by working in closer co-operation, and by improving their publica- tions and services, in the interests of all branches of chemistry. Practically the whole of the contributions for currefit expenditure comes from chemical industry. The contributions received to zznd November, 1937, for the Endowment Fund amount to E24,680 19s.gd. and those for Current Expenses to L27,044 18s. gd.-in all a sum of k51,725 18s. 6d. This includes the contributions and promises received in reply to a second appeal, which was published in June, 1937. 66 The appeals were circulated very widely, but did not meet with that general response for which the Council hoped; in fact, the fund has made good progress through the generosity of comparatively few contributors. However, it is not for lack of sympathy with, or appreciation of, the objects for which it was established that the number of contributors has been disappointing. The replies contain expressions of encouragement, although in many instances directors or those responsible feel that other causes have a more direct claim upon them.The great City Guilds, for example, indicate that the first call upon their funds must be directed to channels of a strictly charitable nature,-such as hospitals, schools, etc. The banking, railway and insurance companies acknowledge the desirability of promoting the objects of the fund, but do not recognise that science has a direct claim on their consideration. Representative companies in the engineering, electrical, metal- lurgical and mining industries, and even some gas companies, suggest that the bearing and importance of chemistry on their undertakings is somewhat remote, notwithstanding that their operations and the materials they employ are obviously of a chemical nature, and dependent upon chemical science for their development and improvement .Some companies say that “chemistry is of no direct benefit to us,” or that they must limit their financial support to objects more intimately concerned with their own undertakings ; others mention that they are already contributing to industrial research associations, and hold that they should restrict their donations to organisations devoted to their own particular industries : such donations should be regarded as their contribution to chemistry. Others consider that it is sufficient that their chemists should subscribe to the societies, or contend that they are supporting chemistry by employing chemists; so that it would seem that they entirely overlook the fact that their chemists are dependent for new scientific and technical knowledge upon the continued existence of the publishing societies.Several manufacturers maintain that, as they possess their own laboratories and staffs of chemists, it is unnecessary for them to provide funds for the publication of new knowledge discovered elsewhere. It is clear, however, that the work carried out in their laboratories must necessarily be of an ad hoc character-work which must have a 67 bearing on their own immediate requirements. They have neither the time nor do they wish to run the risk of undertaking fundamental or “long-distance” research, and yet it is upon this kind of research that development depends. Excellent and useful as it is, ad hoc research ultimately reaches its limit and the investigator who relies on it will soon find himself at a standstill, owing to the lack of the direction which fundamental enquiry affords.Notwithstanding these demurs, the effect of which it is sincerely hoped chemists will endeavour to correct, the response referred to above has been very gratifying to the Council, and the publishing societies are now in a position to take steps, without unreasonable restrictions, towards the improvement of their publications. One suggestion in particular, as part of the policy of making the journals of the societies more attractive, for which the Council has already made provision,-namely, that each paper accepted for publication should be accompanied by a clear and concise summary of its contents,-has already been adopted.Further than that, it is emphasised that the records of investiga- tions accepted for publication should be of sufficient scientific importance, of wide enough interest, and reasonably complete, and that the subject-matter should be so presented as to render it easily understood.. Among other matters discussed by the Council during the year have been the more even distribution of the cost of publications and the provision of a scheme by which the activities of the Societies can be collated. These are subjects which require careful and thorough investigation, and will be reported upon in due course. Another problem of immediate urgency which is receiving attention is the housing of the library of the Chemical Society, the accommodation for which at Burlington House, Piccadilly, is now exhausted.The Chemical Council has had under consideration means for effecting economies in various other directions, and has continued to negotiate contracts for printing and paper supplies. Diffi-culties arising from reduction of hours in the printing trade, and increase of prices in the paper trade, have had to be met and, in the adverse circumstances, the best terms have been secured. Funds have been placed at the disposal of both publishing societies. 68 Professor N. V. Sidgwick, C.B.E., M.A., F.R.S., on completing his term of office as President of the Chemical Society in March last, relinquished his seat on the Chemical Council. The vacancy thus caused was filled by the appointment of the new President of the Society, Professor F.G. Donnan, C.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S. The Council acknowledges the further helpful advice of Mr. F. P. Dunn, B.Sc., A.R.C.S., F.I.C., in matters relating to publications, and the continued honorary services of the Registrar and Secretary and the staff of the Institute of Chemistry. ROBERTH. PICKARD, Chairman. 6th December, 1937. The List of Contributors and copy of the audited accounts can be obtained on application to the Hon. Secretary, The Chemical Council, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1. Notes. British Standards Institution.-From Fellows who have kindly represented the Institute on the Chemical Council, Committees and Panels of the British Standards Institution, the following information has recently been received.The Council of the Chemical Division, through its twenty-six technical committees, and numerous sub-commi ttees and panels has been very active. Specifications have been in course of preparation or revision dealing with coal, dairying, disinfectants, electro-plating, glues, laboratory ware, leather, marine oils, soaps and fats, moulding materials and adhesives. Protests have been made by chemists against the reputed extension of the number of chemical products for which specifications are under consideration, but the idea that there has been any artificial stimulation to such extension does not appear to be justified. The Institution does not undertake the preparation of a specification until there is a definite call for it by producers and/or consumers.It is open to any interested party to protest against a proposal to prepare a new specification, and any such proposal is communicated to all sections of producer and con- sumer who are likely to be interested. The interests of industry and trade sometimes make a disproportionate call on the time of independent analysts who are asked to assist in defining the specific methods of analysis and it is unfortunate that the speci- fications, when issued, sometimes tend to reduce the professional work entrusted to analysts and arbitrators. Mr. Sidney A. Brazier reports that the Technical Sub-committee on the Standardisation and Co-ordination of Tests for Rubber and Rubber Products will shortly issue recommended methods for testing rubber.Dr. Harold G. Colman reports that there has been no recent meeting of the Committee concerned with Benzol for Motor Fuel, but the Committee on Sampling of Tar Products has completed its work and a revised specification has been passed for publication in the near future. Dr. J. J. Fox has reported that the Committee on Analysis of Chemicals and Materials used in Electroplating is about to 70 issue specifications dealing with nickel anodes, nickel salts and cyanides and is preparing a specification for chromic oxide for elec tro-plating. Mr. F. W. Harbord gives a short resum6 of the proceedings of the Cement Committee.During 1937work has been carried out by the Building Research Station in developing compression tests for cement by mechanical methods with a view to eliminating, so far as is possible, the human factor in cement testing. A vibrating machine has been designed by the Station, which, after being extensively tested, was sent to co-operating labora- tories together with a detailed resum6 of the method of operation. The result showed a closer agreement with those obtained recently on similar tests. Tentative specification figures for compression tests are under consideration and it is hoped to draft a combined speci- fication to cover ordinary Portland cement, rapid hardening Portland cement and aluminous Portland cement.The Building Research Station is giving consideration to the simplification of cube-making machines with a view to reducing the initial cost and increasing output. The question of regular supplies of a standard sand for cement testing has been under the consideration of the Committee, as the difficulty of obtaining regular supplies from the present sources has been increasing. Tests are being carried out on different grading of sands for compression tests which it is hoped will render available considerable quantities of sands which are not at present accept able. Dr. A. D. Mitchell, who represents the Institute at the Committee on Chemical Symbols and Abbreviations, has reported that when it became known that the Chemical Society, the Physical Society and the Faraday Society were appointing a joint committee to report on thermodynamic and other physico- chemical equivalents it was decided to suspend further action until that report became available. The drafting sub-committee has again become active and is presenting a report to the main committee.Professional.-The attention of the Institute was recently directed to an article in a newspaper, in which it was stated that a skin specialist, a doctor and a chemist had agreed to serve on a Beauty Board, presumably to advise readers on the use of 71 cosmetics, etc. Under a portrait published in connexion with this article, it was stated that it was not possible to publish pictures of the doctor and the woman skin specialist-" for the usual reasons that govern medical etiquette." From this statement it would appear that it was assumed that there was no professional etiquette among chemists.It was thought desirable, therefore, to direct the attention of the Editor of the newspaper in question to the fact that Fellows and Associates of the Institute, as members of the recognised profes- sional body, are debarred by the code of the Institute, for exactly the same reasons as those governing medical etiquette, from allowing their names and portraits to appear in any similar announcement. Laxminarayan Technological Institute, Nagpur.-On 8th December, His Excellency Sir Hyde C. Gowan, K.C.S.I., C.I.E., V.D., I.C.S., Chancellor of the Nagpur University, laid the foundation stone of the Laxminarayan Technical Institute.The Chancellor congratulated Sir Hari Singh Gour, the Vice- Chancellor, on having acquired the site for the Institute, for which the late Rao Bahadur D. Laxminarayan had bequeathed over f1400,000 to the Nagpur University, with the object of providing instruction in applied science and chemistry. The University has decided to create, in the first place, a Department of Applied Chemistry and Dr. R. S. Thakur, Fellow, who has been visiting England and the Continent on behalf of the University during the past two years, has been appointed Organising Officer. It is hoped that the new building will be ready in July, 1939. Beit Fellowships for Scientific Research.-The 25th election of Fellows will take place on or about 8th July.Forms of application, which must be returned not later than 7th April, may be obtained (by letter only) from the Rector, Imperial College of Science and Technology, South Kensington, London, s.w.7. The fellowships are of the value of ;6240, and tenable for two years, subject to satisfactory reports. Candidates must be under 25 years of age at the date of election. 72 The Microchemical Club.-The Annual General Meeting of the Club will be held on 12th March, in the Physiology Theatre, University College, London, at 10.30 a.m. Membership of the Club is open to all interested in the use and development of micro-methods. Two or three meetings are held annually, one usually in the North, when papers are read on the applications of micro-methods in different branches of science.The Club, formed four years ago, possesses a library containing micro-chemical journals and films of microchemical technique which can be borrowed by members. Further information and forms of application for membership can be obtained from the Hon. Secretary, J. R. O’Brien, Dept. of Biochemistry, The Museum, Oxford. Dr. F. Heathcoat, Fellow, has been appointed Vice-Principal and Head of the Chemistry Department at Swansea Technical College. Professor F. G. Donnan, Fellow, has been elected Emeritus Professor of Chemistry in the University of London. Mr. W. P. Henderson, Fezlow, has been appointed Chief Chemist to the London, Midland & Scottish Railway, on the retirement of Dr.P. Lewis-Dale, Member of CounciZ. On the occasion of the Dinner of the Institution of Mining Engineers held at Grosvenor House, London, on and Febrary, the medal of the Institution was presented to Dr. Carl Beyling, of Germany, and to Professor Richard Vernon Wheeler, FeZZow, Director of the Experimental Stations of the Safety in Mines Board. The medal is awarded in recognition of conspicuous services in the advancement of the science and art of mining; in promoting the safety and health of those engaged in the coal mining industry; or for outstanding services in the application of scientific knowledge and research to mining practice. SCIENCEIN PARLIAMENT Pasteurised Milk.-On the 2nd December in the House of Commons the Minister of Health stated that his medical advisers were satisfied, from the experiments carried out at the National Institute for Research in Dairying and the Rowett Institute, that pasteurisation had no significant effect on the nutritive value of milk.It was, however, desirable, especially in the case of children reared on a milk diet, where the milk was raw or pasteurised, that the diet should be supplemented by fruit or vegetable juice, such as orange or tomato. This view was supported by the report on cattle diseases published in 1934. CoaZ Produced Oil (Extraction).-In the House of Commons on the 14th December the Secretary of Mines stated that out of a total of 85 million gallons of motor spirit produced in 1936 from coal and by-products of oil, 51 million gallons were obtained from several gas works and coke-oven installations, at which a total of about 39 million tons of coal were carbonised.Of the balance, 334 million gallons were obtained at the Billington Hydrogenation Plant, and in this connection, 425,000 tons of coal were used. 800,000 gallons were produced at low-temperature carbonisation plants, at which 364,000 tons of coal were carbonised. 95 million gallons of heavy oils were produced, of which 89 million gallons were obtained from gas works and coke ovens, and just over 6 million gallons from low-temperature carbonisation plants. Abroad, plants for the production of oil from coal by the hydrogenation, synthesis or low-temperature carbonisation processes were understood to be operating in Germany, France, Japan and U.S.A.Oil was also produced in these and many other countries by high-temperature carbonisation. No reliable information was available regarding the quantities of coal carbonised, and of the quantities of oil produced by the processes named in each country. Defence (Oil SufifiZies).-On 15th December, the Lord Privy Seal stated that the closest consideration was being given to this subject. A Sub-committee of the Committee of Imperial Defence, under a Cabinet Minister, was considering the matter in all its aspects, and taking into account all possible needs, including the security of the reserve we were rapidly building up, the location and lay-out of storage, and the question of tanker tonnage.The protection of tanker tonnage was under special consideration of the Admiralty. There were also the questions of rationing, and the various schemes of control both in this country and elsewhere. With regard to alternative supplies, 74 the fact had to be faced that we could not produce all our require- ments in this country. Nevertheless, the Government were giving every encouragement to the various processes of producing oil from coal. Water Supplies (Puri3cation) .-On 16th December, in answer to a question in the House of Commons the Minister of Health stated that, generally speaking, the areas depending on fissurated strata for water supplies were those in the eastern part of Lin- colnshire and the East Riding of Yorkshire, and those south-east of a line drawn from King’s Lynn to Bridport, excluding large parts of Sussex and Kent.He was not empowered to call for analyses or to give directions as to the intervals at which they should be made, or as to the installation of purification plant. It was the statutory duty of water undertakings to provide wholesome water, and the responsibility for taking the necessary steps for safeguarding the supply rested with them. The matter of whether power ought to be taken by him to deal with these matters was now being considered by the Central Advisory Water Commit tee. Silicosis Research.-On zIst December, in answer to a question whether he was aware that an investigation had been conducted by a group of scientists at the McIntyre Mine, Ontario, Canada, into the possibility of the prevention of silicosis by the admixture of metallic aluminium with silica dust, the Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster stated that the progress of these Canadian experi- ments was being followed with interest by the special committee advising the Medical Research Council in this subject, and some experiments on similar lines had already been initiated in this country, The Air-Raid Precautions Act, 1937, which received the Royal Assent on the zznd December, defines the duty of certain local authorities to prepare and submit Air-Raid Precautions schemes, provides.for allocating between the London County Council, the Common Council of the City of London and the Councils of the Metropolitan Boroughs, the duty of preparing and submitting Air-Raid Precaution schemes to be made for minimising the risk of danger to persons and property likely to result from air-raids, and provides for the necessary expenditure. Sir Samuel Hoare, speaking recently at the Constitutional Club, said that the Air-Raid Precautions Bill defined the duties of the central government and the local authorities in undertaking air-raid precautions. His Department had since distributed to the local authorities regulations giving the lines on which the work should develop.He compared the highly centralised compulsory systems of countries such as Germany with our own local voluntary services.Local authorities were already dealing with fire-fighting] decontamination and first-aid, and that was essential for the purpose of air-raid precautions. It was felt that the work depended for its success on the individual householder and on special local conditions, and that it must be carried out on the spot. He was satisfied that the authorities realised the gravity and the urgency of the problem. He had been asked how the local councils were to know what was required of them and how the individual householder was to know what he ought to do. They were dealing with men and women living in very different conditions in many different places, and he had thought it wise not to issue these instructions till the local authorities were ready to deal with them and to help the householders with expert advice. They were, he continued, very conscious of the fact that there was a great deficiency of expert knowledge in the country.They were hoping that the local authorities would organise schools for the local workers, and it was a key-point in their scheme that they should have a central staff college for training the higher officials in this new field of national activity, to which they would come for an intensive course of study, of about three weeks’ duration. The school would be organised by Commander Franks, a whole-time senior official of the Air-Raid Precautions Department. Bythis means valuable opinion could be exchanged between Whitehall and the local authorities. They were actively engaged on other aspects of the air-raid problem-the best type of air-raid shelter, the evacuation of population and the maintenance of public utility services.The plan was to utilise in particular the services of expert departments in addition to the Air-Raid Precautions Department. Sir Samuel Hoare concluded by emphasising the non-political nature of the task and the necessity for preserving the morale of the country and maintaining the public services in the event of a national emergency. 76 Obituary. PERCIVALWALTERCLUTTERBUCKdied at Northwood, Middlesex, on 1st January, in his 41st year. He entered the University of Leeds in 1914 and, in 1916, enlisted in the Royal Engineers, and became engaged on research at the Gas and Trench Warfare Station at Porton.In recog- nition of his services he was appointed an officer of the most Excellent Order of the British Empire. In 1919 he returned to the University of Leeds, graduating H.Sc. with first-class honours in chemistry in 1922, proceeding to Ph.D. in 1924, and D.Sc. in 1930. From 1920-23 he carried out research at Leeds under the late Professor J. B. Cohen, on antiseptics and chloramines, and, from 1923-28, with Professor Raper, on the bio- chemistry of the oxidation of fats, at Manchester University, where he was demonstrator and assistant lecturer in physiological chemistry. In 1929, he was engaged on research at the Lister Institute for a short time, and then proceeded to an appointment in the biochemical resoarch depart- ment of Nobel’s Explosives Co., Ltd., at Stevenston.He subsequently conducted research for Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, at which school he was also a Iecturer in biochemistry. He was the author of numerous papers pub- lished in the Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemistry and Industry, and the Biochemical Journal, and was an Abstractor to the Bureau of Chemical Abstracts. He was elected an A4ssociate of the Institute in 1922, and a Fellow in 1928. HEDLEY died at Dartford, on 29th December,1937, GORDONJONES in his 76th year. He roceived his scientific training at University college, London, from 1880 to 1882, and subsequently at King’s College, before he became assistant in the laboratory of Dr.I?.L. Teed, Fellow. In 1888, he became assistant to Professor IV. It. 13. Hodgkinson, at tho Royal Military Academy, Llioolwich, and subsoquently engaged in privateconsulting practice until his retirement. He was elected an Associate in 1888 and a Fellow in 1891. DAVIDMILLERdied at Liverpool, on 17th December, in his 25th year. Educated at University College School, London, he proceeded to The Polytechnic, Regent Stroet, graduated B.Sc. with honours in chemistry.After taking courses in the chemistry of food and drugs at Ihttersea Polytechnic, he was appointed Assistant Chemist in the laboratories of W. & R. Jacobs, Ltd., of Aintree. Liverpool, in 1931. He was elected an Associate in 1934, and, having passed the examina- tion in the chemistry and microscopy of food and drugs, was elected a Fellow in 1937.HENRYELWYNLLOYDdied at Burton-on-Trent on 2nd January, in his 31st year. Educated at the County IntermediaLe Scliool, Penygroes, he studied at the University College of North Wales, Bangor, and graduated B.&. (Wales) with honours in chemistry in 1930. In the following year, he obtained an appointment as a teacher in 77 Deiniolen Central School, Carnarvonshire, where he remained for two years. Later he was appointed chemist to the English Grains Co., Ltd., at Burton-on-Trent, which position he held at the time of his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1934. JOHNPRICEMILLINGTON,who died on the 28th December, after a short illness, was born on 21st August, 1879, and educated at Tho College, Wellington, Selop.In 1896 he entered with a scholarship University College, Aberystwyth, where he graduated B.Sc. (Wales), and from 1900 to 1904 continued his studies in chemistry and physics at Christ’s College, Cambridge, gaining a first-class in both parts of the Natural Sciences Tripos.During his last year at Cambridge he carried out research work with H. 0. Jones and €1. J. H. Fenton, publishing various papeis in the journal of the Chemical Society. At the same time he was an Assistant Demonstra- tor in the University chemical laboratories, and Senior Lecturer in Chemistry at Wren’s for candidates in the Home and Indian Civil Service.He proceeded to M.A. in 1905. In 1903 he was appointed chemist to Messrs. C. W. Maitin & Sons, Ltd., FULDressers and Dyers, at Alaska Factory, Reimondsey, London. At the beginning of the present century a new group of fur bases, suitable for dyeing skins, had been discovered, and their method of application called for an entirely new technique, which occupied the greater part of Mr. Millington’s early years with his firm. In 1914, when supplies of dyestuffs became unobtainable, Nr. Millington hslped to provide this deficiency by making certain essential products. In 1915 he was invited to take control of a scientific section attached to the Intelligence Branch of the War Office, in which work he continued until the end of the war, visiting in the course of his duties France, Italy, Malta, Egypt and India.He was also a member of the Air Inventions Committee, and was mentioned three times in despatches arid twico in the Gazette of India. In 1920, he was admitted a Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire, On returning to Martin & Sons, in 1919, he was appointed manager of the factory, and elected a director of the company. In 1928, as a result of ill-health, he gave up his full-time connection with the firm, but still continued to act in a consultant capacity. He was the author of a Lqfe of John DaZton, in Dent’s “English Men of Science” series, arid one of the chief contributors to the Gresham Company’s Science in Modern Life, and hlodern Industrial Chemistry.He also translated, from the German, Bluchor’s AuskunJstbuch fur die Chemische Industrie.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1917 and resigned shortly before his death, owing to failing health. JOHNJAMESMORGANdied at Flixton, Manchester, on 30th October, 1937, in his 76th year. Educated at the Abergavenny Grammar School, he became a pupil under the late A. E. Tucker, Fellow, and was appointed head assistant analyst to the Rhymney Iron, Steel & Coal Co. Three years later he joined the Ebbw Vale Iron, Steel & Coal Co., as chemist to the steelworks department, subsequently becoming head assistant analyst to the Blaenavon Iron, Steel & Coal Co. From 1919 to 1929 he conducted a private practice aa a metallurgist and analytical chemist, at Manchester.He was the author of Notes on Foundry Practice (1920); and contributed numerous articles to The Chemical News, the Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry, The Engineer and other technical journals. Ho was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1900. 78 SYDNEY GROSSPAINEdied on 25th December, 1937, at Aliriston, Sussex, in his 57th year. He received his training at University College, Nottingham, graduated B.Sc. in the University of London in 1911, and D.Sc. in 1917. After acting as demonstrator for short periods at University College, Sheffield, and at the Royal Veterinary College, London, he was appointed, in 1904, research assistant and works chemist to Brooke, Simpson & Spiller, at Hackney Wick.In the following year he obtained a temporary post in the Customs Laboratory. From 1908 to 1910, he worked with Mr. John Golding, Fellow, at the Midland Agricultural and Dairy college, Kingston-on-Soar, Derby.Early in 1910, he became a research student in biochemistry at the Lister Institute and remained working there with Professor-now Sir-Arthur Harden, until October, 1911, when he was appointed a demonstrator in plant physiology and pathology, at the Imperial College of Science and Technology. Two years later, he was appointed lecturer in bacteriology, and in 1920 assistant professor in that subject, which post he held at the time of his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1903, and a Fellow in 1906. He resigned, owing to ill-health, in December, 1937.HENRYRUSSELL SMITH died at Potters Bar, Middlesex, on 24th January, in his 84th year. He entered the Laboratory of Messrs. Teschmacher & Smith, Consulting Agricultural and Analytical Chemists, at Aubert Park, Highbury, in 1870, and seven years later became a partner in the firm with his uncle, J. Denham Smith. He subsequently carried on the practice as sole partner until 1911, when he was joined by his son, Mr. W. Russell Smith, and in 1925 they were joined by Mr. I. E. Macdonald. Mr. Smith attended business until 1936, when he retired owing to ill-health. He was elected an Associate in 1878 and a Fellow in 1882. ALBERTWATKINSMAGGSWINTLE died at Liverpool on 26th January, in his 48th year.He received his early education at St. George Secondary School, Bristol, and from 1905 to 1908, while continuing his studies at Merchant Venturers’ Technical College, was lecture assistant to the late W. A. Shenstone, F.R.S., at Clifton College. He then spent a year in the University of Bristol, and in 1910, joined the analytical staff at Nobel’s Explosives Co. Ltd., Ardeer, where, in the following year, he was trans- ferred to the Research Department. He also attended evening courses at the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, until 1914, and remained at Ardeer until 1915, when he was appointed chemist at the Netham Works of the United Alkali Co. Bristol. In 1933 he was transferred to I.C.I. (GeneralChemicals), Ltd., Widnes, which position he occupied when he died.He was elected an Associate in 1918 and a Fellow in 1924. He was for several years Honorary Secretary of the Bristol and South- Western Counties Section; he served as a Member of Council from 1928 to 1931, 1932 to 1935, and had been again in office since March, 1936; and at the time of his death, was Chairman of the Liverpool and North-Western Section. During his service on the Council he was an active member of the Publications Committee. 70 Books and their Contents. The following books have been kindly presented by the authors and publishers and may be seen in the Library of the Institute :-“Chemistry (with some Geology).” J. A. Lauwerys and J. Ellison. New General Science Series. (General Editor : W.J. Gale.) Part I. Pp. xii + 220. (London: University of London Press.) 3s. 3d. net. The air and combustion; water and solutions; the composition of water; earth ; earth-minerals valuable to man-metals ; some chemical theory; useful substances obtained from the sea; the air as raw material; sulphur and its uses in industry; appondix A: table of elements, physical constants of some important elements, solubilities. Appendix B : prices of important chemicals. Illustrations. Index. “Chemistry (with some Geology).” J. A. Lauwerys and J. Ellison. Complete volume,-4s. 6d. net-including Part I as above. New General Science Series. Enlarged to 356 pages, by the addition of-More chemical theory ; food and clothing; fuels ; electricity in the service of chemistry; light and chemical action.‘I Qualitative Inorganic Analysis.” A. J. Berry. Pp. Viii + 148. (Cambridge University Press.) Certain general principles ;the methods of qualitative analysis; reactions of the metals; reactions of the acid radicals; systematic analysis of the metals; examination for acid radicals; tabular summaries of the groupreactions of the metals and the preliminary reactions of the acid radicals. Index. I‘ Qualitative Organic Analysis,” Notes on. F. R. Storrie. Pp. x + 68. (London: J. M. Dent & Sons, Ltd.) 2s. 3d. Nature of the substances,-simple or complex; separation of mixtures ; preliminary tests ;group tests ; preparation of derivatives ; reagents and tests; examples; tables and index.Qualitative Analysis (Higher School) .” F. A. Meerendonk. Pp. viii + 40. (London: J. M. Dent & Sons, Ltd.) IS. 6d. Analysis of a simple salt ;a simple mixture ;acomplex mixture ;recording results; the theory of precipitate formation, 80 “Mbthodes actuelles de la Chimie.” Pierre Jolibois. 3e Edition enticrement refondue. Pp. 224. (Paris: Librairie Armand Colin.) Reli6 17.50 frs.; Broch6 15 frs. GBn6ralj tk-Observations, mesures, cnlculs. Les principaux facteurs des reactions ;le fractionnemerlt ; 1‘616ment; le corps pur :les phBnomAiies de solubilitk; la rkaction chimiquo; la synthhse chimiyue; bibliographie sommaire; table des inatihros. “Sand, Gravel and Other Aggregates,-Methods of Testing.” James Watson. Pp.48. (London: A. Gallenkamp & Co., Ltd.) 4s. 6d. net. A oonche textbook on methods for testing sand and gravel. Sieving and grading; impurities in sand; specific gravity; voids in sand and aggre- gate; chemical analysis of sands, etc. ; moulding sands; special sands; tables of useful information; equipment. The British Standards Institution.-Among the publica- tions recently issued by the British Standards Institution may be mentioned the following :-No. 757-1937. Gelatines. No. 758-1937. Domestic Hot Water Supply Boilers burning Solid Fuel. Part I.-Specification. Part 11.-Method of Testing. No. 763-1937. Report on the Sampling of Coal with special reference to the Size-Weight-Ratio Theory by E. S. Grummell, with notes on Sampling and Analysis for Ash-Content by Dr.A. Crawford and Mr. W. Reed. The Handbook of Information, January, 1938,including Indexed Lists of British Standard Specifications and Methods of Test, has also been published recently and is obtainable from the Publications Department, 28, Victoria Street, London, S.W.I. IS. od. World Power Conference.-The Transactions of the Third World Power Conference (in 10 volumes) and of the Second Congress on Large Dams (5 volumes) are about to be published by the United States Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. The Transactions of the Conference will be supplied at ;65 18s. od. carriage paid, or 13s. 6d. for single volumes. The price for the Transactions of the Dams Congress will be relatively sanewhat higher, 81 The selling agency in the United Kingdom and Colonies has been entrusted to Messrs.Percy Lund, Humphries & Co., Ltd., 12, Bedford Square, London, E.C.I. As the extent of the printing must be determined by the response to the prospectus, it is important that orders be sent at once. The Annual Report of the Imperial Institute (1937), recently published, deals with the expanding work of the Institute in creating new economic and educational links between the nations of the British Commonwealth. The Imperial Institute is concerned with the problems of finding uses for Mineral Resources, and Plant and Animal Products, and of securing new supplies of raw materials for this and other countries. In addition to the scientific investigatory work carried on in the laboratories, the Institute controls Exhibition Galleries, a Cinema, and a Film Library, all representing its activities in Empire affairs.The Mineral Resources Department has pub- lished monographs dealing with Strontium and Barium Minerals, and Asbestos, as well as a special publication entitled The Min.era2 Position of the British Empire, containing a survey of mineral deposits and mining industries. The Consultative Committees concerned with Plant and Animal Products have issued a second edition of the “Grading Rules and Standard Sizes for Empire Hardwoods’’ and a mono- graph on “The Preparation of Empire Hides and Skins,” while the Committees and Sub-committees have been active in connec- tion with such products as vegetable fibres, tung and perilla oils, essential oils, and many other natural products.Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd.-On the occasion of the Opening of the New Research Laboratories at Blackley, on Ioth, 11th and 12th January, Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., published an illustrated brochurenntitled “Chapters in the Development of Industrial Organic Chemistry,”--dealing systematically with the work of the various laboratories under the following headings :-Science of Molecular Architecture, Dyestuffs and Pigments, Technical Service, Rubber Chemicals, Synthetic Rubber, Resin Polymers, Technique, Auxiliary Chemicals, Pest Control, Medicinal Chemicals, Appendices. Appendices to the publication give particulars of the personnel of the Dyestuffs Group and its distribution, 82 Scientific and Industrial Research.The Report for the year 19367 of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, recently published (London : H.M. Stationery Office, 3s. net), deals with many matters of interest to chemists. The Report of the Advisory Committee contains an account of the history of the Water Pollution Research organisation of the Department, which has now completed ten year’s work. The survey and study of the River Tees affords an excellent example of the solution of the problem of the disposal of sewage and effluents. The Council comments upon the increase in the interest which the general press takes in scientific news and on the difficulty of presenting such news in a form which can be under- stood by the public.The daily newspapers are ready and anxious to publish anything relating to new scientific discovery and to stress the value of research in national development. The Department itself promotes publicity in the form of exhi- bitions, such as those relating to smoke abatement, held at the Science Museum in October, 1936; the Public Health Exhibition held at the Royal Agricultural Hall in November, 1936, and exhibitions subsequently held at the Building Centre in March, 1937; and of testing plant and apparatus, at the Institution of Civil Engineers, in April, 1937. The Department has also recently made short films dealing with the various phases of its work.The scale of operations of the Research Associations continues to develop. The aggregate income subscribed by industry has reached about a quarter of a million pounds and the Govern- ment’s grants are nearly half of that amount. A new Research Association is being formed for the Pottery Industry. In the Report on the National Physical Laboratory, the Executive Committee indicates that it has been considering how the usefulness of the Laboratory can be further increased, and it has “decided that, in appropriate cases, the staff shall be available for visits to works, to study practical problems of production, and to plan investigations and carry them out, on suitable terms, under the conditions obtaining in manufacturing 83 practice.” (This is suggested as a direction in which it may be possible to strengthen the contacts between the Laboratory and industry; but the Executive Committee will, no doubt, bear in mind the interests of the general public and of independent consultants and specialists, who may be affected by this pro- position.) Under the heading of Food Investigation, attention is directed to leaflets published by the Department dealing with problems of transport and storage of foodstuffs and to the commercial development of gas-storage of home-grown apples and pears, the carriage of chilled beef from Australia and New Zealand and the study of conditions in spaces carrying frozen meat, butter, chilled beef in gas-storage, cheese and fruit.The Building Research Station has been directing attention to external rendering, the density and strength of mortars, the ultimate results of spreading cement on the wall with a trowel as distinct from throwing it on, and similar matters. In the Metallurgical Department of the National Physical Laboratory the preparation and study of metals and alloys of the highest possible purity is being continued. A plant has been installed capable of producing pure metallic iron in sufficient quantities for the researches in progress on alloys of iron and manganese. A supply of pure nickel has also been secured for the re-investigation of iron-nickel alloys. Further, steps have been made in reserach on the oxidation of metals, and on the development of improved steels for use at high temperatures, carried out for the British Electrical and Allied Industries Research Association.The Department conducts for the Metallurgical Research Board, investigations on magnesium and aluminium alloys, alloy steels, cracking of boiler plates, gases in steel, oxides in steel and intercrystalline failure. The report on Fuel Research deals with the physical and chemical survey of the national coal resources ; preparation of coal for the market ; carbonisation arid gasification; hydrogena-tion ; hydrocarbon synthesis ; lubricating oil; engineering ; and domestic heating. The report on Food Investigation covers work concerned with-meat; eggs and poultry; pork, bacon and hams; fish; fruit and vegetables ; canning ; and engineering.84 Under Building Research there are brief notes on materials, building stones, asphalt , cement, cast concrete, asbestos cement products, blast furnace slag, limes and plasters, paint, clay bricks, plain clay roofing tiles and sand lime bricks; structures and strength of materials ; pile driving, vibrated concrete, soil mechanics, reinforced concrete, compaction of mortar cubes ; grading of aggregates and the workability of concrete; high tensile steel, bridge tests; fire resistance ; surface finishes for concrete ; efficiency of buildings from the standpoint of the user ; heat transmission through walls ; thermal conductance of a window; effect of moisture on the thermal resistance of insulating wall-boards ; ventilation.Under Road Research, there are notes on-soil mechanics; concrete; bituminous materials; road tar; tyre effects; wet road clock ;skidding ;surface irregularity ;co-operative researches and special investigations. The Chemistry Research Board promises that the report of the work for the three years to 31st December, 1937,will be published shortly. The brief reference here deals with corrosion of metals, chemical reactions at high pressure, researches on coal tar and rubber, chemotherapy, synthetic resins, microbiology, etc. Particulars are also given of reports dealing with lubrication, atmospheric pollution, furnace design and toxic gases in industry. The work of the Research Associations is briefly reviewed and Appendices are included, giving the list of Assessors to the Advisory Council and of members of Research Boards and Committees of the Department ; a list of establishments of the Department and of the Research Associations ; statistics relating to maintenance allowances to students in training; a summary of the expenditure of the Department; a list of publications by individuals in receipt of grants and a list of Departmental publications.85 The Register. At the meetings of Council held on 21st and 28th January, 1938, I new Fellow was elected, 6 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 46 new Associates were elected, and 11Students were admitted. The Council regrets to report the deaths of 5 Fellows and I Associate.New Fellow. Childs, Albert Edward, B.A. (Cantab.), B.Sc. (Lond.), Experimental Station, Porton, Wilts. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Cocker, Leslie, 49, Muncaster Gate, York. (EZected 19th November ;omitted from Part VI, 1937.)Franklin, Reginald George, B.Sc. (Lond.), 7, Crooks Barn Lane, Norton, Stockton-on-Tees. Gardiner, Percy Cyril, M.Inst.Gas E., M.I.Chem.E., 69, Church Way, London, N.20. Roger, Robert, B.Sc., Ph.D. (St. Andrews), 243, Strathmartine Road, Dundee, Scotland. Shimwell, John Lester, D.Sc. (Birm.), Hillside, St. Ann’s Hill, Co. Cork. Warr, John Culver, B.A. (Oxon.), M.I.Chem.E., Barrister-at-Law, Grove House, Lower Green Road, Esher. Wornurn, William Esmond, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., Calydor, Codsall Road, Tet tenhall, Staff s.New Associates. Bidgood, Eric, 8, Queen’s Road, Beeston, Notts. Black, Robert Arthur, Ellerslie, Mark Rake, Bromborough, Cheshire. Bolton, Frank Monkman, 33, Cardinal Grove, Leeds, 11. Broad, Donald William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 74, Sidney Street, King’s Lynn. Brunner, Henry, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 33, High Street, London, N.W.l. Cahill, Patrick, B.Sc. (Lond.), 18, Dudley Road, London, S.W.19. Chater, Charles William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 32, Avonmore Road, London, W.14. Collyer, Thomaa Alan, B.Sc. (Lond.), 23, Birdhurst Rise, South Croydon. Cox, David, B.A. (Cantab.), 20, Queen’s Road, Urmston, Manchester. Cross, Frank Baynham, 21, Faringdon Avenue, Bromley, Kent. Cuthill, Ronald, MSc., Ph.D. (Leeds), 420, Livingstone Road, Bolton Villas, Bradford.Davies, Cyril Gordon, M.Sc. (Wales), 45, Pembroke Street, Tonyrefail, Glam. :(Elected 19th November ;omitted from Part 111,1937.)Davies, Thomas Trevor, B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), 77, Sunnyside Road, London. N.19. Duerden, Alan, B.Sc. (Manc.), 330, Railway Street, Nelson, Lancs. 86 Durrant, George Geoffrey, B.Sc. (Liv.), 23, Horringford Road, Aigburth, Liverpool, 19. Fairbairn, Raymond Ernest, B.Sc. (Lond.), 52, Vernon Road, Seven Kings, Ilford. Farmer, Stanley Nicholas, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 62, Lamb’s Conduit Street, London, W.C.I. Finegan, Eugene Benedict, B.A., B.Sc. (N.U.I.), Derrycra, Newry, Northern Ireland. Glasspool, Charles Norman, c/o African Explosives & Industries, Ltd., Umbogintwini, Natal, South Africa.Gorvin, John Henry, B.Sc. (Wales), 141, Bryn Road, Swansea. Howe, Dennis John Thomas, B.Sc. (Lond.), 18, Ferme Park Road, London, N.4. Hullah, Ralph, 250, Upper Woodlands Road, Bradford. Ichaporia, Minocher Bomonji, M.Sc. (Bombay), Ph.D. (Liv.), 26, Coram Street, London, W.C. 1. Kidney, Miss Eileen Ann, B.Sc. (St. Andrews), 58, Dalkeith Road, Dundee. Knott, Edward Bowes, B.Sc. (Birm.), Ph.D. (Frankfurt), 101, Elm Drive, North Harrow, Middlesex. Langridge, Rodney Arthur, Ph.C., 10, Crusoe Road, Erith, Kent. Mackey, Donald Robert, 12, Darnley Road, Woodford Green, Essex. Magee, John Howarth, 30, Turret Road, Wallasey. Markwell, William Alfred Nottage, 129, Brunswick Road, Greystoke Park, Ealing, London, W.5.Mawer, Frank Clifford, B.Sc. (Lond.), 37, Alexandra Road, Grimsby. Middlebrook, William Robert, 37, Middleton Road, Ilkley, Yorks. Morley-Smith, see Smith. Pritchard, Robert Rheon, B.Sc. (Wales), Bryn Heulog, Segontium Road South, Caernarvon, North Wales. Ramage, George Rowntree, MSc., Ph.D. (Dun.), Jesmond, Belmont Avenue, Bangor, North Wales. Salter, John Clement Mitchell, B.Sc. (Lond.), St. Clements, Rockside Drive, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol. Shapiro, Uriel George, Ph.D. (Lond.), 86, The Avenue, Brondesbury, London, N.W.6. Shrier, Louis Lionel, 128, Churchfield Road, London, W.3. Smith, Christopher Thomas Morley-, B.Sc. (Lond.), Cotswold, Northgate, Cottingham, E. Yorks. Smith, George Armstrong, M.Sc. (Cape), P.O.Box 217, Pretoria, Transvaal, South Africa. Smith, Philip Walter, B.Sc. (Lond.), The Platanes, Champion Hill, London, S.E.5. Soane, Arthur Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.), 23, The Avenue, Muswell Hill, London, N. 10. Stammers, Douglas William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 11, Station Road, South-minster, Essex. Swann, Geoffrey, B.Sc., Ph.D. (St. Andrews), Bushey Leys, Summerleys Road, Princes Risborough, Bucks. Thompson, James McAllan Cormack, M.A., B.Sc. (Aberd.), Dyson Perrins Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford. Westwood, Joseph Vincent, 3, Copinger Road, Saffron Lane, Leicester. Wiltshire, William Ashley, B.Sc. (Lond.), 21, Torver Road, Harrow, Middlesex. Woodall, George Henry, 18, Springfield Drive, Blackheath, Birmingham. Woodhead, Charles Alfred Bevan, 14, Marina Crescent, Netherton, Liver- pool 10.87 New Students. Albans, John William, Walcott, Lincoln. Ambrose, Douglas, 29, Palmerston Road, Buckhurst Ell, Essex. Cumberland, Frank Charles, 50, Revidge Road, Blackburn. Darnbrough-Cameron, James, 38, King Street, Clitheroe. Harrison, John Douglas, 28, Fairmile Avenue, London, S.W. 16. Scoffom, Charles Edward, 27, Little Francis Street, Birmingham 7. Seymour, Donald Edwin, 2, Earl Road, Bramhall, Stockport. Sharp, William, M.P.S., 245, King Street, Stenhousemuir, Larbert, Stirling- shire. Smart, John Valentine, The Square, Countesthorpe, Leics. Stephenson, Henry Scott, 33, Windsor Gardens, North Shields, Northum- berland. Sullivan, Edward Herbert, 32, Lincoln Gardens, Ilford.DEATHS. Fellows. Percy Walter Clutterbuck, O.B.E., D.Sc. (Leeds). Hedley Gordon Jones. David Miller, B.Sc. (Lond.). Henry Russell Smith. Albert Watkins Maggs Wintle. Associate. Henry Elwyn Lloyd, B.Sc. (Lond.). 88 Coming Events. 1938 February “The17 ROYALINSTITUTION: Mechanism of Gaseous Chemical Rqactions.” Dr. H. W. Melville, at 5.15 p.m. Course of Three Lectures, 7s. 6d.; also on 24th February and 3rd March. 18 INSTITUTIONOF CHEMICAL ENGINEERS: Sixteenth Annual Cor-porate Meeting, at Victoria Hotel, Northumberland Avenue, W.C.2, at 11 a.m. Business Session and President’s Address. “Some Applications of Electrical Precipitation to Industrial Effluent Gwes.” Dr. H. J. Bush, at 2.15 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(Manchester and Liverpool Sections): “Catalysis and its Application to Industry.” Jubilee Memorial Lecture.Dr. E. B. Maxted, at Liverpool. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Glasgow and West of Scotland Section) : “The Chemical Examination of Dusts causing Silicosis.” Professor H. V. A. Briscoe, at the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, at 7.30 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Newcmtle-upon-Tyne and North-East Coast Section): THE SOCIETY OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRYand THE CHEMICALSOCIETY.Group of Students’ Papers. SOCIETYOF DYERSAND COLOURISTS(Manchester Section): Mem- bers’ Instrument Exhibition. “Practical Testing.” Mr. L. B. Tansley, in the Lecture Room of the Literary and Philosophical Society, 36, George Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m.21 to 4 Mar. BRITISH INDUSTRIESFAIR opens: Earl’s Court and Olympia. 21 CHEMICALCLUB: “Early London Pottery.” Dr. F. H. Garner, in the Chemical Club Smoke Room, 2, Whitehall Court, London, S.W.1, at 8.15 p.m. OF LONDON:UNIVERSITY “Reactions in Gaseous and Solid Mix- tures.” Dr. IT7. P. Jorissen, in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, Imperial College of Science, S. Kensington, London, S.W.7, at 5.15 p.m. 22 BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS: Two Lecturettes entitled “Paper Making” and “New Artificial Silicates.” Messrs. Sowter and Stanbridge, at the Cavendish Cafe, Derby. OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRYINSTITUTION (Scottish Section) : “The Approach of Plastics to Rubber.” Dr. H. Barron, at the Chamber of Commerce Rooms, 25, Charlotte Square, Edinburgh.ROYALINSTITUTION:“Helium as a Clue to the History of the Earth.” Dr. F. A. Paneth, at 5.15 p.m. Course of Three Lectures, 7s. 6d.; also on 1st and 8th March. 23 HULLCHEMICALAND ENGINEERING Ladies’ Evening at SOCIETY: Powolny’s, King Edward Street, Hull, at 7.45 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (London and South-Eastern Counties Section): Visit to Croxley Paper Mills, Messrs. J, Dickineon & Co., Ltd. 89 February 23 SOCIETYFOR TEE STUDYOF ALCHEMYAND EARLYCHEMISTRY: “Alchemists’ Apparatus in Art.” Mr. Richard B. Pilcher, O.B.E., at the Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1, at 8 p.m. Fellows and Associates of the Institute are invited to attend. 24 ASSOCIATION WORKERSOF SCIENTIFIC : “Science and Food Produc- tion,” Sir E.John Russell, O.B.E., F.R.S., in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, University College, Gower Street, London, W.C.1, at 8.15 p.m. ROYALINSTITUTION: “The Mechanics of Gaseous Chemical Reactions.” Dr. H. W. Melville, at 5.15 p.m. 25 MANCHESTERLITERARY SOCIETYAND PHILOSOPHICAL (Chemistry Section): “Health in Industry.” Dr. R. E. Lane, at 36, GeorgeStreet, Manchester, at 7 p.m.SOC~ETY (Chemical Engineering Group) :OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY “Metals in Chemical Engineering.” Mr. V. Harbord, at the Royal Metal Exchange, Fisher Street, Swansea, at 7.30 p.m. SOCIETY28 ROYAL OF ARTS : “Gases and Metals.” Dr. C. J.Smithells, at The Society, John Street, Adelphi, W.C.2, at 8 p.m.; ah0 on 7th and 14th March.March 1 HULLCHEMICALAND ENGINEERINGSOCIETY:“New Processes in Water Treatment.” Mr. E. L. Holmes, at the Hull Photo- graphic Society’s Room, Grey Street, Park Street, Hull, at 7.45 p,m.INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY: Annual General Meeting, at 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.l, at 8 p.m. “Some Considerations Affecting the Policy of the Institute.” Sir Robert H. Pickard, F.R .R., President. ROYALINSTITUTION:“Helium &s a Clue to the History of the Earth.” Dr. F. A. Paneth, at 5.15 p.m. OF WORKERS2 Assoc~a~Io~SCIENTIFIC : “Science in the Chemical Industry.” Major F. A. Freeth, O.B.E., F.R.S., in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, University College, London, W.C. 1, at 8.15 p.m. OF PUBLIC ANALYSTS: SOCIETY Ordinary Meeting at the Rooms of the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m.3 CHEMICAL SOCIETY: Ordinary Scientific Meeting at BurlingtonHouse, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Bristol Section): Annual Meeting. Jubilee Memorial Lecture : “Catalysis and its Appli- cations in Industry.” Dr. E. B. Maxted, in the Chemical Department of the University, Woodland Road, Bristol, at 7.30 p.m.ROYALINSTITUTION: “The Mochanics of Gaseous Chemical Reactions.” Dr. H. W. Melville, at 5.15 p.m. 4 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Birmingham and Midland Section and Chemical Engineering Goup) and COVENTRY SOCIETYENGINEERING : Visit : British Industries Fair (Bir-mingham); Dinner. OF PUBLIC Annual General Meeting, at the SOCIETY ANALYSTS: Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1, at 3 p.m.Dinner, at the Empress Rooms, Royal Palace Hotel, Kensington, W.8, at 7 for 7.30 p.m. 90 March 4 SOCIETY (Glasgow Section) : Chairman’sOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY Address. Dr. I. V. Hopper, at the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, at 7.45 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(Manchester Section and Road and Building Mateiials Group) : At the Constitutional Club, St. Ann’s Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m. 5 BRITISHASSOCIATIONOF CHEMISTS:London Section Annual Dinner at the Waldorf Hotel, Aldwych, London, W.C.2. 7 CHEMICALSOCIETY:Meeting for the reading of original papers, at the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, Manchester University, at 7 p.m.INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Edinburgh and East of ScotlandOF Section): Lecture by Dr.J. E. Humphries, at the Scottish Dyes Club, Grangemouth, at 7.30 p.m.SOCIETY OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(London Section) : “The Scientific Basis of Odour.” Dr. G. Malcolm Dyson, at the Rooms of the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W. 1, at 8 p.m. OF CHEMICALINDUSTRYSOCIETY (Plastics Group and Yorkshire Section): “Vinyl Esters, their Origin, Transformation and Place in the Plastics Field.” Dr. F. W. Skirrow, at the Chemistry Department, the University, Leeds, at 7.15 p.m. OF OF8 INSTITUTIONCHEMICAL ENGINEERS and INSTITUTION ELECTRICAL :ENGINEERS“The Theoretical and Commercial AspeCts of Flocculation.” Mr. J. 0. Samuel, at the Institution of Electrical Engineers, Savoy Place, Victoria Embankment, w.c.2.ROYAL INSTITUTION: “Helium as a Clue to the History of the Earth.” Dr. F. A. Paneth, at 5.15 p.m. OF WORKERS9 ASSOCIATION SCIENTIFIC : “Training Chemists for Industry.” Dr. E. A. Rudge, in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, University College, London, W.C.l, at 8.15 p.m.INSTITUTECHEMISTRY(London and South-Eastern Counties OF Section): Visit to The Sun Engraving Co., Ltd., Watford. OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRYINSTITUTION (Midland Section) : “Material Specifications and Specification Tests.” Mr. H. W. Rowell, at the James Watt Memorial Institute, Great Charles Street, Birmingham. 10 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(East Midland Section): “Brain Bio- chemistry and Vitamin B.” Professor R.A. PETERS,F.R.S.,at University College, Nottingham, at 7.30 p.m. Informal Dinner, County Hotel, 6.45 p.m.INSTITUTE (Liverpool and North- Western Section) :OF CHEMISTRY “Adsorption by Porous Solids.” Dr. L. J. Burrage, at the Constitutional Club, India Buildings, Water Street, Liverpool, at 7.30 p.m.INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North-East Coast Section): “Some Recent Developments in Corrosion Research.” Dr. W. H. J. Vernon, at the Sunderland Technical College.OIL AND COLOURCHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION: “Passivity as Induced by Pigments.” Mr. U. R. Evans. INSTITUTIONROYAL : “The Fertility of the Earth.” Sir Frederick Keeble, C.B.E., Sc.D., F.R.S. Course of Four Lectmes, 108.; also on 17th, 24th and 31st March.91 March OF11 INSTITUTECHEMI:~Y (Cardiff and District Section) and CHEMICALSOCIETY: Strong Electrolytes.” Dr. C. $1’. Davies, F.I.C., in the University College, Cathays Park, Cardiff, at 7.0 p.m. OIL AND COLOUR CHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION(Manchester Section) “Synthetic Water Finishes.” Mr. A. E. Bevan. OIL AND COLOUR CHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION(Scottish Section),; “Some Problem in the Application of Colours to Paper. Mr. S. R. H. Edge, at St. Enoch Hotel, Glasgow. 12 MICROCHEMICALCLUB:Annual General Meeting, in the Physiology Theatre, University College, London, W.C.1, at 10.30 a.m. OF14 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section): “Multiple Links.” Professor N. V. Sidgwick, F.R.S. OF THE PLASTICS (Midland Section) : “TheINSTITUTE INDUSTRY Behaviour of Plastics under Various Service Conditions.” R.P. Cartwright, at The James Watt Memorial Institute, Birmingham, at 8 p.m. OF THEINSTITUTION RUBBER INDUSTRY: “The History of the Plantation Rubber Industry.” Mr. B. D. Porritt, at the Royal Empire Society, Northumberland Avenue, London, W.C.2. INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Edinburgh and East of ScotlandOF Section): Lecture by Professor N. V. Sidgwick, in the North British Station Hotel, Edinburgh, at 7.30 p.m. 15 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Huddersfield Section) :Annual General Meeting. 16 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (London and South-Eastern Counties Section): “Air-Raids and Air-Raid Protection.” Professor J. B. S. Haldane, at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, W.C.1.SOCIETYFOR THE STUDYOF ALCHEMYAND EARLYCHEMISTRY: “Assyrian Chemistry of the Seventh Century B.C.” Professor R. Campbell Thompson, at 8 p.m. OF WORKERS17 ASSOCIATION SCIENTIFIC : “Fuel Research by the D.S.I.R.” Dr. F. S. Sinnatt, C.B., M.B.E., in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, University College, Gower Street, London, W.C.l, at 8.15 p.m. CHEMICALSOCIETY: Joint Discussion with the Physical Society. INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Bristol and South-Western Counties OF Section):Annual Meeting; Chairman’s Address, in the Chemical Department of the University, Woodland Road, Bristol, at 5.30 p.m. INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Manchester and District Section):OF Annual General Meeting. Mr. C. Gordon Douglas, F.R.S., at the Constitutional Club, St. Ann’s Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m.: “The Fertility of the Earth.” Sir FrederickROYALINSTITUTION Keeble, C.B.E., Sc.D., F.R.S., at 5.15 p.m. 92 March 18 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY: “The Practical Aspects of AbsorptionSpectrophotometry.” Dr. R. Alan Morton, at the Institute, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.l, at 8 p.m. SOCIETYOF DYERS AND COLOURISTS (Manchester Section) : “Dyeing of Fibro.” A Representative of Messrs. Courtaulds, Ltd., in the Lecture Room of the Literary and Philosophical Society, 36, George Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m. “19 ROYAL INSTITUTION: Some Scientific Problems of Industry.”(i)Iron and Steel; (ii) Alloys; (iii) Refractories. Dr. W. L. Bragg,F.R.S., at 3 p.m.Course of Three Lectures, 79. 6d.; also on 26th March and 2nd April. 21 CHEMICAL CLUB : “Homo Tintinnantis canistri” (in English). Mr. E. Hinks, M.B.E., in the Club Smoke Room, 2, Whitehall Court, London, S.W.l, at 8.15 p.m. INSTITUTION RUBBERINDUSTRYOF THE (Manchester Section) : Short papers, including “Notes on the Analysis of Organic Accelerators,’’ by Mr. J. G. Robinson, and “The Tendency in Latex Research,’’ by Mr. F. S. Roberts, at the Constitution Club, St. Ann’s Street, Manchester. 22 SOCIETY (Yorkshire Section and Chemical OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY Engineering Group) and THE SHEFFIELD METALLURGICAL CLUB: “Corrosion Resisting Iron and Steels for Chemical Engineering.” Mr. J. H. G. Monypenny. 23 BRITISH ASSOCIATION CHEMISTS: Manchester Section Annual OF Dinner, at the Engineers’ Club, Albert Square, Manchester.INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (Irish Free State Section): Address by Mr. R. L. Collett, at University College, Dublin. 24 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (Belfast and District Section): Annual General Meeting and Address by Mr. R. L. Collett, at Thompson’s Restaurant. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Glasgow and West of Scotland Section): Works Visit to Craigpark Electric Cable Co., Ltd., at 7 p.m. ROYALINSTITUTION: “The Fertility of the Earth.” Sir Frederick Keeble, C.B.E., Sc.D., F.R.S., at 5.15 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Plastics Group) and THE INSTITUTION ENGINEERSOF ELECTRICAL : “Plastics and Elec- trical Insulation.” Dr. Hartshorn, Mr. N. J. L.Megson and Mr. E. Rushton, at The Institution of Electrical Engineers, Victoria Embankment, W.C.2, at 6 p.m. 25 BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS: Scottish Section Annual Meeting, at Mackay’s Hotel, Glassford Street, Glasgow. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY: “The Practical Aspects of AbsorptionSpectrophotometry.” Dr. R. Alan Morton, at the Institute, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.l, at 8 p.m. MANCHESTERLITERARYAND PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY (Chemistry Section): “The Technical and Economical Considerations Affecting the Domestic Use of Town’s Gas.” D. Harold Hartley, at 36, George Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m. March 26 ROYALINSTITUTION: “Some Scientific Problems of Industry.” (i)Iron and Steel; (ii) Alloys; (iii) Refractories. Dr. W. L.Bragg, F.R.S., at 3 p.m. 29 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Food Group and Yorkshire Section) and the HULL CHEMICALAND ENGINEERINGSOC~TY: Visits to Worka and Fish Docks (afternoon). “Some Scientific Aspects of the Fish Industry.” OF CHEMICALINDUSTRYSOCIETY (South Wales Section) : “Stainless Steels.” Mr. J. H. G. Monypenny. 30 BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS: Liverpool Section Annual Dinner, at the Constitutional Club, India Buildings, at 7 p.m.INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (Birmingham and Midland Section) : Annual Meeting. 31 THE CHEMICALSOCIETY:Ninety-Seventh Annual General Meeting and Anniversary Dinner, in Manchester. ROYALINSTITUTION:“The Fertility of the Earth.” Sir Frederick Keeble, C.B.E., Sc.D., F.R.S., at 5.15 p.m. April 1 CHEMICALSOCIETY:Pictet Memorial Lecture.Professor G. Bar-ger, F.R.S., in Manchester. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Glasgow and West of Scotland Section) : Works Visit to the Ioco Rubber and Waterproofing Co., Ltd., at 7.15 p.m. 1 and 2 AMERICAN OF POLITICALACADEMY AND SOCIALSCIENCE,Phila-delphia. Discussion of World Mairs with special emphasis on the relation of the United States to them. 2 ROYALINSTITUTION: “Some Scientific Problems of Industry.”(i)Iron and Steel; (ii) Alloys; (iii) Refractories. Dr. W. L. Bragg, F.R.S., at 3 p.m. 4 SOCIETY (London Section and Chemical OF CHEWC~LINDUSTRY Engineering Goup): “Modern Trade Mark Law.” MajorH. J. W. Bliss, at the Rooms of the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m.6 BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS: Notts. and Derby Section Annual Meeting, at Irongates, Derby. OF CIVIL ENGINEERS:INSTITUTION “The Work of the Paint Re- search Laboratory of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway.” Mr. F. Fancutt, at 6 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Birmingham and Midland Section): Annual Meeting. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Birmingham and Midland Section): “A New Absorbent for the Recovery of Carbon Dioxide.” Mr. D. W. Parkes and Mr. R. B. Evans. OF CHEMICALINDUSTRYSOCIETY (Manchester Section) : Annual General Meeting, at the Constitutional Club, St. Ann’s Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m. 94 April 6 BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS: Liverpool Section Annual Meeting, at the Exchange Hotel.OF PUBLIC ANALYSTS: SOCIETY Ordinary Meeting at the Rooms of the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. 7 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Liverpool and North-Western Section) : Annual General Meeting; “Ventilation in the Mersey Tunnel.” Dr. W. F. Higgins. Visit to the Tunnel Control Room and Ventilation Station, George’s Dock, at 5 p.m. 8 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(East Midlands Section) :Annual General Meeting, at the Bell Hotel, Leicester, at 7.45 p.m. “Forgers and Forgeries.” Dr. C. Ainsworth Mitchell, at 8 p.m. Informal Dinner, 6.45 p.m. OIL AND COLOURCHEMISTS’ASSOCIATION(Manchester Section) : Annual General Meeting and Hot-pot Supper. OIL AND COLOUR CHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION(Scottish Section) : Annual General Meeting and Smoker, at Sloan’s Arcade Caf6, Glasgow.SOCIETYOF DYERSAND COLOVRISTS(Manchester Society) :Annual Meeting and Symposium on “Dyeing Difficulties and Faults,” at the Lecture Room of the Literary and Philosophical Society, 36, George Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m. 12 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Plastics Group) : Members’ Meeting:“Colourless Ketonic Resins.” Members of the Chemical Research Laboratory, Teddington, at the Rooms of the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 7.30 p.m. 13 INSTITUTEOF CEEMISTRY (London and South-Eastern Counties Section): Visit to Southend Water Works, Maldon, Eesex. OF CHEMICALINDUSTRYSOCIETY (Food Group) :Members’ Meeting, at the Rooms of the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m.14 OILAND COLOUR CHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION:“Factory Testing of Paints and Varnishes.” Mr.E. W. Plowman. OF27 INSTITUTECEEMISTRY (Belfast and District Section) : Visit to the B.B.C. Transmitting Station, Lisburn. 28 THECHEMICAL SOCIETY:Ordinary Scientific Meeting, at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. 29 BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS: London Section Annual Meeting. INSTITUTE (Cardiff and District Section) and the OF CHEMISTRY‘ CHEMICAL SOCIETY: Some Recent Developments in the Reactions of Surfaces.’’ Professor E. K. Rideal, M.B.E., F.R.S., in the Physiology Institute, Newport Road, Cardiff, at 5.45 p.m. May2 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(London Section) : Annual General Meeting folldwed by Joint Meeting with the Road and Building Materials Group : “The Decay of Building Materials through Micro-Biological Agencies.” Mr.Thomas McLachlan, at the Rooms of the Chemical Society, Burlington House,Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. 95 May 4 SOCIETY ANALYSTS:OF PUBLIC Ordinary Meeting at the Rooms of the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly , London, W.l, at 8 p.m. 6 THE CHEMIC~~LSOCIETY “Some Carbohydrate Problems.”: Professor W. N. Haworth, at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.1, at 8 p.m. 11 BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS (Birmingham and Midland Section): Annual Meeting. SOCIETY (Food Group): Annual General OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY Meeting and Chairman’s Address, at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, W.C.l, at 8 p.m.SOCIETYFOR THE STUDYOF ALCHEMYAND EARLY CHEMISTRY: “Alchemy under James IV of Scotland.” Professor John Read, F.R.S., at 8 p.m. 12 On AND COLOUR CHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION:“Driers.” Mr. H. L. Howard. 16-21 TENTH INTERNATIONAL OF CHEMISTRY,CONGRESS at Rome. OF CHEMICAL OF17 INSTITUTION EZQINEERSAND THE INSTITUTION MECHANICALENGINEERS The Improvement of Atmospheric : Air Conditions in Deep and Humid Mines.” Dr. J. H. Dobson and Professor W. J. Walker, at the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Storey’s Gate, Westminster. 19 THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY:Discussion on “Organic Intermolecular Complexes,” to be opened by Professor G.M. Bennett, at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. 23-28 RUBBERTECHNOLOGYCONFERENCE,in London. May-Oct. SCOTLAND’SEBWIREEXHIBITION : Glasgow. June 2 THECHEMICAL SOCIETY:Ordinary Scientific Meeting, at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. 9 INSTITUTECHEMISTRYOF (London and South-Eastern Counties Section):Visit to The South-Eastern Agricultural College, Wye. ENGINEERING21 INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS: Glasgow. 29 THE SOCIETY OF ALCHEMYFOR THE STUDY AND EARLYCHEMISTRY: “The Name of Plat0 in Alchemy.” Miss D. W. Singer, at 8 p.m. JdY 11-16 ROYALSANITARY INSTITUTE:Health Congress, at Portsmouth. 12 REP-RIGERATION in the Rooms of the Royal Society, CONFERENCE,London. 16-21 TENTHINTERNATIONAL OF CHEMISTRY,CONGRESS at Rome.Aug-FOR TEE ADVANCEMENT17-24 BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF SCIENCE: Cambridge Meeting. Aug. 25 to M70RL~ POWER CONFERENCE: Vienna Sectional Meeting: SEPT.2 Subjects for discussion: The supply of energy for agriculture, small-scale industries, household purposes, public lighting and electric railways. Study tours,-approximately a week. In-formation obtainable from the Austrian National Committee of the World Power Conference, Lothringerstrasse 20. (Konzerthaus), Wien. 111. Sept. INTERNATIONAL19-23 SEVENTH MANAGEMENTCONGRESS: Washington,D.C., U.S.A. 21-26 INTERNATIONAL FEDERATIOX at Oxford.FOR DOCUMENTATION, 23-26 ASSOCIATION LIBRARIES BUREAUX,OF SPECIAL AND INFORMATION at Oxford. Oct.3-21 IRONAND STEELINSTITUTE OFand INSTITUTEMETALS:Joint Autumn Meeting: New York, U.S.A. Local Sections.-The approximate number of members at present attached to each Local Section is given below. Section. No. of members. Aberdeen and North of Scotland .. .. .. 56 Belfast and District . . .. .. .. .. 51 Birmingham and Midlands .. .. .. .. 435 Bristol and South-Western Counties .. .. 220 Cape of Good Hope .. .. .. .. .. 42 Cardiff District .. .... .. .. 73 East Anglia* .. .. .. .. .. .. 65 East Midlands .. .. .. .. .. .. 209 Edinburgh and East of Scotland . . .. .. 187 Glasgow and West of Scotland . . .. .. 344 Huddersfield .. .. .. .. .. .. 76 India ,. .. .. .. .. ,. ,. 228 Irish Free State .. .. .. .. .. 59 Leeds Area .. .. .. .. .. .. 264 Liverpool and North-Western Counties .. .. 466 London and South-Eastern Counties .. .. 2617 Malaya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 27 Manchester and District .. .. .. .. 529 Newcastle and North-East Coast .. .. .. 173 New Zealand .. .. .. .. .. .. 67 South Wales (Swansea) .. .. .. .. 79 South Yorkshire .. .. .. .. .. 110 Previowly in London and South-Easten Counties Section. 97 General Notices. The Annual General Meeting of the Institute will be held at the Institute, on Tuesday, 1st March, 1938, at 8 p.m. Votes for the election of Council, Officers and Censors must be received at the office of the Institute not later than 8 p.m. on Monday, the 28th February. Lectures.-Dr. R. Alan Morton, FeZZow, has kindly consented to give two lectures on “The Practical Aspects of Absorption Spectrophotometry,” at the Institute,-the first on Friday, 18th March, at 8 pm., and the second on Friday, 25th March, at 8 p.m.Examinations.-The list of entries for the April Examina- tions closed on 7th February. Examinations for the Associateship will be held from 12th to 17th September.* The list of entries will be closed on Monday, 11th July. (Notebooks can be received up to 2nd September.) Examinations for the Fellowship will be held from 19th to 24th September.* The list of entries will be closed on Monday, 11th July, except for candidates in Branch G, Industrial Chemistry, or for those desiring special examinations, whose applications should be received before 10th June.Forms of Application and further particulars can be obtained from the Registrar. * When the number of Candidates renders it necessary, Examinations may also be held during the succeeding week. Notices to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar, 98 Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists.Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship, may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their professors. Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employment, are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period if necessary.The Institute also maintains a List of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students or Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The Library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is available, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates and Registered Students of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10a.m.to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.), except during August and the early part of September, when the hours are from 10a.m. to 5 p.m. Members and Students of the Institute 99 using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. The Institute has entered into an arrangement with The Science Library, Science Museum, South Kensington, S.W.7, whereby books may be borrowed on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary of the Institute. In addition to its comprehensive sets of literature on cognate subjects, which are not available in specialised libraries, this Library contains an exceptionally extensive collection of works on chemistry.Nine thousand scientific and technical periodicals are received regularly in the Library. All publications added to the Library are recorded in its Weekly Bibliography of Pure and Applied Science, which has a wide circulation among research workers and institutions. Boots’ Booklovers Library.-Under the arrangements made on behalf of Fellows and Associates of the Institute, current subscriptions will expire on 1st March. All who wish to continue the use of the Library, or to subscribe de novo, should obtain application forms from the Registrar of the Institute. Members who do not immediately renew their subscriptions to the Library should return to the most convenient branch library any volume of the Library which they may have in their possession and also their membership tokens.Lewis’s Lending Library.-Any Fellow or Associate who is not already acquainted with this Library of Scientific and technical books may obtain a copy of the Prospectus from the Registrar of the Institute. A copy of the Catalogue of the Library (revised to December, 1927,with Supplements 1928-30 and 1931-33) is available in the Library of the Institute. A Bi-monthly list of Additions is also issued. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers (IS.zd. each) for binding the Journal in annual volumes, are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required.Arrangements may be made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17--1g,Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSon the following terms: buckram cover, IS. zd.; binding, 2s. gd.; postage and packing, gd.; in all,4.8d. 100 Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who are giving lectures. Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As the slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration.A new edition of the Register of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students is now in preparation. All requests for changes in the Register should be addressed to the Registrar, and not to the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. l1The Profession of Chemistry" (Third Edition, 1935), will be supplied gratis to any Fellow, Associate or Registered Student, on application to the Registrar.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9386200001

出版商:RSC    

年代:1938

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER,1885. Patron -H.M. THE KING. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. PART rr: 193s. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B.PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30. RUSSELLSQUARE,LONDON,W.C.I. Aeril, 1938. Publications Committee, 1938-39. W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD (Chairman), Sir ROBERT H. PICKARD (President), W. M. AMES, A. L. BACHARACH, JAMES BELL, HAROLD BURTON, ALBERT COULTHARD, H.E. COX, B. S. EVANS, A. E. EVEREST, A. E. FINDLEY, J. B. FIRTH, A. A. HALL, J. W. HAWLEY, H. H. HODGSON, if. R. JOHNSON, EDGAR LEWIS, P. LEWIS-DALE, C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, J.R. NICHOLLS, G. S. ROBERTSON, ADAM TAIT, E. A. TYLER. Officers and Members of Council, 1938-39. PRESIDENT: SIR ROBERT HOWSON PICKARD, DSc., F.R.S. VICEPRESIDENTS : WILLIAM ALEXANDER SKEEN CALDER. ARTHUR ERNEST EVEREST, D.Sc. JOHN JACOB FOX, O.B.E., D.Sc. CHARLES AINSWORTH MITCHELL, M.A., D.Sc. ROBERT ROBINSON, M.A., D.Sc., LL.D., F.R.S. JOCELYN FIELD THORPE, C.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S. HON. TREASURER : BERNARD FARMBOROUGH HOWARD MEMBERS OF COUNCIL: WILLIAM MELVILLE AMES, M.A., B.Sc. : Edinburgh and East of ALFRED LOUIS BACHARACH, M.A. : London. [Scotland.JAMES BELL, M.A., M.D., Sc.D. : Irish Free State. OSCAR LISLE BRADY, B.A., D.Sc. : London. HENRY VINCENT AIRD BRISCOE, D.Sc., A.R.C.S., D.I.C. : London. HAROLD BURTON, D.Sc.: Yorkshire.WILLIAM JOHN ATKINSON BUTTERFIELD, M.A. : London. FRANCIS HOWARD CARR, C.B.E., D.Sc., M.I.CHEM.E.: London. ALBERT COULTHARD, PH.D. : Manchester. HENRY EDWARD COX, D.Sc. : London. CECIL JOHN TURRELL CRONSHAW, B.Sc. : Manchester and District. WILLIAM AETHELBERT DAMON, B.Sc., M.I.CHEM.E : London. GEORGE MALCOLM DYSON, B.A., PH.D., A.M.I.CHEM.E.: East [Midlands and South Yorkshire. FRANK GEORGE EDMED, O.B.E., B.Sc., A.R.C.S.: Portsmouth. BERNARD SCOTT EVANS, M.B.E., M.C., D.Sc. : London. ALBERT EDWARD FINDLEY, B.Sc., M. ENG.: Liverpool and North- JAMES BRIERLEY FIRTH, D.Sc. : Nottingham. [West Coast. ARTHUR GORDON FRANCIS, D.Sc. : London. WILLIAM GODDEN, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. : Aberdeen and North of Scotland. PETER FERGUSON GORDON, PH.D., A.H.-W.C.: Coatbridge.ARCHIBALD ALEXANDER HALL, PH.D. : Newcastle upon Tyne and [North-EWt Coast. JOHN WILLIAM HAWLEY, B.Sc., A.M.I.CHEM.E. : Qlmgow and West THOMAS PERCY HILDITCH, D.Sc. : Liverpool. [of Scotland. HERBERT HENRY HODGSON, M.A., PH.D. : HudderaJieZd. JOSEPH ROBERT JOHNSON, M.I.M.M. : Birmingham.GEORGE KING, M.Sc. : Birmingham.EDGAR LEWIS, M.I.CHEM.E : Bristol and South- Western Counties. PERCY LEWIS-DALE, PH.D. : Bournemouth. GERALD ROCHE LYNCH, O.B.E., M.B., B.S. : London. BASIL GORDON McLELLAN, A.R.T.C., M.I.CHEM.E.: York. JOHN RALPH NICHOLLS, B.Sc. : London and South-Eastern Counties. DERIC WILLIAM PARKES, M.C., B.A., B.Sc. : Birmingham and WILLIAM STEWART PATTERSON, PH.D. : Sunderland. [Midhmh.FRANCIS MARTIN POTTER, O.B.E., B.Sc., A.R.C.S.: London.GEORGE SCOTT ROBERTSON, D.Sc. : Northern Ireland. ROLAND EDGAR SLADE, M.C., D.Sc.: London. SAMUEL SMILES, O.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S. : London. HAROLD AUGUSTINE TEMPANY, C.B.E., D.Sc. : The Overseas [Dominions and Elsewhere Abroad. DOUGLAS FRANK TWISS, D.Sc. : Birmingham.ERNEST ALBERT TYLER, M.A. : Wales and the County of Monmouth. JOHN WEIR, M.A., PH.D. : Stevenston. BIRKETT WYLAM, PH.D. : Edinburgh. 104 DATES OF COUNCIL MEETINGS: ~~1938: 2 9 APRIL. I938 : 1 STH NOVEMBER. ~OTH MAY. 16~~DECEMBER. 2 ~~4 JUNE. 1939: 20T~JANUARY. 22ND JULY. 27 JANUARY.~~ 21~~OCTOBER. 1~THFEBRUARY. ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING: 1ST MARCH, 1939. CENSORS: 1938-39. THE PRESIDENT, EX-OFFICIO.WILLIAM ALEXANDER SKEEN CALDER. SIR GILBERT THOMAS MORGAN, O.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S. ROBERT ROBINSON, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S. JOCELYN FIELD THORPE, C.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S. Committees for 1938-39. Chairman* FINANCE AND HOUSE COMMITTEE: THE PRESIDENT, WITH 0. L. BRADY, H. V. A. BRISCOE, HAROLD BURTON, W. A. S. CALDER, F. H. CARR,A. COULTHARD, W. A. DAMON, A. E. EVEREST, T. P. HILDITCH, H. H. HODGSON, BERNARD F. HOWARD*, G. KING, EDGAR LEWIS, R. E. SLADE, JOCELYN F. THORPE, AND E. A. TYLER. LEGAL AND PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEE : THE PRESIDENT*, WITH H. V. A. BRISCOE, W. A. S. CALDER, F. H. CARR, C. J. T. CRONSHAW, BERNARD F. HOWARD, P.LEWIS- DALE, G. ROCHE LYNCH, B. G. McLELLAN, C. A. MITCHELL, J. R. NICHOLLS, R. ROBINSON, H. A. TEMPANY, AND B.WYLAM. NOMINATIONS, EXAMINATIONS AND INSTITUTIONS COMMITTEE : THE PRESIDENT* AND COUNCIL IN COMMITTEE. PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE : THE PRESIDENT, WITH W. M. AMES, A. L. BACHARACH, JAMES BELL, HAROLD BURTON, W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD*, ALBERT COULTHARD, H. E. COX, B. S. EVANS, A. E. EVEREST, A. E. FINDLEY, J. B. FIRTH, A. A. HALL, J. W. HAWLEY, H. H. HODGSON, J. R. JOHNSON, E. LEWIS, P. LEWIS-DALE, C. A. MITCHELL, J. R. NICHOLLS, G. 5. ROBERTSON, ADAM TAIT, AND E. A. TYLER. 105 SPECIAL COMMITTEES. BENEVOLENT FUND COMMITTEE : THE PRESIDENT, BERNARD F. HOWARD (HoN. TREASURER)*, THE FINANCE AND HOUSE COMMITTEE, H. G. COLMAN, E. M. HAWKINS, C. PROCTOR, G. RUDD THOMPSON, AND J. C. WHITE. ’ APPOINTMENTS COMMITTEE : THE PRESIDENT*, WITHH.V.A.BRISCOE,H. E. COX, H. W. CREMER, C. J. T. CRONSHAW, F. G. EDMED, B. S. EVANS, A. E. EVEREST, A. G. FRANCIS, P. F. GORDON, P. LEWIS-DALE, G. ROCHE LYNCH, C. A. MITCHELL, J. R. NICHOLLS, W. S. PATTERSON, R. E. SLADE, H. A. TEMPANY, AND J. WEIR. PEDLER FUND COMMITTEE : THE PRESIDENT*, WITH 0. L. BRADY, H. V. A. BRISCOE, H. BURTON, H. W. CREMER, J. J. FOX, T. P. HILDITCH, H. H. HODGSON, D. JORDAN-LLOYD, L. H. LAMPITT,J.I.0.MASSON,H. McCOMBIE, E. K. RIDEAL, R. ROBINSON, SAMUEL SMILES, JOCELYN F. THORPE, D. F. TWISS, AND WILLIAM WARDLAW. SUPPLEMENTAL CHARTER COMMITTEE: THE PRESIDENT*, WITH W. M. AMES, H. V. A. BRISCOE, W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD, H. E. COX, A. E. EVEREST, AND D. W. PARKES. NATIONAL CERTIFICATES IN CHEMISTRY. REPRESENTATIVES OF THE INSTITUTE ON THE JOINT COMMITTEE WITH : THE BOARD OF EDUCATION (ENGLAND AND WALES): THE PRESIDENT*, WITH 0.L. BRADY, H. V. A. BRISCOE, A. E. EVEREST, AND LEWIS EYNON; THE SCOTTISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT : THE PRESIDENT, WITH R. BRUCE, W. M. CUMMING, A. FINDLAY, P. F. GORDON,J.W. HAWLEY, G. G. HENDERSON*, N. PICTON, T. SLATER PRICE, J. WEIR, AND F. J. WILSON; THE MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, NORTHERN IRELAND : THE PRESIDENT, WITH J. C. A. BRIERLEY, W. H. GIBSON, J. HAWTHORNE, W. HONNEYMAN, SIR GILBERT T. MORGAN, T. SLATER PRICE, AND G. S. ROBERTSON. REPRESENTATIVE ON THE POISONS BOARD (Pharmacy and Poisons Act, 1933) G. ROCHE LYNCH, O.B.E., M.B., B.S. REPRESENTATIVES ON THE CHEMICAL COUNCIL: w. A. S. CALDER, F. G.EDMED, AND JOCELYN F. THORPE. REPRESENTATIVES ON THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY: H. V. A. BRISCOE, H. W. CREMER, J. J. FOX, AND ERNEST VANSTONE 106 BOARD OF EXAMINERS FOR THE ASSOCIATESHIP AND FELLOWSHIP, 1938-39. Chairman :THE PRESIDENT. Representatives of the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee: 0. L. BRADY, H. V. A. BRISCOE, H. E. COX, J. J. FOX, AND ROBERT ROBINSON. Examinersfor the Associateship : JOSEPH KENYON, D.Sc. (LoND.), F.R.S. WILLIAM WARDLAW, D.Sc. (DUNELM). Examinersfor the Fellowship : Branch A.-INORGANIC CHEMISTRY:To be appointed. Branch B.-PEYSICAL CHEMISTRY: ERIC KEIGHTLEY RIDEAL, M.B.E., D.Sc. (LoND.), F.R.S. Branch C.-ORGANIC CHEMISTRY:JOSEPH KENYON, D.Sc. (LoND.), F.R.S.Branch D.-BIOCHEMISTRY : HAROLD RAISTRICK, B.A., SCD. (CANTAB.),D.Sc. (LEEDS), F.R.S. Branch E.-CHEMISTRY (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs, and of Water: GEORGE DAVIDSON ELSDON, D.Sc. (BIRM.). TEERAPEUTICS, ANDPHARMACOLOGY, MICROSCOPY: CHARLES HERBERT HAMPSHIRE, M.B., B.S., B.Sc. (LoND.), M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P. Branch F.-AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY: NORMAN MEDERSON COMBER, D.Sc. (LoND.), A.R.C.S. Branch G.-~NDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY(General ChemicaI Technology) : ALBERT ERNEST DUNSTAN, D.Sc. (LoND.). Examiners in the special sections of Branch G will be appointed as re-quired. HON. AUDITORS, 1938-39 : WALTER CHARLES HANCOCK, B.A. (CANTAB.) AND JOSEPH HENRY LANE. AUDITOR, 1938-39: DAVID HENDERSON, in association with MESSRS.J. Y. FINLAY & CO., Chartered Accountanti?. SOLICITORS: MESSRS. MARKBY, STEWART & WADESONS, 5, Bishopsgate, London, E.C.2. BANKERS : THE WESTMINSTER BANK, LTD., Bloomsbury Branch, 214, High Holborn, London, W.C.1. REGISTRAR AND SECRETARY : RICHARD BERTRAM PILCHER, O.B.E., Chartered Secretary. ASSISTANT SECRETARY : RONALD LESLIE COLLETT, M.A. (CANTAB.),F.I.C. 107 Editorial. Particular attention is directed to the President’s Address, delivered at the Annual General Meeting, and especially to that part in which he deals with the postal vote on the proposed Supplemental Charter. (Pp. 120-131.) In his previous speeches on the subject, the President emphasised that the proposed measure is desirable in the public interest.Fellows and Associates may be reminded that one of the main purposes for which the Institute was founded is shown by the following Clause in the Petition for its Original Charter, which was granted as long ago as 1885:-“That it is a matter of increasing importance to Govern- ment Departments, Corporate bodies and others requiring the assistance of persons competent to practise in analytical Chemistry and to advise in technological Chemistry that such persons should be properly trained and that their qualifications should be attested by Certificates of competency granted by a scientific body possessing sufficient status and that at present there is no Institution or Corporate body which has power to issue such Certificates.” The above-quoted Clause clearly indicates the duty entrusted to the Institute. Throughout the years 1914-18, the names of many hundreds of persons possessing a knowledge of chemistry-not only Fellows and Associates, but men and women of varying degrees of experience and competence-were available at the Institute.The Institute was the recognised agency for providing chemical services of all kinds necessary to a country at war. The Institute bore the responsibility, the trials and the expense involved, and should be ready to render similar service as at any time when the occasion may arise. In viow of the probability that the new Council may submit a revised proposal, the President urges that Fellows and Associates should carefully weigh what he has said regarding the proposed Supplemental Charter, and asks the Local Sections to give further consideration to the matter.108 Sixtieth Annual General Meeting. TUESDAY, 1st MARCH, 1938. The Sixtieth Annual General Meeting of the Institute was held at 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1, on Tuesday, the 1st day of March, 1938, at 8.0 p.m.,-Sir Robert H. Pickard, F.R.S., President, occupying the Chair. PRESENTATIONOF CERTIFICATESTO NEW MEMBERS. Before the business of the Annual Meeting, the President presented certificates to a new Fellow and to a number of new Associates. PRESENTATIONOF THE MELDOLA MEDAL. The PRESIDENT:My next duty, which is a very pleasant one, is to present the Meldola Medal. This, as you probably know, is given annually by the Society of Maccabzans, in commemoration of the late Professor Meldola, who held office as President of the Institute from 1912 to 1915.The Medal, which bears on its face a portrait of Meldola, is awarded by the Council of the In- stitute to the chemist whose record of work done under the age of thirty years is, in the opinion of the Council, the most meritor- ious and the most promising of any brought to the notice of the Council at the close of each year. On this occasion, the Council considered the claims of many candidates whose work was of a high order, and ultimately came to the unanimous decision to award the Medal to Mr. Ronald Percy Bell, Fellow and Tutor of Balliol College, Oxford. In the presence of Mr.Bell, I rather hesitate to classify summarily his work, but I have endeavoured to do so. Many original papers have been published under his name, and they may be roughly grouped under three headings. First, there is a series of papers dealing with the nature of solutions, among which I would refer to an illuminating analysis of the part played by dipolar forces in determining solubility; secondly, a series on the mechanism of chemical reactions in solution, dealing specially with the fundamental problem of acid and basic catalysis; and thirdly, a series of investigations of importance, upon the applica- tion of quantum mechanical ideas to the problems of chemical 109 kinetics. In addition to this theoretical treatment of these problems, our Medallist has published several experimental papers on the mechanism of the electrolytic separation of the two hydro- gen isotopes and on their exchange reactions.His work has been directed to the central problem of solution, which he has attacked on a very broad front. Presenting the Medal to Mr. Bell, the President said: Mr. Bell, I have very great pleasure in handing you the Meldola Medal for the year 1937,and at the same time conveying to you the cordial wishes of the Council of the Institute and of its members, in the hope that you may continue your work with satisfaction to yourself and the chemical profession. (Applause.) Mr. R. P. BELL: I should like to take this opportunity of expressing my thanks briefly to the large number of people to whom thanks are due, and first of all to the Maccabzan Society and to the Institute of Chemistry for awarding me this Medal.I do very much appreciate the honour, particularly when I look at the list of previous holders of the Medal and see what a very high standard I have to live up to. I suppose that, to the ideal scientist, just his work and the joy of it ought to be all that matters, but I am not ashamed to confess that I do feel very gratified, and possibly even proud, at this recognition which the. Institute of Chemistry has thought fit to give to me. There is a large number of people who are, so so to speak, partially responsible, and I should like to mention just one or two of them. First of all there is Sir Harold Hartley, my tutor, under whom I did my first research work.He laid the foundation for anything which I have done afterwards, and my gratitude to him will be lasting, whatever I eventually do. In the second place, I would mention Professor Brbnsted, of Copenhagen University. I had the privilege of working with him for four years after finishing my ordinary course at Oxford, and a large number of the lines of thought which I have tried to follow up, were really started by him. Thirdly, I would mention Professor Hinshelwood, in whose laboratory I have been working for the last five years. I owe a great debt of gratitude to him for the stimulus, advice and criticism which he has given me, and for his way of making it easy for me to carry on the work in the laboratory. I do very much hope that I shall be able to live up to this honour in the future in continuing my work, and I can only say that I shall do my very best to do so.There is one other person 110 whose name I should like to mention in that connection. I think that the work of all physical chemists in Oxford will be very greatly helped in the future by Lord Nuffield’s magnificent gift. We look forward to starting work very soon in the new laboratory for physical chemistry which his gift has made possible, and I should like to take this opportunity of recording my thanks to him as well as to the others whom I have named. (Applause.) OF THE SIR EDWARD MEDAL ANDPRESENTATION FRANKLAND PRIZE.The PRESIDENT: I have also to present the Sir Edward Frank- land Medal and Prize. Sir Edward Frankland was our first President, and this Medal and Prize are awarded to the student whose essay on a professional subject is deemed by the Council the best. This year, the SirEdward Frankland Medal and Prize have been awarded to Mr. Lewis Smith, a registered student studying at the Sir John Cass Technical Institute. He has submitted an essay entitled “The Study of Chemistry,” in which he has been so bold as to give his views on the education of the chemist, and, in doing so, has reviewed the difficulties both of the student and of the teacher. The presentation was then made, amid applause. MINUTES. The Minutes of the pRvious Annual Meeting, which had been circulated in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part 11, 1937, were taken as read and signed.ANNUALACCOUNTS. The PRESIDENT:I will now ask our Honorary Treasurer to present the Annual Accounts with the Report of the Auditors. Mr. BERNARD (Hon. Treasurer) : The Accounts for F. HOWARD the year 1937,with the comparative figures for 1936,are attached to the Report of the Council and published in the JOURNAL AND PROCEDINGS,Part I, 1938, which you have doubtless studied. The Auditors’ remarks are more or less common form, and I do not think that I need read them, but there are a few special items to which I should like to draw your attention. In the first place, you will observe that the Accounts are presented this year in a new form.They consist of an Income and Expenditure Account (pages 22 and 23), and a Balance Sheet (pages 24 and 25). This new presentation of the Accounts 111 represents a very genuine attempt on the part of the Council and of the Finance Committee to meet the criticism, raised by Dr. E. B. Hughes and other members, of the method hitherto adopted. By “criticism,” I do not mean hostile criticism; every remark made by Dr. Hughes was helpful criticism, and the Council are most grateful to him for the enormous help that he has given to the Finance Committee by leading them into new paths and inculcating new ideas; so that when I say ‘‘criticism ” I want you to take that as meaning the most friendly criticism, for which we are deeply grateful.(Applause.) With reference to the Income and Expenditure Account, you will notice that the income from subscriptions shows an increase of over fT770. Certain of the expenses are somewhat higher, and I should like to tell you the reasons. Repairs and maintenance expenses of the premises are somewhat higher; but repairs had necessarily to be postponed while the building operations of the University of London were going on next door. For instance, we were quite unable to undertake any painting, owing to the large amount of dust caused by the demolition and rebuilding. Salaries and wages are rather higher because of the increase of staff rendered necessary by the increase in the size of the Institute. In 1923 the membership was 4,062, compared with 7,029 at present.The large increase of membership has caused an increase of staff, but of three members only. I think we have been ex- tremely moderate in our expansion of the staff to meet the demand caused by extra work. Certain items of expenditure are very nearly the same for the two years: the Publications account, for instance, is fT2,123 as against fTz,143, and the Examinations account is the same to within Er,-at fT962. There is an increase of E38 IS. Iod. in the contribution from the Institute’s funds to the support of the Chemical Society’s Library. That is a movement with which I think that you will be fully in accord. (Applause.) There are certain expenses caused by the promotion of the proposed Supplemental Charter, which amounted to over E125.The Balance Sheet sets forth the total investments at cost and the liabilities on the 31st December, 1937. When we changed over to this form of accounts, it was necessary for the Auditors to form a starting figure for the investments, and this figure was found to be fT31,IgO. After we had had Dr. Hughes’ help, the accounts for 1936, which were presented to you in a different form last year, were subsequently reproduced in the form in which 112 the accounts for 1937 are now presented. Produced in that form, they showed a debit balance on the income and expenditure account of L378. In 1937, the excess of income over expenditure amounted to k624 5s. 6d., and, after deducting the debit balance for 1936, we still have a credit balance of k245 14s.IId. for 1937. I think that all the other accounts will be readily understood by anyone who studies them. I should like to tell you that the Finance Committee, on the instructions of the Council, has been investigating the existing scheme for providing members of our staff with an endowment on retirement. The Committee has not gone very far into the matter, but it has reached the stage at which it has had to report back to the Council that the provision at present made for our staff compares very unfavourably with that instituted by other and similar bodies. The Council has now instructed the Finance Committee to go ahead and obtain quotations for securing an adequate endowment on retirement for existing members of the staff.(Applause.) I should like to leave it with you at that, and promise you that, by this time next year, I or my successor will have more to say on this subject. Dealing with the Benevolent Fund, I should like to direct the attention of members to the fact that the number of contribu- tors during 1937 showed an increase of 614 above those for 1936. This was mainly in reply to a special appeal asking members to make a great effort in the Coronation year. We hope that a great many of those 614 extra donors for the Coronation year effort will become regular annual subscribers, and continue to support the Fund, which so urgently needs your help. The main result of the special appeal which I have mentioned has been to augment the capital account, and I am very grateful to be able to report that the fund will also benefit still further under the wills of Dr.Alfred Fryer and Dr. John Augustus Voelcker. I cannot leave the question of the Benevolent Fund without referring to that personal touch of human kindness with which the Registrar deals with the extremely pathetic cases which come to his attention. I do ask for the cordial support of all the members of the Institute for this fund, in order that our Registrar may be able to carry on this work, which I know is so near to his heart. I beg formally to move that the Accounts be received and adopted, and I will ask Dr. Hughes if he will be so kind as to second the motion. 113 Dr.E. B. HUGHES:I have been offered the privilege of second- ing the adoption of these Accounts, and I do so most heartily and with very great pleasure and a feeling of great appreciation to the Honorary Treasurer and to the Officers and the Council for the courteous and generous manner in which the suggestions which Iventured to put forward at the last Annual General Meeting have been received. There has been a big alteration in the presenta- tion of these accounts. I realise that that must have caused a great deal of work to those concerned, and I can offer no sugges- tions for the future; I can only say that in clarity of presentation and completeness, they have gone further than I could have imagined and hoped, and I am heartily in support of their adoption.I therefore beg to second the proposition that the Annual Accounts for the year 1937, with the Report of the Auditors, be received and adopted, and that the best thanks of the Institute be accorded to the Honorary Auditors for their services, The PRESIDENT:If any member of the Institute wishes to ask a question relating to the Accounts, now is the opportunity to do so. Failing that, I will put to the meeting the motion that the Accounts be received and adopted. The motion was carried unanimously. REPORTOF THE COUNCIL. The PRESIDENT:The next item on the Agenda is to receive the Report of the Council, and it is my duty to put that formally before you and to move its adoption. The President then delivered his Address (see p.117). Dr. BERNARDDYER: As perhaps the senior Fellow of the Institute present (Applause), I have much pleasure in seconding this motion. In passing it, I am sure that you would like to associate with it our very sincere thanks to the President for the very thoughtful address which he has given us this evening, discussing from every point of view the question which so deeply concerns a great many of us. Personally, whatever views I might have had otherwise on any phase of the subject of the Supplemen- tal Charter I have unhesitatingly scrapped, in view of the faith which I have in our Council and my knowledge of the deep con- concern with which every member of that Council carrieson the responsible duties entrusted to him.(Applause.) 114 We shall all have, I take it, from what our President has said, another opportunity of considering collectively and adjudicating upon this serious and momentous question, and it is to be hoped that more of the Fellows and Associates will bend their thoughts seriously in this direction, because the vote which was taken was so small that it seemed to indicate apathy on the part of a very large section of the Institute. It is to be hoped that that will not be the case when a further opportunity of expressing an opinion comes before us. I am sure that we wish to thank our President not only for this Address but for all that he has done for the Institute. (Ap-plause.) He has worked hard for the Institute, despite the other engrossing duties which he has to fulfil.We should like to ask his permission to have this Address printed and circulated to every Fellow and Associate of the Institute. (Applause.) The PRESIDENT:Are there any questions? If not, I willput the motion that the Report of the Council be received and adopted. The motion was carried unanimously. The PRESIDENT: As regards Dr. Dyer’s remark, expressing the hope that the members will have the opportunity of seeing this Address in print, I can give the assurance that they will; it has been written for that purpose! I hope that you and those who are not here will read it. REPORTOF THE SCRUTINEERS. The PRESIDENT:I now call on the Secretary to read the Report of the Scrutineers on the election of the Officers (President, Vice-presidents, and Hon. Treasurer), General Members of Council, and Censors, for the year ending 1st March, 1939.The SECRETARY read the following Report of the Scrutineers :-OFELECTION OFFICERS,MEMBERS OF COUNCIL,AND CENSORS. The number of valid voting papers received for the election of Officers was 1344. The following were elected:- President: Sir R. H. Pickard. Vice-presidents: W. A. S. Calder, A. E. Everest, J. J. Fox, C. Ainsworth Mitchell, R. Robinson, J. F. Thorpe. Hon. Treasurer: Bernard F. Howard. The number of valid votes cast for General Members of Council was 1340. The following were elected:- G. Roche Lynch, T. P. Hilditch, D. F. Twiss, F. H. Carr, B. G. McLellan, H, V, A, Briscos, A, Coulthard, J.R. Johnson, F. G. Edmsd, 115 A. L. Bacharach, H. E. Cox, W. A. Damon, A. G. Francis, George King,W. J. A. Butterfield, B. Wylam, H. H. Hodgson, John Weir, B. S. Evans, R. E. Slade, 0. L. Brady, J. B. Firth, F. M. Potter, S. Smiles, P. Lewis-Dale, P. F. Gordon, (A. W. M. Wintle*), W. S. Patterson. The number of valid voting papers received for the election of Censors was 1257. The following were elect,ed:-Sir G. T. Morgan, J. F. Thorpe, W. A. S. Calder, Robert Robinson. The PRESIDENT:It is now my duty to declare that the success- ful candidates, as given in the Report of the Scrutineers, are duly elected as your Officers, Council and Censors for the ensuing year. I should now like on your behalf to thank the Scrutineers, Mr.Bassett and Mr. Heald, who have very kindly spent a long time in adding up and tabulating the votes. The duties of the Scrutineers are very arduous. Their services are not seen, but none the less I am sure that the Institute is deeply indebted to them for their work, and I should like on your behalf to be empowered to send them a letter thanking them for their services. (Applause.) ELECTION AUDITORS.OF The PRESIDENT:The next business is to elect the Auditors and fix their remuneration. I desire from the Chair to nominate Mr. J. H. Lane for re-election as an Honorary Auditor, and I should like to receive the nomination of a second Honorary Auditor from the body of the hall. Mr. R. F. INNES:I should like to propose the re-election of Mr.W. C. Hancock as Honorary Auditor. The PRESIDENT:The motion before us is for the re-appoint- ment of Mr. W. C. Hancock and J. H. Lane as Honorary Auditors. The motion was carried unanimously. Mr. BERNARD (Hon. Treasurer) : I beg to propose F. HOWARD the re-appointment of Mr. David Henderson, in association with Messrs. J. Y. Finlay & Co., Chartered Accountants, as Auditors for the ensuing year, the fee to be fixed at forty guineas. The PRESIDENT:I will second that and put it to the meeting. The motion was carried unanimously. * In submitting the Report the Secretary mentioned that Mr. Rintle had passed away just as the Balloting Papers weie being issued but notwithstanding the fact that know- ledge of his death spread rather quickly, he hah reieived sufficient votes to comg within the list of successful candidates.The candidate with the next highest number of votes had for this reason been reported as elected. 116 TO THE RETIRING VICE-PRESIDENT VOTE OF THANKS AND MEMBERS OF COUNCIL. The PRESIDENT: I am informed that Mr. Eynon would like to move a vote of thanks to the retiring Vice-president and the retiring Members of Council. Mr. LEWIS EYNON:I have very much pleasure in proposing a hearty vote of thanks to the retiring Vice-president and Members of Council. I do so with the more heartiness because I am myself a past Member of Council, and I know what a very great sacrifice of time membership of the Council involves, not only in attending Council meetings but in the more arduous work of attending Committee meetings. I am not sure whether I should condole with those who are retiring on the loss of the privilege of being members of the Council or whether I should congratulate them on a happy release.(Laughter.) In any case, I am sure that we do owe them a hearty vote of thanks for the work which they have done for the Institute. (Applause.) Dr. EVEREST: I have much pleasure in seconding the vote of thanks which has been proposed by Mr. Eynon to the retiring Vice-president and Members of Council. As one who has served on the Council, I know perfectly well how interesting it is and at the same time what a sacrifice of time is involved. The PRESIDENT:I will put that vote of thanks to the meeting.The vote of thanks was carried unanimously. The PRESIDENT: That concludes the business of this Annual General Meeting. The proceedings then terminated. 117 President’s Address. LADIESAND GENTLEMEN, May I mention, in the first place, that I am happy in the recollection that I had the honour, as your President, to accept the invitation to represent the Institute at the Coronation of His Majesty King George the VI and Queen Elizabeth in Westminster Abbey, on 12th of May. The Institute completed the 52nd year of its incorporation under Royal Charter on the 13th June, and the 60th year since its original incorporation on the 2nd October. It must, I think, be a source of gratification to the Fellows and Associates that the Institute increases in numbers and in its usefulness in the public service. To-day, I am able to tell you that, as the Hon.Treasurer has already mentioned, its roll of membership exceeds 7,000-a number of new members having been elected at the Council Meeting held since the publication of the Report. It is customary for your President, in moving the adoption of the Report of the Council to comment briefly on the matters referred to therein. On the present occasion, I must refer for a moment to our losses by death, and we recall with regret several names that are familiar to many of us and not a few Fellows who have rendered good service to science and their profession. Robert Westrup Blair, our Honorary Corresponding Secretary in the Far East, a fine type of colonial Civil Servant, the son of a distinguished father, the late Sir Robert Blair, Education Officer of the London County Council; Joseph Bernard Coleman, a lecturer at University College, Nottingham and later at the South Western Polytechnic, who was associated with Professor Frank Clowes, as joint-author of a text-book which was in very general use when I was a student; William Bates Ferguson, King’s Counsel, a keen ?nd successful investigator in the chemis- try and physics of photography; Alfred Cooper Fryer, an early Inspector under the Alkali, etc.Works Regulations Act, a popular and hospitable member of our Bristol and South-Western Counties Section, who, in his will, remembered the Benevolent Fund of the Institute; Alfred Henry Knight, a well-known 118 metallurgical consultant in Liverpool ; Sir David Orme Masson, Professor of Chemistry at Melbourne University and a leading representative of science in the Commonwealth of Australia ; Arthur George Perkin, Professor of Colour Chemistry and Dyeing in the University of Leeds, the last of the three chemist sons of Sir William Henry Perkin, the discoverer of Mauve; Frank Litherland Teed, Barrister-at-Law and formerly Public Analyst for the City of London; Joseph Harold Totton, Public Analyst for Belfast and a keen member of the Local Section; John Augustus Voelcker who, like his father, will be remembered particularly for his services to Agriculture, and to whom we are also grateful for a valuable bequest to our Benevolent Fund; Sydney Young, who held the Chair of Chemistry at the University of Bristol and later at Trinity College, Dublin; and I would add our esteemed colleague, Albert Watkins Maggs Wintle, an earnest Member of Council, who passed away after an operation, while his name stood on the balloting list for re-election at this Annual Meeting, Of the extent and value of the work of the Council and the Committees, and of the many matters of public interest in which the Institute has been asked to co-operate, there is ample evidence in the Report before you.The Treasurer has dealt with our finances, and I trust that the new form of the Annual Financial Statements meets with general approval.I wrote that before I realised that you were going to approve of it so cordially. I hope you will allow me from the Chair to offer our best thanks to the Treasurer for the care and attention which he devotes to our interests. (Applause.) The Benevolent Fund profited by the special appeal for Coronation Year, the conception of which was largely due to the happy inspiration of Mr. J. C. White. To the Proposed Supplemental Charter and the proceedings thereon, I will refer later. Our Local Sections have continued to provide many interest- ing papers, demonstrations, discussions and visits, and our best thanks are due to their Committees and Officers,-especially their Honorary Secretaries. The Honorary Corresponding Secretaries in Overseas Dominions and Colonies, too, have continued to help us in matters referred to them and in this connexion I would mention our special indebtedness to our old friend Dr.Gilbert J. Fowler, Honorary Secretary of the Indian Advisory Committee. 119 The Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee has held nine lengthy sittings-I have not been at all of them-and the importance of their work is indicated by the summary given in the Report. It is, perhaps, remarkable that with the increasing member- ship, the newly qualified Associates are becoming steadily absorbed in industry and other branches of practice, so that out of 7,000, there are only 64 who are out of employment, so far as we know. In my address last year, I referred to the difficulty sometimes expressed by the heads of large research and industrial organisa- tions in hearing of men suitable for appointment to positions of responsibility, other than by promotion from among their own juniors.I have had some correspondence with members of the Insti- tute calling my attention to similar difficulties experienced by those who, having reached the highest position available under their present employers, are desirous of changing to positions with still higher possibilities. I propose to ask the new Council whether they will consider the possibility of any amendment to the present machinery of the Institute’s “Appointments Register,” with a view to dealing with this matter, but, in the meantime, my attention has been called to the fact that some 350 members are regularly receiving the list of vacancies and that of these only about 64 have notified the office that they are actually disengaged.It seems to me more than likely that at least some of the others are eminently suitable for senior positions, and I would like to ask heads of large organisations and directors of industrial concerns whether they could not avail themselves of the facilities afforded by the Institute’s Appointments Register to a greater extent than they have done in the past. The Council has co-operated with councils of other bodies in rendering such assistance as it could to the Air-Raid Pre- cautions Department of the Home Office, and will be as ready as ever to afford assistance in public matters of this kind when called upon. I would like to thank, in your name, Mr.Davidson Pratt for his excellent lecture on “Gas Defence,” and to repeat our thanks to Dr. Glasstone, Sir Martin Forster, Mr. Calder, Professor Rideal and Dr. Ainsworth Mitchell for their valuable lectures. (Applause.) 120 The Report contains the list of our recent publications, and concludes with a brief reference to the Examinations for National Certificates in Chemistry and the appointment of the Fourth Pedler Research Scholar. Having briefly reviewed the headings of the Report, I propose now to submit some considerations affecting the policy of the Institute. In the first place, I will refer particularly to the Proposed Supplemental Charter, which, for one reason or another, did not meet with the approval of the majority of the combined total of those Fellows and Associates who exercised their right to vote on the matter,-less than half the membership voted; actually 2,829 out of nearly 7,000.Since the postal vote was taken, a Special Committee has been engaged in reviewing the situation. It seems to that Committee, in whose views I concur, that the full significance, and even the purpose, of the proposals was not understood; in fact, the opinions expressed by the speakers representing certain views, confirmed that impression. Criticisms were directed to one part or other of the proposal which tended to confuse the main issue, but the Council was anxious to hear all that could be advanced from the opposition, and now that we have had an opportunity of considering the views expressed, I want to suggest to you that it is necessary that we should clear our minds of ideas and arguments that were, to my mind, unfounded or irrelevant.In saying that, however, I do not for one moment suggest that any speaker, in anything he said at the meeting, was prompted by any but good motives and loyal feelings towards the Institute. The main arguments in favour of the proposals contained in the Supplemental Charter are, I think, as follows:- (I) Departments of State may require a Register of qualified (2) The Institute is not the only competent examining chemists which shall be as complete as possible. Body, but it is the only body with authority to maintain a Register of qualified chemists,--other than pharmacists.(3) All members on this Register are required to sign a declaration agreeing to abide by the disciplinary clauses of the Charter. Such professional discipline has been 121 deemed necessary for a certain Government purpose, and may be required for other purposes. In order to make the Register as complete as possible, it is desirable to include the names of all persons who are competent, according to the Institute’s standards, and are willing also to abide by the disciplinary code, even if they do not wish to take part in all the work of the Institute and to avail themselves of the full privileges of its membership. If the suggested proposals are brought into effect the Universities are all prepared to acknowledge and support the Institute as the competent Registration authority for the Profession of Chemistry.This co-operation will be strengthened by the inclusion on the’Counci1 of six FeZZows of the Institute who occupy professorial chairs and are nominated by the Universities. That after having very carefully considered the situation the Council that is just retiring recommended the proposals as being in the best interests both of the Institute and the profession. (Applause.) Those are the arguments in favour of the Supplemental Charter. At the risk of incurring the criticism that I do “protest too much,” I want to emphasise again that at no time was the Council of the Institute threatened by the representatives of the Universities, or the position and authority of the Institute challenged by those representatives.Indeed, as I have already stated, the Universities were ready and willing to acknowledge the position of the Institute as the registration authority for our profession, and had approved the Petition. It is my firm impression that a change of mind and opinion on the part of many members occurred at the slightest suggestion that the Council of the Institute might be acting under com- pulsion. I have heard from many friends that the vote turned largely on that suggestion; but the implication was no more than this,-that, if the Institute could not secure some means of voluntary registration for Graduates in Chemistry, the Univer- sities themselves might feel called upon to attempt it.Alterna-tively, they might seek to obtain a further hearing from Govern- ment with regard to the question wherein legislation affecting the interests of their graduates might arise in the future. 122 Unlike Medicine, Law, Dentistry and Pharmacy-Chemistry, being a subject which may be studied, and is studied, irrespective of vocational aims, comes less directly before the public mind, except in relation to certain specific purposes; and it must be remembered that the Institute has never sought to obtain either compulsory registration for the profession of Chemistry, or exclusive recognition of its qualifications.The Rule made by the Home Secretary, under the Pharmacy and Poisons Act, laid down that the supervision of the manu- facture of pharmaceutical preparations containing poisons and intended for the treatment of human ailments, could only be entrusted to a Registered Pharmacist or to a member of the Institute; but the Institute had not sought any exclusive privilege and had, in fact, suggested that chemists who were not members of the Institute might be granted personal licences. Despite this suggestion, however, the Rule was not modified, and it led to representations being made to the Home Secretary on behalf of the Universities, because it was thought that it might be the “thin end of the wedge” to general compulsory registration.After the Rule had come into force, the Vice-Chancellors of the British Universities approached the Institute,-I repeat in the most friendly way- and the Council prepared the proposed Supplemental Charter as an endeavour to meet the point of view of the Vice-Chancellors. I want to make it quite clear- and I am afraid now I am a little personal-that I was not Vice-chancellor of London University at the time that the Council determined on taking this course of action, nor had I any reason to think that I was to attain such an honour. The Council had already agreed upon this policy when I came into office as Vice-chancellor, and I was then and am still, heartily in favour of it. Now, if we consider Pharmacy,-we find that University Graduates in Pharmacy are required to pass a further examination, Forensic Pharmacy, conducted by the Pharmaceutical Society and also to submit evidence of two years’ practical experience (in lieu of apprenticeship) before they can become “Registered Pharmacists.” No one but a Pharmacist who is on the Pharma- ceutical Society’s Register can keep what is known as “open shop” for the sale of poisons, or for that matter be ranked Pari passu with members of the Institute under the Poisons Rule; and it should be further noted that all Registered Pharmacists 123 have to pay an annual subscription of LI 11s.6d. to the Pharma- ceutical Society. Graduates in Dentistry also have to pay an annual fee (l4) to the Dental Board before they can practise.I do not know whether the Universities have ever raised any objection to this position; but, apparently, there is some feeling in the Universities that it is unfair that a Graduate in Chemistry, a non-vocational subject in some cases, should not be able to obtain professional recognition by the State without fully sub- scribing to the Institute. Your Council felt however, and still feels, that it would be wise to make some concession, in order that the Institute should obtain, not only recognition by the State, but also the whole- hearted co-operation of the Universities in its work. It would seem to me very important that the opportunity to achieve these objects should not be lost. In the case of Pharmacy and Dentistry, registration is made compulsory by Acts of Parliament.In the case of Chemistry, registration has not been made generally compulsory by the State; nor, in my opinion, and I think in the opinion of most members of the Institute, would it be either desirable or practic- able to make it so; but in one instance Parliament has made it compulsory for a certain specified purpose, and, for that purpose, the Institute should be willing to help the State. It is perhaps a coincidence that the Publications Committee has illustrated the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGScontaining the annual report with a portrait of Boyle, just at the time when I am addressing a body of sceptical chemists. The sceptical chemists I am addressing are mainly those 1,443Fellows and Associates out of 7,000 who voted against their Council’s proposal for a Supplemental Charter.Now as to the points raised in discussion, on which it would have been easy to dilate at the special meeting, had time allowed. I must say, first of all, that the Poisons Rule made under the Pharmacy and Poisons Act, affected very few people,-perhaps a round dozen,-but was important in that it indicated that circum- stances might again arise wherein the State might find it necessary to look to the services of a recognised qualifying and registering body of chemists, all of whom were subject to the disciplinary con- trol of their professional equals. The Council regarded, and still regards, the importance of the proposed Supplemental Charter 124 largely as a matter of public service.The Council has been asked by the Universities to take the lead in an endeavour to solve this particular problem and, with that purpose in view, it prepared the Proposed Supplemental Charter. The Institute is always ready to help the State and the State knows it; but ignoring this important aspect,-grounds for objection were raised on the following matters :-Against University representation on the Council, espec- ially without financial contribution. That senior lecturers (as well as professors) were not to be eligible for any such representation. That persons who were unwilling to subscribe fully to the general objects of the Institute and become Fellows or Associates should be accorded any sort of recognition.That the Institute was seeking financial advantage out of the proposed third grade of membership. That the extension of “registration” was not wide enough, it being supposed that there were many persons doing chemical work in industry who were not included in the proposals. That the Proposed Supplemental Charter did not help the Institute to do more for the industrial chemist. That no provision was made for existing members to step down and become “Graduates Registered.” That the reference to “discipline”-and I have made it many times this evening-was merely an excuse for the proposals. That diplomas other than University degrees were not considered. That a much wider Charter was not brought forward, especially in the interests of the younger members.Now, if you will bear with me for a few moments, I want to deal with each of these objections. Objections were raised to University representation on the Council-even representation by Fellows of the Institute-on the ground that the Universities would make no financial contribution to the Institute. Why should the Institute ask for any such financial contribution? Precedents exist, however, for such representation without financial contribution, and they are not difficult to seek. The General Medical Council is an example. The Universities are represented on it by 18 out of 43 members on that Council without contributing to its funds. Under the Pharmacy and Poisons Act, 1933,the Council of the Pharmaceutical Society includes three members nominated by the Privy Council, and it is laid down that the Chairman of the “Statutory Committee” of the Society shall be a person of legal experience appointed by the Privy Council. None of these need be, or in fact are, pharmacists, and the Privy Council does not contribute towards the funds of the Society.Let us reflect, too, that from its very foundation our Institute has had the advantage of much guidance in all affairs relating to professional education and examinations by the professorial Fellows, and that the Council has, very naturally and necessarily, regarded the specific association of such Fellows with the Institute and its work as being of the first importance.(Applause.) This association, with such representation has, therefore, always been regarded by successive Councils as necessary, desirable, and definitely in the interests of the Institute,-certainly not as a mere concession. Surely few, if any of us, can say that we do not owe a great deal to those of our Founders who laid down the general scheme of education for chemists, and few, indeed, have not the sincerest feelings of gratitude towards those who guided us to become qualified for our profession, and to whom the Institute must continue to look for help and guidance on educational matters. I understand that the view has been expressed that if the Universities were to appoint representatives on the Council at all, they should be at liberty to elect not only professors, but also lecturers; but surely it would be a little unjust to the prestige of the Institute that a University should send as its representative anyone but a chemist who holds a position of major responsi- bility.I believe that the position and prestige of the Institute would be materially strengthened by such direct representation of the Universities on the Council. Many lecturers in Universities have been chosen by the general body of membersasordinary Members of Council or as District Members, and have given, and will doubtless continue to give, loyal and valuable services in those capacities. The suggestion that some other class of representation might, in the future, become desirable, is quite beside the point, 126 as I see it, because the Institute can itself decide that question as and when the occasion may arise.Next, there were objectors who had little or no sympathy with the idea of recognising the position of anybody who did not wish to avail himself of the full privileges of Fellowship or Associateship. I grant that it is a generally accepted principle that a professional man should take his part in supporting the work of the body which represents his profession, and I have in mind the special provision long since made by the Institute for the admission of Honours Graduates of the Univer- sities to the Institute; but it appeared to the Council that the new form of registration by the Institute was advisable, and might, in times of emergency be of the greatest importance to the State.Such registration would be voluntary, except with regard to payment of fees to meet actual expenses, and would imply integrity and competence and submission to the disciplin- ary control of the Institute. But was it not to be expected that, in due time, persons so registered, would prefer to acquire full membership of the Institute and its privileges? Incidentally, the suggestion that the Institute would benefit financially seemed to a few of our Fellows and Associates to be one of the objects of the proposal; but I think you will realise that it would be fair and just that the proposed third grade of membership should bear their share of the expense incurred, so far as it was concerned with the investigation of their appli- cations for registration.That expense, I may explain, is not trivial. It involves the careful checking of documents by the staff, printing, stationery, postage, and general overheads, as well as the payment of travelling expenses of members of the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee entrusted with the business of assessing the claims of candidates for such registration. You will see, therefore, that the fees proposed were not estimated to cover more than the necessary expense. There were other side issues, such as-that the Institute was not sincere in its concern for the interests of chemists employed by Industry. That remark was not very relevant, but I may say that the majority of the Fellows and Associates are engaged in industrial appointments, and although it is no part of the function of the Institute to intervene between such members and their employers, the interests of industrial chemists 127 are no less promoted than those of other chemists, as I will show later.The Regulations of the Institute are sufficiently elastic to enable any industrial chemist who has “made good” to state his case for admission, even though he may not be possessed of “academic qualifications ”;but I think you will all agree that the Institute should not seek power to admit such candidates without individual scrutiny of their abilities (applause). Again, the objection was raised that an existing Fellow or Associate would not be allowed to become, or revert to the status of the new proposed third grade.Those who objected to the institution of the new grade are surely not those who are objecting to this condition. The Council has always had con- sideration for the Fellow or Associate who has met with mis- fortune, but it must be a reasonable anticipation that a chemist who signs such a Declaration as Fellows and Associates are required to sign on election-that he will, to the utmost of his power, maintain the dignity and welfare of the Institute,-will do all that he can loyally to support its work. He is not likely to step down to the third grade. I would repeat what I said at the Special General Meeting:- “The Council felt that there may be some slight tendency for a few persons to seek admission to the Associateship in order to obtain some particular facility, and then after the desire for that particular service had been satisfied, wish to transfer to the new category; then at a later date having a desire perhaps to use the Institute’s Appointments Register, or the Benevolent Fund, might wish to become again Associates.In other words, the position of the Institute would not be fairly protected if a man were to think that he could ‘hop in and out’ from one category to another as it suited his im-mediate and rather short-sighted views of his interests.’’ Perhaps I might mention why it is necessary that the new category should be “Members” of the Institute at all.The reason is that a Charter can only confer disciplinary powers over persons who are actually members of the Corporate Body. The reference to the Censors and their work during the dis- cussion, recalled the principle that the Police Force does not exist only for the prevention of crime, but also for the protection 128 of the law-abiding citizen. The Institute, largely by the confidential work of the Censors, has established a code of pro-fessional behaviour which is now so generally accepted that its benefits can only be realised by those who remember the condi- tions prevailing forty or fifty years ago. The value of the Censors’ duties cannot be measured by the number of members who have been called upon to resign or have had their names removed from the Register for unprofessional conduct.Those represent the cases where the code of the Institute has been broken. Cases have occurred in which the extreme action has been taken, but we may rejoice that the existence of the code has rendered such cases very rare. We must remember, also, that under the By-laws, a member is liable to be called upon to resign, not only when he has been convicted by a competent Court of Jurisdiction, but also when, in the opinion of the Censors-without any extraneous legal procedure-his membership is regarded as undesirable. Reports of the Council have occasionally contained mention of the removal of members. One such case was reported last year; but, under the By-laws, such removal may be obviated, because the Censors, in serious cases, must first call upon the offender to resign, and only if he decline to do so is the Council required to decide the matter.As to the proposal that registration should be undertaken by the Chemical Council,-the Chemical Council is the Council formed under the agreement between ourselves, the Chemical Society, and the Society of Chemical Industry-it should be mentioned that the present constitution of that Council is that of a body-a charity in the strict legal sense-entrusted with the administration of a fund for specific purposes. Although its aims include the advancement of the science and the promotion of general co-operation between the three Chartered Chemical Bodies, its functions do not extend to the matters of professional qualifications or discipline, which are the business of the Institute alone.A group of objectors, who appeared not to be otherwise opposed to the general principles of the Proposed Charter, demurred at the non-inclusion in the third category of Associates of certain Colleges who are at present accepted as eligible for Associateship of the Institute. This, of course, was a question 129 not at issue during the negotiations with the Universities; but I am at a loss to understand why loyal and keen members of the Institute should regard it as a grievance that the concession was not further extended in the direction suggested. There are only three Associateships of these Colleges which are so recognised under the present Regulations, while there are a large number of Associateships and Diplomas of other Colleges which are not so recognised.However, the special Committee which is considering this matter thinks that it may be desirable to consider whether provision could be made for these cases as part of a general principle. The provisions of the original Charter of the Institute are already very wide, but the suggestion was made-naturally, in the circumstances, without any specific practical details-that the Council should draft a Petition for a supplemental Charter which would be of more value to the general body of members, especially to those engaged on the industrial side and also to the younger members.Although this comment might have taken us far beyond the business of the Special General Meeting, it prompts the reminder that a Royal Charter is only granted to any body of persons if it can make a case that the grant of any particular privileges to it will be in the public interest. It also prompts the reflection that preceding Councils have ever been ready to receive and con- sider suggestions from the Fellows and Associates for the further- ance of their interests, consistent with the objects of the Institute; -here recurred the special reference to chemists engaged in industry. On this, it may be remarked that no class of Fellow or Associate, in any branch of work, receives special or extraordinary privileges beyond those accorded to any other class; yet it is clear that most Fellows and Associates, and indeed professional men and women very generally, not only wish their status to be acknowledged but are anxious to take their part in supporting the institution which is devoted to their general interests and the promotion of competence and integrity in the practice of their professions. What has the Institute done, and what does it do? It has established a standard of training and qualifications, and has enrolled a voluntary fellowship-in the sense of brotherhood-of over 7,000 highly qualified professional men and women,-one of 130 the most remarkable of the professional bodies of modern times- to which the State and the public can look for valuable service.It affords these 7,000 Fellows and Associates the means of obtaining appointments, and of improving their positions. In addition to providing the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,the “Register,” the ‘‘List of Official Chemical Appointments,” and usehl lectures, it secures valuable library privileges, not only at the Institute, but at the Chemical Society’s Library. All Fellows and Associates, except those resident in certain places abroad and in isolated districts, become automatically members of Local Sections, whose Committees arrange lectures, social meetings, works visits, and opportunities for the discussion of matters of professional importance. Those of us who travel abroad are given introductions to Local Sections and Honorary Corresponding Secretaries.In addition to these privileges, Fellows and Associates are at liberty to consult the Officers of the Institute, who from their accumulated experience are often able to give advice and assistance in matters of difficulty, and in fact a very large number of Fellows and Associates constantly avail themselves of this service. The Benevolent Fund, too, has often proved, thanks to the generosity of their fellow members, very helpful to those who have been temporarily in difficulties, apart from the ready assistance afforded by the Committee to widows and children of our members. The question may be asked, then, whether any other pro- fessional body of the same standing does as much or more for the same annual subscription ? It may again be emphasised that none of these privileges which I have just enumerated, or those of using distinctive letters, or of voting, would be available to the proposed third grade of members; they would be on the Register merely because they wished to have their names recorded, without participating in our work; but, if and when they become actually engaged in the profession, it seems to me to be very unlikely that they Will neglect to apply for the Associateship.I hope that what I have said regarding the Proposed Supple- mental Charter will be carefully weighed, I have endeavoured to Show that some of the arguments advanced by the opposition are untenable and I think, in any case, I have given you views concerning those arguments which have not been brought to light.It is probable that the new Council may submit, for your consideration, a revised proposal, but for the present I would ask the Local Sections and the Fellows and Associates generally to give further consideration to the matter. Just a few words as to the general lines of policy of the Institute,-The Council will continue to organise and to register, after separate and careful scrutiny of the qualifications of each in&-vidual-this is most important-those chemists who are com- petent, within the meaning of the Charter and By-laws, as Fellows and Associates, and do all that is possible to advance the prestige and interests of the profession. I want to emphasise particularly that anyone admitted to the Institute is admitted only after there has been a separate scrutiny of his or her quali- fications.The Institute will render such assistance as it can to the State, to industry and to commerce, by encouraging to the full the right employment of the chemical talent of the country and the utilisation of scientific knowledge in legislation and public affairs. The Institute will also be ready to co-operate with other bodies in furthering the interests of our Science and of chemists. In this connexion, I need hardly remind you that the Institute is actively working in close co-operation with the other two Char- tered Chemical Bodies,-the Chemical Society, and the Society of Chemical Industry,-with a view to solving the difficulties with regard to library and the cost of publications.New know- ledge is very largely provided by the research workers in the Universities, but the cost of publication of results falls almost entirely upon members of the profession, Although large funds for furthering Research are available through the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, the Royal Society, the Chemical Society and many Universities, grants are rarely made to meet the expense of paper and printing. On this subject the Chemical Council will also have something to say in due course, but for the present I would remind you that the Institute is doing what it can and, in addition to giving substantial help along with the Society of Chemical Industry, to the Chemical Society for maintenance of the Library, is giving to chemistry the secretarial and clerical services necessary for the work of the Chemical 132 Council, and the work of the Chemical Council so far, has resulted in raising for chemistry a sum of nearly -&,ooo.(Applause.) Before formally moving the resolution, I should like to call your attention to the fact that Mr. Elkington, our retiring Vice-president, has been on the Council for the past five years, and I should like to thank him in your name for his valuable services. I should also like to thank the other members of the Council who, in compliance with the By-laws, are retiring at this Annual General Meeting. I have pleasure in formally moving- “That the Report of the Council for the year 1937-38 be received and adopted.” That will be seconded, I hope, by Dr.Dyer, and there will then be an opportunity for questions. 133 Proceedings of the Council. Council Meeting, 18th February, 1938.-Before pro-ceeding to the business of the meeting, Professor Jocelyn Thorpe tendered the congratulations of the Officers and Council to the President, on his admission to the Freedom and Livery of the Worshipful Company of Leathersellers. A resolution was received from the Cardiff and District Section, referring to the difficulties which had arisen with regard to the Proposed Supplemental Charter, and requesting the Council to consider the advisability of lowering the Entrance Fee for Associates, with the object of increasing the proportion of grad- uates who joined the Institute, and also of lowering the age of entry. The Section recommended that the Entrance Fee and first Annual Subscription should together amount to flz zs., provided that the application for admission as Associate be made within three years of the date or conferment of the exempting degree or diploma.The suggestions were referred to the Special Committee appointed to review the situation arising from the adverse Postal Vote on the Proposed Supplemental Charter. The Council received a report from Dr. Gilbert J. Fowler on the Silver Jubilee Meeting of the Indian Science Congress Association held from 3rd to 9th January, an abstract of which was published in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part I.The Rules of the East Anglia Section were approved. The Finance and House Committee reported that the existing scheme for providing members of the staff with an endowment on retirement compared very unfavourably with the schemes in force with other professional bodies of a similar type to the Institute. The Committee was instructed to bring up a further report together with a scheme of establishment. The Publications Committee reported that the supply of the Institute’s handbook-The Profession of Chemistry-was nearing exhaustion, and recommended the early production of a new edition, the chapters to be referred to selected Fellows for revision. The Committee also reported that arrangements had been completed for Dr.R. Alan Morton’s lectures on “The Practical 134 Aspects of Absorption Spectrophotometry ” to be given on 18th and 25th March, and that it was proposed to invite Professor F. M. Rowe to give during the next session two lectures on development in the chemistry of dyestuffs. The publications Committee was requested to consider the insertion of a supplement to the Register (a new edition of which is now in preparation) consisting of the list of Fellows and Associates who have passed the examination of the Institute in Branch E: the Chemistry (and Microscopy) of Food and Drugs, and in Therapeutics, Pharmacology and Microscopy. The Council gave consideration to the unsatisfactory con-ditions of certain public appointments. The matter was referred to a Local Committee for consideration and report. The Council confirmed the appointments of Examiners, Honorary Corresponding Secretaries, and the Executive Officers for the ensuing year.The thanks were accorded to the retiring Vice-president and to the Members of Council who would com- plete their term of office at the Annual General Meeting on 1st March. Council Meeting, 18th March, 1938.-The President welcomed the new Members of Council who were in attendance for the first time,-Mr. A. L. Bacharach, Mr. Wm. Godden, Dr. A. A. Hall, Mr. J. W. Hawley, Mr. D. W. Parkes, Dr. W. S. Patterson, and Dr. B. Wylam, and also those who had served on the Council before and had been re-elected,-Dr. P. F. Gordon, Dr.H. H. Hodgson and Dr. J. Weir. A resolution was received from the Committee of the Bristol and South-Western Counties Section expressing the opinion that only in very exceptional circumstances should candidates be exempted from passing an approved preliminary examination. The Council directed that the Committee be informed that the resolution was in accordance with the Regulations; that such exemptions were exceptional, and candidates were not, in any case, exempted without personal interview by a Committee. Professor Robinson, Chairman of the British National Com- mittee for Chemistry, referred to the invitation addressed to the Council of the Institute by Professor N. Parravano and the Organising Committee in Rome to nominate representatives to the 10th Congress of Chemistry, to be held in Rome from 15th- zIst May.Professor Robinson expressed the hope that as many Members as possible would endeavour to attend. The President, Professor Thorpe, Vice-president, and Dr. F. H. Car, Member of Council, were appointed as representatives of the Institute. The Council concurred in the suggestion that the next Inter- national Conference be held in London, at the same time as the celebration of the centenary of the foundation of the Chemical Society, and that the Institute should co-operate in promoting its success. A letter was received from the Home Office acknowledging the observations received from Fellows of the Institute and others engaged in Hydrogen Cyanide (Fumigation) work.The Institute was informed that the Department would shortly proceed to review the Draft Regulations for the fumigation of buildings, in the light of the representations which had been received; that the Regulations had been the subject of prolonged discussion with two of the chemists concerned; and the suggestion that persons actually engaged in fumigation work should be called into conference would not be overlooked. A further letter was received from a Fellow abroad protesting that Overseas Members could not participate in a postal vote. The Council directed that the matter be noted in the event of the revision of the By-laws. Committees for 1938-39 were appointed, and dates of future Council Meetings were fixed (see pp.103-106 et seq.). The Council received a preliminary report from the Special Committee appointed to consider the situation arising from the adverse postal vote on the Proposed Supplemental Charter. The Committee expressed the opinion that the Council should make further endeavours to meet the views of the Vice-Chancellors of the Universities in the matter, possibly by compromise or modifi- cations on lines suggested during the discussion at the Special General Meeting. 136 Local Sections. [The Institute is lzot responsible for the views expressed in papers read, or irt speeches delivered during discussion.] Belfast and District.-A meeting of the Section was held in the Department of Chemistry of the Queen’s University of Belfast on 15th February.The meeting took the form of a symposium on micro-chemical methods, and was held in collaboration with members of the Departments of Chemistry, Bio-chemistry and Agricultural Chemistry of the University. A large attendance of both members and guests testified to the interest which chemists are taking in micro-chemistry. Dr. C. L. Wilson opened the meeting with a short general address on the subject of micro-chemistry. He traced the de- velopment of micro-chemistry during the present century into a fully-fledged branch of science with its own tradition, technique and journal. He mentioned the important part which personal contact with the great masters, such as Pregl, Emich and Leh- mann, had played in the development.He described briefly the scale of micro-chemical operations, the nature of the special apparatus used-in particular the micro-chemical balance and the microscope-the special reagents employed in addition to the ordinary qualitative reagents and the economy of time and material to be effected by the adoption of micro-technique. His address was illustrated by photomicrographs showing various typical micro-chemical tests for metals. The meeting was then transferred to the laboratories, where a series of representative demonstrations was given. A wide range of standard micro-chemical apparatus was displayed, including the Pregl micro-Kjeldahl apparatus, the Pregl micro-Dumas nitrogen train, filtration apparatus and apparatus for conducting distillation and steam distillation on the micro-scale. The Kuhlmann micro-chemical balance was explained to successive parties in the special balance room, although in the circumstances actual weighings could not be demonstrated.Dr. S. Andrews had arranged an interesting demonstration of optical apparatus employed in micro-chemical work. This 137 included a Spekker photo-electric colorimeter, a Leitz “Universal ” colorimeter fitted with micro-plungers and cups, another Leitz “Universal ” colorimeter fitted as a micro-nephelo- meter, a standard Duboscq pattern colorimeter, a B.D.H. pattern Lovibond tintometer with artificial daylight attachment, a Zeiss direct-vision micro-spectroscope fitted for observations on the oxidation and reduction of cytochrome, a Leitz micro-polarimeter’ and a Hartridge reversion spectroscope fitted for observations on the absorption bands of blood pigments.Mr. Toms demonstrated a simple separation of silver, lead and mercurous mercury, using one drop of solution and, by the use of capillary tubes, eliminating filtration. The drop is treated on a microscope slide with one drop of hydrochloric acid. The slide is warmed, and the solution of lead chloride removed in a capillary and transferred to another slide. The lead is pre- cipitated with potassium iodide, and the lead iodide crystals are identified under the microscope. The residue of silver chloride and mercurous chloride is then washed with water, warming and removing the wash water by means of a capillary and thus freeing the residue from nearly all lead chloride.The residue is then treated with ammonia solution, and the ammoniacal silver chloride solution is transferred to a cover slip, where it is evapo- rated and the silver chloride crystals identified under the micro- scope. The blackened mercurous residue is washed with water, and transferred by a wide capillary to a quartz spatula, whence it is sublimed on to a cover slip. The sublimate is treated with bromine water, excess being removed by evaporation, and a characteristic Nessler brown developed by addition of caustic soda and ammonia. Dr. Wilson demonstrated his modification of Middleton’s method (AnaZyst,40,154)for the identification of the elements in very small amounts of organic compounds.The neatness and simplicity of the method suggests that it might well replace the much less convenient sodium fusion generally employed in the examination of organic compounds by Lassaigne’s method. Volumetric work was also represented in the demonstrations. The Conway horizontal micro-burette (Biochem. J., 28, 283) was used to show the ease with which titrations can be carried out using dilute acids and alkalis (Nlrooo and weaker). The total capacity of this burette is only 0.25 ml., the burette tube being graduated into 0.001 ml. divisions. Nevertheless the burette is extremely convenient in use. It is best used in conjunction 138 with the Conway micro-absorption unit (Biochem. J., 27, 419) and it is advisable to make up the acid solutions as recommended by Conway.The elegant micro-volumetric technique of Wigglesworth (Biochem..I., 31,1719)was demonstrated by Dr. R. H. Common. This technique exemplifies the extraordinary results which may be achieved through the use of this simple apparatus. In the demonstration, volumes of 0.5 per cent. silver nitrate of the order of 0.003 ml. were quantitatively titrated with N/IOOammonium thiocyanate. The burettes and pipettes are made from fine capillary tubes lined with paraffin wax, and the titration is performed on a single drop which rests on a paraffined microscope slide and is spun rapidly by a filtered air jet to secure mixing during titration. The burettes and pipettes are calibrated in arbitrary units, and a set of burettes and pipettes standardised by carrying out a determination on a known solution.The Belfast Section of the Institute has found that practical symposia are not merely popular, but are frequently of great practical interest to the members, and it would seem that micro- chemistry has a special fascination nowadays to judge by the keen interest which is taken in it. Birmingham and Midlands.-At a meeting of the Section held on 19th January, Dr. H. W. Brownsdon, delivered an address on- “Some Problems of Lubrication.” Dr. Brownsdon described a simple type of wear and lubricant testing machine. The outstanding feature of this machine was a revolving wheel, the periphery of which was radiused so that when the wheel was brought into frictional contact with a flat piece of metal it made an oval impression, the length of which could be accurately measured and formed a basis for comparing between the wear shown by different metals when using various lubricants under controlled conditions of viscosity, time, temperature, hardness, and surface polish.The effect was shown of adding small quantities of chemicals to a mineral oil used as lubricant between a revolving hardened steel wheel and a 70/30 brass flat sample, and some speculations as to the chemical and physical reasons for the widely different behaviour of different substances were put forward. Many of the most active addition agents for reducing wear 139 were found to be acidic; of the organic fatty acids, formic acid was the most active, the activity decreasing with the increase in molecular weight.Ammonia additions also gave very marked wear reduction, showing that acidity was not necessary in an effective addition agent. Chlorinated hydrocarbon additions reduced wear ,but if small amounts of water were present the effect was increased. Dr. Brownsdon suggested that this behaviour was due to decomposition products liberated under conditions existing at the seat of friction-hydrolysis being important. Many of the more effective added substances were either reducing agents or substances which, by reaction with the metals, produced reducing salts of the metals. Tin salts had a marked effect on wear reduction, being much more active as inorganic salts in the presence of water than in the form of salts of the fatty acids.In this case it was assumed that films of metallic tin were formed on the metal surfaces. Sulphur additions were also considered, it being shown that a trace of hydrogen sulphide (-005 per cent.), was just as effective in reducing wear as a hundred times more dissolved sulphur or organic sulphur compounds. The sulphide films produced were thought to play an important part in wear reduction, the formation of such films being facilitated when sulphur was in ionised or gaseous form, as in hydrogen sulphide. The effect of such additions as traces of water, carbon dioxide, or sulphur dioxide was put forward as providing some evidence that insoluble gases or vapours, acting under the high local temperature and pressure conditions existing at the seat of friction could, on purely physical grounds, help in preventing that intimate metallic contact between the rubbing surfaces which leads to wear.An application of some of the observations made was illustrated by reference to load measurements taken during the production of a small brass cup from a circular blank. In the discussion which followed, one speaker referred to the commonly recognised important part played by addition-agents having strong polar characteristics in improving the lubricating properties of mineral oils. In reply, Dr. Brownsdon agreed that any addition which would cause the lubricant to adhere more strongly to the surfaces in frictional contact would naturally be helpful, but that, in his opinion, the behaviour of a large majority of the most active 140 addition agents must be attributed to chemical or physical causes, rather then to polar characteristics.Another speaker referred to corrosive electro-chemical effects which could arise under high local pressures, giving rise to rust formation in the case of steels and leading to possible excessive wear. Dr. Brownsdon in reply, considered that, in cases where wear was attributed to corrosion, it was necessary to take into con- sideration the nature of the corrosion product; for, if this happened to be of an abrasive nature such as iron oxide, the abrasive effects would naturally lead to heavy wear. On the other hand it was possible to conceive that the corrosion product might be of such a nature as to produce a superficial film which would prevent wear and, viewed from this aspect, many of the active addition agents might strictly be considered as corrosive agents, producing corrosion products which acted as wear protective films instead of wear accelerating abrasives. On 10th February, Dr.Olaf Bloch, lectured before the Section on Some Scientific and Technical Applications of Photography.” In recent years the speed and the colour sensitivity of photo- graphic emulsions have both been greatly increased, so that it is now possible to produce plates and films which are highly sensitive over a wide spectrum range-from X-rays to infra-red. At the same time, research has enabled manufacturers to make these fast and highly colour-sensitive materials with very he grain, so that one may obtain extremely fine resolution in photo- micrography and in astrospectrography. One result of this improvement is added knowledge of the composition of the atmospheres of planets.The emulsion possesses the property of adding up small light impulses which reach it, until a point is attained at which their images can be developed, so that objects which the eye cannot see may be photographed. About 500 new stars are recorded annually as a result of this application to astronomy. The use of the photographic plate for the direct investigation of atomic breakdown was illustrated.Actual transmutation of the elements occurred within the thickness of the emulsion: on development of the plate, the tracks of the products of the reaction could be seen and measured. 141 In X-ray work much that has been achieved could never have been done by visual examination of the usual fluorescent screen. The X-ray film made permanent many an otherwise fleeting picture. Further, the great increase recently achieved in emulsion speed had secured further advances in cinematography by means of the fluorescent screen. A cin6 film (kindly lent for this lecture) of X-ray pictures- showing the passage of an opaque substance down the alimentary tract of a rat, in which deglutition, peristalsis, and other physio- logical processes were clearly seen ,-was exhibited. Slides were shown illustrating the use of infra-red photography in medicine, in elimination of haze in aerial survey, and in revealing detail not seen by visual examination in microscopical preparations.The use of photography in ultra-violet light in forensic chemistry-the examination of finger prints, forgeries of docu- ments and paintings-was also demonstrated. Dr. Bloch said that the photographic industry was one of considerable importance: each year it used something like 500 tons of silver for preparing the layer of silver bromide which covers the photographic plates, films, and papers, many thousands of tons of cotton for making the celluloid film, and large quantities of specially prepared gelatine and wood pulp.Many thousands of workpeople were employed in it, and in some respects photo- graphy was a key industry. The scientific and technical applica- tions were so important that there was scarcely any manufactur- ing industry which did not employ photography as a means of making records or as a tool for research, and there was hardly a laboratory of any importance that did not employ photography for some scientific purpose. Dr. Bloch claimed, therefore, that there was a strong case to be made out for the establishment of a Chair of Photography at one of our Universities, and he expressed the hope that this might soon be effected. Bristol and South-Western Counties.-Mr. F. E. Needs presided over a meeting of the Section held at Bristol University, on 17th February, when Dr.Lewis-Dale, late Chief Chemist to the London, Midland & Scottish Railway, gave a lecture on “The Work of a Railway Chemist.” Dr. Lewis-Dale traced the history and growth of chemistry in the railway service, mentioning that the first chemist on the railways was engaged in 1864, and thus the railways were among 142 the pioneers of the application of chemistry in genera1 industry. Even now he was often asked what use could be made of chemistry on the railway and those who recognised the necessity of chemistry often thought the chemist’s duties would be confined to the analysis of stores supplied to the railways. Whilst recognising the importance of such analysis and emphasising the need for accurate chemical analysis in all appli- cations of chemistry, the lecturer showed that the work was by no means restricted to analysis.Railways were huge manu- facturing concerns and chemistry was involved in many of the operations. He gave examples of the chemist’s work in connexion with the construction and maintenance of the permanent way, the manufacture and upkeep of locomotives, carriages and wagons, the operation of safety devices, such as fog signals, and, perhaps, the most important, the actual conveyance of passengers and goods. Examples were cited of the way in which railway chemists had contributed to improvements in analytical methods, to research in metallurgy, to great advances in the technique of painting and cleaning, especially of carriages, to the better understanding of the conditions of combustion in the locomotive furnace, to the scientific treatment of water for steam-raising, to the lubrication of rolling stock generally, and to many other problems.Dr. Lewis-Dale said that it was impossible, in a summary, adequately to describe the railway chemist’s work in connexion with the actual conveyance of goods, but he remarked there was not a single commodity carried by rail which might not come under the observation of the chemist. In particular, the chemist had to advise the commercial departments as to the conditions for carrying dangerous goods and, in this, methods had to be devised which were both practicable asd safe. In general, he claimed that the chemist had no mean share in the safety, speed and convenience of carriage by rail.At the Annual General Meeting of the Section, held on 17th March, the following were elected Officers and Committee for the ensuing year :-Chairman : Dr. E. L. Hirst, F.R.S. ; Committee : Mr. R. H. Ellis, Mr. A. Marsden, Dr. A. C. Monkhouse, Dr. E. Vanstone, Mr. W. B. Walker; (Ex-officio) District Member of Council: Mr. E. Lewis; Hon. Auditor: Dr. H. F. Dean; Hon. Secretary and Treasurer: Mr. F. P. Hornby. 143 The Chairman, Mr. F. E. Needs, gave an address on “Atmospheric Pollution,” of which he has kindly provided the following summary- Bituminous coal was first used for fuel purposes in this country in the 13th century, but the smoke to which it gave rise roused such indignation that its use was forbidden in 1306.Two more attempts were made to introduce it, and it was not until 1648 that the third attempt proved successful. The consumption of coal as fuel slowly ipcreased, until the last century saw the use of coal firmly established, not only as a fuel for domestic con- sumption, but also as the great source of power. Towards the end of the last century, the cumulative effect of smoke began to make itself appreciable. Not only were the buildings of our large cities covered with soot and tar, but the hours of sunshine were greatly diminished and fogs of remarkable density were encountered. Smoke is caused by the incomplete combustion of fuel and is comprised of many substances, such as soot, tar and other oily materials, grit, acids and several gaseous products.Realisation that the smoke problem is also a problem in economics has led in later years to much action in the industrial world. No longer is smoke a sign of industrial activity, but rather one of industrial inefficiency. Legislation has been responsible for a considerable reduction in industrial smoke, and it is estimated that the smoke from industrial chimneys is only about a quarter of that emitted a generation ago, due to more up-to-date methods of stoking, and the introduction of special apparatus to remove grit, etc. The form of smoke which is perhaps the most injurious is that produced by burning raw coal in an open grate; and the consequent smoke emission of dust, soot and tar into the air- so necessary for all forms of life-is little short of a national scandal.The measurement of pollution of the atmosphere by smoke has been systematically carried out in this country for the past 25 years. The air of Bristol was comparatively clean as compared with some large industrial towns in the Midlands and North. But it was not known by actual measurement how clean or how dirty the atmosphere was until experiments were carried out in the Public Analyst’s Department. Two deposit gauges have been set up, one in the centre of the city, and the other at the 144 Zoological Gardens. The deposit of soot, tar, and grit is washed into a reservoir by rain, the insoluble and soluble matter analysed at the end of each month, and the amount of the various con- stituents expressed in tons per square mile.There are about 130of these deposit gauges in this country, and very interesting information can be obtained by comparison of these figures from different towns. Increasing attention is being paid to the problem of atmospheric pollution. In the centre of the city nearly 290 tons of total solid matter (suspended and dissolved) were deposited per square mile, including nearly 34 tons of tar, 57 tons of soot, and 112 tons of grit per square mile during last year. At the Zoological Gardens during 1937, 133 tons of total deposit including 1-7 tons of tar, 19tons of soot, and 34tons of grit per square mile were estimated for this purely residential area.In addition, the sulphur gases, produced mainly from the combustion of coal, yielded in terms of sulphuric acid, something like 30 tons and 20 tons per square mile respectively. In comparing the figures of other towns, much depends, of course, on the situation of the deposit gauge. Usually it is presumed that one gauge is in a favourable position and the other representative of bad conditions. The annual total deposit varies between IOO and 700 tons per square mile, so that Bristol would appear to occupy a position approximately midway between the worst and the best of the places where information is obtainable. The total deposit in the centre of the city is at least twice as great as that collected at the Zoo, and the constituents of the deposit are more or less in the same ratio.The significant fact is that, in Great Britain alone, the total annual cost of the smoke nuisance has been estimated to be at least ~50,000,000.Advisory Boards say that the cost of smoke is equal to EI per head of the population. The problem must be considered in four main aspects:- (I) The actual fuel and heat waste involved in the unscientific combustion of raw coal; (2)the material damage and destruction caused by the soot, dust and acid discharge of domestic chimneys ; (3)the loss of valuable chemical compounds contained in raw coal; and (4) the effect on health. (I) Of a ton of coal only 5 cwt. is utilised for heating, the (2) The cleaning and maintenance cost of buildings could remaining 15 cwt.may be regarded as completely wasted. 145 probably be reduced by 50 per cent. were the air to be purified of soot and acid pollution. (3) The waste of valuable chemical compounds contained in raw coal, such as dyes of a 1000 shades and colours, road tar, phenols, creosote, benzole, sulphate of ammonia, etc. (4) The quality of the air we breathe is as vitally important as the water we drink and the food we eat. We eat about 2.7 lbs. of food, drink 4-5 lbs. of water, and breathe about 30 lbs. of air per day, yet despite every precaution being taken for the purity of our food and water supplies, the air is left to take care of itself.Chronic colds, catarrh, bronchitis and other more serious respiratory diseases are aggravated by, if not caused by, air poisoning, and the indirect effects, through smoke-laden air, which cuts off a large portion of available sunlight and ultra- violet rays, probably lessen our normal resistance to infection. Only by the use of smokeless fuels, coke and gas in our open grates, and electricity, can we hope to obtain a clean and pure air supply. Future generations will wonder at our inconsistency in that we steadfastly refused to consume raw meat, yet we con- sumed millions of tons of raw coal in our open grates. Millions of tons of smoke are emitted into the atmosphere every year, and it is time that the smoke barrage over our large towns should cease.It is not so much a cause for congratulation that the air pollution of our cities has been slightly reduced, but rather that legislation in the case of industrial smoke, and the use of gas and electricity in the case of domestic smoke, have called a halt to increased pollution of our atmosphere. Cardiff and District.-At a meeting of the Section held on 1st February, at the University College, Cardiff, with Mr. S. B. Watkins in the Chair, Mr. A. G. Fishburn gave a paper on "Some Recent Investigations on Natural and Synthetic Drugs." The lecturer has kindly provided the following summary- From the viewpoint of the pharmaceutical chemist the exami- nation of a drug involves the following stages:- (I) The isolation of the active constituents in a pure state, (2)The determination of the chemical constitution of these substances 146 and then a method of estimating them, and (3) The attempted synthesis of similar but less complex substances in which un- desirable properties are suppressed, and useful properties emphasised. If successful the final stage provides a more valuable drug and, at the same time, makes us independent of the natural supply.Two good examples of a complete and successful investigation are provided by the work carried out on the alkaloids of coca leaf and cinchona bark. The active principle of coca leaf is cocaine and this alkaloid fulfils nearly all the requirements for an ideal local anaesthetic. Cocaine was isolated in 1860 and it was later shown by Willstatter and others to be the methyl ester of the benzoyl derivative of ecgonine, thus possessing the following groupings :-(I) a carboxyl group, as methyl ester, (2) a secondary alcohol group, as benzoyl ester, and (3) a piperidine ring.These have been investigated in turn to determine which group or combination of groups con- tributes the anaesthetic property, and it has been found that a local anaesthetic is generally the ester of an aromatic acid (usually benzoic) and must contain an amino grouping. The evolution of synthetic local anaesthetics thus shows a gradual simplification of the cocaine formula into one of three types:-(I) esters of amino-acids (benzocaine, orthocaine) , (2)esters of amino-alcohols (amylocaine, amhydricaine) , and (3) esters of amino-alcohols with amino-acids (procaine).These provide a range of local anaes- thetics for use in dentistry, etc., and we are for many purposes independent of cocaine. In the case of synthetic drugs derived from the cinchona alkaloids, we are concerned with chemotherapy, that is, the curing of disease by attacking the pathogenic organisms with chemical substances. Chemotherapeutic research involves cer- tain stages in addition to the chemical processes, notably the isolation and cultivation of the micro-organism, and the study of the action of the synthetic compound “in vitro.” Owing to the well-known value of cinchona bark in the teatment of malaria, the cinchona alkaloids have always been attractive starting materials in the synthesis of anti-malarials.Demethylation of dihydroquinine yields the corresponding phenol, dihydrocupreine, and certain ethers derived from this compound have been used in medicine, notably opiquine (ethyl ether), eucupin (isoamyl ether) and vuzin (isooctyl ether). Demethylation of quinine 147 yields apoquinine, a mixture of three phenols, and one of these has been found to yield a series of ethers of anti-malarial activity. Other investigators have started from quinoline and have built up complex molecules; in this group atebrin and plasmoquin are important examples. Turning to recent work on vegetable drugs, the chemical examination of which is in an earlier stage, we find that a con- siderable advance has been made during the last five years in the knowledge of the ergot alkaloids and their constitution. The first ergot alkaloid to be crystallised was ergotinine, which was isolated by C.Tanret in 1875. This alkaloid was found to be physiologically inactive, but in 1906 Barger and Carr obtained an isomeric active alkaloid named ergotoxine. Since then three further pairs of isomeric alkaloids have been isolated, ergotamine and ergotaminine, ergometrine and ergometrinine, and ergosine and ergosinine. In each case the first named isomer is physio- logically active and laevorotatory, while the second is inactive and dextrorotatory. A study of the products of hydrolysis under different conditions has shown that all these alkaloids yield a complex acid, lysergic acid, which contains the indole nucleus.This throws light on the colorimetric method for the estimation of ergot alkaloids, using P-dimethylamino benzaldehyde. Since the colour is due to the indole nucleus, equimolecular amounts of all the alkaloids will give colours of equal intensity. Ergometrine differs to a certain extent from the other alkaloids in physio- logical action and, having an action closely resembling ergot itself, may therefore be described as the active principle. In constitution it is simpler than the others, since on hydrolysis it yields lysergic acid and a simple amine, whereas the other alkaloids yield lysergic acid and certain amino-acids. A process has been recently devised for the estimation of ergometrine in different samples of ergot, based on-the fact that ergometrine is soluble in water.The amount of the alkaloid in the aqueous solution is estimated colorimctrically against a standard ergotoxine solution, and the apparent percentage of ergotoxine is multiplied by 0.538, which is the ratio of the molecu- lar weights. Since the ratio of ergometrine to total alkaloids is fairly constant, the colorimetric test for total alkaloids can be taken as a useful guide to the ergometrine content, 148 East Midlands.-A meeting of the section was held at Lough- borough College on 10th February, Dr. G. Malcolm Dyson in the chair. Professor H. V. A. Briscoe gave a lecture on- ''Some Properties of Dangerous Industrial Dusts." Professor Briscoe stated that silicosis was until recently attributed to the presence of free silica, but colliers who are disabled by disease which is obviously silicosis are exposed to only relatively small amounts of free silica.It was then found that the dusts were much richer in silica than the material from which they came. Up to this time no analysis of the dust had been made. For this purpose it was necessary to collect the dust in such a way that it was not altered chemically. Professor Briscoe dealt with the various ways of doing this and described how the dust could be filtered from the air by means of a filter pad of cane sugar, the filter pad was then dissolved in water and the suspended dust filtered off. This method had obvious disadvantages and filters were then tried of volatile materials such as anthracene or naphthalene, which after the collection of the dust could be removed by sublimation.A difficulty was experienced in making these large enough for any dust, and recourse was had to a filter composed of salicylic acid which could be dissolved in alcohol, and the residue washed and dried at 50" C. Dusts so collected revealed a difference in composition between the dust and the granite from which it came: The samples of dust had acquired water and liberated a corresponding amount of alkali. This showed that further experiments were necessary and other methods of collection were employed. The "Labyrinth " method had proved the most satisfactory-the dust-laden air being led through a chamber with baffles, such that the air was made to deposit its dust in the chambers.It was shown, from figures obtained, that this method was efficient and that the size of the dust particles decreased along the labyrinth. Analysis of the various sized dust particles showed that the composition was similar for the various sizes, but that the solubility in water varied. This led to the supposition that the injury sustained from these dusts might not be mechanical, but due to the silica solubility. Methods were shown of decreasing the solubility of the dusts and it was demonstrated that this reduced the liability to silicosis of people subjected to them. It was further shown that the liberation of silica and alkali 149 from the dust were connected.Professor Briscoe concluded by stating that further work on the subject was in progress. On 16th February by invitation of the Nottingham Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, Members of the Section attended a meeting at the Technical College, Derby, when an address on ‘‘The Molecular Structure of Cellulose,” was given by Mr. G. F. Davidson, the chair being taken by Mr. J. F. Briggs. Mr. Davidson gave a general account of recent develop-ments in the knowledge of the chemical constitution and fine structure of cellulose. A meeting of the Section was held at University College, Shakespeare Street, Nottingham on 10th March,-Dr. G. Malcolm Dyson in the chair-when Professor R. A.Peters, F.R.S., gave an address on 44 Brain Biochemistry and Vitamin B.” Research upon brain biochemstry can proceed either by analysis of the chemical compounds present in the actual brain at death, or by relating changes in the enzyme systems present to obvious changes in brain activity, such as those inducing convulsive states in the live animal. The former method, due to Thudichum, is fundamental; and has revealed the presence of numerous very complicated compounds, but also some simpler ones such as lactic and succinic acids. Speed of analysis is essential ; because phosphocreatine can be broken down within 5-10 seconds after the death of the animal, and lactic acid appears within 1-5minutes. One attempt to arrive at some of the detail of the active metabolism of the smaller molecules by the latter method has been pursued intensively in Oxford, in relation to symptoms of vitamin BI deficiency in pigeons.In the brain of the deficient animal, the course of the reactions glucose -+lactic acid --f pyruvic acid 3: degradation products + CO, + H,O is interrupted at the stage marked A. Hence pyruvate accumulates abnormally in vitro, and even appears in the blood. At the same time there is a lowered rate of respiration in pyruvate solutions in vitro, which is reversed by the addition of minute amounts of vitamin Bx; O.OOO,OOI M produces maximum effects; this is the only case known of specific interaction of a vitamin with tissue 150 from an avitaminous animal.It occurs only with the intet- mediary substances of carbohydrate metabolism and not with substances such as succinic acid; the metabolism of the latter is independent of vitamin deficiency in the systems studied. Further stages in the oxidation of pyruvate can now be accounted for quantitatively, owing to work by McGowan and by Long. In yeast, co-carboxylase,-found by Lohmann and Schuster to be the pyrophosphoric ester of vitamin Br,-is the cofactor for conversion of pyruvic acid into acetaldehyde + CO,; this is an essential step in alcoholic fermentation. Probably vitamin BI must be also esterified for action in brain; S. Ochoa has found that the co-carboxylase normally present in pigeon’s brain is much reduced in the avitaminous condition.The significance of pyruvic acid in relation to active metabolism is clear, but such studies as these must be regarded as merely intro- ductory to wider problems. A discussion ensued to which the Chairman, Mr. Hall, Pro-fessor Gulland and Dr. Barnes contributed. Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-An ordinary meeting of the Section was held on 17th February,-Mr. A. M. Cameron presiding. Dr. A. M. Smith, chairman of the Section, gave a lecture entitled Recent Investigations in Agricultural Chemistry.” The address took the form of a resum6 of some of the more important lines of advance in recent years. Dr. Smith drew attention to the comprehensive nature of the work under-taken by the chemist in the production of home grown foodstuffs and, by way of illustration, stated that, although the study of soil occupied only a small proportion of the time in a normal course on agricultural chemistry, soil science, or pedology, itself was already divided into a large number of special sections. A brief description was given of the difficult problem of assessing soil fertility, and the merits and limitations of the more commonly used pot-culture, chemical and biochemical methods were discussed.The question of augmenting the available plant nutrients of the soil by using artificial fertilisers was dealt with, particular stress being laid upon the modern tendencies towards the production of more concentrated forms of fertiliser compounds toreduce freight charges and farm labour.The effect of fertilisers 151 upon the quality of the crop, rather than the yield, was then emphasised with special reference to the improvement in the food value of oats by delaying the time of application of nitrogen. Recent work on the importance of the minor elements in controll- ing plant diseases was mentioned, and a word of caution was directed towards the exploitation of growth-regulating sub- stances, such as indolylacetic acid, which are now being prepared in quantity. Reference was also made to the fact that the relatively simple determination of ascorbic acid, which may be regarded as a phytohormone, provided a useful means of differentiating variety in potato tubers and of separating healthy tubers from those from plants infected with virus disease.Of the animal foodstuffs, attention was confined to grass and the different methods of conserving it for winter feeding. The carotene and crude protein figures for hay, silage and rapidly- dried young grass were compared to demonstate how much valuable food material might be saved by departing from the traditional practice of hay-making. In connexion with the nutrition of the animal, evidence was submitted to show how the variation in the efficiency of proteins from different sources had led to the present ideas upon biological values, and the urgent necessity for further investigation on suitable methods of estimating individual amino acids was emphasised. During the discussion following the address, Dr.Smith dealt with many matters such as the value of the Land Fertility Subsidy, the importance of calcium in maintaining soil fertility, the blackening of potatoes on cooking, the food value of sprouted grain, the deterioration of fatty foods on storage and the economic aspect of grass drying. Dr. A. M. Smith, chairman of the Section, presided at a meeting held in the North British Station Hotel, Edinburgh on 20th January, when Mr. James Sandilands and Dr. H. B. Nisbet, of the staff of the Heriot Watt College, Edinburgh gave a lectue- demonstration on ‘‘Micro-Chemical Analyses.” Mr. Sandilands spoke on the application of micro-chemical analysis to the identification of inorganic radicals. The “alarming” mass of literature on this subject was commented on, also the common difficulty of repeating the results of the original worker.This was frequently the result of not following exacay the instructions of the original experimenter. The microscopic method 152 of Behrens and Emich was noticed but as the technique was difficult, the later method, using special reagents to give coloured reactions with drops of the substance under review, was normally to be preferred. Mr. Sandilands demonstrated methods used for the identifica- tion of mercury, aluminium, antimony, tin, bismuth, cobalt, copper, zinc, lead, chromium, manganese and magnesium ; nitrite, sulphide, silicate, borate, oxalate, bromide and acetate. Dr. Nisbet dealt with the application of micro methods in organic chemistry, and stated that these were used for qualitative and quantitative analysis and for preparation.The particular difficulties of organic analysis, non-ionic and slow reactance and steric hindrance were noted; but it was shown how, for many groups, these difficulties had been overcome,-usually by employing some means to increase the reactivity of the reacting groups. Among groups discussed and demonstrated were the following : nitroso-, nitro-, unsaturated and aromatic aldehydes, hydrazines, esters, carboxylic acids and acid chlorides, alcohols, acid anhy- drides, sulphonic acids and ketones. The detection of nitrogen, preparation of fluorescent compounds and micro-methods of determining melting and boiling points were explained and demonstrated.Dr. Nisbet concluded by stating that the literature now contained methods for the analysis of practically all organic radicals and groups of compounds. Members of the Section were invited to participate in a meeting held jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry and local Fellows of the Chemical Society, in the North British Station Hotel, Edinburgh, on 14th March, when Dr. J. A. V. Butler, local representative of the Chemical Society, presided and Professor N. V. Sidgwick, C.B.E., F.R.S., spoke on the subject of Multiple Links.” Professor Sidgwick discussed how strengths of single, double and triple bonds between atoms of various elements may be determined, and showed that the relative values were markedly dependent on the nature of the element.He showed how these results may be employed to explain a number of familiar facts, such as the contrast between the physical properties of carbon dioxide and silica. Professor Sidgwick demonstrated how these 153 results explained satisfactorily the tetrahedral form of the P4molecule, the stability of the 0, and N, molecules, and that the stable state of sulphur is S,. In conclusion, the structures of the common oxides of nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur were interpreted in a similar manner. An interesting discussion ensued, in which a large number of members took part. Glasgow and West of Scotland.-Members of the Section have attended, by invitation, meetings of-The Oil and Colour Chemists’ Association (Glasgow Section), on 21st January, when Professor F.M. Rowe gave a lecture at the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, on “Colour, Constitution and Properties of Insoluble Azo-Colouring Matters”; The Food Group and Glasgow Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, on 4th February, when Professor J. C. Drummond and Dr. Cuthbertson dealt with the subject of “Nutrition ”;and The Chemical Society, on 11th February, when three papers were read-by Professor G. Barger, on “The Structure of the Alkaloid Calycanthine ”; by Dr. J. Bell, on “Heavy Water of Crystallisation and the Elucidation of the Structure of Salt Hydrates”; and Dr. A. B. Crawford, on ‘‘Semi-Carbazido-salts of Copper.” On 18th February, a meeting of the Section to which Fellows of the Chemical Society and members of the Society of Chemical Industry were invited, was held in the Royal Technical College, Glasgow,-Dr. P.F. Gordon presiding. Professor H. V. A. Briscoe delivered a lecture on Chemical Examination of Dusts causing Silicosis.” Professor Briscoe commented on the dangers of silicosis in several industries and pointed out that, although a medical study of the disease had been made over the past twenty or thirty years, little had been done by way of chemical examination of the offending dusts. A number of factors had probably been the cause of this omission. One was that it was assumed that, although particle size had some connection with silicosis, the disease was produced by the action of free silica; the other factor was the necessity of examining the dusts in the same form as they were inhaled by the sufferers.The fact that the disease was not necessarily due to free silica was shown by Dr. W. R. Jones and this gave an impetus to 154 the chemical investigation of the dusts. There was no evidence that the dusts from limestone and cement caused silicosis; but those from flint, felspar and asbestos quite definitely did do so, and even low concentrations of the latter were harmful, Professor Briscoe next discussed the types or apparatus which he and his co-workers had devised and used for collecting dust samples. These were of three main types : (a) filters composed of volatile solids-such as benzoic acid, naphthalene and anthracene.(b) filters composed of substances soluble in solvents other than water-such as salicylic acid and acenaphthene. (c) mechanical separators-of a special baffle or ‘labyrinth ’ type. Professor Briscoe described carefully how each type was used, mentioning that type (c) had to be used to collect large samples of freshly formed dust. This was necessary since results from the other types had shown that dangerous dusts had a high “silica solubility” and that some “age,” or lose their dangerous activity quite rapidly. The “labyrinth” method of collecting the dusts enabled the particles to be graded according to size. In this way it was found that the larger particles, deposited at the first baffies, had a lower silica-solubility than the smaller particles collected at the last baffles, although in both cases the alkali solubility was much the same.The solubilities were expressed as the weight of silica or alkali dissolved from I gm. of dust by IOO cc. of water at 100’C., over a period of three hours. This standardisation of conditions was necessary, because these solubilities varied with temperature and time of contact with the water. The results of such determinations had shown that silica solubility did not depend on the liberation of alkali, since the maximum solubility of silica was obtained before that of the alkali was reached. In cases of asbestosis it has been shown that at the affected parts of the lung, yellow clots of mineral matter were localised at the ends of small needles of asbestos.A similar localisation of solubility at the ends of the fibres could be shown very simply by laying such fibres on neutral agar jelly containing phenolphthalein, when alkalinity was shown to be developed at the fractured ends 155 and not along the sides. Professor Briscoe pointed out that this localisation might be explained by assuming that at these points there existed free or unsatisfied valency forces which could attract water and hold it as water of constitution. This solubility could be minimised by several methods, e.g. grinding the siliceous minerals under benzene, or by admixture with finely divided sugar charcoal, anthracite, or bituminous coal.The admixture of sugar charcoal affected silica solubility of quartz but had no effect on that of asbestos. Professor Briscoe in conclusion pointed out that while many interesting and important results had been obtained much still remained to be done. The lecture which was freely illustrated by lantern slides was followed by an interesting discussion. Huddersfie1d.-At a meeting of the Section held on 19th January,-Dr. A. E. Everest presiding-Dr. J. W. Whitaker, principal of the Huddersfield Technical College, gave a lecture entitled-(( Coals and their Impurities.” Dr. Whitaker first compared the composition and calorific values of various types of coal with those of wood and peat. By means of a table it was shown that the percentage of carbon increased from approximately 50 per cent.in wood and 55-65 per cent. in peat to 92-95 per cent. in anthracite, but the per- centage of hydrogen remained nearly constant. The oxygen content fell from 42-44 per cent. to 0.5 per cent. in the true anthracites. It was, in fact, doubtful if there was any oxygen present in anthracite. It was remarkable that coals of, for example, such widely different compositions as gas coals (85 per cent. carbon, 40 per cent. volatile matter) and anthracite (95 per cent. carbon, 2 per cent. volatile matter) had almost the same calorific values. The lecturer gave a scheme of classification of coals showing the relationship of the content of volatile matter to the calorific value.Passing to the combustion of fuel the lecturer showed that by a simple measurement of the percentage by volume of COz in the cold flue gases it was possible for any particular class of fuel to determine the amount of air being supplied in terms of the 156 minimum theoretical number of pounds of air required for I lb. of fuel burnt. The effect of moisture in coal was discussed and it was shown that the effect of wetting coal in improving its rate of combustion was due to a decrease in resistance to passage of air through the mass. This had been demonstrated experimentally and it was, of course, well known that coal stacked in a moist condition had a greater tendency to fire spontaneously. Discussing the nature of impurities in coal the lecturer showed by means of tables that these were mainly nitrogen, mineral matter and sulphurs, the proportion of the latter being practically constant for all classes of coals.The bearing of the distribution of the impurities in various classes of coals on their geological age was also discussed. On 14th February Mr. W. D. Scouller presided over a meeting held in Field’s Caf6, Huddersfield, where Dr. R. P. Linstead gave a lecture on- ‘(New Theories in Colour Chemistry.” Dr. Linstead showed the marked differences between the constitutions of the natural, widely distributed colouring matters of the carotinoid and porphyrinoid groups, and those of the earlier types of synthetic colouring matters. The relationship of the structure of the natural colouring matters of the above groups with that of Vitamin A were outlined and the results of the recent work on the structure of chlorophyll and of the colouring matter of blood were summarised.The main features of the chemistry of the recently discovered phthalocyanine pigments were outlined and their resemblances to the natural pigments of the porphyrin group were discussed. The most recent developments in phthalocyanine chemistry were dealt with and illustrated by a number of interesting specimens. The Eighteenth Annual General Meeting was held on 15th March, in Field’s Caf6, Huddersfield, under the chairmanship of Dr. A. E. Everest. The reports of the Hon. Secretary and Hon. Treasurer were adopted. The Hon. Secretary mentioned that the standard of interest in lectures and visits had been well maintained. MT.H.S. Pink was elected hon. auditor, and a vote of thanks accorded to the retiring hon. auditor, Mr. Norman Hall. 157 Dr. A. E. Everest then gave a brief talk on Institute matters with particular reference to the Benevolent Fund, the work of the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee and the proposed Supplemental Charter. With regard to the latter, Dr. Everest said that he thought the proposals might be submitted in a modified form which would be acceptable to members. He mentioned some suggestions that had been made to him, which he proposed to put before the com- mittee appointed to discuss the matter. He thanked those members of the Section who had made the suggestions, which he thought would be useful.At the conclusion of the business meeting, a selection of industrial films was exhibited, and also a film taken at the summer outing of the Section held in July, 1937. Irish Free State.-Professor A. O’Farrelly presided at a meeting of the Section held on the 16th February, in Trinity College, Dublin, when Dr. A. E. Werner delivered an address on ‘‘Modern Developments in Protein Structures,” of which he has kindly furnished the following synopsis. The chemical investigation of the proteins may be said to have started in 1820, when Braconnot isolated glycine from among the products of the acid hydrolysis of gelatin. This was followed by the isolation of other amino-acids from among the degradation products of proteins, and up to the present about 26 of these acids have been identified.The first indication of the manner in which the amino-acids are incorporated in the protein molecule was given by Fischer and Hofmeister, who proposed the now classical peptide linkage as the fundamental characteristic of protein structure. This hypothesis was strongly supported by brilliant syntheses of complex polypeptides, compounds inter- mediate in their properties between the simple amino-acids and the proteins. The application of X-ray crystallography to the problem of the structure of proteins brought valuable information as to the way in which the polypeptide chains are arranged in the protein molecule.At first the fully extended chain was recog- nised in such proteins as silk fibroin, and this was followed by the discovery of the regularly folded chains present in the hair protein, keratin ; furthennore the reversible change of a-keratin (folded) into /3-keratin (fully extended) was shown to be responsible for the elasticity of this substance. 158 A new chapter in the elucidation of the structure of proteins was opened by the investigations of Svedberg using the ultra- centrifuge. He showed that in solution many proteins are monodisperse, that their molecular weights are not distributed at random but fall into a sequence of about 12 widely separated classes, within which the molecular weights are fairly constant and are multiples of 34,500.The molecules are also approximately spherical in shape, and this has led to the designation, globular proteins. A careful X-ray study of the crystalline proteins pepsin and insulin by Bernal and Crowfoot and a similar study of the denaturation of certain proteins by Astbury proved that there is no essential difference between the fibrous and the globular proteins. The proteins now appear as a class ofsubstances based on the polypeptide chain and the way in which it is folded. The question of the folding of the polypeptide chains has been treated from the mathematical point of view by Wrinch, who has evolved the “cyclol” theory of protein structure. This theory is essentially an extension of Fischer’s idea to include double and triple peptide linkages uniting respectively two and three pairs of carbon and nitrogen atoms.It was originally developed to interpret the structure of protein films and multilaminar aggregates, but can also be extended with special reference to space-enclosing protein molecules. The results are in very good agreement with the experimental facts obtained by Svedberg, and more recent analytical data obtained by Bergman con- cerning the stoichiometrical proportions of amino-acids in certain proteins are also in accord with the deductions of the theory. Leeds Area.-A meeting of the Section was held on 14th February in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of the University of Leeds,-Dr. H. Burton in the Chair. Owing to the indisposition of Mr.F. N. Harrap, of Shell-Mex and B.P., Ltd., his paper on b4 Petroleum Solvents” was read by his colleague, Mr. G. L. Coles. The following summary has been supplied by the author:-The world output of petroleum in 1937 was 275 million tons, and although Iran has trebled her production in the last fourteen years and the Venezuelan output is now equal to the 159 Russian, the United States still accounts for rather more than 3 gallons out of every 5 gallons produced. In the latter country the natural gas industry has attained remarkable dimensions ; there are 60,000 miles of gas pipelines and as far back as 1928 the consumption of natural gas was 14 million million cubic feet, equivalent in heat value to about 50 million tons of coal.In considering petroleum products as solvents, the main concern is with the petrol fraction, which to-day has a distillation range of 3oOC. to 2oo0C., with rather more than 40 per cent. IOOOC.distilling up to The chemical composition of this fraction has an important influence on its solvent power, since the aromatic hydrocarbons are better solvents than the naphthenes, which in turn are more effective than the paraffins. American straight run petrol contains a high proportion of paraffins and the content of aromatics can be further reduced by intensive sulphuric acid refining. Borneo petrol contains a high percentage of aromatics, while Miri (Sarawak) petrol contains as much as 80 per cent. naphthenes. Petroleum solvents may vary in volatility from the 40-60" C.petroleum ether of the laboratory, to white spirits of distillation range 150-200' C. A particularly volatile spirit is required for the petrol-gas plants which provide an inflammable air-vapour mixture for heating and lighting country houses and hotels. The solvent used for extracting perfumes from flower petals must also be readily volatile on account of the instability of the per- fume waxes to heat, and it must be carefully freed from sulphur compounds and other malodorous impurities. Similar character- istics are desirable in the solvents which extract the vegetable oils from crushed seeds, and for this purpose the aromatic content is varied according to the user's requirements. For the extraction of bones and other animal refuse, prior to the prepara- tion of glue, a maximum boiling point of about 105' is necessary in order to avoid excessive or too rapid dehydration of the residue.Petroleum solvent spirits find wide application in the various branches of the rubber industry. Volatile fractions are available for the quick-drying rubber cements, used to stick together boot soles and uppers prior to stitching, while higher boiling types are used in the processing of proofed goods where it is desirable to minimise fire risks and losses by evaporation. For this latter purpose petroleum spirits have almost entirely replaced the coal-tar solvents formerly employed, and can be prepared to 160 rigid purchasing specifications. In the manufacture of tyres the basic cord fabrics are impregnated with rubber by dipping in a solution, and the layers of rubbered fabric, cushion, tread and beads are fastened together by a similar solution prior to vul- canisation. Rubber gloves are built up on a forrner by dipping.The interior of a tennis ball is a hollow sphere built up of seg- ments of sheet rubber cemented together with rubber solution, and enclosing pellets of sodium nitrite and ammonium chloride. The heat of the vulcanisation liberates nitrogen which inflates the ball. In the preparation of nitrocellulose lacquers petroleum solvents are used to dilute the more expensive materials in which the nitrocellulose is initially dissolved. For this purpose the volatility must be such that the diluent evaporates at approximately the same rate as the true solvent and the percentage of aromatics should be high so as to increase the solvent power.A similarly high aromatic content is desirable in solvents for printing ink and in this case the volatility must be sufficient to enable the ink to dry off completely in a fraction of a second, for in high-speed presses the paper may travel at anything up to 1,200feet per minute. On account of their higher distillation range and flash point (over goo F.)white spirits are not subject to the legal restrictions which govern the storage and use of petrols. They are widely used in the dry-cleaning industry, but their main application is as a thinner in paints and varnishes, and though originally regarded as "turpentine substitute " they have proved themselves fully equal to genuine turpentine for this purpose.The absence of sulphur compounds and non-volatile residue is, of course, essential. Solutions of waxes in white spirits enter into the manufacture of shower-proof garments, oiled-silks and tar-paulins and form the basis of the various polishes for furniture, floors and boots, while many metal polishes and polishing pastes consist essentially of mixtures of white spirit with abrasive earth. The lecturer dealt briefly with the comparatively new syn- thetic chemical industry which the petroleum companies are building up. One plant in the U.S.A. chlorinates the pentanes from natural gas on the scale of IOO,OOO gallons per day, pro- ducing amyl chlorides which are hydrolysed to the alcohols and thence converted into the acetates which are used largely in cellulose lacquers.The main field of chemical development 161 lies, however, in the gases from the cracking plant. The amount of petrol produced by decomposing gas oil or fuel oil at high temperatures and pressures now actually exceeds that obtained by straight distillation, and the gaseous by-products, which may amount to 20 per cent. or more by weight of the intake, are rich in ethylene, propylene, butenes and pentenes. These are selectively absorbed in varying strengths of sulphuric acid and the resulting alkyl sulphates are hydrolysed to the alcohols, so that isopropyl, secondary and tertiary butyl, and the isomeric amyl alcohols are now available in bulk.The corresponding acetates are important as solvents, while acetone and methyl ethyl ketone are manufactured by the catalytic oxidation of isopropyl and secondary butyl alcohols respectively. Ethylene is converted into ethylene chlorhydrin by chlorine and aqueous alkali, and the product is hydrolysed to ethylene glycol (used as an anti-freeze) or transformed to ethylene oxide by the action of lime. The action of alcohols on ethylene oxide (in autoclaves at 150’C.) gives the glycol ethers, of which the mono-ethyl (cello- solve) is now one of the most important solvents used in the cellulose lacquer industry. Within a few years it is more than likely that the petroleum companies will be the main suppliers of industrial organic solvents.A keen discussion followed, during which members were informed that petroleum solvents could be suitably blended for almost any purpose, ranging from material used by the Royal Air Force and for the estimation of water content in heat- sensitive materials by distillation at precise temperatures, down to the needs of the humble but capricious petrol-lighter. Liverpool and North-Western.-A meeting of the Section was held at the Constitutional Club, on 10th February,- Mr. L. V. Cocks in the Chair. The Chairman welcomed members of the Society of Chemical Industry, the British Association of Chemists, the Chemical Society and the British Medical Associa- tion, together with other guests.Dr. G. Roche Lynch, O.B.E., gave a lecture entitled ‘(Some Medico-Legal Experiences.” The Chairman, Mr. E. T. Williams, Mr. V. Biske, Mr. R. K. Matthews, Mr. E. Gabriel Jones and Mr. E. S. Hawkins partici- pated in the discussion. 162 London and South-Eastern Counties.-An ordinary meeting was held on 19th January, at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine,-Dr. E. B. Hughes, Chairman of the Section, presiding. Dr. H. Spencer Jones, F.R.S., Astronomer Royal, gave a lecture on '' Our Nearest Star-The Sun" which was profusely illustrated by a very fine collection of slides. The following abstract has been kindly prepared by the lecturer :-The sun is of great importance to the astronomer, being the only star whose surface can be studied.All other stars are so distant that they show no disc in the telescope but appear merely as points of light. The sun is a large gaseous globe, with a diameter of over 865,000 miles and a mass of 2.10~~tons. The surface temperature is about 6,000" C. and theoretical in- vestigations indicate that the temperature at the centre is of the order of ~o,ooo,ooo~C. Characteristic features of the disc are the sunspots, first studied in detail by Galileo in 1611. The largest spots have an area of 40 to 50 times the total surface area of the earth. It was found by Schwabe, an apothecary of Dessau, who studied the sun for some 50 years, commencing in 1826, that the frequency of sunspots fluctuates in a cycle of about 11 years.This cycle is not perfectly regular, as the period may vary between extremes of g and 13years. At the beginning of a cycle, the spots appear in middle latitudes, north and south of the sun's equator and as the cycle progresses and spots become more frequent, the mean latitude progressively decreases. After the maximum has been passed, the mean latitude continues to decrease, the spots at the end of a cycle appearing close to the equator. Strong magnetic fields, detected by the Zeeman effect, are associated with sunspots. The leading spots in the two hemi- spheres have opposite polarity, the polarities persisting for all spots of one cycle. In the next cycle, the polarities are reversed in each hemisphere.This enables the first spots of a new cycle to be separated from the last spots of the previous cycle and confirms that the high latitude spots belong to the new cycle. Photographs in the light of calcium or hydrogen vapour, representing upper levels in the sun's atmosphere, show strong 163 circulatory motions around sunspots ; the directions are opposite in the two hemispheres. The temperature of a spot is appreciably lower than that of the surrounding disc. The spots appear to be vortices, with matter streaming spirally outwards, and becoming cooler by expansion. Prominences, great jets of flame extending out from the sun, and extending across the sun for distances up to 300,000 miles, have the same periodicity as the spots, and are most numerous when spots are most numerous.They may persist in a fairly stable state for several months, but may be suddenly dissipated, with the violent ejection of matter from the sun. The diurnal movement of a magnet needle correlates closely with the frequency of sunspots. Magnetic storms and aurorae are most frequent when spots are numerous. These terrestrial phenomena are produced by electrically-charged particles shot out from the sun, which enter the earth’s atmosphere and produce electric currents in the upper atmosphere, with which the magnetic effects are associated. The sun rotates with respect to the earth in about 27 days and there is a marked tendency for magnetic disturbances and auroral displays to recur after an interval of 27 days.The terrestrial effects occur on an average about 30 hours after the passage of the disturbed area on the sun across the central meridian of the disc. A phenomenon now being studied is the “bright eruption,” when an area,-usually but not invariably, near a spot ,-becomes intensely bright. This appearance coincides with sudden fading on short-wave radio transmission. The coincidence in time indicates that the agent producing the fading travels with the speed of light. It is probable that the intense output of energy in the ultra-violet causes strong ionization in the layer of the atmosphere which reflects the radio waves, making it conduct- ing and transparent to the waves. The sun is surrounded by a faint corona or “glory” extending to a distance of more than 2 million miles.The form of the corona at sunspot maximum differs from the form at sunspot minimum. The reason for this is not known. The spectrum of the corona shows lines that have not been produced in the laboratory. The name coronium was formerly given for the unknown element but it is now recognised that it must be a known element in a condition that is not easily obtained in the laboratory; the true nature of coronium remains one of the un- solved problems of astronomy. 164 The composition of the sun can be studied by spectrum analysis. No element is found in the sun that is not known on the earth and the only terrestrial elements not detected in the sun are elements that have no suitable lines within the available spectral range, or that have very low abundance. The relative abundance of elements in the sun agrees closely with their relative abundance in the earth.Every square inch of the sun’s surface radiates energy at a rate of 62 h.p. The age of the earth is a few thousand million years and the sun must be at least as old. The most probable source of energy in the sun is the building up of heavier elements out of hydrogen. Mass disappears and energy is produced. The energy that the sun radiates in one second involves a decrease of 4,000,000 tons in the sun’s mass. The sun is therefore gradually consuming itself; in 1o12years it will have lost 7 per cent. of its mass. Though the process is a slow one, the time must inevitably come when the sun will have used up its available store of energy and will no longer be able to radiate.A meeting of the Section was held on 16th February at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine,-Dr. E. B. Hughes (Chairman of the Section) presided. A lecture was given by Dr. C. Ainsworth Mitchell on “Some Recent Advances in the Scientific Examination of Documents ” of which the following abstract was provided by the lecturer. Dr. Mitchell referred briefly to the recent work of Carter and Pollard and of Grant on the dating of documents from the compo- sition of the paper. He then described in detail the methods that could be used for the microchemical differentiation of inks in writing. In one method a drop of the reagent was applied to part of a stroke in the writing by means of a capillary tube, and the course of the reaction, if any, in the periphery of the drop was followed with the aid of a magnifying glass.This method had afforded conclusive evidence in the case of Rex v. Rogers, the application of a drop of hydrochloric acid having proved that a silver ink had been used to produce on a parchment document of 1688 brown writing that would appear old; silver ink was not, of course, in use at that date. In Ward’s method a minute drop of reagent was applied 165 to the writing, and after two minutes was transferred to a micro-scope slide and allowed to evaporate spontaneously. A suitable reagent was a I per cent. solution of acetic acid, which did not, as a rule, dissolve the dye that had been mordanted by the tannin in the ink.Microchemical tests applied to the residue on the slide enabled various constituents of different inks to be identi- fied, such as, for example, chromium, copper, chloride, sulphide, oxalic acid, phenol and salicylic acid. Ultra-violet light, in the lecturer’s experience, was not of great value for distinguishing different inks, with the exception of typewriter inks, in which the medium, as well as the pigment, might contribute to the fluorescence. In one case it was proved by the fluorescence that an addition had been typed on a document in a different ink. The use of infra-red rays for distinguishing between different ink pigments, particularly in printing inks, was also discussed.Incidentally a description was given of a new type of light- filter cell, devised by Mitchell and Ward, for attachment to the flange of a camera. For ultra-violet photography the cell was filled with a I per cent. solution of cerium ammonium nitrate, and for infra-red photography with a 11.5 per cent. solution of iodine in potassium iodide. Although infra-violet light was invaluable for detecting erasures on documents, it was possible with care to remove by mechanical means writing in pencil, or in certain inks, so effect-ively that no trace of the erasure could be detected by any test. In connexion with the bleaching of inks, Dr. Mitchell referred to a recent case in which the fading of the writing and typescript upon a deed had been traced to the action of ammonia liberated by moulds that had grown upon the parchment.The methods of deciphering indentations left on the paper in a note book, when the writing had been done upon a leaf above the indented page, were discussed. So far, the only method permissible for Court purposes was photography by oblique light as was used in the case of Rex v. Podmore. Such indentations could be brought out, however, much more clearly as white characters on a black background by cautiously rolling a pigment such as graphite, or a thin printing ink, over the surface of the paper, as suggested by Mezger. Finally an account was given of the possibility of drawing deductions as to the origin of an ink from a study of the sediments conveyed from the inkpot to the writing.In one case the 166 presence of black deposits in the ink in the writing was consistent with the character of the ink with which the document was alleged to have been signed. Manchester and District.-On 8th February, the Section was invited to a meeting held under the auspices of the Chemical Society, at the University,-Professor J. Kenner, F.R.S., pre- siding-when Professor E. C. Dodds, M.V.O., gave an address on ‘*The Significance of Synthetic Oestrogenic Substances.” Newcastle uponTyne and North-East Coast.-Members of this Section attended the Forty-First Bedson Lecture, given by Professor J. Kenner, F.R.S., on 4th February, on ‘(Aliphatic Diazo Compounds.” Professor Kenner prefaced his remarks upon the subject by considering its historical aspect.The observation that the naturally occurring amide asparagine lost nitrogen when nitrous acid was present in nitric acid used for its hydrolysis led to the discovery of the general affect of nitrous acid upon aliphatic amines. The work of Griess on aromatic diazo compounds was followed by the discovery of diazoacetic ester by Curtius who turned to good account the suggestion of Baeyer that the acid part of glycerine should be esterified while investigation of the amino-group was proceeding. Together with Buchner, Curtius described the properties of the new substance which are respon- sible for the importance of its congeners to-day.With regard to the formula of the aliphatic diazo compounds Curtius favoured the cyclic structure, R. CH II ;but Thiele was <: led by observations of Staudinger and himself to propose R.CH = N = N. Modern theory regarded these compounds as examples of mesomerism, and the suggestion was now put foward that their formation from the diazo-hydroxides first produced, e.g. in the preparation of diazomethane from nitrosomethylurethane, was due to the peculiar stability of the mesomeric state. The lecturer’s active interest in the subject arose from his investigations of the tendency of the nitroso-group to pass whenever possible into the oximino-group. This led to an improvement of the early von Pechmann preparation of diazo 167 paraffins, consisting in brief in the alkaline decomposition of the N-nitroso-derivative of the addition product of mesityl oxide and a primary aliphatic amine.On the larger scale certain difficulties were encountered. Loss was occasionad by the liberated diazoparaffin combining with the mesityl oxide simultaneously formed, but was reduced by working at lower temperatures and by separating mesityl oxide from the distillate by means of a fractionating column. In the case of higher homologues whose boiling points ap-proximated to that of mesityl oxide, pulegone could with advantage be substituted for the latter, in the preparation of the nitroso-compound. Ether, first used to carry away the diazo-compounds, was recognised by Meerwein to inhibit their reactivity, but a very satisfactory technique was developed in which anisole was used as solvent and nitrogen as a carrier gas under reduced pressure.Vinyldiazomethane and its methyl derivative exhibited a com- paratively feeble reactivity towards acids; this was attributed to internal saturation, and in agreement with this the vinyl compound readily passed by monomolecular reaction into pyrazole. After a reference to some of the properties of the aliphatic diazo-compounds, their chemical behaviour was discussed more particularly towards ketones. The inertia of these towards diazomethane was first overcome when Meerwein activated acetone by means of methyl alcohol. The initial attack of the diazo-compound at the carbon atom of the carbonyl group was followed by loss of nitrogen and stabilisation, either by formation of an ethylene oxide ring or by a Wagner-Meerwein type of rearrangement. This latter, in the particular case of cyclic ketones, resulted in ring enlargement ; cyclohexanone, for ex- ample, gave on treatment with diazomethane, 46 per cent.cyclo heptanone. Similar reactions had been carried out with the homologues of diazomethane (which are more reactive than the parent substance), and numerous 6-, 7-, and 8-membered a-alkylcyclo-ketones have thus been prepared. The same pro- ducts were prepared directly from the corresponding nitroso-urethanes by a procedure applied by Meerwein to nitrosomethyl-urethane, and this had the advantage of applicability in cases in which it might not be possible to prepare the diazo-compound itself.By this device also it was possible to introduce groups into a ketone which might be of use in further synthetic operations, 168 New Zealand.-The Annual Meeting of the New Zealand Section was held at Canterbury University College, Christchurch, on 20th and 21st January. The Chairman of the Section, Mr. F. H. V. Fielder, gave an address on the “Age of Dissipation,” of which the following is a verbatim report. ‘‘The Dissipation of Natural Resources.” The Age of Dissipation.-It may be truly said that we live in a chemical age. Chemistry in some form enters into the majority of our industries, whether they be concerned with the preparation of food, clothing, shelter, or means of transport.The chemist utilises and transforms the chemical substances supplied by nature and sythesises others which do not occur naturally, or are in insufficient quantity. It is with some feeling of pride that the chemist can look back on the achievements of the last century. If, however, we stop to consider the manner in which the world’s natural resources have been, and unfortun- ately still are being, exploited, we cannot but feel that scientific methods are being used none too soon, and the realisation of the need for still greater effort is necessary, if the fearful waste of these resources is to be curtailed. The utilisation of our natural resources has only become intense during the period of great industrial development, say, during the last two hundred years, but the rate has been an accelerating one, and the rate of acceleration has increased enormously during the last thirty or forty years.If the ac-celerating consumption of raw materials continues as at present, we might be inclined to ask, “When will the natural supplies of this or that material be exhausted?’’ No doubt, supplies of many materials will last for hundreds or perhaps thousands of years, and consequently we may think that we need not concern ourselves with this question, as it will not affect our generation or those of the near future. One cannot help wondering, however, as to whether distant posterity may not look back at our time in a manner similar to the way in which we regard past eras, such as the Stone Age, the Bronze Age, etc.These eras covered periods of several thousand years and, if the depletion of natural resources continues unabated at present rates for a similar period, I think it probable that our era, as far as our use of natural resources is concerned, will be called the “Age of Dis- sipation.” We now deplore the fact that our kauri forests are becoming exhausted and realise that they have been ruthlessly and waste- fully exploited in the past, and it is considered that they are irreplacable, as the larger trees were two or three thousand years old. In the case of mineral deposits, however, two or three thousand years is a very short time, and we have to think in millions of years.For example, how long did the phosphate deposits on Nauru Island take to form? It is quite certain that the time that will be taken for us to dissipate them will be only a very small fraction of the time taken for their formation. The same may be said of all other mineral deposits, and it is a matter of considerable interest to study in a little more detail our position with regard to the continuity of supply of some of the chemical elements. Time will not permit of dealing with more than a few, and with many there appears to be little data available. The Nitrogen Problem.-Firstly, we might consider the position in regard to food, as from time to time fears have been expressed as to the possibility of a world shortage of food.It is well known that such fears were expressed by the late Sir Wm. Crookes in 1898, in his presidential address to the British Association for the Advancement of Science, when, after drawing attention to the possible failure of the world’s wheat crops due to exhaustion of the natural supply of nitrate fertilisers, which at that time were mainly obtained from the Chilean Nitrate deposits, he appealed to the chemists of the world to find a way of utilising atmospheric nitrogen. We all know the way in which this has been accomplished, and the capacity for nitrogen fixation now greatly exceeds the demand, as is shown by a consumption for the year 1934-1935 of a tonnage slightly in excess of two million out of a production capacity of about 36 million tons.The supply of nitrogen is practically inexhaustible, as it has been estimated that the earth’s atmosphere contains about 4 x 1015 tons of nitrogen, and it is available to every nation, as the atmosphere covering each square mile of territory contains about twenty million tons of nitrogen. The only other raw materials required in quantity are coal and water, and so every nation is practically assured of an inexhaustible supply of nitrogenous compounds. By far the greater part of the com- pounds of nitrogen produced from the atmosphere are either explosives or nitrogenous fertilisers. In use, explosives are decomposed into nitrogen and returned to the atmosphere. In 170 the case of fertilisers, the same result is produced by the working of the nitrogen cycle, the nitrogen being returned to the atmos- phere by the death and decay of the plant or animal which has used the fertiliser in building up its structure.We see that, in the case of nitrogen, not only is the supply practically inexhaus- tible, but it is eventually returned to the source from which it was obtained and can be used again. We may thus consider the nitrogen problem solved, but how many elements that are necessary for our well-being are available either in inexhaustible supply or are returned to the source in a form suitable for re-use? What is our position, for instance, in regard to phosphate? Phosphate and International Relationship.-The world supplies of phosphate are large, being estimated at eighteen billion tons and, at the present rate of consumption of nearly twelve million tons per annum, would last about 1500 years.There is not, however, a very equable distribution of phosphate deposits, more than one-third of the known supply being in the United States, another third in the territory of the Soviet Union and the greater part of the remainder in Northern Africa. We can see that international complications, due to shortage of phosphate, could easily arise should political or economic causes prevent its distribution from the comparatively few sources of supply. For instance, Japan uses over one million tons of phosphate rock annually and with mandated islands has an estimated reserve of about forty million tons so that if supplies from other sources were unavailable Japan would, in a few years, be without supplies of phosphate and would consequently be faced with gradual st arva!ion.New Zealand’s Position in regard to Phosphate.-What is our position in New Zealand? Our soils are naturally poor in phos- phate we have no phosphate deposits of any consequence, and almost all our exports are agricultural products which contain more or less phoshate. We are, therefore, dependent on supplies of phosphate imported from overseas, if we are to ward off eventual starvation due to lack of soil phosphate. We are fortunate in having a share in such valuable sources of phosphate as the deposits on Nauru and Ocean Islands. These islands contain phosphate of the highest quality found anywhere in the world, Nauru phosphate averaging over 85 per cent.and Ocean Island phosphate over 88 per cent. tricalcium phosphate. The quantity available is really not large, however. Mr. A. F. Ellis, in his 171 book Ocean Island and Nauru, gives a conservative estimate of ninety million tons, and twenty million tons on Nauru and Ocean Islands, respectively,-a total of IIO million tons. Although this quantity may seem large, it is small when compared with a recent American estimate of world supply at 18,000 million tons. If the total world consumption were drawn from these islands alone, the supply would not last ten years. The quantity of phosphate shipped from Nauru and Ocean Islands for the year 1936 was 966,000 tons; so that at this rate of pro- duction the deposits would last for the comparatively short time of 114years, but, with increasing consumption, they will probably be worked out within the next hundred years.Losses of Phosphates in New Zealand.-We look upon an ex- panding production as a sign of progress and a cause for a feeling of satisfaction, but we must not overlook the fact that we are drawing on our natural capital, and it is not sound business to do this, unless we are assured that we are making full use of the drawings and that there is no avoidable waste. Unfortunately this is not the case. As practically the whole of New Zealand’s exports are agri- cultural products, a considerable tonnage of phosphate is ex- ported annually. It has been estimated that the phosphate content of the bones in the meat exported is approximately 7,000 tons P,O,, the equivalent of this in Nauru phosphate being 17,000 tons.This can be regarded as a justifiable loss, being the phosphate content of goods exported, but when it comes to the losses of phosphates in sewage and by soil erosion, it is a different matter. As an example of the loss in the former category, I might mention the position obtaining in Auckland. The recent proposal to spend a large sum of money in improving the sewerage system by taking the outfall further out to sea, has given rise to considerable controversy as to the merits or otherwise of the scheme, and various other systems of sewage disposal, such as sewage farms, etc., have been proposed.I have no intention of entering this discussion, but from the fiwre of 4 grams of P,O, per person per day given by Sir John Russell in an article in the Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society, I have calculated that the sewage from zoo,ooo people for a year (which is approximately the population served by the sewerage system in Auckland) contains an amount of phosphate equal to that contained in nearly 750 tons of Nauru Rock Phosphate. The value of this amount 172 of phosphate if in the form of superphosphate (which is the principal fertiliser used in New Zealand) would be approximately E5,ooo. The population of New Zealand is small and, dowing that the sewage from only two-thirds of the population (that is, from one million persons) is discharged into the sea, we find we are pouring into the sea each year the phosphate equivalent of ;G25,000worth of superphosphate. The amount recovered from the sea in fish is small, as the people of this country are not large consumers of fish or other marine products. The losses in coun-tries of large population are colossal.These figures are small, however, compared with the loss by soil erosion. Soil Erosion.-I here wish to digress from the more chemical side af the question to consider erosion, which form of wastage of one of our greatest natural assets-the soil-threatens to become one of the most serious problems in this country and our greatest menace. In the old world, soil erosion was recognised centuries ago.To prevent land from being made useless for agricultural purposes steps were taken by the adoption of mthods more or less primitive which were, none the less, effective. In new countries, such as America, Africa, Australia and New Zealand, the vast areas of undeveloped land caused the matter of soil erosion to be almost entirely neglected; in fact, one might truthfully say it was scarcely recognised, so busy were the people of these newer countries in breaking in virgin land and settling and exploiting the natural fertility that existed. The reckless and ruthless felling and burning of the natural forest cover, and the depredations of imported animals such as deer, goats and rabbits, and the grazing of sheep, have suddenly exposed the soil, which had been weathered to a fine texture, and was possessed of a high organic content and good fertility, to the action of wind and rain.All over the country we can see evidence of where the top soils have been literally washed away, leaving raw intractable subsoil exposed on the surface, which is of little use for agricultural purposes. The concentration of the run-off has resulted in gullying to an enor-mous degree, and this accelerated erosion is proceeding apace throughout the Dominion to-day. As far as I know, no actual survey of the extent of erosion has been made in this country; so I can refer only to figures from the United States, where erosion has assumed enormous proportions.It is reported that 590 million acres, representing 29.9 per cent. of the area of the U.S.A., have been subjected to sheet erosion, resulting in the 173 loss of nearly three quarters of the top soil. 115 million acres of this area have been practically destroyed for agricultural pur- poses by gullying. Some idea of the enormous quantities of plant foods lost from the soils of the United States of America annually, through leaching and erosion, may be gathered from the following figures :-II,OOO,OOOtons Nitrogen 13,000,000 '3 Phosphorus 29,000,000 Potassium'J 51,000,000 Calcium9' 10,500,000 Sulphur'9 170,000,000 Organic Matter 9' So serious has this problem become, that the United States Government has established a Soil Conservation Service and is spending millions of dollars in research work, and in educating and assisting farmers in the means of preventing and checking soil erosion.Should we be content to wait until our problem becomes of similar proportions, before taking energetic measures to combat the menace? I have dealt with the phosphate question at some length, in order to show that, unlike the nitrogen problem, it is not solved. It is true that it is not so pressing a problem as the continuance of an adeqate supply of nitrate seemed to be when Sir William Crookes drew the attention of the world to it. Never-theless, it appears that the world will eventually be faced with the problem of how to maintain adequate supplies of food in the face of an ever decreasing supply of natural phosphate.We are drawing on natural concentrations of phosphate which have taken probably millions of years to form, and are dissipating them into the sea. No doubt, natural processes are at work again concentrating this phosphate, but having regard to the extreme slowness characteristic of such geological processes, it seems inconceivable that during the next one thousand years, important deposits could be formed. In that time, however, unless new large deposits are discovered, we shall have used up the bulk of the present known deposits, and the position will be becoming acute. It is quite possible that new deposits will be discovered in such places as Siberia or South America, where there are large areas of practically unexplored land, but, if we axe going to maintain our agricultural lands at their present state of fertility, very much larger applications of phosphate will have 174 to be made, and the large increase in consumption may cause a serious shortage of phosphate in very much less than one thousand years.Shall we by that time have discovered a way of obtaining our phosphate supplies from the sea? The Sea as a source of Supply of Materials.-This utilisation of natural concentrations and their dissipation into the sea is, unfortunately, the method we follow in using many of our natural resources, and it suggests giving a little consideration to the question as to what elements we at present obtain from the sea, and whether there are any others which we might obtain in the near future. The most common elements present in sea water, apart from the oxygen and hydrogen of the water itself, are of course, chlorine and sodium.Sodium chloride, the parent material for all chlorine and sodium compounds, is obtained from the sea, and larger quantities could be produced from the same source if necessary, so that unlimited quantities of both chlorine and sodium are available. The next most common element in sea water is magnesium and, in view of the relative abundance of magnesium compounds in the lithosphere, which contains about 2.24 per cent. of mag- nesium, it would hardly seem a payable proposition to obtain magnesium from the ocean, which contains as little as 0.14 per cent.Yet, at a factory near San Francisco, about 10,000lbs. of magnesium compounds per day are produced from water drawn from the bay. In operating practice, I lb. of magnesium oxide is obtained from IOO gallons of water. The most striking recent development in connection with the recovery of chemical substances from the ocean is the recovery of bromine. When we consider that sea water contains but 0.008 per cent. of bromine and that 45,000 lbs. of bromine are recovered daily, necessitating the treatment of 137,000 gallons of water per minute, the magnitude of the task and the wonderful efficiency of the plant erected a few years ago in North Carolina can be realised. Apparently there are many localities suitable for the erection of bromine plants and it is reported that another plant is being erected in the Dutch West Indies.It would seem, therefore, that, if all other sources failed, the sea could yield inexhaustible quantities of magnesium and bromine at a cost competitive with that of other sources. The only other elements present in sea water in quantities greater than bromine and less than magnesium are calcium, potassium 175 and sulphur. In view of the abundance of calcium in the litho- sphere, it does not appear likely that it will ever be necessary to draw on the ocean for supplies. The same remark applies to sulphur, which occurs in sea water as calcium sulphate. Because of the vast deposits of gypsum which occur in many parts of the world, and contain 184per cent.of sulphur, these can be looked upon as a potential source of sulphur, should supplies of elemental sulphur and iron pyrites (which contains about twice as much sulphur as gypsum, but the deposits of which are not so extensive) become exhausted. At the present time, the United States supplies about 75 per cent. of the world’s requirements of elemental sulphur from the so-called salt domes of the coastal plain of Texas and Louisiana, the annual production being over two million tons. The total production to date is about 39 million tons, and the known reserves are said to exceed this amount, but the region has been pretty thoroughly explored and there does not seem to be much prospect of finding further domes containing large amounts of sulphur.It appears, then, as if the world’s principal source of elemental sulphur will become exhausted within a few years. During the last few years, several methods have been put into operation for the recovery of sulphur in the free state from low grade gases obtained in the process of roasting various sulphide ores. Previously, the only use that could be made of the sulphur dioxide given off in roasting operations was to turn it into sulphuric acid, but in many cases the gases were of too poor a quality, or no economic use could be made of the sulphuric acid produced. Now, the sulphur content of these gases can be concentration by absorption in suitable solutions such as basic aluminium sulphate, liberated again in concentrated form and reduced in special coke furnaces to elemental sulphur, which finds a ready market.At present, the Boliden Co. in Sweden produce twenty to twenty-five thousand tons of sulphur per annum from smelter gases, and similar processes are in operation in England, Finland and other countries. Formerly, these gases were allowed to escape into the atmosphere, causing much damage to vegetation and buildings, as well as wasting the sulphur. The wastage of sulphur in smelting operations in the past must have amounted to millions of tons. Ocean water contains 0.04 per cent. of potassium, an amount too small to permit of economic recovery at present-day prices of potash. Many of you will remember the world shortage of 176 potash following the commencement of the war in 1914,because of the dependence of the world on the German deposits at Stassfurt.The shortage caused the rest of the world eagerly to seek alternative sources of supply, and the present position is that the Stassfurt deposits are no longer the sole suppliers. The work- ing out of suitable methods of recovery of potash from saline waters such as Searle’s Lake in California, and the Dead Sea, and the discovery and opening up of deposits in the State of New Mexico, The United States of America along with the French deposits in Alsace, have provided ample alternatives to the Stassfurt deposits. It is in Russia that the most striking discoveries have been made. In pre-revolutionary Russia, the existence of potash deposits was unknown, and the country depended entirely on supplies imported from abroad. In 1925, rich deposits were discovered, and in 1934it was estimated that the total deposits in the Soviet Union amounted to zg,zoo million tons, or several times the estimated deposits of the rest of the world; so that it does not appear as if we shall have to have recourse to the ocean for supplies of potash for a very long time.Iodine is another element recovered from the sea, through the ashes of marine vegetation, though the quantity produced is small, and not equal to the production from natural brines in several parts of the world. The iodine market is controlled, however, by the supplies from Chili, where iodine occurs as sodium iodate in the extensive nitrate deposits of that country.It is generally well known that’ sea water contains gold in quantity variously estimated from a few milligrams up to one grain per ton. I am not going to suggest gold from the ocean as a source of wealth for the solution of our financial difficulties, but I should like to make one observation regarding gold. It is said there is an exception to every rule, and gold seems to be the exception to the general rule for the treatment of nature’s concentrations of the various metals. Gold is of very widely distributed occurrence, but does not occur in high concentration in any one place. Instead of dissipating the metal as we do with practically all the others, we are busily engaged in concentrating it in a comparatively few countries where it is stored at great expense.The reason for the different treatment of gold seems to lie in the fact that we do not use it. Formerly gold was ex- tensively used for coinage purposes; now our economic system demands that it be stored and not used. 177 The im9ortance of Conserving Ore Deposits.---I have dealt at some length with the principal elements contained in food, but time will not permit me to attempt to deal individually with the others, which are usually referred to as trace elements. Up to the present time some fifty-five of the ninety-two elements have been detected in plant and animal organisms, and it seems quite possible that the whole ninety-two elements may play a part in the maintenance of animal and vegetable life.These elements are distributed throughout the lithosphere and, by the action of various physical, chemical and biological processes, local concentrations are formed which are termed ore deposits. These deposits form our source of supply and we should endeavour to prevent undue depletion of them. Our economic system seems to be such that we select the richest and most readily available of them and in many cases work them without due regard to the importance of obtaining the utmost yield, simply because it does not pay to do so. But what of the future? Posterity will have to make it pay to work the present unpayable reefs and our tailings dumps, or find ways of doing without many metals.Copper may be quoted as an example. The present known copper ore reserves of the world aggregate 3,875 million short tons, but the average assay is only 2-90 per cent. of metal, giving a total reserve of 80,874,000 tons of copper, which is equalto seventy years’ supply at present rates. Copper will become a comparatively rare metal when ores poorer than these have to be worked. Seawater contains about one part per million of copper, but it is said that the oceans of the world contain about two trillion tons. Perhaps in the future huge selective absorption systems will be invented which will concentrate the copper in a manner similar to that of an oyster, which contains about two hundred parts per million in its own body. It is clear that every incentive should be given to encourage the efficient working of low grade deposits, but we find the opposite taking place.The gold export tax applied in this country is an example of the direct discouragement of the working of low grade reefs, and we may find future and more scientifically enlightened governments doing the opposite and offering a bonus on metals produced from low grade deposits. The effect of price on the ore reserves of a rnine, where mineralisation is not confined to a sharply defined area, is strikingly shown in the case of a large South African gold mine. Since the ore reserve of a mine includes only that material which can be treated profitably at the current price of 178 the metal, any increase in the price must add to the tonnage available, with consequent extension of the life of the mine.A tax of so much per unit imposed directly on the output of the mine reduces the available price and consequently the life of the mine. In the case of this particular mine the ore reserves at the standard price of gold were estimatcl at 5,750,000 tons, but an increase in the price of gold to E7 per 02. raised the ore reserves to g,3oo,ooo tons, an increase of over 61 per cent. Geological and Biological Cycles.-I mentioned just now that, in favourable places, concentrations of the elements occurring throughout the lithosphere are formed. In the majority of situations, however, the elements are gradually being removed from the land or lithosphere, and transferred by leaching and erosion to the ocean or hydrosphere, which tends to become more and more concentrated, but eventually, by sedimentation and evaporation combined with geological uplift, are transferred back to the lithosphere.Plants growing on the land remove these elements from the soil, animals in turn eat some of the plants, but eventually, by the death of the plants and animals and the returning to the soil of animal excreta, the elements removed are returned to the soil and the natural cycle is continued. It is when man uses his so-called intelligence that this natural cycle is upset. He creates conditions which enormously increase soil erosion, and by the transference of agricultural products from one country to another tends to impoverish the soil of the exporting country.By means of sewerage systems he transfers excreta and other waste products from the land to the sea, and so a gradual depletion of the minerals occurring in the soil takes place, a speeding up of the transference from the lithosphere to the hydrosphere. As I have already shown, our efforts in the reverse direction are very small. Food Values in Relation to Trace Elements.-With the gradual depletion of the soil minerals must come a similar depletion of the minor elements in our food and consequent deterioration in its quality and its ability to maintain health at its optimum level. What are we doing to remedy this? There are two methods and, no doubt, best results will come from a combination of the two.The first is to reduce losses to as small a level as possible by reducing erosion, and returning sewage to the soil, and the second the application of fertilisers containing the necessary elements. In dealing with the second method first, 179 it may be asked, “What are the necessary elements?” So far as our present knowledge goes, this may involve at least fifty or sixty of the ninety-two known elements and, when it comes to the question of the proportions in which they should be applied, we realise that our present knowledge of this important and vital matter is extremely meagre. So far, our efforts in supplying the elements to correct soil deficiencies have been confined to four-nitrogen, phosphorus, potash and calcium,-but even then the quantities used have been very inadequate.No doubt, in the case of phosphate and potash fertilisers, derived as they are from natural materials, a large number of trace elements are also added, but in quantities too small to balance the losses occurring in the soil. Experiments are being made in this country with fertilisers containing added amounts of boron and cobalt, for use in particular areas where a deficiency of these elements has been shown, but it can be seen that we are only at the beginning of this great problem. In dealing with phosphate, earlier in this address, I gave some examples of the loss of this element in sewage and by soil erosion, but this was not half the story.From experiments made in America, it has been calculated that well over 2,000 tons of the less common elements per million of population are lost through the sewerage systems per year. I have calculated the approximate tonnages of the various elements given on a basis of a population of zoo,ooo people, so that one may visualise the amounts lost in a city the size of Auckland. They are as follows:- Tom CopperCalcium .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 40 105 MagnssiumSulphurChromium .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 80 160 23 LeadManganese .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 11 11 Aluminium .. .. .. .. .. 11 Titanium .. .. .. .. .. 11 Arsenic .. .. .. .. .. 2 Zinc .. .. .. .. ..2 Miscellanoous.. .. .. .. .. 30- Total 486 - The actual intrinsic value of these elements is quite consider-able; the value of the 40 tons of copper may be about fI1,500, but its value to the community in the soil and subsequently 180 in the food of the people is inestimable. Experiments have shown the functions performed by many of the minor elements in the animal and vegetable organism, but time does not permit me to go into this in detail. We do know, however, that some plant and animal diseases are caused by mineral deficiencies, and claims are made, especially by American authorities, that various human diseases can be traced to this cause. In fact, one authority states that, from recruiting statistics of the United States Army, it can be shown that the average stature of the recruits offering enlistment has decreased by six inches in the past 120years.The average stature of the Japanese race, who do not dispose of sewage to the ocean, but return it to the soil, is on the increase and has increased by two inches in a compara-tively few years. It is also stated that Japan is a country practically free from cancer, and the study of heart disease in America shows that it is increasing at an alarming rate in those States which have been farmed the longest, and in which the soils are becoming depleted. My personal opinion is that it would be very difficult to prove that lack of minor elements in the soil is the sole cause of these. There are many other natural materials with the wastage of which time does not permit me to deal-such as forests, coal, oil, natural gas, etc.-but on every hand one can see wastage and dissipation of natural resources.To the scientist many ways of reducing this wastage are evident, but he is always compelled to consider the economic side and the question “Will it pay? ” which has to be interpreted in terms of pounds, shillings and pence, and not in terms of the ultimate good of humanity. This “Will it pay? ” is, according to our present ideas, the con- trolling factor, and so our “Age of Dissipation” goes merrily on. Discussions were arranged on the following subjects : “The Status of the Chemist in New Zealand” and bb The Training of Laboratory Assistants.” Most of those present took part and many controversial points were raised.It was felt that as a result of the dicussions certain points had been clarified and that the way was somewhat clearer as to what action should be taken along both lines. A visit was made to the Wheat Research Institute. The organisation and aims of the Institute were explained by the Director, Dr. Nilgendorf, who stressed the importance of 181 co-ordinating the work in the interests of the wheat grower, the miller and the baker. Mr. E. W. Hullett, chief chemist, explained and described the work being carried out in the laboratories and members saw actual tests being carried out. Other visits were made to the Davis Gelatine Co.’s Works and to the Christchurch Gas Co.’s works.The following officers and Committee were elected for the ensuing year:--Chairman, Mr. R. L. Andrew, Acting Dominion Analyst; Secretary and Treasurer, Mr. P. White, Director, Leather and Shoe Research Association. ;Hon. Auditor, Mr. T. A. Glendenning; Committee, Mr. F. H. V. Fielder (Auckland); Mr. G. A. Lawrence, Mr. A. D. Monro, Dr. G. M. Moir, and Mr. M. L. H. Stewart (Wellington) ; Mr. T. H. McCombs (Christchurch) ; Dr. R. Gorner (Dunedin); Dr. H. 0. Askew (Nelson). The Annual Dinner held at the New’City Hotel, followed by a Theatre Party, brought to a conclusion another successful conference. As in recent years, the meeting was arranged to coincide with that of the New Zealand Institute of Chemistry. The President of the New Zealand Institute of Chemistry, Mr.G. A. Laurence, a past chairman of the New Zealand Section of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland, entitled his presidential address “The Chemist and the Community.” “The products .of scientific discovery,” said Mr. Laurence, “must not be allowed to dominate man: man must develop a higher order of intelligence to prepare and meet advance in knowledge. To be forewarned is to be forearmed. Discovery, gradual as it may be, will cause a certain amount of distress and dislocation in the established order of things. In order to minimise this dislocation we must be constantly preparing for what is to come by an intelligent estimation of what is likely to result from scientific discovery.’’ He referred to the reaction of the synthesis of indigo on the growing of natural indigo, and made a comparison with the possibility of the production of synthetic wool.The provision of a competitive product does not necessarily mean establishing protection for the product which is likely to be replaced, but includes a wise review of the possibility of consolidating the 182 position of the threatened product by improvement of quality or reducing the cost of production. Such provision also includes the possibilities of supplying the raw material for the production of the competitive product and as a last resource of producing something in place of the threatened product. The impact of science-made changes on the public-an impact which includes great dislocations of industry affecting perhaps half a million men-might be lessened and humanised if science and the people became better acquainted.It is by keeping the community in touch with scientific developments and by an intelligent interpretation of the trend of things that the shock- impact of science can be reduced to a minimum. South Yorkshire.-A meeting of the Section was held in the Rotherham College of Technology on aznd February,- Dr. E. Gregory presiding in the unavoidable absence of Dr. G. Lawton, Chairman of the Section. Mr. W. W. Stevenson, Chief Chemist of the Central Research Laboratories of the United Steel Companies, Ltd., gave a lecture entitled-‘‘The Selection and Testing of Oils for Industrial Purposes .” After referring to the fatty oils which were available before the discovery of crude petroleum oils, Mr.Stevenson men-tioned the tests applied for their chemical identification. He gave a brief description of the crude oils now obtainable from various parts of the world and described the methods of distillation employed for obtaining the several useful commercial fractions, also the acid-refining process, and the subsequent liquid alkali and alkaline-earth methods of treatment. He then dealt with solvent extraction and its effect on the constituents of the oils treated by these processes. The methods available for testing oils were described, with particular reference to the more recent tests of “practical” application, such as the tendency to sludge, the Air Ministry oxidation test, the Ramsbottom coke test, etc.A number of examples were given of the relative importance of these and other tests in connexion with the requirements for general lubricating oils, turbine oils, steam cylinder oils, internal combustion engine oils, and quenching oils. The lecture was illustrated by slides. 183 Notes. The Radio Research Board of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research desires to bring to the notice of those engaged in physical and chemical research, the great importance to the electrical industry of dielectric materials and of fundamental knowledge capable of application to the development and production of new and improved dielectric materials.A dielectric of normal permittivity and low power-losses having good mechanical properties over the practical range of temperature, combined with ease of working and machining, has not yet been produced. This is true also of a dielectric of abnormally high permittivity suitable for the construction of condensers of large capacity and small bulk. Further, of available materials which are outstanding in respect of one or more of the desired characteristics, many, if not most, are of foreign origin. Up to the present time, new dielectrics have been developed by methods which are mainly empirical. For example, recent advances in the chemistry of plastics have resulted in the pro- duction of numerous synthetic resins, some of which have been found to have satisfactory characteristics as dielectrics for particular applications.Again, certain ceramic materials have been found to have very satisfactory electrical and mechanical characteristics, but their field of application is severely limited by the impossibility of working or machining such materials in their finished state. It is possible that materials having the desired properties, may be found by these empirical methods, but it is also desirable that there should be an active prosecution of the study of the relations between dielectric and mechanical properties and physi- cal structure, the latter including both molecular and atomic structure and molecular aggregation. Certain fundamental investigations on the subject have been in progress at the National Physical Laboratory on behalf of the Electrical Research Association. These include experiments on dielectrics containing polar molecules and free ions ;the dielectric properties of semi-conductors ; measurements over a very wide 184 range of temperature and frequency, etc.Publications include a critical r6sum6 by Dr. Hartshorn, Dielectric Properties of Celhlose Acetate and Power Losses in Mica. Other reports, not yet published, relate to the properties of various pure synthetic resins and the effects of impurities and of the nature of the cata- lyst. In much of this work the National Physical Laboratory has been in close collaboration with the Chemical Research Laboratory.Work of a similar fundamental character on the relation between dielectric properties and molecular structure has been and is being carried out at Oxford University under the direction of Mr. E. B. Moullin. The work is directed to the study of the effects of polar molecules on dielectric behaviour, on lines sug- gested by Debye’s theory of liquid dielectrics. It has already been shown that solid solutions of certain esters containing polar molecules, in loss-free paraffin waxes, behave in accordance with Debye’s theory of liquid dielectrics, i.e., they show something in the nature of “resonance-curves” of dielectric loss at any given frequency as a function of temperature, the power factor rising to high values over a comparatively narrow band of temperatures, the critical temperature being itself a function of frequency.It appears that the use of polar molecules is necessitated by considerations of the mechanical and thermal properties re- quired in practical dielectrics, and existing synthetic dielectrics contain in general much polarised molecular material. The dielectric-loss variation of these materials with temperature is quite different from that recorded above for the polar esters, and it is suggested that the determination of the reason for this difference is a matter of great technical importance. One possibility would appear to be the co-existence of a multiplicity of simple “resonances” leading to a substantial uniformity with respect to temperature. There is, however, the additional possibility that some other factor related to the mode of molecular aggregation is involved.Certain materials of abnormally high dielectric constant, embodying titanium dioxide, have recently been introduced and have assumed considerable commercial importance. It is believed that this property of titanium dioxide is due to atomic polarisation and not to permanent dipoles. It has been shown on theoretical grounds that the border line is small between a good insulator of high dielectric constant and a poorly-conducting material; also that the temperature coefficient of a high dielectric 185 constant is likely to be large. It is not known whether the usual association of high dielectric constant and comparatively low breakdown voltage is inherent or is due to technical imperfec- tions.In addition to the above, there is another possible line of investigation with a field of application of considerable industrial importance,-namely, the development of a paramagnetic dielectric material with a permeability comparable with compo- sitions of very finely divided iron, The usefulness of iron at radio-frequencies as a means of obtaining inductances associated with very low loss of power is limited principally by its conductivity and consequent eddy- current losses, which necessitate fine sub-division and dilution with a dielectric to such an extent that the effective permeability is reduced to a very low figure-generally from 5 to 10.This suggests the question whether the useful characteristic of iron from the present point of view,-i.e., permeability,-is necessarily and inherently associated with the undesirable characteristic,- i.e., conductivity. It is understood that in the light of the exist- ing theory of the subject, this association is not inherent. Thus, the possibility of a dielectric material with a permeability appreciably greater than I does not seem to be excluded. It will be apparent from the above that in the field of di-electric materials there is very wide scope for research of a fundamental character in atomic and molecular physics and physical chemistry, with the possibility of industrial applications of great and widespread importance. Short Courses for Teachers : Chemistry.-The Board of Education have made arrangements for a Short Course in Chemistry for teachers in recognised Technical Colleges and Evening Institutes, under the direction of Dr.F. A. Mason, H.M.I., assisted by Mr. G. M. Painter and other Inspectors of the Board, to be held at Manchester from 18th to 29th July. The purpose of the course will be to consider the methods of instruction in chemistry courses, but a proportion of the time will be devoted to a discussion of the teaching of chemistry in relation to other technical subjects and to the study of recent advances in pure and applied chemistry. The course will include :-(a) Lectures and discussions on teaching methods and devices. (b) Discussions in connection with the teaching of chemistry.186 Special lectures by experts on recent developments in chemistry and chemical industry. Visits to works and laboratories, including Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., Dunlop Rubber Co., Ltd., and the British Cotton Research Association. Exhibition of recent books on chemistry and chemical Industry. Practical work in modern methods of electro-chemical analysis (including potentiometric, conductometric and polarographicmethods) or micro and semi-micro analytical methods, or modern methods used in textile chemical analysis (including microscopic examination), or modern methods of volumetric analysis, etc. Accommodation will be provided at Hulme Hall, Victoria Park, Manchester, at an inclusive charge of 6s.6d. per day for bed and breakfast. Other meals will be charged separately according to tariff. Teachers coming from a distance are ex- pected to avail themselves of the accommodation provided. APPLICATIONFOR ADMIssIoN.-Teachers who desire to attend the course must make application to the Board of Education, on Form 106 U (T),as soon as possible. If the applicant is teach- ing in a school working under the direction of a Local Education Authority, the Form must be returned through the Authority. The number of teachers who can be admitted to the course is limited and it is essential that teachers should apply only if they are sure that, apart from unforseen circumstances, they will be able to attend if admitted.Considerable inconvenience, as well as injustice to others, may be caused if any of those who have been offered admission fail to attend. All communications to the Board should be addressed to the Secretary, Board of Education, Whitehall, London, S.W.I. Air-Raid Precautions.-The Home Office recently issued to local authorities the householders’ handbook on protection against air-raids. Among the contents are simple directions in the preparation of a refuge room, explanations of the purpose and use of a respirator and an outline of precautions against fire. Sir Samuel Hoare, in a foreword to the handbook, submits that the target of the enemy would be the staunchness of the people at home and he asks for the assistance of volunteers to the air-raid precautions services, in helping every householder to make his home more safe against air-attack.Other points of advice are- to study precautions against fire by incendiary bombs, to collect materials for gas-protecting your refuge room, to collect simple 187 fire appliances, to make arrangements for the removal of children, invalids and pets to a place of safety, and to ascertain from the local council offices particulars of air-raid precautions organisation and fire-brigade arrangements in the district. The refuge room should have as few windows as possible, be soundly constructed and easy to reach. A cellar or basement is specially recommended. The refuge room should contain a lamp, old newspaper, brown paper, adhesive tape, airtight tins for storing food, a bottle of disinfectant and first-aid supplies.The second section of the book deals with “Things to do if there should be a war ”:-prepare and equip a refuge room, make preparations for darkening the house at night, and clear the top of the house of all inflammable stuff. Instructions are given for the preparation of a refuge room against gas and the effect of explosive bombs. Additional things to be placed in the refuge room are-water, tinned food, a simple hand-pump, sand, a long handled shovel, and spare blankets, for re-sealing a window should it be blown in. A third section describes the duties of the householder, who should take command, see that everyone is provided with a respirator, shut all doors and windows, extinguish all fires in grates, turn off all gas points, and fill the bath with water as a precaution in case of fire.Finally, a section deals with the immediate treatment of wounds and injuries. Fellows and Associates, who are disposed to offer their services in answer to the appeal recently made by the Home Secretary, should communicate with their local authorities. Many are doubtless able to render assistance as Air Wardens or Instructors, but it would be advisable for them to indicate that, in an emergency, their services might be required for duties in which their scientific knowledge could be more usefully employed. SCIENCEIN PARLIAMENT Water Su$$Zies.-In the House of Commons on 3rd February, the Minister of Health was asked whether he was aware that the water supply of New Zealanders, Australians and South Africans in rural and semi-rural areas is derived from rain, stored in large corrugated tanks, attached to each house; that such water is purer than that that comes from the earth, is free from all typhoid or other germs, and when boiled makes the best tea; that those 188 that drink it after boiling are never afflicted with rheumatism; and whether he would take steps to provide similar tanks for rural areas in this country, in order that those districts which experience droughts may be provided with a pure and adequate supply ? The Minister replied that he was aware that rain water, stored in properly constructed tanks, might provide an adequate supply of pure water for rural houses, but he was not aware of its peculiar dietetic and medicinal qualities.It was the duty of a local authority to require that every house in its district had, within reasonable distance, a sufficient supply of wholesome water, and this requirement might be satisfied by adequate storage of rain-water in tanks constructed in accordance with the local authority’s by-laws. Pasteurization.-On the 4th February, the Minister of Agri- culture was asked whether his attention had been drawn to the investigations carried out by the Hannah Institute of Dairy Research into the feeding of calves on raw and pasteurized milk by experiments with two groups of calves-the first group with ordinary commercial milk in its raw state, the second group with the same milk after it had been submitted to ordinary com- mercial pasteurization in a local dairy; thit the result shewed that of the 36 calves fed on ordinary commercial milk in its raw state, 23 were ultimately found to be infected by tuberculosis mainly in the lungs, and of the 37 calves fed on the same milk, after it had been submitted to ordinary commercial pasteurization in a local dairy, no case of tubercular infection had been found; and, in view of this, whether he would take steps to make com- pulsory pasteurization of all milk marketed ? The Minister of Agriculture, in reply, stated that the answer to the first part of the.question was that the Government’s proposals regarding the compulsory pasteurization of milk were outlined in the White Paper on Milk Policy issued in July last and as already announced, it was the Government’s intention to bring forward legislation this Session on these lines.Agricultural Research Couficil.-On the 15th February the Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, as representing the Lord President of the Council, was asked whether he was aware that the Agricultural Research Council had issued no report on its proceedings for any period since September, 1935; and whether and,if so, when a further report might be expected? 189 The Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster replied that, after the constitution of the Agricultural Research Council, it was decided that, having regard to the content of other Government publications dealing with agricultural research , the report of the Council could most usefully take the form of a critical review of research in progress, to be published at intervals of two years.The Report of the Council for the two years ending the 30th September, 1937,was in the press. Water Su$$Zies.-The Minister of Health was asked how many local authorities covering a population of zoo,ooo and over, employed an engineer for water purposes only? The Minister stated that, according to his information, all such authorities, other than the Croydon Corporation, had a water engineer, who was employed solely for the purpose of supervising their water supply undertaking. Scientijc Research (Gra~~ts).-On the zznd February, the Financial Secretary to the Treasury was asked what was the total annual grant that had been made from State funds towards scientific research; how this sum was allocated between the various research boards; how the amount spent by this country on research out of State funds compared with the amounts spent on the same objects by other European countries and the United States of America; and whether any reorganisation of these services was contemplated ? The Financial Secretary stated that he was collecting the information asked for in the first two parts of the question, and promised to supply it at an early date.Comparable figures on expenditure on scientific investigation by other countries were not available.He was unaware that any general re-organisation of the State research services was in contemplation. Research (Vegetables).-On the 24th February the Minister of Agriculture was asked whether, in view of the fact that there was no research station in the country to deal with vegetables only, the Government were prepared to consider setting up a research station for this purpose, in connection with the cultivation of better varieties of vegetables and the control of disease? The Minister replied that the Horticultural Research Station attached to the University of Cambridge was mainly concerned with vegetables. The question of extending the provision for vegetable research was at present under consideration by the 190 Agricultural Research Council, the Ministry of Agriculture and the Scottish Department of Agriculture.Honours.-Among the New Year’s Honours, Mr. Theodore Rigg, Fellow, Director of The Cawthron Institute, Nelson, New Zealand, was created a Knight Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (K.B.E.). Sir Theodore Rigg has been intimately associated with investigations, conducted in New Zealand, relating to soils, and animal and plant diseases attributed to mineral abnormalities of the soil, in addition to problems connected with fruit cultivation. He is also an active member of the Council of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research in New Zealand, of which he was Chairman during 1936. Dr. Reginald Sydney Gilbert Knight, Fellou, was appointed an Officer, and Mr. William Alexander Fyffe, Fellow, a Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire.Professor I. M. Heilbron, F.R.S., FeZZow, Sir Samuel Hall Professor of Chemistry in the University of Manchester, has been appointed Professor of Organic Chemistry at Imperial College of Science and Technology, to succeed Professor J. F. Thorpe, C.B.E., F.R.S., Fellow, who will retire from that Chair in October next. Professor G. M. Bennett, Fellom, Firth Professor of Chemistry in the University of Sheffield, has been appointed University Professor of Chemistry in King’s College, London, arising from the retirement of Professor Samuel Smiles, O.B.E., F.R.S., Fellow. Professor James Wilfred Cook and Dr.Frank Sturdy Sinnatt, C.B., M.B.E., Fellows, have been elected Fellows of the Royal Society. Dr. Henry Winder Brownsdon, Fellow, was presented with the Thomas Turner Gold Medal, at a meeting of the Birmingham University Metallurgical Society on 8th February. 191 Codes of Ethics.-The American Institute of Chemists has lately re-stated its professional code, which is here reproduced. For the most part, this would undoubtedly be endorsed by British chemists; but it may be remarked with regard to clause 6 that the association of the names of professional men and women with any form of general advertising matter is dis- couraged in this country. The profession of chemistry has become an increasingly important factor in the progress of civilisation, and in the welfare of the community. Chemists are entitled to the position and authority which will enable them to discharge their responsibilities properly and to render effective service to humanity.In order that the honour and dignity of the profession be advanced and maintained, The American Institute of Chemists has prepared the following code to define the rules of professional conduct and ethics, binding on its members. I. Every individual, on entering the profession of chemistry and thereby becoming entitled to full professional fellowship, incurs an obligation to advance the science and art of chemistry, to guard and uphold its high standard of honour, and to conform to the principles of professional conduct.2. It is the duty of a chemist to bear his part in sustaining the laws, institutions, and burdens of his community. 3. The chemist shall not knowingly engage in illegal work or co-operate with those who are so engaged. 4. A chemist shall carry on his professional work and act in a strict spirit of fairness to employers, contractors, and clients, and in a spirit of personal helpfulness and fraternity toward other members of the chemical profession. 5. He shall refrain from associating with or allowing the use of his name by any enterprise of questionable character. 6. Advertising matter containing his name shall be dignified in tone and characterised by due scientific restraint. Such advertising matter shall not contain any statements which may tend to bring himself or his profession into disrepute.Equivocal or false statements, or statements which are liable to mislead shall not be permitted. The use of personal photographs or self-laudatory statements is condemned. If a title is used, it must be definitely characterised. 192 7. He shall co-operate in upbuilding the profession by ex-changing general information and experience with his fellow chemists, and by contributing to the work of technical societies and the technical press, where such information does not conflict with the interests of his client or employer. It is very desirable that the first publication regarding inventions or other scientific advances be made through the technical societies and technical publications and not through the public press.Care shall be taken that credit for technical work be attributed as far as possible to the real authors of the work. 8. If in his opinion, work requested of him by clients or employers seems to present improbability of successful results, he shall so advise before undertaking the work. 9. He shall be conservative in all estimates, reports, testi- mony, etc., and especially so if these are in connection with the promotion of a business enterprise. 10. He shall not accept compensation, financial, or otherwise, from more than one interested party without the consent of all parties concerned, and shall not accept commissions from outside parties on sales to his client or employer without their knowledge. He is, however, in no way debarred from accepting employment from more than one employer where there is no conflict of interests.11. He shall not use any unfair, improper, or questionable met hods of securing professional work or advancement, and shall decline to pay or accept commissions for securing such work. 12. He may use all honourable means in competition to secure professional employment but shall not, by unfair means, injure directly or indirectly the professional reputation, prospects, or business of a fellow chemist ;and shall not attempt to supplant a fellow chemist after definite steps have been taken toward the latter’s employment. 13. He shall not knowingly accept employment by a client or employer as substitute while the claim for compensation or damage, or both, of a fellow chemist previously employed by the same client or employer and whose employment has been termi- nated, remains unsatisfied, or until such claim has been referred to arbitration, or issue has been joined at law, or unless the chemist previously employed has neglected to press his claim legally.193 14. He shall be diligent in exposing and opposing such errors and frauds as his special knowledge enables him to recognise. 15. Any infractions of these principles of professional conduct, coming to his attention, shall be reported to the Ethics Committee of The American Institute of Chemists. 16. He shall not attempt to compete with a fellow chemist on the basis of professional charges, by reducing his usual charges in order to underbid, after being informed of the charges named by the competitor.17. He shall not accept any engagement to review the professional work (except journal articles and similar scientific publications, and in litigation) of a fellow chemist without the knowledge of such chemist, or unless the connection of such chemist with the work has been terminated. 18. When undertaking work for a client or employer, he should enter into an agreement regarding the ownership of any and all data, plans, improvements, patents, designs, or other records which he may develop or discover while in the employ of such a client or employer. This agreement should include a restriction of the use of reports for advertising purposes.In the absence of a written understanding the following principles are held to apply: If a chemist uses information obtainable only from his client or employer which is not common knowledge or public property, any results in the form of designs, plans, inventions, processes, etc., shall be regarded as the property of the employer. If a chemist uses his own knowledge or information or data which by prior publication or otherwise are public property, then the results in the form of designs, plans, inventions, processes, etc. ,remain the property of the chemist, and the client or employer is entitled to their use only in the case for which the chemist was retained. All work and results accomplished by the chemist outside of the field for which he was employed or retained are the property of the chemist. Special data or information obtained by a chemist from his client or employer or which he creates as a result of such information, are to be considered confidential, and 194 while it is ethical to use such data or information in his practice as forming part of his professional experience, its publication without permission is improper.(e) He shall not suppress information or unduly accentuate statements in reports for the purpose of making gain or profit to himself or others. 19. He shall as far as possible in consulting work fix fees at a point high enough to warrant complete and adequate service. Unreasonably low charges for professional work tend toward inferior and unreliable work.In fixing fees it is proper for him to consider: (a) The time and labour involved, the novelty and difficulty of the matter, and the experience and skill necessary. (b) Whether the employment precludes other employment in similar lines or will involve the loss of other business while engaging in the particular work. (c) Customary charge of chemists for similar services. (d) The magnitude of the matter involved, and the benefits resulting to the client from the services. (e) The character of the employment, whether casual or for an established and constant client. 20. While it is desirable that chemists engaged in teaching and research should be permitted to use their special knowledge and skill in direct service to individual clients, it is prejudicial to the welfare of the profession for such services to be rendered at rates which ignore ordinary costs of equipment, supplies, and overhead expenses.21. Having established a fair fee and billed same to a client, he should oppose any effort of a client to have such fee reduced without real and sufficient cause. Wherever compatible with self-respect and the right to receive a reasonable recompense for services rendered, controversies with clients regarding compen- sation are to be avoided. There should, however, be no hesitation to apply to the courts for redress to prevent injustice, imposition, or fraud. Under section 16 of the Charter of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland : If any person while he is a member of the Institute- 195 Allows any person not being either a member of the Insti- tute or in partnership with himself as an Analytical or Consulting Chemist to practise in his name as an Analytical or Consulting Chemist, or Is convicted of felony or misdemeanour or is finally declared by any court of competent jurisdiction to have committed any fraud, or Is held by the Council on the complaint of any member of the Institute or of any person aggrieved to have been guilty of any act or default discreditable to the profession of Analytical or Consulting Chemistry, or Is adjudged bankrupt or individually or as partner makes an assignment for the benefit of creditors or under the Order of a Court of Bankruptcy or under any deed or document has his estate sequestrated or placed in liqui- dation for the benefit of creditors or makes any arrange- ment for payment of a composition to creditors, or Shall engage in any occupation which in the opinion of the Council shall be inconsistent with his remaining a member of the Institute, or Fails to pay any subscription or other sum payable by him to the Institute for one year after the same has become due, or Fails after suspension to deliver up his certificate of Fellowship or Associateship to the Council upon demand.Such persons shall be liable to be excluded from membership or to be suspended from membership for any period not exceeding two years by a resolution of the Council. ., . , . By-law 57 of our Institute prescribes that- “The following acts are such as shall be deemed to be discreditable within the meaning of Section 16 (3) of the Charter :-“(a) Unprofessional soliciting for practice. “(b) Unfair competition. “(c) Supplying to other persons not being qualified chemists, reports or certificates with the knowledge that these persons will issue such reports or certificates as their own work. “(d) Issuing or allowing to be issued reports or certificates intended for publication containing unjustifiable state- ments. 196 “Provided that the above enumeration of acts shall not be treated as exhaustive or in any manner limiting the inter- pretation of Section 16 (3) of the Charter.’’ The Australian Chemical Institute has similar provisions and has lately reminded its members that in 1920 it adopted the following resolution which had been decided by a general meeting of the Home Institute held in April, 1893-“That the following acts, or any of them, shall be held to be discreditable to the profession of Analytical and Consulting Chemist : “ ‘ (I) Undertaking through another person or agency the performing of professional work at fees representing only a small fraction of the usual recognised scale of fees for analytical work.‘( (2) Supplying to persons not being qualified chemists reports upon samples or processes with the knowledge that these other persons will issue such reports as their own work.(3) Issuing or allowing to be issued certificates of purity “ or superiority concerning advertised commodities, such certificates being either not based upon the results of an analysis or containing exaggerated, irrelevant or merely laudatory expressions designed to serve the purpose of a trade puff. c‘ ‘ (4) The unauthorised use of letters indicating University degrees.’ ” 197 Obituary. Information has recently been received that JUAN CHARLESPEDIGE CHANDRASENA,of Colombo, died in 1934, at the age of 47 years. He received his early education at Ananda College and the Training College, Colombo, where he matriculated in 1911. He qualified as a trained teacher at the Government Technical School and in 1914 was appointed demonstrator in chemistry at the Ceylon Medical College, being one of the first to graduate B.Sc.(Lond.), in Ceylon. In 1920 he came to England, with a Government Scholarship, and studied organic chemistry at the Imperial College of Science for two years under Professor Jocelyn Thorpe. He was later awarded the Ph.D. and the D.I.C. In 1922, on his return to Ceylon, he was appointed lecturer in chemistry at the University College, Colombo and, in 1933, on the retirement of Professor N. Rae,he wa's appointed professor of chemistry, and held the chair until his death. He was elected to the Associateship of the Institute in 1922. ERNESTGOULDINGdied at Wood Green, London, on 15th February, in his 67th year.He received his general education at Tollington Park College and, on gaining a Jacob Bell Memorial Scholarship, entered the School of the Pharmaceutical Society in 1892. He graduated B.Sc. (Lond.) in 1898 and proceeded to D.Sc. in 1903. From 1896 until 1935, he was msociated with the Imperial Institute. He participated especially in the scientific and technical work on Empire raw materials, both in labora- tory investigations and intelligence service. He was a recognised authority on vegetable fibres, and largely responsible for pre-war investigations of Empire-grown cottons carried out at the Imperial Institute in the pioneer stage of cotton cultivation in the Empire. In more recent times, he was associated with the extension of the use of Empire-grown Sisal and other hard fibres for marine cordage and other purposes.At the time of his retirement, he was Vice-principal of the Plant and Animal Products Department, and since 1923 he had been responsible for editing the Bulletin of the Institute. He also acted as Secretary to the Advisory Committee on Vegetable Fibres from its formation in 1926. He published several papers on pure chemistry and many on plant products, chiefly in conjunc- tion with Professor Sir Wyndham R. Dunstan. He was the author of a well-known book on Cotton and Other Vegetable Fibres, published in 1917, and in 1936, received the Mather Medal of the Textile Institute. His address on that occasion gave a valuable resume of Empire production of bast fibres.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1899 and a Fellow in 1902. DENIS VERNONJONESdied on 31st January at Abadan, Iran, in his 40th year. He was educated at the High Pavement Secondary School, Nottingham, and in 1916 proceeded to University College in the same City. A few months afterwards, he joined the University O.T.C., and in 1918 saw active service in Mesopotamia, He returned to the College in March, 198 1919, where he studied chemistry for three years, graduating B.Sc., with honours in 1922. In the following year he was appointed to the staff of the Anglo-Persian Oil Co., Ltd., at Abadan, Iran, later becoming Senior operator, a post he held until his death. He was elected an Associate in 1922. EDGARPERCIVAL KING, died on the 5th March in his 55th year.He was born at Stroud, Glos., in 1883, and was educated at the Marling En- dowed School in that town, where he passed the Intermediate Science Examination in chemistry of the London University. In1902 he pro-ceeded to Leeds University where he specialised in colour chemistry and dyeing, gaining the diploma in dyeing in 1907 and the Silver Medal and Prize of the City and Guilds of London Institute in the subject of Coal Tar Dyestuffs. In 1908 he joined the staff of Messrs. Courtauld, Ltd., at Braintree, Essex. Here he remained for eight years, gaining wide ex- perience as works chemist in connection with the methods of dyeing silks and artificial'silks. In 1917 he became lecturer in dyeing and research assistant to the late Professor A.G. Perkin at Leeds University, where he continued until shortly before his death. He was elected to the Associateship in 1922. LOUISJOHNE. RILEY died at Kensington in May, 1937, in his 59th year. Born in Trinidad, he was educated at St. Mary's College, Port of Spain, proceeded to Edinburgh University in 1898, and to the Glasgow and West of Scotland-now the Royal-Technical College, in 1900. After some experience in the laboratory of Mr. A. Chaston Chapman, and with Dr. Frank Clowes in the laboratory of the London County Council, he became assistant to Mr. A. Gordon Salamon, by whom he was entrusted with the control of industrial experiments connected with the brewing industry and with whom he remained until Mr.Salamon's death in 1918. In 1922, he returned to the West Indies, but came back again in the following year and waa engaged with Messrs. A. Duckham & CO., Ltd., until his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1904, and a Fellow in 1907. 199 Books and their Contents. The following books have been kindly presented by the authors and publishers and may be seen in the Library of the Institute:-“Chemical Analysis, Outlines and Methods of.” G. E. F. Lundell and J. I. Hoffman: Pp. xii + 250. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.; New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.) 15s. net. Part I : Introduction; Occurrence of the elements and the classification of materials; sampling; preparation of the solution for analysis.Part 11: introduction ; distribution of the elements in the general procedure ; separation of the acid, hydrogen sulphide, ammonium hydroxide, ammonium sulphide, ammonium oxalate and ammonium phosphate groups; elements that are not adequately covered in the general proce- dure; separation of the alkali group; of members of the hydrogen sulphide group from one another, and of members of the ammonium hydroxide group from one another ; precipitation by the basic-acetate method, by means of zinc oxide, and by phosphoric acid in strong acid solution; electrolysis with a mercury cathode; extraction with ether. Part 111: General; gravimetric methods based on the use of inorganic reagents; determination by weighing as the element; as the oxide; as the sulphide; as the sulphate; as the phosphate; determinations based on properties of the chlorides ; determinations based on reactions with silver ;precipitation by dimethylglyoxime ;by 8-hydroxyquinoline ; by cupferron; by a-nitroso- /3-napthol; by cc-benzoinoxime; and by phenylthiohydantoic acid ; standard solutions and indicators used in volumetric methods ; acidimetry and alkalimetry ; oxidation and reduction ; iodimetry, iodometry and similar methods ; potentiometric,elect>rolytic, colorimetric and spectrochemical methods.Part IV : Analysis of limestone; determinations of alkalies in feldspar ; routine determination of Al, 0, in bauxite; analysis of a wet-process enamel for cast iron; analysis of steel, brass, German silver, bronze, and phosphor bronze bearing metal.Part V: Evaluation of results obtained in chemi- cal analyses ; standard analysed samples ; subject index. “Dipole Moments : Their Measurement and Application in Chemistry.” R. J. W. Le Fevre. Pp. vi + 110. (London: Methuen & Co., Ltd.) 3s. 6d. net. Dielectric polarisation and the calculation of dipole moments ; practicalmethods for the measurement of dipole moments; solvent effect in dipole moment measurements ; dipole moments and molecular structure ; intramolecular rotation and flexibility of molecules; some anomalous dipole moments; table of dipole moments; index. 200 “Matter, The Fine Structure of.” The bearing of recent work on crystal structure, polarisation and line structure, polarisa- tion and line spectra.Vol. I1 of a comprehensive treatise of Atomic and Molecular Structures,-Part 11,Molecular Polarisa- tion. C. H. Douglas Clark. Pp. i to XXXVI; Pp. 217 to 458; Pp. xxxvii to lxxii. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 15s. net. Part I: X-rays and the structure of matter; the crystal structure of elements; the crystal structure of inorganic compounds of type AB ; the crystal structure of inorganic compounds of type AB, the crystal structure of compounds of further inorganic types, of compounds of organic types, of colloids and amorphous substances, and of alloys,inter-metallic compounds and solid solutions ; crystal structure and molecular constitution. Part I1: Dielectric constants; the Debye theory of polarisation ;molecular refraction ;polar molecules ;molecular fields.Part 111: The quantum theory and line spectra; the general principles of line-spectra; the multiple structure of lines; line spectra and the periodic classification. “Reagents, Organic, for Metals and for certain Acid Radicals.” By the staff of the Research Laboratory of Hopkin & Williams, Ltd. Foreword by A. D. Mitchell and A. M. Ward. 3rd Edition. Pp. 156. (London: Hopkin & Williams, Ltd.) “Rubber Latex, The Chemistry and Technology of.” C. Falconer Flint. Foreword by B. J. Eaton. Pp. xx + 716. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 42s. net. Historical; the sourco of rubber latex ; composition and properties of latex ;coagulation of latex and preparation of rubber ;the preservation, shipping, and concentration of latex ;the compounding and vulcanisation of rubber by latex processes; manufacture of dipped goods from latex; electro-deposition of rubber in latex ;impregnation of fibres and fabrics; latex in the textile industry ; various applications of rubber latex ; physical t8esting of latex rubber ; artificial dispersions of rubber ; additional notes ; author index ; subject index.The volume is based on Georges G6nin’s “Chimie et Technologie du Latex de Caouthouc.” “Solvents.” Thos. H. Durrans. Volume IV of a series of Monographs on Applied Chemistry. Edited by E. Howard Tripp. Fourth revised and enlarged edition. Pp. xviii+ 238. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.). 15s. net. Part I:Introduction; solvent action; solvent power ;plasticising solvents; solvent balance ; viscosity ; vapour pressure ; inflammability ; toxicity.Part I1: Introduction ; abbreviations ; hydrocarbons and sundry sol- vents ; alcohols and their ethers ; ketones ; esters ; glycols and their ethers;cyclohexane derivatives ;chloro-compounds ;furfurals ;plasticisingsolvents ;appendices ;trade names j solubility tables ;plasticiser propor- tions ;index.201 ‘‘Volumetric Analysis, an Intermediate Course of.” G. E. Watts and C. Chew. Pp. viii + 224. (London and Glasgow: Blackie & Son, Ltd.) 3s. 6d. General principles ;apparatus and its use ; neutralisation; precipitation ; oxidation by potassium dichromate ;oxidation by iodine ; miscellaneous methods ; examination questions ; answers to numerical questions ; appendix ; logarithms ; index.British Standards Institution.-The following British Standards have recently been received (2s. each; 2s. zd. post free) :-NO. 255-1938 Asbes t ine 260-1 938 Baryt es 1 Extenders for Paints 281-1938 Blanc Fixe I 301-1938 Silica I NO. 331-1938 Paste Driers ) Driers for Paints. 332-1 938 Liquid Driers NO. 370-1938 Venetian Red for Paints. NO. 776-1938 Materials for Use in the Manufacture of Magnesium Oxychloride Flooring Com-positions. NO. 769-1938 Chemical Analysis of Butter. NO. 770-1938 Chemical Analysis of Cheese. No. 771-1938 Synthetic Resin (Phenolic). Moulding Materials and Mouldings. No. 773-1938 Ostwald-Folin Pipettes.No. 783-1938 Japanese and/or Korean Sardine Oil (Pale). NO. 784-1938 Methods for the Testing of Chemical Stone- ware. Addendum to Methods of Testing Gelatines. (B.S. NO. 757-1937.) The following Addendum slips have also been received:- C.E. (B) 6366 Asbestos-cement slates. Unreinforced flat sheets and Corrugated sheets. (B.S.S. No. 690-1936.) C.E. (C) 1480 The Sampling and Analysis of Coal and Coke. (B.S.S. No. 496-1933.) C.E. (C) 6926 Methods for Testing Gelatines. (B.S. No. 757-1937.) 202 Science Library: Central Agricultural and Scientific Bibliography.-Mr. W. P. Dreaper, Hon. Secretary, C. A. S. B., has lately issued cyclostyle copies of a “List of Bibliographies” prepared since March 1938,many of which are of interest to chemists concerned with agriculture and allied industries, industrial chemistry and physics.Recently prepared bibliographies include-under Section I : Agriculture and Allied Industries : “The Mechanical Application of Fertilizers and Manures,” and “The History of Early Agriculture, with Special Reference .to the Introduction of Implements.” Under Section 5 : “Industrial Chemistry and Physics ”: “The Drying of Eggs”; “The Use of Synthetic Plastics for Binding Abrasives ”; “Wood Gas ”; and “The Production of Benzine from Water Gas.” The Comtk International des Tables Annuelles de Constantes et Dormkes Numeriques announces the publication of a new series of Monographs of Annual Tables of Constants and Numerical Data (1931-36,Vol.XI and XII), obtainable from Hermann & Cie, 6,rue de la Sorbonne, Paris. The Cambridge University Press has notified the proposed production of a new series under the title of The Cambridge Library of Modern Science to be edited by C. P. Snow. The first book of the series will be--“ The Evolution of Physics,” by Professor Albert Einstein and Dr. L. Infeld, and the published price, about 10s. 6d. In the Cambridge series of Physical Chemistry a new volume on iiCombustion, Flames and Explosions of Gases,” by Bernard Lewis and Guenther von Elbe, will be published at about 21s. The National Smoke Abatement Society announces the publication of “The Law of Smoke Nuisances,” by W. A. Hornby Steer, being the late Mr. Randolph Glen’s book- “The Law Relating to Smoke and Noxious Fumes ”-revised in accordance with the Public Health Acts, 1936,and extended.(Paper: IS.; Cloth: 2s. 6d.) 203 Oxford University Press has published “The Science of Petroleum,”-a comprehensive treatise of the Principles and Practice of the production and refining of Mineral Oil, edited by Dr. A. E. Dunstan, Professor A. W. Nash, Dr. B. T. Brooks, and Sir Henry T. Tizard; published in 4 Volumes, 4t0, fully illustrated, Fifteen guineas net. Messrs. Macmillan & Co., Ltd., announce the publication of Ad Isaac Newton 1642-1727”by J. W.N. Sullivan,-8s. 6d.net; and“Catalysis from the Standpoint of Chemical Kinetics,’’ by Georg-Maria Schwab,-18s. net ;also, “Laboratory Methods of Bio-Chemistry,” by A.Bertho and W. Grassmann, trans- lated by W. McCartney. Messrs. Routledge, Kegan and Paul, Broadway House, 6872, Carter Lane, London, E.C.4, will publish, in April, “Modern Aspects of Inorganic Chemistry,” by H. J. Emelbus and J. S. Anderson. About 15s. University of London Press: In the New General Science Series published by the London University Press,-in addition to “CHEMISTRY ”(WITH SOMEGEOLOGY)by J. A. Lauwerys and J. Ellison, which was noticed in Part I of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,1g38,-the publishers now announce a ‘‘First Book of General Science,” by W. J. Gale,-Part I.:-Mainly about Matter, 2s. 6d.; Part II.:-Ma.inly about Energy, 3s. 6d.; General Biology, by M. E. Phillips and C. E. Cox, 3s.; and General Physics.by F. Oldham and E. Langton--irt the press. The Burgess Publishing Company (426, South Sixth Street, Minneapolis, Minnesota, U.S.A.) announces the publication of “Determination of the Amino Acids,” by Richard J. Block, Department of Chemistry, New York State Psychiatric Institute and Hospital, New York City. $2.00. 204 The Library, 1937-38. Since the issue of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part 11, 1937,the Council has had much pleasure in acknowledging the following gifts:- MESSRS. EDWARD & Co.:ARNOLD Chemistry, Matter and Life. S. Miall and L. M. Miall. London,1937. MESSRS.BLACKIE& SON,LTD.: An Intermediate Course of Volumetric Analysis. G. E. Watts and C. Chew. London,1938. MESSRS. BRITISH DRUG HOUSES,LTD.: “Analar ” Standards for Laboratory Chemicals.2nd Edition. London, 1937. The B.D.H. Book of Organic Reagents for Delicate Analysis and “Spot” Tests. 6th Edition. London,1937. CAMBRIDGEUNIVERSITY :PRESS Elasticity, Plasticity and Structure of Matter. R. Houwink. Cam-bridge, 1937. Perspectives in Biochemistry. Edited by J. Needham and D. E. Green. Cambridge, 1937. Qualitative Inorganic Analysis. A. J. Berry. Cambridge, 1938. The Newer Alchemy. Lord Rutherford, F.R.S. Cambridge, 1937. MESSRS.CHAPMAN& HALL, LTD.: Analytical Chemistry. Vol. I. Qualitative Analysis. 9th English Edition. F. P. Treadwell and W. T. Hall. London, 1937. Canning Practice and Control. 0. Jones and T. W. Jones. London, 1937. Catalytic Processes in Applied Chemistry.2nd Edition. T. P. Hilditch and C. C. Hall. London, 1937. Colloid Chemistry. Principles and Applications. 4th Edition. J. Alexander. London, 1937. Drugs and Galenicals. Their Quantitative Analysis. D. C. Garratt. London, 1937. Organic Chemistry. F. C. Whitmore. London, 1937. Outlines of Methods of Chemical Analysis. G. E. F. Lundell and J. I. Hoffman. London, 1938. Outlines of Theoretical Chemistry. F. H. Getman and F. Daniels. London, 1937. Protective Films on Metals. E. S. Hedges. London, 1937. Quantitative Analysis. W. C. Pierce and E. L. Haenisch. London, 1937. Reagent Chemicals and Standards. J. Rosin. London, 1937. Solvents. T. H. Durrans. 4th revised and enlarged Edition. London, 1938. The Analytical Chemistry of Tantalum and Niobium.W. R. Schoeller. London, 1937. 205 The Biochemistry of the Lipids. H. B. Bull. London, 1937 The Chemistry and Technology of Rubber Latex. C. F. Flint. London, 1938. The Drama of Chemistry. S. J. French. London, 1937. The Fine Structure of Matter. Part I. X-Rays and the Structure of Matter. C. H. D. Clark. London, 1937. The Fine Structure of Matter. Part 11. Molecular Polarization. C. H. D. Clark. London, 1938. MESSRS.CONSTABLE8: Co., LTD.: Systematic Organic Chemistry. W. M. Cumming, I. V. Hopper and T. S. Wheeler. 3rd Edition. London, 1937. MESSRS. COPPER DEVELOPMENT :ASSOCIATION Copper in Cast Steel and Iron. London, 1937. MESSRS.J. M. DENT& SONS,LTD.: Higher School Qualitative Analysis.F. A. Meerendonk. London, 1938. Notes on Qualitative Organic Analysis. F. R. Storrie London, 1938. MESSRS. GERALD &.cO., LTD. :DUCKWORTH A Hundred Years of Chemistry. A. Findlay. London, 1937. MESsRS. A. GALLENKAMP & CO., LTD.: Sand, Gravel and other Aggregates. Methods of Testing. J. Watson. London, 1938. MESSRS. CHARLESGRIFFIN& Co., LTD.: Inks : Their Composition and Manufacture. C. Ainsworth Mitchell. London, 1937. MESSRS.HIGH DUTY ALLOYS, LTD.: Aluminium Alloys. From the book by A. Von Zeerleder. Translated by A. J. Field. SEough, 1936. MESSRS. HOPKIN& WILLIAMS, LTD.: Organic Reagents for Metals and for certain Acid Radicals. By the Staff of the Research Laboratory of Messrs. Hopkin & Williams, Ltd.London, 1938. MESSRS. HUTCHINSON’S AND TECHNICAL :SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS Modern Rubber Chemistry. H. Barron. London, 1937. MESSRS. ILFORD,LTD.: Criminal Investigation and Evidence by Photography. 0. Bloch. London, 1937. THEIMPERIAL :INSTITUTE Barium Minerals. 2nd Edition. J. Simpson. London, 1937. Strontium Minerals. 2nd Edition. E. H. Beard. London, 1937. The Mineral Position of the British Empire. London, 1937. INSTITUTION TECHNOLOGISTSOF PETROLEUM : Petroleum Technology in 1936. F. H. Garner. London, 1937. A. W. KNAPP,EsQ.,M.Sc., F.I.C.: Cacao Fermentation. A. W. Knapp. London, 1937. MESSRS.LIBRAIRIE COLIN:ARMAND Les MBthodes actuelles de la Chimie. P. Jolibois. 3rd Edition revised. London, 1938. MESSRS.LONGMANS,GREEN& Co., LTD.: A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry. Vol. XVI. Sir J. W. Mellor. London, 1937. A Text-Book of Qualitative Chemical Analysis. A. I.Vogel. London, 1937. Metallography. C. H. Desch. London, 1937. Thorpe’s Dictionary of Applied Chemistry. J. F. Thorpe, C.B.E., F.R.S., and M. A. Whiteley. 4th Edition. Vol. I. London, 1937. MESSRS. METWEN & Co., LTD.: Dipole Moments. Their Measurement and Application in Chemistry.R. J. W. Le Fkvre. London, 1938. The Electrochemistry of Solutions. S. Glasstone. London, 1937. MESSRS. THOMASMURBY & Co.: Mother Earth. Being Letters on Soil addressed to Professor R. G. Stapledon, C.B.E. G. W. Robinson. London, 1937. OXFORD UNIVERSITY :PRESS.The Biochemistry of Cellulose, The Polyuronides, Lignin, etc. A. G. Norman. Ozjoord, 1937. PUBLISHINUMESSRS. PENTON Co., LTD.: High Temperature Welding Flames. D. S6fBrian. London, 1937. THE PHARMACEUTICAL PRESS : A History of Pharmacy. J. Grier. London, 1937. SIRISAAC AND SONS, LTD.: PITMAN Patents for Inventions. R. Haddan. London, 1937. SAFETYIN MINES RESEARCHBOARD: Publications of the Safety in Mines Research Board. Vol. XI, 1936. London, 1937. Dr. W. R. SCHOELLER,F.I.C. : The Analytical Chemistry of Tantalum and Niobium. W. R. Schoeller. London, 1937. THE SCIENCE MUSEUM: Very Low Temperatures. Books 1, 2 and 3. London, 1937. THE SOUTH METROPOLITANGASCo.: The Preparation of Thin Tar Carpets. London, 1937.MESSRS. E. &. F. N. SPON, LTD.: The Cosmetic Formulary. H. Bennett. London, 1937. THE TECHNICAL PRESS, LTD.: Colloid Systems. A. Von BurzBgh. London, 1937. UNIVERSITY PRESSOF LONDON : Chemistry (with some Geology). Part I, and complete volume also. J. A. Lauwerys and J. Ellison. London, 1938. MESSRS. WIGHTMAN & CO., LTD.: Weeds, Weeds, Weeds. Sir C. Vernon Boys, F.R.S. London, 1937. Books Purchased. The Mineral Industry during 1936. Vol. XLV. Edited by G. A. Roush. London, 1937. 207 The Register. At the meeting of Council held on 18th February, 1938, 3 new Fellows were elected, 7 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, zg new Associates were elected, and 40 Students were admitted. The Council regrets to record the deaths of I Fellow and I Associate.New Fellows. New, Archibald Alan, M.Sc. (Leeds), 77, Footscray Road, London, S.E.9. Seshadri, Tiruvenkata Rajendra, M.A. (Madras), Ph.D. (Manc.), Andhra University, Waltair, S. India. Walker, Thomas Richard, M.A. (Cantab.), The Priory, Oughtibridge, nr. Sheffield. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Barker, Professor William Francis, Ph.D. (Liv.), Rhodes University College, Grahamstown, S. Africa. Hayhurst, Horace, A.M.I.Chem.E., Fouray, Parkfield Road, Didsbury, Manchester. Ingham, John, 17, Harrissmith Road, Penylan, Cardiff. Johnston, William, 185a, Priory Road, London, N.8. Mathur, Krishna Gopal, M.Sc. (Allahabad), D.Sc. (Punjab.), University Chemical Laboratories, Lahore, India.Powell, Arthur Dudley, 64, Park Side, Derby Road, Beeston, Nottingham. Scott, William Errington, Ph.D. (Dun.), Windyhaugh, Friar Road, Brighton. New Associates. Bruce, Joseph, B.Sc. (Leeds), 69, Royal Park Avenue, Hyde Park, Leeds, 6. Burrows, Sydney, B.Sc. (Lond.), 57, Overdale Avenue, New Malden, Surrey. Carpenter, Miss Blanche Rosemary, Ph.D. (Lond.), Chipcot, Eastbury Road, Northwood, Middlesex. Cone, Edgar, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 33, Redcliffe Gardens, London, S.W.10. Cossey, James, M.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 7, Whittaker Street, London, S.W.l. Dawtrey, Sydney, B.Sc. (Lond.), 28, Albert View, Pellon, Halifax. Edge, Herbert Allan, B.Sc. (Lond.), 8, Reeves Road, Chelston, Torquay. Elston, Eric Stanley James, B.Sc.(Lond.), A.R.C.S., 65, Cavendish Drive, Rock Ferry, Birkenhead. Evans, Edward Michael, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., Kinsale, Sea View Road, Cliffs End, nr. Ramsgate. Fairlie, Andrew Miller, B.Sc. (Glas.), 18, Mount Stuart Street, Shawlands, Glasgow. France, Harold, B.Sc. (Glas.), Department of Chemistry, The University, Manchester, 13. 208 Fyfe, Robert, B.Sc. (Glas.), 4, Alexandra Terrace, Kilbirnie, Ayrshire. Gardner, Eric Richard, B.Sc. (Lond.), 6, Diamond Terrace, London, S.E.lO. Haworth, Ernest, M.Sc. (Mane.), 99, Stanhill Lane, Oswaldtwistle, Lancs. Hawthorne, John Russell, M.Sc. (Q.U.B.), 2, Breda Park Newtownbreda, Belfast. Holness, Reginald Frederick George, B.Sc. (Lond.), 734a, High Road, Tally Ho Corner, London, N.12. Holyday, Leslie Charles Horace, B.Sc.(Lond.), 30, Grosvenor Road, London, N.9. Lewis, John Richard, B.Sc. (Wales), 54, Cambria Street, Holyhead, Anglesey.Martin, Thomas Hamilton, M.Sc. (Manitoba), c/o The Refinery, Anglo- Iranian Oil Co., Ltd., Abadan, Iran. Nefdt, Harry Mathys, B.Sc. (S.A.), Medical Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 141, Nairobi, Kenya, Africa. Pennington, Joseph Donald, B.Sc. (Mane.), 5, Stanley Road, Walkden, nr. Manchester. Robb, Charles Alexander, B.Sc. (Q.U.B.), Chemical Engineering Depart- ment, King’s College, Strand, London, W.C.2. Roberts, Denys Thomas, B.Sc. (Bris.), 276, Pershore Road, Edgbwton, Birmingham, 5. Short, Miss Eileen Isobel, B.Pharm., Ph.D. (Lond.), 15, Trinity Street, Brighton.Stevens, William Stanley, B.Sc.(Lond.), Chester House, High Street, Castle Donington, nr. Derby. Summers, Donald, B.Sc. (Lond.), 28, Garrick Avenue, London, N.W.ll. Watson, Thomas Anderson, B.Sc. (Glas.), 64, Hotspur Street, Glasgow, N.W. Williams, Norman Edgar, B.Sc. (Lond.), 25, Vine Avenue, Sevenoaks. Woods, Douglas Eric, B.Sc. (Lond.), Ph.D., 3, Meadway, Hough Green, Widnes. New Students. Baird, Kirk, 6, Langdale Road, Wallasey. Barclay, Alexander Duff, 7, School Terrace, Bellsquarry, West Calder, Midlo thian. Berry, Robert Langley Page, Belvoir, Longford Lane, Longleavens, Glos. Brentnall, John Boyre, 30, Vine Street, Kersal, Manchester, 7. Brown, Norman Maurice, 98a, Wrotham Road, Gravesend. Carpenter, William James, 1, Gloucester Road, Hambrook, Bristol. Donald, Horace Lindley, 69, Welfare Road, Woodlands East, nr.Doncaster. Dunmore, Eric, 41, Sinclair Grove, London, N.W.ll. Evans, Ronald Major, 4, Springfield Street, Wigan. Gent, William Lawrence Greenwood, 81, Avalon Road, London, W.13. Gilroy, Patrick Eric, 17, Goldington Crescent, London, N.W.l. Gilson, Albert Ralph, 2, Denison Road, Victoria Park, Manchester, 14. Harrison, Kenneth Henry, 9, Stanley Road, London, E.18. Hartz, Lionel Samuel, 42, Cambridge Road, London, E.l. Henness, John Rowntree, 14, Devon Drive, Sherwood, Nottingham. Hensman, Jack, 46, Stretton Road, Leicester. Hulme, Harry, 8, York Road, Denton, Manchester. Hurst, Geoffrey, 54, Parkdale Road, Tonge Park, Bolton. James, William, 20, Park Road, Great Sankey, Warrington. Lloyd, Ronald, 38, Jubilee Street, Shotton, nr.Chester. Nicholson, Ernest Edward, 87, Sheringham Avenue, London, E. 12. Peabody, John Colin, Husband’s Bosworth, Rugby. Perry, Sidney Arthur, 137, High Street, Staple Hill, Bristol. Phillips, Dennis Herbert, 31, Alfred Road, Sparkhill, Birmingham, 11. 209 Rees, Anthony, 154, Highlever Road, London, W.10. Reid, James Hamilton, 11, Barns Crescent, Ayr. Riley, Victor Harry Beaumont, 10, Allendale Road, Stockton-on-Tees. Selfe, Francis Leslie, 4, Fallow Court Avenue, London, N.12. Sharples, Kenneth, 69, Rockliffe Street, Blackburn. Smith, Edward Leslie, 18, Carnarvon Road, Redland, Bristol, 6. Soby, William, 58, Morant Street, London, E.14. Sweeney, Herbert, 5, Bolton Road East, New Ferry, Cheshire.Tailby, Sydney Russell, St. Aubyns, Barrowfield, Dyke Road, Hove. Tomlinson, Russell Frederick, 75, Wash Lane, Warrington. Turner, Hubert Alfred, Flat 1, 2, Arthur Avenue, Lenton, Nottingham. Wall, Leslie Lakey, 54, Strathmore Crescent, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 4. Watt, James Dennis, 4, Morley Road, Southsea. Whitcroft, Robert John, 5, Ashbourne Grove, London, S.E.22. Williams, Alexander Francis, 19, Yardley Wood Road, Moseley, Birming- ham, 13. Young, Donald Peter, Green Woods, Essendon Road, Sanderstead, Surrey. DEATHS. Fellows. Ernest Goulding, D.Sc. (Lond.). Louis John Eczekiel Riley. Associates. Percival Edgar King. Juan Pedige Charles Chandrasena, Ph.D. (Lond.), D.I.C. CHANGE OF NAME. James Henry Davies, Associate, to James Henry Wootton-Davies,-by Deed Poll.(Miss) Betty Norrie Grandison, Associate, to (Mrs.) Betty Norrie McLean,- on her marriage. 210 Coming Events. 1938 April 4 SOCIETY (London Section and Chemical OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY Engineering Group): “Modern Trade Mark Law.” MajorH. J. W. Bliss, at the Rooms of the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. 5 BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS: Notts. and Derby Section Annual Meeting, at Irongates, Derby. INSTITUTION “The Work of the Paint Re-OF CIVIL ENGINEERS: search Laboratory of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway.” Mr. F. Fancutt, at 6 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Birmingham and Midland Section): Annual Meeting.SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Birmingham and Midland Section): “A New Absorbent for the Recovery of Carbon Dioxide.” Mr. D. W. Parkes and Mr. R. B. Evans. OF CHEMICALINDUSTRYSOCIETY (Manchester Section) : Annual General Meeting, at the Constitutional Club, St. Ann’s Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m. BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS: Liverpool Section Annual Meeting, at the Exchange Hotel. OF PUBLICANALYSTS:SOCIETY Ordinary Meeting at the Rooms of the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (Liverpool and North-Western Section) : Annual General Meeting; “Ventilation in the Mersey Tunnel.” Dr. W. F. Higgins. Visit to the Tunnel Control Room and Ventilation Station, George’s Dock, at 6 p.m.INSTITUTEOF FUEL:“Manufacture of Coal Gas from Fuel Oil.” Mr. Leon B. Jones, at the Junior Institution of Engineers,39,Victoria Street, London, S.W.l, at 6 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEnrIsTRY (East Midlands Section) :Annual General Meeting, at the Bell Hotel, Leicester, at 7.45 p.m. “Forgersand Forgeries.” Dr. C. Ainsworth Mitchell, at 8 p.m. Informal Dinner, 6.46 p.m. OILAND COLOUR CHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION(Manchester Section) : Annual General Meeting and Hot-pot Supper. OIL AND COLOUR CHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION(Scottish Section) : Annual General Meeting and Smoker, at Sloan’s Arcade Cafe,Glasgow. SOCIETY ANDCOLOUR;:TS (Manchester Society) :AnnualOF DYERS Meeting and Symposium on Dyeing Difficulties and Faults,” at the Lecture Room of the Literary and Philosophical Society, 36,George Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m.11 INSTITUTEBREWINUOF : Informal discussions on “SterilisingFilters” and “Fast and Slow Types of Yeast.” At the Horse Shoe Hotel, Tottenham Court Road, London W.l. Supper Meeting, 6.30 for 7 p.m. 211 April 12 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Plwtics Group) : Members’ Meeting:“Colourless Ketonic Resins.” Members of the Chemical Research Laboratory, Teddington, at the Rooms of the Chemical Society, Burlington Home, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 7.30p.m. OF13 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (London and South-Eastern Counties Section): Visit to Southend Water Works, Maldon, Essex. SOCIETY INDUSTRYOF CHEMICAL (Food Group) :Members’ Meeting, at the Rooms of the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m.14 OILAND COLOURCHEMISTS’ASSOCIATION:“Factory Testing of Paints and Varnishes.” Mr. E. W. Plowman. OF27 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Aberdeen and North of Scotland Section): “Canned Foods.” Mr. W. Godden, in the Chemistry Dept., Marischal College, Aberdeen, at 5.15 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (Belfast and District Section): Visit to the B.B.C. Transmitting Station, Lisburn. 28 THECHEMICALSOCIETY:Ordinary Scientific Meeting, at BurlingtonHome, Piccadilly, London, W.1, at 8 p.m. OFINSTITUTEFUEL:Annual General Meeting. “Removal of Suspended Matter from Industrial Gases.” Mr. Robert R. Harman, at the Junior Institution of Engineers, 39, Victoria Street, London, S.W.1, at 6 p.m.OF CHEMISTS29 BRITISH ASSOCIATION : London Section Annual Meeting. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (Cardiffand District Section) and the CHEMICAL SOCIETY: “Some Recent Developments in the Reactions of Surfaces.” Professor E. K. Rideal, M.B.E., F.R.S., in the Physiology Inetitute, Newport Road, Cmdii3, at 5.45 p.m. SOCIETY OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(London Section): Annu~l General Meeting followed by Joint Meeting with the Road and Building Materials Group: “The Decay of Building Materials through Micro-Biological Agencies.” Mr. Thomas McLachlan, at the Rooms of the Chemical Society, Burlington Home, Piccadilly, London, W.1, at 8 p.m. 46 IRON AND STEELINSTITUTE:Annual Meeting and Symposium on Steel Making, at the Institution of Civil Engineers, Great George Street, Westminster, S.W.l, at 10 a.m.each day. 4 SOCIETY ANALYSTS:Ordinary Meeting at the Rooms ofOF PUBLIC the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. 5 THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY:“Some Carbohydrate Problems.” Professor W. N. Haworth, at Burlington HOW, Piccadilly,London, W.l, at 8 p.m. 11 BRITISHASSOCIATIONOF CHEMISTS(Birmingham and Midland Section): Annual Meeting. OF C~MICAL (Food Group): Annual General SOCIETY INDUSTRY Meeting and Chairman’s Address, at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, W.C.1, at 8 p.m. SOCIETYFOR THE STUDYOB ALCHEMY AND EARLY CHEMISTRY: “Alchemy under James IV of Scotland.” Pmfeaor John Read, F.R.S., at 8 p.m.212 May12 INSTITUTEOF FUEL:“The Synthesis of Hydrocarbon Oils: Process of Synthetic Oils, Ltd.” Dr. F. W. Myddleton, at the Junior Institution of Engineers, 39, Victoria Street, London, S.W.l, at 6 p.m.OIL AND COLOURCHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION: “Driers.” Mr. H. L. Howard. CONGRESSOF CHEMISTRY,15-21 TENTH INTERNATIONAL at Rome. OF CHEMICAL AND THE INSTITUTION17 INSTITUTION ENGINEERS OF MECHANICAL : “The Improvement of Atmospheric ENGINEERS Air Conditions in Deep and Humid Mines.” Dr. J. H. Dobson and Professor W. J. Walker, at the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Storey’s Gate, Westminster. 19 THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY : Discussion on “Organic Intermolecular Complexes,” to be opened by Professor G.M. Bennett, at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. 23-25 RUBBERTECHNOLOGY held under the auspices ofCONFERENCE, the Institution of the Rubber Industry. At the Edward VII Rooms, Hotel Victoria, Northumberland Avenue, London, w.c.2. May-Oct.SCOTLAND’SEMPIRE EXHIBITION : Glasgow.June 2 THECHEMICAL Ordinary Scientific Meeting, at BurlingtonSOCIETY: House, Piccadilly, London, W. 1, at 8 p.m. 9 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (London and South-Eastern Counties Section):Visit to The South-Eastern Agricultural College, Wye. 21 INTERNATIONAL CONGRESSENGINEERING : Glaagow. 29 THESOCIETYFOR THE STUDYOF ALCHEMYAND EARLYCHEMISTRY: “The Name of Plat0 in Alchemy.” Miss D. W. Singer, at 8 p.m. JdY 11-16 ROYAL SANITARY INSTITUTE: Health Congress, at Portsmouth.12 REFRIGERATION in the Rooms of the Royal Society, CONFERENCE, London. Aug. 17-24 BRITISHASSOCIATIONFOR TEE ADVANCEMENTOF SCIENCE: Cambridge Meeting. Aug. 25 to WORLD POWERCONFERENCE: Vienna Sectional Meeting:SEPT.2 Subjects for discussion: The supply of energy for agriculture,small-scale industries, household purposes, public lighting and electric railw8ys. Study tours,-approximately a week. In-formation obtainable from the Austrian National Committee of the World Power Conference, Lothringerstrasse 20. (Konzerthaus), Wien. 111. Sept. 19-23 SEVENTHINTERNATIONAL CONGRESSMANAGEMENT : Washington,D.C., U.S.A. 2 1-26 INTERNATIONAL FOR at Oxford. FEDERATION DOCUMENTATION, 23-26 AS6OCIATION OF SPECIAL LIBRARIESAND INFORMATION BUREAUX, at Oxford.Sept. and INSTITUTE22 to IRON AND STEEL INSTITUTE OF METALS: Joint OCT.2 Autumn Meeting: 22 Sept. (Quebec); 2 Oct. (New York,U.S.A.). 213 General Notices. Lectures.-Professor F. M. Rowe of the Department of Colour Chemistry and Dyeing in the University of Leeds has kindly consented to give two lectures before the Institute, on 14th and zrst October next, on “The Development in the Chemistry of Dyestuffs.” Professor Rowe will deal with the life and work of Sir William H. Perkin (1838-1907) and will review, under their respective chemical classes, the progress that has been made in the production of synthetic dyes of improved properties, limiting the whole to the chemistry of dyes that have proved to be of commercial value.Examinations .-Examinat ions for the Associat eship will be held from 12th to 17th September.* The list of entries will be closed on Monday, 11th July. (Notebooks can be received up to 2nd September.) Examinations for the Fellowship will be held from 19th to 24th September.* The list of entries will be closed on Monday, 11th July, except for candidates in Branch G, Industrial Chemistry, or for those desiring special examinations, whose applications should be received before 10th June. Forms of Application and further particulars can be obtained from the Registrar. Notices to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar.Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. * When the number of Candidates renders it necessary, Examinations may also be held during the succeeding week. 214 Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship, may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute, provided that their applications for this privilege are endorsed by their professors.Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employment, are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period if necessary. The Institute also maintains a List of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students or Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar.The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The Library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. Under the Deed of Agreement between the Chemical Society, the Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry, dated July, 1935,the comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is available, for the use of Fellows and Associates and Registered Students of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10 a.m.to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.), except during August and the early part of September, when the hours are from 10a.m. to 5 p.m. Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. The Institute has entered into an arrangement with The Science Library, Science Museum, South Kensington, S.W.7, whereby books may be borrowed on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary of the Institute. In addition to its comprehensive sets of literature on cognate 215 subjects, which are not available in specialised libraries, this Library contains an exceptionally extensive collection of works on chemistry.Nine thousand scientific and technical periodicals are received regularly in the Library. All publications added to the Library are recorded in its Weekly Bibliography of Pure and Applied Science, which has a wide circulation among research workers and institutions. Boots’ Booklovers Library.-Under the arrangements made on behalf of Fellows and Associates of the Institute, current subscriptions expired on 1st March. All who wish to continue the use of the Library, or to subscribe de novo, should obtain application forms from the Registrar of the Institute. Members who do not wish to renew their subscriptions to the Library should return to the most convenient branch library any volume of the Library which they may have in their possession and also their Library member- ship tokens.Lewis’s Lending Library.-Any Fellow or Associate who is not already acquainted with this Library of Scientific and technical books may obtain a copy of the Prospectus from the Registrar of the Institute. A copy of the Catalogue of the Library (revised to December, 1927,with Supplements 1928-30 and 1931-33) is available in the Library of the Institute. A Bi-monthly list of Additions is also issued. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers (IS. zd. each) for binding the Journal in annual volumes, are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required. Arrangements may be made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17--19, Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSon the following terms: buckram cover, IS.zd.; binding, 2s. 9d.;postage and packing, gd.; in all, 4s. 8d. Lptern Slides for Lecturers.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who are giving lectures. Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As the slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. 216 Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration.A new edition of the Register of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students is now in preparation. The cards issued for the entry of particulars, if not already returned to the Registrar, should be sent in without delay. Any Fellow or Associate who has not received the card or who has mislaid it, should apply forthwith to the Registrar for a duplicate. All requests for changes in the Register should be addressed to the Registrar, and not to the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. "The Profession of Chemistry " (Third Edition, 1g35),will be supplied gratis to any Fellow, Associate or Registered Student, on application to the Registrar.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9386200101

出版商:RSC    

年代:1938

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. Patron H.M. THE KING. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. PART 111: 1938. Issued under the supcrvision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE W.C.1.LONDON, June, 1938. Publications Committee, 1938-39. W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD (Chairwzan), Sir ROBERT H. PICKARD (President), W. M. AMES, A. L. BACHARACH, JAMES BELL, HAROLD BURTON, ALBERT COULTHARD, H. E. COX, B. S. EVANS, A. E. EVEREST, A. E. FINDLEY, J. B. FIRTH, A. A. HALL, J. W. HAWLEY, H. H. HODGSON, J. R. JOHNSON, EDGAR LEWIS, P. LEWIS-DALE, C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, J. R. NICHOLLS, G. S. ROBERTSON, E.A. TYLER. Editorial. Social Relations of Science.-A supplement to Nature of 23rd April, 1938, is devoted to the question of founding a Society for the Study of the Social Relations of Science, and contains opinions of a number of distinguished men of science regarding the suggestion. The proposed society should have “a large individual membership, which should not be confined to men of science, though they should play the principal part in it.” “Its attitude towards papers submitted to it should be scientific and objective, and it should not in general express corporate opinions, but leave readers to accept or reject the statements in its publications, according to their view of the credit of the authors.’’ “The S.R.S.would be a society for the advancement of knowledge, not a propagandist body for the advancement of science in the public councils and esteem (like the former British Science Guild) .” Underlying the opinions which support the view that such a society might do useful work, are the feelings, inter alia, that all is not well in the way science is applied to social life, that social developments are ill-balanced, that the rapid growth of knowledge leads increasingly to effects which ought to be corr related, and that there is a need for direction and guidance in the organisation of society in consequence of, and in order to utilise to the best advantage, the rapid advances in scientific knowledge. Recent editorials in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS have touched upon subjects more or less closely connected with the general question of the social relations of science-or, perhaps better, the interrelationship of human society and science.It is appropriate to consider the matter again, from the particular standpoint of chemists, with reference to the general issues recently raised in Nature, and without expressing any definite opinion as to whether the inception of yet another organised society is likely materially to help to rectify or ameliorate a situation which many informed people view with an increasing sense of uneasiness, if not apprehension. The representative opinions referred to above express concern at various modern developments-t he intolerance displayed towards science, for example, by totalitarian governments, or by “capitalists” ; popular misconceptions regarding science; and current obvious misapplications of scientific discovery, either in war or peace.220 The old complaint that the executives of firms dependent for their financial success on science and scientific workers do not include representatives of the latter on their controlling boards is revived. It is doubtful how far this can be seriously sustained as regards the chemical industry at the present day. Those who can think back 30 or 40 years, at all events, must feel that the present position in this respect, if not as satisfactory as it might be, represents marked progress. Few progressive firms are nowadays controlled by boards from which technical representation is missing.Admittedly, there is reason to feel that such representation might in many cases be strengthened with advantage to the industry; but in fairness it must be remembered that the matter is not necessarily as simple as it may appear. Qualities additional to scientific aptitude are involved : sound judgment, knowledge of affairs and men outside the confines of the immediate work or processes involved, and so on. There is no reason why chemists should not become as qualified in these respects as chartered accountants, secretaries, or sales- men; indeed, many do so. The primary responsibility of chemists in the matter, however, must be to acquire-by contact with interests additional to the laboratory or plant, by reading or by what method they will-the additional values which will fit them to employ their scientific attainments in the control, instead of merely in the service, of industry.Their own responsibility cannot wholly be disregarded. It behoves members of the pro- fession of chemistry to attend to this aspect as well as to pressing for adequate representation of technical advice on the directing bodies of chemical businesses. The value of well-informed scientific men of sound and broad judgment on the boards con- trolling such businesses is being increasingly realised. Much the same applies to the extent to which the Departments of State call, or fail to call, informed scientific opinion to their aid in connexion with numerous problems which involve the interplay of science and the life of the community.There have been many commendable advances in this direction on the part of Government Departments, although there is doubtless room for still more. It is frequently evident that scientific advice is welcomed in these quarters, especially when it is offered, and when technical matters are explained, in such a way that the essential implications are made plain to the administrator without unnecessary recourse to highly technical details, but with due appreciation of the general issues upon which the Department concerned has to take a decision. The case of Governmental calls upon science approaches nearer to what is probably the crux of the matter as regards the relations between science and the community.Society in this country is based on the existence of a democracy, and in the final event the policy of any British Government is controlled by public opinion. It is the attitude of the public at large to science and scientific applications which is the most important factor in this country in the relationship of the community to science. It may be asked whether a society such as has been proposed could bring much influence to bear upon the general views held by the mass of the population on the implications of scientific discovery, at any rate for a very considerable period of years. Popular ideas on this subject, if not wholly erroneous, are liable to be distorted, and in many cases are based solely on what appears in the popular daily or weekly press.Except in a very few instances-and those not journals which are habitually read by the majority of British people-references to scientific matters in British newspapers are usually badly written, often inaccurate, and for the most part obviously written up for their supposed "news value " rather than for the definite information which they might impart. This appears the most urgent need for attention from those who desire better and more useful relation- ship between the community and science. If the new society could take steps to ensure that scientific or technical news-of whatever character-is given accurately and dispassionately, as well as in attractive form, in newspapers and magazines, it would probably accomplish more constructive work towards the end in view than by any other means.But the matter is most difficult as well as urgent. There is a fundamental clash of ideas-that of giving the public what it thinks it wants in the way the journalist thinks it likes it, and that of publishing facts as near the truth as possible, albeit in a form readily to be understood, and not tedious to be read, by the ordinary reader. So far as chemists are concerned, here is much scope for thought, if not action. The first idea to be implanted is, clearly, that science is not evil; the second, that applications of science need not be evil. In the Garden of Eden there was the tree of knowledge of good and evil, and there was also freewill allotted 222 to man. Both scientists and the “man in the street ” are nowadays apt, perhaps, to pay too little attention to these old writings, but they hold a pertinent truth as regards the uses to which the discoveries due to science may be put. Again, when a new discovery or application of science is reported-even with tolerable accuracy-in the press, it is almost always represented as though it abolished some previous conception or knowledge.Always these are ‘‘revolutionary discoveries.” This is another case, of course, of fundamental misconception in the popular mind of the procedures of scientific progress, and the misunderstanding matters, because it leads to other and deeper misunderstandings on the part of the reader.Scientific progress is not iconoclastic. More than in many fields, especially in present times, progress in discovery is marked, not by rejection of all that goes before, but by retention of what proves to be well-founded and wholesome, coupled with addition of new knowledge. Progress in scientific knowledge is a con-structive, not a destructive process. It doubtless appears supererogatory, if not absurd, to devote space here to such a platitude, But is it so obvious to any member of the general public, instructed only by the popular press? It would be easy, yet unnecessary, to continue with similar instances, or to refer (as has already been done in some earlier editorials) to specific examples such as the use of lethal gases or of explosives for aggressive and, alternatively, for useful and constructive purposes.Yet enough has been written to indicate the sense of the urgency of “getting over” to the public a more accurately proportioned view of the potentialities and limitations of science. Difficult as the problem may be, chemists will do well to ponder over it, to consider how they individually may find opportunities themselves to assist in the formation of a more correct and balanced view by the public at large of what scientific progress means, and on the other hand, by collective discussion, perhaps, even evolve some scheme of concerted action whereby progress towards this end may be accelerated. At least, it is well to keep in mind that, in a democratic community, under present day conditions, accuracy in general appreciation by the majority of the populace of the functions and possibilities of the applications of science is a vital consideration; and it may there- fore be considered a primary duty attaching to the professional position of the chemist to assist in ensuring this accuracy by any means which comes within his opportunity.223 Proceedings of the Council. Council Meeting, 29th April, 1938.The appointment of Dr. F. H. Cam and Professor J. F. Thorpe to represent the Institute at the Tenth International Congress of Chemistry to be held at Rome from 15th to zrst May was confirmed, as was also that of Dr. Harold G. Colman as representative of the Institute on the British National Committee of the World Power Conference.It was reported that information having been received that the regulations regarding passports did not include the mention of members of the Institute as qualified to sign declarations for passports, an enquiry had been addressed to the Chief Passport Officer (Foreign Office), and in reply the Institute had been informed that the signatures of Fellows and Associates (in verification of passport applications) would be accepted by the Passport Office, and steps would be taken to include the Institute in the Regulations. Having been informed by the British Standards Institution that a proposal to co-operate with the International Standards Association on volumetric glassware, thermometers, hydro-meters and silica laboratory-ware had met with the unanimous approval of the Technical Committee dealing with the subject, and of the manufacturers concerned, the Council of the Institute concurred in the decision of the Technical Committee to recom- mend to the Chemical Divisional Council of the British Standards Institution that action be taken on the lines suggested. A resolution was received from the Birmingham and Midlands Section asking that the Council, before framing the proposed new Supplemental Charter, should notify all Local Sections of the alterations which were considered necessary, and allow ample opportunity for the discussion of them.The resolution was sympathetically received, and referred to the Special Supple- mental Charter Commit tee.Reports were received from the Standing Committees. The Finance and House Committee reported that it was giving consideration to a scheme for staff superannuation and pensions. 224 The Supplementary Report of the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee embodied the Report of the Board of Examiners on the April Examinations. The Publications Committee reported that the fourth edition of The Profession of Chemistry was in hand, and would be sent to press shortly; also that a new edition of the Register was being prepared, and that applications had been received from members for the inclusion of certain initials, not previously recognised, for registration, on which a recommendation to the Council was adopted. The Council adopted the recommendation of the Committee that the list of Fellows and Associates who had passed the examination in Branch E-the Chemistry of Food and Drugs, Therapeutics, Pharmacology and Microscopy, should be printed as a Supplement to the new edition of the Register.The Publications Committee also reported that arrangements had been completed for Professor F. M. Rowe to deliver two lectures at the Institute on “The Development of the Chemistry of Dyestuffs,” on the 14th and 21st October. Council Meeting, 20th May, 1938.-Apart from routine business arising from the reports of the Standing Committees, the Council gave special consideration to a Report from the Finance and House Committee on staff superannuation and pensions, a subject to which the Honorary Treasurer had referred at the Annual General Meeting.The Council expects to be able to submit definite proposals thereon to a General Meeting in due course. An offer from the Association of British Chemical Manu- facturers to allow the Institute to print and issue “Safety Rules for use in Chemical Works” having been reported, the Council expressed its appreciation of the offer and referred the matter to the Publications Committee. A statement signed by a number of members was received, directing attention to an advertisement, inserted by a public utility company, in the public press relating to a vacancy for a qualified woman chemist, at terms which were considered to be very unsatisfactory.The matter was referred to the Appoint- ments Committee. 225 Local Sections. [The Institute is not responsible for the views expressed or papers read, or in speeches delivered during discussion.] Aberdeen and North of Scotland.-Professor Alexander Findlay presided at a meeting of the Section, held in the Chemistry Department, Marischal College on 27th April, when a paper was read by the Chairman, Mr. W. Godden, entitled 6L Canned Foods.” Mr. Godden gave a brief sketch of the development of the food canning industry in this country, emphasising the very rapid expansion in the canning of fruits and vegetables in Great Britain. Whereas the output of canned fruits and vegetables was about 3 or 4 million cans in 1924,by 1933 it had risen to 100-120 million cans.In view of the enormous development of the industry and the relatively large amount of food consumed in the preserved form, it ‘was of prime importance that information should be obtained as to the nutritive value of canned foods; and as to the effects, if any, which the processes of canning and storage are likely to have under present-day conditions, on the nutritive value of the foodstuffs. Long-period feeding experiments with rats had been con-ducted at the Rowett Institute, which were designed to compare the nutritive value of canned foods with that of similar foods, shop-purchased or locally grown, and cooked as the housewife cooks them. Two groups of rats had been fed: (I) entirely on canned foods; (2) on similar foods, shop-purchased or locally grown, and cooked as in an ordinary household.For both groups the liquid was drained off the vegetables. The experiment had been carried on through four generations. The rats of the second generation had been allowed to breed steadily, and had borne and successfully reared eight litters. The breeding data as a whole, i.e. litter size, average weight at birth and at weaning, mortality at birth and from birth to weaning, showed no very marked differences between the two groups. What slight differences were shown seemed to favour the canned food group. Growth curves were shown for the rats, males and females separately, of each generation, and again there was no significant difference in the live-weight increase of the two groups.Further checks were being made by analyses of the carcases, bones and teeth of typical rats from each group at various ages. In all, the experiment lasted approximately eighteen months, a period corresponding in the human to about 80 years, and some 2,000 rats had been under examination in the four genera- tions. Of these, approximately one-half never received anything but canned foods. During a period of twelve months they consumed some 8,000 cans of foods (meat, fish, fruits, vegetables, bread, milk and syrup), corresponding to about 3i tons of canned foods. It was pointed out that such an experiment would not give any evidence as to the destruction of vitamin C during canning, as rats are not susceptible to a deficiency of this vitamin.The work of Miss Olliver at Cambridge, however, had shown that the destruction of vitamin C in fruits and vegetables during canning and storage, was not greater than, and probably much less than, the losses likely to occur between the time that fruits and vegetables are gathered, marketed, and finally consumed after cooking in an ordinary household. Brief reference was made to other aspects of canned foods in relation to human nutrition , namely, wholesomeness, possible metallic contamination , keeping quality, and the means adopted for attaining a uniform standard of high quality. The Annual General Meeting was held after the lecture- Mr. W. Godden in the Chair. The Honorary Secretary’s report and Financial Statement were read and approved. Dr.A. B. Stewart was elected Chairman; Mr. Craven was re-elected as Secretary and Treasurer. Mr. M. J. Robb was re-elected Honorary Auditor. The following members of Committee were elected :-Professor Alex. Findlay, Mr. M. J. Robb, Capt. J. S. Allan, Dr. J. A. Lovern, Mr. P. Mitchell and Mr. A. Dargie. Belfast and District.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in Thompson’s Corn Market, Belfast, on 25th March. Mr. R. L. Collett, Assistant Secretary of the Institute, visited the Section and gave an interesting address on current matters 227 concerning the Institute, and answered questions raised by members. The following Officers and Committee were elected for the Session 1938-39:Chairman, Dr.R. H. Common; Hon. Treasurer, Dr. W. Honneyman; Hon. Secretary, Mr. C. S. McDowell; Committee, Messrs. G. R. Perdue, T. C. C. Adam, A. H. 0. Johnson, and J. H. Prentice. Birmingham and Midlands.-At the Annual Meeting of the Section, held at the University, Edmund Street, Birmingham, on 30th March, the following Officers and Committee were elected :-Chairman : Mr. J. R. Johnson ; Vice-chairman : Mr. T. H. Gant; Honorary Treasurer: Dr. W. J. Hickinbottom; Honorary Secretary: Mr. G. Thomas; Committee: FeZZows-Dr. S. R. Carter, Mr. G. Dring, Prof. R. H. Hopkins, Mr. G. King, Dr. D. H. Twiss; Associates-Mr. F. G. Broughall, Dr. W. M. Hampton, Mr. R. H. Hayes, Mr. E.H. Steer; and, ex-oficio, Mr. D. W. Parkes (District Member of Council); Auditors: @Mr. H. A. Caulkin, Mr. W. T. Collis. The following resolution was passed :-“ That the Council of the Institute be asked that, before framing the proposed New Supplemental Charter, it shall notify all local Sections of the Charter alterations which are considered necessary, and shall allow ample opportunity to discuss these.” Cape.-At the Thirteenth Annual General Meeting of the Cape Section, held in the Board Room of the Cape Argus, Cape Town, on 29th April,-Col. J. G. Rose, presiding-the Honorary Secretary submitted a report on the proceedings of the past year, which was adopted. The Section had met on six occasions. At the first meeting, the Chairman (Col.Rose) gave an address on his experiences in using some unusual methods of water treatment; at the second, Dr. P. C. Carman discussed the significance of viscosity and plasticity; at the third, Professor Newbery and Dr. Rapson dealt with the manufacture and uses of carbide; the fourth meeting was held jointly with the Cape Chemical and Techno- logical Society, when Dr. Husserl gave an address on Earth Rays, and at the fifth, Professor James gave an account of recent work on the structure of crystals. The last meeting took the form of a visit of inspection to the United Tobacco Company’s factory in Kloof Street. 228 On the motion of Professor Newbery a vote of thanks was accorded to the Honorary Secretary. The financial statement was adopted, and a vote of thanks was accorded the Honorary Treasurer.The following were elected to the Committee for the ensuing year :-Chairman, Col. J. G. Rose ; Honorary Secretary, Dr. W. Pugh; Honorary Treasurer, Mr. R. J. Kruger; Committee Members, Mr. Leslie and Dr. Donen; Honorary Auditors, Mr. Copenhagen and Mr. Abbott. At the conclusion of the annual business, the Chairman gave an address on ‘6 Lubricants.” He said that lubricants for different purposes, as for example in the motor car engine and the locomotive cylinder, had different conditions to withstand, and it was therefore essential to select lubricants very carefully for the duties they had to perform. Special tests had been devised to determine the suitability of lubricants for particular purposes. The most important of them was the determination of the viscosities, or flowing property, at different temperatures, and the best oil for hot engines was one with a flat viscosity curve.The proper selection of a lubri-cant, however, was a difficult matter, and one that should always be referred to an expert. Col. Rose gave numerous examples, from his own experience, where large sums of money had been saved by changing the specifications for the requirements of oils for certain lubrication purposes. Cardiff and District.-On 11th March, at the University College, Cardiff,-with Mr. S. B. Watkins in the Chair,-a Joint Meeting of the Section with the Local Branch of the Chemical Society, was addressed by Dr.C. W.Davies (Hon. Secretxy, Chemical Society) on “Strong Electrolytes.” After brief references to the work of Arrhenius, Bjerrum, and G. N. Lewis, the Interionic Attraction Theory was described, and it was shown that the theory successfully demonstrated the complete dissociation of salts at great dilutions. The behaviour of more concentrated solutions was then discussed; some electrolytes are completely dissociated up to 229 0-1N, but the majority do not seem to be, and the application to these of the Dilution Law, in modernised form, yields consis- tent results. Dissociation const an ts calculated from conductivity data account for a number of anomalies which the complete dissociation theory does not explain: they give a quantitative explanation of the anomalous transport numbers of potassium sulphate and other salts, they remove discrepancies in the activity and solubility data, and they give a quantitative explanation of the abnormal conductivities of some salt mixtures.Work with buffer solutions was cited as illustrating another field in which the complete dissociation theory is misleading, and an experiment was shown in which the H-ion concentration of a buffer solution was increased tenfold by the addition of an isohydric salt solution. East Ang1ia.-The first Annual Dinner and Dance of the East Anglian Section-attended by over 150 members and their friends-was held at the Great White Horse Hotel, Ipswich, on the 26th March,-Mr. W. Lincolne Sutton in the Chair.The guests included the Mayor and Mayoress of Ipswich, Dr. E. B. Hughes, Chairman of the London and South-Eastern Counties Section, and Mrs. Hughes, and the Registrar of the Institute. Following the loyal toasts, the Mayor of Ipswich (Mr. G. Underwood) proposed that of “The Institute.’’ He referred to the great progress made in the science of chemistry in our time, and the steady growth of the profession. He was glad to learn of the formation of a Section of the Institute in East Anglia, and expressed his appreciation of the services rendered by chemists to the local industries and authorities. He suggested that ,chemists should be especially useful in connexion with Air-Raid Precautions. The Registrar, in replying to the toast, thanked the Mayor and Mayoress for honouring the East Anglian Section at its first Annual Dinner.He conveyed, on behalf of the President and Council, their congratulations on the successful inauguration of the Section, mentioning specially the Chairman, Mr. Lincolne Sutton, the Honorary Secretary, Dr. Corran, and Mr. G. Colman Green, who had rendered very valuable service to the Institute. Nothing contributed more to the value of the Institute than the work of the Sections in fostering that sense of fellowship which was so helpful to the younger members. Their meetings, 230 lectures, visits to works and other outings afforded them oppor- tunities of coming together for their mutual benefit. All at headquarters wished the Section continued success.In acknowledging the references which the Mayor had made to the Institute, the Registrar said that it was one of the great institutions created in the nineteenth century for the public service,-indispensable alike to government, industry and com- merce, and to the needs of modern conditions. It was part of the duty of the Institute to encourage by every means the fullest utilisation of the profession for the good of the State, and he was glad-though not entirely satisfied-to be able. to say that less than one per cent. of its Fellows and Associates were known tobe disengaged. That in itself was a proof of their usefulness. The Mayor had referred to Air-Raid Precautions, saying that chemists should be specially useful in that connexion; he (the Registrar) felt that, while they would undoubtedly be most useful as air wardens and instructors in times of peace, they would probably be required for other duties in times of real crisis.The toast of “The Guests” was proposed by Mr. Whyatt and acknowledged by Dr. E. B. Hughes. East Midlands.-The Third Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at the Bell Hotel, Humberstone Gate, Leicester, on 8th April,-Dr. G. Malcolm Dyson in the Chair. The Officers and Committee for the ensuing year were elected as follows :-Chairman, Dr. L. Hunter ; Committee (Derbyshire), Dr. F. Briers and Messrs. R. Davidson and L. Tomlinson; (Nottinghamshire), Dr. H. Barber and Messrs. G. F. Hall and W. Woodhouse; (Leicestershire), Messrs.E. R. Bullock and J. A. Christian ; (Loughborough), Dr. C. Whitworth; and (Lincolnshire), Mr. D. A. Campbell; (ex ufticio), Dr. G. Malcolm Dyson and Dr. J. B. Firth (Members of Council); Hon. Secretary and Treasurer, Mr. C. W. North; Hon. Auditor, Mr. R. Davidson. The report of the Committee and the Financial Statement were then adopted. A vote of thanks was accorded to Dr. Dyson for his services as Chairman since the formation of the Section. Dr. C. Ainsworth Mitchell delivered a lecture on bb Forgers and Forgeries,” illustrated by lantern slides. Dr. Mitchell has kindly supplied the following pr6cis. The main theme of the lecture was the gradual development of scientific methods of detecting forgery. In his historical survey of celebrated forgeries, Dr.Mitchell gave an outline, illustrated by a series of lantern slides, of the trial of Mary Queen of Scots before an English Commission, and demonstrated that the evidence of the Casket Letters, on which she was con- demned, indicated that they were forgeries, and that one of the marriage contracts-the only surviving document of those produced-was probably forged by William Maitland, Mary’s former secretary. William Ireland’s notorious forgeries of Shakespearian documents at the end of the eighteenth century were, for a time, successful, largely because Ireland took pains to secure old papers with the correct Elizabethan watermark and to imitate the appearance of old ink. For this purpose he used a silver prepara- tion which turned brown when heated, and the scorching of the paper thus produced was still to be seen on specimens of the forgeries in the British Museum.In recent years advantage had been taken of this information, published by Ireland in his Confessions, and a very plausible imitation of old writing had been produced in the forgery of signatures on seventeenth-century parchment (Rex v. Rogers, 1930).Owing to the natural reluctance of the Courts to allow any test to be applied to a document that would alter its appearance, optical methods for the detection of forgery had been used to a much greater extent than chemical methods. The first occasion on which the Lovibond tintometer was used to demonstrate in Court differences in inks was at the trial of the poisoner Brinkley in 1907.In that case a forged will was the motive for the murder. In 1910 permission was given by the President of the Probate Court for chemical tests to be applied to ascertain the age of inks upon a will, but only after he had been shown that the tests were likely to afford the desired information. In the result it was proved that the will could not be thirteen years old, as alleged, and the prisoner was convicted of forgery (Rex v. Pilcher). Photography, said Dr. Mitchell, was invaluable in the detec- tion of forgery, for enlarged photographic reproductions of writing enabled abnormalities; such as unusual penlifts, and irregularities in the strokes and their shading, to be shown to a judge and jury.Even the well-known fact that photography 232 misrepresents the visual appearance of colours might afford a means of detecting an addition or alteration in a document. Ifwords were added in ink of a redder hue than that of the original ink, they would appear in a photograph much darker than the rest of the writing, although little difference might be discernible under the microscope. This photographic characteristic enabled the conversion of Ezoo into Ez,ooo to be demonstrated with certainty in the case of Rex v. Cornwallis. In connection with photographic falsification, it was essential always to check the photography of a document by minute comparison with the original, since under certain conditions small flaws in a negative might appear as alterations in the writing and suggest forgery.This had actually occurred in certain cases. Photography also enabled the sequence of crossed strokes in pencil or iron-gall ink to be demonstrated, but it was necessary that there should be a sufficient layer of pigment present. With blotted writing or writing in aniline ink, or with stamping inks it was not possible to ascertain which of two intersecting strokes was uppermost. On more than one occasion suspicion of forgery had been aroused by the fact that when a rubber stamp was used to receipt a bill written in pencil, the pencil pigment invariably appeared to be uppermost. Another point discussed in the lecture was the difference in composition of many of the inks now on the market, as compared with those of a few years ago, and the influence of the change on the possibility of judging the age of ink writing.Finally the lecturer illustrated the various applications of ultra-violet and infra-red photography to the examination of documents such as, for example, distinguishing between the pigments in different kinds of copying ink pencils, typing and printing inks, adhesives and sealing waxes. Huddersfie1d.-On 29th April a party of members paid a visit to the works of the Park Gate Iron and Steel Co., Ltd., Park Gate, nr. Rotherham, and were shewn all the processes involved in the production of steel from iron ore. At the con- clusion of the tour a vote of thanks was accorded to Dr.Gregory and his assistants for their kindness in acting as guides and arrang- ing a most interesting and enjoyable tour, and to the manalement for the special permission granted for the visit. 233 India.-Dr. H. B. Dunnicliff presided at a meeting of the All India Committee of the Section held in Calcutta, on 7th January, in the reception room of the Indian Science Congress, when Dr. G. J. Fowler was elected Chairman, and Mr. K. B. Sen, Secretary of the Committee for the present year, and it was decided that there should be five branches in India, with head- quarters at-Lahore, Calcutta, Bombay, Madras and Allahabad. Ireland (Dublin).-On 23rd March, Mr. R. Leslie Collett, the Assistant Secretary of the Institute, visited the Section.A Dinner, attended by members and their guests, was held at the Shelbourne Hotel, Dublin, followed by a short musical programme, which contributed to the enjoyment of the evening. The toast of “Ireland” was proposed by Dr. A. O’Farrelly, the Chairman, and the toast of “The Institute,” to which Mr. Collett replied, was proposed by Prof. T. J. Nolan. Liverpool and North-Western.-A Meeting of the Section was held at the Constitutional Club, India Buildings, Liverpool, on 10th March,-Mr. L. V. Cocks in the Chair. The meeting opened with a short discussion on the question of the proposed Supplemental Charter. At the request of the Chairman, Mr. A. E. Findley, District Member of Council, made some introductory remarks. Messrs. A.A. Harvey, E. H. Shepherd, W. L. Dutton, G. H. Turner, E. Gabriel Jones and Dr. R. L. Edwards participated in the discussion. A lecture was to have been given by Dr. L. J. Burrage on “Adsorption by Porous Solids,” but he was prevented from fulfilling the engagement, and, on very short notice, Mr. G. E. Knowles gave a lecture entitled: “Some Notes on the Dyeing of Leather which had been Tanned with Synthetic Tannins.” Mr. Knowles said that the use of synthetic tanning materials developed rapidly in the years immediately following the war. There was then a great demand for leather, and manufacturers availed themselves of the more rapid procedure which the use of synthetic tannings provided. When such leathers came to be dyed, however, difficulties arose.While dyers who were accustomed to use basic dyestuffs did not find any difficulty, the users of acid dyestuffs (which give good results with vegetable-tanned leather) found that, in some cases, the leather dyed only moderately well, while on occasion it was scarcely tinted. (Mr. Knowles at this stage exhibited some test pieces of leather which were in pairs-one vegetable-tanned and one synthetically- tanned. Each pair had been dyed with the same dye and the contrast in the effects was remarkable in many cases.) The practi- cal difficulty with these acid dyestuffs could be overcome by using the acid dyestuff first and then “topping-up ” to the required shade with a basic dye. Most of the dyes used by the leather trade were well known as regards their methods of manufacture and composition, and it was this which led to an examination of the matter from the standpoint of chemical constitution.The basic colours owed their name to the fact that they easily combined with acids: tannic acid combined with them and formed precipitates; synthetic tans did likewise. Magenta, which was typical of a large class of basic colours, had the following constitution: The amino- groups give these compounds their basic character. Coming to the acid dyes again, it was noticed that many of the dyes which gave good results on synthetic-tanned leather were also related to magenta and contained both basic and acid groups; in fact, a closer inspection showed that basic groups were common to all those acid colours which dyed well, while the dyes having many acid but no basic groups, were not absorbed at all.The experiments also confirmed that the dyeing of leather was really a matter of using a dye which had an affinityfor the tanning material employed, and the question of dyes having affinity for the protein molecule itself did not arise, as, for example, in wool dyeing. Messrs. G. Ikin, H. E. Garrett, E. Gabriel Jones and H. E. Parker took part in the discussion. The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at the Constitutional Club, India Buildings, Liverpool, on 7th April,- Mr. L. V. Cocks in the Chair. 235 Mr. T. C. Williams, Dr. R. L. Edwards, Mr. R. K. Matthews and Mr. L. W.Beaumont were elected to the Committee. The Hon. Auditors, Messrs. L. V. Cocks and B. D. W. Luff, were re-elected. The Chairman said that it was with great regret he announced that Mr. G. W. Beaumont, Hon. Secretary, and Mr. J. F. Hard-wick, Hon. Assistant Secretary, had decided not to offer them- selves for re-election. Mr. Beaumont had been Hon. Assistant Secretary from 1931to 1934and Hon. Secretary for the last four years, during which period Mr. J. F. Hardwick had been Hon. Assist ant Secretary. The Chairman referred to the excellent work which these officers had performed on behalf of the Local Section, and a cordial vote of thanks was accorded to them for their valuable services. Mr. Beaumont replied, thanking the Chairman and members on behalf of Mr.J. F. Hardwick and himself. Dr. F. J. Smith was appointed Hon. Secretary and Mr. E. Reid Hon. Assistant Secretary. The Officers previously elected by the Committee were: Chairman, Mr. R. R. Butler; Vice-chairman, Mr. L. V. Cocks; and Hon. Treasurer, Prof. W. H. Roberts. At the conclusion of the business, Dr. W. F. Higgins gave a lecture entitled:- (( Ventilation in the Mersey Tunnel.” Dr. Higgins described the method of construction of the tunnel and the means of controlling and directing traffic therein. He explained the safety devices employed to reduce the chance of failure of the ventilating plant, and the method of dealing with petrol fires. The necessary ventilation is provided by thirty large fans, housed in six ventilating stations, three on each side of the river.The system is that known as the “Upward Semi- transverse” in which fresh air is blown into ducts beneath the roadway, passes through suitable slots into an expansion chamber on each side of the roadway and emerges through longitudinal continuous slots beneath the foot-walks. In this way an un-broken stream of fresh air is blown into the tunnel at roadway level along its entire length. Air is exhausted from the tunnel longitudinally (using the whole of the traffic space as an exhaust duct) and is drawn out of the top of the tunnel through openings formed in its roof at each of the six ventilating stations. The maximum traffic capacity is considered to be 4,150 236 vehicles per hour for a given speed and spacing of vehicles and with this figure, together with the known quantity of ventilating air available, it is possible to calculate approximately the maxi- mum probable carbon monoxide concentration; on this basis a calculation was made showing the carbon monoxide production to be about 600 cubic feet per minute. Since over 2 million cubic feet per minute of air can be blown in, the maximum carbon monoxide concentration would be about 3 parts per 10,000 of air.These figures represent the possible carbon monoxide content withmaximum traffic; up to date the maximum traffic has been 1,700 vehicles per hour, on one occasion for an hour only,-against the maximum of 4,150. In any case, 0.03 per cent. of carbon monoxide would be quite harmless to drivers of vehicles who are only exposed to it for some six minutes.Dr. Higgins then referred to the manner in which carbon monoxide is poisonous. He said that, when air is breathed into the lungs, the oxygen diffuses through the cell walls and comes into contact with the haemoglobin or red blood corpuscles. A loose compound is formed which serves to carry the oxygen to those parts of the body where it is required. As the oxygen is given up, the haemoglobin returns to carry out its work afresh. A similar compound, but a much more stable one, is formed by carbon monoxide and haemoglobin, and the affinity of the carbon monoxide for the haemoglobin is about three hundred times as great as that of oxygen.Consequently, if one were to breathe a mixture containing equal volumes of carbon monoxide and oxygen,-when equilibrium was reached , the haemoglobin would be shared by the carbon monoxide and oxygen in the ratio of 300 to I;in other words, the blood would be almost completely saturated with carbon monoxide. In the same way it will be understood that for the blood to be shared equally between carbon monoxide and oxygen-50 per cent. saturation-nly some 0.07 per cent. of carbon monoxide is needed. At 0.02 per cent. carbon monoxide the blood would become about 27 per cent. saturated. The figures given are those which apply only after sufficient time has elapsed for equilibrium to be established. It should be stressed that carbon monoxide is a cumulative poison only above a certain concentration ;once equilibrium is established the carbon monoxide-haemoglobin complex is being broken up at the same rate as it is being formed and, if at this point sufficient haemo- globin remains to carry on the necessary transport of oxygen under conditions of bodily activity then existing, no ill effects will be experienced.Once the source of the carbon monoxide is removed, naturally the equilibrium shifts in the direction of increased oxygen-haemoglobin, until after a certain time all the carbon monoxide complex is broken up and the blood is restored to its full normal ability to carry oxygen. For this reason, unless poisoning has been very severe or protracted-when secondary effects may make themselves felt-poisoning by carbon monoxide leaves no after effects.If the carbon monoxide concentration were very much higher than it is, the 6 or 7 minutes of the trip through the tunnel would be quite insufficient for equilibrium to be established. The means of controlling the ventilation is based upon (a) the carbon monoxide content of the air (the average value of which is under I in 10,000during the periods of greatest traffic flow), and (b) the degree of visibility. Visibility conditions are recorded by the use of standardised beams of light, 50 feet in length, falling on photo-electric cells. The presence of haze or fog between the light source and the cell, by diminishing the amount of light falling on the cell, alters its emission and so provides a means (when suitably amplified) of measuring the loss in light power and consequently the deteriora- tion in visibility. Continuous analyses of the air for carbon monoxide are made by sampling at six points in the traffic space-the bottoms of the exhaust shafts-so that the sample is taken from the air in its worst condition just as it leaves the traffic space.Twelve automatic Cambridge-Katz analysers, in six pairs of duplicates, are used. These consist essentially of two parts: (a) a means of drying and purifying the gas (silica gel being used), and (b) the analyser proper. The method is a catalytic one, a special catalyst “Hopcalite” being used. The name of this catalyst is derived from the John Hopkins University of America where it was originally developed for use in fireman’s gas masks; the present product consists of 60 per cent.manganese dioxide and 40 per cent. cupric oxide, but its method of manufacture is not generally known. The reaction is carried out at rooo C., at which tempera- ture the catalyst is very efficient in its oxidation of carbon monoxide, while its effect on hydrogen is only about I per cent. or less of that on the carbon monoxide. This is of some impor- tance, since hydrogen is generally produced in car exhaust gas in the ratio of 0.4 to I of carbon monoxide, 235 The temperature of IOOOC. is conveniently attained by immersing the whole catalyst chamber, together with a long leading-in tube for the air, in the steam from water kept briskly boiling at atmospheric pressure.Immediately before the catalyst, a similar bulk of pumice serves as an inert medium for surrounding one set of thermo-couple junctions, the other set being in the midst of the ‘‘Hopcalite.” In this way a differential effect is obtained which is increased by the use of the 48 couples in series. The heat produced by the oxidation of the carbon mono- xide by the air on the catalyst according to the equation:- 2CO + 0, = aCO, + 67,960 calories per gram ’ molecule of carbon monoxide, warms up the bulk of the catalyst and the thermo-couples therein. The potential developed is proportional to the temperature attained and so to the carbon monoxide present. The potential is measured on Cambridge automatic indicating and recording potentiometers, scaled directly in parts of carbon monoxide over a range of o to 6 parts per 10,000of air.In order that the heat produced in the reaction shall not be conducted away too quickly, the catalyst is contained in a box within the chamber, the box being air-lagged. Thus a basic temperature of IOO C. is secured without rendering the catalyst insensitive to small changes of carbon monoxide. The temperature attained and therefore the potential deve- loped depends not only on the carbon monoxide concentration but upon the rate of flow; a constant flow device is therefore incorporated in each analyser, allowing the passage of 20 to 30 litres per minute. The catalyst deteriorates in time, and the potential developed by the thermo-couples, for a given concentration of carbon monoxide, falls, until eventually the catalyst has to be renewed.In order that renewals should not be necessary too frequently, a device is incorporated to allow of accurate registration of carbon monoxide values with widely different outputs. Thus, for a concentration of 6 parts of carbon monoxide per 10,000of air with new catalyst, a potential output of nearly 10millivolts will be developed; the recording of the 6 parts of carbon monoxide which gives a full scale reading on the potentiometer, is achieved, however, with 6 millivolts. The calibrated slide wire of the potentiometer, equivalent to a fall of 6 millivolts, is therefore placed in series with a further scaled length of the same wire, equivalent to another 4 millivolts; this is called the range con- troller.By determining the potential output of the catalyst 239 equivalent to 6 parts of carbon monoxide at any time, and applying this potential to the main slide wire plus the appropriate length on the range controller-conveniently done with a pointer moving over a scale from 6 to 10 millivolts-the instruments can be made to indicate correctly for any potential output between 10and 6 millivolts, 6 parts carbon monoxide per 10,000 of air or in that ratio for any other concentration. In order to follow and correct for this fall in potential, tests are made regularly on the analysers. In the method used, each pair of analysers is disconnected from the sample air and both are connected with a common supply of air free from carbon mon- oxide; carbon monoxide is fed into this air stream at a steady rate in such quantity that a high reading is secured near the full scale of the instruments.Since the carbon monoxide-air mixture is common to both analysers, one sees immediately whether any great change has occurred by the agreement or otherwise of the two sets of readings. When the readings on the indicating instruments associated with each analyser have become steady, samples of the mixture actually flowing in the analysers are taken off from suitable taps and analysed. The analysis of these samples, as also of casual samples taken in the tunnel from time to time to check the uniformity of ventilation-to see that no pockets of gas occur-is carried out by a modification of the now more or less familiar iodine pentoxide methods.The apparatus is designed to deal with samples of about 400 c.c.; on such a volume the accuracy of the method for regular work is rather better than 3 parts per million of carbon monoxide, and consistent results can be obtained within this value, even greater accuracy being obtainable with the use of special precautions. The analysis of each sample occupies about three quarters of an hour. Absolute checks on the gas analysis apparatus are made by analysing samples of pure air into which definite amounts of carbon monoxide are introduced by a special measuring device-a sort of micro gas pipette.Blank tests with air free from carbon monoxide are made before and after each batch of samples, since such air is used for sweeping the samples of air through the apparatus. Blanks usually show I part per million or less and are, of course, subtracted from the results obtained. When the output of the catalyst has fallen below 6 millivolts for 6 parts per 10,000of carbon monoxide, it is no longer possible to operate the indicators correctly. This does not mean that the 240 catalyst has to be replaced, for it is possible to regenerate old catalyst without the necessity for removing it from the analyser ; by dropping a C.C. or so of distilled water at the air inlet, and allowing it to vaporise in the leading-in tube, a large proportion of the lost activity can be restored.It seems possible, also, to repeat the treatment up to 3 or 4 times, but the increased life becomes shorter each time. As illustrating the immense value of silica gel as a drying and purifying agent, Dr. Higgins mentioned that he had six of the original catalysts still in use, three of which had not even been regenerated, and they were in good serviceable condition after nearly four years’ continuous use. He added that he understood, that in the Holland Tunnel, in which the air for analysis is dried by sulphuric acid, the catalyst has a life of only about five months; this, presumably, was because of the difficulty of remov- ing the acid spray which was formed and resulted in the poisoning of the catalyst.By the use of silica gel not only was the produc- tion of such spray avoided, but the gel also removed the easily absorbable vapours which acted as catalyst poisons. Dr. Higgins’ exhibits included actual parts of the Cambridge- Katz carbon monoxide analysers, large-scale illustrations of the construction of the Mersey Tunnel and Ventilating Stations, and photographs. The following members took part in the discussion: Messrs. E. Gabriel Jones, G. Thompson, P. N. Williams, J. F. Hardwick, G. Brearley, Prof. T. P. Hilditch, Messrs. T. C. Williams, A. E. Findley, V. Biske and W. F. Bews. Previous to the meeting, a party of members inspected the Mersey Tunnel Control Room and Ventilating Station at Georges Dock.London and South-Eastern Counties.-On 9th March 35 members of the Section visited the Sun Engraving Works at Croxley Green. The members spent about 3 hours obtaining a general impression of the two processes with which the works is concerned, namely the use of photogravure and letterpress methods of reproduction of printed and illustrated matter. In the primary operation of type-setting, an interesting machine was the Monotype apparatus which, controlled by a specially prepared perforated paper record, stamps out the letter- ing direct from liquid metal. 241 The photogravure process involves, as the first operation, the preparation of the cylinders. Iron cylinders are electrolytically coated with a layer of approximately Q inch copper, which as a result of a series of operations, finally acquires a highly polished surface.The bichromated gelatin layer, in which the lettering, illustrations, etc., to be reproduced have been photographically recorded with a suitable screen superimposed, is now set down on to the cylinder and enables the highly skilful operation of controlled etching with a series of ferric chloride solutions to be carried out. The cylinders, washed free of gelatin, may be given a light protective plating of chromium and are then ready for use on the high-speed continuous rotary photogravure machines. On any one of these machines a series of colours can be printed in one operation by the use of a corresponding number of rollers. After use, those cylinders which are not to be permanently stored are finally stripped of the etched-out image by making them the anode in a suitable electrolytic bath; a new copper deposit is subsequently re-formed by using the cylinder as the cathode.The slightly less spectacular but equally effective letter- press process was also seen in some detail. Here the ink transfer in the final machine is from the top surface of the etched image, rather than from the recesses, as in gravure. A thicker ink is employed which does not allow such high- speed machines to be used. The image is chemically etched on flat copper or zinc plates using ferric chloride solutions; an alter- native method is to use an electrolytic etching process, but this does not appear to be in very extensive use.The various other special aspects of the work carried out by the Sun Engraving Co., such as the photographic processes, the finishing of blocks, the proving, the folding, inspection and sorting were all very interesting, the party being particularly impressed by one large machine which collated several pages, fed on at different points, and delivered them as the finished journal, requir- ing only to be stapled and guillotined. The Section is sincerely indebted to the Sun Engraving Co. for the opportunity of seeing its impressive plant and 2,000 or so employees at their very interesting work. At a meeting of the Section held at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, on the 16th March,-Dr. E.B. Hughes in the Chair,-Professor J. B. S. Haldane, F.R.S., gave a lecture on “Air Raids and Air Raid Protection.” 242 The lecturer reviewed the various forms of attack which could be expected from aircraft, viz. :-machine-guns; aerial torpedoes on shipping ; gas bombs ; incendiary bombs ; smoke bombs; and high explosive bombs,-the last, in his opinion, being the chief danger. There was no reason to suppose that any new and unknown explosive would be used, though bombs would probably be larger than in the last war, and contain up to a 500 lbs. charge, which would cause considerable damage. The best protection against these for a householder would be to remain in a cellar (not a basement), if he has one, or else to have a very deep trench covered with planks and loose earth.Gas masks with activated charcoal would only keep out "smokes," if provided, in addition, with special filters. Gases heavier than air would not necessarily penetrate into cellars, as their concentration in the atmosphere would normally be such that they would respond to convection currents. If a house were warmer than the outside air, the gas would be liable to be drawn in through crevices and rise to the upper rooms; if cooler than the outside air, gas would tend to occupy the lower rooms. Professor Haldane also expressed the opinion that small crevices in a room need not be sealed. If drops of mustard gas fell on the skin, little ham would result if washed off at once with soap and water, or even saliva or urine.Blisters, he said, were not fatal, and fatalities from mustard gas are rare. The chief danger from mustard gas was to the eyes,-prolonged exposure possibly causing blindness. Another danger from mustard gas and also from phosgene was cedema of the lungs. Prussic acid or carbon monoxide in con- centration up to 0.01 per cent. were harmless. Describing his experiences of air raids in Spain, Professor Haldane said that bombing of buildings with high explosives drove the people into the street. This was followed by machine- gunning, which drove them into the buildings. There was, however, in Spain, no aerial defence and this technique would probably not be adopted if anti-aircraft defence were in evidence. It had been found that large communual subterranean shelters could be constructed at a cost of fl3 per head.Infection of water supplies with bacteria or the spreading of agricultural pests were unlikely to be employed. 243 On 13th April, members of the Section visited the Southend Waterworks Company. The waterworks are situated at Langford, near Maldon, 14miles from Southend, and comprise reservoirs for collecting and storing river water, treatment plant capable of supplying 7 million gallons per day, and pumping station. The raw water is collected from the rivers Chelmer, Ter and Blackwater at intakes situated above the points of discharge of sewage effluents from the towns of Chelmsford and Witham, and is stored in two concrete reservoirs each holding 30 million gallons.After nine days' sedimentation the water gravitates to the pumping station from which it is pumped to the treatment plant, where it is softened and at the same time sterilised by the "excess-lime'' process. This process originated from sug- gestions made by Sir Alexander Houston, and, prior to the adoption of the process on a large scale, was exhaustively tested by Drs. Thresh and Beale in an experimental plant dealing with 1000 gallons per hour. The main stages of treatment are as follows:- Storage in open reservoirs. Treatment with lime and a small amount of aluminium sulphate (or sodium aluminate), the essential feature of the process being that the lime is applied in slight excess of that required to soften the water.Removal of the calcium carbonate sludge by settling tanks. Storage or "contact " of the water containing excess lime for 24 hours to ensure sterilisation. An excess of 1-2 parts (as CaO) per IOO,OOO of water is used. Neutralisation of the excess lime by carbon dioxide. Filtration through rapid gravity filters. In addition to the above:- (7) Chlorination may be employed as an emergency safe- guard, but is quite unnecessary under normal conditions, as sterilisation is ensured by the use of excess lime. (8) Treatment with finely powdered activated carbon to eliminate any trace of taste or odour. Correct control of excess lime is ensured by the use of brilliant cresyl blue indicator tests as well as by the continuous record of the PH of the water after the addition of lime by means of an electrical recorder with antimony electrodes.In the final neutralisation of the excess lime with carbon dioxide, use is made of the pH 244 recorder combined with a regulator, which automatically adjusts the supply of carbon dioxide so as to produce finally water of any desired $H. The carbon dioxide is made by combustion of metal-lurgical coke in small furnaces. The whole process is operated continuously throughout the 24 hours, the plant being of such capacity that, with 7 million gallons flow, the water receives 24 hours "contact " with excess lime to ensure effective sterilisation. The efficiency of the process is controlled by daily chemical and bacteriological tests, and can be judged from the fact that in the final treated water the number of bacteria per C.C.develop-ing on nutrient agar in 3 days at 20" C. does not exceed 10;in I day at 37" C. does not exceed I, while Bacillus coli is absent in I00C.C. A point of special interest is that the chalk sludge is collected, "de-watered" on a rotary vacuum filter and recovered as quick- lime by burning in a rotary continuous kiln fired by pulverised coal. The recovered lime is used repeatedly in water treatment ;the surplus lime is hydrated and sold for building and agricultural use. The company is under statutory obligation to supply water of less than 15 parts per IOO,OOO total hardness; in the winter the total hardness of the raw water sometimes reaches 35 parts, of which 20 parts may be due to permanent hardness (chiefly calcium sulphate), and at such times soda must be used in addition to lime softening.In the boiler house, all condensed water is de-oiled by electrical treatment and filtration before being returned to the boilers, make-up water is softened by a base-exchange softener, and all water fed to boilers is de-aerated under vacuum and conditioned with caustic soda and phosphate. The party was received and conducted over the plant by the chief chemist, Mr. R. G. Pelly, Fellow, and by the resident engineer, Mr. W. Goulding, to both of whom a hearty vote of thanks was accorded. The party was kindly entertained to tea after the visit. On 11th May, a golf meeting of the Section was held at the course of the Addington Palace Country Club, near Croydon.The staff of the Government Laboratory had offered a silver cup to be played for annually, in the singles competition, and Dr. E. B. Hughes, Chairman of the Section, presented additional prizes, The first winner of the cup was Mr. J. A. Heald (IZ),a 245 member of the staff of the Government Laboratory, who returned a score of 71,-the scratch score for the course being 75. Dr. R. H. Marriott was the runner-up, with a score of 74. Dr. R. H. Marriott (24)and Mr. E. T. Bug@ were the winners in the after- noon competition. Manchester and District.-At a joint meeting of the Manchester Section of the Institute with the Chemical Society and the Manchester University Chemical Society held on 8th February, Professor E.C. Dodds, M.V.O., gave a lecture on bb The Significance of Synthetic Oestrogenic Agents.” Pharmacologists have always been interested in the chemical structure of substances having an effect on the animal body, and a great many researches have been conducted into the relation- ship between structure and function. This work finds its most important application perhaps in chemotherapeutics, and drugs of the type of salvarsan and prontosil are the direct result of these investigations. Until comparatively recently, however, the chemist and pharmacologist have regarded the hormones as being a “law unto themselves ”with regard to specificity. Thus it was assumed that only thyroxine is produced by the thyroid for the purposes of controlling metabolism, and that insulin is alone secreted by the pancreas for the purpose of carbohydrate meta- bolism.This conception of specificity has hampered experi- mental work, the aim of which was to find synthetic substitutes for hormones. The following is a very brief account of some experiments conducted to show that the specificity of the hormones is by no means so great as was supposed, and it is possible to obtain substances with structure entirely different from the hormones but with an action even stronger than the natural substance. In. 1931, Cook, Dodds, Hewett & Lawson described the oestrogenic activity of a series of phenanthrene and dibenz- anthracene compounds (I), (2). It was shown that these (2)Maximum activitywhen R.is C,.246 substances can replace oestrone in every way and that they only differ from oestrone in quantitative behaviour and not in their qualitative behaviour. The greatest care was taken that each new series should be tested to ensure that in addition to giving the vaginal cornification reaction, all the other reactions of oestrone were displayed. Thus the compounds, as well as giving the ordinary oestrus response, were all capable of causing mating in the ovariectomised animal, of producing a feminising change in capon feathers and of abolishing the castration cells in the anterior lobe of the pituitary. At this time it appeared that the phenanthrene nucleus was essential for oestrogenic activity, but for various theoretical reasons a number of substances with the rings arranged in a manner other than the phenanthrene system were investigated (Dodds & Lawson, 1936) (formula 3) and found to be active.It is with this group of substances that the present communica- tion is concerned. The most interesting series of compounds were derivatives of diphenylethane (formula 4) and diphenylethylene (formula (4) 5). It has been shown that 4: 4’-dihydroxydiphenyl possesses (5) definite oestrogenic activity, but that it is a hundred thousand times weaker than oestrone. 4 : 4’-dihydroxy-diphenyl methane was also found to possess potency of a similar order, while 4 : 4’-dihydroxy-diphenylethanehad the same properties.It 247 was found that if an ethylenic linkage be introduced, in the corresponding compound, 4 : 4’-dihydroxydiphenylethylene (4 : 4’-dihydroxystilbene) the activity is increased tenfold. The next step was to investigate the possible activity of compounds with only one benzene ring. Thus 9-hydroxy propylbenzene (formula 6) was found to be oestrogenic and OH<>CH,--CH2-CH, (6) by analogy with the stilbene observation, 9-hydroxy propenylbenzene was tested (formula 7). On this compound OHe=CH.CH3 (7) the most interesting observation was made (Dodds and Lawson, 1937, i) . The +-hydroxy propenylbenzene or anol, was prepared by heating anethole under pressure with alcohol and potassium hydroxide.The phenol was prepared by first evaporating off the alcohol and then precipitating with hydrochloric acid. It was obtained in a crystalline form from chloroform. The melting point of the anol was 92OC. and the analyses were satisfactory. An investigation of the activity of this substance showed in the first instance that it possessed a very high degree of oestrogenic activity, in fact equal to that of oestrone. After the publication of this result (Dodds and Lawson, 1937, ii) their attention was called to the fact that not all batches of anol possessed the high activity found by them. An immediate re-investigation of the problem was made and only very few batches were found to have the very high potency originally described, but activity was always found in the mother liquor.The fact that anol is well known to polymerise, suggested that the results might be due to the formation of a highly active polymeride, possibly a dimeride, and in the case of the active batches a small quantity of this had become adsorbed or associated with the anol. The possible dimerides of anol were reviewed and a synthetic approach was attempted to a number of them, Thus di-anol (formula 8) prepared by the demethylation of di-anethole OE~H-F=CH C2H5 CH3 (8) 248 possesses an activity of about one-hundredth that of oestrone (Dodds and Lawson, 1938). “In the meantime an investigation had been initiated at Oxford, the object of which was to prepare possible oestrogenic agents bearing a close structural resemblance to oestrone (or oestradiol) but which should be capable of ready synthesis.In certain directions, especially in the diphenyl-ethane and stilbene groups, it was found convenient to join forces in order to avoid duplication of work” (Dodds, Golberg, Lawson and Robinson , 1938). The first compounds investigated were substituted derivatives from 4-hydroxy alkyl phenones (9). C2H5 C2H5 OHa--(/ O H OH OH (9) In view of the high activity attendent upon the introduction of an ethylenic linkage it was decided to investigate the properties of the a/3-alkyl substituent of 4: 4’-dihydroxy stilbene. The most potent of this series up to the present is the diethyl derivative. If the formula of this compound be written in the following manner (10)the similarity to the oestrone molecule can readily ( 10) be seen.If however, rings 2 and 3 be closed and the hexahydro chrysene compound be obtained then there is an immediate fall in the activity. The substituted dihydroxy stilbenes form an entirely new class of oestrogenic substances of which the most potent so far has an activity three times as great as oestrone. The substance 249 is active by mouth and would appear to have interesting future possibilities. One of the most important deductions to be made from this observation is that the body does not demand absolute specificity, certainly for its oestrogenic reactions, and if it is possible to obtain substances with a high degree of activity which bear little or no relationship to the oestrone molecule it is a fair deduction to make that other hormone processes may yield to the application of a similar type of investigation.REFERENCES. COOK,J. W., DODDS,E. C., HEWETT, W.; PTOC.C. L., and LAWSON, Roy.SOC.,B. 1934, 114, 272. COOK,J. W., DODDS,E. C. and GREENWOOD,A. W.: Ibid., 1934,114, 286. COOK,J. W., DODDS,E. C. and LAWSON, W.: Ibid., 1936, 121, 133. DODDS,E. C., and LAWSON, W.: Nature, 1937, 139, 627. DODDS,E. C., and LAWSON, W.: Ibid., 1937, 139, 1068. DODDS,E. C., and LAWSON, W.: Ibid., 1938, 141, 78. DODDS,E. C., GOLBERG, W. and ROBINSON, L., LAWSON, R.: Ibid., 1938, 141, 247. The Twentieth Annual General Meeting of the Manchester and District Section was held on 17th March at the Constitutional Club, St.Ann Street, Manchester,-Mr. C. J. T. Cronshaw in the Chair. Messrs. J. H. Lester, F. Scholefield, J. R. Maddocks, and A. B. Bell were elected to the Committee. Dr. A. Coulthard was re-elected as Honorary Secretary and Treasurer, and Dr. H. Thomas, Assistant Secretary. The Honorary Auditors, Messrs. L. Thompson and H. H. Stocks, were accorded a vote of thanks and re-elected. Dr. C. G. Douglas, F.R.S., delivered a lecture on ‘6 The Influence of High Environmental Temperatures on the Health and Efficiency of the Industrial Worker,” of which he has kindly supplied the following summary:- In industry there are many operations in which the workman may have to face unduly high environmental temperatures, due either to intense radiant heat or to a general high air temper- ature accompanied, perhaps, by great humidity.Attention will be confined to the latter of these two conditions since it is the more difficult to deal with in practice. Under ordinary circumstances the heat production of the body is balanced by the heat loss, and the body temperature varies within but narrow limits. Muscular activity is the main factor that increases heat production, while heat may be lost (i) by radiation and convection, which will be to some degree controlled 250 by the rate at which blood is allowed to circulate through the skin, and (ii) by the evaporation of water in the form of sweat. It is obvious that as the external temperature approaches body temperature loss of heat by radiation and convection must be progressively diminished, and that evaporation of moisture must play a larger and larger part in maintaining the body temperature constant.Finally, when the external temperature is equal to, or exceeds, the body temperature, the only means by which the body temperature can be prevented from rising is a sufficiently rapid rate of evaporation from the skin surface. In dealing there- fore with high environmental temperatures we have to consider the conditions under which it is no longer possible to secure an adequate rate of evaporation. As long ago as 1775 Blagden showed that, if precautions were taken to guard against intense radiant heat, a man could with- stand for ten minutes or more an air temperature above the boiling point of water provided that the air was dry.Since the wet bulb temperature in comparison with the dry bulb temper- ature indicates the degree to which an object can be cooled under the existing circumstances by the simple evaporation of water, it is evident that the wet bulb temperature, and not the dry bulb temperature, ought to afford an indication of the limiting temperature that can be tolerated by man. Experi-mental observations made by the late Professor J. S. Haldane have shown that this is so. In still air, having a wet bulb temperature of about 88"Fahr., a person at rest, wearing a minimum of clothing, can just maintain his body temperature constant, and this is true no matter whether the dry bulb temper- ature is the same, i.e.air saturated with moisture, or very much higher, the relative humidity being proportionally lower. If the wet bulb temperature exceeds 88" Fahr. the body temperature will begin to rise steadily until the subject is incapacitated from this cause. A wet bulb temperature as high as 93-94"Fahr. can be tolerated by the resting subject if he is exposed to a moving air current since this will facilitate the evaporation of sweat. On the other hand, if the heat production of the subject is increased by muscular exercise he will only be able to tolerate a lower wet bulb temperature than 88"Fahr., and in still air a wet bulb temperature in excess of 79" Fahr. may cause a rise of body temperature; but here again an air current of sufficient velocity may have a markedly beneficial influence and enable higher wet bulb temperatures to be faced with impunity.251 In coal mines in this country, deeper and deeper seams are being opened up, and at depths approaching 4,000 feet below the surface the natural rock temperature may be in excess of 100' Fahr. Recent observations by Lawton have shown that wet bulb temperatures at the working face at these depths may even exceed 85" Fahr. In this case therefore, we are faced with a formidable problem, since, if useful work is to be done, steps must be taken to ensure that the air in the working places has an adequate cooling power. One way to overcome the difficulty is to maintain a sufficient air velocity at the face, if necessary by rearranging the general ventilation of the pit and by taking steps locally to ensure that the ventilating current is used to the best advantage.Recent observations show that much can be done in this way, but as soon as the air velocity is increased to over 400-500 linear feet per minute, we find ourselves in a dilemma, since with air currents of this high velocity the raising of clouds of dust becomes a serious matter. The control of temperature conditions in deep mines is therefore intimately bound up with the question of the suppression of dust. A man who has to do muscular work in these extremely high wet bulb temperatures produces an astonishing amount of sweat, e.g., 3 lbs.or more per hour, and during the shift, dilute though the sweat may be, as compared with the blood from which it is derived, the loss of sodium chloride from the body may be substantial. If too much water is drunk during the shift the ratio of water to salt within the body may be seriously disturbed and this will cause undue exhaustion, and in extreme cases the onset of violent and prolonged muscular cramp,-symptoms that can be prevented either by restricting the amount of water drunk or by adding a small mount of common salt to the water drunk. This condition is encountered not only amongst miners but also in other circumstances when men are exposed to ex- cessively high temperatures for long periods, e.g., in the stoke- hold of ships in the tropics.Acclimatisation to high environmental temperatures is a factor which is well recognised in deep and hot mines. A man who is unaccustomed to high temperatures may, when first encountering such temperatures, soon become exhausted and have to cease work, but after some days' further experience he will acquire the capacity for working throughout the shift without undue exhaustion and discomfort. In part at least, this phenomenon of acclimatisation depends on the training of the sweat glands by repeated use, to secrete continuously an adequate amount of sweat. From the evidence that has become available in recent years it looks as though we shall be able for some time to come to cope with the temperature conditions prevailing in the deep mines of this country by relatively simple means, without having recourse to elaborate methods of air conditioning, of perhaps prohibitive cost, which have been found necessary in countries with much warmer climatic conditions than those that prevail in England. At the Morro Velho gold mine in Brazil, for in- stance, the moisture content of the whole of the intake air is reduced by refrigeration in order to allow ore to be mined at a depth of over 6,000 feet from the surface, and local air condition- ing has been successfully tested in some of the deepest workings in the gold mines on the Rand.In this country the condition of true heat stroke is practically unknown, but the possibility of its occurrence must be borne in mind as workings get deeper, and air temperatures consequently higher.Heat stroke does, however, occur in tropical or sub- tropical regions where high air temperatures may be accompanied by high relative humidity, and the adverse conditions may be accentuated locally either in mines or in industrial plant. Here again it is the wet bulb temperature which is the essential factor, for if this exceeds the tolerable limit, the body temperature begins to rise and continues to do so, since when once the body temperature rises materially beyond the normal limits the oxida- tion processes in the tissues, and consequently the heat produc- tion, are accelerated, and this increase of heat production is further accentuated by the mental irritability and restlessness which soon make their appearance and are accompanied by a diminution or cessation of sweating.It is no wonder that the condition of the subject proceeds from bad to worse with dramatic swiftness. Unconsciousness supervenes, and the body temper- ature may rise to 108-110' Fahr., or even higher, and drastic measures may be required to reduce the body temperature if life is to be saved. The lecture, which was illustrated by numerous lantern slides, provoked a good discussion, in which the Chairman and the following took part:-Mr. G. A. Blakey, Mr. A. B. Bell, Mr. Mouat Jones, Mr. C. R. Bond, Mr. Percy Gaunt, Dr. A. M. Maiden, Mr. E. L. Rhead and Mr. H. Stevenson. 253 Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast.-On 10th March, at a meeting of the Newcastle upon Tyne and North- East Coast Section, held at Sunderland Technical College, Dr.W. H. J. Vernon gave a lecture on “Some Recent Developments in Corrosion Research.” In introducing the subject, the lecturer pointed out that classification of corrosion phenomena on the basis of environment was justified on grounds other than those of convenience. Al-though the primary mechanism of “immersed corrosion,” which was generally accepted to be electrochemical in character, applied also to many cases of atmospheric and soil corrosion, the controlling factors in which were usually quite different. Atmospheric corrosion also included the phenomena of tarnishing and direct oxidation which were essentially metal-gas reactions.The protective effects of thin (invisible) oxide films produced by heat-treatment were discussed. Recent work at the Chemical Research Laboratory had included the study of thin oxide films on iron; marked changes at a critical temperature of zooo--e.g., appearance of interference colours above and their suppression below this temperature even at considerably greater film thick- nesses-had been confirmed by the results of electron diffraction examination. The “fogging” of nickel by the catalytic oxidation of traces of sulphur dioxide and the breakdown of invisible films on iron by disperse particles in the atmosphere were discussed in relation to the phenomenon of “critical humidity.” Particles which had the greatest activity in adsorbing traces of sulphur dioxide were shown to be most effective in promoting the atmospheric rusting of iron.Atmospheric carbon dioxide, contrary to the general belief, had a repressive influence. The production of protective coatings of corrosion product on exposure to the open air was illustrated by the green patina of basic sulphate on copper; a recent development in the arti- ficial stimulation of this patina involved treatment of the struc- ture with a chlorine derivative of sulphuric acid. Protective coatings of selenium on magnesium were illustrated, together with the protection by quinoline inhibitor of magnesium alloys against corrosion by leaded petrol fuels. In immersed corrosion emphasis was placed on the in-fluence of films produced by the action of cathodically-formed alkali, the distribution of such films having a predominant influence in determining the subsequent distribution of corrosion.254 Greatly increased rates of attack in stagnant salt solutions had been obtained by carrying out the experiments under increased pressures of oxygen, up to 25 atmospheres, the corrosion/time curves being similar in form to those obtained in slowly moving solutions at atmospheric pressure. Preliminary work on water- movement, using rotating specimens under controlled conditions, was referred to, and the influence of this factor in the case of natural waters was shown to depend markedly on the composition of the water. Recent work on soil corrosion, also carried out at Teddington, had confirmed that cathodic depolarisation in neutral, sulphate- containing media could be effected in the absence of oxygen through the agency of sulphate-reducing bacteria which had the peculiar faculty of enabling mineral sulphates to act as hydrogen acceptors.The bearing of this mechanism on the corrosion of cast-iron mains in impervious clay soils was pointed out. The Annual North-East Coast Chemical Dinner, in which members of the Chemical Society, the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institute participated, was held on aznd April, in the University Union, King’s College, Newcastle upon Tyne,- Mr. J. W. Craggs in the Chair. The guests included the Lord Mayor, the Lady Mayoress, and the Sheriff of Newcastle upon Tyne, the Right Hon.Lord Eustace Percy, Professor F. G. Donnan, Dr. A. Fleck, and Mr. G. H. J. Daysh. The loyal toasts having been honoured, it was agreed, on the proposal of the Chairman, that a message of good wishes be sent to Dr. J. T. Dunn for a speedy recovery from his recent illness. Lord Eustace Percy, Rector of King’s College, in proposing the toast of “The Profession of Chemistry, ”referred to the manner in which chemistry had developed into a highly skilled profession, -a profession requiring specialised training. He deplored the present system of grants to prospective teachers, as tending to stifle any talent that they might develop while at the University. Professor Donnan, President of the Chemical Society, replying to the toast, congratulated King’s College on having Lord Eustace as its Rector, and spoke of the benefits which might be expected from the co-operation of the three Societies repre- sented at the dinner.The toast of “The City and County of Newcastle upon Tyne” was proposed by Professor H. L. Riley, who emphasised the importance of an academic centre, such as the University, to the industrial development of the city. The Lord Mayor of Newcastle upon Tyne, in reply, discussed the health and education facilities of the city and showed how great progress was being made in each field. The final toast of “The Industries of the North-East Coast’’ was proposed by Mr. G. H. J. Daysh, who dealt with the develop- ment of the chemical industries in the district during the last 25 years.Dr. Fleck, in acknowledging the toast, paid a tribute to the courage and initiative of the little-known people who were responsible for this industrial development. He maintained that although the region might be classed as a “Depressed Area,” the North-East still had a large number of sound and flourishing industries. New Zealand.-A combined meeting of the New Zealand Section of the Institute with the Wellington branch of the New Zealand Institute of Chemistry, was held at the Victoria Univer- sity, on 26th April. Mr. R. L. Andrew, Chairman, welcomed Mr. H. Jephcott, Managing Director of Glaxo Laboratories, who conveyed greetings from the President and the headquarters Council, and gave an informal address on “A Modern Conception of Diet and Public Health.” The importance of a balanced food was traced from the previous conception of food as consisting of calories, proteins and fats.The work of important investigators was briefly outlined, and the various deficiencies in foods were discussed in their relation to health. The place of the chemist in the endeavours made to improve health was described. The improvements in the supply of vitamin A, and the synthesis of vitamins B, C and D were the result of patient research and of very great benefit to the human race. In reply to questions, Mr. Jephcott said that synthetic vitamins had no known toxic effects within reasonable limits. To support this statement, he mentioned known exampleg of over-doses of vitamins. The importance of balanced food in pre-natal life and early childhood was emphasised.256 Mr. T. A. Glendinning, the senior Fellow of the Institute present, presented Mr. Jephcott with a Greenstone Maori Tiki (a small figure,--a “charm”) as a token of remembrance. Mr. Jephcott was asked to convey to the Council of the Institute, on his return, greetings and good wishes from the New Zealand Section. South Yorkshire.-On 15th March, at a meeting of the South Yorkshire Section held at the County Technical College, Worksop, Dr. A. R. Bowen gave a lecture on bb Present and Future Sources of Petroleum,” illustrated by lantern slides. Dr. Bowen mentioned the conditions essential for the natural storage of petroleum in the earth, and described briefly the geophysical methods by which the modern prospector searched for oil.Slides were shown illustrating the torsion balance and the seismic methods of determining underground formations. Then followed an account of the way borings are made. Slides of typical oilfields were shown illustrating the overcrowding of wells in some American fields, after which Dr. Bowen discussed the advantage of unit operation of an oilfield. Every important country had been taking stock of its possible petroleum resources recently and the prospects in this country were reviewed. The similarity of shale oil to petroleum was discussed. A Scotch shale retort was then described. As substitutes for petroleum Dr.Bowen mentioned the use of charcoal in a portable gas producer and that of cylinders of compressed coal gas (instead of the familiar “balloons” of the last war) for driving cars and lorries. With regard to future sources, the lecturer explained the importance of oil to all nations, and this had led to many experi- ments on the conversion of coal and tar to oil. The hydrogena- tion of “brown coal tar ” had been successfully accomplished in Germapy. In England the I.C.I. had erected and success-fully worked a plant at Billingham for the hydrogenation of bituminous coal. This process was then discussed in the light of the findings of the recent Falmouth Report on Oil from Coal. The cost of the plant and its output was compared with that of oil tankers.The Fischer-Tropsch synthesis of oil from water gas was also outlined. 257 April Examinations, 1938. Abstract of the Report of the Board of Examiners. Examinations for the Associateship and Fellowship were held as under:-NO. No. For the Associateship-Examined. Passed. General Chemistry: at the Institute, the Uni-versity of Manchester, and in the laboratories of the University of London, South Kensington, (some candidates taking their theory papers at other centres),-28th March-2nd. April .. .. 69 31* For the Fellowship- Branch A. Inorganic Chemistry : At the InstituteY4th-9th April .. .. 1 otWith special reference to metallurgicalanalysis, ferrous and non-ferrous: at the Institute and at the Royal School of MinesY4th-9thApril .... .. 1 0 Branch B. Physical Chemistry: In the Department of Colloid Science: at the University of Cambridge,-1 8th-23rd April ,. .. I .. .. .* 1 1 Branch C. Organic Chemistry : With special reference to Oils, Fats and Waxes : At the Institute,4th-Sth April . . .. 2 1$With special reference to Paints and Varnishes (Theory only) : at the Institute,-4th-.I9th April .. .. .. .. 1 0 Branch D. Biochemistry:With special reference to PathologicalChemistry: at the Institute, and the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine,-28th March-2nd April . . 1 0 Branch E. The Chemistry, including Microscopy, of Food and Drugs, and of Water: at the InstituteY-4th-9th April .... .. 10 4 Branch a. Industrial Chemistry : With special reference to Cocoa, Chocolate and confectionery : at the Institute and in the laboratories of the British Associa- tion of Research for the Cocoa etc. trades, 4th-9th April . . .. .. .. 1 1 Branch a. Industrial Chemistry : With special reference to Coal Tar and Ammonia: at the Institute and in the laboratory of the Gas Light & Coke Co. Beckton,-4th-Qth April .. .. .. 1 1 With special reference to Oils, Fats andWaxes: at the Institute,-4th-Qth April .. .. 1 O§With special reference to Paper Manufacture : at the Institute, and in the laboratories of Mr. Wm. Bacon, F.I.C.,4thrSth April 1 1 With special reference to Cement: in the Dept. of Applied Science, Sheffield University,- 4th-9th April .. .. .. .. 1 1 With special reference to explosives : in Melbourne, Australia .. .. .. 1 -O§-92 41 * Four candidates completed their examination by satisfying the Examiners in those parts of the examination in which they had previously failed. Eight candidates failed to satisfy the Examiners only in parts of the Examination. t The candidate satisfied the Examiners in the practical work, but did not do so in the theory papers. 1One candidate failed in the paper in General Organic Chemistry. 4 Candidate failed in the practical work only. The following papers and exercises were given :-Examination for the Associateship in Gener‘al Chemistry. MONDAY, 28th MARCH, 10 a.m. to 1p.m. (Attempt FIVE questions only.Answer concisely and to the point. Cive fomnulae and equations where possible.) 1. Explain what is meant by the term “the osmotic pressure of a solution” and indicate how it may be measured. What important laws have been deduced from measurements of osmotic pressures at different temperatures and concentration8 ? 2. Write a comparative essay on the physical and chemical properties 3. Explain the origin of the potential difference at the junction of of carbon and silicon and their respective compounds. two solutions of an electrolyte of different concentrations. Discuss how the potential difference may be (a)measured, (b) calculated, (c) eliminated. 4. Explain how the following substances may be prepared, and briefly describe their more important properties :-(a) chromyl chloride, (b)sodiumperborate, (c) sodium azide, (d)sulphur monochloride, (e)ammonium persulphrtte.5. Give a brief account of the theory and origin of molecular spectra and indicate the importance of molecular spectra in determining the structure of simple molecules. 259 6. Write short essays on TWO of the following subjects:- (a) the nature of flames; (b) the additive properties of carbon monoxide; (c) solid solutions; (d) the use of deuterium in elucidating the mechanism of chemical reactions. 7. What developments in chemistry do you associate with the names of Rayleigh, Aston and Moseley ? 2 to 5 p.m. (Attempt FIVE questions only. Answer concisely and to the point.Cfive formulae and equations where possible.) 1. Write explanatory notes on THREE of the following:-(a) Henry’s law, (b) energy of activation, (c) limiting densities, (d) buffer solutions. 2. Critically examine the views which are held nowadays as to the interpretation of the “valency of an element.” 3. Give a concise statement of Nernst’s heat theorem and indicate the types of problem in which it is of value. 4. Select ONE of the following topics for discussion:- (a) the carbides and nitrosyls of the metals; (b) isomerism amongst inorganic compounds ; (c) the use of catalysts in industrial processes. 5. Describe ONE method for measuring the surface tension of a liquid. Discuss critically the applications of such measurements to chemical problems. 6.Discuss the use of organic compounds in the separation and estimation of metals. Illustrate your answer by describing at least TEIREE cases. 7. Write an account of EITHER (a)reactions in non-aqueous solvents; OR (b) the colloidal state; OR (c)Lavoisier’s work on combustion. TUESDAY, 29th MARCH, 10 a.m. to 1p.m. (Attempt FIVE questions only. Answer cmhely and to the point. Give formulae and equations where possible.) 1. By means of equations and short notes illustrate the characteristic 2. Give an account of the uses of acetoacetic and malonic esters reactions of (a)urea, (b) glycerol, (c) oxalic acid, (d) chloroform. for synthetical purposes. 3. Describe the various processes and products of reduction of a typical aromatic nitro- compound.4. Describe briefly how the following are usually manufactured:- (a) a-naphthol, (b) 8-naphthylamine, (c) naphthionic acid, (d) phthalicanhydride. 5. Write short notes on TWO of the following:- (a) the Reimer-Tiemann reaction; (b) the aldol condensation; (c) the benzidine change. 6. Outline the principal evidence in support of the usually accepted7. Describe the methods available for the synthesis of a-amino-StI’UCtureOf EITHER (a)E-terpineOl, OR (b) indigo. acids; explain the importance of these compounds. 8. Write a short account of optical activity due to restricted rotation. 2 to 3.30 p.m. Translation from French and German Technical Literature.WEDNESDAY, 30th MARCH, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Identify compounds (A) and (B) as completely as time permits and prepare from them characteristic derivatives. (A) = n-butyl salicylate or p-bromoacetanilide; (B) = anthranilic acid or phthalimide. This exercise may be completed by to-mowow. THURSDAY, 31st MARCH, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday's exercise. 2. Identify compound (C) and from it prepare (a) an acidic, (b) a basic, and (c) a neutral derivative. (C) = o-or p-nitrotoluene. FRIDAY, 1st APRIL, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Identify the substances (D) and (E). (D = sodium periodate; E = manganese chromate.) (This result must be handed in by 1 p.m. in a separate notebook.) 2. Determine the percentage of available chlorine in a sample of bleaching powder (F)provided.(This result must be handed in by 4.30 p.m. in a separate notebook.) 3. The given sample (G) is an aluminium bronze. Detemine-the percentage of copper volumetrically and that of aluminium gravimetrically by means of 8-hydroxyquinoline. This exercise may be completed to-mrrrow. SATURDAY, 2nd APRIL, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Report on the nature af the substance (H). (H = aluminium containing small proportions of iron, zinc, lead, copper, nickel and magnesium.) (This resuZt must be hclnded in by 1 p.m. in a separate notebook.) 2. Complete yesterday's exercise. Examinations €or the Fellowship. Branch A : Inorganic Chemistry. MONDAY, 4th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FOUR questions only to be answered.) 1.Give an account of the physical methods which are available for the determination of atomic weights. Discuss the statement that the atomic weight of many common elements as determined by known chemical methods are not fundamental constants of Nature to more than a limited precision. 2. What do you understand by allotropy? Discuss this phenomenon 3. Select ONE of the following topics for discussion:-(a) the rare-earths, with special reference to recent investigations; (b) the mineral silicates and their structures; (c) induced radioactivity. 4. Give an account of modern views on the structure of matter. 5. Discuss the stereo-chemistry of inorganic compounds exhibiting by reference to carbon, sulphur and phosphorua.261 covalencies of four and six. 6. Give concise accounts of any TWO of the following:-(a) interhalogen compounds; (b) isomorphism; (c) the reactions of hydrogen with metals; (d) the hydrides of boron and silicon. 2 to 5 p.m. (FOUR questions only to be answered.) 1. Give some account of the preparation, properties and probable structures of the metallic carbonyl and nitrosyl compounds. 2. Discuss the concept of resonance as applied to inorganic compounds and indicate some of the experimental methods which have been employed in its investigation. 3. Write an essay on the chemistry and reactions of deuterium oxide. 4. Write an account of some new indicators and other new reagents employed in volumetric analysis during recent years.5. What are the salient points of resemblance and difference between the elements (a) titanium, zirconium, hafnium and thorium, and (b)chromium, molybdenum, tungsten and uranium ? 6. Write an account of some original work in inorganic chemistry (not otherwise dealt with in your answers) in which you are specially interested. TUESDAY, 5th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Identify the metal (A) and determine its purity quantitatively. (A = molybdenum.) 2. Determine by the gravimetric molybdate method the amount of lead present in the given solution (B). Express your results on grams of lead contained in a litre of the solution (B). 3. Report on the nature of the substances (C)and (D). (C = lithopone; D = silicon.) WEDNESDAY and THURSDAY, 6th and 7th APRIL, 10 a.m.to 5 p.m. 1. Determine the composition of the limestone (E). Express yourresults as:-per cent. moisture; per cent. siliceous matter; per cent. CaCO,; per cent. MgCO,; per cent. FeaO, + A120,. 2. Determine the available oxygen and the manganese in the sample (F) of pyrolusite. The exercises my be completed to-morrow. FRIDAY, 8th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Estimate the percentage of cobalt and the percentage of ammonia 2. Report on the substances (H)and (J).(H = vomenite, a complex in the given compound (G). (G = dinitritotetrammino-cobalticchloride.) ferrous ferric magnesium borate; J = titanium dioxide.) Branch A: Inorganic Chemistry, with special reference to Metallurgical Analysis, etc.MONDAY, 4th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Not more than SIX questions to be attempted.) 1. Discuss some methods which have been employed for the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen and describe in detail any ONE of the more success- ful processes. 2. What is the present-day significance of the expression “chemical element” ? How has the older conception of element been modified by the discovery of radio-activity, the inert gases, and isotopes ? 3. What compounds of carbon are produced in the electric furnace ? Outline their preparation and describe their properties and industrial applications. 4. Write an essay on ONE of the following subjects:- (a) deuterium and its compounds;(b) the mineral silicates; (c) isomerism amongst inorganic compounds.5. What types of valency are recognised in modern chemical theory ? Give TWO examples of compounds which illustrate each type and write their detailed electronic formulas. 6. Indicate in tabular form the relationship of the alkali metals &S exemplified by the characteristics of these elements and by the properties of their typical compounds. 7. Outline a method of manufacture of (a)oleum, (b) sodium hydro- sulphite (Na,S,O,), (c) ammonium persulphate. Discuss the specialproperties of these substances which make them of technical importance. 8. Give an account of ONE of the following topics:- (a) the metallic carbonyl and nitrosyl compounds; (b) intermetallic compounds; (c) the interhalogen compounds.2 to 5 p.m. (Only FIVE questions to be attempted. Answer briefly and to the point.) 1. Give a short account of the separation and determination of aluminium and beryllium. 2. Outline a scheme suitable for the complete analysis of blister copper. 3. How would you carry out the following determinations? (a) antimony in hard lead; (b) antimony and tin in a white bearing metal; (c) phosphorus and tin in phosphor-tin. 4. Discuss, critically, the various methods available for the determina- 5. Give a brief description of the methods available for the determina- tion of phosphorus in alloy and plain carbon steels. tion of chromium, vanadium and aluminium in steels.6. Outline methods suitable for the complete analysis of:-(a) aluminium metal; (b) durdumin. 7. Write short essay on the application of ONE of the following to 263 metallurgical analysis :-(a) organic reagents (excluding indicators) ;(b) the spectrograph; (c) microchemical methods. 8. Outline schemes suitable for the complete analysis of :-(a) uranium ores, such as pitchblende ;(b) kaolin ; (c) pyrolusite. TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 5th to 8th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. As far astime permits, make complete analyses of the given samples :-(a)alloy steel; (b) Broken Hill Ore; (c) white metal. Notebooks and samples will be collected at the end of each day’s work.Branch A: Inorganic Chemistry, with special reference to Metallurgy (held in Johannesburg). (See ht paper on pp. 260-261.) Second paper: Three hours allowed. (Only FIVE questions to be attempted. Answer brieJy and to the point.) 1. Give a short account of the effect of base-metal impurities on the cupellation of gold prills in the assay of ores and bullion. 2. Outline a scheme suitable for the complete analysis of a “white precipitate” formed in a zinc box. 3. Write a short essay on the possible advantages of the use of potentiometric titration for the determination of protective alkali in cyanide solutions. 4. Discuss, critically, the various methods available for the determina- tion of phosphorus in alloy and plain carbon steels.5. Give a brief description of the methods available for the deter&- tion of chromium, vanadium and aluminium in steels. 6. Outline methods suitable for the complete analysis of:- (a) aluminium metal; (b) duralumin. 7. Write a short essay on the application of om of the followingto metallurgical analysis :-(a) organic reagents (excluding indicators) ;(b) the spectrograph ; (c) microchemical methods. 8. Outline schemes suitable for the complete analysis of :-(a) uranium ores, such as pitchblende : (b) kaolin; (c) pyrolusite. Practical Examination: Four days; Seven hours each day. 1. Sample (A) is a gold ore. Examine this sample, as far as time permits, and submit a report giving the method of treatment you would advise for the extraction of the values.Indicate the nature and purpose of any further tests you are, for any reason, unable to make, and state what variations might be necessitated in your process as the result of these tests. 2. Make a complete analysis of the plain carbon steel (B). Notebooks and samples will be collected at the end of each day’swork. 264 Branch B : Physical Chemistry. MONDAY, 18th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FIVE questions must be attempted, but shorter answers to more questions Will be allowed.) 1. What mechanisms have been advanced to explain the com-bination of hydrogen with chlorine ? 2. How do you distinguish between ortho- and para-hydrogen? By what methods can they be interconverted? 3.Give an account of the kinetics of the hydrolysis of cane sugar. 4. What are solid solutions? To what extent can such systems be regarded as ordered? 5. How would you prepare atomic hydrogen? How does it react with (a) metals; (b) hydrocarbons? 6. Discuss the mechanism of the reduction of metallic oxides by carbon. Shenck found the following values for the reaction:- FeO + C +Fe + CO. Pressure Temp O Absolute. CO in mm. 556 73-2 596 164.2 666 386.2 What is the change in free energy of this reaction at 1000” absolute? 7. What information can be obtained from the Raman spectrum? 8. Give a brief account of the uses of isotopic elements in investigating the mechanism of chemical change.2 to 5 p.m. (Not more than FIVE questions to be attempted.) 1. What views are held as to the process of oxidation in solution? 2. Discuss the thermal and photochemical decompositions of an How do you account for induced oxidation ? aldehyde. 3. How do you define (a) electrode potential; (b) electrokinetic 4. Derive the Donnan membrane distribution law and give instances 5. How is the term “resonance” used in chemistry? In what ways potential, and how are they measured? of its application. can you identify the presence of resonant systems ? 6. The dipole moment of brombenzene is 1-50, of benzyl chloride 1-85 and of p-brombenzyl chloride 1-72 Debye units. Calculate the approximate angle of C-C1 bond to the axis of the benzene residue.What significant information can you obtain from valency angles ? 7. What is polymerisation? Give two examples of polymerisation reactions and explain how you would investigate the kinetics of such reactions. 8. What is the activity coefficient of an electrolyte and how is it determined ? 265 TUESDAY to PRIDAY, 19th to 22nd APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Compare and contrast the rates of decomposition of hydrogen by platinum foil and colloidal platinum respectively. Investigate the effects of temperature and of poisons on these reactions. 2. Utilising the Langmuir trough, examine the effects of calcium ions and the polyphosphate calgon on films of myristic and stearic acid.3. Determine by electrometric methods the variation in the con- centration of copper ions in the solution of copper sulphate on the pro- gressive addition of ammonia. Branch C: Organic Chemistry. Paper taken by all Candidates in this Branch. MONDAY, 4th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FOUR questions to be attempted: TWO from each Part.) PART I. 1. By means of short notes and equations describe how the following compounds are usually prepared : (a)a-naphthol, (b) a-chloronaphthalene, (c) fl-naphthylamine, (d) naphthionic acid, (e) phthalic anhydride,(f) anthranilic acid, (9) decalin, (h) fl-nitronaphthalene. 2. Give an account of the oxidising agents more commonly employed in organic chemistry. 3. Describe the more important methods of preparation and the principal reactions of aldehydes and ketones.4. Describe typical examples of the uses of the following reagents in organic chemistry:-(a) metallic nickel, (b) ozone, (c) “sodium hydro- sulphite,” (d)phenylcarbimide. 5. Discuss fully the evidence on which the usually accepted structure of ONE of the following compounds is based:- (a) glycerol, OR (b) tartaric acid. PART 11. ’ 6. Write a short essay on ONE of the topics:- (a) conjugated double bonds; (b) the structure of benzene. 7. Write a short account of the polymethylenes. 8. Outline the chemistry of either (a) glucose, or (b) quinoline and 9. Discuss the properties and reactions of compounds which contain isoquinoline.the keto -me th ylene group. 10. Discuss the evidence for the structures usually assigned to:- (a) aromatic diazo-compounds, OR (b) a-pinene. Branch C: Organic Chemistry, with special reference to Coal Tar and Coal Tar Technology. (~VEquestions to be answered.) 1. Give the method employed for two of the following determinations. State the details that require close attention and give any limiting factors :-(a) metacresol in commercial cresylic acid; (b) thiophene in benzole ; (c) paraEins in crude anthracene. 266 2. What are the principal commercial sources of phenol ? Describe briefly the method of production in each case. 3. Give a method for the recovery of motor benzole from towns and coke oven gas.Refer particularly to the precautions necessary to yield a product of correct (a) total sulphur content; (b)potential gum content; (c) colour stability. 4. Large storage tanks which have contained (a) crude benzole, (b) ammoniacal liquor, (c) crude tar, are to be prepared for entry to effect repairs, involving welding. How would you proceed, and what tests would you apply? 5. Write a short essay on ONE of the following subjects:- (a) recent advances in the tar distillation industry; (b) coal as a source of fuel for spark and compression ignition engines. 6. Outline the principal methods employed for the impregnation of wood with creosote oil. Express your views on the relative value for impregnation of the creosote oil fractions.. 7. Write short notes on the following:- (a) durability and adhesion as properties of road tars; (b) Nellensteyn’s Micron Number; (c) the analysis of tars by solvent methods. TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 5th to 8th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Report upon the sample of 60’s carbolic acid (A). 2. Examine the sample of crude pyridine (B) offered to a tar by-products plant. 3. Report upon the sample of pitch (C). If time permits, write a short note on the connexion between the brittle point, softening or melting-point, and equi-viscous temperature of medium soft pitch. 4. Report upon the sample of fluid creosote (D), which is to be used as a raw material for the mdnufacture of a disinfecting fluid.Where the time factor prevents your performing all the proposed tests, refer in your report to those not completed. Branch C: Organic Chemistry, with special reference to Oils, Fats and Waxes. 2 to 5p.m. (FIVE questions only to be attempted.) 1. State what you know of the composition of the unsaponifiable matter in oils and fats. How is the unsaponifiable matter of importance technically, and as a means of detecting adulteration ? 2. What are the characteristic fatty acids of the following:-rape oil, ground nut oil, Japan wax, coconut oil, parsley seed oil, tung oil, castor oil? Give the constitutional formulae of the acids, and describe their properties. 3. How may (a)acetic anhydride, (b) bromine, (c) thiocyanogen, and (d) maleic anhydride be used in determining the constitution of an oil? Give an example in each case.4. Describe methods for the conversion of fatty alcohols into fatty acids, and of fatty acids into fatty alcohols. What use do the fatty alcohols find in industry? 267 5. Describe fully the conversion of crude cottonseed oil into (a)a soap-making oil, and (b) an edible oil. What by-products are obtained, and how are they utilised ? 6. Give an account of the various theories of saponification. 7. What is the constitution of lecithin, and what are its properties and commercial uses? How may vegetable lecithin be prepared? 8. How is crude wool grease obtained? What do you know of its chemical composition ? What commercial products are obtained from it, and how are they prepared? TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 5th to 8th APRIL, 10 a.m.to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Determine the amount of glycerin in the sample of recovered salt (A). 2. Prepare the crystalline bromine derivative from the sample of linseed oil (B) and report upon the quality of the oil. 3. Determine the amount of castor oil in admixture with another vegetable oil (C). 4. Examine the given sample of soap fatty acids (D) and suggest a fat charge for the preparation of a similar soap. 5. Analyse the sample of confectionery fat (E) and also test it for rancidity. Branch C: Organic Chemistry, with special reference to Paints and Varnishes (Theory only). 2 to 5 pm. (Answer Question 1 and FOUR othera.) 1. Write an essay on ONE of the following subjects:- (a)the surface chemistry of pigments; (b) cellulose esters and ethers as lacquers; (c) film defects and their connexion with methods of application.2. What do you understand by “monoglycerides,” and of what use are they in paint and varnish technology ? 3. Decide upon two physical attributes of varnish films and say 4. Discuss the terms ‘‘visco~ity,~~ how they could be measured. “consistency ” and “thixotropy ” by reference to paint materials. 5. 10 g. of a pigment are introduced into 50 C.C. of a white spirit solution of palmitic acid (C,,H,,COOH) containing 5 g. per litre. On shaking, the concentration drops to an equilibrium value of 3.3 g. perlitre. Assuming a monomolecular layer, each molecule of acid adsorbed occupying an area of 21 x 10-l6 sq.cm., calculate the mean particle size of the pigment, assuming it to consist of smooth spheres. What com- ment would you make upon the value of this figure when obtained? Avogadro’s No., i.e., the number of mols. per g. mol. = 6-06 x lozs. Density of pigment = 4.3. 6. W’hat are your views about the “ideal” coloured pigment for use in paint? Illustrate your answer on the basis of a coloured pigment of your own selection. Branch D : Biochemistry, with special reference to Pathological Chemistry. MONDAY, 28th MARCH, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FOUR questions only to be attempted.) 1. How would you make a quantitative examination of urine for its chief nitrogenous constituents ? 2.Give a description of the principles underlying the construction and use of the polarimeter. 3. Give the essential details for the preparation of two of the following :-(a) tryptophane from casein; (b) glycine from gelatin; (c) cystine from hair. 4. Write an essay on vitamin D, dealing with the subject both from the biological and chemical points of view. 5. What steps would you take to identify a pure culture of a bacterium ? 6. Discuss the scientific basis of the case for and against the pasteuri- sation of milk. 2 to 5 p.m. (FOUR questions only to be attempted.) 1. Give an account of the changes brought about in proteins by the action of putrefactive bacteria. 2. What factors play a part in regulating (a)the reaction of the blood; (b) the concentration of sugar in the blood? 3.Write a short essay on the theme that micro-organisms may become acclimatized to a changing environment. 4. Describe the methods in use for the estimation of oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood. 5. Give a description of methods in use for the investigation of the molecular constitution of polysaccharides. 6. Write a short essay on biological standardisation, illustrating your answer by suitable examples. TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 29th MARCH to 1st APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.each day. 1. Identify the substances (A), (B)and (C),which are of physiologicalimportance. (A = lithium acetylsalicylate; B = glutamic acid hydro-chloride; C = calcium lactate.) 2.Carry out a complete analysis of the sample of pathological urine 3. From the sample of meat provided, prepare a pure specimen of provided. creatine, and from the sample of hemp seed provided prepare a specimen of edestin. 4. Specimen (D) is an aqueous solution containing mannose and galactose. Demonstrate the presence of these two sugars by the isolation of at least one crystalline derivative of each of them. 269 Branch E: The Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs, and of Water. MONDAY, 4th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 11.30 a.m. 1. What is glucose syrup ? Give an outline of the process of manu- facture, its composition, and the method of its determination when present in confectionery. 2. Suggest a scheme for the separation of small quantities of copper, tin, lead and zinc, when present together in foodstdfs. 3.What amendments do you consider are desirable to the Food and Drugs Adulteration) Act, 1928? 11.30 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Only THREE questions to be attempted.) 1. Describe the pharmacological actions and therapeutic uses of morphine. Mention some synthetic derivatives of this alkaloid and indicate how their actions and uses differ from those of morphine. 2. Describe the diagnostic microscopical structures of the following powders:-(a) digitalis. leaf; (b) ergot; (c) ginger; (d) squill. 3. State the purposes for which the following drugs are used, and mention any special features relating to standards, preparation of the solution, or mode of administration:- (a) insulin; (b) neoarsphenamine; (c) strophanthin; (d) calcium gluconate.4. Write a short essay on the therapeutic uses of the essential oils and substances obtained from them. 2 to 5 p.m. 1. A sample of mud taken from the sea-shore within a mile of a sewage outfall is submitted for you to determine whether it is largely or solely of sewage origin. To what tests would you submit it ? Give reasons for your answers and state what, if any, further information you would require before giving a final opinion. 2. A lemonade powder is stated to contain tartaric and citric acids and is suspected of containing oxalic acid. Suggest methods for the detection and determination of all three acids.3. Give an account of the method of determination and of the value of the thiocyanogen number of oils. 4. Give a short account of the methods which have been suggested 6. Give a short account of the uses of ultra-violet light in the for the detection of heated milk. examination of food. 270 TUESDAY, 5th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 pm. Examine the sample of cream (A) as if it were submitted under the Food and Drugs (Adulteration) Act, 1928. Use the blank certificate provided for your report. (A = genuine cream diluted with water and containing formaldehyde.) WEDNESDAY, 6th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Examine and report upon the sample of zinc ointment (B). 2. Examine as far as time mill permit the sample of sulphur lozenges (C).THURSDAY, 7th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Examine the edible fat (D) and from your results indicate, as far as possible, the constituents present. (D = Various mixtures of coconut oil, palm kernel oil, lard and hardened whale oil.) FRIDAY, 8th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Examine and report upon the sample of honey (E). (E = Honey containing golden syrup and glucose syrup.) 2. Identify the two substances (F)and (G). (F = dextrose, lactose or maltose; (G = basic bismuth carbonate, or basic bismuth nitrate.) SATURDAY, 9th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Reports of microscopical examinations must be accompanied by annotated sketches . 1. Identify by microscopical examination the vegetable ingredients of the “asthma powder” (H).(H = stramonium, lobelia, anise, tea.) 2. Determine the reducing sugars and the urea in the Urine (J). 3. Identify the poison (K). (K = powdered Indian hemp.) Branch G : Industrial Chemistry. Paper taken by all Candidah in this Branch. MONDAY, 4th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FIVE questions only to be attempted.) 1. Give a brief account of the various ways in which coal may be utilised as a source of liquid fuels. Indicate in your answer any general advantages liquid fuels possess over solid fuels. 2. Describe any methods with which you are familiar for the auto- 3. In what directions in your own industry does “col1oid”or 4. Describe (a) plant for achieving the separation of liquids by matic measurement and regulation of temperature.“surface chemistry” play an important part 1 fractional distillation, paying special attention to reflux ratio ;(b) plantfor the extraction of a particular compound from a complex mixture by means of solvent extraction. 5. In your own industry indicate how the location of a works is determined by (a)the availability of your raw material; (b) any necessary subsidiary materials; (c) transport of substances under the heading of (a)or (b);and (d) markets. 27 1 6. There are in chemical industry to-day a number of substances referred to as “inhibitors.“ Discuss generally the behaviour of these materials in some specific case with which you are familiar. 7. You are asked to report on the suitability of a rail consignment of coal for steam-raising purposes.How would you proceed to obtain the necessary information ? 8. Describe any form of CO, recorder with which you are familiar. Discuss its value in controlling the combustion of fuels. What degree of accuracy would you expect to obtain from its use? Branch G: Industrial Chemistry, with special reference to the Manufacture of Cement. 2 to 5 p.m. 1. Discuss the chemical and physical characteristics of the raw materials which may be used in the manufacture of Portland cement, their proportioning in the raw mix, and the control of slurry composition. 2. Discuss the thermo-chemistry of cement formation, and the constitution of :-(a) Portland cement ; (b) aluminous cement. 3.Give a general account of the factors which control the hydration, setting and hardening of Portland cement. 4. Discuss the selection and preparation of aggregates, and the proportioning and testing of concrete mixtures. 5. Give an outline of the characteristics and applications of:- (a) oxychloride cements ; (b) blast furnace slag cements; (c) gypsum cements. TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 5th to 8th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Examine the samples of cement, sand and crushed stone, and report on their suitability for use in a concrete. 2. Examine the sample of water and report on its suitability for gaugmg. 3. Examine the samples of (a)clay; (b) limestone; (c) chalk, and report as to their suitability for the manufacture of Portland cement.Calculate proportions for a raw mix if you consider the materials suitable for use. 4. You are supplied with a sample of concrete, and samples of the aggregate used in making it. Identify the cement and determine the mix. Branch G: Industrial Chemistry, with special reference to the Chocolate, Cocoa and Confectionery Industry. MONDAY, 4th APRIL, 2 to 5 p.m. 1. Discuss the “viscosity” of chocolate, with particular reference to the effects of the various operations of manufacture on this property. By what means can it be modified ? Describe methods for its determination. 2. State what you know about the tannin substances of cocoa. How are these affected by fermentation of the beans and by the subsequent process of manufacture? 272 3.Describe, with practical illustrat,ions, the directions in which the pH value is of importance in the manufacture of confectionery. 4. Several grades of sugar (cane or beet) are used in the confectionery industry. Discuss their uses for various specific purposes. In selecting a white sugar for a specific purpose, are there any special features for which you would particularly examine samples ? Give explanations. 5. Mention the various confectionery products to the description of which local authorities have taken exception under the Food and Drugs (Adulteration) Act, 1928. Mention your own opinion of these cases. 6. Discuss the physical properties of gelatin gels in so far theyconcern the confectionery industry.TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 5th to 8th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each dag. 1. Determine the composition of the sample of boiled sweets. 2. Examine the two samples of liquorice, and state which you would recommend for the manufacture of liquorice goods. Give reasons for yourselection. 3. Report on the sample of condensed milk. 4. Examine the sample of chocolate for preservatives. Branch G: Industrial Chemistry, with special reference to Oils, Fats and Waxes. MONDAY, 4th APRIL, 2 to 5 p.m., and TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 6th to 8th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Papers as for Branch C. Organic Chemistry (pp. 266-267.) Branch G: Industrial Chemistry, with special reference to Coal Tar and Ammonia Technology. MONDAY, 4th APRIL, 2 to 5 p.m., and TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 5th to 8th APRIL, 10 a.m.to 5 p.m. Papers asfor Branch C. Organic Chemistry (pp. 265-266). Branch G : Industrial Chemistry, with special reference to Paper Manufacture. MONDAY, 4th APRIL, 2 to 5 p.m. (ALL questions to be answered.) 1. U7hatis the usual fibrous composition of a condenser tissue, and what precautions would you take during manufacture? State the teat in detail that you would employ in order to determine whether the paper would fulfil the required functions. 2. State, in your opinion, the amount of water required per ton of paper for:- (u) pure rag writings; (b) Esparto book papers; (c) wood papers. On the assumption that a mill is dependent on river and surface springs for its water supply, state the general types of vegetable and other forms of growths usually found therein.What purification system would you employ ? State the importance of hydrogen ion concentration in such treatment. 273 3. Describe in detail the system employed in a modern Esparto mill. What system of washing would you recommend for removal of the water soluble constituents ? State the proportion of alkali you recommend per ton of grass. What recent improvements have been claimed in the ‘‘Rinman Process” for the treatment and recovery of the caustic liquors? Give a short account of the by-products obtained. 4. What is meant by “net calorific value” of a fuel? You are asked by the engineer to test the efficiency of his boiler plant, using tw’o qualities of coal.Describe in detail the tests you would make and the alterations based on these tests to be made in practice to attain maximum efficiency. TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 5th to 8th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. each day. 1. Identify and determine quantitatively the sizing constituents in the sample of paper marked “A.” 2. Make a microscopical examination of the following:- (a) Paper marked “ B. ’’ (b) Samples of fabric marked ‘‘1’’ and “2” respectively. State your opinion of the compositions, and their application for paper-mking purposes. 3. Make a chemical examination of the chemical wood pulps marked “A” and “B” respectively. Which sample would you select as a basis for papers of reasonable permanence ? Give your reasons.4. Determine quantitatively the amount of the adhesive, anh make an analysis of the inorganic pigment in the coating surface of the board marked “L.” EXAMINATION THE ASSOCIATESHIPFOR IN GENERAL CHEMISTRY. INORGANIC AND PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY.-h the first paper, most of the candidates were able to attempt the required five questions, but the answers were in many cases rather weak and did not exhibit the standard of knowledge required for this examination. It was gratifying to note that a good many candidates dealt successfully with the question on the theory and origin of molecular spectra. This indicates that they were keeping in touch with modern developments. In the second paper it may be mentioned that the answers to Question 6 consisted in many cases of a catalogue of experimental details without any discussion of “the use of organic compounds in the separation and estimation of metals.” Excellent answers were returned to the question dealing with valency, but the answers to the question on Nernst’s heat theory were disappointing.The practical work was very satisfactory, the quantitative work being exceptionally well done. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY.-There were many disappointing answers suggesting a very limited acquaintance with the reactions of important compounds. Some candidates sought to mask 274 their ignorance of fundamental knowledge by a display of their ability to write out detailed stages of syntheses. Many of the answers to the question dealing with the reduction of a typical aromatic nitro-compound were inadequate or inaccurate.The question asking for a short account of optical activity due to restricted rotation was attempted by only a few candidates, and their answers were of rather poor quality. Except in the case of a few candidates, the practical organic work was well done. Translation.-An improvement was shown in the general standard. EXAMINATIONSTHE FELLOWSHIP.FOR BRANCHE. The Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs, and of Water. The purely analytical work was well done, but several candidates apparently carried out the determinations without clear ideas as to their purport. Candidates should again be warned that manipulative skill is not sufficient, that a good general knowledge concerning the composition of foods and the interpretation of results is essential, and that they are expected to be reasonably familiar with the methods of making official and other reports.In therapeutics and pharmacology there appears to bea tendency on the part of some candidates to be satisfied with a very superficial knowledge of the principal facts relating to a limited number of drugs. The microscopical work was, on the whole, good. BRANCHG. Industrial Chemistry. The knowledge of general chemical technology shown was not as good as in former years. PASS LIST. Examination in General Chemistry for the Associateship. Archer, Frederick Stanley, City Technical College, Liverpool. Billingham, Albert, Central Technical College, Birmingham.Brownlee, George White, Ph.C., Royal Technical College, Glasgow ; and City Technical College, Liverpool. Carter, Horace George Charles, University College, London. Cunliffe, William, B.Sc. (Lond.), Wigan and District Mining and Technical College.Edmondson, Albert Norman, Harris Institute, Preston. Ford, Harold, City Technical College, Liverpool. Forrester, Robert Eric, City Technical College, Liverpool. Goodrick, Cecil Edward Maurice, B.Sc. (Lond.), Birkbeck College, London. 275 Greig, Edwin Ian, Ph.C., Royal Technical College, Glaegow; and CityTechnical College, Liverpool. Hunter, William, B.Sc. (Lond.), Rutherford Technical College, Newcastle upon Tyne. Jacobs, John Martin, The Polytechnic, Regent Street, London.Jacobs, Stanley, BSc. (Lond.), Sir John Cass Technical Institute, London. Jones, Hilary Arthur, City Technical College, Liverpool. Jonee, Robert Andrew, B.Sc. (Lond.), Sir John Cass Technical Institute, London. Lambert, Ernest William, M.A. (Cantab.), M.Sc. (Lond.), The University, Cambridge.Lowe, Robert Cecil Holgate, BSc. (Lond.), A.M.C.T., College of Technology Manchester. Marshall, Alan Thompson, B.Sc. (Lond.), West Ham Municipal College; and Sir John Cass Technical Institute, London. Matthews, Charles William, City Technical College, Liverpool. Morris, George Oswald, City Technical College, Liverpool. Pallister, Miss Sylvia, B.Sc. (Lond.), University College, Hull. Porter, Geoffrey Veale, B.Sc. (Lond.), Birkbeck College, London.Read, Dennis Rouse, The Polytechnic, Regent Street, London. Reeson, William Bateman, A.M.C.T., College of Technology, Manchester and Municipal College, Portsmouth. Roberts, Douglas Keir, City Technical College, Liverpool. Roberts, Frank Wilson, City Technical College, Liverpool. Rumens, Murray James, Sir John Cass Technical Institute; and Chelsea Polytechnic, London. Wilkinson, Peter Alfred, The Polytechnic, Regent Street, London. Williams, Edmund Gardner, B.A. (Cantab.), The University, Cambridge; and City Technical College, Liverpool. Wood, Frank, Municipal Technical College, Hull. Young, William Hamilton, King’s College; and Battersea Polytechnic, London. Examinations for the Pellowship. In Branch B; Physical Chemistry: Cuthill, Ronald, Ph.D.(Leeds). In Branch C: Organic Chemistry, with special reference to Oils, Fata and Waxes: Emlyn, James Alan. In Branch E: The Chemistry, including M~CTOSCO~~, of Food and Drugs, and of Water: Cavell, Alan James, M.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C. Perry, Miss Hilda Mary, M.Sc. (Lond.). Read, Frederick Edward, B.Sc. (Lond.), B. Pharm., Ph.C. Vale, Alan Leslie, B.Sc. (Lond.). In Branch Q: Industrial Chemistry, (i) with special reference to Chocokcte, Cocoa and Confectionery: Morris, Richard William, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.C.G.F.C., D.I.C. (ii) with special reference to Coal Tar and Ammonia Technology: Perkins, George, B.Sc. (Lond.). (iii) with special reference to Paper: Currie, Henry Thomas. (iv) with special reference to Cement: Colegrave, Edward Barnard, B.Sc.(Lond.). 276 Notes. The British Association for the Advancement of Science,-( Cambridge :17thto 24thAugust) .-The President of the Chemistry Section-Professor C. S. Gibson, F.RS.,-proposes to review the recent advances that have been made in the chemistry of gold. This will be followed by a discussion on recent advances in the organic chemistry of the metals, with special reference to the noble metals. Attention will be directed mainly to the electronic and stereochemical aspects of the subject. Professor Gibson, with the co-operation of Dr. F. G. Mann, Mr. H. V. Thompson and Dr. F. H. Brain, will give a demonstra-tion on the production and application of gold films by ancient and modem methods. The processes employed in the ceramic industry and methods depending on the decomposition of organic compounds of gold will be demonstrated.Dr. J. J. Fox, Chief Government Chemist, will open a discus- sion on modern methods of chemical analysis, including physical and microchemical methods. Professor W. L. Bragg will open a discussion on “Clays,” dealing with the atomic architecture of clay and clay-like minerals, with base exchange, the absorption and yielding up of water, and the behaviour of clays in soils. Professor E. C. Dodds and Professor J. W. Cook are arranging a symposium entitled “Repercussions of synthetic organic chemistry on biology and medicine.” Recent work on the production of new compounds having the biological action of the sex hormones, will be described, and Dr.A. S. Parkes will deal with some of their biological inter-relationships. Professor Cook will describe synthetic compounds which are able to induce cancer; Professor Reichstein, new compounds having the physio- logical action of the life-maintenance hormone of the adrenal cortex; and Dr. A. R. Todd, the synthesis of vitamin B, and analogous compounds. By the courtesy of Professor Sir William Pope, a visit will be paid to the University Chemical Laboratories, and by the courtesy of Professor Sir F. Gowland Hopkins, to the Depart- ments of Biochemistry and Biology, and to the Molten0 Institute. Visits will also be made to the Cambridge Instrument Co., and to Stewarts’ and Lloyds’ Steel Works, at Corby. The sectional dinner will be held in Sidney Sussex College, by kind permission of the Master and Fellows.The 7th International Management Congress.-Con-siderable progress has been made in the arrangements for the 7th International Management Congress which will be held at Washington, D.C., from 19th to 23rd September next. The Congress is held to discuss the latest advances in In- dustrial Management :-the organisation of men, machinery, materials and money, and the social and economical significance of management practice. The importance of the subject is realised by those who feel that there is an insufficient supply of trained men and women fitted to assume positions of responsibility, and that the question of education and training for the higher posts in business and industry is practically ignored from the time the student begins his vocational training to the day when he succeeds to a position of responsibility.The Development Committee of the British Management Council-on which the Institute is represented by Mr. W. A. S. Calder, Vice-president ,-is giving serious consideration to these problems, in the solution of which they look for the co-operation of the Constituent Bodies. Fellows and Associates who are concerned with, or aspire to administrative management, may find it advantageous to have regard to the proceedings of the forthcoming Cong-ess which will include not only sessions dealing with‘ administration, production, distribution, personnel, etc., but also social functions, tours and visits.Already nearly IOO representatives have notified their intention of participating. The Council will be glad if any Fellow or Associate of the Institute who intends to participate in the Congress will notify the Registrar. The minimum all-inclusive cost of attending the Congress varies between LIOO and E150 according to the number of tours made, and the accommodation taken for the Atlantic crossing. Further information can be obtained from Mr. U. Baliol Scott, British Management Council, Room 68, Armour House, St. Martins-le-Grand, London, E.C.I. 278 National Defence Contribution.-A number of enquiries have been received regarding the liability of professional chemical consultants to the National Defence Contribution under the terms of Section 19(3) of the Finance Act, 1937. The clause provides as follows:- “The carrying on of a profession by an individual or by individuals in partnership shall not be deemed to be the carrying on of a trade or business to which this section applies if the profits of the profession are dependent, wholly or mainly, on his or their personal qualifications.Provided that for the purpose of this subsection the expression “profession” does not include any business consisting wholly or mainly in the making of contracts on behalf of other persons or the giving to other persons of advice of a commercial nature in connection with the making of contracts.” Information has been obtained from the Board of Inland Revenue “that the question whether the profits of a business carried on by Fellows of your Institute in practice as public analysts and consulting chemists, metallurgists and assayers are chargeable to the National Defence Contribution is one which can be determined only by reference to the facts of the particular case, and after consideration of the applicability to that case of the terms of 19 (3) of the Finance Act, and of the proviso thereto.” Subject to this, the Board apprehend that such businesses will not in general be found to be liable to be assessed to the Contribution.An appeal against an assessment to National Defence Contri- bution may be made either to the General Commissioners or to the Special Commissioners of Inland Revenue.Under clause 4 of the regulations made by the Commissioners of Inland Revenue (5th August, 1g37), notice of appeal must be given within thirty days of the date of service of the notice of assessment or within such further time as the Commissioners of Inland Revenue may allow. On giving notice of such appeal, the grounds on which it is made should be specified, and it should be stated whether it is desired that the appeal be heard by the General Com- missioners or the Special Commissioners. SCIENCE IN PARLIAMENT. Smoke PoZZution.-On the 1st March, in the House of Com- mons, a question was asked whether it was proposed to take any steps to enable the localities affected to benefit from the report or observations contained in the zand report of the 279 Department of Scientific and Industrial Research on the investi- gation of atmospheric pollution, and what was the policy of the Ministry of Health on the problem.The Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry stated that copies of the report had been sent to the local authorities of the areas concerned and other bodies co-operating in obtaining the records included in the report. The policy of the Ministry was to encourage local authorities to exercise their statutory functions under the smoke prevention provisions of the Public Health Act, 1936. The main difficulty in the way of effective action was lack of knowledge of practicable means of prevention, and investigations into various aspects of the problem were being carried out by the Government, by local authorities, and by industry.The Ministry was always prepared to assist local authorities and industrialists in particular difficulties. Water SzcpPZy (Tests).-On 10th March, Mr. Alan E. L. Chorlton asked the Minister of Health whether he was able to give an indication of what he proposed to do with regard to standardising the tests necessary for public water supply, whether by company or local authority. The Minister replied that he hoped shortly to issue a circular to local authorities on the question of safeguarding water supplies. Mr. Chorlton then asked the Minister whether, in the development of the scheme of regional committees for water supply, he would bear in mind that they might be able to provide from their collective organisation the necessary testing inspectors for dealing with the supply for the whole country, and make provision accordingly.The Minister stated that it was his policy to encourage the making of joint arrangements between water undertakings for the analytical examination of water supplies, and he would bear Mr. Chorlton’s suggestion in mind. Food and Drzgs BiZL-On the 17th March, in the House of Lords, the Government Bill to consolidate, with amendments, certain enactments with regard to food, drugs, markets, slaughter- houses, and knackers’ yards, was read for the first time, and on the 24th March, passed the second reading. It was sent to a Joint Committee of both Houses.On 5th April, in the House of Lords, the Earl of Onslow, the Earl of Birkenhead, Lord Teynham, the Earl of Listowel, Lord O’Hagan, Lord Addington and Lord Doverdale were appointed, 280 with a Committee of the House of Commons, to consider the Bill; and on 12th April, in the House of Commons, Messrs. R. H. Bernays and J. A. L. Duncan, Sir Francis Fremantle, Major G. Owen, Messrs. R. Richards, G. Ridley and H. G. Williams were appointed to the Committee. The Committee received evidence from members of the Institute and other persons, and made various alterations. It completed its work, and on 18th May the Bill was ordered to be reported, with the amendments, to the House of Lords and to the House of Commons.Air-Riaid Preca.utiouts.-On the 24th March, questions were raised on precautions against incendiary attacks from the air, and also on the subject of the clothing prescribed for decon- tamination squads. Lieut .-Col. Moore-Brabazon asked the Home Secretary whether he was aware that the approved pattern was in seven pieces instead of one, as in the French pattern, leaving the most vital parts of the body liable to attack, because there were ventilators under the arms, and the upper part was intended to be tucked into the breeches. Following contamina- tion, a man could not remove one of these suits without extran- eous assistance, because of its many buttons and hooks. The Under Secretary said that the approved decontamination clothing for Air Raid Precautions Fire Services consisted of jacket, trousers, hood and gloves, in addition to boots and respirator.According to his information, the French outfit was similar except that the hood was attached to the jacket, and in one model sabots were attached to the trousers. The jacket, which was of a pattern used for other purposes in time of peace, had ventilation hoods under the arms, but these could be closed with gas-proof patching in time of war. It could be worn alternatively inside or outside the trousers to meet the risks of vapour or splashing. Assist-ance was necessary in removing the suit, and that was a normal part of the routine, The total number of buttons was 10. There were no hooks. Additional designs of protective clothing were under consideration. Headmistresses' Employment Committee, Ministry of Labour.-The Headmistresses' Employment Committee of the Ministry of Labour has recently conducted an enquiry into laboratory employment for women.A questionnaire was sent to girls who, having left secondary 281 schools, had been placed in laboratory work by the Committee during the last few years; to a number of firms known to employ women on their laboratory staffs, and to all women Fellows and Associates of the Institute-numbering about zoo. Details are given in the Report which show salaries and prospects of the qualified and unqualified women chemists, and the opinions of the employers. A limited number of copies of the full Report is available at the Institute, and the conclusions reached as the result of the enquiry are stated as follows:- The salary prospects of unqualified girls are poor.Candidates who do not obtain a degree or similar quali- fications are limited to junior and routine work. A degree is an essential qualification for a responsible post. The majority of matriculants in commercial firms find great difficulty in obtaining a degree by means of evening study. Candidates at the Inter BSc. stage, experience less difficulty, and most of them are able to qualify. Candidates who are employed in school laboratories find their conditions of employment permit them to study for a degree with good prospects of success. Employers express some preference for men for research work and positions of responsibility, but many prefer women for junior and routine work.The salary of qualified women (excluding teachers) is not generous, having regard to their length of training and type of qualifications. In considering the suitability of laboratory work for secondary schoolgirls in the light of the points summarised above, the general conclusion has been reached that this employment only offers prospects to girls whose physical stamina and powers of mental application are sufficiently good to enable them to obtain a degree by means of evening study. Such girls have fair prospects of obtaining work which affords them interest, but although the work is skilled, it is often of a routine nature.The Committee expresses the hope that the present prejudice against women will decline in the course of years, as it has done in other professions, and the opinion that suitable girls should 282 not be discouraged from training for scientific work because of reluctance to compete for positions hitherto held by men. The suggestion is made that girls who lack physical stamina and good mental ability should be advised to seek other employ- ment where the remuneration is better and prospects of advance- ment are not dependent on intensive evening study. Silicosis.-On the recommendation of the Council of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, the Gold Medal of the Consolidated Gold Fields of South Africa, Ltd.has been awarded to Professor H. V. A. Briscoe, Member of the Council of the Insti- tute, in recognition of his researches on the sampling and properties of industrial dusts; and a premium of forty guineas has been awarded conjointly to Dr. Janet W. Matthews, Fellow, Mr. P. F. Holt, Associate, and Miss Phyllis M. Sanderson, in recognition of their association in the work, which it will be recalled was that undertaken by Mrs. Matthews as Pedler Scholar of the Institute (1933-36) Professor Arthur Smithel1s.-A presentation in the form of a set of silver beakers, suitably inscribed, has been made to Professor Arthur Smithells, C.B.E. , F.R.S., Past President, by the Fellows of the Salters’ Institute of Industrial Chemistry, as a mark of their gratitude and affection and to commemorate his term of office as Director of the Institute from 1923 to 1937.Passports.-The signatures of Fellows and Associates of the Institute are accepted by the Chief Passport Officer in verification of passport applications. 283 Obituary. WILLIAM ARCHIBALD ANDREWSdied at Bristol, on 28th April, in his 48th year. Educated at Rugeley and Stafford Grammar Schools, and Saltley College, he studied science at Stafford Technical School, Saltley Training College, and the University of Birmingham, and graduated B.Sc. in 1914. During the latter part of his training at Birmingham, he was demonstrator for a year in the Physical Department. From 1914 to 1916, he was a teacher of chemistry in Carmarthen Grammar School. From 1916 to 1918 he was attached to the Royal Flying Corps, at first aa despatch rider, but later as wireless operator and observer.In 1917, he and another officer occupied the first aeroplane to cross the German lines carrying wireless. They were congratulated on the field and promoted to the rank of captain. He became second-in-command of an inspection section of the Wireless Experimental Establishment, pursued research on wireless telegraphy and telephony, and invented a mica diaphragmmicrophone for use in aeroplanes, which was generally adopted. In July, 1918, he was in charge of the inspection of Air Force Wireless Apparatus at Woolwich. He was a member of the Institute of Radio Engineers, a keen radio enthusiast, and originated the successful wireless classes in Bristol, where he delivered lectures for several years. In 1919, he held an appointment in the Technical College, Cardif€, and in 1920 was appointed Superintendent of Merchant Venturers’ Technical College and Head of the Department of Chemistry in the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Bristol, which posts he held at the time of his death.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1919. The Institute was represented at the funeral by Mr. Arthur Marsden. JOHNHARRY HALE-WHITE,who died at Cannes on the 16th April, in his 79th year, was the second son of William Hale-White (Mark Ruther- ford, philosophical writer and novelist) and brother of Sir William Hale- White, physician, author of the well-known textbook on therapeutics.J.H. Hale-White was educated at King’s College School, and having matriculated, proceeded to Guy’s Hospital, with the intention of following medicine. He studied chemistry under Debus and Stevenson for a year, and then having determined to change his career, entered the Royal School of Mines in 1879, where he worked under Edward Frankland and gained the diploma of A.R.S.M. in 1882. Shortly afterwards, he joined the staff at the Blaina Furnaces Co., Ltd., Monmouthshire, and two years later was appointed analyst and Siemens Furnace manager to the New British Iron Co. at Cradley Heath, Stafford- shire. He held that appointment for only a short time, however, and joined the Derwent Iron and Steel Works of Charles Cammell & Co.Ltd., Workington, where he became chief chemist in 1886. He extended his experience in metallurgy and engineering in Russia and Spain, and, in 1912, became General Manager to the Chilian and Argentine Transandine Railways. From 1923 he was managing director of the joint administration of both sections, but, two years later, was obliged to retire owing to ill-health and returned to England. In 1926, he was appointed a Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire for his services in connection with the visit of the Prince of Wales to South America in the previous year. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1896. 284 JAGOWILLIAM died at Hove on 28th March, in his 85th year. Born at Marazion, Cornwall, he was educated at Truro School, and, intending to follow the profession of a mining engineer, spent several years with Messrs.Harvey & Co., of Hayle, while studying practical mineralogy and chemistry with Mr. J. H. Collins. In 1875, however, he proceeded to the Royal College of Chemistry, and the Royal School of Mines, where he worked under Edward Frankland and Guthrie, and then obtained an appointment as head science master at the Brighton School of Science and Art. He held a similar position at Brighton College and, later, established a practice as an analytical and consulting chemist, in which he devoted special attention to the chemistry of wheat, flour and bread. He acted as jurorat International Exhibitions held in Paris (1900), Brussels (1910), and Turin (1911).His published works include textbooks on elementaryand advanced Inorganic Chemistry; a comprehensive volume on the Chemistry of Wheat, Flour and Bread, and jointly with his son, William Claude Jago, the Technology of Bread-making. In 1933, notwithstanding his advanced age, he contrimted to the Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry a symposium on The Nutritive Value of Bread.” In 1904 he was called to the Bar, and in 1909 published a treatise on Forensic Chemistry and Chemical Evidence. He was a consultative examiner on Bread-making to the City and Guilds of London Institute and scientific and technical director of Clark’s Bread, Ltd. During the War he was chairman of the Hove Food Control Committee and the Municipal Kitchen Committee, and, in 1922, having taken an active part in municipal affairs in Hove for over 24 years, was elected to fill the office of Mayor, which he held until 1925.He was elected a Justice of the Peace in the following year. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1878, and a Fellow in 1884, and was one of the pre-Charter Fellows to whom the Frankland Medal was awarded in 1935. At his funeral the Institute was represented by Dr. D. W. Kent-Jones. ART-PEARSONLUFF died at Essington Priors, Limpsfield, Surrey, at the age of 82. Dr. Luff was an Original Member of the Institute, having been elected an Associate in December, 1877. Educated at Western Grammar School, he studied for two years at the School of the Pharmaceutical Society, and one year at the Royal College of Chemistry, before he became demon- strator in chemistry at St.Mary’s Hospital under Dr. C. R. Alder Wright. He graduated B.Sc. (Lond.), and for a few years he conducted a practice in analytical chemistry in the Marylebone Road, but he, eventually, turned to medicine, taking his professional training at St. Mary’s Hospital, and, in due course, became M.D. (Lond.) and F.R.C.P. He was a Gold Medallist of the Society of Apothecaries and Pereira Medallist of the Pharmaceutical Society. In 1897 he was Goulstonian lecturer in the Royal College of Physicians, and later he was examiner to the University of London, the Conjoint Board of the Royal Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons, and the Victoria University.From 1901 to 1905, he was examiner for the Institute in therapeutics, pharmacology and microscopy. He was for several years one of the official analysts to the Home Office. During the War, he served in the R.A.M.C. (T.F.), was gazetted brevet lieutenant-colonel, mentioned in despatches, and appointed a Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (C.B.E.).In his medical practice he was a specialist on gout, rheumatism, and rheumatoid arthritis. In 1923 he was a member of the Departmental Committee on the Use of Preservations and Colouring Matter in Food, appointed by the Minister of Health. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1880. 285 HUGHRAMAGE,who died at Carrow Hill, Norwich, on 18th April,in his 74th year, received his early training in chemistry at the Mechanics Institution and in the laboratory of the London and North Western Railway Company at Crewe, under the late Mr.Joseph Reddrop, Fellow. In 1886, on gaining a Royal -Exhibition, he proceeded to the Royal Colleke of Science, Dublin, where he studied for three years under Professor-later Sir-Walter Noel- Hartley, gaining the Associateship of the College(A.R.C.Sc.1.). He rejoined the staff at Crewe for a short time, during which, in collaboration with Reddrop, he worked out the sodium bismuthate method of estimating manganese in steel and, in 1891, returned to Dublin as chief assistant to Hartley and took up spectroscopic research, which he subsequently continued under Liveing at Cambridge, where he received the degree of M.A.Later, he was appointed Principal of the Norwich Municipal Technical Institute and Director of Technical Education at Norwich, which position he held for 26 years, until his retirement in 1930. He was an active worker for the British Association, served on several committees, and read a number of papers at its annual meetings. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1889, and a Fellow in 1893. At his funeral, the East Anglian Section of the Institute was repre- sented by Mrs. Corran and Mr. A. G. J. Lipscomb. GILESHADDEN died at Golders Green Crescent, London, WELSFORD on the 22nd May, in his 56th year. Educated at Blackheath School, he obtained his scientific training at the Central Technical College, South Kensington, where he gained a ht class certificate.After nine months’ experience as assistant chemist to Henry Faija & Co., Cement Consulting Chemists, Westminster, he was appointed in 1904 to the staff of the Royal Gunpowder Factory, Waltham Abbey, where he remained until 1912. He nest held a position with Messrs. Major & Co., Tar Distillers, Hull, until the outbreak of war, when he was granted a commission with the East Yorkshire Regiment, served in France, was wounded and lost his right arm in 1916. In the following year he was appointed an Assistant Inspector of High Explosives, Woolwich Arsenal. He retired from the army in 1919 with the rank of Major, and became technical assistant to the Ordnance Inspector of Depots under the Director of Armament Supply, Admiralty.In 1921, he was appointed to the staff of the Chemical Defence Research Department, in which he became one of the senior scientific officers, the position which he held at the time of his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1918. 286 Books and their Contents. The following books have been kindly presented by the authors and publishers and may be seen in the Library of the Institute :-“Agricultural Analysis : a Handbook of Methods excluding those for Soils.” C. Harold Wright. Pp. x + 344. (London: T. Murby & Co.) 15s. net. Preparation of the sample; nitrogenous fertilisers ;phosphatic fertilisers ; phosphate rock ; potassic fertilisers; lime and limestone; organicconstituents of feeding stuffs; mineral constituents of feeding stuffs ; milk; milk products ; insecticides and fungicides; solutions for volumetric analysis.Appendixes: international atomic weights ; gravi-metric factors and their logarithms; volumetric factors and their logarithms. Index of authors and subjects. ‘‘ Chemical Industry, British : Its Rise and Development. ” Sir Gilbert T. Morgan, O.B.E., F.R.S. and David Doig Pratt. Pp. xii + 388. (London: Edward Arnold & Co.). 21s. net. Salt ; sulphur ; sand, clay and limestone ; industrial gases ; selected metallurgical processes ; borax and phosphate; paints and pigments ; oils, fats and waxes; cellulose; coal; oil shale and petroleum; explosives; dyestuffs and intermediates ; plastics and rubber; industrial solvents; fine chemicals; epilogue; index.“Chemistry for Engineering Students.” R. Hum. Foreword by J. W. Mellor. Pp. x + 832. (London: Charles Griffin & Co., Ltd.). 15s. net. Combustion of fuel, the rusting of iron, composition of air, the con- servation of matter; water, steam, ice, solubility, crystals, etc. ;hydrogenand water; coal, graphite, other forms of carbon, carbon dioxide; characteristics of metals-compounds and mixtures ; the expansion and solubility of gases ;the laws of chemistry-atomic theory ;determination of molecular and atomic weights ;formulae and equations-calculations of quantities-reversible reactions; thermochemistry-producer gas-carbon monoxide-analysis of flue gas, etc.; hydrochloric acid-the nature of acids-volumetric analysis-chlorine and its oxy-compounds, etc. ; bromine, iodine and fluorine; oxidation and reduction-ozone and hydrogen peroxide-Le Chatelier’s principle ; sulphur and its com-pounds-catalysis ; nitrogen and its compounds with hydrogen and oxygen; fixation of nitrogen-coal gas-flames-liquefaction and 287 refrigeration-the phase rule ; the ionic theory-osmotic pressure-electric cells; extraction, corrosion and protection of metals---electro-plating-structure of alloys ; manufacture of iron and steel-structure of steel-chemical properties of iron ; copper, silver and gold-the colloidal state ; lead-tin-accumulators ; zinc, cadmium, mercury,magnesium, calcium-hardness of water ; alkali ; sodium: potassium- periodic system-atomic structure ; phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, bismuth; silicon compounds-refractories-glass-titanium, etc.-electric furnace products ; organic chemistry, aluminium, boron, beryl- lium-abrasives ;chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, uranium, mangan- ese, nickel, cobalt, platinum ; answers to numerical questions; table of atomic weights; index.The general standard of this work is that of the Chemistry of the Intermediate Examination for the London B.Sc. in Engineer- ing, covering at the same time the requirements of the pure chemistry questions set in the Associate membership examinations of the Institutions of Civil, Mechanical and Electrical Engineers.The requirements of the Civil Service examinations for Customs and Excise, Executive Group and Assistant Examinerships at the Patent Office have also been kept in view, as well as the examinations for London County Council Clerkships. The mode of approach to the subject adopted by the author is necessarily somewhat different from that of the usual type of book written for chemistry students as such, substances being dealt with as a means to an end rather than as a final study in themselves. Chemical theory is by no means neglected, how- ever, but it is interwoven so well with the facts of chemistry that the result is a very readable as well as informative production. The subject matter is so arranged, and the method of treatment such, that the impression gained is one of steady, natural and smooth development, rather than development by a series of disconnected stages, as is too often the case in elementary text books.The emphasis is upon phenomena which the engineer meets with in his every-day life, or which he can readily compre- hend from his general knowledge, the underlying theory then being introduced for a definite purpose which is quite unmistak- able. In this way, what is often regarded by the beginner as artificial and, therefore, burdensome is clearly shown to be the essential part of chemistry which it is. What is so refreshing to find is that the book embraces, almost without one becoming aware of the fact, thoseaspects of the subject which it is customary to place in separate “theory” compartments, such as chemical equilibrium, electrolytic dissociation, the phase rule, etc.At the same time, the treatment of these and other relevant branches of physical chemistry is quite adequate. In the preparation of a work of this kind, one of the chief problems is what to include and what to omit. In this respect, the author has chosen wisely and has achieved a good balance between the practical, theoretical and industrial. In addition to the material obviously essential to such a book, room has been found for sections on gas analysis and volumetric analysis. A brief account of atomic structure is given, but, remembering the persons for whom the book is primarily intended, the author has wisely tempered justice to the subject with mercy to the reader.There is a chapter on organic chemistry which deals, in addition to the hydrocarbons, with industrial alcohols, cellulose products, plastics and soap. Though necessarily somewhat brief, this chapter falls quite naturally into the position assigned to it. Amongst the many other topics of special interest to the engineer, which are included at the appropriate points, are corrosion and protection of metals, electro-plating, structure of alloys, cements, conditioning of boiler feed water, refractories, electric furnaces and their products, and abrasives. The book contains 171illustrations, which are chiefly diagram- matic in character, and which afford a pleasant contrast to the representations of antiquated chemical plant which we have become rather accustomed to associate with elementary text- books of chemistry.This book should go a long way in reminding students and teachers alike that, as the late Dr. Mellor pointed out in the Foreword, the prime object of a text-book of chemistry is to recount facts, not to play with them.-H. W. C. “Copper Pipe-line Services inBuilding.” Pp. 116.(London : Copper Development Association.) Copper tubes; jointing methods for light gauge copper tubes; bending copper tubes; copper tube fitting; cold water services; hot water supply; heating installations; sanitation; gas fitting; copper electrical conduit; index. “Crystal Chemistry. ” Charles W. Stillwell. International Chemical Series; edited by James F.Norris. Pp. x + 432. (London : McGraw Publishing Company, Ltd.) 25s. net. The sizes of atoms and ions; the structures and properties of the elements; the metallic state; the nature of alloys; the structures of binary corn- pounds; the properties of binary compounds; the structures of the silicates; the structures of Werner compounds ; isomorphism, mixed crystals, polymorphism; the structures of organic crystals; natural fibres; synthetic fibres. Appendix. Index. 289 “Combustion, Flames and Explosions of Gases.” Bernard Lewis and Guenther von Elbe. (Cambridge Series of Physical Chemistry. Edited by E. K. Rideal.) Pp. xiv + 416. (Cambridge: The University Press.) 21s. net. Chemistry and kinetics of the reactions between fuel gases and oxygen: theoretical foundations ; the reaction between hydrogen and oxygen ; the reaction between carbon monoxide and oxygen; the reaction between hydrocarbons and oxygen; emission spectra and ionisation in the flame front; the problem of ignition by sparks.Propagation of flames: limits of self-propagation of flames (limits of idammability) ; the recording of flame movement and pressure development ; spherical flames ; the influence of vessel shape and gas motion on flame propagation; stationary flames; theory of the burning velocity ; diffusion flames; detonation; flames in electric fields. State of the burnt gas: thermo- dynamic functions of gases from band spectroscopy; explosions in spherical vessels with central ignition ; freely expanding spherical flames; temperature and radiation of the burnt gas. Problems in technical combustion processes : industrial heating ;internal combustion engines;data for thermochemical calculations ;limits of inflammability ; flame temperatures.“Geological Survey of Great Britain, the First Hundred Years of.” Sir John Smith Flett. Pp. 280 and inset plate. (London: His Majesty’s Stationery Office.) 7s. 6d. net. Antecedents; the Geological Survey under-Sir Henry Thomas De la Beche; Sir Roderick Impey Murchison; Sir Andrew Crombie Ramsay; Sir Archibald Geikie; Sir Jethro Justinian Harris Teall; Sir Aubrey Strahan; Sir John Smith Flett. Ceremonial Opening of the new Museum by H.R.H. The Duke of York; celebration of the centenary of the Geological Survey of Great Britain; list of delegates and overseas guests at the ceremonies; staff list; biblio- graphy ; illustrations.11 Inorganic Chemistry, Modern Aspects of.” H. J. Emelkus and J. S. Anderson. Pp. xii + 536. (London: George Routledge & Sons, Ltd.). 25s. net. Atomic structure and the periodic system; atomic weights and isotopes; structure of molecules of inorganic compounds ;co-ordination compounds and inorganic stereochemistry ;co-ordination compounds and inorganic stereochemistry ;poly-acids and silicates ; hydrogen and the hydrides; free radicals of short life ; non-metallic oxides and related substances ; recent chemistry of the non-metals ; peroxides and per-acids ; recent chemistry of the metals ;metallic carbonyls, nitrosyls, and related corn- pounds; intermetallic and interstitial compounds ;reactions in liquidammonia and liquid sulphur dioxide; radioactivity and atomic dis-integration.“Matter, The Fine Structure of.” The Bearing of Recent Work on Crystal Structure, Polarisation and Line Spectra. Vol I1 of a Comprehensive Treatise of Atomic and Molecular Structure -Part 111: The Quantum Theory and Line Spectra. C. H. Douglas Clark. Pp. vii-xxxvi ; 459-644; xvii-lxii. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 15s.net. 290 Part I: X-rays and structure of matter; space-lattices and X-rays; the crystal structure of elements; the crystal structure of inorganiccompounds of type AB; the crystal structure of inorganic compounds of type AB,; the crystal structure of compounds of further inorganic types; the crystal structure of compounds of organic types; the crystal structure of colloids and amorphous substances; the crystal structure of alloys, intermetallic compounds and solid solutions ;crystal structure and molecular constitution.Part 11: Molecular polarisation : dielectric constants ; the Debye theory of polarisation; molecular refraction; polar molecules; molecular fields. Part 111: The quantum theory and line spectra :the quantum theory; tlhe general principles of line-spectra; the multiple of lines; line spectra and the periodic classification. References and list of authors cited in references and Subject Index. “Metallurgy. ” Edwin Gregory.Introduction by Cecil H.Desch, F.R.S. Pp. xviii + 284. (London and Glasgow: Blackie & Son, Ltd.) 17s. 6d. net. List of abbreviations and glossary of terms. Iron; steel-its manufacture, properties and uses; the constitution of metallic systems; the metallo- graphy, heat-treatment, and properties of iron and steel; “special” steels and other ferrous alloys; stainless or rust-resisting steels; non- ferrous engineering alloys. Index. “Metals andAlloys, Chemical Analysis of. ’ Edwin Gregory and Walter W. Stevenson. Foreword by T. Swinden. Pp. xvi + 376. (London and Glasgow: Blackie & Son, Ltd.) 15s. Fundamental chemical principles ;chemical properties of the elements ; preliminary operations and considerations; quantitative analysis of iron and steel; the analysis of pig iron and cast iron; the analysis of ferro alloys; the analysis of ores and slags; the analysis of non-ferrous alloys.Appendixes-tables of factors and of typical analyses of cast irons and pig irons, of steel and steel-making alloys, of iron ores and slags and of non-ferrous alloys. International table of atomic weights, 1937. Index. “Micro-methods of Quantitative Organic Elementary Analysis. ” Joseph B. Niederl and Victor Niederl. Pp. xvi + 272. (New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. London: Chap- man & Hall, Ltd.) 15s. net. Introduction ;the microchemical balaIice ;weighing on a microchemical balance ; miscellaneous weighing equipment ; miscellaneous laboratory utensils;preparation and weighing of a sample for analysis; elementary analysis : determination of metals and residues; determination of neutralisation equivalent (ionic hydrogen, carboxyl) ;volumetric deter- mination of aminoid nitrogen ; gasometric determination of nitrogen ; determination of carbon and hydrogen ; determination of halogens ; determination of sulphur ; determination of phosphorus; determination of arsenic ;determination of the molecular weight :ebullioscopic method; cryoscopic method; vaporimetric method; osmotic method ; structure analysis: determination of alkoxy and alkimide groups ; determination of acetyl groups ; determination of active hydrogen.Appendix: the teaching of quantitative elementary organic micro-analysis ;installation of a laboratory for quantitative elementary organic micro-analysis ; general microchemical literature ;calculations;nitrogen correction table ; log.tables. Author and Subject Index. 291 "Organic Chemistry : an Advanced Treatise." Editorial Board: Henry Gilman, Roger Adams, Hans T. Clarke, Homer Adkins, Carl S. Marvel, Frank C. Whitmore. In two volumes : Vol. I, pp. lvi + 858; Vol. 11, pp. lvi + 859-1890. (New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc; London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.). E3 15s. (LI 17s. 6d. each volume). Volume I. Alicyclic Compounds and the Theory of Strain-ReynoldC. Fuson. Theory of the Structure and Reactions of Aromatic Com- pounds-Louis F. Fieser. Stereoisomerism-Ralph L. Shriner, Roger Adams and C. S. Marvel. Organometallic Compounds.-Henry Gilman.Free Radicals-Werner E. Bachmann. Unsaturation and Conjugation- C. F. H. Allen and A. H. Blatt. Open-Chain Nitrogen Compounds- Charles D. Hurd. Molecular Rearrangements-Everett S. Wallis. Comparison of Chemical Reactivity-Homer Adkins. Volume 11. Natural Amino Acids-H. T. Clarke. The Chemistry of Pyrimidines, Purines, and Nucleic Acids-Treat B. Johnson. Alkaloids- Lyndon Small. The Anthocyanins and the Flavones-Karl Paul Link. Carotenoids: The Polyene Pigments of Plants and Animals-Marston Taylor Bogert. The Sterols, Bile Acids, and Related Compounds- William H. Strain. Carbohydrates I-Melville L. Wolfrom. Carbo-hydrates 11-Albert L. Raymond. Carbohydrates III-Cellulose-- Emil Heuser. Modern Electronic Concepts of ValenceJohn R.Johnson. Constitution and Physical Properties of Organic C6mpounds-Wallace R. Brode and John A. Leermakers. Rotatory Dispersion-P. A. Levene and Alesandre Rothen. The significance of Resonance to the Nature of the Chemical Bond and the Structure of Molecules-Linus Pauling. The two volumes comprise an up-to-date review of the state of our knowledge in some of the more important fields, particularly in those subjects which have been developed recently, and in which therefore it is often most difficult to obtain an authoritative opinion without consulting the confusing mass of original literature. The subjects are considered in great detail, and references are given to more specialised textbooks and original papers. The indexing is good.Although the subject matter primarily concerns organic chemistry, suitable excursions are made into the related theories of physical chemistry, such as are becoming of increasing daily use to the organic chemist in visual- ising the mechanism of the reactions, and the properties of the compounds, which he is investigating. Topics of broader scope have been considered in the first volume. The general synthetic reactions of organic chemistry are described systematically and completely, and then the chemi- cal properties of the more reactive members. Optical activity is dealt with in great detail. The second volume is of more limited application and has a strong bias towards naturally occurring compounds of special 292 biochemical interest.Due weight has been given to the relation- ship of certain of these with vitamins A to D, and the vitamins themselves are fully described in the light of recent knowledge. Recent developments in the chemistry of the hormones are also included. The industrial chemist will find special interest in the article concerning the structure of cellulose. In addition he can derive a more general interest in the extensive description of the nature of aromatic substitution, resonance, and the electronic concepts of valency, in the knowledge of which he may have a tendency to lag behind the times. It is not difficult to point to omissions in a book which describes its chosen subjects in such detail, and it is to be hoped that further volumes on similar lines will soon follow.In general, too little prominence has been given to the purely synthetic compounds, such as are finding increasing uses in industry and medicine. The dyestuffs field, in any of its branches has not so far received recognition. An article on natural and synthetic porphyrins should be included later, and also a description of the preparation and properties of those unsaturated aliphatic compounds which give rise to the syn- thetic rubbers. The general problem of polymerisation is to be the subject of a later edition. Every industrial chemist who wishes to retain academic broadmindedness would do well to refer to these excellent vol- umes. The team of authors is to be congratulated.-C. D. “Petroleum,The Science of.’’ A Comprehensive Treatise of the Principles and Practice of the Production, Refining, Trans- port and Distribution of Mineral Oil.A. E. Dunstan, Managing Editor; A. W. Nash, Editor of Contributions; B. T. Brooks, Editor for the United States of America; Sir H. Tizard, K.C.B., F.R.S., Consulting Editor. Pp. xxvi + 3194. (London: New York and Toronto: Oxford University Press.) fI15 15s. net. Volume I-origin and production of crude petroleum : nomenclature; statistics ; origin of petroleum ; distribution of petroleum ; migrationof petroleum ; natural accumulations of petroleum ; geological methods of exploration; geophysical methods of exploration ;methods of drilling;sampling, coring, and bore-hole surveying ; production ; oilfield waters ; power in oilfield development; the measurement of oil, gas, and water in oilfields; crude oil transport; natural gas transport; storage of oil and gas.Volume II-chemical and physical principles of the refining of mineral oils; nature of crude petroleum; chemistry of petroleum; physical and chemical properties of petroleum and its products : determination, 293 correlation, and collected data; general analysis and testing of petroleumproducts ; history and development of refining ; casing head gasoline extraction ; natural and refinery gases; distillation. Volume 111-refining processes: physical, chemical ; solvent extraction methods of refining; dewaxing ; gas pyrolysis and polymerisation;cracking; hydrogenation ; engineering and chemical engineering as applied to refining; metals and alloys in refinery equipment; corrosion; instruments and meters; electrikation of refineries; power and water supplies; fires. Volume IV-utilisation of mineral oils and their derivatives; products of petroleum ; combustion; detonation ; bituminous materials and their products; oilshales, torbanites, cannels, etc.; shale oils and tar oils. Appendix; Indexes. The liquid and solid products of petroleum have been used by man since the dawn of history. The Sumerians used bitumen as a binding material in the walls of their buildings, and the long period of the independence of Constantinople was due in part to the possession of the secret of “Greek Fire.” This was the most powerful military weapon before the invention of gunpowder and cannon.It was .probably prepared from a self-igniting mixture of petroleum and quick-lime. The next remarkable use of mineral oil arose with the growth of industry in the early nine- teenth century. The demands of the Lancashire textile industry for lubricants prompted James Young to distil oil from a small seepage in Derbyshire. From this he was led to distil Scottish shales, and he put a cheap lamp oil on the market. Soon 130 distilling plants were established in the world. The search for petroleum was inspired by attempts to find even cheaper alternatives to Young’s oils. This could be done only by obtaining petroleum in large quantities, and this was achieved in 1859, when Drake succeeded in sinking a well by drilling.Since that date, the petroleum industry has expanded enormously, in two stages; first, chiefly as a purveyor of lamp oils, and then of fuel for internal combustion engines. Owing to the newness of the modern industry it has developed an exceptionally good scientific tradition. This book is a very remarkable manifestation of that tradition. It has been edited by Dr. A. E. Dunstan of the Anglo- Iranian Oil Company, Professor A, W. Nash of Birmingham University, Dr. Benjamin T. Brooks of New York, and Sir Henry Tizard, the Rector of the Imperial College of Science, assisted by twenty-four associate editors and 316 contributors. About one-half of the work is concerned with chemistry and chemical engineering.Some of the notable contributions in the chemical sections are by Professor J. F. Thorpe and Dr. E. H. Farmer on the general chemistry of hydrocarbons, by Professor 294 A. G. Egerton on the chemistry of detonation, by Professor J. von Braun on naphthenic acids, by Professor H. Freundlich on the colloid and capillary chemistry of petroleum, by Professor F. Challenger on sulphur compounds in bituminous oils, and by Dr. F. Bergius on hydrogenation. Mr. T. A. Boyd, who with Dr. Midgley discovered the remarkable power of lead tetraethyl to suppress “knock” in engines, writes on the measurement of the knocking characteristics of automotive fuels. Dr. D. R. Pye has edited the lubrication sections, and Professor A. S. Eve the very interesting group of contributions on geo-physical methods of prospecting. Professor V.C. Illing has edited the lengthy geological part. There are very full con-tributions on gas pyrolysis and polymerisation, several of which have been written by Dr. D. A. Howes. The chemical theory and practice of cracking is covered in seven articles. Besides containing first-hand statements by most of the scientific authorities on petroleum, the work contains invaluable lists of references. Nearly all of the contributors have given a select list of references at the ends of their papers, which is often almost as helpful as the article. A comprehensive work of this sort is not intended only as a convenient summary of knowledge in each field for the specialist in that field.The specialist often consults such a work to learn what is known on subjects outside, though related to, his own field. Here is virtually everything that he might expect. On looking through these volumes the reader gains an impression of how much has been discovered about petroleum, and yet how much remains to be discovered. Dr. Thole in his article on the chemical constitution of petroleum remarks that owing to its complication little is as yet known about it. After 5 years’ analytical work, Washburn and his collaborators have isolated only 30 constituents of a natural petroleum. The scope for further chemical research on petroleum is vast and inspiring. The Science of Petrolewz will be an indispensable work of reference for all who have any interest in the subject.-J.G. C. ‘Safety Rules for Use in ChemicalWorks.” Part I: Model Rules. Pp. 50. (London: Association of British Chemical Manufacturers.) 5s. net. Rules for the design and operation of plant with fie and explosive risks; rules for the design and operation of plant involving risks from gas, vapour, fume or dust; rules for the design and operation of plant involving dangers from contact with corrosive or deleterious substances ; rules for the design and operation of plant involving other risks; fk! protection; first aid; welfare. 295 In 1928, the Council of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers decided to prepare and publish to its members, in provisional form, a set of Model Safety Rules for Use in Chemical Works.These Rules were based on the Factory and Workshop Act, the Chemical Works Regulations, the Electricity Regulations, and similar statutory provisions and included other desirable precautions derived from experience. They were the first attempt to draw up a comprehensive safety code for the chemical industry. Part I was published early in 1929. Various amendments and additions have been suggested in the light of experience since gained, and Part I, now issued in its final form, includes the provisions of the Factories Act, 1937. It is an epitome of precautions to be taken, an introduction to detailed instructions given in Part 11, which will contain more extended explanation of the objects to be attained by the Rules, the dangers arising from their non-observance and the best methods of obtaining the desired results.A revised edition of Part 11, originally issued in 1929, is in preparation for publication at an early date. The Council of the Institute is much gratified to state that, by the courtesy of the Council of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers, copies of the Safety Rules (Part I) are being circulated to all Fellows and Associates of the Institute, with this Part of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. “Steel, The Structure of.” Eric N. Simons and Edwin Gregory. Introduction by F. C. Lea, O.B.E. Pp. x + 116. (London and Glasgow: Blackie & Son, Ltd.) 3s. 6d. net. Mixtures, compounds, and solutions; equilibrium diagrams ; freezingof iron-carbon alloys; critical points; crystalline forms; impurities in steel; alloy steels ; heat-treatment: case-hardening; characteristics of alloy steels ;microscopic structure ;testing of steel ; corrosion; stainless steel; X-rays.Table I: Brinell’s hardness numbers. Table 11: Con-version table of various hardness numerals. Index. The Report of the National Physical Laboratory for the Year 1937 has been published by the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (H.M. Stationery Office- 2s. 6d. net). The Report of the Executive Committee records the appoint- ment of Dr. W. L. Bragg, F.R.S., as Director of the Laboratory, 296 and includes a general review of the work of the Laboratory during the year in its various departments, viz.:-physics, electricity, radio, metrology, engineering, metallurgy, and aerodynamics departments, and the William Froude Laboratory. The Laboratory receives a large number of enquiries from industry for information on scientific problems. Many of the enquiries result from a misapprehension of the functions of the Laboratory. Apart from numerous requests for chemical analyses, the Laboratory has been asked to deal with problems of physiology, bacteriology, psychology, and even physical training. In most cases, it is possible to refer the applicant to the appropriate authority. (Such enquiries are, in fact, passed on, from time to time, to the Institute of Chemistry.) The work of the Physics Department includes a reference to research on the thermal properties of metals at high tempera- tures, and, on the other hand, to investigations concerning refrigeration.Under radiology, there are references to electro- deposited chromium and the fatigue failure of metals; under optics, reference is made to an investigation of optical methods of providing a numerical criterion of the “quality of finish” of metal surfaces which has been in progress for the Metallurgy Research Board. In the Engineering Department an investigation has been undertaken on behalf of the Gas Cylinders and Containers Committee, into the strength of welded construction of pressure vessels. Developments in chemical engineering have caused an increase in the commercial uses of various liquefied gases, and improvements in cylinder and container construction, which lead to reduction in weight without relaxation of a necessary margin of safety, are of a considerable advantage to the industries concerned.An investigation has been undertaken whereby a detailed examination will be made of oxy-acetylene welding as applied to pressure vessel construction. Joints are subjected to mechanical tests and metallurgical examination, and the results should enable a comparison to be made of the relative merits of the types of welding for the construction of welded vessels. The liquefied petroleum gases, propane and butane, are being brought into use for industrial and domestic purposes, and it has become necessary to obtain data on those physical properties of the gases on which the safe design of the containers must be based.Experimental work, therefore, has been commenced on liquid density and vapour pressure, within the range likely to be met in practice. 297 An extensive programme of lubrication research has been actively pursued and directed towards obtaining a better under- standing of both fluid film and boundary type of lubrication, and to provide more exact data for the efficient design and operation of lubricated mechanisms. The work on the redetermination of specific heats of gases at high temperature has been brought to conclusion, and a final report thereon is in preparation. In the Department of Metallurgy special mention is made of work on the improvement of magnesium alloys, a monograph on which has been published by H.M.Stationery Office. A schedule of papers published by this department includes references to age-hardening alloys and the theory of age-hardening; to the constitution of the alloys of silver, tin, and mercury; to dental amalgams; to the effects of impurities in copper; to magnesium and its alloys; the chemical properties and stability of metals at high temperatures, etc. Appendix I contains the particulars of the personnel of the laboratory committees. Appendix 11, the staff. The Cambridge University Press announces that it has taken over the publication of ''Discovery "-which celebrated its seventeenth anniversary in April. The journal covers a wide and varied scope of scientific interest, is illustrated and well- produced in modern style and format, Annual subscription, 12s. 6d., post free.The Medico-Legal Criminological Review is published by Messrs. Bailli$re, Tindall and Cox for the Medico-Legal Society, and also includes papers read before the Manchester Medico-Legal Society. It is the only journal of its kind in English, and is now conducted under the honorary editorship of representatives of medicine, chemistry and law. The first number of the present year (Vol. VI, Part I) is in a new format, and includes-common ground ; science and justice ; medico-legal institutes ;food poisoning; the medical witness; the bladder tube case; the adulteration of food and drugs; scientific aids to police work; medicine in Parliament; reviews of books; journals received ; abstracts from medico-legal literature.(3s.quarterly; annual subscription, 12s. 6d. net, post free.) 298 The April issue of Sands, Clays and Minerals contains, inter alia, articles on Tantalum and Niobium, by R. Genders; The Selection of Coal for Industrial Purposes, by G. W. Himus; Early Technical Balances, by A. Barclay; The Reparation of Historical Buildings, by A. R. Warnes; Rubber Fillers, by F. H. Cotton. (Published by A. L. Curtis, P.O. Box 61, Chatteris, Cambs., England: 3s. 6d.) The Annual Report of the World Power Conference for 1937 has recently been published with a Supplementary Report dealing with the work of the British National Committee during that year.British Standards Institution. The following British Standards have recently been received (2s. each, 2s. zd. post free) :-No. 748-1937. Hzmacytometer Counting Chambers and Hzmacytometer Dilution Pipettes. No.616-1938. Sampling of Coal Tar and its Products. (Revised April, 1938.) No. 791-1938. Bomb Calorimeter Thermometers. The International Tin Research Development Council has lately published the following brochures :-The Second General Report, 1937. Series A, Number 73: “Frostiness in Plumbers’ Solder,” by F. A. Rivett. Series A, Number 74: “Research on Thin Layers of Tin and Other Metals: IV, Further Investigation on Corrosion by Oils,’’ by P. J. Haringhuizen and D. A. Was. Series A, Number 76: “The Coating of Metals with Tin from VapourPhase” (“Stannising”), by B.W. Gonser and E. E. Slowter. Series B, Number 7: “The Hot Tinning of Fabricated Articles,” by E. 5. Daniels. The Lancastrian Frankland Society, which was founded in 1933 to perpetuate the memory of Sir Edward Frankland, the first President of the Institute-a native of Lancaster-has published an address entitled “Rewards and’ Fairies,” delivered on the 14th January, by Sir James C. Irvine, F.R.S. Sir James reviewed the progress of chemistry during the life of Sir Edward Frankland and paid a tribute to the late Professor Henry E. Armstrong, who was closely associated with Frankland in the early part of his career. 299 Mr. J. W. T. Spinks has translated, with the co-operation of the author, Gerhard Herzberg’s book on “Atomic Spectra and Atomic Structure.’’ (Messrs. Blackie & Son.) Professor J. Read has written a textbook on “Organic Chemistry, Historical, Structural and Economic, ”-pub-lished in Bell’s Natural Science Series, under the General Editorship of Dr. E. J. Holmyard. The Report of the Advisory Council of the Science Museum for the year 1937, recently published (H.M. Stationery Office, price IS. 3d. net), shows that the Museum is seriously hampered for lack of sufficient accommodation for its Library and Exhibits. The Advisory Council urges that adequate accommodation for at least ten years accessions to the Library be constructed before the end of 1938. At holiday times, the attendance in the Museum causes the galleries to be uncomfortably overcrowded.Exclusive of readers, the number of visitors during 1937 was 1,z71,599,-the attendance on Easter Bank Holiday reaching the figure of 37,625. The Chemistry Handbooks prepared by Mr. Alexander Barclay, Associate,-Part I, History, and Part 11, Catalogue,-have already been noticed in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 300 The Register. At the meetings of Council held on 29th April and 20th May, 1938, I new Fellow was elected, 26 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 93 new Associates were elected, 42 Students were admitted, and 2 Students were re-registered. New Fellow. Atkinson, Ralph Hall, M.A. (Cantab.), 64, Twyford Avenue, London, W.3.Associates elected to the Fellowship. Ashmore, Stanley Arthur, B.Sc. (Lond.), 69, Dovercourt Road, London, S.E.22. Colegrave, Edward Barnard, B.Sc. (Lond.), 4,Ribble View, West Bradford Road, Clitheroe, Lanes. Currie, Henry Thomas, Willowdene, Ballyclare, Co. Antrim, N. Irelana. Darney, Alexander, M.Sc. (Lond.), Caber Feidh, Kinlochleven, Argyll. Daubney, Charles Gaspard, M.Sc. (Lond.), Bildens, Camden Park Road, Chislehurst, Kent. Dodd, Alfred Herbert, M.A. (Cantab.), c/o Messrs. Newton, Chambers, Ltd., Thorncliffe, nr. Sheffield. Dracass, William Robert, M.Sc. (Lond.), c/o E. Hinks, Esq., F.l.C., Analytical Laboratories, 16, Southwark Street, London, S.E. 1. Elliott, Frederick Jacob, M.Sc., Ph.D., (Dunelm), 13, Sanderson Road, Jesmond, Newcastle upon Tyne.Green, Brian Michael, M.A. (Cantab.), 6, Lambolle Road, London, N.W.3. Griffiths, John Gaius Ashwell, B.A., Ph.D. (Cantab.), 11, Coppice Avenue, Great Shelford, Cambridge. Hughes, Edward David, D.Sc. (Lond.), Ph.D. (Wales), Department of Organic Chemistry, University College, Gower Street, London, W.C. 1. Hunt, Sydney Walter, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 21, Hillsboro’ Road, London, S.E.22. Jowett, Maurice, Ph.D., D.Sc. (Liv.), Bio-Chemical Laboratory, Cardiff City Mental Hospital, Whitchurch, Glamorgan. MacMillan, William George, B.Sc. (Aberd.), Ph.D. (Cantab. and Aberd.), c/oIndia Jute Mills Association, 16, Old Court House Street, Calcutta, India. May, Cecil John, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., Trinidad Lease- holds, Ltd., Forest Reserve, Trinidad, B.W.I. Morris, Richard m7illiam, B.Sc.(Lond.), A.C.G.F.C., D.I.C., 45, Purley Bury Avenue, Purley, Surrey. McCartney, William, Jr., Ph.D. (Edin.), A.H.-W.C., The Rowett Institute, Bucksburn, Aberdeen. Olliver, Miss Mamie, M.Sc. (Lond.), 22, Leys Avenue, Cambridge.Pearce, Leonard Roger Batten, B.Sc. (Lond.), 50, Mark Lane, London, E.C.3. 301 Perry, Miss Hilda Mary, M.Sc. (Lond.), 39, Lavender Vale, Wallington, Surrey.Rains, Harry Gascoyne, M.Sc., Ph.D.Met. (Sheffield), 60, Clarence Avenue, Ilford, Essex. Vale, Alan Leslie, B.Sc. (Lond.), 63, Wilkes Street, London, E.1. Vaughan, Ernest James, M.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 30, Banner Cross Road, Ecclesall, Sheffield, 11. Venables, Percy Frederick Ronald, B.Sc., Ph.D.(Liv.), 25, Tresco Gardens, Goodmayes, Ilford, Essex. Wallace, Thomas, M.Sc. (Dun.), A.Inst.P., Brentwood, Speke Road, Hunts Cross, Liverpool. Woolf, Sidney Samuel, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 54, lT7arwick Road, London, w.5. New Associates. Allum, Walter John, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 25, Alexandra Avenue, South Harrow, Middlesex. Archer, Frederick Stanley, 21, Gerard Road, Wallasey. Austin, Eric William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 89, Crowther Road, London, S.E.25. Billingham, Albert, 55, Moat House Road, Alum Rock, Birmingham, 8. Brownlee, George White, M.P.S., Ph.C., Thorneloe, Old Cumock, Ayrshire. Bryant, Stephen Arnold, B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), c/o Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury.Burley, Donald Weston, B.A. (Oxon.), c/o Nessrs. T. J. Smith & Nephew, Ltd., Neptune Street, Hull. Butler, George Herbert, 19, Holmes Road, Durban, S. Africa. Campbell, William George, B.Sc. (St. Andrews), M.S. (Wisconsin), c/o Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury. Carter, Horace George Charles, 58, Queen's Road, Jesmond, Newcastle upon Tyne, 2. Christie, Scott Laurence, B.Sc. (Edin.), 26, Upper Greenmount Road, Burntisland, Fifeshire. Clarke, William James, M.Sc. (Wales), 26, Coychurch Road, Bridgend, Glamorgan.Coombes, Alfred Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.), 168, Park Avenue, Hull. Crook, Eric Mitchell, M.Sc. (Melbourne), 14, Magrath Avenue, Cambridge. Cunliffe, William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 56, Chester Road, London, E.ll.Dvorkovitz, Vladimir, B.Sc. (Lond.), 42, Rodney Court, Maida Vale, London, W.9. Edmondson, Albert Norman, 20, York Road, Bowerham, Lancaster. Evans, John Nigel Illingworth, B.Sc. (Lond.), Brome, Daines Way,Thorpe Bay, Essex. Ford, Harold, 11 7, Mersey Road, Widnes. Forrester, Robert Eric, 90, Rupert Road, Huyton, Liverpool. Frewing, Joseph John, B.A. (Oxon.), B.Sc., Tudor Cottage, Cookham Dean, Berks. Goodrick, Cecil Edward Maurice, B.Sc. (Lond.), 15, Gloucester Road, London, E.ll. Gregory, John Goodland, B.Sc. (Lond.), The British Hartford-Fairmont Syndicate, Rockware Avenue, Greenford, Middlesex. Greig, Edwin Ian, M.P.S., Ph.C., Ford House, Sorn, Mauchline, Ayrshire. Hawke, Frank, B.Sc. Eng., M.Sc. (Witwatersrand), 11, Sussex Road, Parkwood, Johannesburg, S.Africa. HawkeI, Gerald Hugh, B.Sc. (Lond.), 127a, Croydon Road, London, S.E.20. Hercock, Robert James, BSc. (Lond.), 30, Medway Road, London, E.3. Heron, Alexander Eltringham, 41, Cowpen Bewley Road, Haverton Hill, Billingham, Co. Durham. 302 Hoblyn, Edward Henry Treffry, Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., A.M.I.Chem.E., 304, Colchester Road, Ipswich. Howes, Edward Arthur, B.Sc. (Lond.), 85, Laleham Road, Staines. Hunter, William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 75, Weldon Crescent, High Heaton, Newcastle upon Tyne. Hyde, Cyril Walter, B.Sc. (Lond.), 17, Princes Avenue, London, W.3. Jacobs, Stanley, B.Sc. (Lond.), 124, Camberley House, Redhill Street, London, N.W.l. Jones, Emlyn, M.Sc. (Liv.), 30, Rangemore Road, Mossley Hill, Liverpool, 18.Jones, Hilary Arthur, Aughton, Huntly Road, Fairfield, Liverpool, 6. Jones, Robert Andrew, B.Sc. (Lond.), 24, Lowther Hill, Forest Hill, London, S.E. 23. Key, Cyril, B.Sc. (Lond.), 57, Deabill Street, Netherfield, Notts. Kinnard, Leonard Matthew, B.Sc. (Birm.), 38, High Santon, Appleby, nr. Scunthorpe, Lines. Kitto, Walter Harold, M.Sc. (S.A.), Box 422, Salisbury, S. Rhodesia. Lahiri, Tara Kant, M.Sc. (Punjab), 3, Temple Road, Lahore, India. Lambert, Ernest William, M.A. (Cantab.), M.Sc. (Lond.), 34, Bent Avenue, Glyn Road, Quinton, Birmingham, 32. Legge, Alfred John, M.Sc. (Wales), 54, Pemberton Gardens, Chadwell Heath, Essex. Lewis, Reginald Haydn, M.Sc. (Lond.), 95, St. Andrew’s Terrace, Oaken- shaw, nr.Bradford. Liddle, William Stewart, B.Sc. (St. Andrews), 9, Balgay Avenue, Dundee. Llewellyn, Frederick John, B.Sc. (Birm.), 7, King Edward Road, Moseley, Birmingham, 13. Lowe, Robert Cecil Holgate, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.M.C.T., 32, Darley Road, Manchester, 16. Marsden, Arthur Whitcombe, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 146, GunnersburyAvenue, London, W.3. Marshall, Alan Thompson, B.Sc. (Lond.), 48, Hurstbourne Gardens, Barking, Essex. Matthews, Charles William, 81, Cantsfield Street, Smithdown Road, Liverpool, 7. Morris, George Oswald, 4, New Road, Eccleston Lane Ends, nr. Prescot. Morrison, Thomas John, B.Sc., Ph.D. (St. Andrews), 19, Park View, Wigan. Mudbidri, Shanker Mangeshrao, B.A. (Bombay), M.Sc., Atlas Fertiliser Works, Hide Road, Kidderpore, Calcutta, India.Nelson, Eric, B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), 107, Waterloo Road, Woverhampton. Noble, Wilfred, B.Sc. (Lond.), Bent Lea, Caledonia Road, Shelton, Stoke- on -Trent. Pallister, Miss Sylvia, B.Sc. (Lond.), Cartref, Oakamoor, N. Staffs. Pilkington, Geoffrey Eaton, M.Sc. (Mane.), Barclay, Elmsway, Hale Barns, Cheshire. Porter, Geoffrey Veale, B.Sc. (Lond.), 16, Beresford Avenue, London, W.7. Poupard, Herbert John Eric, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 66, The Drive, Ilford. Power, Godfrey Maurice, B.Sc. (Lond.), 27, Woodhouse Avenue, Fartown, Huddersfield. Preston, Ronald, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Mane.), 17, Coronation Road, Fairhaven, Lytham-St. Anne’s, Lancs. Pritchard, Harry, M.Sc. (Lond.), 7, Woodyear Road, Bromborough,Cheshire. Rathenasinkam, Eliathampy, B.Sc.(Lond.), Government Analyst’s Laboratory, Colombo, Ceylon. Ray, Santosh Chandra, M.Sc. (Calcutta), Ph.D. (Lond.), Animal Nutrition Institute, Izatnagar, Kumaon, U.P., India. Reeson, William Bateman, A.M.C.T., 49, Grove Road South, Southsea. 303 Roberts, Douglas Keir, 306, New Chester Road, Port Sunlight, Cheshire. Roberts, Frank Wilson, 39, Meredale Road, Mossley Hill, Liverpool, 18. Rumens, Murray James, 50, Stanhope Gardens, Ilford Essex. Self, Alan David Henderson, B.Sc. (Lon.), 20, Curtis Road, Hornchurch, Essex. Sen, Monmohan, D.Sc. (Calcutta), Mungpoo P.O., Dist-Darjeeling, Bengal, India. Shand, William, 17, Mossy Bank Road, Wallasey. Shaw, Philip, B.Sc. (Lond.), 124, Primrose Avenue, Chadwell Heath, Essex.Smith, Robert Roy, B.A. (Cantab.), 82, New Street, Sutton, St. Helens. Spooner, Cyril Edward, M.Sc. (Sheffield), 133, Queen Victoria Road, Totley Rise, Sheffield. Steel, William, B.Sc. (Glas.), A.R.T.C., 25, Bramley Avenue, Stretford, Lancs. Taylor, Alan, B.Sc. (Leeds), 176, Victoria Avenue, Hull. Taylor, Eric Dansey, B.Sc. (Lond.), 30, Daisy Lea Lane, Huddersfield. Taylor, Tristram Allan, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Sheffield), 377, Foxhill Road, Birley Carr, Sheffield. Terleski, John Theodore, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Liv.), Oakwood, Hilton Lane, Prestwich, Manchester. Tittensor, Eric, B.Sc. (Liv.), 11, Molesworth Grove, Liverpool, 16. Tuckemn, Hugh Ritchie, B.Sc. (Glas.), 62, King Street, Alloa, Scotland. Walker, Eric, B.Sc. (Lond.), 44, Beachwood Avenue, Chatham, Kent.Ward, Joseph, B.Sc. (Liv.), 50, Cooper Street, St. Helens, Lancs. Warne, Harry, M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), 6, Thornton Avenue, Audenshaw, Manches ter. Warnes, Edward Arthur, B.Sc. (Lond.), 55, Brownspring Drive, London, S.E.9. ~White, Edward George, B.Sc. (Witwatersrand), 127, William Road, Norwood, Johannesburg, S. Africa. Wilkinson, Peter Alfred, Innisfree, Pine Walk, Carshalton Beeches, Surrey. Williams, Edmund Gardner, M.A. (Cantab.), Dellside, Heswall, Wirral, Cheshire. Williams, Gwilym, B.Sc. (Wales), 22, Dyffryn Street, Mountain Ash, Glam. Wilson, Hector Muir Dawson, 156, Croftend Avenue, Croftfoot, Glasgow, 5.4. Wood, Frank, 9, Newcomen Street, Southcoates Lane, Hull. Worthington, Henry, B.Sc. (Liv.), 40, Shaw Street, St.Helens, Lancs. Young, William Hamilton, 22, Altenburg Gardens, London, S.W.ll. New Students. Anderson, Sydney Graham, 76, Marchmont Road, Edinburgh, 9. Banks, Henry Edward, 90, Swan Meadow Road, Poolstock, Wigan. Bellmaine, Alan Godfrey, 53, Oaklands Avenue, Syon Lane, Osterley, Middlesex. Bennett, Frederick Edward, 23, Ranelagh Gardens, London, W.6. Bennett, Thomas Frederick, Ashlyn, Queen’s Avenue, Flint. Birtill, Joseph Edgar, Dunthorp, Balcarres Road, Leyland, Lancs. Booth, Stanley, 14, Laura Street, All Souls’ Road, Halifax. Bush, Leonard Albert, 40, ,High Street, Kingswood, Bristol. Clubley, George Harley, c/o 6, Benson Street, Norton, Stockton-on-Tees, Co. Durham. Cuthbertson, William Robert, c/o Australia House, Strand, London, W.C.2.Dean, John, 483, Oldham Road, Middleton, Manchester. Devlin, John, 264, Heath Road, Bebington, Cheshire. Dore, William Paterson, 8, Old Kiln Lane, Bolton. Eagleton, Sidney Douglas, 20, Cornwall Road, St. Albans, Herts. 304 Edge, Peter Frank, 139, Baginton Road, Coventry. Fleet, Arthur, 28, Surrey Street, Bradford Road, Keighley, Yorks. Godin, George William, 61, Chestnut Road, London, S.W.20. Hartles, George, 80, Moorfield Road, Widnes. Harwood, John Holley, 183, Dawlish Drive, Ilford, Essex. Hilton, Raymond Frederick, 347, Uttoxeter Road, Longton, Staffs. Hyams, Montagu, 3, Holmdale Mansions, Holmdale Road, London, N.TV.6. Illingworth, Dennis, Springfield House, Eldwick, Bingley, Yorks. Jackson, Alistair Frederick McKenzie, 24, Homefield Road, Drayton, Portsmouth.Jones, Eric Bruss, 124, Wellington Road, Withington, Manchester, 14. Laverton, Kenneth Douglas, 233, Cranbrook Road, Redland, Bristol, 6. Lodwick, John Rhys, 113, Mayfair Avenue, Ilford, Essex. Lovelock, James Ephraim, 41, Hillview Road, Orpington, Kent. Lyon, Alexander Ian Leslie, 39, Bedford Place, London, W.C.l. Major, Frederick William, 43, Hastings Avenue, Ilford, Essex. McCormack, Archibald Campbell, Millpark House, Laurencetown, Co. Down, N. Ireland. Payne, Sidney Thomas, 88, Naylor Road, London, S.E.15. Peacock, Archibald George, 6, East Shrubbery, Redland, Bristol, 6. Pilgrim, Archibald John, 1, Briggs Street, York. Polkinhorne, Harry, 8, Stapleton Road, London, S.W.17. Quarrington, John Ernest, 33, Harrow Road, Brislington, Bristol, 4. Seymour, Joseph, 144, Rochdale Road, Oldham, Lancs. Singer, Joseph Henry, 82, Coolgardie Avenue, London, E.4. Stannett, Vivian Thomas, Berry House, Stoke Poges, Bucks. Street, Harold Vincent, 200, Bolton Road, Kearsley, nr. Bolton. Thruston, Mervyn Nisbet, 126, High Street, Maidenhead, Berks. Widocks, David Harold, 172, Grimsby Road, Cleethorpes. Williams, Sidney, 73, Mancot Lane, Queensferry, nr. Chester. Re-registered Students. Jones, John Meigant, c/o Yorkshire Amalgamated Products, Ltd., North Bridge, Doncaster. Murray, Keith Edward, 63, McCourt Street, West Leedervills, Perth, W. Australia. DEATHS. The Council regrets to record the deaths of three Fellows and two Associates.Fellows. John Harry Hale-White, C.B.E., A.R.S.M. William Jago, J.P. Hugh Ramage, M.A. (Cantab.), F.R.C.Sc.1. Associates. William Archibald Andrews, B.Sc. (Birm.). Giles Hadden V7elsford, Major (retd.). CHANGES OF NAME. John Albert Charles Flohren, Associate, to John Floren. Helen Trevenen Cole, Associate, to Helen Trevenen Cohn-on her marriage. 305 Coming Events. 1938 May-Oct. EMTIRE EXHIBITION SCOTLAND’S : Glasgow.June 2 THECHEMICALSOCIETY:Ordinary ScientiGc Meeting, at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. 6-1 1 INSTITUTION TECHNOLOGISTSOF PETROLEUM : Conference on Oil Shale and Cannel Coal, at Glasgow. 9 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(London and South-Eastern Counties Section): Visit to The South-Eastern Agricultural College, Wye.14 BRITISH STANDARDS : Annual General Meeting, at INSTITUTION the Dorchester Hotel, Park Lane, W.l, at 11.15 a.m. 17 JUNE OF CHEMICAL (57th Annual General Meeting); SOCIETY INDUSTRY to CANADIAN CHEMICAL ASSOCIATION,AND THE CANADIAN JULY INSTITUTE (21st Annual Canadian Chemical Con- 1 OF CHEMISTRY vention) : (17) Quebec City; (18-19) Shawinigan Falls; (20-22) Ottawa; (23) Sudbury; (24-25) Toronto; (25) Hamilton; (25-27) Niagara Falls; (28-29 June, 1st July) Montreal; (July 1) Quebec City. ENGINEERING21 INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS: Glasgow. 25 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY: Joint Summer Meeting of the Birming- ham, East Midlands and Manchester Sections, at Trentham Gardens, Stoke.FOR THE STUDY AND EARLY29 THE SOCIETY OF ALCHEMY CHEMISTRY: “The Name of Plato in Alchemy.” Miss D. W. Singer, at 8 p.m. JdY 5-8 FIRSTCONGRESSON THE CHEMISTRYOF WOODand the FOURTH INTERNATIONAL ON TIMBER UTILISATION CONFERENCE in House of Industry, Vienna. 11-16 ROYAL SANITARY INSTITUTE: Health Congress, at Portsmouth. 12 REFRIGERATION in the Rooms of the Royal Society, CONFERENCE, London. FOR THE ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE17-24 BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF : Cambridge Meeting. Aug. CONGRESS at Zurich. 7-13 FIFTHINTERNATIONAL OF CELL RESEARCH, Further information from Das Anatomische Institut, Platten- strasse 9, Zurich, 7. 25 to WORLDPOWERCONFERENCE: Vienna Sectional Meeting: Subjects SEPT.2 for discussion: The supply of energy for agriculture, small- scale industries, household purposes, public lighting and electric railways.Study tours,-approximately a week. Information obtainable from the Austrian National Committee of the World Power Conference, Lothringerstrasse 20. (Konzerthaus), Wien. 111. 306 Sept. INTERNATIONAL19-23 SEVENTH MANAGEMENTCONGRESS: Washington,D.C., U.S.A. FBDERATION at21-26 INTERNATIONAL FOR DOCUMENTATION,Oxford. 23-26 ASSOCIATION LIBRARIES BUREAUX,OF SPECIAL AND INFORMATION at Oxford. 22 to IRONAND STEELINSTITUTE OFand INSTITUTE METALS: Joint OCT.2 Autumn Meeting: 22 Sept. (Quebec);2 Oct. (New York, U.S.A.). 307 General Notices. Lectures.-Professor F. M. Rowe of the Department of Colour Chemistry and Dyeing in the University of Leeds has kindly consented to give two lectures before the Institute on 14th and 2Ist October next, on “The Development of the Chemistry of Dyestuffs.” Professor Rowe will deal with the life and work of Sir William H.Perkin (1838-1907) and will review, under their respective chemical classes, the progress that has been made in the production of synthetic dyes of improved properties, limiting the whole to the chemistry of dyes that have proved to be of commercial value. Examinations.-Examinations for the Associat eship will be held from 12th to 17th September.* The list of entries will be closed on Monday, 11th July. (Notebooks can be received up to 2nd September.) Examinations for the Fellowship will be held from 19th to 24th September.* The list of entries will be closed on Monday, 11th July, except for candidates in Branch G, Industrial Chemistry, or for those desiring special examinations, whose applications should be received before 10th June.An Examination for the Fellowship in Branch F, Agricultural Chemistry, will be held in the University of Leeds, in the week commencing 5th September. An Examination in Branch G, Industrial Chemistry with special reference to Petroleum, will Probably be held in September, in London. Any Associates, other than those who have already entered, who desire to present themselves for the above Examinations, should forward their applications so that they be received not later than 10th June. Forms of Application and further particulars can be obtained from the Registrar.* When the number of Candidates renders it necessary, Examinations may also be held during the succeeding week. The Meldola Medal (the gift of the Society of Maccabaeans) is normally awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise and is brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st Decem- ber prior to the award. The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work. The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person. The next award will be decided in January, 1939. The Council will be glad to .have attention directed, before 31st December, 1938, to work of the character indicated.Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize for Registered Students.-A medal and prize (LIO 10s.) for the best essay, not exceeding 3,000 words, will be awarded in January, 1939, and will be presented at the next Annual General Meeting, or at a meeting of the Local Section to which the successful competitor is attached. Entries are limited to registered students who are less than 22 years of age at the time of forwarding the essay. The object of the essay is to induce Registered Students to develop a sense of professional public spirit and to devote thought to questions of professioszal interest and to the position of chemists in the life of the community-the essay to be on a subject of professiod, rather than technical or purely chemical importance.Having due regard to the objects stated above, Registered Students are informed that the Council is prepared to consider an essay on any subject which has a bearing on chemistry or chemical work, provided that it does not deal with any purely chemical, technical, or historical subject. Each essay must be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the Local Section of the district in which the competitor resides (see list of Local Sections at the end of the JOURNAL) on or before the 31st December, 1938, and must be accompanied by a signed declaration that it is the independent work of the competitor. Essays will be valued partly for literary style and technique, but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein.The Committee of each Local Section will be asked to select, from those received, not more than three essays considered to be worthy of the award. The essays selected by the Local Sections will be referred to assessors appointed by the Council. On the report of the assessors the Council will decide whether, and to 309 whom an award shall be made. The award will not be made more than once to any individual Competitor. Beilby Memorial Awards.-From the interest derived from the invested capital of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, at intervals to be determined by the administrators representing the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry, and the Institute of Metals, awards are made to British investigators in science to mark appreciation of records of distinguished work.Preference is given to investigations relating to the special interests of Sir George Beilby, including problems connected with fuel economy, chemical engineering and metallurgy, and awards are made, not on the result of any competition, but in recognition of continuous work of excep- tional merit, bearing evidence of distinct advancement in science and practice. The administrators of the Fund-the Presidents, Honorary Treasurers, and Secretaries of the three participating institu- tions,-who will meet in October next, will be glad to have their attention drawn to outstanding work of the nature indicated, not later than 30th September, 1938.All communications on this subject should be addressed to the Convenor, Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, W.C.I. Notices to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship, may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute, provided that their applications for this privilege are endorsed by their professors.310 Lists of vacancies are forwarded tdce weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 110s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employment are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period if necessary.The Institute also maintains a List of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students or Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The Library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. Under the Deed of Agreement between the Chemical Society, the Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry, dated July, 1935,the comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is available, for the use of Fellows and Associates and Registered Students of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10 a.m.to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.), except during August and the early part of September, when the hours are from 10a.m. to 5 p.m. Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. The Institute has entered into an arrangement with The Science Library, Science Museum, South Kensington, S.W.7, whereby books may be borrowed on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary of the Institute. In addition to its comprehensive sets of literature on cognate subjects, which are not available in specialised libraries, this Library contains an exceptionally extensive collection of works on chemistry.Nine thousand scientific and technical periodicals 311 are received regularly in the Library. All publications added to the Library are recorded in its Weekly Bibliography of Pure and Applied Science, which has a wide circulation among research workers and institutions. Boots’ Booklovers Library.-Under the arrangements made on behalf of Fellows and Associates of the Institute, subscriptions to Boots’ Booklovers Library expired on 1st March. All who wish to continue the use of the Library, or to subscribe de ROUO, should obtain applica-tion forms from the Registrar of the Institute.Members who do not wish to renew their subscriptions to the Library should return, to the most convenient branch library, any volume of the Library which they may have in their possession and also their Library membership tokens. Lewis’s Lending Library.-Any Fellow or Associate who is not already acquainted with this Library of Scientific and technical books may obtain a copy of the Prospectus from the Registrar of the Institute. A copy of the Catalogue of the Library (revised to December, 1927,with Supplements 1928-30 and 1931-33) is available in the Library of the Institute. A Bi-monthly list of Additions is also issued. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers (IS. zd. each) for binding the Journal in annual volumes, are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required.Arrangements may be made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17--19,Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDIXGSon the following terms: buckram cover, IS. zd.; binding, 2s. gd.; postage and packing, gd.; in all, 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A collection of slides is kept at- the Institute for the use of members who are giving lectures. Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As the slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. 312 Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, heir permanent addresses for registration.All requests for changes in the Register should be addressed to the Registrar, and not to the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. *IThe Profession of Chemistry” (Fourth Edition, 1938), is in preparation and will be ready shortly. Copies will be supplied gratis to any Fellow, Associate or Registered Student, on application to the Registrar.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9386200217

出版商:RSC    

年代:1938

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. Patron -H.M. THE KING. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. PART IV: 1938. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, W.C.I.LONDON, August, 1938, Publications Commit tee, 1938-39. W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD (Chairman), Sir ROBERT H. PICKARD (President), W. M. AMES, A. L. BACHARACH, JAMES BELL, HAROLD BURTON, ALBERT COULTHARD, H. E. COX, B. S. EVANS, A. E.EVEREST, A. E. FINDLEY, 3. B. FIRTH, A. A. HALL, 3.W. HAWLEY, H. H. HODGSON, J. R. JOHNSON, EDGAR LEWIS, P. LEWIS-DALE, C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, J. R. NICHOLLS, G.S. ROBERTSON, E. A. TYLER. Editorial. The Presentation of Scientific Papers.-A story may be spoiled in the telling and this applies to the account of scientific work as well as to fiction. A scientific research may be excellent in theory but presented in such a way as to repel those who hear it or read it. Gelett Burgess of The Pzwple Cow* fame once classified people into “oxides ” or “bromides ” in accordance with the way in which they reacted on their fellows. Those who used threadbare clich& at every turn he classed among the bromides, whilst those whose speech arrested attention and kept one awake were the oxides. But one may become too sensitive as to the use of the clichb. A well-known writer, who died some years ago, had such a fear of using one that he wrote in one of his letters to a young journalist, “Avoid the clichk as you would the Evil One”-which was itself a clich6 in thought, if not in word.In the main, however, his advice was sound, for it is surprising how unconsciously one adopts the familiar phrase even when it is not altogether applicable to the sense. The scientific writer is also prone to make use of unneces-sarily long words and sentences when simpler ones would be much better. This is largely owing to the tradition inherited from Dr. Johnson, from which even now our language is only slowly recovering. Dr. Johnson could not resist the use of the long and sonorous word, and if by chance he happened to speak in simple terms he would translate them into his own language.On one occasion, criticising a new play, he remarked, “It has not life enough to keep it sweet,” and then, after a pause, he paraphrased this into, “It has not sufficient vitality to preserve it from putrescence.” This tradition dies hard. The writers in medical journals are great offenders, possibly because unconsciously the doctors do not wish the laymen to understand them. The classic example of this is that of the doctor who in the witness box described an injury as a contusion beneath the lower integument of the eye, accompanied by tumefaction and much extravasation of blood into the surrounding tissue. “I suppose,’’ said the judge, “you mean a black eye?” “Yes, my lord.” “Then why not say so? ” said the judge. * “I never saw a purple COW, Nor do I wish to see one; But this I’ll tell you anyhow;: I’d sooner see than be one.316 The tendency to use weighted language, however, is by no means a monopoly of the medical profession, for it is fairly common among scientific writers. Some four or five years ago a physical paper was read before the British Association and subsequently published. The subject matter was very involved and the language was difficult to follow, largely because un-necessarily abstruse words had been used. Afterwards a writer in a scientific journal criticised the mode of presentation of this paper, and to give point to his criticism translated a whole paragraph into simpler language that conveyed the same meaning and could be readily followed without mental acrobatics.Chemical papers are often disfigured by the same fault and one meets with sentences which leave one in doubt as to what the writer really means. An author may be familiar with his subject and think that he knows what he wants to say, and yet succeed in conveying the impression that he does not; sometimes the impression may be correct, for muddled writing often means muddled thinking. There is no better exercise for a young author than to go systematically through his paper as first written, picking out the sentences containing the longest words, and to rewrite them in simple English. In this way he will often succeed in turning a poor paper into a good one. There is, however, a great difference between the form in which a paper should finally be published and the way in which it should be read at a scientific meeting.Some authors construe the term “read” in a strictly literal sense and inflict upon their audience every minute detail of an analysis, with the result that they often cause protracted weariness and fail to convey a clear idea of the subject matter of the paper. What is wanted is not a mumbled reading with the head bent over the desk, but a broad outline given in the author’s colloquial language, with eyes on the audience and not always on the paper. The prin- ciples of the method should be described and comments made upon the results, which should preferably be shown in the form of lantern slides.As a rule those who hear a paper thus pre- sented will be quite content to wait until it is published to study the significance of the figures, In any event they will learn much more about the paper if the author succeeds in making it live than if his monotonous reading evokes a sigh of relief when he has finished, leaving the impression that he is not sufficiently master of his subject to talk about it naturally. It might not be amiss if the presentation of a paper were made a subject in which chemists had to qualify.-C.A.M. 317 Proceedings of the Council. CouncilMeeting, 24thJune,1938.-The President reported the gift, by Miss J. H. Purser, of two Bronze Medals awarded to her grandfather as the representative of the London Manure Company for artificial fertilizers, exhibited at Antwerp in 1885 and in Paris in 1889; also the gift, by Professor Jocelyn Thorpe, Past President, of two Medals struck in honour of E.M. Chevreul, -for which, in each case, the Council recorded its grateful thanks. A report was received from Dr. D. F. Twiss on the success of the Conference of Rubber Technology, which he attended, as representative of the Institue, from 23rd to 25th May. A letter was received from Professor Wardlaw accepting appointment as Examiner for the Fellowship in Branch A, Inorganic Chemistry. On the suggestion of Professor Forsyth J. Wilson, that the Council should consider the question of the safety of students and workers in the chemistry laboratories of academic institutions, the matter was referred to the Nominations, Examinations and Inst it utions Committee.The Finance and House Committee reported on the progress made with the consideration of the proposed Staff Superannua- tion Scheme, which will be submitted in due course to a general meeting of the Institute. The Committee also recommended that when the By-laws were next under revision, regard should be had to the circumstance that, although the Charter of the Institute provided for the payment of life compositions by both Fellows and Associates, the By-laws made provision only for Fellows to compound for their subscriptions. Also arising from the Report of the Finance and House Com- mittee, the Council ordered the removal of the names of a number of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students, subject to notice being sent to them that such action would take effect if they did not pay their arrears within fourteen days.315 In the Report of the Benevolent Fund Committee, it was emphasised that further contributions would be required to meet the commitments of the Fund for the remainder of the year. The Publications Committee reported that arrangements had been made, by the courtesy of the Council of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers, for the issue (with JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part 111)of copies of “Safety Rules for use in Chemical Works ” to all Fellows and Associates of the Institute. The Committee reported that the 4th edition of “The Profession of Chemistry” had gone to press, and that the new edition of the “Register” was well in hand.The Committee also reported that Mr. J. R. Nicholls had kindly undertaken to give the Streatfeild Memorial Lecture on the 18th November. The President mentioned, and the Council received the intimation with gratifica- tion, that Dr. W. H. Hatfield, F.R.S., had kindly consented to give the next Gluckstein Memorial Lecture on 7th December. The Report of the Appointments Committee dealt with matters concerning the appointment of public analysts in Northern Ireland, and of chemists in the Colonial Civil Service, as well as a complaint regarding the public advertisement of a vacancy for a qualified woman chemist at very inadequate remuneration.Representation was received from over seventy members to the effect that the policy of the Institute in dealing with such matters should be reviewed. In the instance referred to, the Officers had already taken prompt and effective steps to prevent the advertisement being repeated. The Council gave further consideration to the revision of the proposed Supplemental Charter with a view to meeting objections which had been raised. It was agreed that the Local Sections should be given ample opportunity to discuss the document with any amendments that might be recommended by the Council. Council Meeting, 22nd July, 1938.-The correspondence submitted at the meeting included an invitation to appoint delegates to the Eighteenth Congress of Industrial Chemistry to be held at Nancy, from zznd to 30th September; also a letter from Dr.A. G. G. Leonard, Honorary Secretary of the Dublin Section, suggesting that the Council should co-operate with the proposed Scientific Film Society which is being promoted with the co-operation of the Association of Scientific Workers. The 319 appointment of delegates to the Congress of Industrial Chemistry was postponed pending enquiries, and Dr. Leonard’s letter was referred to the Publications Committee. Dr. F. D. Miles was nominated for appointment as Assessor for National Certificates in Chemistry (Scotland) in succession to Dr. Norman Picton, who has held the appointment for several years and desires to resign. Mr. F.G. Edmed, Member of Council, reported on the Health Congress held at Portsmouth from 11th to 16th July, under the auspices of the Royal Sanitary Institute, at which, at the request of the Council, he represented the Institute. The Institute also received an invitation, from the Chairman of the Organising Committee of the Fourteenth International Conference of the International Federation for Documentation, to appoint delegates to attend the Conference to be held at Oxford from zIst to 26th September. The Council decided to ask Mr. F. W. Clifford, Librarian of the Chemical Society, to act as representative of the Institute on that occasion. The Finance and House Committee submitted further particulars regarding the proposed scheme for staff pensions ; also, a recommendation to the effect that the Institute should co-operate with the Holborn Borough Council in providing shelter in the event of an air raid, the Borough Council being responsible for sandbagging the premises and any extemporary arrangements which might be necessary.The Benevolent Fund Committee directed attention to the fact that the balance on current account was -@89 IS. od., but the Committee anticipated that over E7oo would be required for regular allowances and grants before the end of the year. It would be necessary, therefore, to make a special appeal for further contributions. A Report was received from the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee. The names of candidates recom- mended for election are recorded at the end of this Part of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS.The Report of the Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections (p. 337) was received. The resolution regarding fees for transference from Associateship to Fellowship was referred to the Finance and House Committee for report, and the question of the difficulty of teachers of chemistry in secondary schools proceeding to the Fellowship, was referred to the Nomina- tions, Examinations and Institutions Committee. 320 A Report was received from the Joint Committee of the Scottish Education Department and the Institute re National Certificates in Chemistry. Three candidates gained the Higher Certificate and seven the Ordinary Certificate. Benevolent Fund.-The Benevolent Fund Committee will be glad if Fellows and Associates who have not yet contributed to the fund for the present year, will send their subscriptions and donations to the Honorary Treasurer, in order that the Committee may be in a position to meet immediate require- ments for regular allowances, and to deal adequately with other appeals.Publications.-In July, the Institute published and issued to the Fellows and Associates of the Institute, a new edition of the “Register,” and also Dr. R. Alan Morton’s two lectures on “The Practical Aspects of Absorption Spectrophotometry,” of which the first was delivered at the Institute on 18th March last, -Sir Robert H. Pickard, President, in the Chair,-and the second, on 25th March,-Dr.J. J. Fox, C.B., O.B.E., Vice-President, in the Chair. 321 Local Sections. [The Institute is not responsible for the views expressed in papers read, or in speeches delivered dzlring disczlssion.] Cape.-Col. J. G. Rose presided at a meeting of the Section held on 20th May, in the Cape Technical College, Cape Town, when Dr. P. C. Carman delivered an address on “Modern Views on the Nature of Clays,” of which he has himself furnished the following synopsis:- The lecture dealt with some of the more recent advances in separating the clay minerals and determining their nature and constitution. It has long been realised that clays are essentially hydrated aluminium silicates, but, as with so many of the mineral silicates, little or nothing could be deduced as to the structure of the corresponding “silicic acids.” With the introduction of X-ray methods by W.L. Bragg and his co-workers, however, the structure of the silicates has at last been made clear, and the clay minerals have been found to form a sub-group in the mica type of silicates. The lecturer gave a brief description of the modern methods of classifying silicates, according to their structure as revealed by X-ray analysis, following the lines of W. L. Bragg’s recent book on The Atomic Structure of Minerals. The true micas and the clay minerals were then shown both to consist of sheet structures of very similar nature, the main difference being that the clay minerals consisted essentially of unchanged sheets, and conse- quently had no cations present to hold the sheets together by electrovalent process.As a result, the sheets were easily separated, so that such minerals, instead of building up large crystals, were invariably foufid as thin lamellae of microscopic and ultramicroscopic dimensions. Talc and pyrophyllite, both of which had been regarded as micaceous minerals, were by this criterion seen to belong to the group of clay minerals, both in structure and in physical properties. As Marshall had made clear, clay minerals, like nearly all other natural silicates, did not occur in proportions corresponding to their ‘I ideal ” formulae. Extensive isomorphous replacements were the rule, of which two were particularly important.First, ferric iron played exactly the same r81e as aluminium. Conse-quently, when iron oxide was present in clay, it did not exist as adventitious matter, but was combined in the clay minerals. Secondly, alumina could replace silica, and, as a result, not a great deal of importance could be attached to the A120,/Si02 and R20,/Si0, ratios which were often used to classify soils. When one turned to the typical properties of clays, it was clear that many of these depended essentially upon their small particle size, i.e., they were colloidal in nature. Certain of the properties, however, were clearly related to their crystalline structure. The small size and lamellar shape of the typical clay particle followed inevitably upon its structure.Further, many of the phenomena of plasticity and thixotropy exhibited by clays appeared to be explicable in terms of the lamellar shape, without assuming the presence of thick adsorbed films of water, as had sometimes been done in the past. Again, from the X-ray evidence, those clay minerals which showed the phenomenon of base exchange prob- ably exchanged cations inside the crystal lattice, as did the zeolites, Base exchange viewed as exchanges of adsorbed cations on the surface of a colloidal particle seemed to play a relatively minor part. Professor Newbery presided at a joint meeting of the Section with the Cape Chemical and Technological Society, held at the University of Cape Town, on 1st July, when Professor Pugh gave a lecture and demonstration on “Mercurous Perchlorate as a Volumetric Reagent.” The following is a brief summary:- The use of mercurous nitrate in conjunction with bromophenol blue adsorption indicator for the estimation of chlorides and bromides is already well known; it is equally well known that mercurous nitrate solutions undergo auto-oxidation to mercuric nitrate and metallic mercury.It has been established, however, that mercurous perchlorate solution is much less subject to change, particularly if it is protected from light. Over a period of a year in the dark the titration value of a tenth-normal solution changes only by a fraction of one per cent, 323 Mercurous perchlorate is exceedingly soluble in water and a concentrated solution is readily prepared by shaking mercuric oxide and an excess of mercury with diluted perchloric acid.Suitable dilutions of this stock solution give a very convenient volumetric reagent. A standard solution may be prepared by taking a known weight of pure mercuric oxide for the preparation; alternatively, the solutions may be standardised against pure sodium chloride or potassium bromide. The advantages of this reagent for titrating chlorides and bromides are that it can be applied to acid or neutral liquors and, unlike silver nitrate, it does not seem to be affected by adsorption errors. The results obtained for a wide variety of materials are accurate. In the presence of acids, the only thing that interferes is sulphate ion, but this can be completely countered by adding lead nitrate to the boiling liquid before titrating.The lecturer demonstrated the method of titration and then compared the results obtained by this method with those ob- tained by Mohr’s method and Volhard’s method for the same materials. Detailed results have been published in the J.C.S. (1937, P. 1824). On 5th August members were privileged, through the kindness of Dr. Stoy, to visit the Royal Observatory, where they spent a very interesting and instructive afternoon. Cardiff and District.-Dr. W. Cule Davies, having been awarded a Leverhulme Research Fellowship, has proceeded to Cambridge, and has resigned from the Honorary Secretaryship of the Section. Mr. S. B. Watkins, Chairman of the Section, has kindly consented to act as Honorary Secretary pro tern.East Midlands.-On 26th May, members of the Section and their friends, by permission of the Principal, visited Lough- borough College. Dr. Dyson gave a brief description of the aims of the College, illustrated by lantern slides, and the party then inspected the power house, handicraft room, hosiery laboratory, physiology laboratory, the wind tunnel, erecting shop, aero-rigging shop, pattern shop, foundry, tool room, high tension laboratory, automatic shop, heavy lathe shop and stores, the grinding, melting and general machines, and the physics laboratory. Demonstrations were staged in the wind tunnel, 324 hosiery, physics and high tension laboratories, and students were seen at work in the handicraft room.At the conclusion of the tour, the party returned to the College cafk, where refreshments were provided, and a very enjoyable and instructive evening terminated with a vote of thanks to the College authorities and all who had helped to make the visit a success. London and South-Eastern Counties.-On 9th June, members of the Section visited the South-Eastern Agricultural College of London University at Wye, Kent. After lunch at the King’s H.ead Hotel, the party met in the Library of the College where they were received by Mr. S. D. F. Harwood, Head of the Chemical Department, and Mr. Vicars, Vice-Principal. The College is housed in picturesque scholastic buildings dating from 1445, still in a good state of preservation, situated in a pleasant part of the Kentish downland.The programme was planned as an open-air survey of the major activities of the College. Mr. Miskin, in charge of horticulture, explained the cul- ture of carnations and of tomatoes as hothouse crops, the latter yielding 40 to 50 tons per acre, and the experiments which are being made upon orchard fruits. Dr. Bryant took over the story upon the farm of 400 acres, divided between arable and grassland, and explained the rotation of crops em- ployed over a +year period; a typical rotation being potatoes, corn, barley, corn and then grass. Peas are cultivated for canning, and the growing of white wild clover for seed is attempted as a Kentish speciality, the yield being 60 to 70 lbs.per acre if weather permits, as rain during a harvest causes immediate germination of the seed. The cowsheds were visited in order to see the automatic milking plant in operation. Sheep are reared from Border Leicester and Cheviots crossed with South- down rams. Major Rhodes showed the party his poultry-rearing Section and explained the modern incubatory system. The hop gardens were then visited, and the varieties grown and their susceptibilities to pests and disease were explained by Mr. Ashby. The farm is worked profitably by paid labour and not by student-labour. Tea was provided in the College Refectory and thereafter a visit was paid to the laboratories used for tutorial and research activities. Malaya.-The Fourteenth Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at the College of Medicine, Sepoy Lines, Singa- pore, on 27th April, when it was reported that the Section had held five meetings during the year, in addition to the ordinary Annual Meeting in February, 1937. A brief report of each meet- ing is here recorded.At a meeting held at the College of Medicine, Singapore, on 1st September, 1937,Dr. S. G. Willimott gave a lecture on ‘‘ Some Investigations into the Biochemistry of Sponge Tissue.” The sponge of commerce, for which there is still no really satisfactory substitute, is the natural skeleton of a living animal. The lecturer dealt with the life-history, structure and species of the principal Mediterranean sponges, to the point of the minimum necessary for a proper understanding of their nature.Methods of isolating the sponge protein (spongin), time of hydrolysis, and the distribution of the nitrogen of the resulting amino-acids into seven groups by the method of Van Slyke, were then described. Data from the analyses of about a dozen pro- teins of different species revealed considerable differences in the amino-acid distribution, though not apparently sufficiently striking to assist in the differentiation of the species. The general similarity of sponge proteins to those of silk and other sclero- proteins was indicated. The proximate constituents of a number of commercial sponges from Mediterranean and Malayan waters, as determined by analysis, showed marked uniformity.Halogen salts were present in the ash, the iodine of which appeared to be combined with the sponge protein molecule. The chemical composition of the living sponge, as taken from the sea-bottom, was explained. The lecture was illustrated by many interesting pictures and a collection of different sponges from all parts of the world was exhibited, including a specimen of a living sponge. After a lively discussion the Chairman congratulated the lecturer on the originality of the paper. At an ordinary meeting at the College of Medicine, Singapore, on 27th September, Professor B. A. Gator gave a lecture on bb Mites and Medicine.” After humorously disclaiming any facetious interpretation of his subject, Professor Gator proceeded to show the importance of mites and ticks in animal and human life.Examples were cited and particular reference was made to the mode of dissemination of the so-called Japanese River Fever. This disease has a high mortality rate and is an im- portant problem in the rural areas of Malaya. The reservoir host has been shown to be different sub-species of Rattus rattus, which are attacked-as is man-by the two carriers Trombicula akamushi and Trombicula deliensis. The lecturer explained that in addition to species of Rattus rattus, many other animals have been shown to be infected with the carrier mites. Some of these animals may turn out to be reservoir hosts as well, but all of them are disseminators of the mites and are therefore of importance to public health.The lecture was followed by a demonstration, in the Bio- logical Laboratory, of specimens of the carriers and other closely allied Trombidiid mites. Skins of various species of R. rattus, which had been incriminated as reservoirs, as also skins of other mammals from which carriers had been obtained, were on exhibition. .c A method of collecting mites in numbers from different materials by means of the Berlese Funnel, was also demonstrated. The construction of the apparatus is based on the principle that mites are generally positively thermotactic and negatively phototactic. A vote of thanks was passed to Professor Gator for his most interesting lecture and for the trouble which he had taken in arranging a comprehensive demonstration.At a meeting held in the College of Medicine on 26th October, Mr. H. C. Butcher read a paper on “The Chemist and the Laundry.” The lecturer sketched the rapid growth of the laundry industry of Great Britain from its origin as a backyard affair employing empirical methods and crude plant, to its present position as one of the most modern of British industries. Such developments were due in large measure to the enterprise of laundry chemists. The lecturer showed how years of patient experiment and re- search on detergents, bleaching, abrasion, and water-conditioning ing, together with the study of textiles and dyestuffs, had enabled the modern laundry to treat successfully the varied textiles of everyday life. “The Joys of Research.” At the same meeting, Dr.A. Jackson treated members to some sidelights on his personal experiences of research under this somewhat ironic title. He referred in particular to the discouragement and delay frequently experienced by young research workers in their endeavours to repeat the unsound work which is sometimes recorded in the literature. The contention was illustrated by reference to an investigation into rates of ester formation. On the motion of the Chairman, seconded by Mr. F. H. Geake, a vote of thanks to the lecturers was recorded. At a meeting held on 25th November, Mr. T. A. McCullagh of the Straits Trading Company, gave an interesting account of the rise of tin to its present position as one of the indispensable metals of civilisation.The importance of tin in the production of weapons, house- hold implements, and articles of personal adornment in pre-historic times, was dealt with by the lecturer. Here, apparently Malaya did not come prominently into the story nor were the Malayan deposits the earliest worked. But it seems likely that tin was being exported from Malaya well before the Christian era. The State of Perak, then as now, appears to have been the richest tin-producing area. Before the arrival of the Portuguese at Malacca in 1509,tin had long been a valuable source of revenue to the native sultans. The Portuguese conquest, however, did not increase the produc- tion and trade in tin, as was the case immediately the Dutch consolidated their hold on the country about 1600.The British, under the aegis of the enterprising East India Company, arrived on the scene towards the close of the 18th century. From then onwards, under British stimulus, the industry rapidly developed in the peninsula to its present-day proportions. At the conclusion, the lecturer displayed specimens of cassi- terite from different tin-producing areas of the world and some ingots of Singapore-smelted tin of remarkable purity. A vote of thanks concluded a most enjoyable meeting. Also on 27th April, members of the Malaya Section visited the Ho Hong Oil Mills, on the kind invitation of the management. 328 Manchester and District.-The following is an abstract of a paper read by Mr.F. R. Cooper, A.C.A. (Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd.) before the Section on zIst October, 1937, on Aspects of Personal Finance.” . Mr. Cooper said that the question of Personal Finance was one which was common to all, but in view of the diversity of human nature and differences of income inherent in the social order, general principles could not in practice be formulated without risk of misinterpretation. Probably every member in his audience was in a better position to handle his own finances than an external party could ever be, but Mr.-now Dr.-Cronshaw, Chairman of the Section, and Dr. Coulthard, the Honorary Secretary, had pressed him to undertake the task of indicating certain methods which had been proved useful towards a solution of the problems of personal finance, to which few members of society gave the attention it deserved. There was little literature dealing with personal economics, as opposed to political or industrial economics, although there was literature dealing with the cost of living and how money spent on food might be related to rent and so on.Such an enquiry in regard to wage earners and certain black-coated workers was shortly to be undertaken by the Ministry of Labour. He had not seen any real attempt to deal with the laying out of a professional man’s income, where wisdom or lack of wisdom might make all the difference between a happy and a miserable state of mind. It was difficult to give advice. Advice was only acceptable if it corroborated the opinion personally held by the individual to whom it was offered; but it was unwelcome and frequently disregarded if it were contrary to that opinion.He did not suggest that chemists were susceptible to any particular form of financial imprudence: the nature of the individual differentiated the problem and not the nature of his calling. Most people had a natural desire to preserve secrecy in regard to the amount of their earned incomes, but he had never, tc his own satisfaction, been able to account for that desire. A person might disclose directly or indirectly his unearned income (his “private money”) but far less frequently the amount of his salary; i:i the latter case, if disclosed, it would probably be in complaining terms.The balancing of a five-figure income often seemed to present more difficulties to the possessor then the problem of living on it13 a week did to the working man. It 329 sometimes looked as though income was inversely proportional to our ability to live within it. He recalled the inevitable reference to Mr. Micawber, who was prepared to work to a margin of expenditure of less than I per cent. on either side of his declared annual income. Then, there was the example of Mr. Pepys who, from time to time, recorded carefully reckonings of his fortune, but had a habit of changing his accounting periods. So far as Mr. Cooper had been able to trace, Pepys actually increased his capital from k40 to near jCJ7,ooo in seven years! As Treasurer for Tangier and Surveyor of the Victuals for the Navy, he had sources of income which were denied to most of us.His reckonings, however, were made after the event; whereas control of personal finance could best be secured if some attempt were made to budget in advance. Turning to Holy Writ, he felt that if anyone told him to “take no thought for the morrow,” he would like to suggest that the revised version had it “be not anxious for the morrow,” and that budgeting and accounting for expenditure was the one way in which anxiety could be removed. Next, he referred to Bacon’s essay,-“ Of Expense.” Bacon said that “ordinary expense ought to be limited by man’s estate, and governed with such regard, as it be within his compass; and not subject to deceit and abuse of servants; and ordered to the best show, that the bills may be less than the estimation abroad .. . ” and more to the same effect. A friend, whom he thought he knew very well, kept a fairly detailed record of his income and expenditure, and these records provided a percentage analysis which was largely corroborated by the experience of others, including chemists. He thought it was desirable that they should realise within normal limits, how they spent their money, and he chose for the purpose of illustration an income of f1600 a year. There were two important considerations, namely, the constitution of the family to be provided for, and the nature of its desires. A single man, with only himself to provide for, could easily live within an income on which it was difficult to provide for a married man with a wife and two children.Then, there was the material nature of their desires : a combination of what was necessary and useful, with what he termed “conceit,” in its broadest and most excusable form, for which, however, there was little room in the case of small incomes. 330 He would assume, for present purposes, that the income was mainly derived from salary, and was definitely known for the year in question. He had spent a lot of time wondering why it was so difficult to save. Statistically, it should always be possible to save the amount of any increase in one's income from one year to the other, if the prevailing conditions were the same.There seemed to be some subconscious force, however, which operated so as to change our ideas as to what we could afford so soon as we saw the prospect of having some extra cash at our disposal. Mr. Keynes had suggested eight motives which led individuals to refrain from spending, which might be briefly summarised as follows:-building up a reserve fund against unforeseen con-tingencies; providing for an anticipated future change in the relation between income and the needs of the individual, his family or dependents; enjoying the receipt of interest; enjoying an improved standard of life; a sense of independence; putting oneself in a position to speculate; bequeathing a fortune; satisfying pure miserliness. The individual should know whether he was saving or not, and the disposition of his income should be conscious and not hazardous.This disposition would be dealt with under three main headings, with special emphasis, by request, on life assurance. Under "Appropriations of Income," Mr. Cooper included Income Tax ; Pension Fund or Superannuation contributions, and Life Assurance or Endowment Premiums. Under ''Expenditure on Necessaries " he included rent, rates, food, clothes, lighting, and everything spent on the home; domestic assistance; professional services (doctors, dentists, etc.) ; personal expenditure and children's education. House purchase might take the place of rent; domestic assistance might be a luxury. Under a third heading,--" Optional Expenditure ',-he in-cluded semi-necessaries (holidays, hobbies, amusements and entertaining) ; motor car; subscriptions; presents and charity; allowances to relatives.These would only too frequently be found to add up to IOO per cent. of the income in question. Expenditure under the first main heading was a prior charge on one's income. He gave the following figures in respect of 331 a married man with two children as showing how Income Tax became of much greater importance at higher income levels. Income. Income Tax. E P.". Per cent. 500 .. .. .. 14 600 .. .. .. 3ii .. .. .. 7750 1,000 .. .. .. 10) 'J250 .. .. .. I2 1,500 .. .. *. 13Q 2,000 .. .. .. IS$ In considering how much money to spend on Life Assurance, it was usual to take into account benefits accruing under a pension scheme, and one should understand what such a scheme provided and what risks it left uncovered. One scheme with which he was acquainted, to which both the employer and the employee contributed ,was designed primarily to provide pensions upon retirement at the age of 62.It provided supplementary benefits in certain cases, such as an early retirement on the grounds of ill-health; but it did not secure in the small years of one's service the protection of a life assurance. It was highly desirable, therefore, for the individual to obtain life assurance protection while pension rights were accruing. No pension scheme could provide, in practice, an income which approximated to that which a member had received prior to retirement.In other cases, the benefit took the form of a lump sum which could be converted into an annuity. There was an alternative kind of scheme under which the contributions of the employer and frequently the employee, were utilised to maintain specific life assurance policies on the life of the employee; but normally, it would be found that for adequate protection some additional independent assurance was desirable. By adequate protection he meant the assurance (in the event of a calamity) of a fund sufficient to enable the dependents to carry on, or to provide a suitable annuity to the dependents. Even a small assurance would provide cash for immediate requirements. Where the individual was a member of a pension scheme it was easy to think that, provided he survived until retirement age, there was no need to insure, but it was an actuarial inevit- ability that not all would attain the retirement age.In the 332 aggregate, of three men aged 30, two only will live to 62, and only one will attain 75; although, according to a standard mortality table, more people died at age 73 than at any other age after childhood. Where professional men are working under conditions where no superannuation scheme is in existence, life assurance is in most cases essential. Policies can be mainly divided into whole life, providing benefits only upon death ;or endowment assurances, providing benefits accruing on death or upon attaining a specified age, whichever occurs earlier.Whole life policies were the purest form of insurance, because the element of investment was comparatively small, especially with non-participating policies. For the man who had only a limited amount to spend, this kind of policy or some variation thereof provided the greatest possible cover in the event of his untimely demise. If the policies provided for participation in profits, the investment or saving element was more prominent, since the additional benefits obtained under the policy had to be paid for in the form of an addition to the annual premium. The endowment assurance might be regarded as a com-promise between life assurance and investment and, if the individual has provided adequately for his dependents in the event of an early death, he may well devote any additional money available from year to year to the extra premium required for endowment assurance as compared with whole life assurance.He might obtain such a policy without or with profits: in the latter case the premium was higher and the element of saving still greater. An important point to be borne in mind was that subject to certain qualifications and limitations, a rebate of Income Tax is allowed in respect of life assurance premiums, and this so increased the attractiveness of the endowment form of assurance that, on the maturity of a 25 or 30 year policy the cash received might show a return equivalent even to 5 per cent. or 6 per cent. (gross) on the total of the premiums paid and thus providing a highly remunerative and sound investment.A form of policy at present offered commonly styled the "Protector " or "Family Income " policy, provided an assurance, with or without profits, maturing on the death of the individual with certain added benefits if death occurred within the period of, say, twenty years. The added benefit consisted of an annuity for the remainder of the period of twenty years and/or a lump sum payable at the end of that period. It provided especially for that period in a man’s life when his death would probably be most disastrous. It must be recognised, however, that the benefits decreased with the age of the policy, and the holder of such should review from time to time the contingencies which might arise. A young man on obtaining his first appointment was well advised to insure his life, even if only for a small sum, and to take out a whole life policy, with or without profits, or an endow- ment assurance, maturing at the age at which he might expect to retire.The interest from the investment of the proceeds of the endowment assurance coming at the time of his retirement would help him to bridge the transition from earned income to investment income or pension. At 25 a sum of fs500 with added profits could be assured at an annual premium of LIO to EII; without profits, fs7 to fs8. If he married he should increase his life assurance. The profits commonly known as “bonuses” of good companies were usually substantial, especially on assurances taken out at the younger ages; but if there were any doubt as to the adequacy of the life cover it would be wiser to take out non- profit policies.Mr. Cooper hazarded that at least 7 per cent. of the income of a young “family” man should be devoted to life assurance or, alternatively, that provision should be made to assure an amount at least equivalent to two years’ salary. If the individual is not a member of a superannuation scheme, the percentage should perhaps be 10per cent. or more. Another form of policy was to provide for the education of children combined with the assurance on the life of the bread- winner. -4ll matters of assurance, however, must be subject to the consideration of particular circumstances,-the possession of independent capital; the ability of a wife to earn her own living, etc.Mr. Cooper proceeding to deal with the second heading of expenditure for a family consisting of a man with a salary of L600 a year and a wife and two young children, suggested that the heading with which he had dealt (including pension fund, life assurance and income tax) would easily absorb 15 per cent., of which 3 per cent. comprised income tax and the balance up to 12 per cent. for life assurance and superannuation. Expendi-ture on “necessaries” might absorb as much as 65 per cent., depending on the kind of house occupied, the amount devoted to dress and so forth. 334 Out of this 65 per cent., 44 per cent.might be spent on the house, including rent, and rates, lighting, heating, telephone, food and domestic assistance. All considerations must depend upon the size of the family, especially with regard to the 21 per cent. remaining for personal items which include the husband’s lunches out. An analysis of the 44per cent. could be somewhat as follows:- Equivalent on Per cent. E6oo p.a. Rent and rates .. .. 14 .. 84 Lighting, heating, telephone .. 4 .. 24 Food .. .. .. .. 18 .. 108 Domestic assistance, cleaning, renewals, and sundries .. 8 .. 48 A balance of 20 per cent. would then be available for the third main heading :-Holidays, amusements, entertaining, presents, charities, etc. Methods of drawing up personal accounts will not present much difficulty if husband and wife both keep a running record of actual cash and balance up weekly.At the end of the period due allowance is made for debts owing and items paid in advance. When such notes had been kept for some time it was possible to prepare a budget for the future and to be guided by it. The expense of a motor car required careful consideration: it was, perhaps, too often regarded as an essential part of our equipment. Allowance must be made for the initial cost (or depreciation) as well as the running expenses. A married man was rarely justified in spending more than 10 per cent. of his income on a car. Hobbies could be profitable: to become a skilled motor mechanic was to effect a saving of many pounds a year. Mr.Cooper also dealt with the advantages and disadvantages of fixed allowances for financing a household; hire purchase contracts for the acquisition of house, furniture, motor cars, etc., and the importance of assurance as a means of covering liabilities incurred under house purchase contracts. Finally, there should be an endeavour to secure that a margin of at least 5 per cent. was unspent. There should be some available cash for unforeseen contingencies, such as illness. 335 Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast.-Members of the Section attended the forty-second Bedson Lecture which was delivered in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, King’s College, Newcastle upon Tyne, on 19th May, by Sir Henry Dale, C.B.E., F.R.S., who spoke on ‘(The Impact of Chemistry on Biological Science.” Sir Henry showed how the two sciences of biology and chemistry were developed during the nineteenth century inde- pendently of each other and described the advances which had been made in more recent times as the two subjects became closely interwoven in the science of biochemistry.Since the end of last century, organic chemistry had developed along two main lines-(I) the synthesis of new substances of little direct relation to biological science and (2) the isolation and identification of substances from “vital ” chemistry. Progress had been slow in the chemistry of the animal body, and the lag between chemical recognition and the assignment of a definite biological function to compounds isolated was well exemplified by the fact that although creatine was isolated from muscle in 1832,it was not until 1927 that a definite r6le in muscle metabolism was assigned to this substance.The comparatively new science of bacteriology had its origin in the work of Louis Pasteur, a chemist whose interests developed along “biochemical” lines until he eventually became a com-plete biologist. The investigation of protein chemistry by Sir F. Gowland Hopkins and his attempt to make a perfect diet, by mixing the correct amounts of fats, carbohydrates and proteins, gave rise to one of the‘ most sensational discoveries in recent years,-the vitamins. In a very short time, many of these compounds had not only been isolated, but in some cases have been assigned a definite formula which has been proved by synthesis.Several enzyme actions have recently been investigated from a chemical standpoint and it seems extremely probable that enzyme and coenzyme phenomena will shortly be explained as chemical actions closely connected in some cases with the vitamins. The discovery of the natural stimulants-the hormones-formed by the animal body, has opened up an important new field of biochemical research in which great advances have already been made. Several of these substances have been 336 isolated and synthesised, such as, for example, thyroxin and adrenaline, and the sex hormones have been shown by synthesis to be closely related to inert sterols present in animal tissues.Finally, even the transmission of nerve “messages” has been shown to involve reversible physico-chemical changes in which simple organic compounds play a part. South Wales (Swansea).-Mr. P. F. Ellis has resigned the office of Honorary Secretary of the South Wales Section, and, in his stead, Mr. E. E. Ayling of the University College of Swansea, has kindly consented to act, pro tern. South Yorkshire.-The Third Annual General Meeting was held at Doncaster Technical College on and June,-Dr. G. Lawton in the Chair. The Officers and Committee for the ensuing year were elected as follows:-Chairman, Dr. E. Gregory; Vice-chairman, Mr. B. W. Methley; Committee, Mr. A. H. Churchouse, Dr. W. F. Andrews, Mr. A. H. Dodd, Mr.J. Picken, Mr. G. W. Moore, Dr. G. Lawton, Mr. S. D. Carson, Mr. E. J. Vaughan; Hon. Treasurer, Dr. A. R. Bowen; Hon. Auditor, Dr. A. W. Chapman; Hon. Secretary, Mr. W. W. Stevenson. The report of the Committee and the Financial Statement were adopted. Votes of thanks were recorded for the work done on behalf of the Section by the retiring Chairman, Dr. Lawton, the retiring Hon. Secretary, Mr. W. Wall, and the Hon. Treasurer, Dr. A. R. Bowen. 337 Report of the Sixth Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. The sixth conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections was held at the Institute on Saturday, the 25th of June, 1938, -Sir Robert H. Pickard, F.R.S., President, in the chair. The following attended : Dr.J. W. Corran, East Anglia. Dr. A. Coulthard, Manchesfer and District. Mr. R. Craven, Aberdeen and North of Scotland. Mr. J. G. Duncan, Glasgow and West of Scotland. Mr. G. Elliot Dodds, Edinburgh and East of Scotland. Dr. E. H. Goodyear, Huddersfield. Mr. F. P. Hornby, Bristol and South-Western Counties. Mr. R. F. Innes, London and South-Eastern Counties. Mr. J. R. Johnson, Birmingham and Midlands. Dr. A. G. G. Leonard, Dublin. Mr. C. S. McDowell, Belfast. Mr. C. W. North, East Midlands. Dr. F. J. Smith, Liverpool and North Western. Mr. W. W. Stevenson, South Yorkshire. Mr. E. Thornton, South Wales, wice Mr. P. F. Ellis. Mr. S. B. Watkins, Cardiff and District, wice Dr. W. Cule Davies. Mr. W. A. Wightman, Leeds Area. Mr.Bernard F. Howard, Hon. Treasurer, was also present, and the Registrar and the Assistant Secretary were in attendance. (1)On the proposition of the President, the Conference proceeded, in the first place, to consider the proposed Supple- mental Charter, which had been submitted to a Special General Meeting in 1937,but had received an adverse postal vote from the general body of members. The President said that, taking the long view, in the interests of the State as well as the Institute, something should be done to promote the further voluntary registration of chemists. The Council had appointed a Special Committee to consider the objections which had been raised to the proposal. That Committee had reported to the Council recommending modifi- cations to meet those objections-particularly the inclusion in the proposed new category of members, of all those who possessed qualifications recognised as exempting candidates from examination (by the Institute) for the Associateship, including holders of diplomas, such as the Associateships of the Heriot- Watt College, Edinburgh, and of the Royal Technical College, Glasgow.The Committee had also recommended that the proposed nomination and election of representatives of the Universities on the Council should be eliminated, but that the By-laws, when revised, should include a provision for ensuring that the Officers and Council of the Institute as elected by the Fellows and Associates, should always include at least six Professors of Chemistry.It was proposed to redraft the document, incorporating the above and possibly other, alterations, to send it to the Sections for discussion, and not to proceed further with the matter until the Sections had had ample time to discuss it. The Hon. Secretaries gave their impressions as to the views of members in their respective districts. In general, they felt that the members had not been sufficiently informed and did not grasp the full significance of the proposal; also, that much of the opposition came from younger Associates, who objected to members in the proposed new category acquiring status comparable with their own, without supporting the work of the Institute. The President emphasised that the applications from candidates for such registration under the proposed new category of members would be submitted to the same rigorous investigation as that given to the applications of candidates for the Associate- ship, and that such members would not be entitled to anything more than registration, although they would be required to comply with the conditions of the Institute regarding professional discipline.The discussion was summed up by Mr. E. Thornton, who said that he concluded the occasion might arise when the State desired to have one body which provided a Register of reliable and qualified chemists, over whom it exercised disciplinary control. The Supplemental Charter was intended to enable the Institute to co-operate with the State by becoming that one body, and, without lowering its standard of qualification, to divide its Register into those who now enjoyed all the privileges of membership, and those who were merely registered and had agreed to accept the Institute’s code of professional conduct.The President expressed the hope that the Hon. Secretaries would endeavour to introduce the matter to their members early in the next session so that, if possible, the proposed Charter could be submitted again at the Annual General Meeting in March, 1939. (2) Mr. North urged that the Section Secretaries should receive as early information as possible upon any matter which might arouse the interest of the members; for example, they should have prior notice of the award of the Frankland Medal and Prize for Students.In this connexion it was suggested that the dates of Council Meetings should be included under ‘‘Coming Events ’’ in the Journal and Proceedings. (3)Mr.Watkins openeda discussion on the desirability of closer contact between members of Council and the average Institute member. It was usual, in his Section, to invite visiting lecturers to the business meetings which preceded the lectures. When such lecturers were members of Council their contributions to discussions were most helpful. He felt that, if the Council had come to the Sections with full information regarding the Supplemental Charter, there would have been less opposition. Attendance at the Conference of Hon. Secretaries enabled them to clear up many points of difficulty.He felt that District Members of Council should be allowed to disclose to a greater extent the intentions and proposals of the Council. or that Officers or members of Council should visit the Sections when any important proposal was under discussion, in order to explain the matter in detail. The Council should be representative of all parts of the country, so that members, when elected, could act as liaison officers in their districts. Other members supported Mr. Watkins’ views, and a dis-cussion ensued as to the possibility of sending the Hon. Secretaries of Sections more details of the business of the Council and advance proofs of the Journal and Proceedings. The President said that District Members of Council who were ex-uficiu members of Section Committees were in a position to obtain information and to advise the Council as to the wishes of their local members, and they could use their discretion in keeping their Committees informed regarding the proceedings of the Council.340 The Treasurer remarked that it was necessary to bear in mind that the Council was elected to manage the affairs of the Institute: matters should ordinarily be discussed by the Council in the first place. The President said that it was difficult for the Officers and Council to cover the whole area geographically other than through the District Members of Council; but he would note the desire of the Hon. Secretaries for more information. When the reports of the meetings of the Council in the Journal were meagre, it did not signify that the Council was less active :some of the formal proceedings did not call for special comment; other business was not sufficiently advanced for publication.(4)The Conference then proceeded to discuss the position of chemists in relation to service in the territorial army, and gas defence. The Conference was informed as to what was being done, and was assured that the Institute would be ready at any time to give further assistance to the authorities; the authorities were well aware of that fact. The Treasurer said that it was a matter for the conscience of each individual to do the best he could as a citizen. Chemists had to attend to their business during the day, but many of them could give spare time to undertake the duties of air-wardens and instructors, although they should warn the local authorities that they might not be available for such duties during war.Reference was also made to the question of chemists obtaining commissions, and to the difficulty of securing officer status for technical men engaged in “companies” and not as individuals. Emphasis was laid on the importance of an officer being capable of command-apart from his technical qualifications. The question being asked whether the Proposed Supple- mental Charter had a bearing on the matter, the President replied that it had not been hinted at, but that it was possible that the existence of such a register would make it easier for the Institute to help the State. (5) A proposal was advanced that in view of the state of the investment account of the Institute, the Council should consider the reduction of entrance fees for Associates applying for the Fellowship.It was foreshadowed that possibly the time would come when the Associates would so far outnumber the Fellows that 341 the Local Sections would have difficulty in securing suitable Fellows for election as District Members of Council. The Council managed so to control the business of the Institute that it lived within its income, and was putting to reserve considerable sums in entrance fees every year. It was advanced that if anything could be done to induce more Associates to proceed to the Fellowship, the income of the Institute would benefit from the increased subscription of such Fellows.The President said that it was not only a matter of fees: the Associate was required to comply with the regulations. Whether the Institute would benefit by a reduction in the entrance fees was rather difficult to estimate. The margin of income over expenditure was not very great, and the Council had other matters involving expense to submit to the members, -in particular, a scheme for the provision of pensions for the staff. *** After discussion, it wasresolved to recommend the Council to reduce the entrance fees and fees for assessment, payable by Associates on admission to the Fellowship, with a view to facilita- ting the transference of members from one grade to the other- not only on financial grounds, but in the general interests of the Institute.(6) The question was then considered as to whether Sections should be allowed to “fund” any money balance of their grants remaining after a session’s working. It was suggested that a Section might want to hold a reserve to which it could turn for some special occasion. It was generally held, however, that the Sections were expected to spend the grants which they received in advancing the interests of the members, and not to save such funds. If any Section required extra funds for a particular pur- pose, it could apply to headquarters and ask for consideration of the proposal in view. (7) A short discussion took place on the nature of Sectional meetings, the means of obtaining good lecturers and securing good attendances.The Honorary Secretaries agreed to continue the practice of informing one another of any particularly successful events. (8) The views of the Conference were sought on the advisa- bility of Sections canvassing one another to secure the election of candidates for the Council. The majority disliked the practice. Although there was no By-law to prevent it, it often 342 defeated its own object, because it caused resentment. It was resolved : “This Conference is of the opinion that canvassing as between Sections for the election of Members of Council is undesirable.” (12voted for the motion, 2 against ;2 refrained from voting.) (9) Reference was made to the number of Associates who were teachers, not only in Universities and technical colleges, but in schools, and to their difficulty in qualifying for the Fellow- ship.They were important to the Institute in that they laid the foundation for the future training of chemists.* Such teachers had practically no facilities for research, and their work did not fit them for taking special examinations for the Fellowship. There was, therefore, little chance of their pro- ceeding to the higher grade. What could the Council do to facilitate the advancement, to the Fellowship, of teachers in public and secondary schools ? The President said that it would depend upon what the teachers could show to warrant such promotion. If they had received, from the “pool” of the Local Authorities, a special responsibility allowance, he would feel that their claims warranted consideration. The mere automatic holding of a position was not sufficient. They could not be exempt from fulfilling the requirements of the regulations. The meeting concluded with a vote of thanks to the President for presiding at the Conference, and also to the Honorary Treasurer for his attendance. The Honorary Secretaries were subsequently entertained to luncheon at the Hotel Russell.* Notwithstanding the large number engaged in teaching chemistry, less than 300 teachers in public and secondary schools mentioned in “Official Chemical Appointments” (9th edition) are Fellows or Associates of the Institute, i.e.not more than 10 per cent. of such teachers. 343 Notes. Scientific Films.-The Association of Scientific Workers has announced a proposal to form a Scientific Film Society, of which the primary object will be to give exhibitions in London of approved films covering-(a) films produced in the course of specific researches, (b) films intended for instructional purposes, (c) films illustrating the impact of Science upon Society (power distribution, transport, engineering works, nutrition, etc.). A Scientific Films Committee of the Association maintains files of information on scientific films of all classes, of available projector equipment, and of panels of film experts. The Com- mittee is maintaining close contact with the British Film Institute, and hopes to become a “clearing house” on all matters relating to scientific films.The Honorary Chairman of the Scientific Films Committee of the Association of Scientific Workers is Mr. L. V. Chilton, 28, Hogarth Road, South Kensington, S.W.5. SCIENCE IN PARLIAMENT. Medical Research (Su++Zy of Drugs).-In the House of Com- mons, on 11th May, the following questions were addressed to the Lord President of the Council:- (I) Whether he was aware that the Medical Research Council are allocating ;E30,000, provided by Parliament, for research in chemotherapy; and whether he would satisfy himself that the Medical Research Council, in this scheme, is securing every possible co-operation from industrial concerns; (2)whether steps are being considered to ensure that scientists, medical men and manufacturing chemists shall all be brought into a scheme whereby research into chemical compounds for medical and other purposes, essential particularly to the tropical parts of the British Empire, and to the whole Empire in case of war, may proceed upon lines similar to those followed with such success in Germany, whereby that country has secured a virtual monopoly of drugs particularly necessary in the British Empire? 344 The Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster replied on behalf of the Lord President of the Council, stating that he was assured that, in applying this additional grant to the promotion of research in chemotherapy, the Medical Research Council will obtain the co-operation of industry as far as may be found possible.The general objects of the scheme now being developed are as indicated in the second question, and steps are being taken to ensure that scientists, medical men and manufacturing chemists shall all be brought within its scope. Chemical Research.-On 24th May, in reply to a question enquiring whether the attention of the Lord President had been drawn to the fact that in case of war the British Empire would be without access to important chemical compounds of which Germany has a virtual monopoly; whether he is aware that Gennan firms producing these chemical agents do not, as a rule, grant licences for manufacture in this country; and whether any Government action is contemplated in view, not only of possible war-time contingencies, but also of the continuous and urgent needs of the British tropical Empire.The Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster stated that the Lord President is well aware of the fact that the discovery of new compounds of certain kinds, particularly those which can be used in the treatment of some tropical and other diseases, at present depends largely on research work undertaken by industrial concerns in Germany, with the consequence that supplies of these new substances can for a longer or shorter period be obtained only from abroad. It is for this reason that the Government have approved the proposal of the Medical Research Council for expenditure at the rate of &30,000 per annum on research in chemotherapy, to enable this country to play a greater part in future in making new discoveries in this field.The object and nature of the new scheme were explained in the “Report of the Medical Research Council for the year, 1936-37,” which was laid before Parliament in February of this year. In the House of Commons, on 7th July, Mr. R. Dobbie (Lab., Rotherham) asked the Home Secretary on what basis experts employed to advise the Home Office or the police authorities in poison cases were paid for their services; and whether any independent check was applied to their reports before a prosecution was instituted? 345 The Home Secretary replied that the services of two analysts, appointed by and receiving retaining fees from the Home Office, were available to the police and coroners, if they had occasion to consult them.In such cases, they were remunerated in accordance with a scale of fees approved by the Treasury. In addition, forensic science laboratories had been established in London and certain other centres, with whole-time scientific staff remunerated by salary. In other cases, the police might seek the assistance of other experts who would be remunerated by fee. In every case, the function of the expert was to give an opinion, as a scientist, on the material submitted to him, and he did so on his own responsibility. The responsibility for the prosecution rested with the Director of Public Prosecutions or with the police, as the case might be.OiZ producedfrom CoaZ.-On 15th June, in reply to a question raised in the House of Commons, the Secretary for Mines stated that 117,000 tons of petrol were produced in this country in 1937 by the hydrogenation process. Air Raid Precautions : Water Supplies.-On 16th June, in reply to a question regarding water supplies, the Under-Secretary of State for the Home Office said that, in a memorandum dealing with Air Raid Precautions which had been issued to all water undertakings, special emphasis was laid upon the desirability of preparing plans for alternative methods of maintaining normal supplies, such as connexion to the mains of other authorities, or the utilisation of sources not ordinarily available.Measures for supplementing existing supplies for fire-fighting purposes formed an important part of the emergency fire pre- caution schemes which were being submitted by local authorities. Food and Drugs BilZ.-In the House of Lords, on the 23rd June, the Food and Drugs Bill was read the third time, and passed. Honours.-Among the King’s Birthday Honours :-Dr. John Jacob Fox, O.B.E., Vice-president, Government Chemist,- Companion of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath (C.B.); Professor Thomas Hill Easterfield, M.A. (Cantab.), Ph.D. (Wurzburg), FelZow,-Knight Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire. 346 Sir Thomas Easterfield has taken a prominent part in scientific affairs in New Zealand. From 1920 to 1933 he was Director at the Cawthron Institute, Nelson.He has been President of the Wellington Philosophical Society and of the New Zealand Institute, and was the first Chairman of the New Zealand Section of the Institute of Chemistry, formed in 1927. Sir Martin Onslow Forster, F.R.S., Fellow, has been elected a Fellow of the City and Guilds of London Institute (F.C.G.I.). Professor James Charles Philip, O.B.E., F.R.S., Fellow, has been accorded the title of Professor Emeritus of Physical Chem- istry in the University of London, on his retirement from the Professorship of Physical Chemistry in the Imperial College of Science and Technology. Professor Jocelyn Field Thorpe, C.B.E., F.R.S., Past President, has been accorded the title of Professor Emeritus of Organic Chemistry in the University of London, on his retirement from the Professorship of Organic Chemistry in the Imperial College of Science and Technology.Professor James Irvine Orme Masson, M.B.E., Fellow, Professor of Chemistry and Head of the Department of Science in the University of Durham, has been appointed Vice-Chancellor of the University of Sheffield. Principal Bernard Mouat Jones, D.S.O., of the College of Technology, Manchester, has been appointed Vice-Chancellor of the University of Leeds. Dr. James Eckersley Myers, O.B.E., Associate, has been appointed Principal of the College of Technology, Manchester, in succession to Principal Mouat Jones. The Council of the Institute of Fuel has decided to award the Melchett Medal for the year 1938 to Professor Richard Vernon Wheeler, DSc., Fellow of the Institute.Professor Wheeler will give the Melchett Lecture at the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Storey’s Gate, London, on Thursday, 13th October, at 3.30 p.m. Fellows and Associates of the Institute of Chemistry will be cordially welcome. 347 Mr. Roy F. Hayman, Associate, has been elected Honorary Secretary of the Graduates Section of the Institution of Chemical Engineers for the coming session. Cancer.-L’ Union Internationale contre le Cancer has notified that an International Rbunion will be held in Paris from 23rd to 30th November to commemorate the discovery of radium, electrons, X-rays and Hertzian waves. The meetings will be held at the Palais de la Dkouverte, under the Patronage of the President of the French Republic, the Minister of Public Health and the Minister of Education. The President of the Rbunion will be Mons.Justin Godart. The General Secretary is Mons. L. W. Tomarkin, 18 Rue Soufflot, Paris (5e). Achema 1X.-A Chemical Engineering Exhibition will be held in June, 1940, at Frankfurt a.M. The and International Congress of Chemical Engineering, which was held for the first time in London, in 1936, will also be held in Germany in 1g4o-at the invitation of DECHEMA,-as a partial session of the World Power Conference, and in association with ACHEMAIX. Other conferences which will be held in Germany at about the same time include the International Congress for Testing Materials, the Universal Petroleum Congress, and the Inter- national Gas Congress.The Eighteenth Session of the International Geological Congresswill be held in Great Britain in 1940, on the invitation of the Geological Society of London. Sir William Bragg, O.M., K.B.E., P.R.S., is the Honorary President of the General Organ- king Committee. Communications should be addressed to the General Secretaries, Eighteenth Session ,International Geological Congress, Geological Survey and Museum, Exhibition Road , South Kensington, London, S.W.7. 348 Obituary. JAMES AUDLEY$died at Stoke-on-Trent on 15th July, in hisALOYSIWS 80th year. He received his braining at the Normal School of Science, South Kensington, under Professor (Sir) Edward Frankland and Dr.1%'.R. E. Hodgkinson, and also attended classes at Hanley, then under the direction of Professor Thomas Carnelley. He was awarded the Associateship of the Normal School of Science, and the Silver Medal in Inorganic Chemistry, 1875, of the Science and Art Department; he gained the Bronze Medal for Honours in Inorganic Chemistry, 1881, and later a Bronze Medal of the City and Guilds of London Institute for Honours in pottery and porcelain manufacture. He established a practice at Hanley, paying particular attention to ceramics and the materials used by potters, to which he devoted himself throughout his professional career. He taught theoretical and practical chemistry at the classes provided at that time by the Free Library Committee in the town.He was the author of Silica and Silicates (1921), in the Series of Volumes on Industrial Chemistry, edited by Dr. Samuel Rideal, and of a number of contributions to the Ceramic Society's Transactions, and other technical publications. Eventually, he was Director of the New Hall Pottery Co.,Ltd., Hanley. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888. THOMASBAKERTdied at Rotherham on 28th May in his 62nd year. He was educated at the Grammar School, Wolsingham, where he passed the preliminary examination inarts for graduating in science and medicine, and proceeded to the University of Durham, where he graduated B.Sc. with honours in chemistry in 1899, and was subsequently engaged in re- search for five years with Professor P. Phillips Bedson.He was awarded the M.Sc. degree in 1903, and in the following year was appointed works manager and chemist to the New Vanadium Alloys, Ltd., of London, where he had complete control of the analytical work. He later became director of research and chief metallurgist, to Steel, Peech and Tozer, Ltd., -now amalgamated with the United Steel Companies, Ltd.,-which position he held at the time of his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1904, and a Fellow in 1908. The Institute was represented at his funeral by Mr. B. W. Methley. EDWARDCHARLESEDGARmied on 20th August, in his 58th year. He was educated at the Victoria University, Manchester, graduating B.Sc., with first class honours in chemistry, in 1901.He held a UniversityFellowship in 1902-03, and two years later was awarded the M.Sc. and D.Sc. degrees. In 1905, he was appointed assistant lecturer and demon- strator in chemistry at the same university, becoming senior lecturer in 1911. During the period of the Great War, he was engaged at the T.N.T. Factory at Litherland and later in the Explosives Contracts Section of the Department of Explosives Supplies, as senior inspector, and afterwards aa chemical advisor, to the Safety of Factories branch. In 1922, he 349 accepted the post of chief research assistant to the Director of Research, British Launderers’ Research Association. He later joined the staff of the Polytechnic, Regent Street, and in 1926, succeeded Mr.C. L. Eclair-Heath, as principal of the Rutherford Technical College, which post he held until his death. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1918. At his funeral, the Institute was represented by Dr. P. L. Robinson. HAROLD ELKINGTONDOUGLAS died on 1st July, in his 49th year. The son of Mr. George Elkington, J.P., he received his training in chemistry at King’s College, London, graduating as B.Sc. with first class honours in chemistry, later proceeding to M.Sc. During 1911, he acted as student- demonstrator in the college, and after six months’ experience as assistant to Dr. John Muter, obtained an appointment as demonstrator in agriculture and agricultural chemistry at the Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester, working under the direction of Professor Edward Kinch. For some time before the war, his career was interrupted by illness, which prevented his serving with the forces, but in 1919, he became associated with Messrs.Dicker and Pollak, Chartered Patent Agents. Later, having qualified for that profession, he established a practice independently, paying particular attention to patents dealing with chemical and technical matters, in which he was later joined by Mr. J. G. Fife, who will continue his practice. He read several papers on chemical patents and patent law before various societies, and frequently gave valuable advice and assistance to the Institute on matters referred to him by the Officers. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1911 and a Fellow in 1914.Before he was elected to the Council, he was a Member of the Legal and Parliamentary Committee. He served for three years as a Member of Council and two years as a Vice-President. From 1929 he served as the representative of the Institute on the Patents Committee of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers, in which capacity he was especially helpful in connexion with the amendment of Patents and Designs Legisla- tion, in October. He was also a representative of the Institute on the Joint Chemical Trade Marks Committee of the Association. At his funeral the Institute was represented by Mr. J. G. Fife and Mr. 0. J. W. Napier. ARTHUR JOSIAH GAUGE died on 4th August, in his HOFFMEISTER 59th year. Trained at the Royal College of Science, London, he obtained a first class certificate in theoretical and practical chemistry in 1904, and in the same year was appointed to the position of chemical assistant at the Government Laboratory, where he was engaged in general analytical work, and, in 1911, became analyst on the permanent staff.His work involved the chemical and the microscopical examination, for fraudulent uses, of postal and fiscal stamps, and in this connection he was frequentlycalled to give evidence in Crown prosecutions and trials. His chief work, however, was connected with water analyses. He was in control of the Waters Department at the Government Laboratory from 1913 to 1920, and had charge of the chemical investigations, in connexion with a Joint Committee of the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries and the Ministry of Transport (Road Departments), on the pollution of rivers by tarred roads.At the time of his death he held the position of Superintending Chemist. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1920. GREENAWAYALFRED JOHN died at Mill Hill, London, N.W., on the 25th August in his 87th year. He was the son of John Greenaway, draughtsman and engraver 011 wood, and brother of Kate Greenaway, the distinguished artist and book-illustrator who died in 1901. He studied under Frankland at the Royal College of Chemistry from 1871 to 1873 and continued on the staff of the Chemical Department of the Royal School of Mines until 1881. He was also for a time assistant to Dr.F. W. Pavy in the Pathological Laboratory of Guy’s Hospital, before he became associated, in 1884, with the editorial work of the Chemical Society, to which he was devoted for over 40 years. He was a Vice-president of the Chemical Society from 1924 to 1927. He was an Original Fellow of the Institute, having been elected in 1877. He served on the Council for two periods,-1892 to 1895, and 1902 to 1905. GEORGE died at Putney, on 2nd August, in his 72nd NEVILL HUNTLY year. He was educated at Richmond (Surrey) Grammar School, and obtained his training in chemistry at the Royal College of Science, and King’s College, London, graduating B.Sc. (Lond.) and obtaining the diploma of A.RC.S. with honours in chemistry. He was for 39 yearsdemonstrator and assistant to Professor R.V. Tuson at the Royal Veterinary College, Camden Town, and subsequently demonstrator in chemistry in the State Medicine Laboratories at King’s College, London, before he established an independent practice, in which, for many years past, he specialised in inorganic chemistry, metallurgy, gas and fuel analysis, holding several appointments as gas examiner under the Gas Undertakings Acts. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1894, served as an Examiner for two periods, aggregating nearly 10 years, and as a Member of Council for two periods,-6 years in all. ALFREDCOURTENAYLUCK died at Buenos Aires on the 21st June, in his 72nd year. He was educated at Sir Walter St. John’s School, Clapham, and proceeded to King’s College, London, in 1882, where he gained first class certificates in practical chemistry, practical mineralogy and agriculture.In 1885, he became pupil and assistant to the late W. E. Halse, F.I.C., and three years later was appointed chemist, later becoming chief chemist to Messrs. Pigou Wilks and Laurence, explosives manufacturers, of Dartford, Kent. He resigned this position in 1898 and joined a company to develop various explosives which he had invented. In 1904 he accepted an offer from the Argentine Government to become Director of the Explosives Laboratory in the Ministry of Marine, and, ten years later, was appointed chief chemist to the Pacific Railway Co., Ltd. In addition, he held the post of chemist to the Sansinena Freezing Co., and consulting chemist to other railways in the Argentine.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1918. WILLIAMBERNARDMACCABEdied on 6th May, at the age of 74. He was the son of the late Sir Francis MacCabe, of Dublin, and was educated at Stoneyhurst College, Lancs., and at Trinity College, Dublin, where he studied chemistry under the late Professor Emerson Reynolds. After leaving college, he was demonstrator in chemistry at the Royal College of Surgeons for Ireland, where he worked with Sir Charles A. Cameron, before he joined the staff of the late Thomas I. Dixon, a well-known contractor for railways, harbours, drainage and waterworks. He next joined George Chatterton, consulting engineer, Westminster, was engaged in the preparation of plans for the Dublin main drainage scheme, and was 351 then appointed hydraulic engineer to the Dublin Water Works.Later he became chief engineer to the Corporation at Calcutta, where he re-organised the water and drainage schemes. In 1917, he went to Tasmania as consultant to the Government, and since 1933 had been consultant to the Australian Wood Pipe Co., at Perth. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888. FREDERIC TOMSdied in the Island of Jersey on 20thWOODLAND July, in his 82nd year. After some early experience in the research laboratory of the Royal School of Mines, during which he was also engaged on investigations in water analysis under Edward Frankland, he was research assistant for several years to W.H. Perkh, Senior, until 1881, and then became Chief Assistant in Dr. F. W. Pavy’s laboratory of Pathological Research at Guy’s Hospital. In 1884, he was appointed tho fist official analyst and, later, gas examiner, for the Island of Jersey, which positions he held unt,il his retirement in 1931. He was elected an Associate in 1878 and a Fellow in 1883. THOMAS WATSONANDERSON died at Glasgow on 21st June, in his 23rd year. Born in Glasgow, he was educated at the North Kelvinside Secondary School, where he passed the Higher Leaving Certificate in 1932. The following year he proceeded to the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, graduating B.Sc., with second class honours in 1937. He continued at the Royal Technical College as a junior demonstrator until his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in February, 1938.HENRYHUDSONMr. GEORGE LYALL,of the firm of Messrs. Markby, Stewart and Wadesons, Solicitors of the Institute, died at Queen’s Gate Gardens, London, S.W., in his 67th year. He was the son of Mr. A. J. Pile of Barbados, and assumed his mother’s family name in 1914. Educated at Winchester and New College, Oxford, he was admitted a solicitor in 1897. In 1899, he married Miss Beatrix Rostron-now Dame Beatrix Hudson Lyall, who was elected the first woman vice-chairman of the London County Council in 1932. Mr.Lyallwas for many years the legal adviser to the Institute. JAMESSir JOHN BURNET,R.A., the architect of the premises of the Institute, died at Colinton on 2nd July, in his 82nd year. As a young man he had joined his father in partnership in Glasgow and had served a pupilage with J.L. Pascal in Paris. His best-known work includes the extension on the north side of the British Museum, including the King Edward VII Galleries, the Glasgow Royal Institute of Fine Arts, and Adelaide House, London Bridge. He received the honour of knighthood in 1914. 352 Books and their Contents. The following books have been kindly presented by the authors and publishers and may be seen in the Library of the Institute:-id Brewing, Science and Practice of .” H. Lloyd Hind. Vol. I: Brewing Materials. Pp. xiv + 506. (London: Chap- man & Hall, Ltd.) 50s. net.Historical; the structure and classification of barley ; malting barleys; physiological characters of barley ; composition and quality of barley ; colloids and hydrogen ions; the carbohydrates and proteins of barley and malt ;enzymes; from barley to malt ;commercial analysis of malt; brewing quality of malt and interpretation of malt analyses; typical malt analyses and their interpretation ; special malts and unmalted cereals; brewing sugars; cultivation and treatment of hops; useful constituents of hops; types of hops and their brewing value; brewing waters; liquor composition and beer character; liquor treatment; indexes. “Chemistry, An Introduction to.” J. A. Timm. Pp. xiv + 568. (London: McGraw-Hill Publishing Co., Ltd.) Introduction; nature of matter; nature of gases; nature of liquids and solids; changes of state; molecules; atoms; shorthand of chemistry;nature of chemical reactions ; rate of chemical reactions ; atmosphere;nature of combustion; our fuel resources; metals; iron and steel; periodic law; struct,ure of atoms; planetary electrons ; radio-activity ; nucleus; nature of energy; radiation; emission and absorption of radiant energy; water ; solutions; properties of solutions; electrolytic dissociation ; salts; acids and bases; reactions of electrolytes ; acid heavy chemicals ; basic heavy chemicals ; electrolysis and the electrochemical industries ; electrochemical cells ;colloids ;ceramics and allied industries ;plant food; organic chemistry; carbohydrates, fats and proteins; coal tar; appendix, index, 353 ‘‘Colloid Chemistry (Inorganic).” H.B. Weiser. Vol. 111: The Colloidal Salts. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.; New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.) 30s. net. Introduction ; colloidal sulphates and related compounds; colloidal halides; colloidal sulphides ; colIoidal ferrocyanides and ferricyanides ; colloidal silicates. “Elementary General Science.” J. M. Harrison. Book I. Pp. xvi + 256. (London, New York and Toronto : Longmans, Green & Co.) 3s. Elementary physics ; density, upthrust and flotation; fire, heat and expansion; thermometers and temperature measurement; expansionand contraction ; separation of substances from natural mixtures ; identification and classification of substances ; living things ; parts of a flowering plant; animal groups ; development of the frog; skeleton; muscles and movement; atoms; acids and alkalies ;air; oxygen; nitrogen; blood ; respiration ; simple heat measurements; transmission of heat.Appendix A : calculation of areas, volumes ; appendix B : experimentaldata; appendix C: biological notes. Questions; Index. “Fats, Utilisation of.” H. K. Dean. Foreword by Professor T. P. Hilditch. Pp. 292 + xiv. (London: A. Harvey.) 15s. net. Constituents and properties of fats; analytical methods ; classification, composition and analysis of fats ; artificial fats; extraction and refining of fats; edible fats; paint and varnish oils; soaps and fatty acids; mis- cellaneous applications. “Industrial Gas Heating, Theory of .” Peter Lloyd.The foreword by Stephen Lacey. Second Edition. Pp. x + 172. (London: Walter King, Ltd.). 7s. 6d. Choice of fuels for industrial heating; combustion of town’s gas; flame; burner design; control of combustion and the removal of flue gases; general principles of design; measurement and control of temperature;bibliography ;conversion factors; index. ‘‘Leather: Official Methods of Analysis of the International Society of Leather Trades’ Chemists.” Pp. 164. (London: A. Harvey.) Official methods for-sampling tanning materials ; tannin analysis; testing hide powder; determination of pH of tanning extracts and liquors, copper content of tanning extracts, and total sulphur dioxide set free by acid from bleaching extracts (provisional); analysis of vegetable tanned leather; determination of the acidity of vegetabletanned leather ; analysis of chrome leather, one-bath chrome liquors and solid chrome tanning compounds, oils and fats, sulphated oils, used lime liquors, sodium sulphide, and lactic acid.354 “Light, A Treatise On.” R. A. Houstoun. Pp. xii + 528. (London, New York and Toronto: Longmans Green & Co., 7th edition). 14s. net. Part I: Geometrical Optics : fundamental ideas ; elementary theory of spherical mirrors and lenses; thick lenses and systems of lenses; the defects of the image; on determining the constants of mirrors and lenses; optical instruments ;the spectromster and the determination of indices of refraction.Part I1: Physical Optics : the velocity of light; interference; diffraction; polarisation and double refraction ; propagation of light in crystals ; optical rotation and the analysis of polarised light. Part I11: Spectroscopy and Photometry : spectroscopy: earlier work; the ultra-violet and the infra-red; spectroscopy: later work; X-rays and photo-electricity; quantum theory; photometry and illumination; the eye and colour vision. Part IV : Mathematical Theory: the nature of light ;the electromagnetic theory of light; reflection and refraction; the theory of dispersion;theory of radiation; the ether and relativity. Plates. “Pharmaceutical Pocket Book.” Pp. x + 370. (London: Pharmaceutical Press). 5s. The pocket book, an official publication of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain, deals with the aims and objects, statutory obligations and other activities of the Society; the science and art of dispensing, equivalent B.P.formulae, doses of official medicaments ;brief chapters relating to milk and milk products, water analysis, urine, blood, gastric contents and urinary calculi ; hydrogen ion concentration ; notes on bacteriology, vitamins ;hydrometers ; materia medica ;tables of weightsand measures, poisons law; antidotes; dictionary of synonyms. Index. “Physical Chemistry, The Elements of.” F. W. Goddard and E. J. F. James. Pp. viii + 246. (London: Longmans, Green & Co.) 5s. net. The atomic and molecular theory; valency and ths structure of atoms; gaseous and liquid states; solution; osmotic pressure and allied pheno- mena ;law of mass action ;thermochemistry;electrolysis and electrolytic dissociation;catalysis ; colloids ; miscellaneous examples ;bibliography; answersto numerical questions; index; table of atomic weights; logarithm tables.Physics, A Complete Revision.” Notes and Questions- Hydrostatics, Heat, Light, Sound, Magnetism and Electricity. S. R. Humby and F. W. Goddard. Pp. viii + 304. (London: Longmans, Green & Co.) 3s. gd. net. Qualitative Analysis : A Laboratory Manual of.” John H. Yoe. Pp. x + 220. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.; New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.) 12s. 6d. ner. Outline of laboratory exercises; analysis of the cations; analysis of the anions: organic reagents in inorganic analysis ; qualitative analysis by dry methods; tables.355 Safety in Mines Research Board. Vol. XII. 1937. Reports and Papers relating to research into Coal Dust, Firedamp, Falls of Ground, Haulage and other Sources of Danger in Coal Mines. Pp. 266. (London: H.M. Stationery Office). The Fifteenth Annual Report: the effect of fibre cores on internal corrosion in colliery winding ropes ; classification, nomenclature and relative strengths of coal measure rocks; high speed cameras for measur-ing the rate of detonation in solid explosives; the metallurgical exami- nation of colliery haulage drawgear. “The Soils of Palestine.” Studies in Soil Formation and Land Utilisation in the Mediterranean. A. Reifenberg, translated by C.L. Whittles. Pp. viii + 132. (London: Thomas Murby & Co.) 14s. net. Introduction; soil formation in Palestine; soil formation under the Mediterranean climate as compared with that under other climates; soils and agriculture; Zionist colonisation; author and subject indexes ; plates. Volumetric Chemical Analysis, Newer methods of. Erna Brennecke, N. Howell Furman, Hellmuth Stamm, Rudolf Lang and Kasimir Fajans. Editor: Wilhelm Bottger. Translated by Ralph E. Oesper. Pp. xiv + 268. (London : Chapman and Hall, Ltd.) 18s. 6d. net. Elimination of the titration error in acidimetric and alkalimetric titra- tions ;ceric sulphate as a volumetric oxidising agent ;alkaline permangan- ate solution as volumetric oxidising agent; iodate and bromate methods, including Manchot’s bromometric method ; chromous solutions as volumetric reducing agents ; oxidation-reduction indicators; adsorption indicators for precipitation titrations. Union Internationale de Chimie.-The Institute has received from the Union Internationale de Chimie a copy of Table Internationale des Isotopes Stables, Troisi6me Rapport de la Commission des Atomes, 1938, and a copy of Table Inter- nationale des Poids Atomiques, Huiti8me Rapport de la Com- mission des Poids Atomiques, 1938, Paris.British Standards Institution.-The following British Standards have recently been received (2s. each, 2s. 2d. post free):- No.801-1938. Lead and Lead Alloys for Cable Sheathing. No. 802-1938. Tarmacadam.No. 803-1938. Solid Bituminous Filling Compounds for Cable Boxes on Systems up to and including 11,000 volts. 356 No. 804. 1938. Method for the Crucible Swelling Test for Coal. The following revisions have also been received :-Slip C.E. (CH) 7715. “High Carbon” Steel Cylinders for “Permanent ” Gases (B.S. No. 399-1930), “Low Carbon ” Steel Cylinders for “Permanent” Gases (B.S. No. 400-I931), and Steel Cylinders for “Liquefiable” Gases (B.S. NO. 401-1931). Handbook : containing the Annual Report, 1937-38, and Indexed Lists of British Standards and B.S. Methods of Test. Price IS. 6d. Obtainable from the British Standards Institution, Publications Dept., 28, Victoria Street, London, S.W.I. Part I1 (Volume6) of the Medico-Legal and Criminolog- ical Review, published in April, contains Editorial comments on the Croydon Typhoid Outbreak, the Quack in History, the Evidence of Finger Prints, and other subjects; articles on Medico- Legal work in Indiq, the legal position of the unqualified prac- titioner, Orfila (medico-legal pioneer), recent toxicology, medico- legal literature, reviews of books, abstracts, new publications, pro- ceedings of societies, etc. The Review, in this new form, contains much that should be of interest to public analysts.Messrs. Constable & Co. have forwarded a novel, “Death Walks Softly,” by Neal Shepherd, 7s. 6d. net. The publishers state that it is a new type of detective story by a new writer, and the author himself affirms that its people and its happenings are not taken from real life nor intended to be so; but the story, which begins in a Bloomsbury research laboratory, will appeal to chemists who are interested in the bearings of science on crime.An announcement has been received regarding the forth- coming publication of a Journal to be entitled “Chemical Products and the Chemical News,” which will be devoted, inter alia, to new uses for chemical products, with special reference to what are termed the light industries-such as pharmaceuticals, vitamins, antiseptics, therapeutic and cosmetic substances. A special subscription rate of 7s. 6d. per annum is offered to Fellows and Associates of the Institute-ordinary rates being 10s. for twelve issues.357 The Congress Book of the London Congress of the Inter-national Association for Testing Materials is now ready, price EI IOS., obtainable from the International Association for Testing Materials, 28, Victoria Street, London, S.W.I. The papers cover the following subjects :-Group A-metals : behaviour of metals (mechanical and chemical) as dependent upon temperature, particularly in regard to high temperatures ; progress of metallography ; light metals and their alloys; work- ability and wear; Group B-inorganic materials : concrete and reinforced concrete; natural stone; ceramic materials; Group C-organic material : textiles; wood cellulose ; timber preservation ; ageing of organic materials; colours and varnishes; Group D-subjects of general importance : relation between the results of laboratory tests and behaviour in use and service; the bearing of recent advances in physics and chemistry on the knowledge of materials; the properties of materials for the thermal and acoustic insulation of buildings.The Institution of the Rubber Industry (12, Whitehall, London, S.W.1.) announces the publication of the Annual Report on the Progress of Rubber Technology, Vol. I, 1937,-5s. net, to members of the Institution of the Rubber Industry; 10s. 6d. net to non-members. 358 Medals. Professor Jocelyn Field Thorpe, C.B.E. ,F.R.S., Past President, has presented the Institute with a medal struck in honour of Michel Eug$ne Chevreul on the occasion of his 86th birthday, and another, struck in 1886 to commemorate his 100th birthday.Professor Thorpe has also presented the Institute with the Bronze Replica of the Davy Medal awarded to him by the Royal Society in 1922. The Institute now possesses the following medals. The names of the Donors are given in italics. Exposition Universelle, Anvers : awarded to Edward Purser, for artificial manure. (Bronze-gilt Medal by Charles Weiner.) 1885. Presented by Miss J. H. Purser. Amedeo Avogadro :Centenary of the Molecular Theory. (Bronzeby G.Tua and C. Fait.) 1911. Bequeathed by Mrs. Meldola. Auguste Behal :Professor of Organic Chemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy and Member of the Academy of Sciences and the Academy of Medicine, Paris. (Bronze Memorial Medal by Aronson.) 1935.Presented byProfessor J. P. Thorpe, C.B.E., F.R.S. August Bernthsen : Badischen Anilin- und Soda-Fabrik, Ludwigshafen. (Bronze by A. Hartig.) 25th Anniversary. Bequeathed by Mrs. Meldola. Rend Bohn. (Bronze by Hans Frei.) 1909. Presented by G. H. Lunge.Matthew Boulton, F.R.S. Plaster Plaque. Presented by the Registrar. Horace Tabberer Brown, LL.D., F.R.S. (Replica of the Gold Medal of the Institute of Brewing, by Frank Bowcher.) Presented by the Registrar.William Thomas Burgess, F.I.C. (Bronze by F. Bowcher.) 1924. Pre-sented by the Registrar. Michel Eugene Chevreul: Struck in honour of his 86th birthday. (Bronzeby Alph6e Dubok.) 1872. Ditto: To commemorate his 100th birthday. (Bronze by 0. Roty.) 1886. Presented by Professor J.B. Thorpe, C.B.E., F.R.S. Edward Frankland, K.C.B., F.R.S., First President of the Institute of Chemistry: 1877-80. (Bronze by Frank Bowcher.) First awarded in 1928 to commemorate the Jubilee of the Institute. Albin Haller: Professor of Organic Chemistry, Sorbonne. (Bronze byRBn6 Baudichon.) Presented by B. H.hnge. Albin Haller: Professor of Organic Chemistry, Sorbonne. (Silver byR6n6 Baudichon.) 1910. Bequeathed by Mrs. Meldola. Edward Frank Harrison, C.M.G. : Lectureship Medal in Bronze. 1869-1918. Presented by the Pharmaceutical Society. Guilelmo Koerner : Congratulatory Medal to celebrate the completion of 40 years’ teaching at Milan. (Bronze by Johnson, Milan.) 1910. Bequeathed by Mrs. Meldola. Georg Lunge: 70th Birthday Celebration.(Bronze by Hans Frei.) 1909. Bequeathed by Mrs. Meldola. Raphael Meldola, F.R.S. (Bronze by Frank Bowcher.) Presented by the Society of Maccabaeans. Henri Moissan: Souvenir Plaque to celebrate the 20th Anniversary of the isolation of Fluorine. (Bronze by J. C. Chaplain.) 1906. Bequeathedby MTS.Meldola, 359 Henri Moissan: Plaster Cast. Presented by Dr. A. E. Dunatan. Ludwig Mond, F.R.S. (BronzeMemorial Plaque.) 1839-1909. Presented by the Registrar. Isaac Newton: Halfpenny tokens, one with foliated edge, and the other cut “payable in London, Bristol and Lancaster.” 1793. Presented by the Registrar. Exposition Universelle, Paiis : awarded to Edward Purser, for artificial manure. (Bronze medal by Louis BotBe.) 1889.Presented byMiss J. H. Purser. Exposition Universelle Ihternatiohale de Paris. (Bronze, silver plated.) 1900. Bequeathed by Mrs. Meldola. Frederick Belding Power. (Uilt Memorial Medal: Presented by Sir Henry S. Wellcome, 1914.) Replica presented by the Wellcome Research Laboratories. Joseph Priestley, F.R.S.: Memorial Medal. (White Metal by Halliday.) Published by the Order of the Unitarian Chapel, Birmingham. 1733-1804. Presented by the Registrar. Ditto : Memorial Medal. (WhiteMetal by Phipson.) Presented by the Registrar. Joseph Priestley, F.R.S. (Token by J. G. Rancock.) 1783. Presented by William Partridge. The Royal Society: The Davy Medal. (*Silver Replica by A. B. Joy after N. MacPhail.) Awarded to Professor R. Meldola, F.R.S.1913. Bequeathed by Mrs. Meldola. The Royal Society: Davy Medal. (Bronze Replica by A. B. Joy after N. MacPhail.) Awarded to Professor Jocelyn F. Thorpe, F.R.S. 1922. Presented by Professor J. P. Thorpe, C.B.E., F.R.S. The (Royal) Society of Arts: Awarded to Professor Meldola, for his Papez on “The Scientific Development of the Coal Tar Colour Industry. (Silver by Wyon.) Session 1885-1886. Awarded to Professor R. Meldola, for his Paper on “The Synthesis of Indigo.” (Silver byFuchs.) Session 1900-1901. Bequeathed by Mrs. Meldola. Soci6t6 Chimique de France: Jubilee Celebration, Head of Lavoisier by P. Tasset. (Silver by Johnson, Milan.) Awarded to Professor R. Meldola. 1907. Bequeathed by Mrs. Meldola. Soci6t6 Chimique de France: Medal of Honorary Membership, Head of Lavoisier.(Silver by Caqu6.) Presented to Professor R. Meldola. 1911. Bequeathed by Mrs. Meldola. Soci6t6 de Chimie Industrielle : Plaque, bearing the profiles of Jean G6rard et Paul Kestner. To commemorate the Twentieth Anniversary of the Soci6t6, Paris. 1937. Presented by the SociPte’. Society of Chemical Industry : Foundation and Jubilee Celebration Medal. 1931. John Millar Thomson, F.R.S., Professor of Chemistry, King’s College, London, President of the Institute of Chemistry : 1900-1903. (Bronze Medal by A. G. Wyon.) Presented by Professor A. J. Allmand, F.R.S. and Professor Samuel Smiles, F.R.S. Turin-Esposizione Internazionale delle Industrie e del Lavoro : “For ScientSc Publications.” (Bronze by Johnson, Milan.) Awarded to Professor R.Meldola. 1911. Bequeathed by Mrs. Meldola. Queen Victoria : 60th Anniversary Celebration Medal. (Silver by Wyon.)Conferred on Professor R. Meldola. 1897. Bequeathed by Mrs. Meldola. Alfred Werner. (Bronze by J. Vibert.) 1913. Presented by 0.H. Lunge.William Whitaker, F.R.S. (Bronze by Frank Bowcher.) 1928. Pre-sented by the Registrar. Clement Winckler. (Bronze by C. Seffner.) Presented by G’. H. Lunge.Otto N. Witt. (Bronze by H. Arnoldt.) 1853-1913. Presented by a. H. Lunge. * The Gold Medal has been sold to provide prizes to Meldola Medallists. 360 The Register. At the meetings of Council held on 24th June and 22nd July, 1938,21 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, I Fellow was re-elected, 56 new Associates were elected, z Associates were re-elected, and 12 Students were admitted.The Council regrets to record the deaths of g Fellows and I Associate. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Amos, Arthur James, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), The Laboratories, Charlton Green, Dover. Ancrum, Robert William, 1, Coniston Road, Stockton-on-Tees. Bleloch, William, M.Sc. (Witwatersrand), Ph.D. (Lond.), 26-28, Unit Security House, Fox Street, Johannesburg, S. Africa. Caws, Alfred, A. H-W. C., Marhowrah P.O., Saran District, Behar, India. Clark, Francis William, B.Sc. (Lond.), M.I.Chem.E., The Corner House, Meadowside Road, Cheam, Surrey. Coates, Arnold Coulson, B.Sc. (Lond.), Argus, Kinlochleven, Argyll. Comrie, Alan Arthur Douglas, B.Sc.(Lond.), Hollydene, Hilltop Road, Latchford Without, Warrington. Davies, Richard Owen, MSc. (Wales), Eithinog, Buarth, Aberystwyth. Dhanbhoora, Darasha Rustomji, B.Sc. (Bombay), Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.S.M., D.I.C., c/o Messrs. Tata, Ltd., Thames House, Millbank, London, S.W. 1. Edwards, Harold, Glen-Moor, Queensway, Shotton, Chester. Emlyn, James Alan, 15, Farmway, Middleton, Manchester. Ferguson, George William, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 9, Arnos Parade, New Southgate, London, N. 11. Harris, Leslie Julius, Ph.D. (Cantab.), D.Sc. (Vict.), Dunn Nutritional Laboratory, Milton Road (Field Laboratories), Cambridge. Haywood, Frederick Wardle, Ph.D. (Lond.), Grosmont, Yarm Road, Stockton-on-Tees. Hinchy, Victor Matthew, M.Sc. (Q.U.B.), 19, Charleville Court, West Kensington, London, W.14.Perkins, George, 18, Stirling Road, Hayes, Middx. Turner, Hubert Laurence, 63, Weoley Park Road, Selly Oak, Birmingham. Wstkins, Sidney Bevan, M.Sc. (Wales), 12, Bishops Road, Whitchurch, Cardiff. Webb, John Ivor, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Birm.), 17, Barn Way, Wembley Park, Middx. 361 West, Trustham Frederick, M.Sc. (Lond.), c/o Messrs. Stafford Allen & Sons, Research Department, Wharf Road, City Road, London, N.1. White, Leonard John, B.Sc. (Lond.), 8, St. George’s Avenue, High Lane, Tunstall, Stoke-on-Trent. Re-elected Fellow. Lembourne, Christopher, M.A. (Oxon.), 32, Claremont Road, London, W.13. New Associates. Anderson, Houston Adam, 74, Stortford Road, Rye Park, Hoddesdon, Herts.Anwar Ullah, Saiyed, B.Sc. (Aligarh), Ph.D. (Lond.), Rothamsted Experi- mental Station, Harpenden, Herts. Banks, Raymond, B.A. (Oxon.), 17, Graham Avenue, Hessle High Road, Hull. Betrabet, Mangesh Venkatrao, M.Sc. (Bombay), Associated Cement Companies, Ltd., P.O. Katni Cement Factory, C.P., India. Blakeley, Thomas Hedley, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Leeds), 56, Grange Road, Rother- ham. Booton, Joseph, A.M.C.T., 8, Hector Avenue, Rochdale. Callow, Henry John, B.Sc. (Lond.), Station Road, Westhay, Bridgwater. Clayton, Herbert Roy, B.Sc. (Manc. ), Northcote, Kinlochleven, Argyll- shire. Cohen, John Cunningham, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., Kildare, Rectory Road, Rickmansworth. Coleby, John, B.Sc. (Lond.), 5, Vanbrugh Hill, London, S.E.3.Cooke, George William, B.Sc. (Lond.), Kirby Holt, Milton, Derby. Douglas, Roderick Langton, B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), 14, Lancaster Court, Newman Street, London, W.l. Eduljee, Homi Eduljee, B.Sc. (Rangoon), D.I.C., 7, Manson Place, London, S.W.7. Fisher, Ernest Sidney, B.Sc. (Lond.), 384, St. Albans Road, Bulwell, Nottingham.Foxton, Richard Norman, B.Sc. (Leeds), Oak House, Dringhouses, York. Garderen, Jacob van, M.Sc. (Stell.), Private Bag, Division of Chemical Services, Pretoria, S. Africa. Garwood, Robert Francis, B.Sc. (Lond.), 37, Holyrood Road, New Barnet. Gasson, Edward James, B.Sc. (Lond.), Lucknow House, Northbridge Street, Robertsbridge, Sussex. George, Charles Mathieson, M.A., B.Sc. (Aberd.), Landheads, Auchlewan House, Annan, Dumfriesshire.Glen, William Lawrence, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Glas.), A.R.T.C., Alverton, Gowoek, Scotland. Hainsworth, Percy, B.Sc. (Leeds), c/oAnglo-Iranian Oil Co., Ltd., Abadan, S. Iran. Hammond, George Lewis, B.Sc. (Lond.), 120, George Street, Croydon. Hanby, William Edward, B.Sc. (Dun.), 9, Love Lane, Castleford, Yorks. Henderson, George Mann, B.Sc. (Edin.), 11, Shandon Place, Edinburgh, 11. Higgins, John Charles, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), D.I.C., Biological Field Station, Slough, Bucks. Hodges, John, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Wales), 28, Harries Street, Tenby, S. Wales. Job, Leonard Austin, M.Sc. (Witwatersrand), c/o The Resident Engineer, Government Areas, P.O. State Mines, Transvaal, S. Africa. 362 Jones, Edward Henry, Pendine, Glen Drive, Stoke Bishop, Bristol, 9.Jones, Leslie Raymond, B.Sc. (Wales), 20, Cobwell Road, Retford, Notts. Krishnamurti, B. Gopala, B.A. (Madras), Distillery, Nagercoil, Travancore, India. Large, Ernest Charles, B.Sc. (Lond.), 8, Thornton Road, London, S.W.19. McKinlay, Thomas Stephenson, B.Sc. (Glas.), Dunfanaghy, Blairmore, Dunoon, Argyll. McMahon, Patrick Reginald, M.Sc.Agr. (N.Z.), Ph.D. (Leeds), Textile Chemistry Research Department "S," The University, Lee&, 2. Meadows, Arthur Judd, B.Sc. (Glas.), c/o Miss Wilkie, Bhor-Mor, Fort William, Inverness-shire. Metcalfe, Kenneth, B.Sc. (Lond.), 42, Stag Lane, Edgware, Middx. Montgomerie, Andrew Kirkwood, B.Sc. (Glas.), c/o The Burmah Oil Co., Ltd., Khodaung, Upper Burma. Morse, Gilbert Owen, B.Sc.(Lond.), A.R.C.S., 17a, Marden Road, London, N.17. Mosden, Frederick William, B.Sc. (Glas.), C/O Mrs. Hunter, 689, Great Western Road, Glasgow, W.2. Nash, Herbert William James, B.Sc. (Lond.), 28, Wilton Crescent, Shirley, Southamp ton. Neelakantam, Kalla, B.A. (Andhra), M.A. (Madras),c/o I.S.U., 112, Gower Street, London, W.C.l. Orlek, Abraham, B.Sc. (Cape), 678, Pretorius Street, Pretoria, S. Africa. Pankhurst, Kenneth George Alfred, B.Sc. (Lond.), 27, Hill Lane, South- ampton. Pritchard, Miss Cecilia Frances, B.Sc. (Lond.), 248, Warrington Crescent, London, 747.9. Raine, Thomas, B.Met., Ph.D. (Sheffield), 7, Mayfair Drive, Sale, Cheshire. Raman, Gubbi Anantha, B.Sc. (Mysore), No. 4, Laxmi Nivas, Parsi Colony, Dadar, Bombay, India.Satyanarayana, Potarazu, M.Sc. (Madras), Imperial Agricultural Research Institute, Chemistry Department, Lawley Road, Coimbatore, S. India. Shearing, Edwin Albert, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 23, Recreation Road, Andover, Hants. Siddall, Walter, B.Sc. (Lond.), College of Technology, Northampton. Smith, Robert Lewis, B.Sc. (Edin.), 26, Queens Crescent, Edinburgh, 9. Srinivasan, Tirucherai Krishnaswami, B.A., M.Sc. (Madras), 14, Subramania Mudali Street, Purasawalkam, Vepery P.O., Madras, India. Subramanian, Vettakorumakankao Krishna Iyer, M.Sc. (Benares), The Mysore Paper Mills, Ltd., Badravathi, Mysore State, India. Umanath Rao, Mannigay, M.Sc. (Allahabad), Shanti Nivas, Sardarpura, Jodhpur, Rajputana, India. Waters, Roy Basil, M.Sc, Ph.D.(Lond.), 12, Sinclair Avenue, Crumpsall, Manchester, 8. Wild, Frank, B.A. (Cantab.), 14, Alexandra Road, Blackburn. Wilkins, Frederick John, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., Hazeldene, East Street, Rambledon, Portsmouth. Young, George Harold Sidney, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 61, Campden Hill Road, London, W.8. Re-elected Associates. Birkitt, Cyril Herbert, B.Sc. (Lond.), 33, South Park Hill Road, Croydon. Kelly, Francis Charles, Ph.D. (Aberd. ), 62, Fountainhall Road, Aberdeen. 363 New Students. Armstrong, William James, 123, Singleton Avenue, Prenton, Birkenhead. Campbell, William Alec, 270, Buddle Road, Benwell, Newcastle-on-Tyne. French, Edwin, Hospital for Sick Children, Biochemical Department, Grertt Ormond Street, London, W.C.l.Giles, Donald George, 10, Badgeworth Lane, Cheltenham. Hardie, William Goodbrand, 6, Marlborough Road, Bournemouth. Harper, Clifford Stuchbery, 91, Fosse Way, Syston, Leics. H0ddl0, Robert Shearer, 67, Albert Street, Kirkwall, Orkney. Hoskins, Leonard James, Manor Farm, Hemington, nr.Bath. Seyfang, Amyot Paul, 24, Athlone Road, London, S.mT.2. Thom, Charles Bell, 43,Dalry Road, Kilwinning, Ayrshire. Watson, Charles Andrew, 352, Victoria Road, Ruislip, Middx. Yates, Christopher Cavill, 16, Ashford Road, Maidstone. DEATHS. Fellows. James Aloysius Audley, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S . Edward Charles Edgar, D.Sc. (Vict.).Harold Douglaa Elkington, M.Sc. (Lond.). Arthur Josiah Hoffmeister Gauge. Alfred John Greenaway. George Nevill Huntly, B.Sc.(Lond.), A.R.C.S. Alfred Courtenay Luck. William Bernard MacCabe. Frederic Woodland Toms. Associate. Thomas Anderson Watson. CHANGE OF NA1VLE. Miss Moireen Immaculhe O’Mahony, M.S. (N.U.I.), Associate, to Mrs. Robinson-on her marriage. Coming Events. 1938. Sept.19-23 SEVENTHINTERNATIONALMANAGEMENTCONGRESS: Washington,D.C., U.S.A. 21-26 INTERNATIONAL FOR at Oxford. FEDERATIONDOCUMENTATION, 22 to IRON and INSTITUTEAND STEELINSTITUTE OF METALS: Joint OCT. 2 Autumn Meeting: 22 Sept. (Quebec); 2 Oct. (New York, U.S.A.). 23-26 ASSOCIATION AND INFORMATIONOF SPECIAL LIBRARIES BUREAUX, at Oxford. 27 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (East Anglia Section): “Water Supply, -With Special Reference to East Anglia.” Mr.W. Lincolne Sutton, at the Norwich Technical College, at 7.30 p.m. 29 to 39~~ CONFERENCE, at St. Hugh’s college. OXFORD MANAGEMENT OCT. 3 Oct. 3-4 IRON Autumn Meeting in New York and AND STEELINSTITUTE: Joint Visit of the Iron and Steel Institute and the Institute of Metals to the United States of America and Canada. OF6 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Manchester and District Section): Joint Meeting with Institution of Petroleum. “Chemical Research on Petroleum Products.” Dr. F. B. Thole, at the Engineers’ Club, Albert Square, at 7 p.m. 10 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Leeds Area Section): “From Boyle to Priestley.” The Registrar, at the University, at 7 p.m. 13 INSTITUTEOF FUEL: Professor R. V. Wheeler, Melchett Lecture, at the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Storey’s Gate, London, at 3.30 p.m.14& 21 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY: “The Development of the Chemistry of Dyestuffs.” Professor F. M. Rowe, at 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.l, at 8 p.m. OF20 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Manchester and District Section): Discussion on the Proposed Supplemental Charter, at the Constitutional Club, at 7 p.m. 26 CARDIFF TECHNICALCOLLEGE CHEMICAL SOCIETY and Local Fellows of the CHEMICAL SOCIETY:“Optical Activity as a Guide to Reaction Mechanism.” Professor J. Kenyon, F.R.S., at the Technical College, Cardiff, at 6 p.m. 28 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Aberdeen and North of Scotland Sec- tion): “Some Recent Aspects of Vitamin A Research.” Dr. J. A. Lovern, at the Chemistry Department, Marischal College, Aberdeen, at 5.15 p.m.INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (London and South-Eastern Counties Section): Dance, Prince’s Galleries, Piccylilly, London, W. 1, from 8 p.m. to 12 midnight. INSTITUTEOF CKEMISTRY (Manchester and District Section): Invited to Meeting of the Microchemical Club of Great Britain, at the Manchester University. 365 Nov. 4 8 16 18 22 28 Dec. 7 1939. Jan. 17 18 20 Feb. 3 14 15 17 OF CHEMICALINDUSTRYSOCIETY (South Wales Section) : “The Examination of Questionable Documents.” Dr. W. R. Harri- son, at the University College, Cathays Park, Cardiff, at 7 p.m. INSTITUTEof CHEMISTRY(East Anglia Section) : “War Time Chem- ical Problems.” Mr. H. B. Brown, at the Central Public Library, Ipswich. INSTITUTECHEMISTRY(London and South-Eastern Counties OF Seetion): Annual General Meeting and Smoking Concert, at the Palace Hotel, Bloomsbury Street, London, W.C.1. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY:“Opium.” Mr. J. R. Nicholls, Twenty- first Streatfeild Memorial Lecture, at 30, Russell Square,London, W.C.l, at 8 p.m. INSTITUTECHEMISTRY(East Anglia Section) (jointly with OF MICRO-CHIRURGICALSOCIETY)NORWICH : “Food and Medicine.” Mr. A. L. Bacharach, at the Technical College, Norwich. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Cardiff and District Section) and the CHEMICAL SOCIETY: “Some Topics in Inorganic Chemistry.” Professor W. Wardlaw, at the University College, Cathays Park, Cardiff, at 7 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (London and South-Eastern Counties Section): Visit to Battersea Power Station.INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY: Dr. W. H. Hatfield, F.R.S., Tenth Gluckstein Memorial Lecture, at 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.l, at 8 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(East Anglia Section) : “Tasting Tests.” Mr. H. M. Mason, at the Technical College, Norwich. INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (London and South-Eastern Counties OF Section): “Chemical and Physical Factors Influencing the Distribution of Plants.” Professor E. J. Salisbury, F.R.S. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY:Jubilee Memorial Lecture “The Chemistry of Solid Carbon,.” Professor H. L. Riley, at the University College, Cathays Park, Cardiff, at 7 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Cardiff and District Section) : “Methyla-tion-A Widespread Biochemical Phenomenon.” Professor F.Challenger, at the University College, Cathays Park, Cardiff, at 7 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(East Anglia Section): “A Survey of the Plastics Industry.” Mr. E. G. Couzens, at the Central Public Library, Ipswich. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (London and South-Eastern Counties Section): “The Viscosity of Liquids.” Professor E. N. da C. Andrade. INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Aberdeen and North of ScotlandOF Section) and the CHEMICAL SOCIETY: “Ions and Isotopes.” Professor James Kendall, F.R.S., at the Chemistry Department, Marischal College, Aberdeen, at 6 p.m. 366 Feb. OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY17 SOCIETY (South Wales Section): “The Chemistry of Soils.” Mr. L. T. Lowe, at the University College, Cathays Park, Cardiff, at 7 p.m.28 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (Cardiff and District Section): “The Organisation of a Laboratory in a Commercial Firm.’’ Dr. L. H. Lampitt, at the University College, Cathays Park, Cardiff, at 7 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (London and South-Eastern Counties Section): Visit to The Times. To he arranged later. March 1 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY:Annual General Meeting, at 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1, at 8 p.m. 8 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(London and South-Eastern Counties Section): Visit to the British Launderers’ Research Association, Hendon. April12 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (London and South-Eastern Counties Section): Visit to Forest Products Research Laboratory, at Princes Risborough, Bucks. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Cardiff and District Section) : Annual General Meeting.Details will be announced at a later date. 367 General Notices. Lectures.-Professor F. M. Rowe, FeZZow, of the Department of Colour Chemistry and Dyeing in the University of Leeds, has kindly consented to give two lectures before the Institute on 14th and 21st October next, on “The Development of the Chemistry of Dyestuffs,”-dealing particularly with the life and work of Sir William H. Perkin, F.R.S. (1838-1907). Professor Rowe will review, under their respective chemical classes, the progress that has been made in the production of synthetic dyes of improved properties, limiting the whole to the chemistry of dyes that have proved to be of commercial value.Streatfeild Memorial Lecture.-Mr. John Ralph Nicholls, Fellow, of the Government Laboratory, has kindly consented to give the Twenty-first Memorial Lecture, at the Institute, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1, on Friday, 18th November, 1938, at 8 p.m. Mr. Nicholls has selected for his subject, “Opium.’ ’ Gluckstein Memorial Lecture.-Dr. William Herbert Hatfield, F.R.S., a Director of Thos. Firth & John Brown, Ltd., who is also Honorary Research Director of the Committees of the British Iron and Steel Federation on Heterogeneity of Ingots and Corrosion, has kindly consented to give the Tenth Gluckstein Memorial Lecture, in the Hall of the Institute, on Wednesday, 7th December next, at 8 p.m. Examinations, 1939.-Examinations for the Associat eship will be held as follows:- Period of Examination. Last date for entries.Last date for notebooks. 9th to 14th Jan., 1939. 7th Nov., 1938. 30th Dee., 1938. 17th to 22nd April, 6th Feb., 1939. 24th Mar., 1939. 1939. 11th to 16th Sept,.,1939. 10th July, 1939. 1st Sept., 1939. Examinations for the Fellowship will be held as follows:- Period of Examination. Last date for entries.* 24th to 29th April, 1939. 6th February, 1939. 18th to 23rd Sept., 1939. 10th July, 1939. When the number of candidates renders it necessary, Examina- tions may also be held during the succeeding week. Forms of application and further particulars can be obtained from the Registrar. The Meldola Medal (the gift of the Society of Maccabzeans) is normally awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise and is brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st Decem- ber prior to the award.The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work. The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person. The next award will be decided in January, 1939. The Council will be glad to have attention directed, before 31st December, 1938, to work of the character indicated. Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize €or Registered Students.-A medal and prize (LIO 10s.) for the best essay, not exceeding 3,000 words, will be awarded in January, 1939, and will be presented at the next Annual General Meeting, or at a meeting of the Local Section to which the successful competitor is attached.Entries are limited to Registered Students of the Institute who are less than 22 years of age at the time of forwarding the essay. The object of the essay is to induce Registered Students to develop a sense of professional public spirit and to devote thought to questions of professional interest and to the position of chemists in the life of the community-the essay to be on a subject of professional, rather than technical or purely chemical importance. Having due regard to the objects stated above, Registered Students are informed that the Council is prepared to consider an essay on any subject which has a bearing on chemistry or *For candidates wishing to be examined in Branch G Industrial Chemistry, or desiring to take special examinations, the list will close on the 6th January and 9th June respectively.369 chemical work, provided that it does not deal with any purely chemical, technical, or historical subject. Each essay must be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the Local Section of the district in which the competitor resides (seelist of Local Sections at the end of the JOURNAL) on or before the 31st December, 1938,and must be accom- panied by a signed declaration that it is the independent work of the competitor. Essays will be valued partly for literary style and technique, but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein. The Committee of each Local Section will be asked to select, from those received, not more than three essays considered to be worthy of the award.The essays selected by the Local Sections will be referred to assessors appointed by the Council. On the report of the assessors the Council will decide whether, and to whom an award shall be made. The award will not be made more than once to any individual competitor. Beilby Memorial Awards.-From the interest derived from the invested capital of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, at intervals to be determined by the administrators representing the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry, and the Institute of Metals, awards are made to British investigators in science to mark appreciation of records of distinguished work.Preference is given to investigations relating to the special interests of Sir George Beilby, including problems connected with fuel economy, chemical engineering and metallurgy, and awards are made, not on the result of any competition, but in recognition of continuous work of excep- tional merit, bearing evidence of distinct advancement in science and practice. The administrators of the Fund-the Presidents, Honorary Treasurers, and Secretaries of the three participating institutions,-who will meet in October next, will be glad to have their attention drawn to outstanding work of the nature indicated, not later than 30th September, 1938. All communications on this subject should be addressed to the Convenor, Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, W.C.I.370 Notices to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar . Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship, may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute, provided that their applications for this privilege are endorsed by their professors.Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employment are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period if necessary. The Institute also maintains a List of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations.Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students or Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The Library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the ' Institute's practical examinations. 37 1 Under the Deed of Agreement between the Chemical Society, the Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry, dated July, 1935, the comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is available, for the use of Fellows and Associates and Registered Students of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10 a.m.to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.), except during August and the early part of September, when the hours are from 10a.m. to 5 p.m. Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. The Institute has entered into an arrangement with The Science Library, Science Museum, South Kensington, S.W.7, whereby books may be borrowed on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary of the Institute.In addition to its comprehensive sets of literature on cognate subjects, which are not available in specialised libraries, this Library contains an exceptionally extensive collection of works on chemistry. Nine thousand scientific and technical periodicals are received regularly in the Library. All publications added to the Library are recorded in its Weekly Bibliography of Pure and Applied Science, which has a wide circulation among research workers and institutions. Boots’ Booklovers Library.-Under the arrangements made on behalf of Fellows and Associates of the Institute, subscriptions to Boots’ Booklovers Library expire on 1st March. Application forms can be obtained from the Registrar of the Institute. Lewis’s Lending Library.-Any Fellow or Associate who is not already acquainted with this Library of Scientific and technical books may obtain a copy of the Prospectus from the Registrar of the Institute.A copy of the Catalogue of the Library (revised to December, 1927, with Supplements 1928-30 and 1931-33) is available in the Library of the Institute. A Bi-monthly list of Additions is also issued. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers (IS. zd. each) for binding the Journal in annual volumes, are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required. 372 Arrangements may be made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19, Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSon the following terms: buckram cover, IS.2d.; binding, 2s. 9d.; postage and packing, gd.; in all, 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides €or Lecturers.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who are giving lectures. Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As the slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registrntiout. All requests for changes in the Register should be addressed to the Registrar, and not to the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections.“The Profession of Chemistry ” (Fourth Edition, 1938) is now available. Copies will be supplied gratis to any Fellow, Associate or Registered Student, on application to. the Registrar.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9386200313

出版商:RSC    

年代:1938

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. Patron -H.M. THE KING. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. PART V: 1938. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Begdstrar and Secretary.. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE,LONDON,W.C.I. October, 1938. Publications Committee, 1938-39. ~~~ ~ W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD (Chairman), Sir ROBERT H. PICKARD (President), W. M. AMES, A. L. BACHARACH, JAMES BELL, HAROLD BURTON, ALBERT COULTHARD, H. E. COX, B. S. EVANS, A. E. EVEREST, A. E.FINDLEY, J. B. FIRTH, A. A. HALL, J. W. HAWLEY, H. H. HODGSON, J. R. JOHNSON, EDGAR LEWIS, P. LEWIS-DALE, C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, J. R. NICHOLLS, G. S.ROBERTSON, E. A. TYLER. 375 Editorial. The late Mr. Patrick Henry Kirka1dy.-The Prebident and Council of the Institute record with deep regret the death of Mr. Patrick Henry Kirkaldy, whose de\-otion to the Institute as Honorary Treasurer (1924-36), as well as in other capacities, has been acknowledged so frequently in the Annual Reports and in Presidential Addresses. His common sense and sound judgment, his unfailing good nature and keen sense of humour, combined to render him an excellent Chairman, so that his colleagues invariably enjoyed giving him their full and loyal support in the work of the Committees over which he was called upon to preside. After his retirement from teaching in 1919,he was much concerned with the business of the Institute, and while he was Honorary Treasurer, he rarely allowed a week to pass without paying visits to the office, apart from his attendance at meetings.He endeared himself not only to the other Officers and Members of Council, but also to the executive Officers and staff, who warmly appreciated the interest that he took in their welfare. On his retirement from the office of Honorary Treasurer, in October, 1936, the Council expressed its grateful thanks for his valuable services, and acknowledged the indebtedness of the Institute to him, not only for the thought, time and ability which he had so ungrudgingly given to its affairs, but also for the unfailing courtesy and kindliness by which he retained, throughout his active participation in its work, the affectionate regard and esteem of all with whom he came into contact.Photo by] [J.Russell 6. Sons. PATRICK HENRY KIKKALDY Honordry Treasurer: I Y24-I 936. 376 National Service.-In order that information may be available with regard to qualified professional men with special experience, members of the Institute have been asked to allow their names to be placed on a card index. Those who have done so are assured that this does not entail any obligation. Few individuals do not realise that they have a responsibility as citizens to be prepared to take part in any scheme for National Defence. The importance of having, in some form, lists of those who are available for National Service, need hardly be emphasised.Many Fellows and Associates are aware that the nature of their present work is such that they could hardly be of more value to the State if employed in any other capacity; but those who are not so placed would be wise to complete their returns, lest they may, in the case of a National Emergency, find themselves in positions where their talents and knowledge would not be used to the best advantage of the country. Food and Drugs Act, 1938. The passing of the Food and Drugs Act, 1938, which comes into operation on 1st October, 1939, is an event of some impor-tance to many members of the Institute. Probably more chemists are employed in connexion with the control or manu- facture of foodstuffs than in any other single industry.Hence the changes introduced by the 1938 Act are of interest to many besides the Public Analysts, who are directly concerned with the administration of the Act. Although the Act, which includes no fewer than 103 clauses, -is in the main a consolidation act, it yet introduces some new principles, and is the most comprehensive measure on the subject yet produced. It deals with a great variety of topics, including markets, knackers’ yards, slaughter-houses, and cold- air stores, which did not formerly come within the Food and Drugs Acts. Some idea of the extent of the consolidation is seen from the list of enactments repealed; this goes back so far as the reign of Henry VIII to an Act “Concing Phisicians” and to one of Queen Mary’s reign “touching thincorporations of the Phisitions in London.” Perhaps of more importance are 377 the repeal of the Bread Acts of 1836 and 1922, and of the various Milk and Dairies Acts and parts of the Public Health Acts dated from 1875 to 1936.The Act now passed is designed not only to simplify the law and bring it into accord with other modern legislation, but to give more power to the departments of State to legislate by regulation. As many are aware, this procedure has not always been favourably commented upon by the judiciary. The Minister of Health may make regulations concerning the prepara- tion, transport, and storage of food, and its exposure for sale, wrapping and labelling, and generally in relation to its composition.He may make special regulations with regard to bread and flour and any additions thereto. He may also cause samples of food to be taken for analysis and direct a local authority to institute legal proceedings. The terms of appointment, as well as the qualifications of Public Analysts, will now require his direct approval. A point of importance to food chemists generally, as well as to Public Analysts, arises in clause 6, where it is made an offence to publish any advertisement which falsely describes a food or drug or is calculated to mislead. It will be a good defence to the charge, however, if a person did not know, and could not reasonably have ascertained, that the advertisement was of such character. Obviously it comes within the scope of the chemist to see that sales departments or advertising agents do not un- wittingly make false statements or gross exaggerations in relation to food products.Formerly, any prosecution in such a matter involved proof of the fact that the defendant applied the false description wilfully; hence the section was not much used. The new clause is in accord with the recommendations of the Depart- mental Committee and tightens the law considerably. The onus of proof now lies on the defendant to show that he could not reasonably have known or ascertained that the statement was false. Times change; so do the Food and Drugs Acts. The inclu- sion in the British Pharmacopceia of vitamin standards and certain biological assays, involves inter aha,certain lengthy tests which cannot be completed within the 28 days before the expira- tion of which proceedings must at present be instituted : Clause 80 of the new Act extends the time limit to 42 days when necessary.The sections of most direct importance, in connexion with public appointments, are clauses 64, 66 and 69. Of these, 64 is 378 far-reaching, because it re-defines a Food and Drugs Authority- that is the authority charged with the duty of appointing Public Analysts and, in general, of executing the provisions of the Act. Whereas formerly Food and Drugs Authorities (outside the County of London) were County Councils and County Boroughs or Boroughs having separate police establishments, it is now the duty of Boroughs,-County or non-County,-having a population of 40,000 or upwards to appoint Public Analysts.Further, areas of zo,ooo or more may make appointments if the Minister so directs. It is clear that these provisions will have the effect of increasing the number of appointments of Public Analysts, since many boroughs at present included in county areas are to become separate Food and Drugs Authorities. This applies particularly to areas near the large towns, and the phenomenal growth of the London suburbs will involve many appointments which, unless the Minister makes certain exceptions as he is empowered to do, will be carved out of the county areas. Of course it may well happen that the County Analyst will be appointed to the boroughs in his area.It remains to be seen how this re-distribution works out: on balance it is likely to increase the number of appointments. If some Public Analysts are displaced, clause 95 very properly provides for their compensation. Clause 64 was undoubtedly the most controversial part of the Act, and it is well known that interested bodies such as the County Councils Association and others put forward conflicting recommendations on this very difficult question of administrative areas. Parliament has met part of the difficulty by giving the Minister of Health special powers to deal with areas which would otherwise be adversely affected by the Act. Clause 60 deals with the appointment of Public Analysts. As before, they must not be engaged in any trade connected with the sale of food and must have the approved qualifications.For the first time the terms of their appointments are specifically required to have the approval of the Minister. In the past, when difficulties have arisen in connexion with the terms of an appoint- ment, the Ministry has replied that it had no power in such matters. Another reform-overdue-is permission for the appointment of a Deputy Public Analyst to act in the absence or illness of the officer. A new sub-clause also regularises the method of payment adopted in some areas since the War, whereby the Public Analyst has received a small salary, in addition to a fee per sample. 379 Clause 67 makes special provision for the bacteriological examination of samples-a matter that may, or may not, come within the purview of the Public Analyst.Clause 69 includes a reform which the Public Analysts have long desired. It is provided that, for samples submitted by a private purchaser, the fee payable shall be “not exceeding one guinea.’’ For more than sixty years the fee suggested was half-a- guinea-admitted, even in Lord Playfair’s time, to be inadequate -and the reason why members of the Institute and of the Society of Public Analysts so strongly objected to this fee was not on account of the private purchasers, who have been numeric- ally negligible, but because the sum mentioned had quite wrongly come to be regarded by local authorities as the proper remunera- tion which should be received by the Public Analyst; and on it they frequently based the terms to be offered for an appoint- ment.Now this sixty-year-old incubus has been removed. How these various changes will work out remains to be seen: but it is probable that in the long run the new Act will be of dis-tinct benefit to the public, in improving the standard of the food supply, in the elimination of false labels and advertisements, and in the further suppression of adulteration and other forms of fraud. It should also tend to improve the status of the Public Analyst and to increase recognition of the value of the services of the chemist in the food industry. In general, the Act does not extend to Scotland or Northern Ireland; except that the Department of Health for Scotland is given powers, corresponding to those of the Minister of Health in England, to make regulations concerning the preparation, wrapping, labelling and composition of food and to make special regulations which refer to bread and flour and to margarine.Also, the sections dealing with imported foods apply, subject to certain details, both to Scotland and Northern Ireland. The main sections are confined in their application to England and Wales. H. E. C. 380 Proceedings of the Council. Council Meeting, 21st October, 1938.-The thanks of the Council were accorded to Mr. F. W. Clifford, Librarian of the Chemical Society, who had represented the Institute at the Four- teenth Conference of the International Federation for Documenta- tion, held at Oxford from 21st to 26th September; also to Mr.Harry Ward, Chief Executive Officer of Management Research Groups, who had represented the Institute at the Seventh International Management Congress, held in Washington, D.C., U.S.A., from 19th to 23rd September. The President reported on the enquiry recently carried out by the Institute on behalf of the Ministry of Labour. Letters referring to public appointments in Ireland, and also to the salaries recently offered to newly qualified chemists in England, were referred to the Appointments Committee. The Council considered correspondence regarding the organisa- tion of Air-Raid Precautions and the qualifications of Gas Identi-fication Officers and of Instructors.The Council was informed that an official memorandum on gas detection was in prepara- tion, and that action would be taken in due course to obtain the services of further chemists for the Air-Raid Precautions Department. Reports were received from the Standing Committees. The Report of the Finance and House Committee included a preliminary statement on the consideration of the entrance fees and assessment fees payable by Associates applying for election to the Fellowship. The Benevolent Fund Committee indicated that, before the end of the year, at least Lzoo would be required for regular allow- ances, and against these payments and possible further grants, the balance in hand on current account was less than f160. A sum of L16 had been repaid on Loans account since July.Reports were received on the Examinations for National Certificates-England and Wales, and Northern Ireland. Further consideration was given to the revision of the proposed supplemental Charter, which the Council directed 381 should be referred to the solicitors of the Institute, before a modified document is transmitted to the Local Sections for consideration. Lectures.-On 14and zIst October, respectively, Professor F. M. Rowe gave two lectures at the Institute on “The Develop- ment of the Chemistry of Dyestuffs” dealing particularly with the life and work of Sir William H. Perkin, F.R.S. Sir Robert H. Pickard, F.R.S., President, presided at the first meeting, and Dr. H.E. Cox, Member of Council, at the second. The lectures will be published to the Fellows, Associates and Registered Students, in due course. Obituary. Sir ROBERTLUDWIGMOND, F.R.S., died at Paris on 22nd October, at the age of 7 1 years. The son of Dr. Ludwig Mond, his namo is associated with the discovery of the nickel carbonyl and the manufacture of pure nickel. He was .educated at Cheltenham College, the University of Cambridge and Zurich Polytechnic, and also studied in Edinburgh and Glasgow. He was a keen Egyptologist and archaeologist. He was a generous benefactor to many charitable and public institutions. He founded the Infants’ Hospital, Vincent Square, Westminster; in 1932 gave a new dome and four cameras tro the Norman Lockyer Observatory at Sidmouth; he contributed a million francs to the Maison de la Chimie in Paris, and was a noteworthy supporter of the Chemical Council.At the funeral service at PAre Lachaise, Paris, the Chemical Council and the Institute were represented by Mr. W. A. S. Calder. 382 Local Sections. [The Imk’tute is not responsible .for the viezm expressed in papers read, or in speeches delivered during discussion.] East Ang1ia.-The first rnecting of the new session was held at the Norwich Technical College on 27th September, when the Chairman of the Section, Mr. W. Lincolne Sutton, presented an address on “Water Supplies with Special Reference to East Anglia.” Mr. Sutton described the geological features which affect water supplies in Norfolk and Suffolk.His intimate and pro- longed association with the water supplies of East An& made it possible for him to give intercsting facts with reference to various local wells and other supplies. He referred to the hardness of local waters and discussed the effect of hardness on health. He mentioned the many chalybeate waters occurring in Norfolk: though these gave rise to local spas in the eighteenth century, they were now regarded merely as ordinary ferruginous waters. He also dealt with the different methods of softening waters, especially the modern devclopmen t of filtration through zeolite sand. Mention was made of the fact that all the large public supplies in Norfolk are derived from surface waters, rivers and broads, the extent of which is very exceptional in the county. Norwich, Yarmouth and Lowestoft together consume daily nearly 8 million gallons of water derived from ri\Ters and broads.This has to be purified by modern methods, which the lecturer described in detail, giving the latest developments in the use of rapid filters and sterilisation by chlorine. In the discussion which follomd, reference was made to the dangers attending the use of shallow wells in local coastal resorts where small bungalow communities had sprung up with no satisfactory form of sewage disposal. The mode of action of various forms of water softeners was also discussed, and a distinction drawn between those which 383 produce true chemical softening and those which merely prevent the formation of scale.Huddersfie1d.-The opening meeting of the session 1938-39 was held in Field’s Cafk on 11th October. The chair was taken by Dr. A. E. Everest, who welcomed Mr. Richard B. Pilcher, the Registrar, as guest of the evening. Dr. H. E. Collier, M.C., M.B., Ch.B., gave a lecture entitled: “The Modern Alchemy or Medicine and Chemistry to-day.’’ The lecturer drew a vivid word picture of the mediaeval alchemist whose researches have laid the foundations of the modern sciences of chemistry and mcdicine, and suggested that if we wished to understand the ancient alchemists we must pass beyond a study of their detailed acts and search for the motives and the purposes that encouraged these strange men to spend laborious days and nights, as outcasts from society, feared and persecuted when they were not burnt as heretics or wizards.They preserved their secrets for economic reasons, and hid their wisdom under allegories, pictures and symbols, because they believed that to broadcast it would not only lead to their being branded as heretics, but would be tantamount to casting pearls before swine who would only trample them underfoot. Hence when they wrote upon the subject, whatever they delivered was so involved in allegory and designedly obscured, that nobody but their own order could find out the meaning. Do we not, however, ourselves do the same things, for example, in trade secrets, medical jargon and modern mysteries and esoteric cults? The ancient alchemist was engaged upon two different activities, namely, the transmutation of base metals into gold and the search for the “Elixir of Life.” During the course of the first search, modern applied science was created and as a direct outcome of the second search the modern health movement has slowly arisen.At a later date, chemistry was subdivided into its practical and its more theoretical branches, and medicine was subdivided into physical medicine, surgery, and psychological medicine. Much of psychology that was clearly understood by the later alchemists was forgotten by scientific doctors and has only lately been rcdiscovered by modern medical psychology. Without this tendency to specialisation, chemists would not 384 have succeeded in their aims so far as to be in a position to free mankind from the fear of famine in spite of greatly increased pop- ulation.Specialisation in medicine has also been of great benefit to health. Epidemics can be controlled, many diseases can be prevented and cured, and some diseases have been abol- ished. Health has become as potentially available as has plenty. It must be admitted that neither plenty nor health is actually possessed by the modern world, and he considered that the root cause of this was the separation of industry from medicine. In order to achieve the age of plenty and health the chemist as the provider of food, raiment and shelter, and the medical man as the philosopher of healthy physical and mental living, must somehow unite their skill to create the modern alchemist who would show the way to a new day.This co-operation was actually taking place with the increasing employment of doctors in industry, but it was unlikely that the modern alchemist would be found in the person of a single individual but in a unified group of experts whose members must also possess a co-operative spirit and a general knowledge of other specialities. The method of control of industry by group consultation was increasing, and appeared to be the only efficient method by which the complexities of modern life and industry could be controlled. Industrial health doctoring was an expert job and was an integral part of modern management, every bit as much as chemistry, but it was necessary not only that health should be recognised as an essential to modern manage- ment but that all modern industrial chemists and other specialists should be sufficiently informed about health matters to enable proposals made by them or by the doctors to come under their mu tua 1 scrutiny.It was now becoming impossible for non-medically trained persons to acquire the necessary basic health knowledge to enable them to speak the language of the industrial hygienist. We might hope that in future the doctor would take his place beside the other specialists in industry and, before we realised what had happened, the modern alchemist would have come into being in our midst. “He” would be a co-ordinated group of experts.In replying to the discussion following his address the lecturer described the nature of the work undertaken by the Department of Industrial Hygiene and Medicine in the University of Birming-ham for the training of doctors for their part in industry, and the lines on which it was hoped to develop this pioneer work. 385 Leeds Area.-A meeting of the Section was held on 10th October, in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of the University of Leeds-Dr. H. Burton in the Chair. Dr. A. E. Everest, Vice-president, and the Registrar of the Institute attended and participated in a discussion on the proposed Supplemental Charter and on the modifications which were being considered by the Council. Several members testified that any earlier objections which they may have entertained had been amply met by the new proposals.The Registrar, replying to questions, emphasised the necessity for a national register of chemists and the desirability that the Institute should be the body responsible for such registration. He was convinced that the new category of entrants would quickly appreciate the advantages of full membership, and that fears to the contrary were groundless. The following resolution moved by Mr. G. J. Denbigh and seconded by Mr. H. M. Mason, was carried nem. con. :--“That this meeting approves on general grounds the action now proposed by the Council with regard to the Supplemental Charter, due regard being paid to the question of a title for the new category.” The meeting was then opened to visitors, and Mr.Richard B. Pilcher, the Registrar, gave a lecture entitled bb From Boyle to Priestley.” He drew a vivid and fascinating picture of the conditions under which chemical science flourished in the seventeenth century. Although the Royal Society and its Fellows were not infre-quently objects of derision, chemistry was the hobby of the rich and was pursued with interest by many whose names are better known in the political and literary history of the times. Prince Rupert, the Duke of Buckingham, Sir Kenelm Digby, John Evelyn, Samuel Pepys (P.R.S.) and Sir Richard Steele all contributed their quota of interest, and many, like Newton, whose fame was earned in other branches of science, gave much attention to the chemical problems of the day.The French Academy fostered chemical studies, and Paris under Louis XV was a congenial home for alchemists and “chymists ” of all kinds. Though charlatanism was rife and even serious workers based profitable side-lines upon the foibles of their patrons, as did Nicholas Lemery with his cosmetics, the period was a fruitful and a practical one in which the mystic seekers after the philo- sopher’s stone gave place to such serious thinkers as Mayow, Stahl, Cavendish, Black and Priestley, whose work made possible the true scientific approach to chemical investigation. It is a grim reflection that at this time (c. 1731) it was confidently prophesied that the manufacture of dangerous substances which chemists might discover for use in war would assuredly be prohibited ! The lecture was illustrated by many excellent slides, and the lecturer’s racy accounts of the personalities that flitted across his screen gave new life to a most entertaining chapter of the history of chemistry.Liverpool and North-Western.-The opening meeting of the 1938-39 session was held at the Constitutional Club, Liverpool, on 13th October. Mr. L. V. Cocks, who presided for the formal opening of the meeting, expressed his pleasure in introducing Mr. R. R. Butler, Principal of the City of Liverpool Technical College, as the Chairman for the ensuing session. Mr. Butler, in an address entitled ‘‘ A Study in Standardisation,” said that he presented the subject matter of the address not as a glass technologist but as one who had been Chairman of a Drafting Committee of the British Standards Institution whose deliberations, extending over several years, had resulted in the issue of a British Standards Specification for Protective Glass for Welding and other High Temperature Operations.Mr. Butler said that in comparison with other countries little attention has been paid to the standardisation of devices for the protection of the welder’s eyes in this country. It should be remembered that, particularly in arc welding, the eyes might be exposed to intense ultra-violet and infra-red radia- tions from metal at high temperatures at a much closer range than that involved in the operation of a steel furnace.Historically, the work of Sir William Crookes, as a member of the Glassworkers’ Cataract Committee of the Royal Society, resulted in 1913in the production of glasses that were opaque to ultra-violet radiation, glasses that could absorb 90 per cent. of heat radiation and glasses that had a comparatively low transmissive power for “visible ” radiation. He was, however, unable to combine in one specimen these three aspects in the 387 highest degree. The outbreak of war, in 1914, temporarily stopped further work, and it was not till after 1918 that the “Crookes Glasses A and B” were marketed. These glasses contain alout z per cent. of cerium oxide and 3 per cent. of a mixture of lanthanum, praseodymium and neodymium oxides. The absorption curve of these glasses shows characteristic absorp- tion bands in the wave-length spectrum between 550 and 650 millimicrons.Such glasses are, however, of little value in operations such as arc welding, and more opaque screens are needed to eliminate not only ultra-violet and infra-red, but also the intense glare. In the present state of our knowledge of the effects of such radiation on the eye, there is reason to believe that at the shorter- wave end of the spectrum radiations, which lie between 0.4 microns (the extreme visible violet) and 0.3 microns, are relatively harmless, even if of considerable intensity. Ultra-violet waves of lengths shorter than 0.3 microns can cause acute inflammation of the conjunctiva-the membrane which joins the eye to the interior of the eyelid.The result of such inflammation is the “sand in the eye” sensation which many welders have ex-perienced in the course of their work. The inflammation is unpleasant but not permanent. It will yield to treatment and will abate after a time. The glare from the white-hot metal at close range may, if intense, cause temporary blinding of the vision due to overstrain of the retina. Most dangerous to the eye are the infra-red radiations, which have wave-lengths rather greater than those found immediately beyond the extreme visible red of the spectrum. The range of wave-lengths lying between 0.75 microns (the extreme visible red) and 1.3 microns can cause, if intense in quality, permanent injuries to the iris, the lens and the retina.The welder’s eyes may suffer in a similar manner to those of glassworkers. The cataract is due to increasing opacity of the lens itself. There is reason to believe that radiation having a wave-length greater than 1.4 microns cannot reach the retina, and very little radiation of wave-length greater than 1.5 microns passes through the cornea. It will thus be apparent that by far the greater portion of infra- red radiation from high temperature operations is absorbed in the outer portions of the eye, and that the damage is caused there. Glasses for which the makers claim protective properties have been marketed in various countries, and the United States Federal Specifications Board issued in 1930 a Specification (GGG-G-541) for a range of such glasses of graduated densities designated by what were called ‘I shade numbers ’’ and classified according to the nature of the operation for which they were stated to offer protection.For example, shade No. z was designed to be of value in lead burning and low temperature work ; shade No. 8 was intended for use in arc welding up to current strengths of 20 amperes, shade No. 12 for welding operations at ZOO amperes and over. After referring the matter to the National Physical Labora- tory, at Teddington, with a view to discovering whether the eye really needed so many different shades, the B.S.I. Committee finally decided that in this country the total number of different glasses should be reduced to five, scientifically graded according to their densities, and classified by letters A, B, C, D, and E.A comparison between the British and the American Specifica- tions is given in the Table. New grade Old shade Optical Glass suitable for:- letter. number. density. A 4 to 6 I to z Lead burning; light braz- B 6 to 8 2 to 3 ing. Acetylene welding and cut- ting. C 8 to 10 3 to 4 Metal arc welding up to 75 amps.; atomic hydro- D E 10to 13 13 and over 4 to 5 5 to 6 gen process. Metal arc welding at more than 75 amps. Carbon, arc welding and cutting; carbon arc lamps In practice, glare from a metal arc is often screened from the eyes by the use of two superimposed sheets of glass, one red and the other of cobalt blue.Such a combination does reduce the glare, but neither red nor cobalt blue glass will absorb the infra- red radiations. The red glass is transparent to infra-red to a marked degree, whilst the cobalt glass allows both ultra-violet and infra-red radiations to pass. A spectrophotometric curve of the transmissive properties of such a combination revealed the fact that whilst the glare was reduced to 0.0005 per cent. of the original, the infra-red transmission of the combination was still in the neighbourhood of 41 per cent. 389 In this connexion it should be remembered that when a steel worker has spent many years using blue glass in his goggles and has learned to judge temperatures through such a colour, it would probably be beyond the wit of man to compel him to adopt another colour.From the point of view of adequate protection of the eyes from harmful invisible radiations, the colour of the glass, contrary to prevailing belief, is of secondary importance. In the present state of our knowledge the protec- tion provided by the requirements of the British Standard Specification can be secured only by glass having a somewhat greenish neutral colour, because as far as is known the essential constituent of such glass must be iron in the ferrous condition. One such glass of British manufacture is marketed under the trade name of “Protex,” and a lighter shade than Grade “A” is also marketed under the name “Calorex.” Mr. L. V. Cocks, the Vice-chairman of the Local Section, proposed a hearty vote of thanks to the Chairman for his address.He referred to the good qualities by which Mr. Butler had already become known to them in Liverpool, in his official capacity as Principal of the Liverpool City Technical College, as a member of the Local Section, and as a member of its com- mittee. He thought that Mr. Butler, besides giving them a most interesting and unusual paper, had incidentally furnished them with an opportunity of appreciating some of the other directions in which his specialised knowledge and organising ability had been illustrated. Mr. Cocks said that he hoped that the welders appreciated the work of standardisation which had been undertaken on their behalf. Mr.E. Gabriel Jones in seconding the vote of thanks, referred to his own experiences in the use of protective glasses and mentioned the use of nickel-containing glass as an ultra-violet filter; he also enquired whether any information was available as to the relationship between the thorium oxide and cerium oxide content of protective glasses and the fact that these two sub-stances are present in the incandescent mantle. The Chairman replied that the investigation of such a problem would offer a very useful research exercise for the newly admitted Associates,-no definite information being at present available. Manchester and District.-At a meeting of the Section held at the Constitutional Club, St. Ann’s Street, Manchester, 390 on 20th October,-Dr.G. D. Elsdon in the chair,-a discussion was held on the Proposed Supplemental Charter. A message was received from the President, Sir Robert Pickard, expressing regret that owing to other engagements he was unable to be present. The Registrar, who attended by invitation, explained the modifications which the Council proposed to introduce in the document, in order to meet the views expressed at the Special General Meeting of the Institute held in November, 1937. A number of members adhered to the view that chemists who wished to join the Institute should apply for admission to the Associateship, and indicated their disinclination to accept the proposal to create a third category of members. Several, on the other hand, suggested that all graduates in chemistry, even those with pass degrees, should be included in the proposed extension of the Register, and others that chemists who had obtained their knowledge and skill by experience, in well-established laboratories or on works, should be included in the third category. A number of members concurred in the modifications adopted by the Council, which they felt rendered the Proposed Supple- mental Charter acceptable. Taking the long view, they would now vote for the proposal.The discussion was continued so late that nearly half the members had left when it was concluded, and no vote was taken. The following participated in the discussion :-Dr. G. D. Elsdon, Mr. J. H. Dent, Mr. T. R. Hodgson, Dr. G. N. Burkhardt, Mr.D. M. Paul, Mr. E. N. Marchant, Dr. A. Coulthard, Mr. D. M. Wilson, Dr. A. M. Maiden, Mr. Harold Stevenson, Mr. C. C. Marginson, Mr. G. E. Pilkington, Dr. J. T. Terleski, Dr. D. H. Hey and Mr. W. V. Stubbings. Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast.-The Twentieth Annual General Meeting of this Section was held in the University Union, King’s College, Newcastle upon Tyne, on 18th October-Mr. F. H. Walker in the Chair. The meeting was preceded by an informal supper. The guest of the evening was Professor H. L. Riley, Chairman of the Newcastle Section of the Society of Chemical Industry. Dr. G. E. Stephenson and Mr. S. A. Wikner were elected to the Committee, and Professor G. R. Clemo and Dr. J. H. Jones were elected Hon. Auditors.391 At a second business meeting held later in the same evening the Committee unanimously elected Dr. W. M. Madgin to the Chair for the coming session. Dr. Madgin had been a valuable merriber of the Section since its inauguration in 1919. At the conclusion of the formal business, the Chairman, Mr. F. H. Walker, delivered an address on “Moisture in Coal, and its Relation to some other Properties” A large number of coal samples, derived mainly from Northumberland, Durham and South Yorkshire, had been dried in air under controlled conditions. These had been chosen arbitrarily, the selected temperature being 25O, with air of relative humidity 50 per cent. as the drying medium. The drying was carried out in a simple water-jacketed oven, heated by gas, fitted with a thermostat for temperature control, and was continued until equilibrium had been established.The results obtained, when plotted against the “fixed carbon ’’ content, showed at once that a fundamental connexion existed between these quantities. A similar connexion was shown to exist between the moisture content so determined and the swelling power, and their con-clusions agreed closely with the work of other investigators. Mr. Walker discussed the limitations of the fixed carbon” content as a criterion of rank and the divergencies from the curves, and concluded that the moisture in coals, retained after drying under specified conditions, was a measure of a definite physical property depending fundamentally on its rank, and divergencies from the rule were attributed to variations in the proportions of certain constituents present.The Research Department of the South Metropolitan Gas Company had investigated the nature of the pore structure of cokes, and had demonstrated by means of measurements of the rate of adsorption, and the adsorptive capacity of cokes for carbon dioxide, that the adsorptive capacity increased with increasing carbonising temperature up to a maximum of 700° C. and decreased at higher temperatures. The adsorption of moisture by cokes had been found to follow a similar course, and this had led to enquiry as to whether the properties due to the rank of a coal had any influence on the properties of the coke resulting from its carbonisation. Some preliminary experiments on a group of coals of differing rank 392 suggested that this did occur.It had been found that for a group of four coals, with adsorbed moisture contents of 5-4, 2.1, 1-7 and 0.9 per cent., the moisture contents of the cokes obtained from them fell in the same order of rank, at any given carbonising temperature. Even at rooo0 C., where the moisture contents were very low, the values for these cokes were 1.4, 0.8, 0.7 and 0.5 per cent., respectively. It seemed that the structure of the original coals had apparently survived to some extent the drastic treatment of the carbonising process. Mr. Walker concluded by expressing his thanks to Mr. E. V. Evans, General Manager of the South Metropolitan Gas Company, for permission to put this matter before them, and also to Mr.J. J. Inkster for assistance in its preparation. The address was followed by a long discussion, and matters raised included the relation between adsorptive capacity of cokes and the dimensions and structure of the graphite lattice, the adsorption of methane and other compounds by coals, the effect of hygroscopic salts on moisture results, and the possible con- nexion between adsorptive power or rank of coals and spontaneous com bustion. South Yorkshire.-On 9th July, members of the Section and their friends visited Newstead Abbey. The Abbey itself is of historic interest as the home for many years of the Byron family, of which the famous poet, Lord Byron, was the best- known member, and is surrounded by beautiful parkland and Japanese gardens.The Abbey and grounds are now the property of Nottingham Corporation. After visiting the Abbey and the gardens, the party was entertained to tea by the Chairman of the Section (Dr. Gregory) and Mrs. Gregory, to whom a hearty vote of thankstvas accorded on the motion of Mr. B. W. Methley, seconded by Mr. G. W. J. Bradley. After tea, the members made the journey to Southwell and concluded an excellent day by visiting the Cathedral, 393 September Examinations, 1938. Abstract of the Report of the Board of Examiners. Examinations for the Associateship and Fellowship were held as under:-No. No. For the AssociatMhip- Examined.Passed. General Chemistry: at the Institute and at the Royal Technical College, Glasgow (some candidates taking their theory paper at other centres)-l2th to 17th September . . 35 14" For the Pellowship- Branch A. Inorganic Chemistry, with special reference to the manufacture of Steel, at the Institute and at the Royal School of Mines,-lSth-24th September .. .. 1 1 Branch E. The Chemistry, including Micro- scopy of Food and Drugs, and of Water, at the Institute,-lSth-24th September . . 3 3 Branch P. Agricultural Chemistry: at the University of Leeds--5th-10th September 2 2 Branch G'. Industrial Chemistry, with special reference to Cocoa and Chocolate: at the Institute and in the Laboratories of the British Association of Research for the Cocoa, etc., Trades,-lSth-24th September Examination in Metallurgy, with specialreference to Iron and Steel: at the Insti- tute and at the Royal School of Mines,- 19th-24th September .. .. .. * Three candidates completed their examination by satisfying the Examiners in those parts of the examination in which they previously failed. Three candidates failed to satisfy the Examiners in part only of the examination. t The candidate satisfied the Examiners in the practical work, but did not do so in the theory papers. The following exercises were set :-Examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry. MONDAY, 12th September, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Attempt FIVE questions only. Answer concisely and to the point. Girje formulae and equations where possible.) 1.Write an account of EITHER (a)covalency and electrovalency, OR (b)modern theories of the conductivities of aqueous salt solutions. 2. Explain how FOUR of the following substancos may be prepared and describe their more important properties :-(a) Potassium silicofluoride ; (b) Mercuric chloride ; (c) Potassium ferrioxalate; (d) White lead; (e) Hydrazine hydrate. 3. Give an account of ONE of the following topics:- (a) The use of the spectroscope in the discovery of elements; (b) The stereochemistry of co-ordination compounds. 4. Discuss the application of physico-chemical principles to gas reactions of technical importance. 5. State how nickel occurs in nature and describe its extraction and industrial applications. Discuss the position assigned to nickel in the periodic classification. 6.Explain how the concentration of hydrogen ion may be deter- mined by means of indicators. What considerations determine the selection of an indicator in acid-alkali titrations ? 7. Discuss any TWO of the following:- (a) Molecular refraction; (b) Dialysis ; (c) Lyophilic and lyophobic colloids; (d) Solubility product. 2 to 5 p.m. (Attempt FIVE questions only. Answer concisely and to the point. Give formulae and equations where possible.) 1. Give an account of the kinetic theory of gases and deduce an expression for the average velocity of an individual molecule. Show what are the properties of gases which can be explained by the theory you develop and indicate the further modifications necessary for a more exact presentation of ths behaviour of a gas.2. Write an essay on ONE of the following:- (a) The oxides and oxyacids of the halogens; (b) The per-acids and their salts. 3. Discuss the part played by free radicals in chemical reactions, OR write an account of photochemical reactions. 4. Why is manganese included with chlorine in the same group of the periodic table ? With what elements besides the halogens is manganese related and how is this relationship displayed ? 395 5. Discuss the experimental evidence on which the theory of the nuclear disintegration of naturally radioactive elements is based.6. Give an account of the chemical researches of Davy and of Faraday. 7. Give an account of any TWO of the following:- (a) The occlusion of hydrogen by metals; (b) Nitrosyl compounds ; (c) Isomorphism; (d) Endothermic reactions. TUESDAY, 13th SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Attempt FIVE questions only. Answer concisely and to the point. Giveformule and equations where possible.) 1. Write a short account of ONE of the following topics:- (a)The structure of aromatic diazo-compounds; (b) The properties of compounds containing the -CH2CO- group. 2. By means of equations illustrate the methods of preparation of FOUR of the following reagents :-(a) Phenyl isocyanate; (b) Dimethyl sulphate; (c) p-Nitrobenzoyl chloride ; (d) p-Toluenesulphonic chloride ; (e) Bromo-acetyl bromide ; and give ONE example of the use of each.3. Outline the evidence for the usually accepted structure of ONE of the following compounds :-(a) Glucose; (b) Vc acid; (c) zsoquinoline. 4. Give typical applications of the more commonly employed methods of reduction in organic chemistry. 5. Write a short essay on ONE of the following topics:- (a) The Diels-Alder diene synthesis; (b) Molecular rearrangements. 6. Give a brief description of the industrial preparation of FOUR of the following compounds :-(a) Carbon tetrachloride; (b) Urea; (c) Calcium cyanamide ; (d) Acetic acid; (e) n-Butyl alcohol; (f) Diosan; (9) Oxalic acid.7. A neutral substance C,,H,,O,N Br when heated with dilute mineral acid gives an acid C,H,O, (A) and a base C,H,N Br (B); when (A)is digested with hydriodic acid it yields salicylic acid; when (B)is diazotised and warmed with sodium stannite it yields bromobenzene. Give the probable formula of the neutral substance and by means of equations and brief notes describe its preparation from benzene. 396 8. Suggest PRACTICAL methods for the synthesis, from common laboratory materials, of FIVE of the following compounds :-(a) j3-Hydroxy- j3-methyl-n-valeric acid; (b) j3-Phenylpropionic acid; (c) Methyl-ethyl-phenylcarbinol; (d) 1:5 Pentamethylene diamine; (e) cycZoPentanone-1 -carboxylic ester; (j’) Methyl sec-butyl ketone; (9) p-Aminodimethylaniline. 2 to 3.30 p.m.Translation from French and German technical literature. WEDNESDAY, 14th SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Identify, as completely as time permits, compounds (A), (B) and (C). The examination of (A) may be completed TO-MORROW; that of (B) and (C) must be completed TO-DAY. (A = Butyl benzoate OR benzyl cinnamate; B = Urea nitrate OR ammonium salicylate; C = Ethyl carbamate OR potassium ethyl sulphate.) THURSDAY, 15th SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercise. 2. Determine the approximate composition of the mixture (D);identify the constituents and prepare a crystalline derivative of each.The derivatives should be placed in the specimen tubes provided and the name and m.p. clearly recorded. (D = Phenol and toluene OR p-Toluidine and benzene.) FRIDAY, 16th SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Identify the substances (E) and (F). (E = Lithopone;F = Potassium titanioxalate.) 2. Determine gravimetrically the percentage of copper and the percentage of nickel in the sample (G) of cupro-nickel. (This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) SATURDAY, 17th SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Identify the substance (H),which is a definite chemical compound, and the solid (M), which is an element. (€3 = Barium silicofluoride; M = tellurium.) 2. Determine the molecular weight of the given substance (I)in 3. Complete the gravimetric determinations which were commenced camphor by the cryoscopic method.(I = p-Nitrotoluene.) yesterday. Examination for the Fellowship. Branch A : Inorganic Chemistry, with special reference to Steel Manufacture. MONDAY, 19th SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Notmore than SIX questions to be attempted.) 1. Give a concise account of the methods which are used for the manufacture of commercial hydrogen and mention in each case the 397 probable impurities present in the gas. Briefly describe how the gas is employed industrially. 2. What are the natural sources of aluminium? From which of these, and how, is the metal prepared? What special properties of aluminium fit it for its various uses in industry, in the laboratory and in daily life? 3.What are (a) plaster of Paris, (6) Portland cement? How are they made, and how do you explain their setting ? 4. Describe the properties, uses and preparation on a commercial scale of any THREE of the following products: (a) white lead, (b) carbo-rundum, (c) sodium thiosulphate, (d) potassium dichromate, (e) mercuric chloride. 5. Describe concisely the methods you would adopt to obtain:- (a) Sulphur from sulphur dioxide; (b) Phosphorus from calcium phosphate; (c) Iodine from ;odium iodate; (d) Oxygen from quick-lime. 6. Bromine is said to react with sodium thiosulphate in dilute aqueous solution according to the equation :-Na2S,0, + 5H20 + 4Br2 = 2NaHS0, + 8HBr. What experiments would you make to prove that the reaction written above does actually take place and how would you determine whether the reaction goes quantitatively ? 7.Write an account of ONE of the following topics:- (a) Covalency and electrovalency ; (b) Co-ordination compounds; (c) Isotopes and isobares. 8. What changes do the following substances undergo on heating: mercurous chloride, ammonium chloride, dinitrogen tetroxide (N,O,) ? Give the experimental evidence in favour of your statements. 2 to 5 p.m. (Only FIVE questions to be attempted, and not more than THREE from either Section. Answer briejiy and to the point.) I. 1. HOW would you carry through the complete analysis of a sample 2. Outline a method suitable for the complete analysis of one of the of high speed tool steel ? following:-(a) Cryolite; (6) Crude zirconia; (c) Fluorspar.3. How would you carry out the determination of phosphorus in the following materials :-(a) Phosphor-tin; (b) Phosphor-bronze; (c) Ferro -vanadium. 4. Discuss, critically, the various methods available for the rapid, routine determination of sulphur in carbon steels. 11. 5. What is the difference in constitution of a “melting” slag and a “working” slag in the basic open-hearth furnace? How does this difference in constitution affect the removal of impurities ? 6. Discuss, critically, the relative merits of the electric, open-hearth and Bessemer processes from the point of view of the production of good quality steel.7. Write a short essay on the various effects of manganese on steels. 8. Give a critical account of the desalphurisation of the metal in steel-making processes. TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 20th to 23rd SRPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. As far as time permits, make complete analyses of the following samples :-(d) Alloy steel. (e) Phosphor-bronze. (f) Manganese ore. Branch E: The Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs, and of Water. MONDAY, 19th SEPTEMBER, 10 to 11.30 a.m. (THREE questions only to be attempted, one of which ?nust be No. 1.) 1. Describe as shortly as you can tho provisions in the Food and Drugs Acts in connexion with the giving of warranties.What constitutes a warranty ? 2. Give a short account of the more recent work dealing with the composition of butter-fat. 3. What determinations do you normally carry out in the examina- tion of a sample of drinking water? What significance do you ascribe to each of the constituents determined ? 4. Describe the source, the method of preparation, and the com-position of commercial ground mustard. (THREE questions only to be attempted.) 1. Describe in detail the pharmacological actions of EITHER cocaine OR ether. 2. Give an account of the principal features of arsenical poisoning, distinguishing between the acute and chronic forms. Discuss the signi- ficance of analyses of hairs and nails in arsenical poisoning. 3.Describe briefly the pharmacological actions and therapeutic uses of the following drugs and indicate the composition of the official prepara- tions :-(a) mersalyl, (b) stramonium, (c)glyceryl trinitrate, (d) metallic mercury. 4. Write short notes, with examples, on the following subjects in relation to the administration of drugs :-(a)idiosyncrasy, (b) tolerance, (c) agranulocytosis, (d)sulphaemo-globinaemia. 399 2 to 5 pm. (FIVE questions only to be attempted, one of which must be No. 1.) 1. You have determined the percentage of solids-not-fat in a sample of milk and find that the figure differs by 0.2 from that calculated from the specific gravity and the fat by Richmond’s formula. In what ways might the difference be explained, assuming that the analytical figures are correct ? 2.Suggest methods for the separation and determination of benzoic and salicylic acids in foods. 3. What are pentosans ? How may they be determined ? 4. What are the main differences in composition between meat ex- tract and yeast extract ? 5. What do you understand by the term “crude fibre”? How is it determined and what is its significance ? 6. What is brandy ? What standards would you adopt in deciding whether a sample submitted under the Food and Drugs (Adulteration) Act, 1928, as “brandy,” was genuine or adulterated? TUESDAY, 20th SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Examine and report (on the official form provided) upon the sample of unsweetened condensed mill (A).(Diluted with water and containing added glucose.) WEDNESDAY, 21st SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Examine the sample of butter (B). (With 10 per cent. coconut oil, excess water and boric acid.) 2. Examine microscopically the sample of ground pepper (C). (Contained 10 per cent. rice starch.) THURSDAY, 22nd SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Examine the sample of ground ginger (D). (Mixture of African and Jamaica ginger, with 10 per cent. screenings and 20 per cent. exhausted ginger.) 2. Examine and report upon the sample (E) which is submitted as “Cod Liver Oil and Malt.” (Malt extract with 15 per cent. liquid paraffin.) [These exercises may be continued TO-MORROW, but notebooks (containing a list of the work still to be done) must be handed in TO-DAY.] FRIDAY, 23rd SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m.to 5 p.m. 1. Continue the examination of the ground ginger (D). 2. Continue the examination of the cod liver oil and malt (E). SATURDAY, 24th SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Cut sections of the drug (F)to show the characteristic microscopi- cal features. Stain the sections, mount them in permanent form and make detailed explanatory sketches of your preparations. (Strophanthus seed.) 400 2. Identify by microscopical examination the specimens (G), (H),(11, (J),(K). 3. The specimen (L) is the urine of a person found in coma. The tablets (M) and the tablets (N)were found in the possession of the patient. Examine these specimens as fully as time will permit and report on the suggestion of narcotic poisoning.(L = glucose, acetone and barbitone; M = aspirin; N = barbitone.) Branch F : Agricultural Chemistry. MONDAY, 5th SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (SIX questions only to be attempted.) 1. Define the starch equivalent of a food and explain its use in stock feeding. Describe the determination of the starch equivalent (a) by empirical experiment, (6) by calculation from analytical data. What inherent differences are there in the results obtained by the two methods ? 2. Give an account of the digestion and metabolism of proteins by growing animals. Explain the differences of efficiency among the food proteins in meeting the requirements of growing animals. 3. Discuss the functions of the mineral constituents of a ration in relation to (a) growth, (b) milk production.4. Give an account of our present knowledge of the variation in composition and nutritive value of pasture grass. 5. Give a critical account of the determination of the digestibility of a concentrated cake. 6. Discuss any causes of variation in the percentages of (a) fat, (b) solids-not-fat, in the milk of a herd. 7. Describe the chemical changes that take place (a) during photo- synthesis in the leaf of a potato plant and during subsequent translocation to the tuber, (b) during the germination of a wheat seod. 8. Describe the preparation, composition and use of lime sulphur, tar distillate washes and Burgundy mixture. 2 to 5 p.m. (SIX questions only to be attempted.) 1.Give a brief account of the influence of climate in determining soil type and soil fertility. 2. Discuss the modern views of the distribution and movement of water in soils. 3. Give an account of the composition, and variations of composition, 4. Describe the decomposition of vegetable remains in a normal well- of soil air. aerated arable soil, with special reference to the formation of (a) humus, (b)nitrate. 5. Give a brief account of our present knowledge of base exchange. How is the fertility of a soil affected by the particular exchangeable cations present ? 401 6. Describe and explain the effects on soil fertility of (a)sterilisation, (b) partial sterilisation, (c) water logging, (d) excess of non-nitrogenous organic matter.7. What steps would you take to form an opinion on the justification for purchasing lime or slag or both for a given pasture field ? 8. Enumerate, describe and briefly explain the origin of the chief concentrated potassic fertilisers. What are the effects of potassium deficiency on a mangold crop? What do you know of the possibility of mitigating these effects by applying a sodium salt ? TUESDAY and WEDNESDA Y, 6th and 7th SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Report on the suitability of the substances (A) and (B)for liming sour land. 2. Report on the mixed fertiliser (C) and estimate two plant food constituents in it. THURSDAY and FRIDA Y, 8th and 9th SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.each day. 1. Identify and make a complete analysis of the feeding stuff (D).2. Report upon the sample of milk (E). Branch G : Industrial Chemistry, with special reference to Cocoa and Chocolate. MONDAY, 19th SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Only FIVE questions to be attempted.) 1. Compare the so-called “destructive hydrogenation” of coal tar with the “hardening” of fats. Discuss the different types of catalysts and the working conditions required in each case. 2. Describe some form of gas analysis apparatus with which you are familiar, and its application in the following cases:- (a) Flue gas analysis; (b) Analysis of a mixture of hydrogen, methane and ethane. 3. What are the principal causes of waste in boiler practice ? What are the general methods of controlling the combustion of fuel in steam-raising plant ? 4.Describe briefly methods for:- (a) Measuring the flow of liquids in tubes; (b) Maintenance of a definite temperature in a chemical process; (c) Maintenance of a definite pressure in a chemical process. 5. You are required to design and equip a “development ” laboratoryin which “semi-scale” experiments may be conducted, and in which work’ from the research laboratory is to be transferred and brought to a com-mercial status. Give your recommendations respecting layout, permanent plant, and any other factors of importance. 6. How would you determine the viscosity of aliquid andthe plasticity 7. Discuss the determination of the pH value. Mention some cases of a fluid ? What is thixotropy ? 402 in your own esperience where pH is an important figure.8. What criteria do you employ in selecting chemical staff for:-(a) Research laboratory; (b) Development laboratory; and (c) The works ? 2 to 5 p.m. 1. Discuss the crystallisation and melting-points of glycerides. Do the results of recent researches on the glycerides of cocoa butter offer any explanation for its crystallisation and melting-point charac-teristics ? What technical bearing have these characteristics in chocolate manufacture ? 2. Discuss the various types of cacao used in cocoa and chocolate manufacture, indicating any special characteristics of the individual varieties of interest to the manufacturer.In examining a parcel of beans for qnality, to what points would you pay attention? Describe any procedure or tests used in assessing the quality of the beans. 3. Describe the various forms in which milk is used in the chocolate and confectionery industry. To what extent arc the constituents of the milk, e.g. the proteins, affected by the different methods employed in their manufacture ? Discuss briefly the use of each form in the manufacture of typical chocolate and confectionery products, indicating their individual advan- tages, and/or disadvantages. 4. Discuss the Preservatives Regulations in relating to chocolate and confectionery, mentioning preservatives which may be legitimately present, although not in accordance with Part 1 of the First Schedule.Explain why exception cannot be taken to their presence in these cases. 5. What defects of confectionery are produced by micro-organisms ? Give examples, stating the probable sources of the organism, and suggesting methods of prevention. 6. State what forms of rancidity are met with in fats or fatty sub- stances as used in ths chocolate and confectionery industries. Discuss recent researches on the subject, with particular reference to the prevention of oxidation rancidity. TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 20th to 23rd SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.each day. 1. Identify the ingredients in sample (A) and determine their propor- 2. Report on the sample of gelatin (R), with particular reference to tions. Give an opinion on its suitability as a solvent in preparing essences.its use in the manufacture of confectioncry jellies. 3. Analyse the sample of confectionery (C) and give a recipe for its manufacture. 4. Report on the fat in sample (D), giving your opinion on its suitability for use in an edible produof. 403 Metallurgy, with special reference to Iron and Steel. MONDAY, 19th SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Only FIVE questions, which must include at least one of either No. 1or No. 2, to be attempted. Answer briefly and to the point.) 1. Give a brief outline of the chemical processes and reactions in- volved in the production of the following alloys :-(a) Silico-manganese; (b) Ferro-chromium; (c) Ferro-vanadium. 2.Give a brief outline of the chemical aspects of metallic corrosion and of the methods of protection usually adopted. 3. Describe the chemistry of the blast furnace smelting of iron ores and show how the various reactions can be applied to the production of a metal of a required composition and a slag of saleable value. 4. Enumerate the developments which, in your opinion, have been of major importance in non-ferrous metallurgy during the present century. Write a short essay on any ONE of these. 5. Write a short essay on the development of electric furnaces for the manufacture of alloy steel, giving special attention to any recent improvements with which you may be familiar. 6. For any one series of non-ferrous alloys explain, with the aid of the thermal equilibrium diagram, which of the series would be susceptible to heat-treatment, and the influence of such heat treatment upon their physical properties.7. Discuss any special methods of casting familiar to you which have been devised to obviate the formation of imperfections in a commercial ingot . 8. Describe the mechanical and heat treatment of high-speed steel and explain the effects of these treatments on the structure and properties of the metal. 2 to 5 p.m. (Only FIVE questions to be attempted. Answer briefly and to the point.) 1. How would you carry through the complete analysis of a sample of high-speed tool steel ? 2. Discuss, critically, one or more methods suitable for the determina- 3. Give a detailed description of a method in common use for the tion of non-metallic inclusions in steel.determination of oxygen in steel. 4. Outline a method suitable for the complete analysis of ONE of the following:-(a) Cryolite ; (b) Crude zirconia; (c) Fluorspar. 5. How would you carry out the determination of phosphorus in the following materials :-(a) Phosphor-tin; (b) Phosphor-bronze; (c) Ferro-vanadium 9 404 6. Discuss, critically, the various methods available for the rapid, routine determination of sulphur in carbon steels. 7. Write a short essay on the application of ONE of tho following to metallurgical analysis :-(a) Colorimetric methods; (b) Electrolytic methods ; (c) The spectrograph.8. Outline schemes suitable for the complete analysis of:-(a) Ilmenite; (b) Chromite; (c) Molybdenite. TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 20th to 23rd SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Sample (4)is a piece of heat-treated aiioy-steel. Find what heat treatment it has received, using any methods that you may think necessary, 2. As far as time permits, make complete analyses of:-(b) Iron ore; (c) An aluminium alloy. EXAMINATIONS INFOR THE ASSOCIATESHIP GENERAL CHEMISTRY. INORGANICPHYSICALAND CHEMISTRY. The work of many of the candidates in Inorganic and Physical Chemistry was undistinguished. A number of candidates would have been well advised to defer entering for an examination of this standard until they were better prepared.Practically every candidate attempted the necessary number of questions required on each of the two papers. Unfortunately many of the answers displayed an absence of knowledge of fundamental chemical facts, and this was not compensated for-if such compensation is possible-by a reasonable knowledge of specialised branches. The wide range of knowledge demanded of candidates is appre- ciated by the Examiners, but the choice of questions gives every opportunity to show a satisfactory standard. The practical work was good except in one exercise. The results of the molecular weight determination were disappointing. ORGANICCHEMISTRY. Theory,-Many candidates showed an inadequate grasp of the subject, as in the case of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry.Some were very ill-prepared and ought not to have presented themselves. Each of the eight questions was answered by approximately the same number of candidates-in some cases in a very satisfactory manner. In general, the answers to question three lacked balance, too little attention being devoted to the analytical and degradative work which necessarily precedes the synthesis of a complex organic compound. 405 Practical.-Several candidates were either led astray or suffered loss of time through placing too much reliance on a melting-point determination unsupported by the necessary chemical evidence. Otherwise the work calls for no special comment. Translations.-These were generally fairly well done.EXAMINATIONSTHE FELLOWSHIP.FOR In the examination in Branch E, the work-both written and practical-was well done. It is suggested that future candi- dates should pay still further attention to the preparation of certificates for use under the Food and Drugs (Adulteration) Act, and to the section-cutting and the staining and permanent mounting of sections. In the other Branches of the Examination for Fellowship, the work was of a satisfactorily high standard, except in one case, where the candidate, whose laboratory work was good, did not show sufficient experience and knowledge of his subject. PASS LIST. Examination in General Chemistry for the Associateship. Allchin, John Pratt, Central Technical College, Birmingham. Blake, Arthur John, The Polytechnic, Regent Street, London.Bloomfield, Cyril Josiah, The Polytechnic, Regent Street, London. Cowin, Robert Archibald, Harris Institute, Preston. Ferguson, William Grossart, Royal Technical College, Glasgow. Fraser, Alan Robert, City Technical College, Liverpool. Hardie, Hugh Grant Macpherson, Heriot- Watt College, Edinburgh ; and Robert Gordon's College, Aberdeen. Love, John, Paisley Technical College. Malcolm, James McLaren, Royal Technical College, Glasgow. Reynolds, Ralph Frederick, College of Technology, Leicester. Robertson, Stewart McFeat, Royal Technical College, Glasgow. Shamash, Ezra, B.Sc. (Lond.), University College, Hull. Stephenson, Arthur Dennis, Leeds College of Technology.Swire, William Hedley, Wigan and District Mining and Technical College.Examinations for the Fellowship. In Branch A: Inorganic Chemistry, with special reference to Manufacture of Steel-Hughes, Martin Luther, B.Sc. (Lond.). In Branch E: The Chemistry, including Microscopy, of Food and Drugs,and of Water-Pinder, Jack Leake, B.Sc. (Lond.).Smith, Henry Geoffrey, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Leeds). Templeton, William Hugh, BSc. (Lond.). In Branch 1": Agricultural Chemktry- Holman, William Ian Maxwell, B.Sc.Agr. (Sydney). Koch, Douglas Everard Vernon, B.Sc. (Lond.). InMetallurgy, with apecia1 reference to Iron and Steel- Lloyd, Douglas Howard. 406 Notes. The British and American Associations for the Ad-vancement of Science.-At the meeting of the British Association, held at Cambridge in August, Lord Rayleigh, its President, referred to the connexion of science with warfare.He clearly demonstrated that discoveries of science which have been applied to warfare had often been made with no such object in view and, indeed, had sometimes been neglected by the dis- coverers as of little practical value. The General Committee of the Association, at its final meeting, appointed a provisional committee to report on the formation of a Division to deal with the social and international relations of science. It was felt that since the American Association for the Advancement of Science had aims and interest much in common with those of the British Association, closer liaison between them would promote international co-operation and goodwill.It was suggested, therefore, that in alternate years, an American representative should be invited to deliver an address at the Annual Meeting of the British Association and, similarly, a representative of the British Association should address members of the American Association at their summer meetings-such addresses to be devoted to topics of broad scientific interest, and usually, but not necessarily, dealing with the relations of science and society which would be the concern of the new Division referred to above. Mankind has yet to learn that knowledge and power of science should not be misused. As already suggested in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part 111, much can be done by the inculcation in the minds of the young of the value of accuracy,-implying accuracy in thinking and observation, the importance of truth, and the avoidance of exaggeration.It is to be hoped that the proposed new Division of the British Association, by means of enquiry, publication and conferences, will be able to achieve something towards the solution of the difficult problem which they will take in hand. 407 Harrison Memorial Prize.-In accordance with the Trust Deed governing the Harrison Memorial Fund, the Selection Com- mittee consisting of the Presidents of the Chemical Society, the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry and the Pharmaceutical Society, will proceed to make an award of the Harrison Memorial Prize in December next.The Prize, of the value of about LI~Owill be awarded to the chemist of either sex, being a natural born British subject and not at the time over 30 years of age, who, in the opinion of the Selection Committee, during the previous five years has conducted the most meritorious and promising original investigations in any branch of pure or applied chemistry and published the results of those investigations in a scientific periodical or periodicals. Provided that, in the opinion of the Selection Committee, there is a candidate of sufficient distinction to warrant an award of the Prize, the next award will be made in December, 1938. Applications, five copies of which must be submitted, should contain the following information :-Name (in full).Age (birth certificate must accompany application). Degrees (name of University where obtained). Other qualifications. Experience. Titles of published papers, with authors’ names, including full references to publication. Where research was carried out. Testimonials and references. Any other particulars bearing on the application. The Selection Committee is prepared to receive applications, nominations, or information as to candidates eligible for the Prize. Any such communication must be received by: The President, The Chemical Society, Burlington House , Piccadilly, London, W.1, not later than Thursday, 1st December, 1938. SCIENCE IN PARLIAMENT. Silicosis.-In the House of Commons on 6th July, the Secretary for Mines was asked whether he was aware, that by the adoption and strict enforcement of a number of preventive measures, the incidence of silicosis in the Rand Mines in South Africa had been reduced by go per cent., and whether he would 408 consider the desirability of arranging for those now engaged in investigating the problem of silicosis in the anthracite mines of South Wales to visit the Rand Mines with a view to reporting upon the practicability of adopting those methods of prevention in the coal mines of this country.In reply the Secretary for Mines stated that full information as to the measures taken in South Africa were available in this country, and it was known that the methods referred to had had substantial success under the rather different conditions prevailing there.It was, therefore, not considered desirable to arrange for a visit to the Rand by the investigators at present working for the Medical Research Council in South Wales, especially in view of the importance of avoiding any interruption of their present researches. Insect Pests.-On 11th July, in the House of Commons, the Minister of Agriculture stated that a preliminary note of the results of experiments with methallyl chloride carried out in a Dutch scientific laboratory had recently appeared in an English scientific journal, and it was understood that full results would shortly be published. He was not aware that any experiments with the substance, for agricultural or horticultural purposes, had been carried out in this country.Food and Drugs.-In the House of Commons, on 12th July, the Food and Drugs Bill was read the third time and passed with amendments. Land FertiZiity (Town Refuse).-In the House of Commons, on 18th July, the Minister of Agriculture was asked whether his attention had been called to the valuable organic matter in the rubbish and waste products of the towns as a ready means of restoring the fertility of the soil; and whether he would take steps to make this better known and more easily available. In reply, the Minister stated that steps had already been taken to draw attention to this use of town refuse, and to the methods adopted by certain local authorities in dealing with the material in the interests of farmers.Patent Medicines.--In the House of Lords, on 26th July, Lord Horder strongly criticised the trade in Patent Medicines, and asked the Government to take action to control the ex-ploitation of public credulity. He estimated that the vendors of 409 patent medicines, which were often deleterious to health, were bleeding the public-and the poorest people for the most part- of between ~2~-30,000,000a year. He regarded the advertise- ments by which they were sold-often grossly misleading, if not fraudulent-as being a graver danger than quack medicines, and he indicated that he had the sympathy of reputable news- papers and representatives of other media of advertising in pressing for some reform. He thought that a Government measure dealing with this matter would be a suitable corollary to the efforts being made to improve national fitness.Viscount Gage, replying for the Government, promised that the Minister of Health would examine Lord Horder’s speech and consider whether some warning about the use of drugs could be incorporated in the educational side of the national fitness movement. Water SuPfdies.-In the House of Commons, on 28th July, the Minister of Health stated that the Central Advisory Water Committee, under the chairmanship of Lord Milne, had just issued its first report and that a committee would consider the question as to how better relations and more co-operation could be brought about between the several interests concerned. When the final report was received the whole question of water supply would have the fullest consideration.The Inland Water Survey Committee was engaged in a national survey of water resources. Mr. F. W. Clifford, Librarian of the Chemical Society, represented the Institute at the 14th International Con-ference for Documentation held at Oxford in September. He also represented the Chemical Society and the Faraday Society. Mr. Clifford reported that the 350 members of the Conference included delegates of 30 governments and 150 scientific and learned societies, research institutions and international asso-ciations. One hundred and six papers were communicated, covering a very wide field. The more important dealt with the making of abstracts from periodical literature ; applications of indexing systems; the practical use of bibliographies ; teaching of documentation ; theories of cataloguing and classification; organisation of information services; and tools for library co-operation. 410 The large number of papers, together with the extensive hospitality provided by H.M.Government, the Vice-Chancellor, the civic authorities and others, considerably limited the time available for discussion. The most valuable feature of the proceedings was that the many opportunities for social contact created a definite atmos- phere of international friendship and goodwill which prevailed throughout the Conference. Kent Chemical Club.-Chemists in Kent have lately considered the suggestion of forming a chemical club to be styled the Kent Chemical Club; the membership to be open to anyone habitually engaged in chemical or allied scientific work, the annual subscription to be 2s.6d., and the annual programme to consist of four lectures and one or two social meetings. (Mr. W. F. Stephenson, B.Sc., A.I.C., Medway Technical College, Gillingham, is the Hon. Secretary of the Club.) Mr. Edward Collins, Fellow, has been appointed Government Analyst, Mauritius. Dr. James Brierley Firth, Member of CounciZ, recently Senior Lecturer at University College, Nottingham, has been appointed Director of the North Western Forensic Science Laboratory (Home Office) at Preston, Lancs. Professor Guy Frederic Marrian, Fellow, Associate-Professor of Biochemistry at the University of Toronto, has been appointed to the Chair of Chemistry in relation to Medicine, at the Univer- sity of Edinburgh.Professor Marrian was awarded the Meldola Medal in 1931. Sir Gilbert Thomas Morgan, O.B.E., F.R.S., FelZow, until recently Director of the Chemical Research Laboratory of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, has been appointed Chairman of the Research Fund Committee of the Institute of Brewing. Sir Gilbert Morgan has recently received the degree of Honorary LL.D. (St. Andrews). Professor Ronald George Wreyford Norrish, F.R.S., Fellow, has been elected a Member of the Council of the Senate of the University of Cambridge, in succession to Professor F. L. Engledow, who has resigned.411 Dr. Henry Julius Salomon Sand, Fellow,is retiring at Christmas from his appointment as Head of the Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry at the Sir John Cass Technical Institute. Dr. E. de Barry Barnett, Fellow, Head of the Department of Organic and Applied Chemistry, will be Head of the combined Chemistry Departments as from 1st January, 1939. Dr. Krishnasami Venkataraman, Fellow, Reader in Dyeing and Printing, University of Bombay, has been appointed Mody Professor and Head of the Department of Chemical Technology in the University, in succession to Professor R. B. Forster, Fellow. 412 National Certificates in Chemistry. England and Wales Assessors-Professor Sir Gilbert T. Morgan, O.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S., Organic Chemistry and Chemical Technology; Professor T.Slater Price, O.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S., Inorganic and Physical Chemistry; and Professor J. E. Coates, O.B.E., D.Sc., Physics, The Council has received the Report of the Joint Committee of the Institute and the Board of Education on the examinations for National Certificates in Chemistry (England and Wales). The following is an abstract of the Report:- During the present session two schools have submitted candidates for the first time in the Senior grade and one school in the Advanced grade. The number of entries in the Senior grade was 287, of whom 151 passed, compared with 217 in 1937, of whom 119 passed. In the Advanced grade there were 82 candidates, of whom 62 passed.In 1937 there were 54 candidates, of whom 43 passed. Of the 82 candidates, 64 had previously obtained the Ordinary Certificate, and of the 62 successful candidates 51 had previously obtained the Ordinary Certificate. The standard of the question papers has been maintained but the results show that the standard of attainment is rather lower than that of last year. The English of many candidates was weak. The practical work was of a higher standard than the theoretical, as is often the case with part-time students. On the work in the Advanced grade very little comment is necessary. The candidates are students who have surmounted the difficulties of the senior course and have thus a good foundation on which to build. Scotland Assessor-Dr.Norman Picton. Liaison with the English scheme has been maintained by consultation between Dr. Picton and Sir Gilbert Morgan. 413 For the Ordinary Certificate, 8 candidates entered and 7 passed, and for the Higher Certificate, 7 candidates entered and 3 passed. Northern Ireland In Northern Ireland the examinations are conducted by Examiners appointed by the Ministry of Education, and their recommendations are approved by the Council after obtaining the advice of Sir Gilbert Morgan. Four candidates entered; two passed. 414 Obituary. JOHNWILLIAMSBEVAN,whose death occured early this year at Swansea at the age of 82 years, received his chemical training with his father, Mr. J. W. Bevan of Redruth, professional chemist arid assayer.He was then a pupil fcr a year in the laboratory of the Morfu Copper Works, Swansea, before he became assistant to the late Dr. I$l.‘illiam Morgan, public analyst for Swansea. In 1880, he was appointed manager of lead smelting works, first in Ireland and later in Bristol, and was subsequently associated with the Morriston Spelter M70rks, Glamorgan. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888. GOSLINGFREDERICK died on 29th September in his 60th year. Born in London, he received his chemical training at the People’s Palace Techni- cal School-now Queen Mary’s College-and in 1893, entered the employ- ment of Dr. H. Wilson Hake, lecturer at the Westminster Hospital Medical School. In 1896, he was appointed chemist to Messrs.Thornas Tyrer & Co., Ltd., becoming chief chemist three years lator. In 1906 he became works manager, which post he held at the time of his death. During1914-18 he was associated with the work of the Royal Naval Experimental Station, Stratford. He was elected an Associate in 1921. ALANHAYTHORNTHWAITEdied at Gidea Park, Essex, on the 7th September in his 45th year. He received his chemical training at the Imperial College of Science and Technology, graduating B.Sc. with first- class honours in chemistry in 1914. After leaving college, he was a student with Messrs. Muter and Hackman for about 18 months. In 1917, he was appointed chemist in the salvarsan and neosalvarsan department of Messrs. May & Baker, Ltd., where he was responsible for the analytical control of these products. Later he became departmental manager, and then works manager, which position he held at the time of his death.He was elected an Associate in 1917 and a Fellow in 1920. WAMANNARHAR HIRWEdied in Bombay on 11th August, following an operation. Born in 1898, he was educatod at New English School, Poona, and Fergusson College, Poona. He graduated B.A., and B.Sc., in the University of Bombay, 1921 and 1923, respectively. In June, 1923, he joined the Royal Institute of Science, Bombay, of which he was elected a Fellow during the session 1924-26. He was awarded M.Sc. (Bombay) in 1926, for a thesis entitled “Nitrosalicylic Acids.” In June, 1926, he joined the chemical staff of the Wilson College, Bombay, and in 1929, he proceeded to an appointment at the Royal Institute of Science, where he continued to work until a week before his death.He published a number of papers on derivatives of salicylic acid in journals in India and elsewhere. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1937. 415 PATRICK KIRKALDYHENRY died at Cricklewood on 14th September,in his 68th year. The son of John Givens Kirkaldy, he was educated at the Brewers Company’s School, studied at King’s College, London, under Professor John Millar Thomson, F.R.S., and gained the Daniel1 Scholarship for original research in 1894. In the same year, he was appointed assistant demonstrator in the college, where he assisted in the training of many candidates for the Associateship of the Institute.In 1909, he became assistant professor, which position he held until 1919, when he retired and was elected a Fellow of the College. In the meantime, during the war, the college undertook work in connexion with the production of benzol and toluol, to which he wholeheartedly gave his services, declining to accept any recognition from the State. After his retirement, he held an appoint- ment as Examiner to the Pharmaceutical Society from 1920 almost continuously until 1936. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1893 and a Fellow in 1897. He was &st elected to the Council of the Institute in 1916, and thereafter served for three periods, namely, from 1916 to 1919, 1920 to 1923, 1936 to 1938. He was a Vice-president from 1923 to 1924, and Honorary Treasurer from 1924 to 1036.Thus for nearly twenty years he actively participated in the work of the Institute, regularly attending meetings of the Council and Committees. As Honorary Treasurer, he was Chairman of the Finance and House Committee and the Benevolent Fund Committee, and Vice-Chairman-for about 12 years virtually Chairman-of the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee. He was also Chairman for 2 years of the Lectures and Library Committee. He was the first Chairman of the London and South-Eastern Counties Section, and represented the Institute on the Chemical Council from 1935 to 1936. In 1931, Mr. Kirkaldy presented the Institute with a Chippendale bookcase, which was placed in the Council Room, and with a desk for the Library.At the funeral at Chipperfield, Herts., the Institute was represented by the Registrar, and tributes of flowers were sent in the name of the Institute and from its staff. JAMES died at Bournemouth on 28th August, at the age O’SULLIVAN of 83. He studied chemistry at the Royal College of Science, South Kensington, under Professor-later Sir-Edward Frankland, obtaining a first-class certificate in Inorganic and Organic Chemistry. In 1877 he joined his brother Cornelius O’Sullivan, F.R.S., who had been appointed ten years earlier, brewer and chemist to Messrs. Bass, Ratcliff and Gretton, Ltd., at Burton-on-Trent. He succeeded his brother as chief chemist and continued in that position until his retirement in 1925.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1887. TRENHAM REEKS died at Streatham Hill, on 19th September, HOWARD at the age of 78 years. He received his scientific training under Professor (Sir) Edward Frankland, at the Royal School of Mines, London, and obtained the Associateship of the School (A.R.S.M.) in 1880. In 1881 he became assistant to E. Jackson, A.R,.S.M., and, in 1885, assistant to Dr. Augustus Voelcker & Sons, Agricultural Chemists. Subsequently, he was for many years in practice in Queen Victoria Street, in the City of London, as an analytical chemist and assayer. He was electad an Associate of the Institute in 1883, and a Fellow in 1840. 416 Books and their Contents.The following books have been kindly presented by the authors or publishers and may be seen in the Library of the Institute:-“Applied Chemistry, Thorpe’s Dictionary of.” J. F. Thorpe and M. A. Whiteley, assisted by eminent contributors. 4th Edition. Vol. I1 (BI-Chemical Analysis). Pp. xxiii + 711. (London: Longmans Green & Co.) 63s. ‘‘Chemistry, The Elements of.” William Foster. 3rd Edi- tion (2nd printing). Pp. xx + 706. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 10s. 6d. Chemical terms; matter and its changes; compounds and mixtures; oxygen; combustion ; hydrogen; laws of gases ; kinetic theory ; combina-tion by weight ;atomic theory ;symbols and formulas ; valence, compound formation, nomenclature; equations and calculations ; water and hydrates; solution; carbon, fuel and energy ;oxides of carbon; molecular and atomic weights; ozone and hydrogen peroxide; oxidation; chlorine ; hydrogen chloride ; hydrochloric acid ; acids, bases and salts ; chemical equilibrium ;theory of ionization; acids, bases and salts ; ionic equilibria; halogen family; sulphur and sulphides ; oxides and acids of sulphur;classification of the elements; radioactivity; structure of the atom; nitrogen and the atmosphere; ammonia; nitric acid and the oxides of nitrogen; explosives ; nitrogen family ; organic chemistry; hydrocarbons ; fuel and flame; some common organic compounds; plant and animal foods; some plant and animal products; silicon and boron; colloid chemistry ; metals and alloys; metallurgy ; alkali metals ; alkaline earth metals; the iron family; copper, silver and gold; zinc group; aluminium and its compounds; tin and lead; electrochemistry; chromium and manganese; platinum and related metals ; less familiar elements.“Industrial Chemistry.” W. T. Read. 2nd Edition. Pp. ix + 605. (New York: John Wiley & Sons, Ind.; London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 25s. Relation of chemistry to industry; work of chemists and chemical engineers; chemical organisation; sources of information ; analyticalcontrol in chemical industry ; chemical economics ; unit operations and equipment ; materials of construction ; units and calculations; power plant chemistry; sulphur and sulphuric acid; fixed nitrogen ; silicate industries ; sodium, calcium and magnesium compounds; mixed ferti- Iisers; hydrochloric acid; electrochemical industries; metallurgy;petroleum; animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes; carbohydrate industries; protein industries; rubber; coal products; synthetic drugs,dyes and resins; explosives; paints and varnishes.417 “Inorganic Chemistry, A Text-book of.” Edited by J. Newton Friend. Vol. VI, Part IV: Arsenic. R. H. Vallance. Pp. xxxi + 351. (London: Charles Griffin & Co., Ltd.) 25s. Introductory :position of arsenic in periodic table; occurrence of arsenic ; arsenic and its properties; metallic arsenides ; arsenic and hydrogen; arsenic and the halogens; lower oxides of arsenic and the metallic arsenites ; arsenic pentoxide and the arscnates ; arsenic and sulphur; arsenic and the elements of Groups V, IV and 111; physiological proper- ties of arsenic compounds ; arsenical sprays and dusts; detection and estimation of arsenic.’‘Inorganic Analysis, Quantitative, with special reference to the analysis of Clays, Silicates and Related Minerals.” J. W. Mellor and H. V. Thompson. 2nd Edition. Pp. xxxi + 784. (London: Charles Griffin & Co., Ltd.) 42s. Part I : General : WeigRing, measurements of volumes ; volumetric analysis ; colorimetry and turbidimetry ;filtration and washing ; heatingand drying; pulvorisation and grinding; sampling; reagents. Part I1 : Typical silicate analyses-Clays ; the determination of volatile matters ; opening-up silicates ; determination of the silica; ammonia precipitate ; determination of iron, titanium, calcium, magnesium and alkalies; abbreviated analyses and analytical errors ; electro-analysis.Part I11: Analysis of glasses, glazes, colours and complex silicates : Analysis of glazes, glasses, enamels and colours ;determination of arsenic ;antimony,tin, lead, bismuth and mercury, copper and cadmium, zinc, manganese, cobalt and nickel. Part IV : Special Methods-Bases : determination of molybdenum, tungsten, columbium (niobium) and tantalum; gold platinum and selenium ; aluminium and beryllium compounds ; specialmethods for compounds ; determination of chromium, vanadium and uranium; zirconium, thorium and the rare earths; special methods for the determination of barium, strontium, calcium arid magnesium and of alkalies and their salts; Part IT:Special Methods-Acids and non- metals ; determination of carbon-free and combined-water, boron, phosphorus, sulphur, the halogens ; the rational analysis of clays; list of solvents for procipitates in Munroe’s crucible.“Science and Nutrition.” A. L. Bacharach. Pp. xiv + 154. (London: C. A. Watts & Co., Ltd.) 2s. 6d. Section I: Experimental Basis : The use of animal experiments. Section I1 : Classical nutritional science : Major food constituents ; carbohydratechemistry; carbohydrates in the body; chemistry of fats; fats in the body; chemistry of proteins; amino-acids in the body. Section 111: Minerals: Major mineral elements ; the hormones-iodine ; traces ; Section IV: Vitamins: vitamins in general ; detecting, measuring and identifying vitamins; deficiency diseases.Section V : Diet and Human Health: Necessity for the optimal; absence of the optimal. “The Central”-the Journal of the Old Students of the Central Institution, Central Technical College and the City and Guilds (Engineering) College,-No. 83, Vol. XXXV, published in June, was almost entirely devoted to the life and work of Henry Edward Armstrong, F.R.S., constituting a memorial, 418 chiefly compiled by his son, Dr. E. F. Armstrong, F.R.S. Follow-ing a short autobiography covering the years 1848-79, accounts are given of the origin and development of the colleges and of Professor Armstrong’s connexion with them. The section “In Memoriam” is drawn from many tributes paid to him; Miss E.M. Rich deals with his educational work, and Mr. Charles E. Browne, with his interest in Christ’s Hospital. The Safety in Mines Research Board. Sixteenth Annual Report of. Including a Report of Matters dealt with by the Health Advisory Committee, 1937. Pp. 136. (London : H.M. Stationery Office.) General ; safety instruction ; progress of safety researches; progress in health researches ; co-operation with other countries ; appendices. The British Standards Institution has recently for-warded the following specifications (2s. each, 2s. zd. postfree) :-No. 320-1938. Vermilion for Paints. No. 333-1938. Red Pigment (Red Lakes, Toner or Pigment Dyestuff) for Paints. No. 515-1938. Carbolic Acids 60’s. (Superseding No.515-1933.)No. 517-1938. Cresylic Acid of High Orthocresol Content. (Superseding No. 517-1933.) No. 521-1938. Cresylic Acid (50/55 per cent. Metacresol). (Superseding No. 521-1933.) No. 522-1938. Orthocresol, Metacresol and Paracresol. (Superseding No. 523-1933.) No. 523-1938. Phenol. (Superseding No. 523-1933.) No. 524-1938. Refined Cresylic Acid. No. 808-1938. Modified Technique of the Chick-Martin Test for Disinfectants. No. 809-1938. Sampling of Dairy Products. C.E. 8746. List of British Standards. Professor J. B. S. Haldane, in A.R.P. (Gollancz, 7s. 6d.), makes a comprehensive study of the problems of resistance to acrial attack. While he regards the officially recommended precautions against gas and incendiary bombs as reasonably effective, he condemns the precautions against high explosive bombs, in that they tend to promote a false sense of security.His constructivc proposals include the digging of trenches in 419 public parks and gardens and a two-year plan for the construction of a tunnel-and-shelter system giving full protection to the entire population. Professor Haldane, in association with Professor Marrack and Professor Bernal, has also produced a mimeographed plan for A.R.P. (obtainable for qd., from Mr. F. J. Sander, 85, Beech-wood Road, Sanderstead, Surrey), with a detailed scheme for a definite site in the borough of St. Pancras, including three important railway termini, a densely populated working-class area and a better class residential district with many open spaces.The scheme is based on the assumption that all four types of attack, i.e. machine-gun and gas, incendiary and high explosive bombs, might be used, and figures are quoted as to the destructive and penetrative powers of these weapons. It is proposed that all children up to the age of 14, the mothers of those up to the age of 5, everybody over the age of 70, and the sick and infirm would be evacuated before the commencement of hostilities. The remain- der of the population would be protected by shelters, which would take the form of a system of tunnels in the London clay, 5oft. below the surface. The tunnels would be of inverted U-section, lined with steel sheeting and hand excavated, access- able by staggered staircases, each shelter to accommodate, roughly 500 people, in communication with other shelters having independent staircases.The shelters would be equipped with electric light, ventilation plant, gas-lock, hot and cold water supply, decontamination and dressing-rooms and chemical closets. The cost is estimated at LII a head. A brief section deals with medical arrangements. The proposals also include the planning of medical arrangements for England as a whole and the immediate development of hospital services on the outskirts of London,-the sick and casualties to be dealt with by the same organisation. Mr. E. C. Large, the author of “Sugar in the Air,” has pro- duced a new novel entitled “Asleep in the Afternoon,” in which he introduces a gadget for sleep induction.The author is a chemist, and the book, which has some scientific implications, gives the uninitiated an insight into the ramifica- tions of high finance. (Jonathan Cape, London: 7s. 6d. net.) 420 The Register. At the meeting of Council held on zIst October, 193S, 2 new Fellows were elected, 19 Associates were elected to the Fellow- ship, I Fellow was re-elected, 62 new Associates were elected, I Associate was re-elected, and 28 Students were admitted. The Council regrets to record the deaths of 5 Fellows and 2 Associates. New Fellows. Chakravarti, Satyendra Nath, M.Sc. (Lucknow), D.Phi1. (Oxon.), Chemical Examiner to the Government, United Provinces and Central Provinces, Agra, India.Hebdon, Edward Alan William, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.M.I.Chem.E., North End, Crofton Lane, Orpington, Kent. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Barnicoat, Cuthbert Richmond, M.Sc. (N.Z.), Ph.D. (Minnesota), Depart- ment of Scientific and Industrial Research, Wellington, N.Z. Chari, Tirukurungudi Sesha Tiruvenkata, B.A. (Madras), Chemical Examiner, Custom House, Madras, India. Evans, Eric Bertram, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 19, Roxborough Avenue, Isleworth. Hughes, Martin Luther, B.Sc. (Lond.), 21, Townhill Road, Cwmgwyn, Swansea. Ives, David James Gibbs, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 80, Wildwood Road, London, N.W. 11. Jatkar, Shankar Khando Kulkarni, M.Sc. (Bombay), Department of General Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.Joyce, Percy Erasmus, B.Sc. (Lond.), M.Inst.P.T., 58, Yamashita Cho, Yokohama, Japan. Lloyd, Douglas Howard, 76, Croftdowne Road, Harborne, Birmingham, 17. Lowe, Leonard Thornton, B.Sc. (Mane.), Institute of Agriculture, Usk, Mon. Maiden, Alan Mulock, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Liv.), 70, Seymour Grove, Old Trafford, Manchester, 16. Milner, Francis Highland, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 4, Erncroft Way,Twickenham. Norrish, Ronald George Wreyford, M.A., Ph.D., Sc.D. (Cantab.), F.R.S., 7, Park Terrace, Cambridge. Phillips, Henry Wilfred Lewis, M.A. (Cantab.), Glencoin, West Avenue, Stockton Heath, nr. Warrington. Pinder, Jack Leake, B.Sc. (Lond.), 22, Central Avenue, Leicester. Smith, Henry Geoffrey, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Leeds), 75, Chandos Avenue, London, N.20.Steel, Arnold Kirk, M.C., 6, Kerry Avenue, Stanmore, Middx. Templeton, William Hugh, B.Sc. (Lond.), 30, Nevern Square, London, s.w.5. 421 Woodmansey, Arnold, M.Sc, (Leeds), 3 1, St. Hilda’s Road, Harrogate. Yudkin, John, M.A., Ph.D., M.B. (Cantab.), BSc. (Lond.), 1, KneightonBrae, Hills Road, Cambridge. Re-elected Fellow. Hayman, Jack Vernon Johnson, A.C.G.I., 99, Harrow Road, Auburn, N.S.W., Australia. New Associates. Allchin, John Pratt, 57, Alexander Road, Acocks Green, Birmingham. Alner, David John, B.Sc. (Lond.), 30, Intermediate Road, Brynmawr, Breconshire. Anderson, Thomas Hemingway, B.Sc. (Lond.), M‘ey Cottage, Elrington Road, Hove, 4. Bain, Graeme Harold, M.Sc. (Cape), Brookwood, Sandown Road, Ronde- bosch, Cape Town, S.Africa. Bell, William Maurice, B.Sc. (Liv.), Borrowash House, Borrowash, Derby. Benney, John Howard, B.Sc. (Lond.), 100, Summergangs Road, Hull. Bevan, Stanley Cecil, B.Sc. (Lond.), Aylwood, Heavitree, Exeter. Blake, Arthur John, 150, Purley Downs Road, Sanderstead, Surrey. Bloomfield, Cyril Josiah, 58, Edric Road, New Cross, London, S.E.14. Brandon, Thomas William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 24, Geneva Road, Thornton Heath. Callow, Alan Edward, B.Sc. (Liv.), 30, Kingsley Road, Wallasey. Collison, Miss Dorothy Louisa, B.Sc. (Lond.), 43, Cambridge Court, Amhurst Park, Stamford Hill, London, N.16. Cowin, Robert Archibald, 27, Bare Avenue, Morecambe. Cullum, Thomas Vernon, B.Sc. (Lond.), 55, Lawrence Road, London, E.6.Cusworth, Miss Beatrice Margaret, B.Sc. (Lond.), 55, Nunnery Lane, York. Davies, David Richard Aylmer, B.Sc. (Wales), City Analyst’s Laboratory, 67, Surrey Street, Sheffield. Dickson, George Kenneth, B.Sc. (Lond.), 52, Broome Manor Lane, Swindon. Dinnis, Goorge, B.Sc. (Lond.), 63, Cranbourne Gardens, London, N.W. 11. Duke, John Reginald Claude, B.Sc. (Lond.), 27, Redesdale Gardens, Isleworth. Edwards, Walter Robert Newton, B.Sc. (Birm.), 9, Iris Close, Selly Oak, Birmingham, 29. Elliott, Gordon Henry, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S.,*D.I.C., Depart- ment of Textil e Industries, The University, Leods. Ferguson, William Grossart, 106, Carleith Quadrant, Glasgow, S.W. 1. Fraser, Alan Robert, 4, Bristol Road, Liverpool 15. Gilbert, Wilfred, A.M.C.T., The Reliance Firebrick & Pottery Co., Ltd., Barakar P.O., E.I.R., India.Greaves, John Harry, B. Sc. (Lond.), 58, Durlston Road, Kingston-on- Thames. Hardie, Hugh Grant Macpherson, 7, Hosefiel d Avenue, Aberdeen. Harris, Jack Oatway, B.Sc. (Lond.), 16, Tremayne Terrace, Torpoint, Cornwall. Hewlett, Wilfrid Lewis, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 29, Openshaw Road, London, S.E.2. Hills, Walter Hyde, B.A. (Cantab.), Oxford Works, Worsley Bridge Road, Lowor Spdenham. Hudson, Bertram James Frank, B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), Springlands, Wen- dover Road, Stoke Mandevil 1e, Aylcsbury, Bucks. Jones, William Elwyn, B.Sc. (Wales), Minofferen, Blaenau Festiniog, Merioneth, 422 Linton, Keith Frank Astell, B.Sc. (Lond.), 39, Elmstead Lane, Chislehurst.Lord, Percy, B.Sc. (Manc.), Highfield, Causeway Head Road, Dore, Sheffield. Love, John, 5, Henderson Street, Paiqleg-, Scotland. Malcolm, James hlclaren, 3, Clunie Road, Glasgow, S.W.2. McBride, John Albert, B.Sc. (Lond.), 25, Ings Road, Hull. Merrick Leslie, M.Sc.Tech. (Msnc.), A.M.C.T., 18, Rosehay Lane, Fails- worth, Manchester. Niyogi, Bibhutibhusan, B.Sc. (Calcutta), Dopartmont of Chemistry and Assaying, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad, E.I.R., India. Ogilvie, John Oliphant, B.Sc. (Lond.), 43, Paris Street, Grangemouth, Stirlingshire. Phillips, Leslie, B.Sc. (Lond.), 30, Gwyther Street, Pembroke Dock. Platt, Percy John, B.Sc. (Lond.), 27, Ings Road, Hull. Reynolds, Ralph Frederick, High Street, Tideswell, Buxton. Robertson, Stewart McFeat, 95, Kinghorn Drive, Glasgow, S.4.Robinson, Harry, B.Sc. (Manc.), 98, Hurtley Street, Burnley, Lancs. Segrove, Herbert Daymond, B.Sc. (Sheff.), 45, Wake Road, Sheffield, 7. Shamash, Ezra, B.Sc. (Lond.), 131, Hammersmith Road, London, W.14. Slater, Stanley Nelson, M.Sc. (N.Z.), St. Catherine’s Society, St. Aldate’s, Oxford. Smith, Albert, B.Sc. (Lond.), 50, Millham Street, Blackburn. Stephenson, Arthur Dennis, 13, Mayville Road, Leeds, 6. Stones, Thomas, B.Sc. (Lond.), 91, Queen’s Road, Blackburn. Stuckey, Robert Edwin, B.Sc. (Lond.), 7, Belsize Avenue, London, N.W.3. Swire, William Hedley, 56, Crawford Avenue, Leyland, nr. Preston. Tailby, Sydney Russell, B.Sc. (Lond.), St. Aubyns, Barrowfield, Dyke Road, Hove.Terakopoff, Miss Alla, B.Sc. (Lond.), 47, Rodenhurst Road, London, s.W.4. Thomson, John Francis, B.Sc. (Lond.), Grouville, St. Mary’s Avenue, London, E.11. Tully, John Patrick, B.Sc. (Manitoba), Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo, B.C., Canada. Tummin-Katti, Muppanna C., M.Sc., Ph.D. (Illinois), Karnatak Chemical Works, Gadag, M. & S.M. Rly., India. Tyabji, Amin hl., Ph.D. (Zurich), 33, French Road, Bombay, 7, India. Tyson, John Tyson, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 10, Hurlingham Court, London, S.W.G. Walker, Howard Eric, B.Sc. (Lond.), Corton, Hillcrest Road, Loughton. Whetstone, John, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Birm.), 50, Greenland Road, Selly Park, Birmingham, 29. Young, Hugh McCulloch, B.Sc. (Lond.), 17, Winchester Street, Nottingham.Re-elected Associate. Knowles, William Maurice Foster, B.Sc. (Lond.), Eastwood, Portishead, Somerset. New Students. Bache, Herbert Josiah, 21, Inchcape Avenue, Handsworth Wood, Bir-mingham.Bruce, David Rodger, 19, Allander Street, Glasgow, N. Cleland, Robert Lang, Heatheryhill, Glenboig, Lanarkshire. Deans, Ashwynn Archibald, Rootfield, Broadloan, Renfrew. Donkin, James, 13, Kendal Street, Blackburn. Ellarby, Eric, 498, Holden Road, Leigh, Lancs. Garrard, John Vanhome, 18, Spencer Road, South Croydon. 423 Gunton, Albert George, 70, Carlton Vale, London, N.W.6. Harbour, Donald William, 48, Bernard Street, London, 'cV.C.1. Hewitt, Thomas Geoffrey, 330, North Road, Anlaby Road, Hull. Hogg, Leslie Turnbull, 4, Hindley Gardens, Fenham, Newcastle-on-Tyne, 4.Holliday, Leslie, 16, Sugarwell Road, Meanwood, Leeds, 7. Holmes, Walter, 11, Cleveleys Avenue, Scale Hall, Lancaster. Jackson, George Henry, 44,Kenilworth Road, London, M7.5. Johnson, John Terrence George, Lyndhurst, Rodborough Avenue, Stroud. Kemp, George Henry, 31, Thurloe U'alk, Grays. Key, Cyril Charles, 1, Clifden Road, Brentford, Middx. Pearson, Ronald Mead, 61, Greylands Avenue, Norton, Stockton-on-Tees. Phillips, William John, B.Sc. (Lond.), 53a, Ridley Road, London, E.7. Putman, John Harold, 43, St. Paul's Road, London, N.17. Rhodes, William Kenneth, 95, Hastings Street, Marshfields, Bradford. Roberts, Charles Tindal, View Park, Foulford Road, Cowdenbeath, Fife. Rose, Victor John, Tudor Lodge, Underhill Road, South Benfleet. Scott, Bertram Eric, 68, Bedford Road, Ilford.Scott, Robert Orr, 74, Marlborough Avenue, Glasgow, K.1. Thompson, Alec Charles, 24,Bradford Road West, Batley, Yorks. Thorpe, William Frederick Albert, 10, Douglas Road, Blackheath, Bir- mingham. Wright, James Macer, 18, Thornsett Road, London, S.E. 20. DEATHS. Fellows. Thomas Baker, D.Sc. (Dun.), M.Met. (Sheffield), F.Inst .P. John Williams Bevan. Alan Haythornthwaite, B.Sc., Ph.D.(Lond.), A.R.C.S. James O'Sullivan. Trenham Howard Reeks. A.R.S.M. Associates. Frederick Gosling. Narharwarman Hirwe, B.A., M.Sc. (Bombay). CHANGE OF NAME (Miss) Louisa Mary Hargreaves, B.Sc. (Lond.), Associate, to Mrs. Louisa Mary Williams,-on her marriage.(Miss) Nora Innes McGhee, Associate, to (Mrs.) Nora Innes Good,-on her marriage. (Miss) Gertrude Margaret Staynes, B.Sc. (Lond.), Associate, to (Mrs.)Gertrude Margaret Grimwade,-on her marriage. (Miss) Helen Margaret Stocks, B.Sc. (Lond.), Associate, to (Mrs.) Helen Margaret Lewis,---on her marriage. Abraham Wechsler, M.Sc. (Lond.), Associate, to Abraham Wexler, bydeed and public announcement in The Times. Coming Events. 1938 Nov. 7 CHEMICAL SOCIETY: “Recent Progress in the Chemistry of the Starches.” Professor E. L. Hirst, F.R.S., in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, The University, Liverpool, at 6 p.m. OF CHEMICALINDUSTRYSOCIETY (London Section and Chemical Engineering Group) : “The Theory and Development of HighVacuum Distillation.” Dr.C. R. Burch and Dr. W. J. D. van Dijck. “The General Technique of Molecular Distillation.” Mr. G. Burrows and Mr. E. W. Fawcett. “The Application of Molecular Distillation to the Concentration of Vitamins.” Mr. W. Jewell, Dr. T. H. Mead and Mr. J. W. Phipps, at Burling- ton House, Piccadilly, London, W. 1. OF8 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (East Anglian Section): “War Time Chemical Problems.” Mr. H. B. Brown, at the Central Public Library, Ipswich, at 7.30 p.m. INSTITUTE OF DYERSAND COLOURISTSOF CHEMISTRYand SOCIETY (Huddersfield Sections): “The Life and Work of Sir W. H. Perkin.” Professor F. M. Rowe. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(Plastics Group) : “Plasticity.”Dr. R. F. Hanstock, at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 7.30 p.m.SOCIETYPHARMACEUTICAL : “Hornccopathy and its Pharmaceutical Aspects.” Dr. 0. Leeser, at 17, Bloomsbury Square, London, W.C.l, at 8.30 p.m. 9 SOCIETY (Food Group): “Control of DairyOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY Products in Holland.” Dr. C. I. Kruisheer, at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, W.C.l, at 8 p.m. 10 CHEMICALSOCIETY: “Chemical Carcinogenic Agents.” Professor J. W. Cook, F.R.S., in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, University College, Swansea, at 6 p.m. INSTITUTEOF FUEL:“Welsh Smokeless Coal for Open Fires.” Dr. Margaret Fishenden, in the Meeting Room of the Geological Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 6 p.m. 11 BRITISH ASSOCIATION CHEMISTS(Notts. and DorLy Section):OF “Colour Cinematography.” Mr.P. R. Hawtin, at the Brailsford Caf6, Green Lane, Derby, at 7.30 p.m. BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS(Manchester Section) :“Chemi-cal Aspect of Air Raid Precautions.” CHEMICALSOCIETY: “The Structure of Films adsorbed at Solid Surfaces.” Dr. D. H. Bangham, in the Lecture Theatre of the new Chemistry Building, The University, Leeds, at 7.30 p.m. PHYSICAL : Twenty-third Guthrie Lscture : “The Trans- SOCIETY formations of Energy and the Mechanical Work of Musc~~s.” Prof. A. V. Hill, O.B.E., F.R.S., in the Physics Dept., Imperial College of Science, Imperial Institute Road, S.W.7, at 5.15 p.m. 425 Nov. 14 INSTITUTEOF BREWING (London Section): Paper by Dr. Erik Helm, at the Horse Shoe Hotel, Tottenham Court Road, London, W.l, at 6 p.m.16 HULLCHEMICALAND ENGINEERINGSOCIETY: “Modern Develop- ments in the Aluminium Industry.” Mr. N. D. Pullen, in the Lecture Room (Room 51), Municipal Technical College, Park Street, Hull, at 7.45 p.m. INSTITUTECHEMISTRY, SOCIETY OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRYOF (Manchester Sections), CHEMICAL SOCIETY,SOCIETYOF DYERS MANCHESTERAND COLOURISTS, LITERARYAND PHILOSOPHI-CAL SOCIETY jointly with: “Camouflage in Nature and War.” Dr. H. B. Cott, in the Reynolds Hall, College of Technology,Manchester, at 7 p.m. 16 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (London and South-Eastern Counties OF Section): Annual General Meeting and Smoking Concert, at the Palace Hotel, Bloomsbury Street, London, W.C.l, at 7.30 p.m.17 CHEMICALSOCIETY: “Some Carbohydrate Problems.” Professor W. N. Haworth, F.R.S., at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.1, at 8 p.m. INSTITUTE (Midland Counties Section) :“Some Aspects OF BREWING of the Use of Wheat Malt in Brewing.” Col. J. H. Collett and Mr. J. W. Green, at the White Horse Hotel, Congreve Street, Birmingham, at 6.30 p.m. INSTITUTEOF BREWING (Yorkshire and North-Eastern Section) : “Cooperage.” Mr. W. Lindsay, at the Great Northern Hotel, Leeds. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North East Coast Section) and the NORTON HALL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY: “The Dyestuffs Industry.” Dr. C. J. T. Cronshaw, at Norton Hall. 18 CHEMICALSOCIETY: “The Hydrogen Bond.” Dr. J. Monteath Robertson, at the Royal Technical College, 204 George Street, Glasgow, at 7.30 p.m.INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY : “opium.” Twenty-first Streatfeild Memorial Lecture. Mr. J. R. Nicholls, at 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.l, tat 8 p.m. OF CHEMISTRYINSTITUTE and SOCIETY OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (Liverpool Sections) : “The Discharge of Crude Sewage into the Estuary of the River Mersey.” Dr. B. A. Southgate, at The University of Liverpool, at 6 p.m. SOCIETY INDUSTRYOF CHEMICAL (Chemical Engineering Group and Nottingham Section): “Refractories in Industrial Service.” Mr. W. J. Rees, at Nottingham. OF DYERSSOCIETY AND COLOURISTS:“Some Principles of Drying.”Mr. W. Cohen. “Textile Drying Machinery.” Mr. W. H. Spooner, at 36, George Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m. 19 INSTITUTEOB CHEMISTRY(Belfast and District Section): Annual Dinner ah the Grand Central Hotel, Belfast.21 CHEMICAL CLUB: “Some Modern Approaches to Problems of Psychiotry.” Dr. I. Frost, in the Olub Smoke Room, 2 White-hll &w+, Loaden, S.W.l, a& 8.16 p.m. 426 Nov. 21 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Huddersfield Section) : “Identifications in Criminology.” Dr. C. Ainsworth Mitchell. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Leeds Area Section) : Annual General Meeting. “Some Infra-red Themes.” Dr. J. J. Fox, C.B., O.B.E., at Lee&. INSTITUTION OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY(Manchoster Section) : “Some Aspects of the Dust Problem as encountered in Rubber Manufacture.” Mr. A. E. T. Neale, at tho Engineers’ Club, Albert Square, Manchester, at 7.30 p.m.22 ANNUAL CHEMICAL DINNER: at the Connaught Rooms, Great Queen Street, London, W.C.2, at 7 p.m. for 7.30 p.m. INSTITUTEBREWING(Scottish Section) “Colloidal Aspect ofOF Caramelisation Products.” Mr. J. S. Baxter, at the Caledonian Hotel, Edinburgh. INSTITUTE (East Anglian Section) and the NORWICH OF CHEMISTRY SOCIETYMEDICOCHIRURGICAL : “Food and Medicine.” Mr. A. L. Bacharach, at the Technical College, Norwich. MANCHESTERCHEMICALCLUB: Ivan Levenstein Memorial Lecture : “Manchester Chemistry and Chemists of the Nineties.” Prof. A. G. Green, F.R.S. 23 ASSOCIATION WOEKERSOF SCIENTIFIC : “The Film in Education.” Prof. W. C. Cullis, C.B.E., in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, University College, Gower’s Street, London, W.C.l, at 8.15 p.m.INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Dublin Section): Annual GeneralOF Meeting, at University College, Upper Merrion Street, Dublin, at 8 p.m. INSTITUTECHEMISTRY(Leeds Area Section) : Dinner-Dance.OF 24 CHEMICALSOCIETY:Sir William Henry Perkin Centenary Lecture. Dr. H. Levinstein, in the Leathersellers’ Hall, St. Helens Place, London, E.C.3, at 5 p.m. SOCIETYCHEMICAL : “Some Chemical Aspects of a WidespreadPhenomenon-Biological Methylation.” Professor F. Challenger, in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, University College, University Park, Nottingham, at 5.15 p.m. INSTITUTEOF BREWING(North of England Section) : “Metallic Corrosion.” Dr. It. Seligman, at the Midland Hotel, Manchester. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Bristol and South Western Counties Section): “Two New Types of Indicator.” Dr.A. D. Mitchell, in the Chemical Department of the University, Woodland Road, Bristol, at 5.30 p.m. 25 CHEMICALSOCIETY:“The Origins of the Atomic Theory.” Professor J. R. Partington, M.B.E., in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, University College, Bangor, at 5.30 p.m. INSTITUTION : Third Hinchley Memorial OF CHEMICALENGINEERS Lecture: “Fog and Mist from the Physico-Chemical Standpoint.” Professor J. C. Philip, O.B.E., F.R.S.,at the Institution of Civil Engineers, Great George Street, Westminster, S.W. 1, at 6.30 p.m. MANCHESTER AND PHILOSOPHICALLITERARY SOCIETY(ChemicalSection): “Automatic Fire Protection.” Mr. H. E. Mellor., at 36, George Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m. Nov. 26 BRITISH ASSOCIATION : 2 1st Annual General Meeting, OF CHEMISTS at the Waldorf Hotel, Aldwych, London, W.C.2, at 3 p.m.; 21st Anniversary Banquet, at 6.30 for 7 p.m.28 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY(Cardiff and District Section) and the OF CHEMICAL :SOCIETY “Some Topics in Inorganic Chemistry.” Professor W. Wardlaw, at University College, Cathays Park, Cardiff, at 7 p.m. OF CHEMISTRYINSTITUTE AND SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (Edinburgh and East of Scotland Sections) : “Chemistry in the Service of the Community.” Mr. A. R. Jamieson, in the North British Station Hotel, Princes Street, Edinburgh, at 7.30 p.m. AND ENGINEERING “The Chemistry of 29 HULL CHEMICAL SOCIETY: Vitamins.” Dr. R. Gordon Booth, in t,he Lecture Room (Room 51), Municipal Technical College, Park Street, Hull, at 7.45 p.m.MANCHESTER AND PHILOSOPHICAL :LITERARY SOCIETY“Money.” Professor Polanyi, at 36, George Street, Manchester, at 5.30 p.m. 30 SOCIETYFOR THE STUDYOF ALCHEMY AND EARLY CHEMISTRY: “From Magic to Science.” Nr. J. C. Gregory. Dec. 1 CHEMICALSOCIETY:Discussion on “Aggregation of Ions in Paraffin-chain Salt Solutions.” To be opened by Dr. G. s. Hartley, at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Liverpool and North- Western Section) : Social Evening. SOCIETY (Chemical Engineering Group and OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY Bristol Section) : “Some Aspects of the Viscose Industry. ” Mr. G. S. Heaven, at the Chemical Department of the University, Woodland Road, at 7.30 p.m.2 INSTITUTEOF FUEL: A Symposium on the Measurement of Gas Temperatures, in the Lecture Theatre, The Institution of Electrical Engineers, Savoy Place, Victoria Embankment, London, W.C.2, at 10.30 a.m. RAMSAY CHEMICAL DINNER. At the Central Station Hotel, Glasgow, at 7 p.m. ROYALINSTITUTIONOF GREAT BRITAIN: “The Scientist and the Philosopher.” Lord Samuel, P.C., G.C.B., G.B.E., at 21, Albemarle Street, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. OF CHEMICALINDUSTRYSOCIETY (Manchester Section) : “Planning Permanent Profits-Applying Scientific Management to Scientific Products.” Mr. L. Urwick, at the Constitutional Club, St. Ann Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m. 5 CHEMICALSOCIETY:Meeting for the reading of original papers, in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, The University, Manchester, at 7 p.m.OF CHEMISTRYINSTITUTE AND SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (Edinburgh and East of Scotland Sections): “Brewing.”Mr. A. Clark Doull, in the Scottish Dyes Recreation Hall, Grangemouth, at 7.30 p.m. 428 Dec. 5 SOCIETY (Road and Building Materials OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY Group and London Section) : “Building Materials in Relation to Air Raid Precautions.” Mr. A. R. Astbury, in the Rooms of the Chemical Society, Burlington Home, London, W. 1, at 8 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Yorkshire Section) : Jubilee Memorial Lecture :“The Chemistry of Solid Carbon.” Professor H. L. Riley, at Leeds. OF6 BRITISH ASSOCIATION CHEMISTS (Notts. and Derby Section) : Public Meeting. OF7 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY: Tenth Gluckstein Memorial Lecture.Dr. W. H. Hatfield, F.R.S., at 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1, at 8 p.m. INSTITUTECHEMISTRY(Dublin Section) : ‘‘The Poulaphouca OF Scheme.” Mr. H. D. Thornton, at Trinity College, Dublin. INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY(London and South-Eastern Counties Section): Visit to Battersea Power Station. SOCIETY ANALYSTS:Ordinary Meeting, at the Rooms of OF PUBLIC the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccaclilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. INSTITUTEOF BREWING(Yorkshire and North-Eastern Section) : “Further Developments of Refrigeration in the BrewingIndustry.” Mr. W. F. Ball, at the Great Northern Hotel, Leeds. INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Manchester and District Section):OF Annual Dinner and Dance. OF PETROLEUM:INSTITUTE “Light Oil for Autom9bile Engines.” Mr.C. G. Williams, at the Engineers’ Club, Albert Square, Manchoster, at 7.15 p.m. OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY8 SOCIETY (Plastics Group) : “Plastics for Electrical Insulation.” Mr. L. Massey, at Manchester. 9 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(South Wales Section) : “Engine Knock and Its Effect on Fuel Development.” Professor A. C. G. Egerton, F.R.S., at the Hotel Metropole, Swansea, at 7 p.m. OIL AND COLOURCHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION: “Emulsion Paints.” Mr. E. A. Brown, at the Constitutional Club, St. Ann Strest, Manchester, at 7 p.m. ROYALINSTITUTIONOF GREAT BRITAIN: “The Properties and Structure of Protein Films.” Dr. Irving Langmuir, at 21, Albemarle Street, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. OF12 INSTITUTEBREWING(London Section): “A Review of the Season.” Mr.A. F. Johnston, at the Horse Shoe Hotel, Tottenham Court Road, London, W. 1 ,at 6 p.m. 13 HULLCHEMICALAND ENGINEERING and HULL ASSOCIA- SOCIETY TION OF ENGINEERS:“Flour Milling.” Mr. J. F. Lockwood, in the Lecture Room (Room 51), Municipal Technical College, Park Street, Hull, at 7.45 p.m, INSTITUTEOF BREWING (Scottish Section) : “Modern Develop- ments in the Utilisation of Exhaust Steam in the Brewery.”Mr. J. E. Belliss, at the Caledonian Hotel, Edinburgh. 429 Dec. 13 INSTITUTION ENGINEERSOF CHEMICAL : “The Principles of Designof Modern Industrial Furnaces.” Mr. C. Webb, in the Rooms of the Geological Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 6 p.m.OF14 INSTITUTEBREWING (Burton-on-Trent Section) : “Recent Developments in Battling Practice.” Mr. A. J. C. Cosbie, at the Queen’s Hotel, Burton-on-Trent. :15 CHEMICAL SOCIETY Seventeenth Faraday Lecture entitled “Monolayers on Solids.” Dr. Irving Langmuir, in the Lecture Theatre of the Royal Institution, at 6 p.m. Admission byticket only. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (Manchester and District Section): “Humour and Humanism in Chemistry.” Professor J. Read, F.R.S., at the Constitutional Club, St. Ann Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m. 16 CHEMICALCLUB: “Unspilt Milk.” Professor H. D. Kay, at the Chemical Club, 2, Whitehall Court, London, S.W.1, at 8.15 p.m INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRYAND SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (Edinburgh and East of Scotland Sections): “Some Recent Advances in Biochemistry and Medicine.” Mr.W. A. Broom, in the North British Station Hotel, Princes Street, Edinburgh, at 7.30 p.m. LITERARYAND PHILOSOPHICALMANCHESTER SOCIETY (Cheqical OF DYERSAND COLOURISTS:Section) and SOCIETY The Perkin Centenary Lecture-“The Life and Work of Sir William Henry Perkin.” Professor F. M. Rowe, at 36, George Street, Man- Chester, at 7 p.m. OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY19 INSTITUTION (Manchester Section) : A paper to be given by Mr. S. A. Brazier, at the Engineers’ Club, Albert Square, Manchester, at 7.30 p.m. 1939. Jan. 3 SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (Road and Building Materials Group): “Problems in the Control of Road Materials.” Dr. W. H. Glanville, in the Rooms of the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.1, at 8 p.m. 4 INSTITUTE (Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North East OF CHEMISTRY Coast Section) and SOCIETY OF CHEMICAL :“Glass. ”INDUSTRY Professor W. E. S. Turner, O.B.E. 5 INSTITUTEPETROLEUMOF : “Modern Methods Applied to the Manufacture of Lubricating Oils.” Mr. E. J. Dunstan, at the Engineers’ Club, Albert Square, Manchester, at 7.15 p.m. 6 INSTITUTE (South Wales Section): Business Meeting, OF CHEMISTRY at the Mackworth Hotel, Swansea, at 6.30 p.m. 9 INSTITUTEOF BREWING (London Section): Two Short Papers on Hops, by a Grower and a Merchant, at the Horse Shoe Hotel, Tottenham Court Road, London, W.l, at 6 p.m. INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY(Belfast and District Section) : “Absorp-tion of Gases.” Mr.A. H. 0. Johnson, in the Physics Lecture Theatre, Royal Belfast Academical Institution, at 7.30 p.m. 430 Jan. 9 10 12 13 16 17 18 19 20 SOCIETY INDUSTRYOF CHEMICAL (Chemical Engineering Group and London Section) : “Creep in Non-Ferrous Metals.” Dr. J. McKeown, at Burlington Rouse, Piccadilly, London, W.1. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(Plastics Group) : “Paper for Plastics.” Mr. J. G. Abel, at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 7.30 p.m. INSTITUTEBREWING (North of England Section) : “Chai:~OF Transmission.” Messrs. Hans Renold, at the Midland Hotel, Manchester. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Liverpool and North- Western Section) : “Chemical Warfare and the Civil Population). Major General C.H. Foulkes, C.B., C.M.G., D.S.O. INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Manchester and District Section):OF “Some Aspects of Forestry Research.” Mr. W. G. Campbell, at the Constitutional Club, St. Ann Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m. SOCIETY (Bristol Section) :Meeting devoted OF CHEMICALINDIJSTRY to papors on current work. To be held in the Chemical Depart- ment of the University, Woodland Road, Bristol, at 7.30 p.m. OIL AND COLOURCHEMISTS’ (Manchester Section) :ASSO~IATION “Nitro Cellulose Lacquers.” Mr. C. Hall, at the Constitutional Club, St. Ann Street, Manchestcr, at 7 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Leeds Area Section) : “Advances in the Chemistry of Dyestuffs.” Professor F. 31. Rowe, at Leeds. HULLCHEMICAL SOCIETYAND ENGINEERING : “Alchemy, Ancient and Modern.” Mr.E. H. Hall, in the Lecture Room (Room 51),Municipal Technical College, Park Street, Hull, at 7.45 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(East Anglian Section) : “Tasting Tests.” Mr. H. M. Mason, at the Technical College, Norwich. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North-East Coast Section) : “The Rights and Wrongs of Modern Nationalism.” Professor J. L. Morrison. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (London and South-Eastern Counties Section): I‘ Chemical and Physical Factors Influencing the Distribution of Plants.” Professor E. J. Salisbury, F.R.S., at The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, W.C.l. CHEMICALSOCIETY: Meeting for the reading of original papers, at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m.OFINSTITUTEBREWING(Yorkshire and North-Eastern Section) : Annual Meeting. “English Barleys of 1938.” Mr. G. P. Haworth. “Foreign Barleys of 1938.” Mr. S. K. Thorpe, at the Great Northern Hotel, Leeds. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Glasgow and West of Scotland Section) : Refresher Lecture : “Recent Advances in Pharmaceutical Chemistry.” Mr. E. J. Schorn. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Food Group and Liverpool Sect4on): “The Deterioration of Fat in Foods.” Dr. C. H. Lea, in the Chemistry Department, The University, Liverpool, at 6 p.m. 431 Jan. 20 SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(South Wales Section) : Jubilee Memorial Lecture. “The Chemistry of Solid Carbon.” Professor H. L. Riley, at the University College, Cathays Park, Cardiff, at 7 p.m.23 CHEMICAL CLVB: “Some Undeveloped Pictures.” Dr. 0. F. Bloch, in the Club Smoke Room, 2, Whitehall Court, London, S.W.1, at 8.15 p.m. :CHEMICALSOCIETY “Recent Synthetic Studies in Immuno-chemistry.” Professor C. R. Harington, F.R.S., in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, The University, Edgbaston, at 5 p.m. INSTITUTE7: 24 BREWING (Scottish Section): Annual General The Function of Oxygen in the Brewery.” Meeting. Dr. Marc Van Laer, at the Caledonian Hotel, Edinburgh. OFINSTITUTE CHEMISTRY (Huddersfield Section): “X-rays,Electrons and the Structure of Metals.” Dr. A. G. Quarrell. 26 BRITISHASSOCIATIONOF CHEMISTS(Liverpool Section) : Lecturettes by Members, at Liverpool university, Brownlow Street En- trance, at 7.30 p.m.INSTITUTIONCHEMICAL ENGINEERS and INSTITUTIONOF OF STRUCTURAL :ENGINEERS “Floors for Industrial Purposes.”Mr. R. Fitzmaurice and Dr. F. M. Lea, at 11 Upper Belgrave Street, London, S.W.1, at 6.30 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (Bristol and South- Western Counties Section): “Recent Progress in Biochemical and Medical Research.” Mr. A. W. Broom, in the Chemical Department of the University, Woodland Road, Bristol, at 5.30 p.m. 27 BEDSON CLUB: “The Dimensions of Some Organic Molecules.” Dr. J. Monteath Robertson, in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, King’s College, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, at 6.45 p.m. CHEMICALSOCIETY,INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRYAND SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (Edinburgh and East of Scotland Sections) :INDUSTRY “Carcinogenic Chemical Compounds.” Professor J.W. Cook, F.R.S., at the North British Station Hotel, Edinburgh, at 7.30 p.m. CHEMICALSOCIETY:Meeting for the reading of original papers, in the Lecture Theatre of the new Chemistry Building, The University, Leeds, at 7 p.m. OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRYINSTITUTION (Manchester Section) : Annual Dinner-Dance. LITERARYMANCHESTER AND PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY (Chemical Section): “Some General Aspects of Paper Making.” Dr. H. A. Harrison, at 36, George Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m. 30 CHEMICALSOCIETY: “The Structure of Sesquiterpenes and Their Derivatives. Professor J. L. Simonsen, F.R.S., in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, The University, Birmingham, at 5 p.m. 31 HULLCHEMICALAND ENGINEERING : “Steam Trawlers.” SOCIETY Mr.A. Addy, in the Lecture Room (Room 51), Municipal Technical College, Park Street, Hull, at 7.45 p.m. March. 1 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY:Annual General Meeting, at 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.l, at 8 p.m. 432 General Notices. Streatfeild Memorial Lecture.-Mr. John Ralph Nicholls, Fellow, of the Government Laboratory, has kindly consented to give the Twenty-first Memorial Lecture, at the Institute, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1, on Friday, 18thNovember, 1938, at 8 p.m. Mr. Nicholls has selected for his subject, “Opium.” Gluckstein Memorial Lecture.-Dr. William Herbert Hatfield, F.R.S., a Director of Thos. Firth & John Brown, Ltd., who is also Honorary Research Director of the Committees of the British Iron and Steel Federation on Heterogeneity of Ingots and Corrosion, has kindly consented to give the Tenth Gluckstein Memorial Lecture, in the Hall of the Institute, on Wednesday, 7th December next, at 8 p.m.Examinations, 1939.-Examinations for the Associateship will be held as follows:- Period of Examination. Last date for entries. Last date for notebooks. 9th to 14th Jan., 1939. 7th Nov., 1938. 30th Dec., 1938. 17th to 22nd April, 6th Feb., 1939. 24th Mar., 1939. 1939. 11thto 16th Sept., 1939. 10th July, 1939. 1st Sept., 1939. Examinations for the Fellowship will be held as follows:- Period of Examination. Last date for entries.* 24th to 29th April, 1939. 6th February, 1939. 18th to 23rd Sept., 1939.10th July, 1939. If the number of candidates should render it necessary, Examinations may also be held during the succeeding week. Forms of application and further particulars can be obtained from the Registrar. The Meldola Medal (the gift of the Society of Maccabaeans) is normally awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise and is brought to the 433 notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st Decem-ber prior to the award. The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work. The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person. The next award will be decided in January, 1939. The Council will be glad to have attention directed, before 31st December, 1938, to work of the character indicated.Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize for Registered Students.-A medal and prize (EIO 10s.) for the best essay, not exceeding 3,000 words, will be awarded in January, 1939, and will be presented at the next Annual General Meeting, or at a meeting of the Local Section to which the successful competitor is attached. * For candidates wishing to be examined in Branch G Industrial Chemistry, or desiring to take special examinations, the list will close on the 6th January and 9th June respectively. Entries are limited to Registered Students of the Institute who are under 22 years of age at the time of forwarding the essay. The object of the essay is to induce Registered Students to develop a sense of professional public spirit and to devote thought to questions of professional interest and to the position of chemists in the life of the community-the essay to be on a subject of professional, rather than technical or purely chemical importance.Having due regard to the objects stated above, Registered Students are informed that the Council is prepared to consider an essay on any subject which has a bearing on chemistry or chemical work, provided that it does not deal with any purely chemical, technical, or historical aspect. Each essay must be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the Local Section of the district in which the competitor resides (see list of Local Sections at the end of the JOURNAL) on or before the 31st December, 1935, and must be accom- panied by a signed declaration that it is the independent work of the competitor.Essays will be valued partly for literary style and technique, but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein. 434 The Committee of each Local Section will be asked to select, from those received, not more than three essays considered to be worthy of the award. The essays selected by the Local Sections will be referred to assessors appointed by the Council. On the report of the assessors the Council will decide whether, and to whom an award shall be made. The award will not be made more than once to any individual competitor. Election of District Members of Council.-Fellows and Associates are reminded that, for the election of District Members of the Council, to take office from 1st March, 1939, nominations should be received at the offices of the Institute on or before Monday, 12th December, 1938.I. In accordance with By-Law 30 (I), the Districts were defined by the Institute in General Meeting held on 7th March, 1921, amended on 1st March, 1923, on 1st March, 1935, and March, 1937:-Birmingham and Midlands, including the Counties of Hereford, Salop, Stafford, Worcester, Warwick, Rutland and Northampton. Bristol and South-JYestern Counties, including the Counties of Gloucester, Wilts, Dorset, Somerset, Devon and Cornwall. East Midlands and South Yorkshire, including the Counties of Derby, Nottingham and Leicester, and the Lindsey Division of Lincoln; and that portion of Southern Yorkshire, including the towns of Doncaster, Rotherham, Shefield, and district im-mediately contiguous thereto which have been allotted to the South Yorkshire Section; together with the Parts of Holland and the Kesteven Division of Lincoln.Liverpool and Korth-West Coast, including the Counties of Flint, Westmorland and Cumberland, and so much of the Counties of Chester and Lancaster as lies to the west of the line drawn through the centre of the postal district of Wigan and Warrington; the towns of Wigan and Warrington and all towns on the line, of which the greater portion of the postal district lies to the west of the line. The Isle of Man. London and South-Eastern Counties, including the Counties of Middlesex, Kent, Sussex, Surrey, Berks, Oxford, Buckingham, Hertford, Esses, Bedford, Cambridge, Suffolk, h’orfolk, Hunting- don, Hants, with the lsle of Wight and the Channel Islands.Manchester and District, including so much of the Counties of Lancaster and Chester as lies to the east of the line drawn through the postal districts of Wigan and Warrington as aforesaid. Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North-East Coast, including tho Counties of Pu’orthumberland and Durham. Yorkshire, except those portions of Southern Yorkshire referred to in (iii) above. Edinburgh and East of Scotland, including the Counties of Perth, Fife,. 5iiiross, Clackmannan, Stirling, Linlithgow, Edinburgh, Haddington, Berwick, Peebles, Selkirk and Roxburgh.435 (5) Aberdeen and North of Scotland, including the Counties of Caithness, Sutherland, Ross and Cromarty, Nairn, Elgin, Banff, Aberdeen, Inverness, Kincardine, and Angus (Forfar). (xi) Glasgow and West of Scotland, including the Counties of Argyll, Durnbarton, Renfrew, Lanark, Ayr, FYigtown, Kirkcudbright and Dumfries. (xii) Wales, excluding the County of Flint, see (iv), the County of Monmouth. (xiii) Northern Ireland, as defined in the Government of Ireland Act, 1920, and subsequent e:mctnents relating thereto. (xiv) Irish Free State, as defined in the Government of Ireland Act, 1920, and subsequent enactme:its relating thereto. (xv> The Commonwealth of Australia, the Dominion of Canada, the Dominion of h’ew Zealand, the Union of South Africa, the Empire of India, the Crown Colonies and elsewhere abroad.The Council have adopted the following Rules for the election of District Members of Council. 11. (1) Any five Members whose registered addresses are within any one District, as defined and adopted by the Institute in General Meeting, may nominate one eligible Fellow as a candidate for election as a District Member of Council for that District, but no member shall nominate more, than one such Fellow; except that the Committee of any Local Section constituted in accordance with By-Law 94 2(u) may, as such, nominate one candidate for such election, or if there be more than one Local Section in a District the Committees of all the Local Sections in that District shall sit jointly for the purpose of nominating one Candidate for such election.(2) Any nomination made under these Rules shall be delivered to the Secretary at the Offices of the Institute on or before the second Moicdayin December in the year preceding the date of election, and shall be in the following form :-“\Ye, the undersigned, Members of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland, do hereby certify that A.U., of (registered address) , a Fellow of this Institute, is, in our estimation, a fit and proper person to be a District Member of the Council of the Institute, and we do hereby nominate him as a candidate for election as a District Member of Council.” (3) Any such nomination may consist of several clocuments in like form, each signed by one or more Members.Nominations for District XV should be received not later than 31st August . 111. (1) On or before the fifth day of January in any year, the Council shall cause to be sent to every Member in each district in the manner prescribed by By-Law 81, a balloting list containing the names of the candidates nominated for election as District Members of Council for such District, and the balloting list shall indicate which, if any, of the candidates has been nominated by the Committee or Committees of the Local Section or Sections in the respective District; except that in the case of District XV this rule shall read as if “September” (in the year previous) were substituted for “January.” (2) Each Member desirous of voting-(a) Shall record his vote for a District Member of the Council by making a cross against the name of the candidbte for whose election he desires to vote, but no Member shall vote for more than one such candidate.(b) Shall deliver or transmit his balloting list in a sealed envelope bearing on the outside the signature of the Member, addressed to the Secretary, at the office of the Institute, so that it be received not later than by the first post on the third Monday in January in the year for which the election is being held. IV. (1) The envelopes containing the balloting list shall, on the Thursday next after the third Monday in January in the year in which the election is held, be opened by two Scrutineers, neither Members of the Council, nor candidates nominated for election as District Members of the Council, who shall be nominated by the Council in December of the year preceding the election at a meeting convened specially for that purpose.(2) The balloting list of any member who on the Thursday next after the third Monday in January is in arrear with any subscription or other sum payable by him to the Institute under the By-Laws shall be disallowed. (3) The Scrutineers shall present their Report to the Council at a meeting, on the Friday next after the third Monday in January, specially convened for that purpose. (4)The candidate receiving the greatest number of votes in each District respectively shall be elected and, in any case of an equality of votes, the Council shall decide the matter by ballot.. (5) If at any time after the balloting lists have been sent to members, and before the dissolution of the Annual General Meeting, any candidate who would otherwise have been elected has died or has with- drawn his nomination or has in any way become ineligible for Membership of the Council, then the candidate having the next greatest number of votes shall be elected, or if there be no such candidate, the vacancy shall be filled as provided in Rule V. (6) The election of District Members of Council shall be notified to members when they are served with the balloting list for the election of General Members of Council at the Annual General Meeting.V. After the first election any vacancy among the District Members of the Council occurring between the Annual General Meetings, owing to death, resignation, removal or otherwise, shall be filled by the election by the Committee of the Local Section, in the respective District of one eligible Fellow; or if there be more than one Local Section in the District the Committees of all the Sections therein shall hold a joint meeting for the purpose of such election. Notice convening a meeting for this purpose shall be sent by the Secretary of the Institute to all the members of the Committee or Committees of the Section or Sections concerned at least fourteen days before the date of the meeting. If there be no Local Section within a District, a casual vacancy shall be filled by the election by the Council of one eligible Fellow from the Fellows resident in that District.If there be a casual vacancy in the case of the District Member of Council for District (XV),such vacancy shall be filled by the Council by the election of one eligible Fellow. 437 The Fellows whose names are given below are the present Members of Council for the Districts indicated. Those whose names are given in italics will have completed the period of three years' service on the Council, and will retire in accordance with By-Law 23. Birmingham and Midlands : Deric Williams Parkes, M.C., B.A.,B.Sc. Bristol and South-Western Counties :Edgar Lewis, M.1.Chem.E. East Midlands and South Yorkshire :"George Malcolm Dyson, B.A..B.Sc.. Ph.D. Liverpool andNorth-West Coast :Albert Edward Pindley, M.Eng.,B.Sc. London and South-Eastern Counties :John Ralph Nicholls, B.Sc. Manchester and District : Cecil John Turrell Cronshaw, D.Sc. Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast :Archibald Alexander Hall, M.Sc., Ph.D. Yorkshire: Harold Burton, D.Sc., Ph.D. Edinburgh and East of Scotland: William Melville Ames, M.A., B.Sc. Aberdeen and North of Scotland: William Godden, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. Glasgow and West of Scotland: John William Hawley, B.Sc. Wales and the County of Monmouth: Ernest Albert Tyler, M.A. Northern Ireland: George Scott Robertson, D.Sc. Irish Free State :James Bell, M.A., M.D., Sc.D. The Overseas Dominions and elsewhere abroad :Harold Augustine Tempany, C.B.E., D.Sc.Notices to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar . Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and A4ssociates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship, may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute, provided that their applications for this privilege are endorsed by their professors, 438 Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register.Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Memhers and Students who are without employment are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period if necessary. The Institute also maintains a List of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examiriat ions.Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Tiegistered Students or Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10 a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The Library is primarily intended for the use of caiitlidates during the Institute's practical examinat ions Under the Deed of Agreement between the Chemical Society, the Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry, dated July, 1935,the comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is available, for the use of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10 a.m. to 9 p.m.on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.), except during August and the early part of September, when thc hours are from 10a.m. to 5 p.m. Members and Students of the Institute using the 1,iI)r:u-y uf the S-ciety are required to conform to the rules of the Socicuty regarding the use of its books. The Institute has entered into an arrangcnicnt wiLh The Science Library,Science Museum, Sout 1, Kensington, S.iV.7, whereby books may be borrowed on productiun of requi4tions signed by the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary of the Institute. In addition to its compwlicnsive sets of literature on cognate subjects, which are not available in specialised libraries, this Library contains an ex(-eptionally extensive collection of works on chemistry.Nine thousand scientific and technical periodicals 439 are received regularly in the Library. All publications added to the Library are recorded in its U‘eekly Bibliography of Pure and Applied Science, which has a wide circulation among research workers and ins ti tu tions. Boots’ Booklovers Library.-Under the arrangements made on behalf of Fellows and Associates of the Institute, subscriptions to Boots’ Booklovers Library expire on 1st March. Application forms can be obtained from the Registrar of the Institute. Lewis’s Lending Library.-Any Fellow or Associate who is not already acquainted with this Library of Scientific and technical books may obtain a copy of the Prospectus from the Registrar of the Institute.A copy of the Catalogue of the Library (revised to December, 1927,with Supplements 1928-30 and 1931-33)is available in the Library of the Institute. A Bi-monthly list of Additions is also issued. Covers for Journal.-Blembers who desire covers (IS. 2d. each) for binding the Journal in annual volumes, are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required. Arrangements may be made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19, Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDIKGSon the following terms: buckram cover, IS. zd.; binding, 2s.gd.; postage and packing, 9d.; in all, 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who are giving lectures. Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As the slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date cn which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registmtion. 440 All requests for changes in the Register should be addressed to the Registrar, and not to the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections.''The Profession of Chemistry" (Fourth Edition, 1938) is now available. Copies will be supplied gratis to any Fellow, Associate or Registered Student, on application to the Registrar. The Annual Chemical Dinner, 1938, will be held at the Connaught Rooms, Gt. Queen's Street, London, W.C.2, on Tuesday, zznd November, at 7 for 7.30 p.m. Fellows, Associates and Registered Students of the Institute and Members of other Societies and Institutions interested in chemistry are invited to participate. Dinner will be followed by a Dance. There will be no speeches. Tickets, price 12s. 6d. for each lady or gentleman, including gratuities but not wine, are obtainable from Mr. F. A. Greene, The Chemical Club, 2, Whitehall Court, London, S.W.1.Institute of Chemistry Benevolent Fund. Founded in 1920 as a memorial to Fellows, Associates and Students who died in the service of their country, 1914-18. Contributions may be forwarded to The Hon. Treasurer, BENEVOLENT INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY,FUND, 30, RUSSELLSQUARE,LONDON,1V.C.r.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9386200373

出版商:RSC    

年代:1938

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. Patron -H.M. THE KING. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. PART VI: 1938. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secmtwy. 30, RUSSELL SQUARE, LONDON,W.C.1. December, 1938. Publications Committee, 1938139. W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD (Chairman), Sir ROBERT H.PICKARD (President), W. M. AMES, A. L. BACHARACH, JAMES BELL, HAROLD BURTON, ALBERT COULTHARD, H. E. COX, B.S. EVANS, A. E. EVEREST, A. E. FINDLEY, J. B. FIRTH, a.A. HALL, J. WeKAWLEY, H. H. HODGSON J. R. JOHNSON, EDGAR LEWIS, P. LEWIS-DALE, C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, J. R. NICHOLLS, G.S. ROBERTSON, E.A. TYLER 443 Editorial. REMUNERATION AND STATUS OF CHEMISTS. In November, a letter was sent to every Fellow and Associate of the Institute requesting him to'make a return of the total remuneration earned by him in the exercise of his profession. Up to the present, nearly 4,800 Fellows and Associates have returned the cards which were issued with the letter. Each member was asked merely to make a cross in the appropriate space on the card, thereby indicating his age and total earnings. The object of asking for this return is to render available as true and complete information as can be obtained on the general position and financial prospects of chemists. The Council earnestly requests all who have not yet done so to return their cards as soon as possible.When a similar request was made eight years ago, 3,828 members (out of a total which then stood at 5,800), made their returns. A few members, however, appeared to regard the matter as of little importance, and enquired what use could be made of the statistics when compiled. One answer to this question is that there has been so much demand for the part of the Journal (Part 111, 1931)in which the summary was published, that it is almost out of stock. The Officers have found the statistics of the greatest value in advising prospective employers as to the salaries which they should offer. On many occasions, too, members have referred to the statistics, which enable them to consider critically their positions in relation to those of others of the same age and standing.From time to time, attention is directed to public advertise- ments in which unsatisfactory terms are offered for chemical appointments. Such advertisements are doubtless irritating and damaging to the profession, but the view of the Council is that to give additional publicity to them is likely to aggravate the complaint. Neither the Institute nor any other organisa- tion has the power to prevent the publication of such advertise- ments, but much has been done, by co-operation between the 444 Institute and advertising managers of leading technical journals, to discourage their acceptance. The wider interests of the profession are of far greater impor- tance than the circumstance that a few-and only a few-employers appear to imagine that the services of a good chemist can be obtained for a workman’s wage.The Council, therefore, feels that it is well to publish established data indicating the actual remuneration earned by chemists, and that the results of the enquiry are more likely to be helpful to chemists than any policy of protesting that the services of the profession are not properly recognised. It is anticipated, moreover, that the data, which will be published when the returns have been received from abroad, will be found to compare favourably with those for other professions. PartIt was stated, in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, V, 1936, that the Council had received a report from the Appoint- ments Committee on the desirability of establishing more clearly the principles which should guide the Council in deciding the circumstances in which the Institute might be justified in intervening in matters relating to the status and remuneration attaching to appointments for chemists.The Council adhered to the principle that the Institute should not officially intervene in any question concerning the relations between an employed chemist and a private employer or an industrial concern “except where the public interest might be involved . . .” Some further explanation may be considered desirable as to what is meant by the phrase quoted. This is difficult to define, but it usually includes a general principle affecting the welfare of the public, either as a whole, or in some large measure.The Council has been urged to adopt a more forward and progressive policy in these matters, but those who advocate such a policy may not be aware of all that has been done. When some general principle is involved, the Institute can and does take action. For example, in matters relating to public appointments, it should be obvious that the employing authority has a public duty to ensure efficient service, and it is clearly inexpedient that the terms and conditions attaching to public appointments should be unattractive to men of suitably high attainments. Unsatisfactory conditions tend to limit the choice to the less well qualified and less fully experienced.445 Representations to local authorities have been made from time to time by the Institute, with very good effect, on such matters as the remuneration or conditions of employment of chemists. With regard to appointments in industry, it has to be assumed that both employer and employed are working primarily for gain. Few industries can exist for long unless they are found to be profitable. The employer has certain work to be done and he offers such terms as he thinks will secure for him, on an economic basis, the services of those who can do it. The question of remuneration depends then very much on the nature and responsibility of the position, as well as on "supply and demand." When should the Institute intervene in matters concerning industrial or private appointments? By way of example, it may be mentioned that Fellows and Associates occasionally seek the advice of the Officers of the Institute as to the line of action they should take in circumstances where they rightly have felt that they were being required by their employers to act contrary to the ethics of their profession, eg., to sophisticate products, to issue misleading reports, to conceal material informa- tion, etc.Chemists have also been asked to condone conditions in factories, laboratories or workshop which they knew to be dangerous to the safety or health of the workers. These examples are rare, but are clearly matters of public interest, and, in such circumstances, the Officers have been authorised to intervene and have taken such action as the occasion demanded.When, as a consequence, the Fellow or Associate has resigned his appointment, the Institute has helped him to obtain more suitable employment. It has been said that the Institute should intervene officially between employers and employed only in matters where the public interest is involved. The reason for this should be clear. The Institute, in common with other similar Chartered profes- sional bodies, was formed very largely in the public interest, and not solely in the interest of its members. It is, however, part of the business of the Institute to safeguard professional traditions, ideals, and status. Succeeding generations of Fellows and Associates must maintain the position which has already been attained and seek means to advance it.Each generation has to cope with its own problems and difficulties. It is, however, a legitimate and sound contention that the public interest requires that the members of a learned and useful profession 446 should be adequately remunerated for their services, for without reasonable financial reward, the profession would be unattractive, and the community would lack a very necessary service. In such circumstances, the profession might be followed by a few, in a spirit of altruism, or for love of science itself, but not many would attempt to adopt it as a means of livelihood. The standing of a profession is determined by the service rendered by its members.Its prestige depends on the character, personality and attainments of the individuals who practise it and, therefore, it is in the interests both of the public and of the the profession itself that a certain sturdy self-dependence should be encouraged among its members. The Council will continue to pursue the lines of policy and action which have been indicated, but will be ready, as in the past , to consider any definite proposals contributed by Fellows and Associates for the maintenance and promotion of their welfare. 447 Proceedings of the Council. Council Meeting, 18thNovember,1938.-Arising from the correspondence, the Council reappointed representatives of the Institute on the Joint Library Committee of the Chemical Society:-Professor H.V. A. Briscoe, Mr. H. W. Cremer, Dr. J. J. Fox and Dr. E. Vanstone. A letter was received from the Chemical Society thanking the Council of the Institute for the contribution of the Institute, for 1938, towards the maintenance of the Library,-L718. 5s. 4d. The Council also received a letter from the Chemical Society suggesting the possibility of joint action being taken by the Chemical Society, the Institute, and the Society of Chemical Industry, regarding the preparation of a register of chemists, who would be available in the event of a national emergency, and the registration of the personnel and equipment of the chemical laboratories of universities, colleges, research institutes, industrial research organisations, etc., with a view to their being available to the Government as complete units in the event of such emergency.The Council considered the matter, in conjunction with resolutions transmitted by the South Wales Section, and letters from the Birmingham and Midlands Section, and the Huddersfield Section, bearing on the same subject, which, it was intimated by representatives present , would also be supported by the Manchester Section, involving a suggestion that a supple-mentary list of chemists, other than Fellows and Associates of the Institute, should be prepared. The Council appointed a Special Committee to deal with the whole matter, and to present its report at an appropriate time:-The President, the Hon. Treasurer, with Dr. A. E. Everest, Dr.J. J. Fox, Mr. George King, Mr. D. W. Parkes, Professor R. Robinson, Dr. R. E. Slade and Professor J. F. Thorpe. The Council directed that the Society of Chemical Industry be notified, in order that mention of the appointment of the Committee might be made in Chemistry and Industry. 448 Correspondence was received from Fellows of the Institute directing attention to the proposal of the Metropolitan Water Board to seek powers by Act of Parliament to undertake the examination of water supplied by other public authorities, and also of sewage and sewage effluents. The Council directed the Registrar to investigate and report upon the matter. Reports of the Standing Committees were received. The Finance and House Committee reported on the preparation of a Trust Deed in connexion with the proposed Staff Insurance and Pensions Scheme, the consideration of which was postponed, in order that a prkcis of the document might be prepared for approval at the next meeting. The Committee also presented a further report on the consideration of the entrance fees and assess- ment fees payable by Associates applying for election to the Fellowship, and was requested to submit a definite recommenda- tion on the subject at the next meeting.The Report of the Appointments Committee was referred to the Publications Committee, with a view to its inclusion in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS.(See p. 452.) The President reported that the Proposed Supplemental Charter was still in the hands of the solicitors, who were of opinion that the draft should be revised.On the Report of the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee, the Council suggested that a Sub-committee should prepare, for issue in the JOURNAL AND PRO-CEEDINGS, or as separate leaff ets, statements containing particu- lars of unusual cases of accidents which occur in laboratories. Council Meeting, 16th December, 1938.-The Council received a report regarding the proposal of the Metropolit an Water Board to seek powers inter alia “to make and to charge for making examinations of and experiments on water or sewage or sewage effluent or trade effluent submitted to them by certain bodies, persons or authorities.” Letters had been received from many Fellows and Associates who were known to undertake practice in water analysis, and the analysis of sewage and sewage effluents, in London and neighbouring counties, expressing their unanimous desire that the Council of the Institute should oppose that part of the Bill in which it was proposed that the Board should seek to trespass upon the practice which they had hitherto enjoyed.It was felt that the Board had had 449 little regard to the existing rights of analytical and consulting chemists. Many Fellows and Associates derived substantial practice from such work for local authorities, and public analysts had an intimate knowledge of the water supplies within the areas of their local authorities. Such practitioners were specially favourably placed for giving competent advice on water problems.They were rate-and tax-payers who maintained their own laboratories, staffs and equipment, and would be very seriously damaged if they lost this work. There was no reason to suppose that the analysts who would be entrusted with the work in the laboratories of the Metropolitan Water Board were more skilled or had greater experience than those who had been in independent practice on their own responsibility for many years and had special knowledge of water supplies which had hitherto been entrusted to them for investigation. They contended, therefore, that there was no justification for any attempt on the part of the Metropolitan Water Board to interfere with existing practices.The Board was established for one specific purpose,-to give ,a good water supply to the Metropolitan area. The proposal to undertake analytical practice was not an extension of the original undertaking, but the foundation of a claim which might eventually constitute the Board as practically the only authority for analytical work of this kind. The Council also received letters from the Society of Public Analysts and other Analytical Chemists and from the Society of Chemical Industry on the matter, which was referred to a special committee consisting of the President, the Hon. Treasurer, with Dr. H. E. Cox, Dr. J. J. Fox, Mr. Edward Hinks, and Dr. G. Roche Lynch, with authority to confer with the Legal and Parliamentary Committee as and when it was deemed necessary.Further correspondence was received from the Chemical Society regarding the desirability of preparing a register of chemical laboratories, which might be utilised as complete units in a national emergency; but in view of correspondence which had passed between the Government and the Institute, it was not considered advisable at present to follow the suggestion made by the Council of the Society. The Committee appointed on 18th November was empowered to co-opt. A communication was received from the British Association for the Advancement of Science on the establishment of a Division for the Social and International Relations of Science, and asking for information as to any work done or contemplated by the 450 Institute in the field of the social relations of science.It was reported that the Association had been sent copies of articles and notes which had appeared in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSof the Institute, dealing with the effects of advances in science on communities and the effects of social conditions upon the progress of science. A letter was received from the British Management Council enquiring whether “Members of all other societies and institu tions” might be allowed to attend meetings concerned with any aspect of management, which might be held by the Institute, in return for reciprocal courtesies. The Council was informed that the attention of the British Management Council had been directed to the arrangements notified under Coming Events ” in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSof the Institute, including the arrangements for joint meetings of chemical societies and their Sections, The British Standards Institution directed attention to the proposed extension of the British Standard Conversion Tables, B.S. 350.The existing Tables give the complete conversion of inches to millimetres and millimetres to inches. The issue is suggested of complete authoritative tables of conversions from British to metric units for certain of the quantities commonly used in engineering,-such as pressures, stresses, and weights per unit length. The British Standards Institution invited suggestions as to those quantities for which Conversion Tables should be published. On a motion by Mr.J. R. Nicholls, Rule 5 of the General Rules for Local Sections of the Institute was amended to make it possible for a District Member of Council to be a member of the Committee of several Sections within his district. The Council was gratified to receive from the Society of Chemical Industry a communication advising the Institute that the Finance Committee of the Society had instructed the Adver- tisement Manager not to accept for publication in Chemistry and Industry advertisements offering facilities for professional consultative work. Resolutions were received from the South Wales and Cardiff and District Sections, the East Midlands and South Yorkshire Sections to the effect that they were unable to discuss or form an opinion on the Supplemental Charter until they had before them copies of the document in its final form.The President mentioned that the final draft was before Counsel and it was expected that it would be received shortly. A Report was received from the Administrators of the Beilby Memorial Fund (see p. 493). The President reported that the Harrison Memorial Selection Committee had given their Award for 1938 to Mr. Alexander King, of The Chemistry Department, Royal College of Science. On a Report from the Finance and House Committee, the Council approved the Superannuation and Pensions Scheme, and the Trust Deed and Regulations relating thereto, which will be the subject of a motion to be submitted to the Annual General Meeting, on 1st March, 1939, in accordance with By-Law 42.The Committee having further considered the subject of entrance fees and assessment fees for Associates applying for the Fellowship, recommended that no alteration be made in the amounts payable under the present Regulations. The Benevolent Fund Committee submitted a summary showing the receipts and expenditure for 1938 compared with those for 1937 at the same date, indicating, in the aggregate, a decrease in total receipts of L96 15s. Id., and an increase in total expenditure of L13913s. 3d. Five cases were reviewed, involving the distribution of A15 in grants, and additional allowances (pro tern.) of L3 a week to new cases. It was reported that an Associate of the Institute had kindly promised to present fowls to a number of widows at Christmas.Dr. F. D. Miles, FeZZow, was appointed to succeed Dr. N. Picton, Fellow, as Assessor for National Certificates in Chemistry (Scotland). Streatfeild Memorial Lecture.-Mr. Bernard F. Howard, Honorary Treasurer, presided at a meeting held at the Institute on 18th November, when Mr. John Ralph Nicholls, Member of Council, gave the zIst Streatfeild Memorial Lecture, taking for his subject bb Opium.” The lecture, with a report of the discussion thereon, has been issued to the Fellows and Associates. 452 At the close of the discussion, the Chairman handed Mr. Nicholls a photograph of Streatfeild, together with the Streatfeild Memorial Medal, kindly presented by the City and Guilds of London Institute.Gluckstein Memorial Lecture.-Dr. Leslie H. Laihpitt presided at a meeting held in the hall of the Institute, on Wednesday, 7th December, when Dr. W. H. Hatfield, F.R.S., delivered the Tenth Gluckstein Memorial lecture, in which he dealt with “Research in the Iron and Steel Industry.” The lecture will be published to Fellows, Associates and Registered Students in due course. Dr. Lampitt read a letter from the President, expressing his regret that he was unable to be present, adding that he felt sure that those who were able to attend would welcome the opportunity which Dr. Hatfield was giving them of learning how successfully had been developed the research connected with the important side of industry which he served so brilliantly. At the conclusion of the lecture a vote of thanks was accorded to the lecturer, on the motion of Sir Robert Robertson, who was Chairman of the London and South-Eastern Counties Section when the original lecture was delivered by Mr.S. M. Gluckstein, seconded by Dr. E. B. Hughes, who was at that time Honorary Secretary of the Section. Thus, with Dr. Lampitt, three Fellows of the Institute who were associated with the inauguration of the lecture in 1928,contributed to the proceedings of the evening. Both Sir Robert and Dr. Hughes expressed the opinion that though there had been many excellent lectures given under the scheme, that to which the members had listened on that evening was perhaps more closely on the lines originally intended than any of its forerunners.The lecture was illustrated by lantern slides and by the exhibition of a film in colours which was very much appreciated. Appointments Register.-Report on the working of the Appointments Register during the period 1st October, 1937,to 30th September, 1938. During the period a total of 1,056 vacancies have been notified as against 994 for the previous corresponding period. 453 The following table gives a rough analysis of the vacancies :-1937-38. 1936-37. Government Appointments .. .. . . 93 107 Universities .. .. .. .. .. 81 59 Schools .. .. .. .. .. .. 72 74 Research Associations and Institutions .. 54 37 Educational Authorities . . .. .. 4 6 Public Bodies .... .. .. .. 101 22 Industrial Appointments .. .. .. 432 512 Chemical Engineers .. .. .. .. 33 29 Salesmen .. .. .. .. .. 5 3 Junior Appointments .. .. .. 48 58 Temporary Appointments .. .. .. 16 16 Scholarships, Grants, etc. .. .. .. 17 8 Appointments for Women .. .. .. 100 63 -__ 1056 994 -Of these 64 were abroad as compared with 50 last year. Salaries.-The following figures indicate the salaries offered in connection with some of the above vacancies:- 1937-38. 1936-37. €200 per annum or under, including juniorvacancies .. .. .. .. 24 39 2200-2250 .. .. .. .. .. 69 54 €250-2500 .. .. .. .. .. 213 176 ;E5OO-;El,OOO .. .. .. .. . . 84 83 €1,000 and over .. .. .. .. 17 7 It will be seen that the table only accounts for 407 out of the I,056 vacancies notified.In the remainder, precise information as to the salaries offered was not given. At the date of the last Report (30th September, 1937), 336 Fellows and Associates, and 12 Registered Students, were using the Appointments Register. Since that date 384 indivi- duals, not included in the above, have made use of the service. It would appear from the above figures that 732 individuals have made use of the Register during some part of the year; although this figure may not be strictly accurate owing to inter- mittent use of the service by a few individuals. Of the 384 new “entries” during the year under considera- tion, 260 held paid appointments at the time of application, and 124 (including 18 Students) were unemployed. Of those who held posts- 36 obtained more suitable employment and 50 were removed through non-renewal.454 Of the unemployed- 52 notified the office that they had obtained employment during the year, and 4 were removed through non-renewal. At the date of this Report 59 Fellows, 287 Associates, and 15 Students were using the Appointments Register. g Fellows and 74 Associates had notified the office that they were without remunerative employment. Uncmptoyment.-The following table shows the numbers of members who had notified the Institute that they were un-employed at the times stated. The figures for the previous corresponding period are given in brackets. The numbers represent the average during each month.F.I.C. A.I.C. Totals. October, 1937 November .. .. .. .. 11 (16)11 69 (92) 69 80 (108) 80 December . .. 11 64 75 January, 1938 ., February . . March .. .. .. ,. .. 11 (12)10 9 66 (84) 64 56 67 (96) 64 65 AprilMayJune ., .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 7 (10)7 6 52 (65) 54 63 69 (75) 61 70 July .. .. August .. September .. .. *-.. 9;(lo) 71 (75) 73 74 79 (84) 82 83 The minimum number of unemployed, 55 was reached on 25th April, 1938. Of the total number of unemployed on 31st October, 1938,83: 1936-37. 30 have been unemployed for 3 months or leas .. .. .. .. .. (25)32 for, from 3 months to 1 year; and . . (23)21 for over one year .. .. .. (35) The ages of the members unemployed are as follows:-1037-38.1936-37. 1.21-29: yBem .. .. 15 27 25-30 ,, .. .. .. 21 12 30-33 9) -6 d* *. 8 11 35-40 ,, .' .. . . 11 5 40-45 ,, .. *. .. 11 8 45-50 ,, .. .. .. 6 3 50 and over .. .. . . 11 12 455 The number of members in the Section Areas who have informed the Institute that they are without remunerative employment are as follows:- Abercleen .. .. .. .. .. 1 Birmingham . . Northern Ireland BristoI . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ,. .. .. .. .. 5 1 3 Cardiff (S. Wales) Dublin (I.F.S.). . East Anglia .. East Midlands .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0 0 0 2 Edinburgh GlasgowHuddersfield .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 3 1 Leeds .. .. .... .. .. 7 Liverpool .. .. .. London and S.E. Counties Section .. .. .. .. 2 51 Manchester .. .. .. .. .. 3 Newcastle .. .. .. .. .. 0 Wales .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 Abroad .. .. Sheffield (S. Yorks.) .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. 0 1 I 83 - LIST OF LABORATORYAssIsTANTs.-There are 63 names on this list as against 39 last year. Of this number, 56 are living in the London area. Eighty-three vacancies have been issued as against 126 last year. During the period under review 48 laboratory assistants have notified the office that they have obtained employment. 456 Local Sections. [The Institute is not responsible for the views expressed in papers read, or in speeches delivered during discussion.] Aberdeen and North of Scotland.-A meeting of this Section was held in the Chemistry Department, Marischal College, on 28th October,-Dr.A. B. Stewart in the Chair. A paper was read by Dr. J. A. Lovern, entitled Some Recent Aspects of Vitamin A Research.” Dr. Lovern has kindly provided the following abstract. Pure Vitamin A has now been obtained in crystalline form and its characteristics determined, whilst the synthesis of impure vitamin A, starting from /3-ionone, has also been accomplished. There is evidence of a second vitamin A, present in fish (especially freshwater fish), but not in mammals or birds. This substance is probably the C, analogue of vitamin A, with an extra double bond. Its characteristics were described and it was indicated that it can apparently function in every way like the more usual vitamin. The distribution of vitamin A in animals was discussed, with particular reference to its storage in the muscular tissues of the eel and in the intestines of the halibut.It was pointed out that the vitamin is present mainly as esters rather than as the free alcohol, and probably some of it is also combined with protein. The great discrepancies between the amounts present in various species of fish, together with the apparent absence of the vitamin from zoo-plankton, suggest a synthetic, rather than a dietary origin for much of the vitamin present in certain species. The carotenoid astacene, widely distributed amongst aquatic life, is of interest in this respect.Diversity of function of vitamin A is evident. In addition to its role in the well-being of cells, it is specifically involved in the visual pigment cycle. Wald’s work on rhodopsin and porphyropsin in fishes was discussed, and the replacement of vitamin A by vitamin A, in freshwater fish was mentioned. 457 In some species, such as halibut, the presence of relatively enormous quantities of vitamin A suggests another grosser function. The distribution in the alimentary tract is suggestive, nearly all the vitamin being present in a certain layer of the mucosa of the absorptive portions of the intestine. Evidence was advanced to suggest that in such species the vitamin esters might conceivably assist in the transfer of fat through the intestinal wall.A meeting of the Section was held in the Chemistry Depart- ment, Marischal College, on 8th December,-Dr. A. B. Stewart in the Chair. Mr. T. Howard read a paper entitled b4 Bacon and its By-Products.” Mr. Howard gave an account of the extent and importance of the bacon industry to the country, and outlined possible developments. He referred to the size and organisation of the industry in Denmark, and expressed the opinion that, with proper organisation, there was no reason why the industry should not be equally prosperous to this country. He explained in detail the functions of a modern bacon factory operating in this country and the various processes of bacon curing. He then stated that the aim of curers should be, to have (I) the correct amount of salt present, (2) the colour good, (3) the bacon flavour developed, and (4) satisfactory keeping properties.He indicated what steps might be taken to further this achievement. Another method of curing was suggested, but, in its present form, it was not commercially practicable. Mr. Howard then discussed the different by-products and indicated their importance. He described how everything in the whole process was utilised so that, so far as possible, there was no wastage. Bristol and South-Western Counties.-The first meeting of the session was held on Thursday, 20th October, in the Chemical Department of the Bristol University,-Professor E. L. Hirst, F.R.S., in the Chair. 458 Mr.A. W. Knapp was to have lectured on “Vitamin D and Cacao Shell” but, owing to indisposition, he was unable to be present, and his place was taken by Mr. A. Churchman, who lectured from Mr. Knapp’s notes and subsequently provided the following account :-The growing knowledge of the importance of vitamins led to numerous investigations in the Bournville laboratories with regard to the vitamin D potency of chocolate products. The vitamin D potency of milk-chocolate in particular, not com-pletely accounted for by the vitamin D of the milk present, led to the discovery by Knapp and Coward of the fact that cacao nib has a vitamin D potency of I international unit per gram. This unusual vitamin D potency in a vegetable product evoked considerable interest and led to a closer study of the cacao bean.This was followed in 1934 by the publication of research by Coward and Knapp showing that cacao shell had at least one-quarter of the vitamin D content of cod-liver oil. Cacao shell, it should be explained, is the thin husk or shell surrounding the cacao nib, and averages about 12 per cent. of the cacao bean. The discovery of the valuable properties of this by-product of the cocoa and chocolate industry excited great interest and it became evident that cacao shell probably had an unusual value as a feeding-stuff for cows and other animals. On the grounds that this was a matter of public interest, tests were conducted at the National Institute for Research in Dairying at Reading where Kon and Henry found that the vitamin D in the cacao shell consumed by cows was largely conveyed to the butter. The feeding of 2 lb.of cacao shell per cow daily in winter not only led to the increase in vitamin D potency of the milk and butter from winter to summer level, but was accompanied by an increase in the fat content of the milk. This has been confirmed in the researches of Golding and Burr and in the large-scale farm feeding tests of Knapp and Churchman. The high vitamin D content of cacao shell came as a surprise to the scientific world, and further work, both in this country and on the Continent, fully confirmed the discovery. Achccnich, in particular, has carried out extensive tests and reports figures as high as 125 I.units of vitamin D per gram of cacao shell. 459 The origin of vitamin D in cacao shell has been investigated in a series of researches by Coward and Knapp, and thc conclusion was reached that it was improbable that either vitamin D or ergosterol was present in the fresh shell of the cacao bean. During tlic fermentation process, to which the cacao bean is submitted, yeast containing ergosterol develops in the pulp on the shell, and this, during the drying process in the tropical sun, is con- verted into vitamin D. Hence, vitamin D is absent from arti- ficially dried cocoa, whereas in the fermented and sun-dried cacao of commerce the vitamin D of the cacao shell is very high- twenty or thirty times as potent as in dairy butter.Negatii-e results in feeding tests with poultry confirm that the vitamiii D of cacao shell is similar to calciferol or irradiated ergosterol, and should be called vitamin D,. A meeting of the Bristol and South-M7estern Counties Section was held at Rristol Univcrsity on 24th November,-Dr. E. L. Hirst, F.R.S., in the Chair-when a lecture, accompanied by a demonstration, on bb Oxidation-Reduction Indicators ” was given by Dr. A. D. Mitchell, who has supplied the following summary :-After mentioning a few earlier uses of these indicators, the lecturer sketched the principles underlying their more recent and systematic application in analytical chemistry, and showed curves illustrating the change of oxidation-reduction potential with change in the ratio of, for example, ferric to ferrous iron.He then discussed the limitations to the application of the theoreti- cal considerations due to the fact that many of the reactions involved in oxidation titrations were not thermodynamically reversible. The advantages and disadvantages of various indicators were then explained, and the following titrations were carried out as examples of their use : ferrous iron by dichromate, using barium diphen ylamine-sulphona t c, phen ylan thranilic acid, or brucine ; ferrocyanide by perrnanganate or ceric sulphate, and quinol by ceric sulphate, all using diphenylamine ; zinc by ferrocyanide, using diphenylbenzidiiie ; ferrous iron by ceric sulphate, using xylem cyanol FF or tri-o-phenan throlinoferrous sulphate.460 Cardiff and District.-A joint meeting was held with the South Wales Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, in University College, Cardiff on and November, when Dr. W. R. Harrison, Director of the South Wales Forensic Science Labora- tory, gave a lecture on Lc The Examination of Questionable Documents ’’ Officers of the Cardiff City Police attended by invitatim. On 28th November, a joint meeting was held with the Chemical Society, when Professor W. Wardlaw delivered a lecture entitled Some Topics in Inorganic Chemistry ” The lecturer gave an entertaining and lucid account of modern aspects of the subject of atomic weight determination and of crystal structure and constitution ; a short discussion followed.Dr. W. Cule Davies, lately secretary of the Cardiff and District Section, has been awarded a Leverhulme Research Award and has proceeded to Cambridge University. Dublin.-Mr. B. G. Fagan presided at a meeting in University College, Dublin, on 12th October, when Dr. Janet Matthews delivered a lecture on bb Micro-analysis,” of which she has kindly supplied the following summary :-Microchemical technique marks an advance in methods of analytical chemistry comparable with the effect of the intro- duction of anaxthetics on the progress of surgery. There is no analytical laboratory where some of the micro-methods could not be introduced with advantage. The methods of organic analysis and the new spot-test methods of qualitative analysis are fairly well known, but it is not generally realised that inorganic quantitative micro-analysis is now sufficiently developed for its widespread adoption, not only in research but in industry.The methods are as accurate as those on the large scale and are more rapid and economical. The technique is easy for any trained analyst to acquire. Students are best taught gravimetric methods after some training in careful micro-qualitative work by the methods of Emich which improve their manipulative skill in general. Methods are being worked out for the application of inorganic micro-methods to the paper, glass and cement industries,-to mention only a few of those likely to benefit by the adoption of micro-methods. Dr.Matthews described the filterstick technique which is the central technique for all gravimetric analysis. Examples were given of its application in the determination of silica and of calcium, illustrated by lantern slides. For those unable to purchase a Pregl-Kuhlmann type of balance, the new rriodel of the Nernst-Donau torsion balance was recommended. As against the disadvantage of its small load capacity, this balance has the advantages of rapid weighing and increased accuracy. The Gorbach micro-extraction apparatus was described, in which 0.1gram of milk can be extracted with z C.C. of ether for a butter fat determination. A model of an electrically heated block for the microscope stage, used for micro-sublimation or for melting point determinations was described. The crystals to be observed are placed on a thin cover-slip lying on.a black polished background on the surface of the heating stage. This method of determination of mclting points under the microscope is superior in every way to the older method. The advantages of the use of illumination by ultra-violet light for the identification of fluorescent organic and biological products under the microscope were pointed out; also the use of ultra-violet photography, using light of differing wave-lengths. Slides" were shown of the cornea of the eye, stained, unstained, and photographed in different wave-lengths of ultra-violet light, which clearly demonstrated the value of the technique and the superiority to staining methods.In conclusion, four cinematograph films (the property of the Microchemical Club) were shown as follows :-I. Qualitative micro-analysis on a microscope slide. 2. Semi-quantitative analysis in micro-centrifuge tubes. 3. Micro-fractionation and boiling point determinations. 4. Microchemistry in Graz, featuring Professor Pregl, Professor Emich and Dr. Donau. Replying to a question, Dr. Matthews suggested that a person taking up micro-work might suitably commence with boiling point determinations, Kjeldahl estimations, and calcium deter- minations as oxalate, using a large filter stick. *Kindly lent by Mr. C. K. Johnson, of the Imperial college. 462 The Annual General Meeting was held on qrd November, in University College-Professor O’Farrelly presiding-when the following were elected to the Committee :-Mr.John Andrews, Dr. J. Bell, Mr. B. G. Fagan, Dr. G. Van Barneveld Gilmour, Dr. A. G. G. Leonard, Professor T. J. Nolan, Professor A. O’Farrelly and Mr. J. W. Parkes. On the 7th December, in Trinity College, Dublin, Mr. H. D. Thornton read a paper on “The Poulaphouca Scheme.” Mr. Thornton gave a brief historical sketch of the development of water supplies to Dublin and pointed out that increasing population, improvements in slum areas, and industrial develop- ment had increased the consumption of water to such a degree that the present supplies were only just sufficient to cope with the demand, which was about 20 million gallons per day.Con-sumption in future years would probably rise to 23 million gallons per day in 1940and reach 40 million by 1990. By the construction of a dam in the Poulaphouca Gorge a large area of land would be flooded by the Liffey, giving a reservoir of some 5,600 acres or about three times the area of the Phenix Park. Evcntually this reservoir woiild supply an addit ionnl 20 million gallons of water per day, so that thc citizens of Dublin are assured of ample water supplies for many years to come. The water being naturally peaty, would be submitted to treatment with aluminium sulphate and calcium carbonate, filtration through mechanical filters of the open gravity type, and sterilisation by chloramine. Samples of treated and untreated water were exhibited whereby the efficiency of the proposed treatment was markedly demonstrated.It was intended to install the chemical treatment and filtra- tion plant in units increasing in number in proportion to the demand, but to construct at once a conduit consisting of a grade aqueduct of concrete, 13 miles in length, having a carrying capacity of 20 million gallons per day. This aqucdxct w-0~1~1be continued by pressure pipe line of 10 million gallons per day capacity which would be duplicated when necessary. Slides were shown illustrating the type of plant to be used for chemical treatment and filtration, while numerous maps showed 463 the areas to be flooded and the route to befollowedbytheaqueduct to the city. The total estimated cost would be about fI1,270,000.East Anglia.-The Section held its second meeting of the session under the chairmanship of Mr. W. Lincolne Sutton, at the Central Public Library, Ipswich, on 8th November, when Mr. H. 13. Brown spoke on “War-time Chemical Problems.” He stressed the fact that whereas a material might be produced satisfactorily in peace conditions, in war-time the need for high output and strict economy of raw materials brought new and different problems. He illustrated this from his experience of the manufacture of the high explosive trinitrotoluene (T.N.T.). Before 1914 comparatively little T.N.T. was made in this country, whereas Germany could manufacture large quantities in association with her vigorous dyestuffs industry, her raw material being petroleum fractions rich in toluene, from the Borneo oilfields.At the outbreak of war this was abruptly changed, and the supply of toluene deflected to England. A quantity of toluene was also scrubbed out of town gas which was impoverished by this contribution. The other raw materials were Chile saltpetre and iron sulphide as the source of the required acids. It was not until the end of the war that ;1 factory was under construction for the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen on a large scale, so that throughout the war the carrying of saltpetre was a strain on freight space. After the outbreak of war, T.N.T. was accepted as a service explosive and it became the most important of the high ex-plosives. The resourccs of the iVar Department and later of the Ministry of Munitions were used to solve some difficult chemical problems, and to raise the output to some thousands of tons per month, and so to satisfy fully the shell-filling factories which had been undersupplied for a time.If another war had to be fought, we should not have to build up T.N.T. production in the same way, but the same type of essentially chemical problems would arise, and difficulties of factory personnel would not be less. The situation was unusual in that one had to train workers, such as farm hands, who had never seen a chemical factory, to operate a delicately balanced 464 chemical process which involved real hazards as to explosion and toxic effects. The guests of the evening included members of the local A.R.P.organisation and the St. John Ambulance Brigade. At the third meeting of the Session, held jointly with the Nonvich Medico-Chirurgical Society at the Norwich Technical College on zznd November, Mr. A. L. Bacharach delivered a lecture on ‘(Food and Medicine.” Dr. G. Maxted, of the Medico-Chirurgical Society, presided. As an introduction, Mr. Bacharach sketched the evolution of drugs. Tinctures and infusions were first mainly used; then impure forms of the active principles; later these principles were prepared in a chemically pure state. Mr. Bacharach indicated the methods by which chemists had made it possible to prepare purified compounds of extreme importance to medicine.For this purpose he chose some branches of vitamin and hormone research with which he person- ally had come into more particular contact. Cod-liver oil has been prescribed for many years for the treatment of rickets, but it was not until after the war that it was recognised that sunlight produced a therapeutic effect similar to that of cod-liver oil. During efforts to explain the action of sunlight, chemists found that irradiated cholesterol possessed anti-rachitic prop- erties. Cholesterol itself was not the precursor of vitamin D, however, as is proved by the fact that the pure sterol could not be activated by ultra-violet light. This led to the discovery, as a result of spectroscopic research, that the substance which was activated on irradiation possessed an absorption band in the ultra-violet region.Cholesterol had no such band, and ergosterol, found in rye and yeast and also widely in the vegetable kingdom, was ultimately found to be a precursor of vitamin D. The lecturer illustrated his story by slides showing the constitutional formulae of the sterols involved in the vitamin D story from cholesterol to ergosterol, right up to calciferol-pure vitamin D,. Vitamin D2was found, however, to differ from the vitamin of cod-liver oil (DJ, as shown by different relative potencies in the healing of rickets in rats and leg weakness in chickens. Whereas the same number of International Units of each vitamin would cure rats of rickets, leg weakness in chickens required much higher doses of D, to effect even a partial cure.The structural difference between vitamins D, and D, was explained, and from this Mr. Bacharach proceeded to show the striking similarity in structural formulae between the vitamins D and certain hormones, notably the oestrus-producing hormones. Another example of a readily recognisable ring structure being associated with important physiological properties was the pyrimidine nucleus, appearing in the purine bases, barbituric acid drugs, vitamin B, and lactoflavin. Mr. Bacharach then reviewed the chemical structure of those vitamins to which he had not referred earlier in his lecture, and in conclusion summarised the most important available facts concerning the distribution of various vitamins in a series of useful tables.East Midlands.-The opening meeting of the session was held jointly with the Chemistry Section of the Leicester Literary and Philosophical Society, on 12th October, at University College, Leicester, when Dr. L. Hunter presided, and Dr. G. Roche Lynch, Member of Council, gave a lecture on bb Some Medico-Legal Experiences.” Dr. Roche Lynch discussed the scientific investigation of a number of well-known cases. In particular, he explained the method of test whereby it was possible, in certain cases, to prove that a man, who was falsely accused of being the father of a certain child, could be exonerated. Most of the questions put to the lecturer related to the prop- erties of blood. A meeting of the Section was held at the County Hotel, Nottingham, on 3rd November.Dr. L. Hunter, the Chairman, presided, when Dr. Janet Matthews gave a lecture on (( Inorganic Microchemical Analysis.” The following synopsis has been supplied by Dr. Matthews. The address was preceded by four cinematograph films (the property of the Microchemical Club) illustrating micro-technique (Dr. Matthews gave explanatory comments). 466 The first three films illustrated the Emich methods of qualita- tive micro-analysis and showed how the methods can be taught to students. The first film demonstrated the micro-fractional distillation of a drop of a mixture of alcohol and water, followed by a boiling-point determinations of the four fractions obtained. The second and third films demonstrated the detection of sil\Ter, lead and mercury in a mixture of salts of the three metals, both on a microscope slide and in a micro-centrifuge tube.It was shown how the qualitative methods arc made semi-quanti- tative, which is often extremely useful in the subsequent quantitative analysis. The Em'ich qualitative techniq ie as shown in the films is most excellent training for accuracy in all analytical work. The last film showed the masters of microchemistry, Pro-fessors Emich and Pregl, at work in Graz, and also Dr. Donau demonstrating his improved model of the Kernst microbalance, which has the advantage of being considerably cheaper than the Pregl-Kuhlmann type, suitable for mxe rapid weighings(15 seconds) and less affected by temperature changes.The only disadvantage of the balance is that the maximum load capacity is only z grams so that specially light apparatus must be used. Dr. Matthews then gave her address. As the field of microanalysis covers all branches of analytical chemistry, only a few aspects were able to be discussed. The methods of inorganic quantitative gravimetric analy- 3es are becoming of increasing importance as tools in both industrial chemistry and research. The methods are very similar to the macro methods, but they avoid, when possible, a large number of separations ; precipitates are dried at low temperatures rather than ignited. The central technique of all the gravimetric methods is the Emich filterstick technique, which obviates transference of precipitates.This technique is also capable of application on the ordinary or macro scale, with saving of time and increase in accuracy. Various types of filtersticks, or immersion filters, were shown : the PorceZnin filterstick with filtering surface of unglazed porcelain, both macro, weighing 7 to 8 grams, and micro, weighing I to 1-5grams; also the original glass type with asbestos filtering pad, weighing about I gram, with the smallest model weighing only 10milligrams for analysis using the Nernst-Donau balance. A platinum filterstick with filtering surface of spongy platinum, the only one of its kind 467 known to be in use in this country, was also shown. This is valuable for any determination involving a fusion, and more especially so in the determination of silica, when glass or porcelain may not be present owing to the hydrofluoric acid treatment, An alternative to the platinum filterstick, but slightly less accurate, is the King filter with detachable paper filter pad. An account, illustrated by slides, was given of typical analyses by the filterstick method, this included the description of a new rapid drying apparatus* a modification of the Pichler drier.Some new apparatus and recently devised methods were briefly described, including a micro-extraction apparatus for 0.1 gram of material, and a useful form of micro-melting point block with circular inset thermometer which renders stem correction unnecessary. The application of fluorescence to microscopic examinations was also discussed. An interesting discussion followed in which the lecturer amplified many points relating to the methods which she had previously indicated, at the same time exhibiting some of the apparatus normally used.A meeting of the Section was held at the St. James Restaurant, Derby, on rst December,-the Chairman, Dr. L. Hunter, presiding. Professor A. J. Allmand addressed the Section on Some Aspects of Vapour Absorbing Charcoals.” Dr. Allmand explained that activated charcoals had been developed during and since the War. They had catalytic properties and could be used as decolourising charcoals, for solvent recovery, and, what at the present time was very impor- tant, for gas masks.They could be prepared from wood, nuts, coal, peat, and many carbonaceous substances, such as sugar; also from by-products of little value. The two main methods of preparation were:- (r) Carbonize or coke the material and then activate with (2) Dehydrate the naturally occurring materials by zinc a mild oxidising agent such as steam or carbon dioxide. chloride or phosphoric acid afterwards extracting the dehydrating agent. *Designedby Mr. W. F. Staphenson, A.I.C., Head of Chemistry Department, MedwaJr Technical College. 468 The product so ohtaiiied was aporous material of low packing density (0.06-0.6). Professor Allmand then described the mode of action of these materials stating that they adsorbed by reason of their free valencies giving a unimolecular layer or continuous film with sometimes a second layer and sometimes capillary condensation superposed. He illustrated the varying adsorptive properties of different charcoals by means of isothermals and isosteres showing that some samples although having a high adsorptive capacity had a low rate of adsorption while others had these properties reversed.The practical tests carried out were described and in particular the capacity and breakdown tests. Finally, the different types of isothermals obtained with steam and chemically prepared charcoals . were shown. This was shown to be due to the presence in the latter of zinc oxide which acted as a poison, its removal giving a product similar to the former. A very interesting discussion followed.Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-An ordinary meeting of the Section was held on 27th October,-Dr. A. M. Smith presiding. The business of the meeting consisted of a discussion on the subject: “ Should Chemical Research be Organised on a National Basis.” Dr. J. A. V. Butler, Mr. Henderson, Mr. A. P. Mieras and Mr. G. Elliot Dodds opened the discussion, which was subse- quently carried on by a large number of members. The consensus of opinion was that, with minor improvements, the present systems of conducting research work were probably as efficient as any system with complete State control. A meeting of the Section was held, jointly with the local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry and Edinburgh University Chemical Society, on 1st November.Prof. R. G. W. Norrish, F.R.S., gave a lecture on the subject: (‘Plastics and Polymerisation.” The constitution of the solvent soluble plastics and the insoluble ones, and their relation to open-chain and closed 469 structures were clearly explained. The lecturer gave a very complete summary of the theories advanced to explain the phenomenon of polymerisation. A series of interesting exhibits was shown. A meeting of the Section was held jointly with the local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry and the Royal Scottish Society of Arts, on 28th November. Mr. Stewart, president of the R.S.S.A., presided. Mr. A. R. Jamieson, Deputy City Analyst, Glasgow, lectured on the subject: “Chemistry in the Service of the Community.” The lecture, which was of a semi-popular character, comprised an outline of the work of the public analyst, particular stress being laid on how this work protected the health of the citizen.Among the matters dealt with in detail were food analysis, water analysis, air purification, sewage disposal, inspection of imports and the examination of milk and dairies. The lecture was illustrated with lantern slides and films. Through the courtesy of the Anthraquinone Club, Grange- mouth, members were invited to a lecture on 5th December, when Mr. A. Clark Doull gave a most interesting address on the subject : “British Beer-a resum6 of its Manufacture and some Observations concerning Fermentation, Fatigue, Food and Felicity .’ Glasgow and West of Scotland.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in the “Gordon” Restaurant, Gordon Street, Glasgow, on 27th October,-Dr. P. F. Gordon, Chairman of the Section, presided. The reports of the Honorary Treasurer and Honorary Secre- tary were discussed, received and adopted. The Secretary reported that the Section had held eleven meetings, seven of which were held jointly with other societies and had participated in three works visits. The membership of the Section now comprised 359 Fellows and Associates. Professor W. M. Curnming was elected Chairman for the ensuing year; Dr. J. McLean, Honorary Treasurer, and Dr. R. D. Blair and Messrs. J. B.McKean, J. R. M. Duncan, F. Rumford, and A. N. Harrow, members of the Committee. 470 An exhibit of talking films, which was shown after the meeting, was also attended by Fellows of the Chemical Society and members of the Society of Chemical Industry. The first two films were “Water in the Air” and “On the Ether,” from the Gaumont British Instructional Bureau. The subject of the former was the production of clouds, fog and rain from invisible water vapour, which was shown by means of simple laboratory experiments and by super-animated photographs of cloud formation and dispersal. The second film took the form of a talk by Sir Oliver Lodge, being a brief review of the varying theories on the nature of the ‘‘Ether ” propounded during his lifetime.The scientifrc sequence was broken by the third film which was one of the now famous Walt Disney’s Mickey Mouse films, “Mickey in Arabia.’] Although this was one of the earlier of Disney’s efforts, the welcome which it received showed abundantly the great hold which this cartoonist has on the public. After an interval for refreshments the programme continued with “Crystals,” another instructional film in which the cine- camera shows, in a most illuminating manner, the study of crystal growth in both mineral matter and in plant life. This was followed by “China Plate,” one of the earlier cartoon series, and by ‘‘Progress,” a Gaumont British Instructional film, which surveyed the development of the mechanical sciences during the reign of King George V.The display concluded with ‘‘Two Frightened Ladies,” a humorous production by the Commercial Gas Association, in which “Mr. Thenn” is introduced with musical accompaniment. On the proposal of Professor Cumming a vote of thanks was accorded to the Secretary for arranging the programme. The members were invited by the local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry to attend a lecture given in the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, on 4th November, by Dr. J. A. B. Smith, of the Hannah Dairy Research Institute, on “Fat Metabolism in the Animal Body.” Dr. Smith made a brief survey of the chemistry of fats, dealing with the fatty acids, the glycerides, the phosphatides and the cholesteryl esters. He then passed on to consider certain physiological aspects of the subject, tracing the course taken by the fats in the process of digestion.47 1 Fat transport, synthesis and deposition in the animal body were treated in turn and finally the theories connected with the oxidation of fats in the animal body were outlined. The lecture, which was fully illustrated by blackboard notes and lantern slides, provoked considerable discussion and was thoroughly enjoyed by the large audience present. On 18th November, members of the Section were present, by invitation, at a meeting of the Chemical Society held in the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, when Dr. J. A. V. Butler, of Edinburgh University, gave a lecture entitled bbHeavyWater and its Use as a Chemical Reagent.” The Chairman, Professor Patterson, stated at the outset that the meeting was deeply indebted to Dr.Butler for having agreed, at very short notice, to take the place of Dr. J. Monteath Robertson, who was to have spoken on “The Hydrogen Bond,” but who had unfortunately been taken suddenly ill. The lecture, which was illustrated by lantern slides, dealt mainly with the application of heavy water to the study of catalysis in such reactions as the inversion of sucrose, the decomposition of diazo acetic ester and the hydrolysis of methyl acetate. A discussion followed and at the close a vote of thanks was accorded to Dr. Butler both for his paper and for his kindness in coming forward so readily at such short notice. The Ramsay Chemical Dinner, under the joint auspices of chemical societies and organisations in Glasgow and the West of Scotland, took place in the Central Hotel, Glasgow, on 2nd December,--Mr.J. Davidson Pratt, Vice-president of the Chemical Society, in the Chair. The toast The Profession of Chemistry,” following the loyal I‘ toast and that of I‘ Thememory of Sir William Ramsay,” which was honoured in silence, was proposed by Sir John Boyd Orr, F.R.S., Director of Rowett Research Institute, who drew attention to the wide ramifications of chemistry, and the application of science in industry. After a reference to poison gas and high explosives, he said that he himself was chiefly concerned with biochemistry and its application to food, medicine, and soil fertilisers.In this branch the chemist’s discoveries had been mainly for the benefit of the human race and for its welfare. In conclusion, he remarked 472 that, although the names of Priestley, Ramsay and others were honoured, it must be remembered that the distinction associated with the great discoveries should be distributed among the hundreds of routine workers by whom the discoveries were made possible, and that the profession was deeply indebted to the great mass of the rank and file who had never risen to the position of Professor or had never been made Fellows of the Royal Society. The Chairman, replying to the toast, thanked Sir John for the emphasis he had laid on the value of the chemist and chemistry to the community. He declared that while in the past this country had been pre-eminent in engineering and our export trade had been great because we made things other people could not make, if we were ever to regain anything like our old position the chemist would require to take pride of place, since it was through his discoveries that future progress would be made.He drew attention to the fact that too many qualified chemists did not belong to any of the scientific or professional bodies devoted to their science. He made a strong appeal to all to join one or more of these bodies and so assist them to speak with one voice on matters affecting their profession. Other toasts were, “The Guests,’’ proposed by Mr. F. Rumford, to which Captain S.J. Graham, General Manager of the Empire Exhibition, replied, and “The Chairman,” proposed by Miss Andross, Convenor of the Dinner Committee. Although not included in the official toast list the health of the Convenor was toasted with enthusiasm, accompanied by the singing of the first four lines of ‘(Passing by.” After the dinner, there was dancing till 2 o’clock and the large number who were still present at that late hour to join in “Auld Lang Syne” testified to the great success of the evening. Huddersfie1d.-A joint meeting of the Section with the Huddersfield Section of the Society of Dyers and Colourists, was held on 8th November, in the Technical College, Huddersfield, when Dr. A. E. Everest, presiding, introduced Professor F.M. Rowe, D.Sc., F.I.C., who gave the Perkin Centenary lecture of the Society of Dyers and Colourists, entitled “The Life and Work of Sir William Henry Perkin.” A full account of the lecture will be published in the Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists at an early date. 473 At a meeting held on 21st November, in Fields’ Cafe, Huddersfield,-Dr. A. E. Everest in the Chair-Dr. C. Ainsworth Mitchell, Vice-president, gave a talk entitled ‘‘ Identifications in Criminology.” The following summary was supplied by the lecturer:- Dr. Mitchell introduced his subject, by showing that criminal investigation was largely concerned with the identification of persons or of objects directly or indirectly associated with a crime. The Bertillon anthropometric measurements had been supple- mented and to some extent superseded by the fingerprint method of personal identification.Although Herschel (in 1857) was the first to apply this method, he did not publish anything about it until it had been re-discovered by Faulds in 1880, and the credit of extending it to the investigation of unknown imprints was now generally given to Faulds. This was clearly brought out by Sheriff Wilton, K.C., in his book Finger prints (October, 1938). For many years the lecturer had used coloured dyestuffs for the mechanical development of latent prints, but the method had the drawback that the prints were readily smudged. To avoid this, H. A. Thomas had recently suggested the use of basic dyestuffs, such as Victoria Blue, B.S., for the purpose, the developed prints being fixed by exposure to acetic acid vapour and steam: this method of obtaining permanent prints on paper answered admirably. The lecturer also discussed the use of phosphorescent and fluorescent methods of developing latent prints, as suggested by Brose.For this purpose anthracene gave good results, except where the surface on which the print had been made also fluoresced. For the photography of fluorescent prints, the light- filter cell, devised by the lecturer and T. J. Ward, was a useful means of cutting out the reflected ultra-violet rays; the cell was charged with a I per cent. solution of cerium ammonium nitrate. The identification of objects that might be associated with a crime covered a very wide field, and involved the application of physical, microscopical, microchemical and photographic methods.Among the subjects to which increasing attention was being given was that of dust. A simple and effective device for extracting dust from clothing was to fit a fine silk diaphragm over one of the joints of an ordinary vacuum cleaner and to apply the metal nozzle to the garment. If necessary, the silk diaphragm 474 could be dried and weighed before and after the extraction. Dust particles collected on the silk could be easily removed for microscopical and microchemical examination. Among the substances that might be identified in dust were starches, particles of wood or of paint, and various fibres.The identification of a single hair of an animal was often difficult, except when the fibre had such a characteristic structure as that of the rabbit. The hairs of many young animals were very similar and might sometimes be mistaken for hairs of a human baby. In connexion with the examination of paper, Dr. Mitchell dealt with the question of erasures, and referred to a curious phenomenon that had recently been observed. A forged document from which writing had been bleached by means of a chlorine reagent showed the usual black stain when examined under the ultra-violet lamp. After some months, however, it no longer showed this negative fluorescence, and it was probable that this was due to a migration of chlorine ions into the sur- rounding paper, analogous to that which took place from ink writing, and on which Heess had based his test for judging the age of the ink.With reference to the identification of ink in writing Dr. Mitchell mentioned that since ink manufacturers were no longer allowed to import dyestuffs that could be made in this country, there was a greater similarity between different blue- black iron-gall inks than formerly, and one had to rely upon differences between other constituents for distinguishing tests. The lecture, which was profusely illustrated by lantern slides, was followed by a discussion in which, besides a number of members, representatives of the Criminal Investigation Depart- ment of the Borough Police Force, who were present by invitation, participated.Leeds Area.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on zIst November, at the University of Leeds,-Dr. H. Burton in the Chair. The Annual Report and Financial Statement were adopted. Mr. H. €3. Marston, Mr. A. Taylor, Professor D. T. A. Townend and Professor F. G. Tryhorn were elected to serve on the Committee and Messrs. J. T. Thompson and A. Woodmansey were re-appointed Hon. Auditors. 475 Dr. J. J. Fox, C.B., O.B.E., Government Chemist, a Vice-President of the Institute, then gave a lecture on ‘‘Some Infra-red Themes.”. Dr. Fox dealt with the application of infra-red spectroscopy to problems in molecular structure. After a brief statement describing the various regions of the infra-red and the instruments used in investigating them, he referred to the modern apparatus whereby it was possible to determine the rotational structure of infra-red bands.He demonstrated how, by applying appropriate “selection rules ” to the vibration-rotation bands, it was possible to arrive at the dimensions of some of the simpler molecules, such as hydrogen chloride and ammonia in their equilibrium positions. Modern developments in investigations of infra-red render it possible to detect the isotopes of chlorine, and he demonstrated how NH, and ND, had almost identical distances between the atoms, so that the same flat tetrahedra fitted the observations in both cases. He then passed from the simple molecules to more complicated organic substances where certain empirical rules had been formu- lated, and pointed out that in these compounds the investiga- tions of Raman spectra and the degree of polarisation of the various Raman lines were helpful in giving information on the symmetry of the molecule.It was shown how certain groups, such as CO, OH, NH and CH,, in general each gave its own vibration spectrum in the infra-red and that this spectrum persisted throughout whole groups of molecules. He then dealt with the question of hydrogen bands, and indi- cated how it was possible to show that in compounds where the chelate linkage was possible the characteristic OH vibration disappeared, as in the case of salicylaldehyde. He further pointed out that in nearly all hydroxy-compounds it was found that in addition to the sharp OH band which occurred in the region of 2.75,~there was another big band arising from the association of two or more molecules through the “hydrogen linkage.’’ In the case of dilute solutions of phenol in carbon tetrachloride it was possible to demonstrate that the association was bimolecular, although the possibility of more complicated association was not excluded.It was also shown how in the series benzyl alcohol, benzhydrol and triphenyl carbinol the association band diminished in that order, indicating that spatial 476 considerations become operative in restraining the close approach of single molecules. An illustration of the suppression of the characteristic OH vibration was furnished by the fatty acids where in the case of acetic acid the characteristic hydroxy-frequency had almost vanished when in the liquid or in solution, whereas when the vapour of the acetic acid was heated to a high temperature so as to break up the associated compound the characteristic OH appeared in strong intensity.Certain analytical applications of the infra-red were indicated. The Chemists’ Dinner-Dance, held annually under the joint auspices of the Leeds Area Section of the Institute and the Yorkshire Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, took place on the 30th November, at Powolny’s Rooms, Leeds. Mr. B. G. McLellan (Chairman of the Yorkshire Section of the Society of Chemical Industry) presided and was supported by Dr.H. Burton (Chairman of the Leeds Area Section of the Institute). The guests included MI. W. A. S. Calder (Vice-president of the Institute) and Messrs. G. Wright and John Bull (Chairman and Hon. Secretary respectively of the Hull Chemical and Engineering Society). The Chairman in’proposing the toast of “The Guests’’ paid tribute to the Hull Chemical and Engineering Society which, he said, was one of the first groups of people in this country to realise that the welding together of chemists and engineers was of first-rate importance. Mr. W. A. S. Calder, replying, expressed an ambition to see some day a federation of chemists who could really talk to the world and talk to the Government on behalf of members of the profession.Such a federation should include all practising chemists whatever their qualifications, and should have funds for literature as well as for the general well-being of members. A large gathering of members and guests thoroughly enjoyed a very pleasant evening. Liverpool and North-Western.-A Joint Meeting of the Liverpool Section of the Society of Chemical 1.idustry and the Liverpool and North-Western Section of tl e Iilstitute was held on 18th November, in the Chemistry Theatre of Liverpool University,-Mr. B. D. W. Luff in the Chair, Dr. B. A. Southgate, of the Water Pollution Research Section of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, read a paper on-“The Discharge of crude Sewage into the Estuary of the River Mersey.” He said that for many years there had been controversy amongst the local interests concerned, as to the possible effects of the construction of artificial works such as canals and docks and of the discharge of large volumes of untreated sewage on the deposition of solid matter in the estuary of the river Mersey.In 1933 the Pepartment of Scientific and Industrial Research was invited by bodies interested in the navigation of the estuary, to undertake an investigation of the effect of sewage on the amount and hardness of the deposits. The nature of the problem was explained with the aid of a map of the Mersey basin, and resolved itself mainly into an examination of the deposits in the upper estuary (especially the mud of the Stanlow Bank) and in Liverpool Bay, since the narrows, between the dock system of Liverpool and Birkenhead have a comparatively clean hard bed.The points of entry and volume of sewage and trade effluents were indicated and it was estimated that the average amount of organic matter discharged daily into the estuary was equivalent to IOO tons of organic carbon, of which sewage accounts for 70 tons. Reduction in the capacity of the upper estuary during the period 1906 to 1931, and the difficulties in dredging the main channels of Liverpool Bay were feared to be due to the deposition of glutinous mud through the action of sewage. Experiments were described showing that the rate of flow in the upper estuary was approximately the came at all depths, and that pollution is highest between Warrington and Widnes, owing to polluted streams, trade waste and sewage entering these narrow reaches.Sewage concentration had to be determined by calculation, based on salinity measurements, since direct analysis was impossible because of suspended mud. The concentration of polluting organic material at any state of the tide was less than the equivalent of 5 per cent. sewage. It took from one to three weeks for soluble or suspended matter to travel from the head of the estuary to Liverpool Bay. Chemical analyses of mud mainly from the Stanlow Bank were made and the relation between average concentration of silica and moisture, silica and organic matter and organic carbon and Kjeldahl nitrogen could be expressed by smooth curves.Sulphur in the form of sulphate, sulphide and elementary sulphur was present, the distribution between these forms being dependent mainly on whether the mud has been subject to aerobic or anzrobic conditions. Sdphide was present in muds from un- polluted localities and could not be taken as indication of the presence of sewage. The composition of the mud was also approxi- mately the same as that deposited between 1860 and 1890 and also the same as mud from the Irish Sea and Liverpool Bay. Again, it was similar in appearance, texture and composition tu mud from substantially unpolluted estuaries. Large numbers of experiments were described relative to sedimentation of mud in different depths of sea water, with and without sewage, and it was shown that in depths of 40 feet, sedimentation rate was unaffected by sewage.The condition of the mud determined very largely whether its settling rate was affected by sewage or not. The mud carried in suspension by the estuary water is in the form of large fragile aggregates whose deposition was not affected by sewage. Methods of sampling the water, avoiding destruction of these aggregates were described. Laboratory experiments indicated that the aggregates of mud settled more rapidly than the flocculated particles formed from the sewage, which remain in suspension at slack water and are carried out to sea at ebb tide. Resistance to erosion of Mersey muds was approximately the same as that of muds of similar chemical composition taken from unpolluted estuaries in Suffolk and Essex and was not appreciably affected by allowing it to settle from suspension in water containing 5 per cent.of crude sewage. An investiga- tion of extensive data collected by the Mersey Docks and Harbour Board since 1861 showed that muddy sand was more difficult to dredge than clean sand, but there was no evidence of increase in difficulty of dredging during the period 1909 to 1935. Reduction in capacity of the upper estuary was due to the building of shore works in the inter-tidal zone and to deposition of sand in the deeper parts of the estuary, not to deposition of mud at the higher levels. Summarising the results of the investigation, it had been shown that the composition and resistance to erosion of Mersey mud was practically the same as that of mud from unpolluted localities.New mud entering the upper estuary probably came 479 mainly from the bed of Liverpool Bay and the Irish Sea and has approximately the same composition as that of mud already deposited in the upper estuary. Under the conditions existing in the estuary, the rate of sedimentation of mud was not appreci- ably affected by sewage in the concentration present. In direct answer to the terms of reference, it was therefore concluded that the crude sewage discharged into the estuary of the River Mersey had no appreciable effect on the amount or hardness of the deposits of the estuary. In the discussion which followed, Mr.B. D. W. Luff enquired whether appreciable oxidation of the ferrous sulphide in the mud took place. Dr. Southgate replied that it appeared to be formed only below the surface under anaerobic conditions, while in answer to Mr. E. T. Williams he explained that the composition of the mud as far as organic constituents were concerned was much the same as ordinary soil. Mr. L. Birch, Borough Surveyor of Bebington asked whether consideration had been given to the effect on the navigable properties of the river of the points at which crude sewage was discharged, and also to the state of the tide when discharge took place : were there local irregularities due to these factors? Dr. Southgate said that the investigation was directed towards general properties of the deposits and while local variations probably occurred, these were outside the terms of reference.Professor W. H. Roberts, the City Analyst, referred to the fact that his investigations had shown that while approximately 30 per cent. of the Liverpool sewage was discharged in the vicinity of Canada Dock, the river bed there was clean sand with no mud. In his opinion the mud was not due to sewage, but arose from erosion intensified by the construction of revet- ments and training walls in the estuary. Messrs E. Gabriel Jones, C. A. B. Woodhead, L. E. Jones, A. R. Frazer, E. J. T. Rattray, W. Whiteside, and Drs. W. F. Higgins and R. L. Edwards also took part in the discussion. Mr. R. R. Butler, Chairman of the 1,iverpool and North- Western Section of the Institute, in proposing a vote of thanks to Dr.Southgate, pointed out that the change in the channels and deposits of the Mersey estuary had attracted attention previously, leading to observation of sinkage, sunken ruins at the Conway mouth and remains of a submerged forest on both banks of the Mersey. Congratulating the lecturer on his conduct of the investigation he said that the Mersey was a clean river 480 and suggested that Dr. Southgate should turn his attention to the Clyde. Mr. F. Robertson Dodd, who seconded the vote of thanks, referred to the magnificent summary given, and said what great pleasure it gave him to hear something of work, not usually made public, done by chemists, as representing one of the most impor- tant forces in the kingdom.In reply, Dr. Southgate thanked the meeting foi its cordial reception of his paper, and expressed his appreciation of the great help given him by the Mersey Docks and Harbour Board and local industrialists during the investigation. He also said that the Water Pollution Section were interested in the problem of the treatment of trade wastes and their effect on fisheries, though these points were not involved in the investigation described. The Annual Social Evening, to which guests, including ladies, were invited, was held at the Constitutional Club, Liver- pool, on 1st December. After dinner a variety entertainment, organised by Dr. Jasperson and Mr. H. Weatherall, was given, and the various items were enthusiastically received.The organisers were assisted by the following artistes:- Miss Alice Owen (Soprano), Mr. Selwyn Cash (Banjo), Mr. T. C. Williams (Violin), Mr. J. Murphy (’Cello), Dr. L. J. Burrage (Baritone) accompanied by Mrs. Burrage, Dr. H. M. Thompson (Monologue); accompanist, Mr. H. Weatherall. Two humorous sketches, written by Dr. R. W. H. O’Donnell, were also given, the players being Dr. H. M. Thompson, Mr. S. Paul, Mr. W. H. Pedelty, Dr. Jasperson and Dr. O’Donnell. Mr. B. D. W. Luff was the comph-e of the programme. London and South Eastern Counties.-The Annual Dance of the Section took place at the Prince’s Galleries, Piccadilly, on 28th October. This was thoroughly enjoyed by the members and their friends who participated. On the 16th November, the Annual General Meeting of the Section occurred at the Palace Hotel, Bloomsbury Street, W.C., under the Chairmanship of Dr. E.B. Hughes. The formal busi- ness included the election of the Officers and new mcmbers of the Committee :-Chairman, Dr. E. B. Hughes ;Vice-Chairmen, F. G. Edmed, R. F. Innes; Hon. Treasurer, C. A. Adams; Hon. Secre- tary, D. M. Freeland. Committee: FeZZows, E. Q. Laws, W. 0. K. 481 Wynn; Associates, M. P. Balfe, D. J. Saxby. Messrs. Rilham and Clarcmont were nominated and elected as Hon. Auditors. The Chairman thanked the retiring Officers and Members of Committee for their valuable assistance and reviewed the interesting programme arranged for the 1938-39 session.It may be recalled that in May the Section held a Golf Competition which was won by Mr. J. H. Heald. A cup pre- sented for this event by the Government Laboratory Staff Association, to be competed for annually, was formally presented to the winner, who was duly acclaimed, Then followed a Smoking Concert, including instrumental solos, songs and com- munity singing, recitations, monologues, conjuring and a series of cameo sketches, all performed by amateur talent drawn from members or their friends. On the 7th December, by the courtesy of the London Power Company, Ltd., a party of 40 members of the Section visited the Battersea Power Station. At the time of going to press an account of the visit has not come to hand.Malaya.-The Fourteenth Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at the College of Medicine, Singapore, on zznd April,-Mr. M. Jamieson in the Chair. The Annual Report and Statement of Accounts were received and adopted. The following Officers were elected:-Chairman, Mr. A. C. Brooks; Hon. Secretary and Treasurer, Mr. T. A. McCullagh; Assistant Hon. Secretary, Dr. K. C. Roberts; Committee, Mr. G. F. Clark, Mr. H. J. Page, Dr. I. A. Simpson, Dr. S.G. Willimott; Hon. Auditors, Mr. G. H. Clement and Mr. F. H. Geake. The Chairman, having welcomed new members to the Section, referred to the loss which it had sustained by the death of Mr. R. W. Blain, one of thc founders of the Section. During the past session, the Section had held five ordinary meetings, in addition to the Annual General Meeting.Members were reminded of the claims of the Benevolent Fund of the Institute. Vote of thanks were passed to the Principal of the College of Medicine, and to the retiring Officers and Members of the Com- mittee; also to the Directors of Ho Hong Oil Mills, Ltd., for their courtesy in arranging for the membeis to visit their refinery. Manchester and District.--A joint meeting of the Section, with Local Sections of the Society of Dyers and Colourists, Chemical Society and Society of Chemical Industry and the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, was held on 15th November, in the Manchester College of Technology. The meeting was arranged by the last named Society, whose Chairman, Mr.R. H. Clayton presided. Dr. H. D. Cott of Cambridge University gave a lecture entitled, “Camouflage in Nature and in War.” of which the following summary has been received. In the struggle for existence between animals of different species, visual perception plays a vital part. The coloration of many animals is such as greatly to reduce their visibility in nature. Concealing or deceptive coloration has been developed in relation to the two primary needs of the individual-food and safety; and its function is to facilitate the capture of prey, or escape from the pursuer. Owing largely to the recent develop- ments of aircraft for purposes of reconnaisance, photography and bombing, concealment and deception by camouflage have to-day become matters of essential importance.The problem of concealing coloration must be approached as a field study. Theoretically, visual concealment depends for its success upon the creation of optical illusions based upon fundamental principles of colour resemblance (the agreement in colour and tone between an object and the background against which it is seen); oblitera- tive shading (counter lightening and darkening which abolishes the appearance of roundness due to the effects of light and shade) ; disruptive coloration (a super-imposed configuration of con-trasted colours and tones serving to break up the surface and blur the outline); and shadow elimination (the screening or effacement of cast shadow by mientation or structural modifica- tions).The above effects which for optical reasons are those best calculated to diminish visibility, and to prevent or delay recognition, are those displayed in the cryptic colour schemes of various organisms; and they are, in the main, those on which every scheme of applied camouflage must be based. The lecture was illustrated by lantern slides. Newcastle and North-East Coast.-A Joint Meeting of this Section of the Institute with the Xorton Hall Scientific Society was held at Norton Hall, on 17th November. Dr. C. J. T. 4x3 Cronshaw, of the Imperial Chemical Industry Dyestuffs Group, Member of Council of the Institute, gave an address entitled bb In Quest of Colour.” The lecturer showed how the dyestuffs industry arose, how it prospered first in this country and afterwards in Germany, and how it ultimately drove out the natural colouring matters.The expansion of the textile industries called for a wider diversity of dyestuffs. Finally, he dealt with the great changes that came over the industry in this country during and after the Great War. The lecture was followed by a discussion in which many members took part: South Wales.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at Swansea, on 28th October, when Mr. E. Thornton was elected Chairman; Mr. E. E. Ayling, Hon. Secretary; and the following members of the Committee :-Professor J. E. Coates, Dr. W. A. Hayward, Dr. F. Heathcoat, Dr. I,. E. Hinkel, Mr. R. H. Jones and Mr. G. Madel.The meeting adopted resolutions in favour of the compilation by the Institute of a register of chemists, to be restricted to the present standard for the Associateship. The Section recog- nised, however, that it might also be necessary to consider the compilation of a Supplementary Register with less stringent qualifications. Members of the Section participated in a joint meeting arranged by the Chemical Society with the University College of Swansea Chemical Society, held on 10th November, in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, University College, Swansea,- Professor J. E. Coates in the Chair. A lecture was delivered by Professor J. W. Cook, F.R.S., on bb Chemical Carcinogenic Agents.” of which he has kindly supplied the following synopsis:- Cancer, similar to that found in man, may be produced experi- mentally in many organs of the animal body with a variety of synthetically prepared chemical compounds of known structure.The most widely studied of these have been polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons derived from I : a-benzanthracene or 3 : 4-benzphe-nmthrene, some of which are very potent in their carcinogenic 484 action. Other chemical cancer-producing agents include (a) a trypanocidal styryl quinoline derivative studied by C. H. Browning; (71) certain azo compounds mostly studied by Japanese workers; these compounds can produce cancer of the liver (4’-amino-a : 3’-azotoluene, P-dimethylaminoazobenzene) or of the urinary bladder (a : 3‘-azotoluene); (c) the virus-protein of the Shope rabbit papilloma.4’-Amino-2 :3’-azotoluene. 2:3‘-Azotoluene p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene. x :2-Benzanthracene. A survey of a series of compounds derived from I : a-benzanth-racene has shown that certain specific positions of substitution are favourable for the development of carcinogenic properties. This is especially so in the case of one of the meso positions (position IO),and a structural correlation between 3 :4-benzpyrene (a carcinogenic constituent of coal-tar) and methylcholanthrene (a compound prepared in the laboratory from cholesterol and the bile acids) is provided by the fact that these two potent cancer- producing hydrocarbons are both meso substituted derivatives of I : a-benzanthracene. The most active carcinogenic compound so far encountered is the benzanthracene hydrocarbon in which both meso positions are occupied by methyl groups.This compound gives tumours of the skin of mice which make their first appearance after 35 days under conditions which for methylcholanthrene require about 75 days, and for 3 : 4-benz-pyrene about IOO days. 3 : 4-Benzphenanthrene is the parent hydrocarbon of another group of cancer-producing agents and is itself slightly active. a-Methyl-3 :4-benzphenanthrene and I : z : 3 : 4-dibenzphenan-threne are both highlyactive, and a new series of 3 :4-benzphenan-threne derivatives synthesised by C. L. Hewett is now under test. In the discussion which followed the following took part: Dr. L. E. Hinkel, Mr. E.E. Ayling, Dr. A. F. Sladden, 485 Dr. E. Rees, Dr. H. R. Tighe, Prof. F. Mockeridge, and Mr. T. J. Wells. A meeting was held jointly with the Local Section of the Institute of Petroleum on 9th December, at the Hotel Metropole, Swansea,-Mr. W. C. Mitchell in the Chair. Professor D. M. Newitt, who kindly deputised at short notice for Professor A. C. G. Egerton, F.R.S., delivered a lecture entitled “Engine Knock and its Effect on Fuel Development.” ‘‘ Knock in an internal combustion engine is a phenomenon associated with the burning of the combustible-air mixture under turbulent conditions in a heated enclosure. During the time the flame is traversing the combustion chamber, the unburnt gases ahead of it are being subjected to radiation from the flame, adiabatic compression with consequent rise of temperature and heating by contact with the walls.A slow reaction is initiated and various intermediate products of combustion such as aldehydes, peroxides and peracids are formed. One or more of these substances by decomposition or further oxidation form centres from which a “branched ” chain reaction starts, resulting in a rapid rise of pressure and the setting up of compression waves in the gas. The association of “knock ” with a branched chain reaction explains why very small quantities of “anti-knock ” agents are able to produce a profound change in the combustion characteristics of a “knocking ” fuel. All the straight-chain paraffins, with the possible exception of methane, exhibit the phenomenon of “knock,” the tendency increasing with increasing length of chain.Branched chain paraffins, olefines and aromatic fuels have comparatively high ‘‘ knock ” ratings and recently certain ethers and ketones have been found to belong to the same class in respect of their combustion characteristics. Since “knock ” is determined by the reactivity of the unburnt gases ahead of the flame, there should be a relation between the “knock rating ” of a fuel and its ignition temperature. Townend has examined this question and has found that in all cases of “knocking” fuels there is a low temperature ignition region conditioned by the pressure, and he has shown that the “octane” numbers of a series of fuels fall into the same order as their critical ignition pressures.In the case of synthetic fuels as, for example, the petrols formed by the hydrogenation of coal, it has been found that the 486 proportions of straight-chain and branched paraffins, naphthenes and aromatic constituents can be varied by the use of specific catalysts, in such a way as to produce fuels of high octane number. The lecture gave rise to a keen discussion in which the following participated:-Professor J. E. Coates, Dr. Maxwell, Mr. E. S. Squire, Mr. E. Thornton, Mr. E. E. Ayling and Dr. W. S. Nathan. South Yorkshire.-On 27th October at the Technical College, Rotherham,-Dr. E. Gregory in the Chair-Dr. A. H. Jay, of The United Steel Companies, Ltd., gave a paper entitled “The Application of X-Rays to the Study of Refractory Mat er i a1 s.” The author treated the subject in a simple manner, attempting to bridge the gap between the scientific attitudes of the chemist, metallurgist and engineer on the one hand, and the X-ray physicist on the other.Solid matter may be regarded as being of two kinds, crystal- line (silica rock, magnesia, dolomite, etc.) and amorphous (fused silica, acid slag, etc.), though the terms are only relative, indicating the extent of regular ato.mic arrangement. X-rays, on encoun-tering matter, are scattered by individual atoms and thus a means is provided for determining the atomic arrangement of them. Each substance has its own X-ray pattern, a fact which makes identification possible, when examining unknown samples.X-ray methods which require single crystals of macroscopic size are not of general application. The method favoured is the powder method. Camera construction, preparation of specimen and recording of the X-ray photograph were discussed and illus- trated by slides. The use of larger cameras and/or radiation of longer wave-length as a means of separating line reflections on the photograph for the purpose of identifying constituents present, was discussed. The experimental procedure for estimating the degree of crystallinity of constituents was then described. Examples were taken from magnesia, silica and chromites, and correlation of X-ray data with other physical properties was dealt with. It was shown how results from X-ray analysis were becoming increasingly valuable in determining the quality of steelworks, refractory materials.487 Science and Leadership. (The opinions expressed in this article are those of the con-tributor, and not necessarily of the Council of the Institute.) It is generally acknowledged that all industry and every department of life are dependent, in some degree, upon science. If this be true, the responsibility of scientists is unique. It is confidently hoped that by accepting the implications of such responsibility, they will take their part in moulding public opinion, in directing policy and in bringing sanity into world affairs. If this hope is to be realised, two qualities are essential to scientist s-an objective outlook and administrative or executive ability.The first of these has long been considered a scientific attribute and it is the main reason for supposing that, in difficult fields where others have failed, scientists may succeed. The second quality, however, has not been commonly accorded to scientists, although the post-war years have seen an increasing number attain to executive positions. Nevertheless, leadership has largely been denied to them. There has been a general feeling that they do not desire it, or, in some indefinable way, are unsuited to it. This arises, in part no doubt, from the suppo- sition, which until comparatively recently was an established tradition, that the humanities provide the suitable training for leadership. It must be confessed, also, that few scientists have challenged the old tradition by taking up public service in a manner that would bring them before men as leaders.More than most other men they find their greatest interest in their profession and this has satisfied them to the exclusion of external affairs. Scientists have not sought office, and public opinion has not expected them to seek it. The door of opportunity is now open, however, and the chance for the technical man to help to shape policy was never so great as to-day. Scientists appear, for example, on the boards of progressive firms, and there is no evidence so far to prove that they are in any way inferior to their colleagues. There are then, men of science who possess administrative abilities combined with technical skill.They are not all Fellows 488 of the Royal Society or Doctors of Science-criteria by which scientists are usually judged-but they are, rather, men who, in addition to their scientific qualifications and technical skill, possess that further quality which we term leadership. It should occasion no surprise that scientists possess this quality. It cannot be restricted to men of one class of attainments. It is unreasonable to suppose that a man trained in the humanities will perforce possess it while a man trained in, say, physics or chemistry will not; yet hitherto the former has expected and received administrative responsibility and the latter has neither sought nor found it.Nevertheless, even making allowance for the lack of oppor-tunity, there seems to be less evidence of administrative ability among scientists than among lawyers, classicists, historians and the like. Is it possible that there is something in a scientific training that unfits a man for executive positions? The benefit of an objective outlook may be accompanied by a drawback. It seems likely that concentration on the sciences, the physical sciences in particular, with the stress they lay on quantitative factors, may dull the mind to considerations of quality; and it is the sense of quality that, more than anything else, makes an administrator. The aspect of his training that teaches the scientist to think exactly and precisely may perhaps rob him of his value as an administrator.In the realms of human relation- ships, finance, economics or politics, there are no blacks or whites but varying shades of grey. Generally speaking, perhaps, they cannot be assessed in the quantitative terms of the scientist, but must be examined qualitatively-in finance, for example, balancing, without exact knowledge, the value of goods received against money or credit expended. If this view of the drawbacks of a scientific education is correct, then future generations of scientists are likely to be worse off than those of the past; for science shows signs of becoming both increasingly mathematical and divorced from reality. The old-time organic chemist who could rhapsodise over the form and colour of crystals had, in some small degree, the sense of quality which opportunity could soon develop.A modern crystal is something to be measured, or to be examined for Smekal cracks, but not to be enjoyed for its own sake. Mathematics is doubtless necessary, but a large part of the beauty of the theory of valency is lost in the mathematical theory of the electron. 489 Even the vocabulary has been affected. What would once have been a beautiful piece of work has become a sound piece of mathematics. There were flights of imagination in the old days. Kekule was not afraid to dream on the top of a bus. To-day there is a passionless procession from one formula to the next. There is no longer even a concern for the physical signifi- cance of the formula.It is in itself the end, the successful end, of research. If, by its nature, science limits the appreciation of the quality of things, this is intensified by the recently acquired habit of youthful specialisation. Sir Charles Grant Robertson wrote that there was need for the humanising of the physical sciences. ''This latter is indeed" he said" a crying need to-day, with the increasing specialisation of young students within the narrow pen of a single branch of physical science and with the increasing danger of breeding a really illiterate and dehumanised race of specialised scientists who know-and, what is far worse, care-nothing for anything outside the narrow plot that they themselves have assiduously tilled." This early narrowing of the field is fatal to those who hope to become leaders.It may be a good thing, as a specialist, to know more and more about less and less, but it is a bad thing for an administrator, who must know more and more about-more and more. One of the most successful members of the chemical profession, a man who has achieved distinction as a scientist, an F.R.S., and an administrator in both the academic and the business worlds, revealed lately the kind of training that he had received. Educated as a chemist, he studied also physics and mathematics. He travelled and studied abroad. He also studied geology, botany and bacteriology and, more important perhaps than all these, in all his travels and technical training he studied men.Another well-known chemist, also an F.R.S., once admitted that he preferred the laboratory to the office because, in the former, he could predict what wodd happen. Naturally he could; he had spent thirty years of his life in it. Men cannot be studied in the laboratory or in the cloistered sequestration of the academic calm. The successful executive must know men as he knows the more technical sides of his subject. So far, the following points have been made. Scicrice-and from the point of view of this journal we may confile this to chemical science-may, by its very nature, tend to ritifit many of its students for administrative positions. Its recent tendencies towards mat hematical abstraction and premature specialisation may have immeasurably increased this handicap.It provides little scope for acquiring the knowledge of men that is so essential to the administrator. These drawbacks arise, partly from the time it exacts from its devotees before they become proficient, partly from the absorbing interest of the sub- ject itself and partly from the unreal and somewhat emasculated world in which scientists live so long as they confine themselves to their laboratories. Administrators there must be, and scientists should be among them, for they have peculiar gifts to bring to the task. How, then, are the handicaps to be surmounted? From the analysis given it seems reasonable to look to the early training. There must be no specialisation before entering the university, and this entry should not be at too early an age.The advantages of a broad basis of knowledge carried to an advanced stage cannot be overestimated. Concentration on a limited field immediately after matriculation is one of the most dangerous practices of modern education. Specialisation at school is bad in any subject but in training for a career in science it is suicidal. The chemistry course at the university needs to be lengthened. It has been stabilised at four years for many years, and during all that time the subject has been growing. Of course students specialise to-day. There is no longer time for the absorption of the whole subject or, what is perhaps more important, for the absorption of its philosophy. In four short years it is impossible to master the intricacies of advanced mathematics, the wave mechanical theory of matter, the electronic theories of valency, the views of Lennard-Jones, of Mott, of Hinshelwood, of Heitler and London, of Sidgwick, of Polanyi, of Ingold, of Rideal, of the Braggs and scores of others. Students need more time, so that these things can be attacked after a sound basis of fact has been established and a mature critical faculty developed. It cannot be denied that such a suggestion presents difficulties but they are not insurmountable.More time would have advantages in other directions too. It would allow of the adoption of an American custom that has much to recommend it, namely, the introduction of one or more subjects, not strictly necessary for the attainment of degree standard, and preferably unconnected with the degree work.Each student could choose for himself from a list of acceptable subjects those which gppealed most to him and it would be unnecessary to pursue these studies to the extent required for a degree. The object of these additional studies would be to provide, in training at least, that more extensive outlook on life that makes for a true appreciation of quality. More time, too, would allow science students to take a greater part in student activities than the demands of the present course permit, with its dual requircments of wide reading and laboratory attendance. There is need also for reform in the Ph.D. degree system.There are few who do not believe that in many universities this degree is now obtained with a minimum of benefit to the student, and some would go so far as to abolish the degree altogether. Why not improve its character by the introduction of advanced courses either in specialised sections of the subject or in its more speculative aspects as well as an elementary piece of research ? It is desirable, moreover, that students of science should travel. It is too expensive for all to participate in this, but on a limited scale the same end may be obtained by forbidding a man to take a Ph.D. degree in theuniversityin which hegraduated. Let him go elsewhere and see new men with new ideas, and let him realise that much of what his professors have told him is not a gospel, but a point of view.No student worth his salt, in any university worth the name, has any more to learn frcm his professors by the time he has graduated. This does not imply that he has learned all the chemistry they can teach him, but rather that, if he has been properly trained, he can get that from books and papers, and he is at a stage when a point of view is of more importance than a fact. For four yeais he has absorbed one viewpoint and it is high time that he realised that there are others; so let him proceed to another university. Good though this may be, it cannot be supposed that it is any- thing more than a substitute for foreign travel. For students who show the gleam of leadership, opportunities should be created to escape the rut by travel and study in a foreign land.Not only should students be forbidden to study for a Ph.D. degree in their Alma Mater, but the practice of giving them appointments within it must be condemned. The life blood of scientific faculties must be constantly renewed from outside for the sake of the universities and of the students within them. Let the students have contact even in their earliest days with a staff drawn from Manchester, London, Leeds, Edinburgh and as many others as can be afforded. More interchange and still 492 more interchange is necessary so that the student world may realise that the scientific world is more than the stagnant pool it too often appears to be in any single academic spot.Further, there might conceivably be advantages in insisting that no chemist be appointed to an academic post until after he had spent a suitable time in industry. Let him learn to handle his subject before he begins to teach it, and let him meet the problems that will later confront his students. The teaching of chemistry might thus gain much in virility-but this is a digression. What then has been done for the student ? Has he been made an administrator? No! Has he been taught to be an executive? No! But he has been given an opportunity. The obstacles that his chosen study would place in his path have been removed. Any disadvantageous influences of a scientific training have been counteracted. His ,future, however, is still his own.Only the germ of leadership within him can make him a leader. It cannot be implanted by his teachers but it may be suppressed as a result of his training. The wisdom of his superiors can, in his early years, so widen the student’s horizons that he may seek a knowledge of the world, and gather for himself the experience without which there never was a successful administrator. D.W.H. 493 Notes. Sir George Beilby Memorial Awards.-The Adminis-trators of the Beilby Memorial Fund-the Presidents, Treasurers and Secretaries of the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institute of Metals respectively-have announced awards of one hundred guineas each to Frank Philip Bowden, M.Sc. (Tasmania), Ph.D.(Cantab.), and Brynmor Jones, D.Sc. (Wales), F.I.C. Dr. Bowden was educated at the Hutchins School, Hobart, and at the University of Tasmania. He took his B.Sc. degree at this University in 1924 and began research work on electro-chemical problems with Professor A. L. McAulay. He was appointed Demonstrator in Physics and in 1926 took the MSc. degree with first class honours and was awarded the Overseas Studentship of the Exhibition of 1851. He went up to Cambridge in 1927, entered Gonville and Caius College and continued electrochemical work in the laboratory of physical chemistry with Professor E. K. Rideal and Professor T. M. Lowry. He took the Ph.D. degree and was awarded a Rockefeller International Research Fellowship and a Senior Studentship of the Exhibition of 1851.In 1931 he was elected to a Research Fellowship at Caius College and was appointed University Demonstrator in Chemistry. He was later elected to an Official Fellowship and appointed Director of Studies and College Lecturer. In 1937he was appointed to the Humphrey Owen Jones Lectureship in Physical Chemistry and took the Sc.D. degree. The results of the research of Dr. Bowden and his collaborators have been published in various scientific journals. His electro- chemical work has been mainly on overpotential and the mech- anism of electrodeposition. His other work on the physical properties of surfaces has an important bearing on the problems of friction, lubrication and wear. Some of this work, which has shown that the local temperature of sliding metals may be suffi-ciently high to cause surface melting, throws considerable light on the process of polishing and the mechanism of formation of the Reilby Layer.494 Dr. B. Jones, after the war, in which he served in the Royal Flying Corps and the Royal Air Force, studied metallurgy from 1919 to 1922 at the University College, Cardiff, under Professor A. E. Read, D.Met., F.I.C. He obtained the B.Sc. degree in 1922, and was then employed at the Dowlais Cardiff Steelworks of Guest, Keen and Nettlefolds, Ltd., where he was chiefly engaged in the Siemens open-hearth melting shop. Afterwards he joined the laboratory staff of Partington Steel and Iron Co., Ltd., Irlam, near Manchester, and was later appointed to the staff of G.Rudd Thompson and Partners, Ltd. of Newport, Mon., during which time he became an Associate of the Institute of Chemistry. From 1927 to 1929 he was attached to the Metal- lurgical Branch of the Research Department of Woolwich Arsenal, and subsequently was appointed lecturer in metallurgy at University College, Cardiff. He became a Fellow of the Institute of Chemistry in 1930, and received the degree of MSc. in the same year. He was awarded D.Sc. this year. Dr. Jones has devised many methods for metallurgical analyses. He contributed a chapter on the determination of gases in steel to “Recent Advances in Analytical Chemistry,” edited by Dr. C. Ainsworth Mitchell. His outstanding published work has been on the subject of the nitrogen-hardening and on the heat-treatment of steels, which has been appearing in the Transactions of the Iron and Steel Institute. In 1933 he was awarded the Carnegie Gold Medal of the Iron and Steel Institute for his paper on the nitriding properties of chromium and aust enit ic steels.At the Science Museum, South Kensington, an Exhibition- “Science in the Army”-will remain open for a period of three months from 18th November. The purpose of the Exhibi- tion is to illustrate the British Army’s working partnership with Science, how the modern army strives to keep abreast of scientific development and how it makes the fullest use of science through- out its complex organisation. (Open from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m.on Mondays, Tuesdays and Wednesdays; from 10a.m. to 8 p.m. on Thursdays, Fridays and Saturdays; 2.30 p.m. to 6.30 p.m. on Sundays.) An illustrated handbook, containing a commentary on the Exhibition by Mr. Anthony Amstrong, can be obtained at the Museum, or from H.M. Stationery Office, 6d. (by post 7d.). 495 A Scientific Club at York.-Although the majority of chemists will not have heard of it, there has been in existence for over thirteen years, a chemical club in York called the Graham Club. Since its foundation, in 1925, the Club has successfully fulfilled its original object of providing a focus of scientific and social interest for chemists. Attendance at meetings has hitherto been restricted to members and privileged guests, but the Club now offers a cordial invitation to chemists generally, to attend meetings, which will be announced in this journal from time to time, under “Coming Events.” Meetings are held at the Royal Station Hotel, York, at 8 p.m.Two of special interest may now be noted, uiz., the visit of Mr. H. W. Cremer, on Tuesday, 7th March, 1939, to speak on the subject-“New Chemists for Old,’’ and that of Dr. S. J. Gregg, who has chosen the title “From the Ponderable to the Impon- derable” for an address to be given on Tuesday, 28th March, 1939. Annual Chemical Dinner.-Professor F.G. Donnan, C.B.E., F.R.S., presided at the Annual Chemical Dinner and Dance, held at the Connaught Rocms, Great Queen Street, Kingsway, London, W.C.2, on aznd November, 1938, in which the Institute and other chemical organisations participated.Manchester Chemical Club.-The second Ivan Levinstein Memorial Lecture was delivered by Professor A. G. Green, F.R.S., at the Manchester Chemical Club, on 23rd November, -Dr. Herbert Levinstein, President of the Club, in the Chair. Professor Green spoke on “Manchester Chemistry and Chemists of the Nineties,” recalling prominent figures during the period 1894-1901, when he was Manager of the Clayton Aniline Company’s dyestuffs department. Dr. Edward Frankland Armstrong, F.R.S., FeZZow, has been appointed a Director of the South Suburban Gas Company, in place of the late Dr. Charles Carpenter. The recommendation of the Council of the Royal Society for the award of a Royal Medal to Dr.Francis William Aston, F.R.S., FeZZow, for his discovery of the isotopes of non-radio- active elements, has received the approval of H.M. The King. Professor George Earger, F.R.S., Fellow, has been awarded the Davy Medal of the Royal Society, in recognition of his researches on alkaloids and other natural products. 496 At a recent session of the Health Section of the League of Nations, Dr. Charles Herbert Hampshire, Fellow, was appointed Chairman of the International Commission to promote uniformity of standards for patent medicines. Mr. Ernest Brooks Naylor, FeZZuw, has retired, after 33 years’ service as head of the Chemistry Department of the Wigan and District Mining and Technical College. The title of Professor Emeritus of Chemistry in the University of London, has been conferred on Dr.Samuel Smiles, F.R.S., Fellow, on his retirement from the Daniel1 Chair of Chemistry, at King’s College. Professor Thomas Sherlock Wheeler, Fellow, Principal of the Royal Institute of Science, Bombay, has been appointed State Chemist, Eire. The Lord President of the Council has appointed Dr. G. Stafford Whitby, at present Director of the Division of Chemistry, National Research Council, Canada, and formerly Professor of Chemistry at McGill University, Montreal, to be Director of the Chemical Research Laboratory, Teddington, in succession to Sir Gilbert Morgan, F.R.S., Fellow, who retired on 30th September. Dr. Whitby is expected to take up his duties early in 1939.British Association for the Advancement of Science.-Professor E. K. Rideal, M.B.E., F.R.S., Fellow, will be the Presi- dent of the Chcmistry section at the Annual Meeting in 1939. Achema 1X.-The German Society for Chemical Engineering has announced that Achema IX-the Chemical Engineering Exhibition-will be held at Frankfurt a.M., from 28th June to 7th July, 1940, on the occasion of the General Meeting of German chemists and of the Second International Chemical Engineering Congress, which will be held at the same time. The Edison Swan Electric Ccmpany announce the permanent establishment of a collection of historic lamps, inaugurated by Professor A. P. M. Fleming, President of the Institution of Electrical Engineers, as a free public museu.m, at 155, Charing Cross Road, W.C.2.The exhibits ncmbering over 250 have been accumulated since Sir Joseph Swan made the first practical incandescent lamp in 1878. The museum is open from 9 a.m. to 5.30 p.m. on week-days, and 9 a.m. to 12 noon on Saturdays. 497 Obituary. WILLIAMPORTERDREAPERdied on the 2nd December at the age of 70 years. Born at Ilford, the son of Mr.J. S. Dreaper, he was educated at the City and Guilds of London Technical College, Finsbury, where he studied chemistry for three years under Professors Armstrong and Meldola. In 1888, he was appointed general chemist to illessrs. Grout & Co., Silk Crape Works, Ponders End, Middleses, where his work consisted of te:ting dyes, textile fabrics, etc., and the fitting up of new dyeing machinery and plant.In 1896, in conjunction with H. K. Tompkins, he developed the production of artificial filaments from zinc chloride solutions of cellulose, and later discovered the process of stretch-drying and a process for the electrolytic production of designs on copper rolls for embossing fabrics, etc. He was honorary consulting chemist to the Silk Association. During the War, ho was s-qerintendent of H.M. Factories at SGtton Oak and Elleamere Port. In 1920, he was appointed an OXcer of the Most Eucellent Order of the British Empire. He was founder and honorary secretary of the League of Science, and honorary secretary of the Central Agricultural and Scientific Bibliography, Science Museum.He edited a series of test-books, entitled “Tevt Books of Chernical Research and Engineering,” and was for a short time editor of the Chernical World. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1888, and a Fellow in 1892. In 1913, he gave a lecture before the Institute, on “The Research Chemist in Works, with special reference to the Textile Industry.” He served on the Council from 1911 to 1914. WILLIANSETTENGILLESdied on 2nd December at Braintree, at the age of 62 years. He was educated at the City and Guilds of London Institute, Central Technical College, where he studied chemistry for three years under Professor H. E. Armstrong, obtaining the Associateship of the College in chemistry in 1896. He subsequently spent two years there in research on terpenes,-one year as Leathersellers’ Company Research Fellow.In 1898, he obtained the post of research chemist to Messrs. Courtauld s Ltd., Braintres, and was engaged in chemical and technical investigations on raw and manufactured silk. The following year he was appointed assistant manager in the textile department of the same firm, and eventually held the position of consulting chemist at their silk factory at Bocking. He was elected an Associate in 1899, and a Fellow in 1902. 498 WJLLIAMHENRYMERRETTdied on the 29th October, in his 66th year. Born at Wallington, Surrey, he was educated at St. Olave’s School, and in 1891 entered the Royal School of Mines, where he studied metallurgy under the late Sir William Roberts-Austen, obtaining the diploma of Associate with first class honours in metallurgy three years later.In 1892, he was appointed research assistant at the Royal Mint, where he was engaged in research on physical metallurgy with the late Sir William Roberts-Austen, who held the dual post of professor of metallurgy at the Royal School of Mines and chemist and assayer of the Royal Mint. In conjunction with the late M. Osmond and Professor le Chatelier, Merrett constructed the first apparatus for recording the differential cooling of steel, giving to the industry valuable knowledge which allowed of the practical development of alloy steels and their manipulation. In 1901, he was appointed instructor in the metallurgy department of the Royal School of Mines, later becoming assistant professor, a post he held until his retirement in 1937.He was keenly interested in the Territorial Army. During the Tliar, he was in charge of various coast defence and anti-aircraft units and later was instructor in metallurgy, chemistry and explosives at the Ordnance College. He was awarded the Territorial Decoration and Long Service Medal. He was elected a Fellow in 1905, and served as an examiner in metal- lurgical chemistry from 1923-28, and in Branch A: Inorganic Chemistry, from 1936-38. At his funeral the Institute was represented by Mr. E. A. Wraight, C.I.E. HARRY died at Malvern on 11th December, in his 74th year. SILVESTER He was educated at the Bridge Trust School, Handsworth, and at Mason College, Birmingham, where he studied under Professor-later Sir-JYilliam Tilden, Dr. 17?.J. ,T. Nicol arid Professor Thomas Turner. He became assistant chemist to the 33rymbo Iron and Steel Company, where he remained for about eighteen months. In 1887, he was appointed chemist to Messrs. J. Kr. S. Roberts, West Bromwich, with whom he was engaged mainly in metallurgical analysis. A few years later he established a consulting practice in Birmingham, from which he retired only eighteen months ago. He was public analyst and official agricultural analyst for the Boroughs of Dudley and West Bromwich, and was also gas examiner for the latter Borough. He was elected an Associate in 1888 and a Fellow in 1891. He served as a Member of Council from 1917 to 1920 and from 1923 to 1!)26, and was also a member of the Public Appointnients Committee. At his funeral the Institute ,vas represented by Mr.J. R. Johnson, Member of Council, and Mr. 1’.C. Humphreys. Mr. FRANK Sculptor and Medal Engraver, died at Chiswick BOWCHER, on 6th December, after a short illness. Mr. Bowchsr executed the Frank- land Medal of the Institute, and the Meldola Medal, which the Society of Maccabaeans presents each year, on the awardof the Council of the Institute. Among other medals of interest to chemist,s and scient,ists, he produced the Horace Brown Medal for the Institute of Brewing, the Medal of Sir William Osler for Oxford University, and the Medal of William Whitaker, Geologist. 499 Books and their Contents.The following books have been kindly presented by the authors and publishers and may be seen in the Library of the Institute :-“Aluminium Bronze.” Pp. 52. (London: Copper Develop ment Association.) Introduction; general properties of aluminium bronze ; the alpha of cold working aluminium bronzes ; aluminium bronzes for hot working : for casting; corrosion resistance ; production and fabrication; industrial applications ; appendix ; bibliography ; specifications; and index. “Bessel Functions,” Introduction to. F. Bowman. Pp. x + 136. (London, New York and Toronto: Longmans, Green & Co.) 10s. 6d. net. Bessel functions of zero order; applications ; modified Bessel functions; definite integrals ; asymptotic expansions ; Bessel functions of any real order; applications ;index.“Cattle Fodder and Human Nutrition ; With special reference to Biological Nitrogen Fixation. Artturi I. Virtanen. Pp. vii + 108. (Cambridge University Press.) 7s. 6d. The inechariism of the biological N-fixation ; symbiosis of the leguminous plants with the legume bacteria; the production of vitamins in agricul- ture, with special reference t’o human nutrition ; the A.I.V. method for the preservation of fresh fodder and its importance in agriculture ; general survey ;index. “German Grammar for Chemists and Other Science Students ” ; with Simple Graded Readings based on Vocabu- lary and Syntax Frequency Studies. John T. Fotos and John L. Bray. Pp. viii + 324. (New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., and London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 11s.net. “Cellulose, An Introduction to the Chemistry of .” J. T. Marsh and F. C. Wood. Foreword by Sir Kenneth Lee. Pp. xxvi + 432. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 21s. net. Part I: The occurrence and general properties of cellulose; Part 11: dis- persed cellulose ; Part I11: modified cellulose ; Part IV : derivatives ; Part V : constitution and structure appendix; density tables; author index ; subject index ; list of patent specifications ; abbreviations fop reference to joiimals. 500 “Chemistry, Second Year College.” W. H. Chapin. 4th Edition, revised by W. H. Chapin and Luke E. Steiner. Pp. xvi + 408. (New York: John Wylie & Sons, Inc., London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) gs.6d. net. Structure of matter; gas laws; laws governing change of state; Avogadro’s law and molecular weights ;the quantitative laws and chemical combina- tion ; atomic hypothesis and atomic weights ; symbols, formulae, and equations ;chemical calculations; chemical valence ; classification of the elements ; periodic system; rays from vacuum tubes, radio activity ; atomic structure and valence ; atomic transmutations; solubility and super-saturation; concentration ; freezing points and boiling points of solutions ; osmotic pressure : Van’t Hofi’s generalisation; acids, bases and salts ;homogeneous equilibrium ;neutralisation indicators and acid- alkali titrations ; heterogeneous equilibrium ; colloids; electrochemistry ; table of logarithms; index.L‘Chemistry, Practical, €or Intermediate Students.” M. L. Sitaraman. Pp. vi + 134 (interleaved). (St. Joseph’s Industrial School Press, Trichinopoly.) Part I: Bunsen burner, etc., and construction of washbottle; balance; box of weights and measuring vessels; mixtures and compounds; laws of chemical combination ; oxygen ; vapour density of gases ; hydrogen ; water, hydrates and hydrogen peroxide ; equivalent weights ; halogens ; hydrogen halides ; oxygen compounds of the halogens ;sulphur ;nitrogen, ammonia, nitric acid and nitrous acid ; phosphorus ; carbon ; silicon and boron. Part 11: volumetric analysis. Part 111: qualitative analysis. “Organic and Bio-Chemistry.” R. H. A. Plimmer. 6th Edition. Pp. x + 624.(London: Longmans, Green & Co.) 21s. Definitions ; recognition of an organic compound ; isolation and prepara- tion of pure organic compounds; criteria of their purity; composition of organic compounds, identification of an organic compound ; hydro-carbons; halogen derivativos of the hydrocarbcns ; alcohols; esters : ethers; mercaptans and sulphides ; aldehydes ; ketones ; the fatty acids; halogen substitution derivatives of the fatty acids ; acid, or acyl, chlorides; acid anhydrides ; amides ; amines ; cyanogen compounds ; cyanic acid and urea; hydroxy-, lieto- and dibasic acids; unsaturated alcohols, aldehydes, and fatty acids ; the amino acids ; carbocyclic and heterocyclic compounds ; aromatic compounds ; benzene and its mono-substitutional derivatives ; disubstitution derivatives of benzene; tri -and tetra-substitution derivatives of benzene ; complex aromatic compounds ; pyridine and its derivatives.Quinoline and isoquinoline; furane, thiophene, pyrrole, and their derivatives; the polyhydric alcohols; fats and oils; waxes; lecit’hinos, or lipines; the carbohydrates ; estimation of carbohydrates ; higher amines, diamines, cholamine, choline, betaines ; guanidirie and its derivatives ; ureidos, glyoxaline and pyrimidine ; purines; nucleic acids; hydro-aromatic compounds ;indole and its derivatives; t’healkaloids; pigments; proteins; different groups of proteins ; general reactions of proteins ; proteins of eggs, muscle, and other animal tissues; proteins of plants; milk; fermenta- tion ; enzymes: digestion; the blood; analysis of lolood ; metabolism ; 501 composition of food stuffs; respiratory exchange; urine; colloids and colloidal solutions ; hydrogen-ion concentration ; tables ;list of reagents ; index.“Chemical Microscopy, Handbook of.” E. M. Chamot and C. W. Mason. Vol. I. Principles and Use of Microscopes and Accessories; Physical Methods for the Study of Chemical Problems. and Edition. Pp. xvi + 478. (New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ; London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 22s. Gd. The optical system of a microscope; microscopes for use in chemical laboratories;illumination of transparent objects ;light sources ;illumina-tion of opaque objects; methods for the preparation of materials for microscopical study; special methods for interpretation of appearances and observation of physical properties ; ultramicroscopy ; photomicro-graphy and microprojection; the study of doubly refracting materials by means of the polarising microscope ; chemical crystallography ; preparation of crystals for study; determination of refractive indices of liquids and solids ; microscopical measurements ; particle size deter- minations ; quantitative analyses of heterogeneous mixtures ; appendix.“Colloidal Solutions, The Physical Properties of .” E. F. Burton. 3rd Edition, prepared with the assistance of M. A. Smith. Pp. viii + 236. (London, New York and Toronto: Longmans, Green & Co.) 15s. Colloidal solutions defined ; historical background ; classification and preparation of colloidal solutions ; forces regulating the size of colloidal particles; the ultra-microscope ; the Brownian movement ; the distribu- tion of particles in a colloidal solution; macroscopic equilibrium and microscopic fluctuu tions ; determination of Avogadro’s Number ; the optical properties of colloidal solutions ; the size of colloidal particles ; electrokinetic phenomena; the coagulation of colloidal solutions, conclusion; subject Index; author index.“Gas Works Effluents and Ammonia.” Arthur Key. Pp. 152. (London : Institution of Gas Engineers.) 5s. Preface ; gas-works ammoniacnl liquor ; its nature and composition; recovery of ammonia, from amxnoniacal liquor ; composition and treat- ment of town sewage; discharge of gas-works liquors to sewers; the effect of gas-works liquors on sewage treatment ; other methods of disposal of gas-works waste liquors ; methods of improvement in liquor production at gas-works ;the fertilising properties of gas-works ammonia products; the recovery of ammonia as ammonium sulphate with the use of sulphuric acid; utilisation of ammonia for the purification of coal- gas ; the manufacture of ammonium bicarbonate ; the manufacture of concentrated gas liquor; appendices : methods of analysis of ammoniacal and spent liquors, and methods of analysis of concentrated gas liquor; methods of examination of sewage ;literature ;references ;subject index.1i Oil Shale and Cannel Coal.” Pp. xx + 476. (London :The Institute of Petroleum.) 30s. Report of the proceedings of a Conference held in Scotland, June, 1938, embodying a brief biography of James Young, and upwards of 30 papers relating to the industry.502 “Organic Chemistry, Laboratory Manual of Harry L. Fisher. 4th Edition. Pp. xxvi + 412. (New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; London: Chapman and Hall, Ltd.) 13s. 6d. Part I : Laboratory experiments ; Part I1: Organic combustions; deter- mination of carbon and hydrogen ;determination of nitrogen ;determina-tion of halogens, sulfur and phosphorus. “Pharmacognosy. A Text Book of.‘’ G. E. Trease, with contributions by R. Bienfang, WT. R. Heading, H. M. Hirst, H. 0. Meek, A. H. Ware. 3rd Edition. Pp. xii -/-740. (London: Baillikre, Tindall & Cox.) 21s.General principles; microscopy; drugs of vegetable origin ; drugs of animal origin ;physical and chemical methods of drug analysis ; maps; glossary of Latin words used in naming species, and index. “Pharmacopoeia, The Extra.” (W. H.) Martindale. 21st Edition. Vol 11. Pp. xxxvi + 1148. (London: ThePharma- ceutical Press.) 22s. 6d. Published by direction of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. “Chemical Composition of the Earth’s Crust in the East Indian Archipelago, Contributions to the Knowledge of .” I, The Spectrographic Determination of the Elements According to Arc Methods in the Range 3600-5000 A. 11, On the Occurrence of Rarer Elements in the Netherlands East Indies. W. van Tongeren. Pp. xii + 182.(Amsterdam: D. B. Centen’s Uitgevers-Maatschappij N.V.) 11s. Illustrations; introduction. Part I: the spectrographic determination of t’he elements according to arc methods in the range 3600-5000 A.; apparatus and other requirements ; operating technique; determination of the elements. Part 11: on the occurrence of rarer elements in the Netherlands East Indi es ; determination of a number of rarer elements in rocks and minerals of the East Indian archipelago; index. “Tar and its Products. Standard Methods €or Testing.” Standardisation of Tar Products Tests Committee. 2nd Edition. Pp. xiv + 434. (London: 166, Piccadilly, W.I.) 21s. General principles; crude tar, refined tar, includiiig road tar; crude benzole; light and middle oils ; refined lower boiling products ; carbolic and cresylic acids ; naphthalene; t,ar bases ; creosote oil ; crude anthra- cene; pitch; appendixes.“Wood Pulp.” Julius Grant. (Vol. I1 of a New Series of Plant Science Books.) Pp. xii + 210. (Leiden, Holland: Chronica Botanica Co.) 7pddm net. General introduction ; historical ; cellulose and the wood fibre ; identifi-cation and evaluation of pulping woods; the preparation of wood for 503 pulping; the mechanical or groundwood process; tho sulphite process, description and chemistry; the sulphite process, practical considerations and plant: the alkaline processes, theory, general description and chemistry ; the alkaline processes, practical consider&tions and plant ; the alkalino procosses, the soda recovory plant; the bleaching of wood pulp, theory; the blcaching of wood pulp in practice: the mechanical purification and dewatering of wood pulp; by-products of the wood pulping process ; testing methods, physical ; testjing methods, chemical tests, tests for rayon and similar pulps; the uses of wood pulp, the paper and board industries ; after-processes for paper, rayon ; miscellaneous other uses for wood pulp, the future of wood pulp; subject and author index.The British Management CounJil has published a brochure on “The Development of Scientific Management in Great Britain,”-a report prepared on behalf of the Council by Mr. Lynddl Urwick, embodying the history of the evolution in this country of various ideas and concepts constituting the general body of mDdern management practice. The British Standards Institution has forwarded a copy of No.813-1938 Chemical Symbols and Abbreviations, which has been produced by a technical committee of the Chemical DiI-isional Council. The Institute is asked to recommend Fellows and Associatcs to adopt this new British Standard whcrcver possible. Copies can be obtained from British Standards Jnstitution, Publications Department, 28 Victoria Street, S.W.r., price 3s. 6d. net, 3s. 8d. post Irec. The Ministry of Health hns recently published Lead in Food ” by Dr. G. W. Monier-Williams, being No. 88 of Reports on Public Kealtli and Mcdical Stlbjects. (H.M. Stationery Office, IS. net.) Mess1s. Macmillan & Co.have published ‘‘Logarithmic and other Tables for Use at Examinations” by Frank Castle. Gd. Messrs. Bayer of Leverkusen, Germany, have fonvarcled a brochure cntitlcd 9i“fty Years of Remedies” providing a short historical survey of the Bayer Laboratories during the past ha1 f-century. From the National Physical T,aboratory, the Institute has received a copy of the new edition of the pamphlet entitled “Tests on Volumetric Glassware” and a copy of the revised 504 schedule of fees for such tests. On the old schedule a discount of 33Q per cent. was allowed on batches of twelve or more vessels of the same type and capacity. The new fees are on a net basis and, generally speaking, are equivalent to less than the old fees less the 335 per cent.discount. The new schedule covers a considerably larger range of apparatus. The International Tin research and Development Council has forwarded a copy of No. 78: A study of the Mechanical Properties of Tin-Rich Antimony-Tin Alloys, by D. Hanson and W. T. Fell-Walpole. The Report of the Seventh International Management Congress held in Washington, from 19th to a3rd September, 1938, embodying the proceedings of the Congress-seven volumes -may be obtained from the British Management Council, Room 68, Armour House, St. Martins-le-Grand, London, E.C.I. 26s. The Indian Lac Cess Committee has forwarded a copy of a Report covering its activities for the twelve months ended 31st March, 1938, embodying a brief account of research carried out at the Indian Lac Research Institute and by the London Shellac Research Bureau, with a synopsis of the products studied by the New York Shellac Research Bureau of the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, and statistics of production, etc.505 The Register. At the meetings of Council held on 18th November, and 17th December, 1938, I new Fellow was elected, 10 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 63 new Associates were elected, 60 Students were admitted, and I Student was re-admitted. The Council regrets to record the deaths of 6 Fellows. New Fellow. Barger, Professor George, M.A. (Cantab.), D.Sc. (Lond.), LL.D. (Michigan), H0n.M.D. (Heid.), Hon.D.Pharm. (Lausanne), Hon.D.Sc. (Liv.),F.R.S., The University, Glasgow.Associates elected to the Fellowship. Barr, M5lliam Lyall, M.Sc. (N.Z.), The Laboratory, Shell Oil Co’s Installa-tion, Freeman’s Bay, Auckland, N.Z. Barton, Leonard Henry Greenwood, B.Sc. (Lond.), The Spinney, Lexton Gardens, London, 8.W.12. Blackie, William John, KSc. (N.Z.), Department of Agriculture, Suva, Fiji Islands. Brocklesby, Horace Kicholas, M.Sc. (Manitoba), Ph.D. (McGill), Fisheries Experimental Station, Prince Rupert, B.C., Canada. Gourlay, John Scott, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 29, Recreation Eoad, Stow- market. Yritchett, Eric George Kemp, B.Sc. (Lond.), 76, Sharmhns Cross Road, Solihull, Birmingham. Pullen, Alfred Norman Douglas, Ph.C., Alfriston, York Drivo, Grappenhall, Cheshire. Taylor, William, B.Sc. (Manc.), D.Sc.(Lond.), 342, Pickhurst Rise, West Wickham, Kent. Taylor-Austin, Edward, 40, Frederick Road, Wylde Green, Sutton Cold- field. Whitworth, Clifford, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Manc.), 20, Burleigh Drive, Forest Road, Loughborough. New Associates. Abbott, Arthur Horatio Alldridge, B.Sc. (Lond.), 49a, South Street, Park Lane, London, W.l. Ackroyd, Ronald, B.Sc. (Lond.), 45, Firthcliffe Parade, Liversedge, Yorks. Baxter, Albert William, B.Sc. (Lond.), c/o Anglo-Iranian Oil Co., Ltd., Abadan, Iran. Bell, Sydney Hector, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 25, MysoreR~oad, London, S. W. 1 1. 506 Blue, Alexander, B.Sc. (Glas.), 32, Forth Street, Grangemouth, Stirling- shire. Bolland, Robert William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 22, Lynnwood Terrace, Newcastle- on-Tyns, 4.Boyle, John Gerard, BSc. (Glas.), 7, Fothringham Road, Ayr. Breen, John, M.Sc., Ph.D. (N.U.I.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, W.C.I. Brockwell, Arthur John, B.Sc. (Lond.), Melville, Gresham Road, Staines, Middx. Bullough, William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 82, Newton Road, Lowton St. Mary's, Warrington, Lancs. Burns, Herman Morrison, M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), 12, Styal Grove, Gatley, Cheshire. Coleman, Richard Norton, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 1, North Parade, Lincoln. Conroy, Edward Patrick, R.Sc. (McGill), 50, Bonaventure Avenue, St. John's, Newfoundland. Druce, Solomon, B.Sc. (Manc.), 11, Ruskin Avenue, Cheetham, Xlanchester, 8. Dunlop, John Hunter Kenneth, B.Sc. (Glas.), 13, St. Leonards Road, Ayr.Dunn, Leonard Joseph, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 11, Buck-ingham Avenue, London, N.20. Edwardson, Joseph Norman, 15, Birch Gardens, St. Helens, Lancs. Forsyth, James Sneddon, B.Sc. (Glas.), Ogialrar, Station Road, Annbank, Ayrshire. Gospel, James Fred, BSc. (Lond.), 93, London Road, Newark, Notts. Hadley, William Henry, M.A. (Cantab.), 9, Whitefield Road, Stockton Heath, Warrington. Harrison, John, B.Sc. (Lond.), 24, Oakwood Avenue, London, N.14. Howard, Richard Skipworth, B.Sc. (Lond.), Eden Lodge, Elloughton,Brough, E. Yorks. Homat, David Dickie, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Glas.), 21, Dallas Place, Troon, Ayr- shire. Jameson, Herbert Robert, B.Sc. (Lond.), Brahamoor, Tonbridge Road, Wateringbury, Maidstone, Kent. Jenner, Roy Maurice, R.Sc.(Lond.), B.Pharm., Ph.C., 27, Sudbury Croft, Harrow Road, Wembley, Middx. Johnson, Reginald, B.Sc. (Lond.), 25, Aclderlcy Road, Clarendon Park, Leicester. Jones, Thomas Henry, B.,4., BSc. (T.C.D.), 11, Trinity College, Dublin, Eire. Kent, Francis George, BSc. (Lond.), Cot-Helan, Church Lane, Loughton, Essex. Kerman, Guy Malcolm, Elm House, St. Athan, Glam. Kressman, Theodore Roger Ernest, I3.s~.(Lond.), 43, Stockport Road, London, S.iV.16. Lawrence, Harry, B.Sc. (Lond.), 172, Stratliyre Avenue, London, S.W.16. Luciihurst, Kenneth John Charles, 13.S~. (Glus.), A.R.T.C., 2132, Great Western Road, Glasipow, W.3, Macwaltcr, Roy James, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 30, Woodhall Gate, Pinncr, Mid(lx. McIntosh, Alexander Bonjamin, B.Sc., Ph.D.(Clas.), A.R.T.C., 7, KayStreet, Glasgow, N. Meara, Melville Lear, E.Sc., Pi1.D. (Bris.), 31, Russian Drive, Stoneycroft, Liverpool, 13. Mellon, Charles i\'illiam, B.A. (T.C.D.), c/oll\.lossrs.J. F. Carmichacl & Co., Ltd., Tower Buildings, Liverpool. 507 Middleton, Bernard Alfred, B.Sc. (Lond.), c/o Messrs. Parsons Fletcher, Ltd., Gravel Lane, London, S.E.1. Moulds, Lawrence de \'ere, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Dunelm), 4, Albert Road, North Harrow, Middx. Oakley, Henry Brazenor, B.Sc. (Lond.), 39, Compton Road, London, N.21. Oswin, Charles Robert, B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), 120, Wellington Road, Bridgwater, Somerset. Pamely-Evans, Owen Goronwy, B.Sc. (Wales), 85, Somerset Road, New-port, Mon. Park, John, BSc. (Edin.), Rosebank, Terregles Street, Dunifrios.Pennington, John Herbert, B.Sc. (Lond.), 59, Melbury Avenue, Norwood Green, Southall, Middx. Pepper, Albert Cecil, BSc. (Lond.), 48, Niton Street, London, S.W.6. Popple, Robert Geoffrey, BSc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., Imperial College Field Station, Slough, Bucks. Rathbone, Russell James, B.Sc. (Lond.), 3, Sylvester Road, Wembley, Middx. Robinson, Anthony Melland, M.A. (Cantab.), St. Lawrence, Lindfield, Sussex. Samways, Err,est Kenneth, B.Sc. (Lond.), B.Pharm., The Homestead, Century Road, Ware, Herts. Simmons, Donald, B.Sc. (Lond.), 33, Lsngbourne Mansions, Hillway, London, N.6. Smith, John Oliver, B.Sc. (Lseds), Wyndhurst, Heymoor Common, Shepley, nr. Huddersfield. Smith, Laurence Michael, B.Sc.(Lond.), Jesus College, Oxford. Soesan, Joseph Maurice, B.Sc. (Lond.), 245, Ilford Lane, Ilford, Essex. Speight, George Edward, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.Met. (Sheff.), Braemoor, McIntyre Road, Stocksbridge, Sheffield. Stead, Donald Maurice, B.Sc. (Loeds), 9, Green Lane, Cookridge, Hors- forth, Leeds. Steiner, Eric Hubert, B.Sc. (Lond.), 24, Lankers Drive, North Harrow, Middx. Taylor, George Ernest, B.A., B.Sc. (T.C.D.), 9, Palmerston Park, Rath- mines, Dublin. Thirsk, Harold Reginald, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., Iiingsholm, York Road, Church Gresloy, Hurton-on-Trent. Thompson, Charles Kenyon, B.Sc. (Leeds), Highfield, Carleton, Pontefract. Tweed, William Thomas, &LA.(Cantab.),122, Becketts Park Drive, Leeds, 0. Urio, John Dunlop, B.Sc. (Glas.), 17, Winton Drive, Gh?gow, W.2.Ward, Terence, B.Sc. (Bris.), The Breach, Holt, Trowbridge, Wilts. Wood, Leslie James, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 13, Corringharn Court, Golders Green, London, X.W. 1 1. Young, George Oliver, B.Sc. (Lond.), 75, Askham Lane, Aeomb, York. New Students. Adamson, John Ernest, G, Westfield Road, Rnlaby Road, Hull. Aytoun, Ramsay, 3, Logan Street, Edinburgh 3. Barnes, Clifford Hainer, 119, Bury Road, Iiaslingden, Rossmdale, Lanes. Uest, Lancelot, 30, Rosebery Avenue, Soxth Shields, Co. Durham. Burnett, Robert McDonald, 21, Fourth Street, Newtongrange, Midlothian. Byrne, Landon Francis, Needler Hall, Cottingham, Hull. Bywater, William Geoffrey, 6, Bank Road, Netherton, Dudley, Worcs. Cockayne, Ernest Donald, 258, Broadway North, Walsall, Staffs.Combe, John Frank, Broich Cottage, Kippen, Stirlingshire. Copeland, Jack Rochford, 4, Northbrook Itoad, London, S.E.13. 508 Copsey, Edgar Ernest, 65, Brooklantls Road, Romford, Emex. Corbyn, Peter Thomas, 24, Camborne Avenue, London, Wr.13. Cunningham, Martin Neil, Lindale, Jack’s Road, Saltcoats, Ayrshire. Cutting, Cyril Pernon, 174, Centenary Road, Goole, Yorks. Dabin, John Walter Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.), 15, Azof Street, London, S.I3.10. Dent, John William, 8, Puckle Lane, Canterbury. Dixon, Leonard Thomas, 43, King’s Court, Forty Lane, Wernbley Park. Emtick, Bernard Charles Douglas, Old Lodge, Bridge Road, Maidenhead. Benton, Sidney, c/o 12, Trinity Street, Stoclkton-on-Tees, Co. Durham. Fletcher, John Warrington, Devonshirp Hall, Cumberland Road, Lceds 6.Foreman, Robert, 25, Acacia Grove, New Malden, Surrey. Godfrey, Alan Crofton, 14, Ladbroke Square, London, W.11. Hancock, Douglas Charles, 40, Church Road, Richmond, Surrey. Hayes, Sydney Percival, 61, Colebrooke Road, Liverpool 17. Hodgson, Joseph Sanderson, 35, Nene Parade, Wisbech. Hudson, John Anthony, 96, TVatkin Lane, Lostock Hall, nr. Preston. Hughes, Francis Derek, 35, Nightingale Lane, London, E.11. Jillings, Benjamin Vince, M.P.S., 66, Friern Watch Avenue, London, N.12. Jones, Norman Ralph, 18, St. Lawrence Terrace, London, Mi.10. King, Frederick William, 2, Lamlash Street, London, S.E.ll. Luggar, GeoErey Keith, 36, Paradisr Street, Coventry. Mather, William Ernest, AMet., 6, Swaddale Avenue, Birmington Road, Chesterfield.McCornbie, Trevor Frank, 46, Preston Road, London, E.ll. McGuigan, Henry, 102, Cainbridge Street, Glasgow, C.3. Melville, Frank Ramsay, 59, Ahiia Road, Headingley, Leeds 6. Milne, James, 11, Irongray Street, Glasgow, E. 1. Mitchell, John, Newholme, Risley, nr. Derby. Morris, John Vernon, 335, St. Margaret’s Road, East Twickenham, Middx. Nield, Edward William, 193, Parrs Wood Road North, Withington, Manchestcr. Northall-Laurie, Peter Dudley, 41, Lyncroft Gardens, London, N.W.6. Park, Geoffrey Sheard, 10, Eastinoor Road, Wakefield, Yorks. Peters, Raymond Harry, 38, Studley Drive, Ilford, Essex. Rape, Timothy Arrowsmith, 20, Watts Avenue, Rochester. Reid, Edward Francis, 6, Ferguson Avenue, Renfrew. Reid, James, 421, King Street, Coathridgo, Scotland.Robertson, IL’illiam Murdoch, 30, Kennedy Drive, Airdrie, Scotland. Scott, Ernest Ingram, 25, Victoria Avenue, Hull. Shennan, Robert Samuel, Catrine, Dunblane, Perthshire. Stowoll, Miss Marjorie Joyce, 144, Dale Street, Chatham. Tanner, James Roy, 53, Lyndhurst Grove, London, S.E.15. Thomson, John Archibald Marne, 6, Melville Street, Edinburgh. Touchin, Herbert Roy, 62, Sandringham Road, Bristlington, Bristol, 4. Wagner, Howard Ernest, 80, Norbiton Avenue, Kingston-on-Thames. Walker, Brian Yeoman, 40, Tynwald Hill, Stoneycroft, Liverpool. Watson, John Adam Cunningham, 13, Fernclale Road, Liverpool, 15. Whitely, Wilfred Arthur, 23, Oaklands Avenue, Harborne, Birmingham, 17.Williamson, David Lessels, 7, Nairn Street, Kirkcaldy, Fife. Wilmin, Basil John, L.M.S. Railway Research Department, London Road, Derby.Wymer, Peter Osborn, 46, Mortlake Road, Kew Gardens, Surrey. Young, William, Harbour Street, Stranrner. Re-admit ted Student. prlilligan, John Douglas, 23, Herriet Street, Pollokshields, Glasgow, S.1. 509 DEATHS. Fellows. William Barlow, A.R.C.Sc.1. William Porter Dreaper, O.B.E. William Setten Gilles, F.C.G.I. William Henry Msrrett, A.R.S.M. Harry Silvester, B.Sc. (Birm.). William Ellis Vinson. CHANGE OF NAME. Kenneth Sams, Associate, to Kenneth Sames. 610 Coming Events. 1939. January 3, 4 and 5. THE PHYSICALSOCIETY:Twonty-ninth Annual Exhibition of Scientific Instruments and Apparatus, at the Imperial Collego of Science and Technology, Imperial Institute Road, South Kensington, S.W.7.--2.30 to 9 p.m.on 3rd and 6th; 4 to 9 p.m.on 4th. 3 SOCIETYOF CHXMICAL (Road and Bidlding Materials INDUSTRY Group): “Problems in the Control of Road Materials.” Dr. W. II. Glanville, in the Rooms of the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W. 1, at 8 p.m. 4 INSTITUTE (Kewcastlo-upon-Tyne and North East OF CHEMISTRY Coast Section) and SoclErY OF CHEMICAL1NDUSTRY: “Glass.” Professor W. E. S. Turner, 0.B.E. OF PETROLEUM:5 INSTITUTE “Modern Methods Applied to the Manufacture of Lubricating Oils.” Mr. E. J. Dunstan, at the Engineers’ Club, Albort Square. Manchester, at 7.15 p.m. 6 INSTITUTEOF CHENTSTRY(South !Vales Section): BusinessMeeting,at the Mackworth Hotel, Swansoa, at 6.30 p.m.9 INSTITUTEOF BREWING(London Section): Two Short Papers on Hops, by a Grower and a Merchant, at the Horse Shoe Hotel, Tottenham Court Road, London, W.l, at G p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMTSTRY(Belfast and District Section) : “Absorp-tion of Gases.” Mr. ,4. H. 0. Johnson, in tho Physics Lecture Theatre, Royal Belfast Academical Institution, at 7.30 p.m. OF ELECTRICAL : “Plastics and Insula- INSTITVTION ENGINEERS tion.’¶ Dr. L. Hartshorn and Others, at Nowcastle-upon-Tyne. SOCIETYOF CHEnIICAL INDUSTRY (Chemicnl Engiiiooring Group ancl London Section): “Creep in Non-Ferrous hietds.” Dr. J. McKeown, at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.1. 10 SOCTETV INDUSTRYOF CHEMICAL (Plastics Group) : “Paper for Plastics.” Rlr. J. G. Abel, at Burlington House, Piccaililly, London, W.l, at 7.30 p.m. 12 INSTITUTEOF BREWING (North of England Secthn): “Chain Transmission.” Messrs. Hans Ronold, at the Midland Hotel, Manchester. INSTTTTJTE (Livei-pool and North-Western Srction) :OF CHEMISTRY “Chemical Warfare ancl the Civil Population.” Major General C. H. Foulkes, C.B., C.M.G., D.S.O. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (Manchester and District Section): ‘‘Some Aspects of Forestry Rosearch.” Mr. W. Q. Campbell, at the Constitutional Club, St. Ann Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m. January 12 SOCIETY INDUSTRYOF CEKEMICAL (Bristol Section): Moeting devoted to papers on current work.To be held in the Chemical Depart- ment of the University, Woodland Road, Bristol, at 7.30 p.m. 13 OIL AND COLOURCHEMISTS’ASSOCIATION(Manchester Section) : “Nitrocellulose Lacquers." Mr. C. Hall, at the Constitutional Club, St. Ann Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m. AND ENGINEERING17 HULLCHEMICAL SOCIETY:“Alchemy, Ancient and Modern.” Mr. E. H. Hall, in the Lecture Room (Room 51),Municipal Technical Colloge, Park Street, Hull, at 7.45 p.m. INsTITxJ’rE OF CHEMISTRY(Ea\st Anglian Section) : “Tasting TostS.” Mr. H. ill.Mason, at the Technical College, Norwich. INSTITVTE (Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North-East OF CHEMISTRY Coast Section) : ‘I The Rights and Wrongs of Modern Nationalism.” Professor J. L. Morrison. 18 INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties o:, CHEMISTRY Section): Chemical and Physical Factors Influencing the Distribution of Plants.” Professor E.J. Salisbury, F.R.S., at The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, W.C. 1. OF FUEL:“Developments in Oil Refineries.” Dr. A. E.INSTITUTE Dunstnn, in the Railway Iilstitute Lecture Hall, Derby, at 7.30 p.m. LEICESTER LITERARY AND PHILOSOPHICALSOCIETY (Chemistry PHARMACEUTICALSection) and LEICESTER SOCIETY.“ Pharma-ceutical Emulsions.” Mr. C. Gunn, at The Technical College, Leicester, at 8 p.m. 19 CHEMICALSOCIETY:Meeting for the reading of original papers, at Burliiigton House, Piccadilly, London, W. 1, at 8 p.m. INSTITUTEOF BREWING (Yorkshire and North -Eastern Section) : Annnal Meeting.“English Barleys of 1938.” Mr. G. P. Haworth. “Foreign Barleys of 1938.” Mr. S. K. Thoipe, at the Great Northern Hotel, Leeds. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(Birmingham and Midland Section): “The Determination of Carbon dioxide in Baking Powder and Self-rctising Flour.” Mr. R. S. Potter and Mr. H. H. Ragnall, in t,he Chamber of Commerce Buildings, New Street, Birmingham, at 7.30 p.m. SOCIETY (Nottingham Section) : “TrainingOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY the Industrial Chemist.” Dr. G. M. Dyson, at University Collego, Shakospeare Street, Nottingham, at 7.30 p.m. 20 INSTITUTE (Glasgow and West of Scotland Section): OF CHEMISTRY Refresher Lecture : ‘‘ Receiit Advances in Pharmaceutical Chemistry.” Mr. E. J. Schorn. SOCIETYOF CHEJTICAL (Food Group and LiverpoolINDUSTRY Section): “The Deterioration of Fat in Foods.” Dr.C. H. Lea, in tho Chemistry Department, Tho University, Liverpocl, at G p.m. OF CHEMTCALINDUSTRYSOCIETY (South Wales Section): Jubilee Memorial Lecture. “The Chemistry of Solid Carbon.” Professor H. L. Riley, at the University College, Cathays Park, Cardiff, at 7 p.m. 5.12 January 23 CHEMICAL CLUB: “Some Undeveloped Pictures.” Dr. 0. F. Bloch, in the Club Smoke Room, 2, Whitehall Court, London, S.W.l, at 8.16 p.m. CHEMICAL SOCIETY: “Recent Synthetic Studies in Immuno-chemistry.” Professor C. R. Harington, F.R.S., in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, Ths University, Edgbaston, at 5 p.m. OF2-1 INSTITUTEBREWISG (Scottish Section) : Annual General Meeting.“The Fuiictiori of Oxygen in tho Brewery.” Dr. Marc Van Laer, at the Ca1edo:iian Hotel, Edinburgh. OFINSTITTJTECHEMISTRY (Huddersfioltl Section): “X-rays,Nlectrons and the Structure of Metals.” Dr. A. G. Quarrell. OFINSTITTTTElki;~:“Tlle C’se of Anthracite Duff for Steam Generation.” Mr. K. B. Johnson, at tho Geological Society, Burlingtun House, Piccadilly. Londo~i, \I7.1, at (ip.ni. 25 INSTIT~TE<)I‘ C‘HEMISTRY (Birmingham and ilZitllaiitl Section) : Symposium of Papers on the History of Cheinicd Industry in the Midlands. Intrcducctl hy Mr. C,.King. SOCIETYOF DY~Smi) (’OLOI-RISTS (,\lidlands Section) : ”The Dyeing and Prol’erties of ilnim:clisec1 Flhres.” Jlr. G. (’. Grundy, at Leicester, at 7.43 p.m.26 BRITISH ASSOCIATIOX OF Ci<1>>11STS(Liverpool Scctioii): Lcclurette-by Members, at Liverpool T’uiversit?;, Brownlow Street En-trance, at 7.3) p.m. ~NSTITUTION OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERS and INSTITUTIONOF ENGINEERSSTRUCTURAL : “Floors for Industrial Purposes.”Jlr. R. Fitzmaurice and Dr. F. M. Lea, at 11 Upper Belgrave Street, London, S.W. 1, at 6.30 p.m. ~NSTITUTF OF CHEMISTRY(Bristol and South-Western Counties Section): “Recent Progress in Biochemical and Medical Research.” Mr. A. W. Broom, in the Cliemical Department of the University, Woodland Road, Bristol, at 5.30 p.m. 2: BEDSOP.; CLEB: “Tho Dinicusions of Some Organic ~~olecu~cs.” Dr. J. Afontcath Robertsovi, in the Chcniistry Lecture Thcatro, King’s Collegc, Nowcast Ic-upon-Tyne,at 6.33 p.m.OFCHEMICALSOCIETY,INSTITUTECHEMISTRY AND SOCIETYON CHEMICAL (Edinburgh and East of Scotland Sections) :IKDUSTKY “Carcinogenic Chemical Co~npounds.” Professor J. \Y. Cook, F.R.S., at the North British Station Hotel, Edinburgh, at ’7.30 p.m. CHEMICAL : Meeting for tho reading of original papers, inSOCIETY the Lecture Theatre of the new Chemistry Building, The University, Leeds, at 7 p.m. INsrITc-TIox OF THE 1Cbimsit INDUSTRY(Manchester Section) : Annual Dinner-Dance. AN i) PHILOSOPHICALMANCHESTERLITER~RY SOCIETY(ChernicnSection): ‘‘Some General Aspects of Paper Making.” Dr. H. A. Harrison, at 36. George Street, Manchestor, at 7 p.m. 30 CHEMICALSOCIETY: “The Structure of Sesqniterpenes and Their Derivatives.Professor J. L. Simonsen, F.R.S., in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, The University, Edgbaston, at 5 p.m. 613 January 31 HULLCHEMICALAND ENGINEERING : “Steam Trawlers.” SOCIETY Mr. A. Addy, in the Lecture Room (Room 51), Municipal Technical College, Park Street, Hull, at 7.45 p.m. February 1 SOCIETYOF PUBLICANALYSTS:Joint Meeting with the Food Group of tho Society of Chemical Tndustry, at the Rooms of the Chemical Socioty, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.1, at 8 p.m. INSTITUTE (Dublin Section): “What is Vinegar 1 ’’OF CHEMISTRY Mr. B. G. Fagan, at Trinity College, Dublin. 2 CHEMICALSOCIETY:Meeting for the reading of original papers, at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. AND SOCIETY (BristolCHEMICALSOCIETY OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY Section): “The Natural Organic Tauniiis.” Dr.33. Nierenstehi, in the Chemical Department of the T‘iiiversity, Woodland Road. Bristol, at 7.30 p.m. OFINSTITUTECHEMISTRY(East Midlands Section) : “Operations in Iran.” Dr. A. E. Dunstan, at The College, Loughborough. at, 7.15 p.m. Tea at the College at 6.45 p.m. 3 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Cardi€f and District Section) : “Methyla-tion-A Widespread Biocliemical Phenomenon.” Professor F. Challenger, at the Univorsity College, Cat’hays Park, Cardiff, at 7 p.m. :CHEMICAL SOCIETY “Reactions involving Proton Transfer.” Professor W. F. K. Wyrinc-Jones, in the Chemistry Lecture Theatro, University Collego, Swansea, at 6 p.m. SOCIETY OF CHEMICAL IXDUSTRY (Birmingham Section and Chemical Engineering Group) AND THE COVENTRYENGINEERING SOCIETY“Recent Developments in Bearing Metals.” Messrs.: H.L. Evans and S. T. Harrison, at Coventry. SOCIETY OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY (Manchester and LiverpoolSections): Jubilee Memorial Lecture: “The Chemistry of Solid Carbon.” Professor H. L. Riley, at the Constitutional Club, St. Ann Street, Manchester, at 6 p.m. 4 MIDLAND DINNER-DANCE,CHEMISTS’ Midland Hotel, Birmingham. (Tickets 10s. 6d. Limited number.) 3 CHEMICALSOCIETY: “Electrocapillarity, with special reference to Liquids of Low Ionic Content.” Mr. D. C. Henry, in tho Chemistry Lecture Theatre, tho University, Liverpool, at 6 p.m. 6 SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(London Section) : “Modern Applications of Luminescent Substances.” Dr. L.Levy and Mr. D. W. West, at Biirlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.1, at 8 p.m. 7 GRAHAMCLUB: “New Cbernists for Old.” Mr. H. W. Cremer, at tho Royal Station Hotel, York, at 8 p.m.SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDVSTRY(Chemical Engineering Group and Road and Building Xaterials Group): “Paint Research in Relation to Building.” Dr. L. A. Jordan and Mr. P. J. Gay,at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W. 1, 614 FebruarY 8 SOCIETYFOR THE STUDYOF ALCHEMYAND EARLY CHEMISTRY: “Chemical Apparatus and Operations in Arabic Treatises.” Dr. E. J. Holmyard. SOCIETY (Plastics Group) : “The Impact OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY of Flastics on Industry.” Dr. H. Levinstein, at Burlington HOUSO,Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 7.30 p.m.SOCIETY INDUSTRYOF CHEMICAL (Newcastlo-upon-Tyno Section) : Symposium : “Pibmcnt Manufactures, Fine Particles.” 9 INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY (Liverpool and North- Western Section) : “Quest for Colour.” Dr. C. J. T. Cronshaw. INSTITTTTE (Manchester and District Scction) ANDOF CHEMISTRY INSTITUTE “What happens to Motor Oil and OF PETROLEUM: what happens to tho Engines.” Mr. C. I. Kelly, at the Engineers’ Club, Manchoster, at 7.15 p.m. INSTITUTEOF Fui:~: “The Aero-dynamics of the Domestic Open Fireplace." Professor P. 0.Rosin, at the (>eological Society, Burlington HOUSO,Piccadilly, London, W. 1, at G p.m. 10 OIL AND COLOURCHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION(Manchester Section) : “Metal Treatment as a Means of Protection of Metals.” Ilr.F. C. B. Marshall, at the Constitutional Club, St. Ann Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m. 13 INSTITUTE (Lee& Area Scction) : “Tho Poisoning ofOF CHEMISTRY Catalysts.” Dr. E. B. Rlaxted, at Leeds. 14 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Belfast and District Section) : “Diffusion Mcthods of Quantitative Analysis.” Professor W. R. Fearon, in the Physics Lecturo Theatre, Royal Belfast Acadenlical Institution, Belfast, at 7.30 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(East Anglia Section): “A Survey of tho Plastics Industry.” Mr. E. G. Couzens, at the Central Public Library, Ipswich. INSTITUTEFGEL:Jointly with the South Wales Institute of OF Engineers and the Local Section of the hlechanical Engineers. “The Modern Portable Gas Producer.” Jlessrs.Bosworth Goldman and N. Clarke Jones, at the Royal Metal Exchange, Wind Street, Swansea, at G p.m. INSTITT’TEOF METALS: “Tin Recovery from Waste Materials.” Mr. A. 0. Thomas, at tho Y.M.C.A. Building, St. Hclens Road, Swansea, at 6.30 p.m. OF (London and South-Eastern Counties 15 INSTITCTECHEMISTRY Section): “The Viscosity of Liquids.’’ Professor E. N. da C. Andrade, at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Stroet, London, W.C.1. LEICESTER LITERARY AND PHILOSOPHICALSOCIETY (Chemistry Sect ion) : “Avtivated Carbon anti Its Uses.” Mr. W. E. Edwards at the Technical College, Leicester, at 7.30 p.m. 16 CHEMICALSOCIETY: Meeting for the Reading of original papers, at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m.INSTITUTE (Bristol and South- Western Counties OF CHEMISTRY Section): “Recent Advances in Rubber Technology.” Dr. T. J. Drakeley, in the Chemical Department of the University,Woodland Road, Bristol, at 5.30 p.m. 515 February 17 CHEMICALSOCIETY: Meeting for the reading of original papers at tho Royal Technical Collego, 204 George Street, Glasgow, at 7.30 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (Aberdeen and North of Scotland Soction) AND THE CHEMICALSOCIETY: “Ions and Isotopes.” Professor James Kendall, F.R.S., at the Chemistry Department, Itlarischall College, Aberdeen, at 6 p.m. INSTITUTIONCHEMICAL ENGINEERSOF : Seventeenth Annual Corporate Meeting, at the Hotel Victoria, Northumberland Avenue, London, VV.C.2, at 11 a.m.Business Session and President’s Address. Paper, by MI-.G. W. Hewson and Mr. R. L1. Rees, at 2.15 p.m. Annual Dinner at 7 for 7.30 p.m. OF MECHANICALENGINEERSINYTITVTION :Annual General Meeting, at 5.30 p.m. ‘‘Pttper Mill Plant.” Mr. W. H. Orr, at the Institution of Mechunical Engineers, Storey’s Gate, St. James Park, London, S.lV.1. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Nottingham Section) : “The Structure of Cellulose and other Polymers related to simple Sugars.” Professor W. N. Haworth, F.R.S., at University College, Shakespeare Street, Nottingham, at 7.30 p.m. SOCIETY OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (South Wales Section): “Tho Chemistry of Soils.” Mr. L. T. Lowe, at the University Colloge, Cathays Park, Cardiff, at 7 p.m. SOCIETYOF DYERSAND COLOERISTS(Manchester Section) : “The British Dyestuffs Industry.” Mr.J. Baddiley, in t’he Lecture Room of the Literary ant1 Philosophical Society, 36 GeorgeStreot, Alancliester, at 7 p.m. 20 INSTITUTIONOF THE RUBBERTNDUSTRY: “The Production of Decorative and Ornamental Rubher Goods.’’ Mcssrs. J. P. Crifiths and c‘. R. Pinnell, at the Engineers’ Club, Albert Square, iJZanctiester, at 7.30 p.m. 21 HULLCHEMICALAND ENGINEERING :“Nodern Oil Milling.” SOCIETY Mr. L. H. Downs, in the Lecture Room (Room 51), MunicipalTechnical College, Park Street, Hull, at 7.45 p.m. 23 BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS (Livorpool Section) : Section Meeting, Contra1 Hotol, Widnes, at 7.30 p.m. OFBRITISH ASSOCIATION CHEMISTS(Notts. and Derby Section) : Outing to Messrs.Taylors, Loughborough. CHEMICALSOCIETY: “Some Scientific and Technical Applications of Photography.” Dr. 0. F. Bloch, in the Chomistry Lecture Theatre, King’s College, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, at 6.30 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(Birmingham and Midland Section):“A new method of testing the durability of Bituminous Road Binders.” Messrs. D. W. Parkes and H. C. Bennett, in the Chamber of Commerce Buildings, New Street, Birmingham, at 7.30 p.m. OF CXEMISTRY24 INSTITUTE AND SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (Edinburgh and East of Scotland Sections): “Some Aspects of the Preservation of Fish as Food.” Dr. G. A. Reay, in the North British Station Hotel, Princes Street, Edinburgh, at 7.30 p.m, 516 February LITERARYAND PHILOSOPHICAL24 MANCHESTER SOCIETY (Chemical Section): “Starch : Its extraction, modifications and applica- tions.” Rlr.J. M. Faulds, at 36 George Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m. 27 CHEMICAL SOCIETY : “The Molecular Structure of Starch.” Professor E. L. Hirst, F.R.S., in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, the University, Edgbaston, Birmingham, at 5 p.m. OF28 INSTITUTE CHEMISTRY (Cardiff and District Section): “The Organisation of a Laboratory in a Commercial Firm.” Dr. L. H. Lampitt, at the University College, Cathays Park,Cardiff, at 7 p.m. LEEDS UNIVERSITY : Film : “The Prcductioil CHEMICALSOCIETY and Utilisation of Cod-Liver Oil,” with Conirnents byhlr. K. McLonnan. “The nlanufacture of I’ine Chemicals.“ Mr. L. Antlorson, at Leeds.March 1 INSTITUTE OF CHEXISTRY : ASNUAL GEXE12AL NEET-ING, AT 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, W.C. 1, AT 8 p.nx.LONDON, AND ENGINEERING : Laciias’ Evening, HULLCHEMICAL SOCIETY at Powolny’s, King Edward Street, Hull, at 7.45 p.m. 2 CHEMICALSOCIETY:hkoting for the reading of original papers, at the Colloge of Technology, Manchester, at 7 p.m. CHEMICAL SOCIETY : Discussion on “Microtechnique in Organic Chemistry.” To In0 opened by Professor I. M. EIeilbron, D.S.O., F.R.S., at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (Bristol Section) : Chairman’sINDUSTRY Address:-“ Air Pollution and some of Its Problems.” To be held in t>lmChemical Dopartmerit of the University, IYoodland Road, Bristol, at 7.30 p.m.3 INSTITUTION OFOF CHEMICALENGINEERS.INSTITUTEFUELAND OF CHEMICALINDUSTRYSOCIETY (Chemical Engineering Group and Rlanclioster Section) : Symposium on Gas Purifiratiou, in Manchester, at 2 p.m. (two sessions). SOCIETYOF PUBLIC : Annual General Meeting, at the ANALYSTS Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1, at 4.30p.m. “Biological Standardisation.” Sir Hmry Dale, F.R.S., at 6 p.m. 4 BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS(London Section): Dinner and Dance, Piccadilly Hotel, London, W. 1. 6 INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY AND SOCIETY OF CHJ3MICAL INDUSTRY (Edinburgh and East of Scotland Sections) : “Modern FoundryTechnique.” Rlr. It. L. Hunter, in th:. Scottish Dyes Recreation Hall, Grangemouth, at 7.30 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Leeds Area Section) : “The Chemistry of Commercial Anthraquinonoid Dyes.” Professor F.BI. ICowe, at Leeds. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(Food Group and London Section): “Trace Elements in Human and Animal Nutrition.” Mr. W. Godden, at I3urlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. 517 March 7 HULLCHEMICALAND ENGINEERINGSOCIETY: “Chemistry for Technical Students.” Mr. L. Balmforth, at the Builders’ Exchange, Metropole, West Street, Hull, at 7.45 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(Road and Building Materials Group): “Examination of Road Wear.” Mr. Harris Booth, in the Rooms of the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(London and South-Eastern Counties 8 Section): Visit to the British Launderers’ Research Association, Hendon.OFINSTITUTEMETALS: Annual Dinner, at Grosvenor House, Park Lane, London, W.l. SOCIETY INDUSTRYOF CHEMICAL (Newcastle-fipon-Tyne Section) : Chairman‘s Address :-“ Chemistry of Solid Carbon.” Professor H. L. ILiley. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(Plastics Group) : “Bitumen Plastics” :-(i) Raw Materials : The Story of Gilsonite; (ii).Development in Bitumen Plastics. (i) Mr. 3’. It. Jones, (ii) Mr. W. H. Cambden, at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.2, at 7.30 p.m. 9 JNSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(East Midlands Section) AND SOCIETY OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY (Nottingham Section) : “Patents and the Chemist.” Dr. Percy May, at St. James’ Restaurant, Derby, at 7.30 p.m.Informal Dinner at 6.30 p.m. INSTITUTE (Liverpool and North-Western Section) :OF CHEMISTRY “Soine Aspects of Chemical Dermatitis.” Dr. H. E. Cox. INSTITUTEPETROLEUMOF (Northern Branch) : Annual General Meeting. 10 OIL AND CocorR CHEMISTS’ (Manchester Section) :A~SOCIATION “Swelling and Permeability of Oil Films.” Dr. A. V. Blom, at the Reynolds’ Hall, College of Technology, Sackville Street, Mane hes tar. 13 INSTITUTEOF BREWING (London Section): “Various Aspects of Malting Barley Breeding.” Dr. H. Hunter, at the Horse Shoe Hotel, Tottenham Court) Road, London, W.l, at 6 p.m. 14 INSTITUTE (Huddersficld Section) : Annual General OF CHEMISTRY Meeting. INSTITUTION :OF CHEMICALENGINEERS“Problems of Com-pressors and Compressed Gases in Industry.” Mr.R. L. Quertier, in the Rooms of tho Geological Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.1, at 6 p.m. 618 General Notices. The Annual General Meeting of the Institute will be held at the Institute, on Wednesday, 1st March, 1939, at 8 p.m. Nomination of General Members of the Council.-Attention is directed to the By-laws relating to the nomination of General Members of Council:-By-law 26.-(I) Any twenty Members, not being Members of the Council, may nominate one eligible Fellow as a candidate for ulection as a General Member of the Council, but no Meiiiber shall nominate more than one such Fellow. (2) Any nomination made under this By-law shall be delivered to the Secretary six weeks at least before the Annual Geiieral Meeting, and shall be in the following form : “We, the undersigned, Members of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland, do hereby certify that A.R., of (registeredaddress) , a Fellow of this Institute, is, in our estimation, a fit and proper person to be a General Member of the Couiicil of the Institute, and we do hereby nominate him as a Candidate for election as a General Member of the Council.” (3) Any surh nomination may consist of several documonts in like form, each signed by one or more Members.(The name of every candidate nominated in accordance with By-law 26 xvill be included in the Balloting List.) By-lam 24-42) No person who has been elected as a District Member of the Council for any year of Office shall be eligible for election as a General RSember of the Coirncil for that yoar of Office, and if such person is elected as President, Vice-Presidont or Treasurer for that yoar of Office he shall vacate his Office as a District Member of tho Council and tho vacancy shall be filled up, as on a casual vacancy.The Officers and General Members of Council who retire at the next Annual General Meeting, 1st hlarch, 1939, in accordance with the By-laws and are ineligible for re-election are as follows:-President. Sir Robert Howson Pickard, D.Sc., F.R.S. Vice-Presidents. Arthur Ernest Everest, DSc.’ John Jacob Fox,O.B.E., D.Sc. Robert Robinson, N.A., D.Sc., LL.D., F.R.S. Jocelyn Field Thorp, C.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S. General Members of Council.Henry Vincent Aird Briscoe, D.Sc., A.R.C.S., D.T.C. Albert Coulthard, Ph.D. Bernard Scott Evans, M.B.E., M.C., D.Sc. Thomas Percy Hilditch, D.Sc. James Brierley Firth, D.Sc. Percy Lewis-Dale, Ph.D. Gerald Roche Lynch, O.B.E., M.B., B.S. Samuel Smiles, O.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S. Nominations for the new Council must be delivered at the Institute before 8 p.m. on 18th January, 1939. District Members of Council.-The District Members of Council will be as follows:- (i) Birmingham and Midlands : Deric William Parkes, M.C., B.A., B.Sc. (ii) Bristol and South-Western Counties: Edgar Lewis, M.I.Chem.E, (iii) Liverpool and North-West Coast : Raymond Renard Bulter. M.Sc. (iv) London and South-Eastern Counties :Mark Bogod, A.R.C.S.(v) Manchester and District: Joseph Henry Lester, M.Sc. (vi) Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast :Archibald Alexander Hall, M.Sc., Ph.D. (vii) Yorkshire: Henry Webster Moss, A.R.C.Sc.1. (viii) Edinburgh and East of Scotland: William Melville Ames, M.A., B.Sc. (ix) Aberdeen and North of Scotland: William Godden, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. (4 Glasgow and West of Scotland: John William Hawley, B.Sc., A.M.1.Chem.E. (xi) Wales and the County of Monmouth: Sidney Bevan Watkins, M.Sc. (xii) Northern Ireland : William Honneyman, B.Sc., Ph.D. (xiii) Irish Free State: Thomas Joseph Nolan, B.A., D.Sc. (xiv) Tho Overseas Dominions and elsewhere abroad :Harold Augusthe Tempany, C.B.E., D.Sc. Examinations,1939.-The entries for the January Examina-tions were completed on 7th November.Other Examinations for the Associateship, in 1939,will be arranged as follows-Period of Examination. Last date for entries. Last date for notebooks. 17t.h to 22nd April, 1939. 6th Feb., 1939. 24th Mar., 1939. 11th to 16th Sept., 1939. 10th July, 1939. 1st Sept., 1939. 520 Examinations for the Fellowship will be held as follows:- Period of Examination. Last date for entries. 24th to 29th April, 1939. 6th February, 1939. 18th to 23rd Sept., 1939. 10th July, 1939. If the number of candidates should render it necessary, Examinations may also be held during the succeeding week. From candidates for the Fellowship in Branch G, Industrial Chemistry, or from those desiring special examinations, applica- tions should be received before 6th January (for the April Examination) and 9th June (for the September Examination).Forms of Application and further particulars can be obtained from the Registrar. Notices to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists.Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute ror not less than six months and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship, may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute, provided that their applications for this privilege are endorsed by their professors. Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employment are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period if necessary.The Institute also maintains a List of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students or Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The Library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Ins ti tu te’s practical examinat ions.Under tlic Deed of Agreement between the Chemical Society, the Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry, dated July, 1935,the comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is available, for the use of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10a.m. to 9 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.), except during August and the early part of September, when the hours are from 10a.m. to 5 p.m. Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. The Institute has entered into an arrangement with The Science Library, Science Museum, South Kensington, S.W.7, whereby books may be borrowed on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary of the Institute. In addition to its comprehensive sets of literature on cognate subjects, which are not available in specialised libraries, this Library contains an exceptionally extensive collection of works on chemistry.Nine thousand scientific and technical periodicals are received regularly in the Library. All publications added to the Library are recorded in its Weekly Bibliography of Pure and Applied Science, which has a wide circulation among research workers and institutions. Boots’ Booklovers Library.-Under the arrangements made on behalf of Fellows and Associates of the Institute, subscriptions to Boots’ Booklovers Library expire on 622 1st March.Application forms can be obtained from the Registrar of the Institute. Lewis'8 Lending Library.-Any Fellow or Associate who is not already acquainted with this Library of Scientific and technical books may obtain a copy of the Prospectus from the Registrar of the Institute. A copy of the Catalogue of the Library (revised to December, 1927,with Supplements 1928-30 and ~931-33)is available in the Library of the Institute. A Bi-monthly list of Additions is also issued. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers (IS. 2d. each) for binding the Journal in annual volumes, are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required. Arrangements may be made with Messrs.A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19,Bishop's Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSon the following terms: buckram cover, IS. 2d.; binding, 2s. 9d.; postage and packing, gd. ; in all, 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who are giving lectures. Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As the slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permaztent addresses for registrntioiz.All requests for changes in the Registzr should be addressed to the Registrar, and not to the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. I' The Profession of Chemistry" (Fourth Edition, 1938) is now available. Copies will be supplied gratis to any Fellow, Associate or Registered Student, on application to the Registrar. 623 Errata.-In JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part V, 1938, page 399, in the third line under Tuesday, 20th September, for gZztcose read Lactose. In JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,part 14, 1938, page 419,line 5, for Miss E. M. Rich read Mr. E. M.Rich. 524 ATTENDANCES AT MEETINGS OF THE COUNCIL AND COMMITTEES, 1sT MARCH TO 16~~DECEMBER, 1938. Council in Council Committee Committees - Sir R.H. Pickard, Pres. .. 8 6 29 9 W. A. S. Calder, 8.-P. .. A. E. Everest, V.-P. . . .. .. 6 8 5 6 15 23 14 6 J.J. Fox, V.-P. . . .. .. 4 5 4 2 C. A. Mitchell, V.-P. .. .. 5 4 6 3 R. Robinson, V.-P. . . .. 6 0 4 0 J. F. Thorpe, V.-P. . . B. F. Howard, Hon. Treas. .. .. 4 8 0 8 15 16 3 15 W.M.Ames .. .. .. 3 1 5 1 A. L. Bacharach .. I. .. 7 6 4 0. J.Bell . . .. .. .. 2 0 4 0 0.L.Brady .. .. H. V. A. Briscoe . . .. .. .. 5 6 1 3 20 23 7 5 5 H. Burton .. .. .. 8 8 16 13 W. J. A. Butterfield .. .. 7 7 8 6 F. H. Carr .. .. .. 5 0 12 8 A. Coulthard .. .. .. 8 4 16 3 H. E. Cox .. .. .. .. 6 4 11 7 5 C. J. T. Cronshaw .... 0 0 0 0 W.A.Damon .. .. .. 3 2 12 6 1 G.M.Dyson . . .. F.G.Edmed .. .. .. .. 6 6 8 8 0 5 0 5 B.S.Evans .. .. .. 8 8 6 2 A. E. Findley .. .. J. B. Firth .. .. .. .. 7 7 8 7 4 4 0 2 A. G. Francis . . .. .. 5 5 2 0 1 W. Godden .. .. .. 6 1 0 0 P. F. Gordon .. .. .. 4 3 2 0 A. A. Hall .. .. .. 6 1 4 0 J. W. Hawley . . .. T. P. Hilditch . . .. .. .. 6 3 1 1 4 12 1 0 H. H. Hodgson . . .. J.R. Johnson .. .. .. .. 8 7 8 4 16 4 16 1 G.King .. .. .. E.Lewis . . .. .. .. .. 3 2 3 0 12 16 0 0 P. Lewis-Dale . . .. .. 6 6 6 3 G.R.Lynch .. .. B. G. McLellan . . .. .. .. 5 5 2 0 2 0 1 0 J. R. Nicholls .. .. .. 7 8 6 2 6 D. W. Parkes . . .. .. 6 3 4 4 W. S.Patterson .... .. 6 2 2 1 F. M. Potter .. .. .. 3 3 1 1 G.S. Robertson .. .. .. 0 0 4 0 R. E. Slade .. .. .. 3 1 16 2 S. Smiles . . .. .. .. 2 1 0 0 H. A. Tempany . . .. D.F.Twiss .. .. E. A. Tyler .. .. J.Weir .. .. ..B.Wyh ,, .. .. .. .. ...* 7 6 6 4 6 3 1 7 0 0 6 0 It3 2 0 2 0 7 0 0

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9386200441

出版商:RSC    

年代:1938

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

625 Index: 1938. Aberdeen and North of Scotland Section, 10, 37, 225, 456 Accounts, 22, 110 Advertisements, 450 “Agricultural Chemistry, Recent Investigations in,’’ 150 “Air Raids and Air Raid Protec- tion,” 241 Air Raid Precautions, 7, 18, 42, 186, 280, 345 “Alchemy in Scotland,” 37 “Alchemy, Modern, or Medicine and Chemistry To-day,” 383 Annual Chemical Dinner, 440,495 Annual General Meeting, 108, 518 Appointments Committee, 18, 105, 443, 452 Appointments Register, 98, 213, 309, 370, 437, 452 “Aspects of Personal Finance,’’ 328 Attendances, Council, 524 “Atmospheric Pollution,” 143 Auditors, 21, 106, 115 Bacon and its By-products, 457 Bankers, 106 Beer, 469 Beilby Memorial Awards, 6, 309, 369,493 Beit Fellowship, 71 Belfast and District Section, 10, 136, 226 Benevolent Fund, 320, 451 Benevolent Fund Committee, The, 9, 105 “Biological Science, The Impact of Chemistry on,” 335 “Biologist in Forensic Science, The Place of the,” 56 Birmingham and Midlands Section, 11, 138, 227 Books and Their Contents, 79, 199, 286, 352, 416, 499 Boots’ Booklovers’ Library, 215, 311, 371 Boyle, The Hon.Robert, 3 “Boyle to Priestley,” 385 “Brain Biochemistry and Vitamin B,” 149 Bristol and South-Western Counties Section, 11, 40, 141, 457 British Association for the Ad-vancement of Science, The, 46, 276, 406, 449, 496 British Management Council, 7,450 British Standards Institution, 7, 33, 69,80, 201,298,355,418,450,503 “Camouflage in Nature and in War,” 482 “Can Science Tell the Whole Truth ?” 52 Cape Section, 227, 321 Carcinogenic Agents, 483 Cardiff Section, 11,145,228,323,460 “Cellulose, Molecular Structure of,” 149 Censors, 104 Charter, Supplemental, 338, 450 Charcoals, Vapour Absorbing, 467 Chemical Council, 6, 64, 105 Chemical Research Laboratory,Teddington, 496 Chemical Trades Advisory Com-mittee, 7 Chemist and the Community,The, 181, 469.City and Guilds of London Insti- tute, 6, 7 “Clays, Modern Views on the Nature of,” 321 “Coal, Moisture in,” 391 “Coals and Their Impurities,” 155 Colour Chemistry, 40, 156 “Colour, In Quest of,” 483 Coming Events, 88, 210, 305, 364, 424, 510 Committees, 104 Conference of Local Section Sec-retaries, 337 Corrosion Research, Recent De-velopments in, 253 Council, 103 Council Attendances, 524 Council, Committees and Repre-sentatives, 5 Council, Nomination of the, 518 Council, Proceedings, 33, 133, 223, 317, 380, 447 Council, Report of, 4, 113 Courses, Short, for Teachers, 185 Criminology, 473 626 Deaths, 4, 87, 209, 304, 363, 423, 609 “Diazo Compounds, Aliphatic,” 166 “Diet and Public Health, Modern Conception of,” 255 District Members of Council, 434, 519 Documents, 164, 460 Documentation, 14th International Conference for, 409 “Drugs, Some Recent Investiga-tions on Natural and Synthetic,” 145 Dublin Section, 13, 157, 233, 460 “DUB~G,Some Properties of Danger- ous Industrial,” 148 “Dyestuffs, Development of Chem- istry of,” 381 East Anglia Section, 11, 40, 229, 382, 463 East Midlands Section, 11, 148, 230, 323,465 Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section, 12, 41, 151, 468 Editorial, 107, 219, 315, 375, 443 “Electrolytes, Strong,” 228 “Electron D,-tion and Surface Structure, 55 “Engine Knock and its Effect on Fuel Development,” 485 Ethics, Codes of, 191 Examinations, 16, 59, 97, 213, 257, 307, 367, 393, 432, 519 Examiners, Board of, 17, 106 Explosives Manufacture, 463 Fat Metabolism, 470 “Fats, Facts and Figures,” 50 Fees, 451 Finance and House Committee, 8, 104 “Finance, Aspects of Personal,” 328 “Flour, Baking Quality in,” 46 Food and Drugs Act, 1938,376 Food and Medicine, 464 “Foods, Canned,” 225 “Forgers and Forgeries,” 230 Frankland, Sir Edward, Medal and Prize, 110, 308, 368, 433 Gas Defence, 340 General Notices, 97, 213, 307, 367, 432, 518 Glasgow and West of Scotland Sec- tion, 12, 153, 469 Cluckstein, S.M., Memorial Lec- ture, 36’1, 452 Graham Club, 495 Harrison Memorial Prize, 407 Headmasters’ Employment Com-mittee, 7 Headmistresses’ Employment Com- mittee, 280 Heavy Water, 471 High Pressure Chemistry, 48 Honorary Cor. ssponding Secre-taries, 15 Honorary Secretaries, Conference of, 337 HonourB, 190, 345 Huddersfield Section, 12, 45, 155, 232, 383, 472 Hydrogen Cyanide (Fumigation)Act, 1937, 33, 135 India, Empire of, Section, 13, 46, 233 Indian Science Congress, 46 Indicators, 459 “Industrial Worker, Influence of High Environment Temperatures on the Health and Efficiency of the,” 249 “Infra-red Themes,” 475 Inorganic Chemistry, 460 Institutions, 17 International Management Con-gress, The 7th, 277 Iron and Steel Industry, Research in, 452 Kent Chemical Club, 410 Kirkaldy, The late P.H., 375 Lantern Slides, 20, 100, 215, 311, 372 “Laundry, The Chemist and the,” 326 Laxminarayan Technological In-stitute, Nagpur, 71 Lead in Food, 503 Leather, Dyeing of, 233 Lectures, 213, 307, 367, 381 Leeds Area Section, 13, 48, 158, 385,474 Legacies, 35 Legal and Parliamentary Com-mittee, 10, 104 Library, Boots’ Booklovers’, 99, 215, 311, 371 Library, Chemical Society, 7, 98, 105, 214, 310, 371 Library, Lewis’s Lending, 216, 311, 371 527 Library, The Science, 99, 202, 214, 310, 371 Library, The, 19, 98, 204, 214, 310, 370 Liverpool and North-Western Sec- tion, 13, 50, 161, 233, 386, 476 Local Sections, 10, 37, 96, 136, 225, 321, 337, 382, 456 London and South-Eastern Coun- ties Section, 13, 162, 240, 324, 480 “Lubrication, Some Problems of,” 138 “Lubricants, ’’ 22 8 Malaya Section, 13, 325, 481 Manchester and District Section, 13, 52, 166, 245, 328, 389, 482 Manchester Chemical Club, 495 Medals, 358 “Medico-Legal Experiences,” 161, 465 Meldola Medal, 108, 308, 368, 432 “Mercurous Perchlorate as a Volu-metric Reagent,” 322 “Mersey Tunnel, Ventilation of,” 235 Metropolitan Water Board, 448 Microchemical Club, 72 Microchemistry, 136, 151, 460, 465 “Mites and Medicine,” 326 “Modern Alchemy, or Medicine and Chemistry To-day,” 383 “Modern Developments in HighPressure Chemistry,” 48 “Multiple Links,” 152 ‘cMustard,” 40 National Certificates in Chemistry, 20, 105, 412 National Committee for Chemistry, National Defence, 278, 340, 463 Notices, General, 97, 213, 307, 367, 518 National Physical Laboratory, Re- port of, 295 National Service, 376 “Natural Resources, Dissipationof,” 168 Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast Section, 14, 53, 166, 253, 335, 390, 482 New Zealand, 14, 168, 255 Nomination of General Members of Council, 518 Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee, 15, 104 Notes, 69, 183, 276, 343, 406, 493 Obituary, 76, 197, 283, 348, 381, 414, 497 Oestrogenic Agents, Significance of Synthetic, 245 “Oestrogenic Substances, Synthetic Significance of,” 166 Official Chemical Appointments, 19 Officers and Council, List of, 103 Oil Produced from Coal, 345 “Oils for Industrial Purposes, The Selection and Testing of,” 182 Opium, 451 “Our Nearest Star-The Sun,” 162 Oxidation Reduc tion Indicators, 459 Parliamentary Science Committee, 7, 33 Passports, 282 Pedler Fund Committee, 105 Pedler Scholarship, 20 Perkin, Sir W.H., Life and Work of, 472 “Petroleum, Present and Future Sources of,” 256 “Petroleum Solvents,” 158 “Photography, Some Scientific and Technical Applications of,” 140 “Plastics and Polymerisation,” 468 Poisons Board, 7, 105 Poulaphouca Scheme, 462 President’s Address, 11 7 Professional, 70 “Protein Structures, Modern De- velopments in,” 157 PubIications and Library Com-mittee, 18, 102 Radio Research Board, 183 “Railway Chemist, The Work of a,” 141 Ramsay Chemical Dinner, 471 Register, 85, 207, 300, 360, 420, 505 Remuneration Statistics, 36, 443 Research, Chemical, 468 “Research, The Joys of,” 327 Roll of the Institute, The, 4 Royal Sanitary Institute, 7 Rubber, 33 Science and Leadership, 487 Science in Parliament, 72, 187, 278, 343, 407 Scientific Films, 343 Scientific and Industrial Research, Department of, 6, 82 “Scientific Papers, Presentation of,” 315 528 Scrutheers, 114 Sewage, 477 Silicosis, 153, 282 Smoke Pollution, 278 Social Relations of Science, 2 19,449 Solicitors, 106 South Wales (Swansea) Section, 14, 336, 483 South Yorkshire Section, 14, 57, 182, 256, 336, 392, 486 Sponge Tissue, Biochemistry of, 325 Staff Pensions Scheme, 448, 451 “Standardisation, A Study in,” 386 Standards, British, 7, 33, 69, 80, 201, 298, 355, 418, 450, 503 Status of the Chemist, 180, 443 Streatfeild Memorial Lecture, 451 Therapeutic Substances Act, 7 “Ventilation in the Mersey Tunnel,” 235 “Vitamin A, Recent Aspects of Research on,” 456 “Vitamin D and Cacao Shell,” 458 “War Time Chemical Problems,” 463 Water Supplies, 382, 409 “Women, Laboratory Employment of,” 280 World Power Conference, 7 “X-Rays and Refractory Mater-ials,” 486 PRINTED BY W.HEFFER& SONS LTD.. CAMBRIDGE. ENGLAND

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9386200525

出版商:RSC    

年代:1938

数据来源: RSC