JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND PART I. I947 PROCEEDINGS OF THE COUNCIL Council Meeting 13 December 1946.-The President referred to the loss that the Institute had sustained through the death of Dr. Dorothy Jordan-Lloyd (Past Vice-president) Professor W. H. Roberts (Past Vice- President) and Professor F. M. Rowe (former Member of Council). The Members of Council stood as a mark of respect to their memory. A report was received of nominations submitted in connection with the election of District Members of Council and as only one nomination had been received by the appointed date in respect of each District it was resolved that these nominees be deemed to have been elected as District Members of Council to take office at the date of the Annual General Meeting 1947 (see JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1946 VI 301).The Council learnt with regret that Mr. K. H. Jack was resigning as Honorary Secretary of the Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast Section on 31 December 1946 owing to his leaving the area. He would be succeeded by Dr. J. 0. Harris. It was reported that in future a nomination of a District Member of Council for the District comprising the Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast Section and the Tees-Side Section would be made by a Joint Committee of the two Sections instead of as heretofore by the Committee of each Section in alternate years. The Report of the Finance and House Committee (9 December) which was received and adopted referred inter alia to:-removal of members for non-payment of subscriptions; further consideration of the revised form of presentation of the Annual Accounts (cf.JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1946 VI 256); increase in printing charges; dates of Council and Committee meetings preceding the Annual General Meeting 1947. It was agreed that subject to approval of the proposed changes of By-laws by the Privy Council meetings of the Council be held on 17 January 21 February and 21 March. The Report.of the Benevolent Fund Committee (9 December) was mainly concerned with the reconsideration of two cases and the recommendation of a regular grant to the widow of a Fellow who died in 1946. Christmas gifts to regular beneficiaries were also arranged and the Committee approved a draft statement on “Homes for Old People” for forwarding to the Publica- tions Committee (see JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1946 VI 281).It was agreed that in general it was undesirable to make collections for the Benevolent Fund at ordinary meetings of Local Sections especially where members of other societies were present but that the holding of special events such as dances advertised as being in aid of the Benevolent Fund would always be welcome The Report was adopted. c13 The Report of the Nominations Examinations and Institutions Com- mittee (15 November) was received and adopted and the ‘candidates recommended for election or re-election to the Associateship or to the Fellowship were duly elected to their respective grades.In adopting the Report the Council approved also a recommendation of the Committee that Dr. T. G. Pearson be appointed Examiner for the Associateship in General Chemistry to succeed Professor W. Wardlaw and that Mr. G. Taylor be appointed Examiner for the Fellowship in Branch E to succeed Dr. H. E. Cox. By adopting the Report of the Appointments and Economic Status Committee (3 December) the Council agreed that the Conference which drew up the document “Suggested Clauses for Incorporation in Contracts of Service for Chemists” be called together again to consider criticisms of the general form of the document and of particular clauses especially criticisms that had been forwarded by the London and South-Eastern Counties Section and by the Manchester and District Section (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1946 IV 177).It was noted that as some misunderstanding had arisen through the publication of the document in the form of a Contract it should be made clear in any future issue that there was no intention of putting forward anything in the nature of a model contract. The Council learnt with satisfaction that there was a prospect of obtaining a sufficient allocation of paper to enable a complete Register of Fellows and Associates to be published in 1947. Authority was given for steps to be taken to circularise members so as to obtain the necessary particulars. Copies of Dr. Dyson’s lecture on “A New Notation for Organic Chemistry” were being sent out to all members and also to the British Commonwealth Scientific Office Washington the American Chemical Society and the four Dominion chemical institutes.It was agreed that Sir Jack Drummond F.R.S. be invited to deliver the Gluckstein Memorial Lecture 1947. It was reported that the Chemical Council had set up a Committee to consider revision of the brochure on joint subscription arrangements with a view to issuing a new edition at an early date for wider distribution than had originally been possible. Mr. A. L. Bacharach Professor H. V. A. Briscoe Mr. H. W. Cremer and Professor A. Findlay were re-elected representatives of the Institute on the Joint Library Committee for 1947. It was reported that Mr. A. H. Dodd had accepted the Council’s invitation to represent the Institute on British Standards Institution Technical Committee OC/S Quality Control.A provisional programme of the International Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry 17-24 July 1947 was received. This programme includes a Reception to the delegates by the Institute on Tuesday 22 July 1947. The Council learnt with pleasure that the Natal Section of the South African Chemical Institute was presenting copies of “What Industry Owes to Chemical Science” as prizes in chemistry to some of the leading secondary schools in Natal. A letter was received from the Registrar of the Australian Chemical Institute expressing the thanks of his Council to the Royal Institute of Chemistry for arranging a meeting at the Tallow Chandlers’ Hall on 21 June 1946 and for help given by the Officers on various matters of common interest (see JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1946 Iv 179).c21 Council Meeting 17 January 1947.-On a report that the changes in the By-laws approved at Special General Meetings held on 15 and 22 November 1946 had been allowed by the Privy Council it was confirmed that the Annual General Meeting would be held on 18 April 1947 and that the Anniversary Luncheon be arranged on the same day (see page 38). It was further agreed that an invitation be sent to Professor H. J. Emelkus F.R.S. to give a special lecture in the afternoon following the Anniversary Luncheon (see page 38). A Report of the Censors for 1946 was received. The Report of the Finance and House Committee (13 January) was received and adopted.It was agreed that a further LA750 be brought to this country from Australia and New Zealand. The remission of annual subscriptions to members and registered students serving in the Forces which had been in operation since 1943 was recon- sidered. It was resolved that to members and students who were serving in the Forces prior to 31 December 1945 this concession should continue to apply until the end of the year in which they were demobilised or if they elected to remain in the Forces after the date on which they would normally be demobilised until the end of the year in which they otherwise would have been demobilised. With reference to members or registered students called up for service in the Forces on or after I January 1946 it was further resolved that until further notice the payment of their annual subscription or registration fee for the year in which they entered the Forces be accepted as covering also their subscription or registration fee for the ensuing year.In paying to the appropriate Officer of a Local Section the normal grant to that Section for 1947 authority was given to include also any additional sum that might be necessary to bring the balance in the accounts of the Section at 31 December 1946 up to LIO or 25 per cent. of the normal grant for 1946 whichever was the greater. By this means Local Sections would be enabled to carry over at the end of 1947 a balance to cover expenditure until the grant for 1948 was paid (cf. Report of the Fifteenth Conference of Honorary Secretaries para.I; JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1946 VI 258). It was reported that the conditions of the Scientific Societies’ Joint Pension and Life Assurance Scheme had been accepted by all eligible members of the staff and that the necessary steps had been taken to enable them to enter the scheme on I January 1947. The Report of the Benevolent Fund Committee (13 January) was received and adopted. The Report dealt inter ah with action taken on three current cases; forms of support for the Fund; further information on Homes for Old People. It was agreed that although the Fund needed some increase in regular income for current purposes in order to meet the growing cost of regular and special grants it was also desirable that additional support should be forthcoming in the form of donations for building up a capital fund for future needs; the latter would be of particular importance in con- nection with any project for providing Homes for Old People.The Report of the Nominations Examinations and Institutions Com- mittee (13 December) was received and adopted and the candidates recom- mended for election or re-election to the Associateship or to the Fellowship were duly elected to their respective grades. Congratulations were expressed to members who had received Public Honours (see JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1946 VI 282; 1947 I 18). Consideration was given to various matters concerned with the status ~31 of chemists in South Africa. A summary of a report by Dr. Cullen on his recent visit to that country would be available at the next meeting of the Council.The Report of the Publications and Library Committee (19 December) was received and adopted. The Report referred to completion of arrange-ments for the First Henderson Memorial Lecture (see page IS) publication of other lectures and the preparation of JOURNAL AND PROCEEDLKGS, 1946 Part VI. On the recommendation of the Special Purposes Committee (14 December) it was agreed that for the present the income from the Sir Alexander Pedler Fund be applied in whole or in part to defraying the cost of publishing appropriate monographs or lectures and of holding and publishing papers presented at such Scientific Conferences Symposia or Courses as the Council may direct and that an adequate sum be made available in 1946 for publishing Dr.G. M. Dyson’s lecture on “A New Notation for Organic Chemistry’’ so that copies may be made available free of charge not only to Fellows Associates and Registered Students of the Institute but also to members of the other participating bodies In considering the disposal of the balance of receipts over expenditure in connection with the Scientific Courses on “Oils and Fats” and “Spectro- ~copy,’~ held under the auspices of the Institute at the University of Liverpool in July 1946 the Council had before it (a)suggestions by the Liverpool and North-Western Section (which was concerned with the detailed arrangement of the courses) either that part of the fee paid by those attending the courses be returned to them or that a substantial part of the balance be expended on the endowment of prizes at the University of Liverpool; (b) a recom-mendation by the Scientific Courses Committee (19 December) supported by the Finance and House Committee (13 January) that the whole of the balance be applied in the establishment of a Scientific Courses Fund to be used in helping to finance not only future scientific courses but also such scientific conferences and symposia as might be arranged under the auspices of the Institute (alone or in collaboration with other bodies) on any subject and at any place or time approved by the Council it being realised that some of these events might have to be run at a loss (cf.also Report of the Fifteenth Conference of Honorary Secretaries para.11; JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1946 VI 261). While appreciating the views of the Liverpool and North- Western Section on the subject the Council decided to adopt the recom- mendation of the Scientific Courses Committee a motion to refer the matter back to that Committee having been lost. In arriving at this decision the Council had in mind that in setting up the Scientific Courses Committee it had accepted responsibility for the organisation and financing of such courses and that although the help of Local Sections would always be greatly welcomed and due payment would be made for services rendered by individuals or by local institutions a Local Section in affording such help would be acting on behalf of the Council for the benefit of members and others drawn from all parts of the country and not merely in the interests of members of the Section.Moreover the localities at which scientific courses were held would need to be chosen with reference to the facilities available and would not necessarily be centres at which Local Sections could readily assist. It was on these grounds that the Council had decided that scientific courses should be organised centrally and it was therefore concluded that it would be proper for any excess of receipts over expenditure in connection with a particular course after meeting all reasonable dues [41 should be placed in a central fund to be used solely in financing other scientific courses conferences or symposia approved by the Council. In the Report of the Scientific Courses Committee (19 December) reference was also made to suggestions for future courses and it was recom- mended that subject to the concurrence of the Scottish Sections’ Joint Committee the symposium on “Coal Petroleum and their Newer Deriva- tives,” to be held at St.Andrews on 7-12 July 1947 (see p. ~g), be regarded as coming within the purview of the Scientific Courses Committee and thus as being held under the auspices of the Institute and the responsibility of the Council. The Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists had accepted the invitation to join with the Institute and the Institution of Water Engineers in setting up- a Committee to consider the standardisation of methods of chemical analysis of potable waters.The following had been appointed to membership of the Committee:-Dr. J. H. Hamence and Mr. S. E. Melling (by the S.P.A. and O.A.C.) Mr. W. Gordon Carey (by the R.I.C.) Dr. R. C. Hoather and Mr. G. U. Houghton (by the I.W.E.). At the request of the Chemical Society it was agreed to lend any portraits of famous British chemists in the possession of the Institute that might be useful to the Society and the International Congress in connection with the Exhibition to be arranged during the Centenary and Congress meetings in July. An invitation was accepted from the Royal Society of Arts to send a representative to attend a conference on 6 February to discuss the desir- ability of holding an International Exhibition in London in 1951. The Secretary was appointed to represent the Institute.Dr. H. H. Hodgson was nominated as the representative of the Institute on the City and Guilds of London Institute Advisory Committee on the Dyeing of Textiles a Committee on which the late Sir Jocelyn Thorpe formerly represented the Institute. Mr. W. F. Bennett was invited to serve with Dr. E. H. Farmer and in succession to Mr. R. L. Collett as a representative of the Institute on British Standards Institution Technical Committee C/S Scientific Glassware and Laboratory Ware. Mr. Thomas Tickle had accepted the Council’s invitation to serve as a delegate of the Institute at the Health Congress to be held under the auspices of the Royal Sanitary Institute at Torquay on 2-6 June. Further consideration was given to a proposal by the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors to apply for permission to use the letters F.R.I.C.S.and A.R.I.C.S. to designate its Fellows and Associates respectively and it was decided to lodge a formal protest against any such application in view of the possibility of confusion with the letters designating Fellows and Associates of the Royal Institute of Chemistry which might be detrimental to the interests of members of both bodies. ACTIVITIES OF LOCAL S ECTI0NS Aberdeen and North of Scotland.-On 17 December 1946 and 24 January 1947 meetings were held jointly with the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry at Marischal College Aberdeen Dr. R. B. Strathdee presiding on both occasions. The first of these was addressed by Dr.F. W. Peaker of the Chemistry Department University of Aberdeen on “The Mechanism of Elimination and Substitution Re- actions.” Mr. D. W. Menzies proposed the vote of thanks. [51 At the second meeting the speaker was L)r. D. P. Cuthbertson Director of the Rowett Research Institute Bucksburn and the subject of his address was “Recent Advances in the Metabolism of Proteins and Amino-acids.” After discussion had taken place a vote of thanks was accorded to the lecturer on the motion of Dr. I. C. Whitfield. Two Christmas lectures for senior pupils of secondary schools were held under the zgis of the Section. On 23 December Professor T. C. Phemister who occupies the Chair of Geology in the University of Aberdeen gave a talk on “Crystals,” and on the following day Mr.Alfred Hill of the Department of Agricultural Chemistry in the University spoke on “Photography.” Both meetings took place in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of the University and were very well attended by young people from the city and from neighbouring county schools. The lecturers illustrated their subjects copiously by means of lantern slides and lecture-table demonstrations and the audiences gave every evidence of appreciation. The Chairman of the Section Dr. R. B. Strathdee presided at both meetings and votes of thanks were proposed by members of the teaching profession. Bristol and South-Western Counties.-Since the beginning of December two meetings have been held jointly with the Chemical Society and the local section of the Society of Chemical Industry in the Chemistry Department of the University of Bristol.On 6 December under the chairmanship of Dr. E. R. Maxted a lecture was delivered by Mr. ,$. J. Carter on “Industrial Applications of Activated Alumina to Adsorption Drying. Following a lengthy discussion a vote of thanks was proposed by Mr. S. Robson. Dr. H. Martin presided over the meeting on 23 January when Dr. T. Malkin Chairman of the Section gave an address entitled “A Review of X-ray ?Vork on Long Chain Compounds.” After a good discussion a vote of thanks was proposed by hlr. Edgar Lewis. Cardiff and District.-On 8 January a meeting was held jointly with the South Wales Section at the Mining and Technical Institute Bridgend when Dr.J. B. Firth delivered a lecture on “Forensic Science.” Members and visitors from a wide area including the Chief Constable and members of the Glamorgan County Police formed a most appreciative audience. Mr. W. D. Williams (Cardiff) was in the Chair and a vote of thahks was proposed by Dr. J. Grant seconded by Mr. S. B. Watkins and supported by Mr. Joseph Jones Chief Constable of Glamorganshire. Rlr. E. E. Ayling (Swansea) voiced the thanks of the meeting and of the two Sections to Dr. D. P. Evans who made the local arrangements. Dublin and District.-A meeting of the Section was held in the Chemistry Depart- ment Trinity College Dublin on 22 January. Dr. A. G. G. Leonard presided and Mr. D. Crowley read a paper on “Chemical Progress in Photography” (for summary see page 15).The vote of thanks was proposed by Mr. J. W. Parkes seconded by Mr. W. V. Griffiths and supported by a number of members and guests. The Honorary Secretary announced that the date of the meeting to be addressed by the President of the Institute Dr. G. Roche Lynch O.B.E. had been fixed for 5March 1947 and that a dinner in honour of the President’s visit would be held in the Shelbourne Hotel on 6 March. Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-Members of the Section were invited to attend a Liversidge Lecture of the Chemical Societv on 19 December 1946 when Professor H. C. Urey Nobel Laureate lectured on “Isotopes.” Prior to the lecture a large number of members were present at a reception in honour of the lecturer given by the Vice-Chancellor of the University of Edinburgh and held in the historic Upper Library of the University.On 23 January members were invited to be present at a Society of Chemical Industry Jubilee Memorial Lecture when Prqfessor F. A. Scholefield gave an account of “The Life and Work of Edmund Knecht. Clzristmas Lectures for Senior School Children :During the Christmas vacation two lectures were arranged for the senior pupils of local secondary schools. The lectures were given in the Heriot Watt College Edinburgh by Dr. James Sandilands. the first on “Fire and Flame” and the second on “Metals.” A very large number of experiments were performed and the lectures were further illustrated by films and lantern slides. The rapt attention and laughter of the pupils were ample evidence of the success of the venture and the popularity of the lectures and the lecturer.[Gl The Lord Provost of Edinburgh Sir John I. Falconer who was accompanied by the Lady Provost in introducing Dr. Sandilands said that the Royal Institution lectures for children were a delightful and popular feature and the Edinburgh lectures were to discover whether the young people of Edinburgh would be interested in a similar venture. Mr. G. Elliot Dodds Vzce-President,moved a vote of thanks to the lecturer and also thanked the Governors of the Heriot Watt College for the facilities they had granted. East Midlands.-On 12 December 1946 the Section was addressed by Mr. D. C. Henry of Manchester who chose as his subject “The Electrical Double Layer and Colloid Stability.” The lecturer considered a theoretical subject in a most interesting way and we are indebted to him for his lucid description of a very intricate subject.On 13 January the Section met to hear Dr. W. G. Ogg speak on “Trace Elements in Agriculture.” Again we were fortunate in the choice of lecturer and had an admirable exposition of the effect of traces of various elements in plant and animal nutrition. Glasgow and West of Scotland.-A special meeting of the Section was held at the Koyal Technical College Glasgow on 25 October 1946 when the Chair was occupied by Mr. J. W. Hawley of Dumfries. The Secretary read the notice calling the meeting and the relevant portions of the Section Rules to be altered in order to bring the termina- tion of the financial year to 31 December of each year.These changes already approved by Council were confirmed by the meeting on the motion of Mr. M. Herd seconded by Dr. Q. Moore. The matter of the appointment of an Honorary Auditor was then considered and the name of Dr. T. S. Stevens was submitted by Dr. S. T. S. Mitchell seconded by Mr. A. R. Jamieson. This appointment was confirmed by the meeting. Following the special meeting a joint meeting of the three chartered chemical bodies was addressed by Dr. H. J. T. Ellingham Secretary Royal Institute of Chemistry, on “Electrolysis as an Industrial Process.” The lecture was followed by stimulating discussion in which Mr. A. R. Jamieson Dr. F. Rumford and Mr. J. W. Hawley, amongst others took part. An enthusiastic vote of thanks was accorded on the motion of Mr.Jamieson Vice-chairman of the Local Section of the Institute. A joint meeting arranged by the Society of Chemical Industry was held in the Royal Technical College on 17 January. The Chair was taken by Mr. W. J. Skilling, Chairman of the Clasgow Section Society of Chemical Industry. Professor F. S. Spring Freeland Professor of Chemistry Royal Technical College Glasgow addresse? the well-attended meeting on “Developments in General Methods of Organic Chemistry. Following discussion the vote of thanks was moved by Dr. J. A. Cranston and carried with acclamation. Huddersfie1d.-A meeting of the Section was held on 7 January in Field’s Caf6 under the chairmanship of Mr. T. A. Simmons when Dr. L. J.Burrage Assistant Research Manager I.C.I. General Chemicals Division gave a lecture entitled “Benzene Hexachloride as an Insecticide.” The attendance was adversely affected by inclement weather but the lecture was much appreciated and a most interesting discussion followed during which questions on the structure and properties of benzene hexachloride were very fully and satisfactorily dealt with by the lecturer. The lecture by Professor M. G. Evans arranged for 4 February had unfortunately to be cancelled owing to the severe weather conditions. It is hoped to arrange an alternative date in March for this meeting. Leeds Area.-A meeting of the Section was held at the University of Leeds on 13 January the Chairman of the Section Mr. G. J. Denbigh presiding.Owing to the indisposition of Professor D. T. A. Townend a lecture on “The Utilisation of Coal” was delivered at very short notice by Dr. E. G. Ritchie of the British Coal Utilisation Research Association. (For summary see page 14.) The lecture which dealt with the use of coal in domestic appliances and industrial boilers was greatly appreciated by a large audience and an active discussion followed. A vote of thanks to the lecturer was proposed by Mr. A. M. Wandless and seconded by Mr. H. J. Hodsman. Liverpool and North-Western.-Since the beginning of the session members have had the opportunity to attend four meetings arranged by the Liverpool Joint Chemistry Committee one each being organised by the constituent societies the Chemical Society the Royal Institute of Chemistry the Society of Chemical Industry and the British Association of Chemists.The meetings with the exception of the film show were held in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre University of Liverpool. l’ij The Chemical Society together with the Liverpool University Chemical Society held a meeting on 13 November 1946. Professor W. C. McC. Lewis in the Chair introduced Dr. H. W. Thompson F.R.S. of the University of Oxford:,who gave an enlightening talk on “Some Applications of Infra-red Measurements which dealt particularly with recent improvements in technique and with chemical rather than physical aspects. (For summary cf. page 16.) Drs. Morton Scott and Whalley engaged in a brief discussion whilst Mr. McDowell proposed and Mr.Mills seconded a vote of thanks to the lecturer. On 28 November 1946 the Institute arranged a meeting. Professor T. P. Hilditch F.R.S. was in the Chair and asked the audience to stand for a moment in memory of Associate Professor W. H. Roberts. Mr. A. V. Billinghame of Technical Products Department Shell Petroleum Company gave a lecture on “The Development and Industrial Application of Wetting Agents.” The attendance was very good and showed the local interest in the subject-matter. Discussion was limited to wetting properties but was none the less vigorous. Mr. L. V. Cocks (DistrictMember of Coumil) proposed and Mr. Proudfoot seconded a vote of thanks to Mr. Billinghame for a much appreciated and well illustrated lecture. An exhibition of scientific sound films arranged by the British Association of Chemists was held on 4 December 1946 in Radiant House Bold Street Liverpool.The demand for tickets was active and the hall was easily filled to capacity 220 seats. Mr. H. H. Hutt was Chairman and the films shown were entitled “Penicillin”; “Back- ground”; “It Comes from Coal”; “Universities at War”; “Prescription for Rubber”; and “The Story of D.D.T.” The Society of Chemical Industry held a joint meeting on 6 December 1946. The retiring Chairman Mr. C. Gordon Smith introduced his successor Dr. J. P. Baxter O.B.E. who gave a Chairman’s Address entitled “Atomic Energy.” The subject- matter was approached from the chemical standpoint. Professor T. P. Hilditch proposed and Mr. B. D. W. Luff seconded a vote of thanks to Dr.Rater. In continuance of the policy of holding meetings outside Liverpool. one has been held at Wigan and one at Widnes. On Saturday afternoon 9 November 1946 a meeting was held in the Wigan Mining and Technical College. Professor T. P. Hilditch in the Chair welcomed the opportunity for the meeting as arranged by Mr. Cooksey and Dr. Crawford and introduced Professor L. Hunter who has played a prominent part in academic developments at University College Leicester. Dr. Hunter gave a lecture entitled “The Hydrogen Bond in Organic Chemistry.” (For summary see page 11.) Afterwards Messrs. Crawford Gauge Scott Foley and Prenton discussed the topic. Dr. Crawford proposed and Mr. Griffiths seconded a vote of thanks to the lecturer for an interesting and clear account of the intricacies of the hydrcgen bond.A meeting was held in the Municipal Technical College Widnes on 12 December 1946. Professor Hilditch referred to the facilities provided by the College authorities through Messrs. Ibeson and G. H. Bottomley and introduced the lecturer Dr. G. P. Gibson of the Research Department Lever Brothers and Unilever Limited who gave a talk on “Laboratory Fractionation.” (For summary see page 13.) A brief discussion followed. Mr. Mills proposed and Mr. Pinnington seconded a vote of thanks to the lecturer for a very general and well illustrated survey of his topic. In order to cater for the younger members of the Section a Dance organised by Mr. Elwes was held on 22 November 1946 at Radiant House Bold Street Liverpool from 7 p.m.to 10.45 p.m. A hundred persons were present which was considered satisfactory for a first venture. The M.C. was Mr. J. Ashley Jones. At the interval Professor Hilditch gave a brief expression of thanks to the organisers. Manchester and District.-On 9 January a joint meeting was held with the Chemical Society at the University of Manchester when Dr. J. H. Schulman gave a paper on “Molecular Interaction at Oil-Water Interfaces.” On 23 January a meeting of the Section was held at the Engineers Club Manchester when Professor Hilditch F.R.S. Chairman of the Liverpool and North-Western Section gave a paper on “Fat Shortages and Fat Substitutes.” (For summary see page 16.) Mr. J. T. Marsh was in the Chair. An audience of over 150 thoroughly enjoyed Professor Hilditch’s most interesting talk and among those who took part in a keen and animated discussion were Messrs.Learmonth Meade Lock Bruce Spencer Huggins Carroll Rainer and Curtis. Prior to the lecture some 60 members attended an Informal Dinner at the Engineers Club. Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast.-At a meeting of the Section held on 11 December 1946 Mr. R. Belcher and Dr. C. L. Wilson lectured on “Methods and Apparatus in Inorganic Microchemistry.” Two papers the first by Mr. Belcher on [81 Qualitative and the second by Dr. Wilson on Quantitative Microanalysis were followed by demonstrations of methods and an exhibition of apparatus. A vote of thanks proposed by Dr. E. E. Stephenson and seconded by Dr.C. W. Shacklock from the Chair was carried with acclamation by an audience of about 90 persons. A meeting was held jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry (Newcastle upon Tyne Section) the Chemical Society the Institution of Chemical Engineers and the Coke Oven Managers’ Association (Northern Section) on 18 December 1946 with Dr. A. E. J. Vickers in the Chair. A lecture entitled “Hydrogen Sulphide Removal by Ammoniacal Iron Ammonium Ferrocyanide Liquors” was given by Dr. H. C. Craggs and Mr. H. M. Arnold. This was followed by a lively discussion opened by Mr. Ormrod and contributed to by Mr. E. W. Muddiman Dr. P. L. Robinson Mr. W. Jeffrey Dr. M. P. Applebey Professor G. R. Clemo Mr. R. Maxwell Professor H. L. Riley and Mr. S.F. Weston. The well-attended meeting was terminated with a vote of thanks to the speakers by Mr.E. W. Muddiman. The Section participated in the Annual Dinner and Dance which was arranged under the auspices of the Joint Scientific and Technical Committee and held in the Old Assembly Rooms Newcastle upon Tyne on 24 January 1,847. The Chairman was Professor G. R. Clemo F.R.S. The toast of “The Guests following the loyal toast was proposed by the Chairman and replied to by Dr. Alexander Fleck. Other toasts were the “City and County of Newcastle,” proposed by Professor H. L. Riley and replied to by the Lord Mayor of Newcastle Alderman Pearson. Other guests included Dr. L. H. Lampitt President of the Society of Chemical Industry and Lt.-Col. Griffin General Secretary of the Society of Chemical Industry.The dinner was followed by a well-attended dance. Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands.-Jointly with the Sheffield Metallurgical Association a Dinner Dance was held at the Victoria Hotel Sheffield on 17 January. A very enjoyable evening was appreciated by the 190 members of both societies who were present. Owing to the inclement weather there was a very poor attendance at the meeting arranged at the Grand Hotel on 31 January when two very interesting lecturcs were given “Industrial Health in the Gas Industry” by Mr. L). Llewelyn (Registered Student) and “Chemical Hazards in the Electrical Industry” by Mr. C. P. Fagan. Both lectures were based on the Newton Chambers Prize Essays for 1945. South Wales.-On 13 December 1946 members of the Section participated in a joint meeting arranged by the South Wales Section of the Society of Chemical Industry which was held in the Royal Institution of South Wales Swansea Dr.A. G. Ramsay presiding. Lectures on “Nickel Refining and Subsidiary Operations as Practised at Clydach” were given by Dr. S. C. Townshend and Mr. De W. H. West. On 8 January a meeting was held jointly with the Cardiff and District Section at Bridgend; this is reported under the heading of the Cardiff and District Section (see above). On 31 January members participated in a meeting arranged by the Chemical Society and the University College of Swansea Chemical Society which was held at University College Swansea with Professor J. E. Coates O.B.E. in the Chair.A lecture on “The Absorption of Light” was given by Mr. E. J. Bowen F.R.S. Tees-Side.-A successful joint meeting with the Newcastle Section of the Society of Chemical Industry at Norton Hall (by kind permission of the Directors of I.C.I. Ltd. Billingham Division) was held on 12 December 1946 when Dr. M. P. Applebey discussed the “Changing Relations of Science and Industry.” The lecture which was illustrated by slides of photographs of members of the Chemistry Department of the University of Oxford at the beginning of the century was enthusiastically applauded by an audience of nearly 200. (For summary see page 12.) The vote of thanks was proposed by Mr. E. M. Myers and seconded by Dr. G. I. Higson. This meeting marked the retirement of Dr. Applebey from his position as Director of Research to I.C.I.Billingham Division. A very successful meeting was held at Norton Hall hTorton on 11 January when Dr. H. W. Thompson F.R.S. of the University of Oxford addressed a joint meeting of the Section and the Newcastle Section of the Society of Chemical Industry on “Some Applications of Infra-red Spectroscopy.” (For summary see page 16.) The meeting was well attended and a keen discussion followed a masterly exposition of the subject. Dr. A. E. J. Vickers presided and the vote of thanks was given by Mr. E. A. Blench. A good audience braved the weather to attend a lecture delivered at Norton on 6 February when Dr. N. P. Inglis spoke on “Some Developments in the Use of Metals lo1 in Chemical Industry.” The lecture which was profusely illustrated elicited a keen discussion by Messrs.A. Scholes and W. H. Coates and Drs. Angel1 and Nonhebel. Mr. A. J. Prince presided and Mr. A. T. Grisenthwaite proposed the vote of thanks. Cape of Good Hope.-Members of the Section were invited to attend a meeting of the Cape Chemical and Technological Society at the University of Cape Town on 20 September 1946. The speaker was Mr. W. P. Hirst who gave a very informative and interesting lecture on “The Use of Additives in Petroleum Fuels and Lubricants.” A meeting of the Cape Section of the Institute was held at Kondebosch on 18 October 1946 when Mr. D. H. Saunder spoke on “The Constitution of Some Molecular Com- pounds.” The lecturer included an interesting account of his own work on the X-ray crystallographic examination of a number of molecular compounds.Members of the Section were also invited to attend a meeting of the Western Province Section of the South African Chemical Institute held at the University of Cape Town on 1 November 1946. Mr. 2. Deenik Agronomis:,of the Cape Explosive Works Ltd. spoke on “Some Recent Advances in Agriculture. He dealt with the application of benzene hexachloride to the control of insect pests in South Africa and also gave a survey of the new weedkillers based on plant hormones. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL COUNCIL Abstract of minutes of the meeting held on 15 January 1947 1. It was reported that the Constitution of the Council for the current year was as follows:- Representing the Chemical Society Mr.F. P. Dunn (ex-oficio) Dr. R. P. Linstead Professor C. N. Hinshelwood Professor William Wardlaw. Representing the Roval Institute of Chemistry Mr. R. C.Chirnside Professor AIexander Findlay Dr. D. W. Kent-Jones (ex-oficio) Mr. G. Roche Lynch. Representing the Society of Chemical Industry Mr. A. L. Bacharach Mr. Stanley Robson Mr. Julian M. Leonard (ex-oflcio) Professor E. K. Rideal. Xominated by the Society of Public Analysts and other Analytical Chemists Dr. G. W. Monier-Williams Mr. G. Taylor. Nominated by the Faraday Society Professor W. E. Garner Dr. G. M. Bennett. Nominated by the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers Mr. Roger Duncalfe Dr. G. M. Dyson Sir Harry Jephcott Mr. Foster Sproxton. 2. Honorary officers for the current year were elected as follows:- Professor E.K. Rideal . . . . re-appointed Chairman. Mr. F. P. Dunn . . .. .. , Vice-Chairman. Professor Alex. Findlay . . . . appointed Honorary Treasurer. Dr. G. &‘I. Bennett .. . . re-appointed Honorary Secretary. 3. It was reported that the Chemical Society had agreed to the use of the Library 4. A letter from the Chemical Society regarding a scheme devised by Dr. G. M. by members of the British Association of Chemists for a further period of one year. Dyson for the notation of organic substances was received. The Council agreed to the formation of an Advisory Committee to assist in development advise on chemical matters connected with the system and to ensure continuity and that the Chemical Society be invited to appoint representatives to the Committee.The importance of the matter being discussed before the International Union of Chemistry this year was stressed. 5. The reports of the Board of Directors of the Bureau of Abstracts for 12 November and 10 December were received. 6 The report of the Joint Library Committee of 27 November was received and the Council concurred in the recommendation in the report regarding increases in salaries granted to the Library Staff as from 1 January 1947. Joint Student Facilities were granted to eight applicants. [ 101 SUMMARIES OF LECTURES THE HYDROGEN BOND IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY By L. HUNTER,Ph.D. D.Sc. F.R.I.C. [Liverpool and North-Western Section at Wigan 9 November 1946.1 Probably no belief was more firmly held by the chemists of a century ago than that of the standard unitary character of the hydrogen atom.Not only was it held to be the fundamental standard of valency but its atomic weight was the unit by which all others were compared. This exemplary character has in the last few years been shown to be spurious; for not only have the atoms of hydrogen been proved to be heterogeneous by the discovery of deuterium but there are now grave doubts about their univalency. Indeed there is ample evidence that hydrogen can in certain circumstances hold two atoms together and to that extent it is bivalent. The first proposals of this nature were made by Odd0 (1906) who suggested a divided valency of the hydrogen atom in the hydroxyl group of certain o-hydroxyazo- compounds thus accounting for the anomalous behaviour of these compounds.Later Moore and Winmill (1912) invoked the aid of a bivalent hydrogen atom to account for the remarkable increase in the strength of ammonium hydroxides when all four hydrogen atoms are substituted to give quaternary ammonium hydroxides. Since that time the hydrogen bond has come into general use to account for such well-known phenomena as repressed functional activity due to chelate rings as in certain o-substituted phenols and amines molecular association moisture sorption of textile fibres and numerous other physical and chemical phenomena. Methods of detecting the hydrogen bond in molecular structures are mainly physical and among these the quantitative methods of X-ray and electron diffraction are capable of great precision.These depend on the measurement of the distance between the atoms assumed to be linked by the hydrogen bond and are based on the assumption that any approach of two such atoms to a distance significantly less than about 3.4 A indicates a chemical link between them. A less precise method but one capable of very wide application is the interpretation of the infra-red absorption spectra of compounds suspected of possessing a hydrogen-bond structure. It depends on the fact that the frequency and intensity of the infra-red absorption band characteristic of the group A-H undergo modification (to a lower frequency) when the hydrogen atom is involved in hydrogen bond formation as in A-H-B.Such shifts of the fundamental frequency may therefore be used as criteria of hydrogen bonding ; and though of recent development this is rapidly becoming one of the most versatile diagnostic tests for hydrogen-bond structure and already the presence of hydrogen bonds in a large number of compounds whose constitution had been deduced from other evidence has received confirmation by this method. The effect of hydrogen-bond structure on volatility solubility viscosity and certain other physical characters has also been traced in the last 25 years and gives a valuable guide to molecular structure. Such effects are most useful when comparing isomers or closely related compounds of which one may be capable of achieving a hydrogen-bond structure.Differences if of sufficiently marked a character are then attributed to the hydrogen-bond structure of the latter. h very great body of chemical apart from physical evidence has been accumulated in favour of the hydrogen-bond structure of certain compounds. In much of this evidence it is shown that compounds possessing a hydrogen-bond structure differ chemically as well as physically from those otherwise closely related to them. The method of alternative synthesis has also been used to support a hydrogen-bond structure. This is the synthesis of a single individual by two alternative routes which were it not for some identity-promoting influence such as hydrogen-bond formation would be expected to lead to two different isomers. Familiar examples are the synthesis of unsymmetrical quinhydrones 8-diketones and certain formazyl compounds.It must be emphasised that such evidence cannot be taken as rigid proof of a hydrogen-bond structure because the possibility of prototropic conversion cannot be excluded in these cases. Ability to form chelate metallic derivatives is usually an important though not invariable indication of intra-molecular hydrogen-bond structure. The commonest single cause of molecular association among organic compounds has been shown to be intermolecular hydrogen bonding and on this basis the association of alcohols phenols oximes carboxylic acids amides diazoamino-compounds pyra- zoles cyanamides etc. has received a satisfactory explanation. Work conducted in c 11 1 the lecturer’s laboratory during the last 10 years has revealed a very close parallel between molecular association of this type and tautomeric behaviour and it is now suggested that the two phenomena are due to one and the same cause viz.the inter- molecular sharing of the hydrogen responsible for the tautomeric character. It was on this hypothesis that a hydrogen-bond structure was sought and found in the thioamides thus leading to the discovery of the S-H-N bond. Tautomerism in this special sense is called mesohydric tautomerism and it is obviously necessary to exclude from it all types of compound whose tautomeric character depends upon the mobility of hydrogen attached to carbon because hydrogen in these circumstances cannot form stable hydrogen bonds thus rendering impossible the formation of a mesohydric structure.An important difference between these two types of tautomerism is therefore that in the case of mesohydric tautomerism no separation of tautomers is expected (nor indeed has ever been achieved) whereas in cases where tautomerism depends upon prototropic change the isolation of individual tautomers is not only expected but has been accoinplished in a large number of instances. The two tautomeric compounds ethyl acetoacetate CH,COCH,COOEt and A;-acetylurethane CH,CONHCOOEt having molecular weights differing only by one unit constitute a test case between prototropic and mesohydric tautomerism ; the pro- perties of the latter compound fully support the mesohydric structure assigned to it.THE CHANGING RELATIONS OF SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY By M. P. APPLEBEY,M.A. D.Sc. F.R.I.C. [Tees-side Section and the Newcastle Section of the Society of Chemical Industry 12 December 1946.1 At the turn of the century when the lecturer went up to Oxford a great revival of research was proceeding. After a period of comparative stagnation and shortage of equipment a strong school of experimental work arose in which the leading figures included Sidgwick Hartley Lambert Manley Baker Chapman and Chattaway. At this time in the older universities little attention was paid to industrial applications and industry in its turn paid little attention to academic science. A rather different attitude had been taken for a long time at some of the newer universities. Symptomatically the Society of Chemical Industrv had been founded more than 20 years previously under the presidency of Roscoe of Manchester.It was certainly true of British industry generally that the value of a scientific staff was not appreciated. Chemists in industry were relatively few and were largely engaged upon routine analysis rather than on research. The Brunner-Mond Company was among the first to change this attitude. Under the influence of Ludwig Mond it recruited a team of scientists for a more creative function that of improving existing industrial processes and of discovering altogether new processes. At the same time trained scientists were introduced into process management. The increased demand for scientists by industry naturally led to an increased interest in industry on the part of the universities.At Oxford the link between science and industry was made firmer by the work of W. H. Perkin who arrived from Manchester in 1912. Further development was encouraged by the 1914-18 war. which turned the attention of most academic scientists to urgent military or industrial manufacturing problems. After the war the effort to wrest the leadership in the dyestuffs industry from Germany was a further source of fruitful co-operation between academic and industrial science. The position now reached is illustrated by the recent report of the Barlow Com- mittee setting out the urgent need to double the supply of entrants to university science courses. The report states that this can be done without reducing the quality of university entrants because in the past the universities have taken only a small pro- portion of those mentally equipped for creative work.To carry out this recommenda- tion the universities are preparing ambitious expansion schemes. As the two ancient universities can hardly double their output the science schools of some of the others must be more than doubled. Sheffield for instance proposes to make its science school four times bigger. Industry now looks to the academic world in the first place for the advancement of knowledge by research. Under present conditions almost all the problems studied by academic scientists are of interest to industry. In fact many new processes such as the Haber ammonia synthesis have come directly from the universities.It is correspondingly important for industrial scientists to keep in close touch with the progress of ideas in the academic world. [ 12 1 In the second place industry looks to the university for its intake of trained men. A purely technological or vocational training has its dangers and limitations and the best training for a scientist in any field is a course emphasising the fundamentals of his subject followed by two or more years of research in the university. There is a danger that this period of research will be omitted if students are allowed to do their military service after graduation and for this reason it might be preferable for military service to come between school and university. The academic world looks to industry for financial support and for support for academic scientific publications.It is desirable that a much greater proportion of the results of industrial research should be published. Such publication need not lead to any loss of the commercial advantages of research. In the narrow sense such advantages are better secured by patenting than by close secrecy but in the broader sense the full advantages of an active research department always keeping a few steps ahead are realised without special protective measures. The exchange of ideas with the academic world is of special value to scientists in small industries and experience shows that academic scientists themselves find industrial contacts stimulating. There is no evidence that such contacts impair the fundamental interest of academic scientists in their work as a means of advancing human knowledge.As a means of furthering co-operation between industry and academic science a more easy interchange of staff has been suggested. The practice whereby university scientists periodically go to work in another establishment in their “sabbatical” terms could with advantage be applied to industrial scientists. The minor difficulties preventing free interchange such as that associated with superannuation contributions should be easily overcome. LABORATORY FRACTl ONAT1ON By G. P. GIBSON,B.Sc. Ph.D. F.R.I.C. [Liverpool and North-Western Section at Widnes 12 December 1946.J Methods for isolating organic compounds from mixtures which occur in nature or as the result of chemical reactions may be classified in several ways.There are processes which are (1) strongly selective or specific-xolumn distillation crystallisation adsorp- tion ; (2) partially selective-distillation (straight steam or film) diphasic separation ; (3) slightly selective in which one of the above processes has to be repeated many times to effect a separation; many natural products such as those which form mixed crystals come within this category. The object of a fractionation may be twofold (a) to prepare a sample of a certain quality e.g. 100 per cent. purity (a part of the component must be sacrificed in the process); (b) to estimate the total quantity of a component that is present. In complicated mixtures a combination of several of these processes may be necessary to yield a pure component commencing with a broad separation (distillation extraction etc.) and ending with a selective method (column distillation crystallisation or adsorption).The secret of success in fractionation depends on a foreknowledge of the conditions necessary to bring about a given separation in a particular apparatus. These selective conditions can be worked out for column distillation (batch and continuous) film distillation adsorption crystallisation and diphasic separation. The rate of flow in the various parts of the still in batch distillation is related to the amount of heat applied; in order to be able to take a pure product from the top of a column it is necessary for a large part of the column to contain that compound.In vacuum work the use of two pumps is to be recommended one to operate the column and the other to change fractions. The results of distillations may be shown on dia- grams in which weight distilled is plotted against the temperature or some other property such as setting point. With continuous column distillation the heat of vaporisation is supplied to the lower part of the column and the rate of feed to the column is most important; otherwise the conditions are as for batch distillation. Protracted heating within the boiling flask is avoided and compounds that are thermally unstable may be distilled conveniently in a continuous still; thus the evaporation of a solution of unsaponifiable matter and the fractionation of poly-unsaturated fatty esters may be so effected.In separating a mixture in a continuous still it is essential to be able to circulate the distilland through the still by means of twin vacuum reservoirs and receivers for only one component can be taken from the top of the fractionating column during one complete passage of the distilland through the apparatus. i 131 Film evaporation has some resemblance to continuous column distillation as it requires circulation of the distilland and as evaporation depends on the rate of flow together with the amount of heat supplied. In high vacuum work the so-called mole- cular distillation the heat can escape only through the film and can vaporise only a certain quantity of material. Thus although the temperature may be the same subsequent distillates may differ appreciably in quality and quantity.The amount of a component may be estimated from an elimination curve in which some characteristic property (absorption colour) is plotted against temperature or weight distilled. The control of the rates of flow of hot liquids in the above distillations may be achieved by glass conical valves at suitable points. These can be set accurately at the desired rates of flow by screw lifting mechanisms operating against stretched rubber sleeves which otherwise hold the valves closed. When a solution of a mixture of compounds is passed through a column of alumina and subsequently washed with solvents or mixtures of solvents of increasing elutive power (petroleutn ether benzene ether alcohol) a highly selective process of adsorption has frequently occurred.If the solutions emerging from the base of the column are divided into portions and examined (by weight colour light absorption optical rotation etc.) fractions of surprising quality may occur at particular places corresponding with the zones (visible or not) on the column. Curves drawn as a result of such measurements are similar to the elimination curves mentioned under molecular distillation. Com-plicated mixtures even isomers or those of natural origin give good results by this highly specific adsorption technique. The remaining processes of fractionation may be dealt with together for at each operation there is a separation into two parts (1) crystals and mother liquor and (2) top and bottom layers.When this separation into two has to be repeated many times the process is best made counter-current. By the use of diagrams and numbering systems the organisation of such a scheme of operations may be simplified and the process carried to its ultimate conclusion. The systematic fractional crystallisation of the lithium soaps of oleic and linoleic acid and counter-current extraction of the unsaponi- fiable matter of oils afford examples of the successful application of these principles. THE UTlLlSATlON OF COAL By E. G. RITCHIE D.Sc. A.M.Inst.C.E. A.M.I.Mech.E. F.1nst.F. [Leeds Area Section 13 January 1947.1 In any country the efficient use of fuel is a matter of great importance and Great Britain has in the past relied largely upon coal exports to balance imports of food and raw materials.While in 1810 we exported 13 per cent. of our total output of coal by 1913 this figure had risen to 33 per cent. but by 1933 it had dropped to 28 per cent. During the war years our export of coal was to all intents and purposes negligible and to-day we are producing considerably less than the amount of coal needed for home consumption. It is clear from the situation that something drastic must be done to release more coal for export either in the raw state or as processed solid fuel. The background of the British Coal Utilisation Research Association (B.C.U.R.A.) is the dire necessity arising from these circumstances. for using our coal much more efficiently and a great deal of work has been done in different directions.For example during the past three or four years attention has been given to the performance of shell boilers which in the aggregate consume about 80 million tons of coal per annum if marine and locomotive boilers etc. are included. As a result of research work carried out on industrial boiler plants it has been found that excess air as a factor is much more important than could be inferred from an analysis of the flue gas and in many industrial plants the fuel consumption could be reduced by 30 per cent. or more if proper regard were paid to combustion efficiency. In general industrial boilers are overloaded and a reduction in rating offers substantial possibilities of fuel economy. This programme of research is being continued at the Research Station at Leatherhead where an experi- mental boiler has been installed.The work carried out on deposits and corrosion in power station boilers has indicated the important significance of smokes and dust in the flue gas and it is hoped that a palIiative will be found. The aggregate coal consumption of domestic appliances in this country amounts to 50 million tons per annum. By work on the development of these B.C.U.R.A.has been able to introduce features which promise an increase in efficiency from about 2,5 per cent. with standard equipment to about 45 per cent. The appliances developed by the Association have many other attractions apart from iiicreased efficieiicy ; for example they enable fires to be banked overnight thus avoiding relighting and in addition provision has been made for the storage of about a week’s output of ash which avoids the daily cleaning out of the ashpit.Other developments which have gone a long way include the down-jet furnace in which the combustion air is projected on to the free surface of the fuel bed instead of passing through the fuel bed. This makes it possible to use combustion air at a much higher temperature than is normally practicable and moreover the system is capable of successful operation with a very wide range of fuels perhaps down to slurries. In addition very high combustion efficiencies are obtained corresponding to a continuous CO content of the order of 20 per cent. in the flue gases when using coke as a fuel.Other subjects in process of study include gas turbine development and the probable use of oxygen in the gasification of coal. In fact a programme of fundamental research is in progress which covers the whole field of efficient coal utilisation whether as fuel or as a raw material for the production of chemicals. CHEMICAL PROGRESS IN PHOTOGRAPHY By D. CROWLEY,M.Sc. A.R.I.C. [Dublin Section 22 January 19471 Advances in all branches of dhemistry during the last half-century have caused much progress in photography although its basic principles have not changed since the end of the classical period about 1900. The introduction by Konig in 1902 of cyanine dyes-pinacyanol and pinaverdol- for sensitising silver halide emulsions to the red end of the spectrum led to the production of panchromatic material so universally used to-day while the discovery in 1926 of the similar action of dicyanine and neocyanine dyes on the infra-red region has produced plates of value in the textile and dyeing industries and in clinical and aerial photography.Investigations on the materials used in emulsion manufacture resulted in the discovery by Sheppard in 1925 that the sensitising action of the gelatin is caused by minute quantities of labile sulphur compounds. notably ally1 isothiocyanate. Later the addition of this compound immensely increased the sensitivity of an emulsion without increasing grain size as well thus giving the modern fine grain material so necessary for the precision miniature camera and for the production of an impeccable sound track on cine film.The simple o-and p-diphenols p-amino phenols and p-phenylenediamine all known 50 years ago are still in common use as developing agents but investigations on their reduction potential and optimum pH have resulted in much standardisation and alkalies such as caustic soda sodium carbonate sodium phosphate borax and sodium metaborate are now used to produce a pH range from 13 down to a low alkaline figure. Laboratory control of the development process for cine film is now universal. Densito-metric work on graded test strips with frequent chemical analysis has resulted in continuous development machines with constant time temperature and pH values standard agitation and rate of travel of film with constant addition of a balanced replenisher.The theory of Gurney and Mott that the action of light produces a negative charge on the sensitivity specks of the silver halide crystals thus attracting the positive silver ions seems to be generally accepted but little is known of the development reaction. Recent work with the electron microscope suggests (a)that amorphous silver is deposited round the nuclei from solution (b) that filamentous silver is extruded at the nuclei near the crystal surface and (c) that on slow development silver may be deposited inward from the surface. Modern colour photography owes much to the work of Rudolph Fischer who showed in 19 12-14 that oxidation products of p-phenylenediamine derivatives resulting from development will couple with certain compounds containing a reactive methylene group to produce a dye-silver image from which the silver can be removed leaving a pure dye image.Thus N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine on development with ethyl acetoacetate gives a yellow dye with a-naphthol a cyan dye and with o-nitrobenzyl cyanide a magenta dye. In some processes all three-colour couplers are present in the film each in its appropriate emulsion layer. thus producing a tricolour image on processing. r 151 FAT SHORTAGES AND FAT SUBSTITUTES By T. P. HILDITCH, D.Sc. F.R.I.C. F.R.S. [Manchester and District Section 23 January 1947.1 The present position in this country of fat supplies and the prospects of natural fat resources in the future are matters of special interest and importance.The supply of fats to Great Britain was severely restricted during the war years and imports are still far below the 1937-38 level. Special difficulties still existing as a consequence of the war in obtaining supplies of specific materials such as ground-nut coconut linseed and whale oils arise less from lack of production of the fat sources than from adverse factors of different kinds which hinder the adequate collection or movement of the oilseeds or other source of fat. As much natural fat is being produced now in the world as a whole as in 1937-38 and the total production is capable of much expansion given scientific control and organisation at the centres of production and distribution. Potential world supplies of natural fats are believed to be adequate to supply edible requirements and when the existing difficulties have been eliminated it should be quite practicable again to import into Great Britain sufficient edible fats (1,000,000 tons per annum) to correspond to 1 Ib.per week per head of the population. Because natural fats are recurrent annual crops it is rational to rely upon them for edible fats rather than to attempt to synthesise fats from resources such as petroleum or coal which represent capital assets that cannot be replaced. Moreover it should be realised that after many years of intensive effort Germany had by 1945 succeeded in erecting plant capable of producing only about 80.000 tons per year of synthetic fat from coal by the Fischer-Tropsch hydrocarbon synthesis.This is indicative of the enormous scale of industrial activity required to produce practical quantities of synthetic edible fats and of the difficulties of extending the application of the process quite apart from any consideration of the palatability or nutritional value of the product-which so far as is known were reported to be satisfactory. While it is firmly believed that the further development and organisation of world fat resources (especially within the British Commonwealth) is the only sound policy for procuring adequate supplies of edible fats and avoiding future shortages there is no doubt as to the value of the numerous new products derived ultimately from petroleum or coal as detergents some having properties surpassing those of fatty soaps.Such products are derived from materials which can often be regarded as by-products in the utilisation of petroleum and thus do not trespass seriously on the primary objectives (fuel and lubrication) of the petroleum industry. In times such as the present they will help to meet temporary shortages in fat supplies while at the same time providing detergents which at all events for a number of purposes possess advantages over ordinary soaps. Similarly the use of linseed and other fatty oils in paints has been progressively supplemented by the introduction of modern synthetic resins and polymers. In the detergent paint and other industries fatty oils will still maintain a place complementary to the newer synthetic products which have their own specific contri- butions to make but where edible fats are concerned no substitute for natural fats is practicable or necessary.With proper organisation and control nature can provide annually all the fats that will be required for many generations to come. SOME APPLICATIONS OF INFRA-RED MEASUREMENTS IN CHEMISTRY By H. W. THOMPSON, M.A. F.R.S. [Tees-side Section at Norton-on-Tees 11 January 1947.1 During recent years infra-red spectroscopy has joined other physico-chemical techniques of great value in practical chemistry. The new applications in connection with bigger molecules could not have been made without a marked improvement in the experimental methods for rapidly recording the spectra. Great advances have been made in detectors for infra-red radiation and different types are found in various kinds of instrument.With single-beam spectrometers the useful range of the spectrum can be recorded in about half an hour and double-beam recorders have the added advantage of eliminating contaminating gases from the atmosphere and of permitting direct measurements of the absorption percentages. Using fast bolometers the spectra can now be scanned with a cathode ray tube as recorder which helps in the rapid identification of particular bands and also in following transition phenomena. [ 161 Applications of these measurements for qualitative and quantative analysis are many; examples are afforded by the analysis of mixtures of hydrocarbons phenols and cresols cellulose derivatives polymers and rubbers mixtures of stereoisomers such as benzene hexachloride (gammexane) .In some instances the continuous analysis of gas streams can be made using gas analysers which do not involve any dispersing prism. The second important application is for structural diagnosis especially for complex molecules such as polymers. This can be either empirical or based upon well-established rules characterising special groups with particular absorption frequencies e.g. in the recent establishment of the formula of strychnine from measurements on its degradation products and in characterising many kinds of macromolecules such as rubbers waxes peptide types and phenolic resins. A major feature in the study of large molecules is the significance of hydrogen bonding and it seems that much valuable knowledge can be obtained by a more exhaustive study of this phenomenon using the infra-red method.Further work is desirable on the use of polarised infra-red radiation on the study of the change of spectrum with change of state of aggregation on the investigation of reaction mechanisms and on several more theoretical matters. SCIENTIFIC COURSES The excellent reception given to courses in Chemical Engineering and in Colloids organised by the Birmingham and Midlands Section of the Institute at Birmingham and Cambridge respectively made it clear that there was a widespread desire for post- graduate and refresher courses of various types. In order to meet this desire as fully as possible the Council decided that in future such courses should be held under the auspices of the Institute itself and that they be organised centrally though with the advice and assistance of Local Sections whenever available.A Scientific Courses Committee was therefore set up (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1945 Iv 137) and charged with the duties of collecting information on suitable subjects for future courses and on appropriate places for holding them and of drawing up and putting into effect programmes of activities in this important field. By this means it should be possible to provide courses of various kinds conferences and symposia on subjects of current interest and importance and to arrange for them to be held at the most appropriate times and places in relation to the demand and to the facilities available.At the suggestion of the Liverpool and North-Western Section two highly successful courses on “Oils and Fats” and “Spectroscopy” were held concurrently at the University of Liverpool in July 1946 (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1946 V 214). The programmes of the courses and associated social events were arranged by the Local Section while the business side of the organisation was largely conducted in the office of the Institute in close consultation with the Honorary Secretary of the Section. This system of co-operation worked well on the whole considering the fact that the running of these first two courses under the new scheme was largely experimental. The experience gained will be valuable in connection with future events especially in ensuring that the time table of preparatory work is properly planned.Following an examination of the results of these activities the Council has confirmed its intention to develop the organisation of scientific courses conferences and symposia as an unified and major activity of the Institute (see page 4). It is realised that whereas postgraduate courses of the kind held at Liverpool will generally be financially self-supporting other types of activity will not be so; much will depend also on where a course or conference is held particularly on whether it is a centre of a Local Section or not for if not there may be little or no voluntary help available. In these circumstances the Council has decided to establish a Scientific Courses Fund to place to the credit of that fund any excess of receipts over expenditure resulting from individual events and to use the Fund in helping to finance other events that are not self-supporting and in general to promote the development of courses conferences and symposia in the best interests of members.Several suggestions are under consideration by the Scientific Courses Committee. In the immediate future it has been agreed that the Institute shall sponsor a symposium on “Coal Petroleum and their Newer Derivatives,” to be held at St. Andrews on 7-12 July 1947 and for which detailed arrangements are being made by a joint committee of the Local Sections in Scotland (see page 19). It has also been proposed that the Institute in conjunction with the Irish Chemical Association shall be responsible for a colloquium on “Chemistry in Relation to the Industrial Use of Agricultural Products” in the summer with which the Dublin and District Section is concerned.Other events will be announced from time to time in this JOURNAL. 1171 NOTES Personal.-The following additional appointment is reported in the New Year Honours List (cf. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1946 VI 282):-Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Enzpire (M.B.E.) Edgar Ernest Turtle MSc. Ph.D. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. D.I.C. Fellow. Professor Alexander Findlay Past President has been elected Hon. Treasurer of the Chemical Council in succession to Sir Robert Pickard F.R.S. Past Presided. Mr. P. White Fellow Director of the New Zealand Leather and Shoe Research Association and formerly Honorary Secretary of the New Zealand Section of the Institute is resigning from the Directorship of the Research Association and will be returning to England in May 1947.Dr. R. L. Andrew Fellow has retired from the post of Dominion Analyst and Director of the Dominions Laboratories New Zealand and has been succeeded by Nr. W. A. Joiner Fellow who is the Chairman-designate of the New Zealand Section of the Institute for 1947-48. Professor F. G. Soper Fellow is President of the New Zealand Institute of Chemistry 1946-47 and Dr. J. K. Dixon Fellow Honorary Secretary of the New Zealand Section of the Royal Institute of Chemistry is Vice-president. Dr. Frederick Heathcoat Fellow has been appointed Principal of the Mining and Technical College Barnsley.Mr. Donald Hicks Fellow has been appointed Director of Scientific Control for the National Coal Board. Dr. W. E. Harris Associate has been appointed Officer in Charge of the Fuel Research and Coal Survey Laboratory Cardiff. Mr. Alec Webster Associate of the Technical Staff of the Royal Naval Propellant Factory Caerwent near Chepstow has been appointed Safeby Officer of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers. Mr. G. A. Dickens Associate has been appointed Lecturer in Science at the Royal Military Academy Camberley. Mr. James Gray Fellow Honorary Corresponding Secretary of the Institute in the Transvaal has been elected Mayor of Johannesburg. First Henderson Memorial Lecture.-Professor Sir Ian Heilbron D.S.O.F.R.S. delivered the First Henderson Memorial Lecture entitled “The Life and Work of George Gerald Henderson” at the Royal Institution on Monday 20 January at 5.30 p.m. The President Dr. G. Roche Lynch O.B.E. occupied the Chair and opened the proceedings by reading a cablegram from Dr. David Spence the founder of the Hender- son Memorial Lectures expressing regret that he had been unable to come over from America to attend the meeting. The President referred to the debt the Institute owes to Dr. Spence for his generous endowment of this series of lectures and expressed the gratitude of the Officers and Council for thus providing a means of perpetuating the memory of their distinguished former President Professor G. G. Henderson (see JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1946 V,217).Following the lecture a vote of thanks to Sir Ian Heilbron was proposed by Professor J. W. Cook F.R.S. Henderson’s successor as Regius Professor in the University of Glasgow. This was seconded by Mr. R. B. Croad one of Henderson’s former students and was carried with acclamation. Sir Ian Heilbron has given permission for the lecture to be published. Copies will be distributed to all Members and Registered Students in due course. Institute of Petroleum Cadman Medal.-The Cadman Memorial Medal has been awarded this year by the Institute to Mr. Robert Price Russell a distinguished American chemist who will deliver the Second Cadman Memorial Lecture early in June. Mr. Russell is Head of the Standard Oil Development Company the central technical and research organisation of the Standard Oil Company N.J.He was concerned during the war with the production of high octane aviation fuels synthetic rubbers and toluene for explosives as well as the development of flame throwers incendiaries and smoke generators. For his services to the Allied cause during the war he was awarded the Medal for Merit the highest civilian award in the United States. Humidity of the Air.-British Standard 1339-1946 Humidity of the Air Definitions Formulae and Constants has been issued by the British Standards Institution 28, Victoria Street London S.W.1 price 2s. net post free. c 18-1 Parliamentary and Scientific Committee.-An unofficial group of Members of both Houses of Parliament and representatives of certain scientific and technical institutions have prepared a report on “Universities and the Increase of Scientific Man-power.” Copies may be obtained either from the office of the Committee 6 Queen Anne’s Gate London S.W.1 or from Vacher & Sons Ltd.Printers Great Smith Street West- minster S.W.1 price Is. German Books on Chemical and Cognate Subjects.-The Chemical Council has printed in pamphlet form a limited number of copies of a List of German Books on Chemical and Cognate Subjects published from 1939-1946 compiled by Dr. Hamilton McCombie D.S.O. M.C. and Mr. A. E. Cummins Librarian of the Chemical Society. A copy will be forwarded to any member of any Society represented on the Chemical Council free of charge on application to the Acting Secretary of the Chemical Council 9-10 Savile Row London W.l.The Scientific Film Association.-A Memorandum on the Classification Appraisal and Grading of Scientific Films was issued by the Association in July 1946 and deals with documentation and general considerations and with the organisation of the viewing appraisal and grading of scientific films. Copies may be obtained from the offices of the Association 34 Soh0 Square London jV.1. Price 2s. 6d. Laboratory Precautions.-Following publication of Dr. H. P. Stevens’s statement on the explosive nature of a mixture of sodium thiosulphate and sodium nitrite (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1946 VI 285) Mr. C. H. R. Elston has drawn attention to the risk of explosion occurring on heating a mixture of potassium ferrocyanide and sodium nitrite.His plea that particulars of such explosive mixtures often not widely known should be published is endorsed and members are invited to communicate to the Secre- tary of the Institute information on such matters and on precautions to be taken to avoid laboratory accidents of any kind for report in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. This information will also be collected for inclusion in a general survey of measures for the prevention of laboratory accidents which it is hoped to publish later. In this connection Mr. F. C. Bullock has drawn attention to an unusual fire risk. At one time it had been customary to keep a bottle of ether in the refrigerator so that it would be available at a low temperature if required for carrying out Hortvet freezing- point determinations on samples of milk.If this practice had not been given up a serious fire might have resulted when the refrigerator motor burned out a short time ago IMPORTANT EVENTS IN 1947 British Industries Fair.-The first post-war British Industries Fair is to be held in May 1947 in three sections at Earl’s Court and Olympia London and at Castle Bromwich. Institution of Mechanical Engineers Centenary Celebrations.-The Centenary of the foundation of the Institution will be celebrated in London in June 1947. 8th International Management Congress.-The British Management Council has announced that the Congress will be held on 3-8 July 1947 in Stockholm. Royal Institute of Chemistry Symposium on “Coal Petroleum and their Newer Derivatives.”-This Symposium is being arranged by the Scottish Sections of the Institute at the University of St.Andrews on 7-12 July 1947 and forms part of the general programme of Scientific Courses Conferences and Symposia to be organised under the auspices of the Institute at appropriate places and times in the future. The purpose of this Symposium is to provide industrial scientists and others with a comprehensive survey of developments that have taken place in heavy organic chemistry. It will be organised in three parts the first will be concerned with coal and oil resources the second with chemical synthesis and the third with physico-chemical problems of polymerisation. Both academic and industrial aspects of the subjects will be considered each lecture will be followed by a short interval for discussion and on the last day there will be a general discussion and review of the whole field.A detailed programme will be available later. Tours of St. Andrews and the surrounding country and a number of social events are being arranged in connection with the Symposium. [ 191 Further particulars are given on a leaflet accompanying this issue of the Journal. Those who propose to attend should complete the form attached to this leaflet and return it to the Assistant Secretary Royal Institute of Chemistry 30 Russell Square W.C.1. Chemical Society Centenary Celebrations (see JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1946 IV 187; VI 287).-Sir Robert Robinson the President of the Royal Society has accepted the invitation of the Council of the Chemical Society to deliver the Faraday Lecture during the Centenary Celebrations due to take place on 15-17 July.The lecture will be delivered in the Central Hall Westminster on 16 July and will form the principal scientific event of the centenary celebrations. The Faraday Lectureship was founded in 1867 to commemorate Michael Faraday who was elected a Fellow of the Society in 1842 and was one of its Vice-presidents. The Lectureship is the highest honour which the Chemical Society has in its power to offer. Among previous Faraday Lecturers have been Dumas Cannizzaro von Hofmann TViirtz Helmholtz MendelCeff Lord Rayleigh Ostwald Fischer Richards Arrhenius Nillilran Willstatter Bohr Debye and Lord Rutherford. Another feature of the centenary celebrations will be an Exhibition at the Science Museum South Kensington illustrating the achievements of British chemistry and the part which chemistry plays in everyday life to-day.The exhibition which will be open in July 1947 is being organised by the Chemical Society and the Department of Scienti-fic and Industrial Research. The Centenary Publicity Sub-committee have arranged for a set of lantern slides to be prepared illustrating the Society’s accommodation and showing various activities in the daily life of the Society. These slides are available for loan; application should be made to the General Secretary of the Chemical Society. 11th International Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry.-A few days before leaving England on his State visit to South Africa H.M.the King granted His Royal Patronage to the Congress which will be held in London from 17-24 July. The Congress will be organised in the following sections:-(1) Inorganic and Geo- chemistry; (2) Physical chemistry; (3) Organic chemistry; (4) Biochemistry; (5) Chemistry in relation to Agriculture and Applied Botany; (6) Chemistry in relation to Applied Zoology and Veterinery Science; (7) Chemistry in relation to Food and Nutrition; (8) Chemistry in relation to Medicine and Therapeutics; (9) Chemistry in relation to Fuel Power and Transport; (10) Chemistry in relation to Natural and Artificial Textiles (11) Chemistry in relation to Plastics Glass and Ceramics; (12) Chemistry in relation to Metals; (13) Chemical Engineering.A provisional programme of events has been prepared and applications to join the Congress should be addressed to Lt.-Col. F. J. Griffin Honorary Organiser XIth International Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry 56 Victoria Street I,ondon S.IV.1 who will be glad to furnish further particulars. The registration fee is L2. International Physiological Congress.-The Congress will be held in Oxford on 22-25 July. World Power Conference Fuel Economy Conference.-This Conference will be held at The Hague on 2-10 September 1947. British Association.-The Annual Meeting of the Association will take place in Dundee from 27 August to 3 September 1947 under the Presidency of Sir Henry Dale O.M. G.B.E. F.R.S. The President of Section B (Chemistry) is Dr.J. L. Simonsen F.R.S. I n te r nat ional Elect rode posi tion Conferen ce.-The Conference sponsored by the Electrodepositors’ Technical Society will be held in London but has been postponed from May to September. Particvlars may be obtained from the office of the Societv 27 Islington High Street London N.1. Institute of Physics and Physical Society Electron Jubilee Celebrations.-To mark the fiftieth anniversary of the discovery of the electron by Sir J. J. Thomson O.M. and to demonstrate the great influence that such an advance in pure physics may have on the life of the community a series of meetings and other functions are being arranged for 25-26 September 1947 in London. A special exhibition which will remain open to the public for several weeks will be held at the Science Museum South Kensing- ton and will show the development of the vast range of modern industrial equipment from the earliest experimental origins.I80 1 SCIENCE IN PARLIAMENT (October-Decem ber 1946) Agricultural Advisory Service.-On 22 October the whole position of the Agricultural Advisory Service was raised on the Adjournment by Major Legge Bourke and Mr. Swingler. Replying to the debate the JOINT PARLIAMENTARY TO THE MINISTRY SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE The outstanding purpose of this new service which MR. COLLICK became operative on 1 October is to get a complete co-ordination of the whole agricul- tural advisory work in the country. Since the decision was taken that the war agricul- tural committees-that word “war” we shall drop-should be a permanent part of the agricultural setup in the country the important thing was to decide how closely and in what way could the work of the new advisory service be linked with the county com- mittees.The closest attention was given to this matter and the decision was made that the county advisory officer in each county would in the main. be one and the same person as the executive officer of the new county committee. . . . There are to be eight provinces in England and Wales and the headquarters of the provinces will be as near as possible to the university centre so as to get the closest possible contact with the work of the provinces and with all the things that have been happening in the university and so on.That is deliberately planned as part of the work. There will be a relatively small headquarters’ staff for the Advisory Service. There will be Professor Scott Watson with three other scientific officers. There will be the officer in the provinces and then the county officer and we hope that the district advisory officer will work in the closest possible touch with the district committees. We want to bring the knowledge of the scientist to and get it applied practically by the working farmer and equally to have the problems of the working farmer passed to the scientists. Surely all the experience of the war has taught that the practical farmer when he has seen another farmer applying what science teaches and has seen the praztical results which follow is only too ready himself to adopt such methods-I think that is the general experience.If we are getting research done it is far more important to apply the results of that research to the man who is doing the job on the land. The cost would work out at less than $d. per L of agricultural production in this country. Agricultural Research Council.-MR. HERBERT MORRISON OF LORDPRESIDENT THE COUNCIL, in reply to a question by Colonel Ropner on 3 December Wartime difficulties naturally restricted the extent to which information about the activities of the Agricultural Research Council could be disseminated generally though the publica- tion “Agricultural Research in Great Britain” was issued in 1943 and has since been reprinted while the results of individual pieces of research continued to be published.The Council now have in hand the publication as soon as possible of a report which will include reference to the work of the war years as well as to that of the past year and subsequently of an annual report instead of a biennial one as before the war. Every opportunity is also taken to make the practical results of agricultural research work known to a wider public through the Agricultural Departments their advisory services and their agricultural improvement councils. Atomic Energy Bill.-MR. ATTLEE,PRIME MINISTER,in the course of the debate on the Second Reading of the Bill in the House of Commons on 8 October An invention of such immense potential destructiveness must obviously be subject to close Government supervision and the task of development could not be undertaken except by the Govern- ment in view of the cost involved which might amount to something like L30,000,000.The Bill gave the Minister of Supply wide powers but these were essential if the Govern- ment were to deal with unauthorised activities not only in the interests of this country but because of international control. The Government was anxious that research should be encouraged and this was already being undertaken by universities and commercial firms under contracts placed and financed by the Government. Although the Government would do everything to encourage the dissemination of basis scientific information there must be power to prevent the dissemination of information as to what is called the “know-how.” It would be for the Minister of Supply to decide whether information was or was not of military significance.Exemption Orders would be made to deal with the publication of information which could be published. It was the aim of the Government not to hinder the freedom of scientists in this field but to help them. MR. JOHN WILMOT MINISTEROF SUPPLY,in replying to the debate admitted the need for giving the maximum freedom to scientific people and suggested that in practice [ 21 J there was no risk that irksome or tiresome restrictions would be involved by the Bill. On the question of an Advisory Committee of Scientists Mr. Wilmot said it was already the practice to take the advice of all leading scientists who can contribute anything in this matter but he did not want to have a fixed statutory body of scientists who inevitably would become a screen between the Minister and his direct Parliamentary responsibility.There was already one important advisory body the Anderson Com- mittee. On the subject of Secrecy and Clause 11 Mr. Wilmot said the clause was the best compromise which could be made between the objectives of security and the free flow of scientific information. He promised to confer with scientists in drafting orders under Clause 11. In the debate in the House of Lords on 23 October Lord Cherwell expressed un- easiness about the powers taken by the Government to prevent other people working freely on this topic. Whilst regretting the necessity for secrecy he did not in broad principle contest the need for something on the lines of Clause 11.He hoped that the Government however could re-word the clause to relieve the anxiety which was felt in this connection. He saw no reason to press for a Special Advisory Committee of Scientists but he did think it was essential that the Minister should fortify himself with adequate scientific advice. Lord Chenvell was not inclined to take an optimistic view about the prospects of any immense economic or industrial development following on the use of atomic energy since it was only the substitution of one kind of motive force for another. Viscount Samuel pointed out that this view was not shared by many of those whose scientific reputation was as high as that of Lord Cherwell.He referred to the suggestion of Professor Oliphant that the practical implication of atomic energy might be achieved in five or ten years. He suggested it should be the object of Ministers of Supply here to endeavour to the utmost degree possible to promote the development of atomic energy. He thought that a Bill of the kind before the House was essential since there must be national control in order to fitinto the ultimate arrangements for international control. It was essential however that proper development should not be interfered with. VISCOUNT ADDISON,on behalf of the Government said he had great sympathy with the views expressed about :ecrecy and he was very anxious that the scientists should be reassured on that point. During the Committee Stage in the House of Lords certain amendments were made to Clause 11 by the Government to make it clear that individuals concerned with atomic research would be able to confer with one another about various problems.Cancer Research (Radioactive Su bstances).-On 31 October Dr. Stross asked the Minister of Health whether his attention had been drawn to clinical experimental work in the U.S.A. with radioactive substances such as radioactive phosphorus and iodine in the treatment of inoperable cancerous growths; and whether similar work is being carried out in Britain. MR. BEVAN:Yes Sir. Experiments are being carried out with the small quantities of these substances obtainable in this country and it is hoped that the quantities will shortly be increased.Defence (Central Organisation and Research).-The new Central Organisation for Defence is described in Command Paper 6923. This was debated in the House of Commons on 31 August. During the debate many references were made to the scientific organisation involved. The Prime Minister who opened the debate referred to the appointment of Sir Henry Tizard as Chairman of the Research Policy Committee. He added that in the field of science there would be closer liaison with the other scientific activities of the Government coming under the Lord President of the Council. Fog Dispersal.-Xr. Leonard replying on behalf of the MINISTER OF SUPPLYto a question by Mr. De la Bere on 21 November The only practicable method developed during the war for dispersing fog on airfields was that known as F.I.D.O.Owing to its cost it is not likely to have much application in peace-time and development work on the system has ceased although installations are being retained at a few R.A.F. airfields and we are keeping in close touch with experimental work proceeding in America. The regular landing of aircraft in fog is more likely to be achieved successfully by radio radar and instrumental aids which are being actively developed. Foreign Scientists.-In reply to a question by Mr. J. Ur. Cobb on 15 October MR.ISAACS OF LABOUR: MINISTER Every effort is made to utilise the services of foreign scientists in this country whose qualifications are in demand and who are known to be L 22 3 available. ‘lhough no general steps have been taken to enlist the services of foreign scientists from outside the United Kingdom arrangements have been made for the entry into this country of a number of scientists possessing knowledge and experience of a special value.Fuel Efficiency.-MR. A. BEVAN MINISTEROF HEALTH,in the course of replies to questions by Mr. Janner and Lt.-Col. Sharp on 31 October In England and Wales one district heating scheme is being installed on a local authority housing estate and three others have been approved in principle. A circular is being sent to local authorities generally informing them that I am prepared to entertain proposals for district heating on their housing estates and my officers will where appropriate urge local authorities to consider this method of heating.I understand from the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research who have for some time carried on investigations into atmospheric pollution that they have not sufficient evidence to show that there has been any significant change over the country as a whole during recent years in regard to atmospheric pollution caused by soot and smoke. German Industrial and Scientific Development (Reports).-Mr. Marquand in the course of a reply on behalf of the PRESIDENT OF THE BOARD OF TRADE to a question by Mr. Leslie on 5 December To date 1,390 of these reports have been published 572 of them prepared by British teams 278 by American teams and 540 by combined British and American teams. As investigations are not yet completed and because some teams produce more than one report I cannot say precisely how many reports British or American will be published in the future but I expect that the total including those already mentioned will be near the 2,500 mark.In addition to placing the reports on sale at H.M. Stationery Office free distributions of all reports published are made to universities the principal public libraries and chambers of commerce. Trade and research associations and learned professional institutions also receive a token free distribution of the reports of direct interest to them. TG’ith a view to facilitating the process of reference arrangements have been made with H.M. Stationery Office to produce both a classified list of reports and a subjects index. Both publications copies of which I shall have deposited in the Library will be brought up to date from time to time.In addition to these works of reference an Information Bureau and Reference Library has been created at the Secretariat of the British Intelli- gence Objectives Sub-Committee which body is now administered by the Board of Trade. The Reference Library contains not only all finished reports but also much of the raw material on which they were based. This work is closely co-ordinated with the Documents Unit of the Board of Trade which is the central repository for the large quantity of original German documents which have been collected in conjunction with the British and Allied investigations. The Documents Unit has facilities for translating and abstracting and for supplying copies of the abstracts or of originaldocuments to any interested party.The existence of the Information Service which has a nucleus technical staff and access both to the reports and the original German documents should greatly assist a firm with limited research facilities and no connection with a Trade Association to find the material of interest to it. Industrial Diseases (Research).-MR. H. MORRISON,LORDPRESIDENT THE OF COUNCIL,in reply to a question by Mr. Janner on 6 November The Medical Research Council maintain three departments for this purpose as part of their own staff organisa- tion and also support research work elsewhere by means of temporary grants. The subjects at present under investigation are of the following general kinds disorders caused by inhalation of dusts by exposure to chemical substances or by other special conditions of work; increased liability in certain occupations to diseases which are not specifically industrial; and occupational conditions which without causing definite disease affect the health comfort and efficiency of workers.Streptomycin.-MR. H. MORRISON OF THE COUNCIL, LORDPRESIDENT replying to Col. Crosthwaite-Eyre on 18 November The Medical Research Council have arranged for making controlled clinical trials of streptomycin as soon as supplies are available to determine its value in tuberculosis and other conditions and the best methods of its use. Funds are being allocated for the cost of this work including the purchase of the necessary quantities of the product.MINISTEROF EDUCATION, Technical Colleges.-Mrss \%‘ILKINSON in the course of answering questions by Mr. Swingler on the numbers of students attending full-time r 23 1 courses at technical colleges (4 November) and by Mr. Dodds-Parker as to action being taken to raise the standard of technological training in such colleges (9 December) The latest date for which figures are available is the educational year 1944-45 when 32,252 senior students were attending courses of all types in technical colleges and art schools. It is not possible to give separate figures for technical colleges for that year. During 1944-45 there were also in attendance at technical colleges students in courses organised on behalf of other Government Departments i.e.Service Departments and the Ministry of Labour and National Service. The technical colleges also accommodated a large proportion of the 61,015 pupils in junior technical schools. In accordance with the recommendations of the Percy Committee regional councils and academic boards are being set up to link the major technical colleges with the universities and industry. As soon as they are in being a national council will be set up to co-ordinate regional activities and to advise on national policy. Among other measures which are being taken are the inclusion of wider representa- tion of industry and commerce on the governing bodies of colleges and the establishment of national colleges for those industries whose needs cannot fully be made on a regional basis.The hon. Member may care to know that a pamphlet will shortly be issued from my Department indicating how the needs of industrial personnel may be ascertained and how they should be met. United Nations Educational 0rganisation.-In replying to the debate on the Organisation in the House of Commons on 22 November MISS WILKINSON, MINISTER OF EDUCATION, referred to the great problems arising through the destruction of all kinds of educational and scientific apparatus. In conclusion she said “It is therefore important that whatever else U.N.E.S.C.O. does or does not do at least it should raise the banner of what I believe is the essential thing. It is what makes our strength in this country whatever our political differences; the sense that there are such things as standards of value that there is a difference between right and wrong that intellectual needs are not mere luxuries.Unless we can put standards of value into the minds of youth we cannot have a great civilisation or a great country. It is because the men and women I have worked with in U.N:E.S.C.O. have put that thing first putting aside the idea that only practical things matter because they have realised the value of the human spirit that I believe U.K.E.S.C.O.will do great things and I hope-in fact I am confident-that this House will be behind them in that task.” University Students (Statistics) .-MR. DALTON OF CHANCELLOR THE EXCHEQUER gave the following information in reply to Mr Charles Smith and Mr.Janner on 28 November Full-time students entering the university institutions of Great Britain this autumn to begin to read for a first degree numbered 13,749 men and 4,444 women; the corresponding totals in 1938-39 were 9,556 men and 3,099 women. The total number of full-time students in university institutions in Great Britain was approximately 50,000 in 1938-39 and during the present term is approximately 66,000. Of the 66,000 full-time students during the present term approximately 20,500 are reading pure or applied science. EXAMINATIONS JANUARY I947 EXAMINATION FOR THE ASSOCIATESHIP IN GENERAL CHEMISTRY Abstract of the Report of the Board of Examiners Exawiners Dr. G. M. Bennett and Professor W. Wardlaw Entered Passed Held in the Examinations Hall and Chemical Laboratory of the University of London South Kensington theoretical papers being taken at various local centres in the week commencing 20 January, 1947 .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 26 13 The following papers and exercises were set:- MONDAY 20 JANUARY 1947 10 a.m. to 1 P.m. (Answer FIVE questions only. Give foyrnuh and equations where possible.) 1. Outline concisely the main physical and chemical evidence which led to the adoption of the electronic theory of valency. L-24 3 2. Discuss the principles involved in the group separation of the metals in qualitative analysis. 3. What are the main characteristics of the adsorption of gases by solids? Illus-trate the application of these principles by suitable examples.4. Discuss features of interest in the chemistry of EITHER (u)nickel and its com- pounds OR (b) tungsten and its compounds. 5. Give an account of some of the experimental methods which have been of service in the detection and separation of isotopes. 6. Derive an expression for a bimolecular reaction where the reactants are present initially at the same concentration. In the hydrolysis of ethyl acetate with sodium hydroxide at 15"C. it was found that after t minutes from the commencement of the reaction 100 C.C. of the reaction mixture required 2 C.C. of 0.04 N hydrochloric acid for neutralisation. Find the value of the velocity constant from the following data:- t 0 10.4 28.2 00 2 61.95 42.40 39.35 14.9 7. Give an account of the preparation properties and uses of THREE of the following barium hydroxide thionyl chloride sodium bismu thate ceric sulphate hydrazine sulphate.2 to 5 p.m. (Answer FIVE questions only. Give formula and equations where possible.) 1. Give an account of the chemistry of silver and its compounds. Contrast the behaviour of silver with that of other metals forming univalent cations. 2. Discuss the effects of temperature on the solubility in water of gases liquids and solids. 3. Under what experimental conditions does ammonia react with (a) sodium (b)copper sulphate (c) mercuric chloride (d)oxygen ? Give an account of the reactions which take place and of the substances produced. 4. Explain the occurrence of oxidation-reduction potentials and discuss generally the processes of oxidation and reduction.6. Discuss TWO specific photochemical reactions chosen so as to illustrate the characteristic features of such processes. 6. Give an account of the main types of nuclear reaction. 7. Write an essay on EITHER (a) the crystal chemistry of the metallic state OR (b) the influence of specific properties on the selection of metals for varied uses. TUESDAY 21 JANUARY 1947 10 a.m.to 1 p.m. (Answer FOUR questions only. Give foymulcz and equations wheye possible.) 1. Analysis of an aromatic oxygen-containing substance A gives the following figures C 49.0; H 3.5; N 8-2; C1 20.7 per cent. Hot aqueous alkali converts it into the halogen-free compound B for which C = 55.0; H 4.6; N 9.1 per cent.Chromic acid mixture oxidises B to an acid C of the same number of carbon atoms per molecule. When C is heated with tin and hydrochloric acid and the product brominated in aqueous alcoholic solution it yields a substance D for which the following analytical figures were found C 22-4; H 1.1; N 3.8; Br 64.1 per cent. Deduce the structures of A B C and D. (C = 12 N = 14 C1 = 35.5 Br = 80.) 2. Describe carefully the preparation of a Grignard reagent and its use to prepare a tertiary alcohol. Give a general account of the synthetic uses of organo-magnesium compounds. What other metals are used in a similar way? 3. Give an account of the occurrence preparation and properties of the mono- hydroxy-carboxylic acids of benzene. Write short explanatory notes on each of the follcwing oil of wintergreen salol aspirin amygdalin.c 25 3 4. Explain briefly and give an examplc of each of the following terms (u.)resolution into optical antipodes (b)racemisation (c) asymmetric synthesis (d) Walden inversion. 5. Explain clearly the chemical relationship which exists between glucose fructose and galactose. What disaccharides are formed from these sugars as units? Indicate briefly the way in which the component sugars are united. 6. Give a method of synthesis or a mode of formation for any five of the following substances and indicate their practical or theoretical importance proline nicotinic acid dehydracetic acid cyclo-propane-l:2-dicarboxylicacid /?-indolylacetic acid coumarin. 7. Give an account of EITHER the mechanism of tautomeric change OR the structure of cyanidin.2 p.m. to 3.30 p.m. Translation of French and German technical literature. WEDNESDAY 22 JANUARY 1947 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Determine the iodine value of the given oil (P). [(P) = Peach kernel oil and paraffin.] 2. Isolate a pure specimen of the organic compound present in the crude material (Q). Identify it and leave specimens of this compound and of any other substances you may make each labelled with its name and m.p. [(Q) = j3-naphthyl benzoate; OR j3-naphthyl salicylate.] THURSDAY 23 JANUARY 1947 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 3. Separate the two components of the mixture (R) identify them and prepare two crystalline derivatives of each. Leave specimens of each of your preparations labelled with its name and m.p.or b.p. [(K) = p-chlorophenol and o-nitrotoluene; OR p-chloroaniline and m-nitrotoluene.] 4. Identify the substance present in the aqueous solution (S). [(S) = maltose OR lactose.] FRIDAY 24 JANUARY 1947 10 a.m. to 1.30 p.m. 1. Determine the nickel gravimetrically and the iron volumetrically in the steel (F)which contains approximately 4 per cent. nickel. Express your results as grams of nickel and grams of iron per 100 grams of (F). 2. Report qualitatively on the composition of the mixture (G) . [ (G) = manganese ammonium phosphate and calcium sulphate.] (These exercises must be completed to-day.) SATURDAY 25 JANUARY 1947 10 a.m. to 4.30 P.m. 1. Determine the partition coefficient of bromine between water and carbon tetrachloride at three concentrations.An approximately normal solution of bromine in carbon tetrachloride is provided. Shake 20 C.C. of this with 200 C.C. of water. Separate carefully and titrate the bromine in 5 C.C. of the tetrachloride and in 50 C.C. of the aqueous layer with the N/10 thiosulphate solution provided. Potassium iodide and starch are provided. Repeat after diluting the stock carbon tetrachloride solution to approximately N/2 and N/4. 2. Repeat the experiments in Question 1 using instead of water 100 C.C. of N/B 3. Repeat the experiments in Question 1 using instead of water 100 C.C. of N/5 4. From your results calculate the equilibrium constant of the reaction. potassium bromide solution. potassium nitrate solution.KBr -k Rr + KBr,. l-26 1 REPORT Examination for the Associateship Inorganic and Physical Chenzistvy. In any examination it is unusual to expect many scripts of outstanding merit but one looked in vain this time for really first-class answers. For example in discussing the effects of temperature on the solubility in water of gases liquids and solids candi- dates had an excellent chance of distinguishing themselves but as a general rule the opportunity was missed. It was not that candidates failed to attempt such questions. It was rather that the answers were sketchy and incomplete. However the essays on “the intluence of specific properties on the selection of metals for varied uses” did supply some good material and a number were very nearly of first-class quality.Some common facts were unknown to many candidates. The preparation of sodium bismuthate thionyl chloride or barium hydroxide puzzled not a few of the students and the formula for nickel dimethylglyoxime assumed various configurations. The existence of simple nickelous and nickelic salts postulated by many candidates indicated that they did not recognise that nickel gives only one stable series of salts in which the metal is bivalent. The practical work was well done and some candidates did outstandingly well in the exercises. Organic Chemistry. The standard of work in the written papers was on the whole disappointing. Many of the candidates’ answers were too elementary or incomplete. For example the descriptions of the preparation and use of a Grignard reagent suggested in many cases that the writers had never seen these operations performed in the laboratory and very few candidates gave a complete review of the uses of this reaction.The answers to the questions on stereochemistry and on sugars showed similar defects modern ideas on the Walden Inversion being frequently ignored and statements about galactose absent or inaccurate. In the last question no candidate chose to write about cyanidin and many of the statements about the mechanism of tautomeric change dealt only with the known types of tautomerism without any serious discussion as to the mechanism of the change involved. The practical work was fairly well done though the standard of accuracy in deter- minations of an iodine value was generally not as high as usual and remarkably few candidates succeeded in discriminating between maltose and lactose.PASS LIST Exanzination in General Chemistry for the A ssociateship Holland Alan Roy Central Technical College Birmingham. Holland Desmond Municipal Technical College Coventry. Long Charles Alexander M.P.S. Chelsea Polytechnic and Birkbeck College London. Napier David Simpson M.P.S. Royal Technical College Glasgow and Rutherford Technical College Newcastle upon Tyne. Orchard George Wilfred Royal Technical College Glasgow Paisley Technical College and Doncaster Technical College. Reeve Edward Central Technical College Birmingham. Roberts Ronald Technical College Liverpool.Scott James College of Technology Belfast. Stephenson Charles Bolton Municipal Technical College. Wells Ronald Alfred B.Sc. (Lond.) Sir John Cass Technical Institute Birkbeck College London. Williamson Alfred Gee Liverpool Unilrersity and Royal Technical College Salford. Willott Ernest Raymond Sir John Cass Technical Institute and Regent Street Polytechnic London. V7ilton Douglas \Valter R.Sc.(Lond.) Regent Street Polvtechnic 1,ondon. BOOKS AND THEIR CONTENTS Physical Chemistry The Elements of. Second Edition. F. W. Goddard and E. J. F. James. Pp. 252. (London Longmans Green & Co. 1946.) 6s. net. Atomic and Molecular Theory; Valency and the Structure of Atoms; Gaseous and Liquid States; Solution; Osmotic Pressure and Allied Phenomena; Law of Mass Action; Thermochemistry; Electrolysis and Electrolytic Dissociation; Catalysis; Colloids.Miscellaneous Examples; Bibliography; Answers to Numerical Questions; Index. Quantitative Inorganic Analysis. An Introduction to. Ronald Belcher and M. B. Thompson. Pp. 156. (London Blackie & Sons Ltd. 1946.) 5s. 6d. net. Laboratory Apparatus and Technique; Filtration; Gravimetric Analysis; Titri- metric Analysis; Gravimetric Analysis using Organic Reagents; Colorimetric Analysis Some Industrial Analyses. Appendixes Indicators some theoretical considerations; Preparation of some Common Reagents. Index. Organic Compounds Characterisation of. F. Wild. Pp. 306. (Cambridge University Press 1947.) 18s. net. The selection of a reagent and the preparation of a derivative; the classification of organic compounds and the separation of mixtures; hydrocarbons-paraffins cycloparaffins and aromatic hydrocarbons; Halides-alkyl and aryl halides and polyhalogen compounds; Compounds containing the hydroxyl group-alcohols phenols enols and carbohydrates; Mercaptans thiophenols and ethers; Carbonyl compounds-aldehydes ketones and acetals; Acids-carboxylic sulphonic, arsonic and amino-acids; Acid halides acid anhydrides esters amides and imides; Amines and amino compounds; Nitro cyano nitraso azo azoxy and hydrazo compounds.Author and Subject Indexes. The Nation’s Food. A Survey of Scientific Data. Edited for the Society of Chemical Industry (Food Group) by A. L. Bacharach and T. Rendle with an Introduction by Sir Joseph Barcroft C.B.E.F.R.S. Pp. 350. (London Society of Chemical Industry 1946.) 18s. net. The Egg as Food Biological Position of the Bird’s Egg; Chemical Composition; Nutritive Value; Preservation; Effect of Cooking on Eggs. The Potato as Food Biology of the Potato Chemical Composition; Nutritive Value. Vegetables as Food Chemical Composition and Nutritive Value; Planning of Vegetable Produc- tion; Effect of Cooking on Nutritive Value; Effect of Canning on the Nutritive Value. Cereals as Food Chemical Composition of Wheat and Wheat Products Nutritive Value of Bread; Chemical Composition and Nutritive Value of Maize Rice Rye and Barley; Chemical Composition and Nutritive Value of Oats and Oatmeal. Meat as Food Factors influencing the Composition and Properties of Meat; Chemical Composition of Mammalian and Avian Meat; Fat Protein and Water Contents of Meat Mineral and Vitamin Content of Meat; Effect of Cooking and Processing on Meat.Fish as Food Biology of the Sea Fisheries; Chemical Composition of Fish; Vitamin and Mineral Contents; Effect of Cooking on Fish. Milk as Food Chemical Composition and Nutritive Value of Milk and Milk Products; Bacteriological Aspects of Milk Processing and Distribution. Index. Science Progress. A Quarterly Review of Scientific Thought Work and Affairs. (London Edward Arnold & Co.) Vol. XXXV No. 137 (pp. 184) published in January 1947 (7s.6d. net) contains special articles on “The Structure of Real Crystals by Kathleen Lonsdale F.R.S.; “Characteristics of Instinctive Behaviour as Illustrated by the Scarabzidz,” by E.S. Russell O.B.E.; “Chemical Reactions Involving Free Radicals,” by W.A. Waters; “Scientific Locust Control,” by Sir Geoffrey Evans C.I.E.; “Cosmic Ray Mesons,” by J. G. Wils2n; “Recent Work on Flagellar Movement,” by A. G. Lowndes; “Ex Fumo Dare Lucem by M. Schofield; in addition to the regural articles on Recent Advances in Science Notes and Reviews. THE REGISTER New Fellows Jones Brynmor B.Sc. (Wales) Ph.D. Roberts Eric Arthur Houghton M.A. (Cantab.). B.Sc. D.Phil. (Oxon.). Rawles Walter Hansen M.1.Chem.E. Rose Francis Leslie B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.). Associates Elected to the Fellowship Bessey George Edward RT.Sc. (Lond.). Bishop Miss Dorothy Joan Simpson, B.Sc.(Lond.). Bolton Frederic James B.Sc. (Lond.). Buchanan Alistair Phillips B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. D.I.C. Butler Frederick William Webb. Dryden Ian Gordon Cumming B.Sc. (Lond.) A.M.1.Chem.E. French Miss Cecilie Mary B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.) . Howells William John M.Sc. (Wales). Kolker Maurice BSc. (Manc.). Laxton Albert Edward RISc. (Lond.). MacLagan h'oel Francis D.Sc. (Lond.) M.D. M.R.C.P. Marshall George Reginald I3.Sc. (Lond.). Marsden Arthur 'Cl'hitcombe M.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. D.I.C. Meara Melville Ixar B.Sc. Ph.D. (Bris.). Moncrieff Robert Wighton B.Sc. (Manc.) F.T.I. Mountjoy Harold Ernest B.Sc. B.Sc.Eng. (Lond.). Occleshaw Vincent Joseph M.Sc. (Liv.) . Owens Ridland R.Sc. Ph.D. (Liv.), M.I .Chem.E. Oxford Albert Edward M.Sc.Ph.D. (Manc.). Parsons Stuart Russell B.Sc. (Lond.). Prentice Walter Haston A. H. -W. C. Preston John Massey B.Sc. (Liv.) F.T.I. Price Christopher Williams B.Sc. Ph.D. (Liv.). Richards Glyn Owen B.Sc. Ph.D. (Wales). Seymour Donald Edwin. Sharratt Edward B.Sc. Ph.D. (Birm.). Smith Arthur Ernest Wilder B.Sc. Ph.L). (Reading). Stowell Flaxney Percival B.Sc. Ph.D. (Liv.). Wagg Raymond Ernest B.Sc. B.Pharm. (Lond.) Ph.C. Williams Ernest Frank M.A. (Cantab.). New Associates Allen Graham George B.Sc. (Wales). Anslow Winston Kennay. Bach Brian Boughton B.Sc. (Lond.). Bampton Frank William B.Sc. (Lond.). Barrett Lionel Richard B.A. B.Sc. (Oxon.) M.S. (Illinois). Beardsell Harold. Bell Frederick Stanley.Bell Leonard BSc. (Lond.). Blunt Ronald. Bradley Donald Charlton B.Sc. (Lond.). Braude Ernest Alexander B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. D.I.C. Brissenden Charles Henry B.Sc. (Lond.) Broadley John Stewart.! Brooks Leon James. Brown Reginald Thomas B.Sc. (Lond.). Buckley Joseph. Cathcart James Henry B.Sc. (Q.U.B.). Chambers Angus Ross B.Sc. Ph.D. (Edin.). Chilwell Edwin Dawson BSc. (Lond.). Cooper Hamish Rae B.Sc. (Aberd.) . Cordey Tom Lloyd BSc. (Lond.). Cowles Herbert Eustace. Cresswell WXliam Thomas B.Sc. (Birm.) Croome Ronald John B.Sc. (Wales). Cross Herbert B.Sc. (Lond.). Croxon Capt. Derrick Gwynn B.Sc. (Lond.). Davis George Leonard B.Sc. B.Sc.Met' (Lond.). Dewis John William B.Sc. (Lond.). Duffin George Frank B.Sc.(Lond.). Dunn Henry Conrad B.Sc. (Liv.). Evans Verney M.Sc. (Lond.). Feitelson Bruce Norman B.Sc. (Lond.). Fill Matzas Alfonso Texas. Fletcher George William B.Sc. (Cape). Forman Henry Ronald B.Sc. (Wales). Foulkes Keith B.Sc. (Lond.). Fraser John Alexander B.Sc. (Glas.). Glynn Mrs. Erica B.Sc. (Lond.). Gough Donald B.Sc. (Lond.). Gregory Alfred B.Sc. (S.A.). Gridgeman Norman Theodore R.Sc. (Lond.). Hargreaves Kenneth Gibson l3.S~. (Leeds). Harrison John Marcus. Heald John BSc. (Leeds). Heath Harold B.Sc. (Lond.). Hogg Maurice Ernest. Holton Graham Willis B.Sc. (Liv.). Hopkins Hubert Brian B.Sc. (Leeds). Howship Antony Stephen. Hoyle Thomas Bateson. Jackson Tom B.Sc. (Leeds). Lawrie Douglas Edward M.Sc.(Cape). Lilly Albert Edward Victor B.Sc. (Lond.). Idloyd Arnold B.Sc. (Lond.). Marchant Reginald Humfrey SSc. (Lond.). McGhee Malcolm Aloysius Cameron B.Sc. (Glas.) Dipl.Ed. McGrath Harold Edmund. B.Sc. (Liv.). Meltzer Emmanuel B.Sc. (Cape). Morley John Selwyn B.Sc. (Dunelm). Morris Tudor Gordon B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. D.I.C. Newman Anthony Armin D.Sc.Tech. (Brunn.). Napier Douglas Herbert B.Sc. (Lond.). Nicholson George Almond BSc. (Dun-elm). h’orris Alan Hedley B.Sc. (illanc.). Nowlan Noel Vincent M.Sc. (N.U.I.). O’Brien Daniel Patrick B.Sc. (N.U.I.). Page Miss Delia Margaret B.Sc. (Lond.). Polaine Sidney Alan. Pollak Francis Fred D.Sc. (Prague). Pritchard Eric Hugh M.Sc. (Wales). Ray Neil Hunter B.Sc.(Manc.). Reddaway Henry’ Albert Thomas B.Sc. (Lond.) . Ripley-Duggan Basil Alexander B.Sc. (Lond.). Robinson George. Ross Alexander. Ross Albert Edward R.Sc. (Lond.). Rubin Wallace B.Sc. (Lond.). Russell William Ernest M.Sc. (N.Z.). Rutter Laurence Frederick B.Sc. (Lond.). Saville Rowland Whincup B.Sc. (1-eeds) . Scholefield Peter Gordon B.Sc. (Wales). Shand William Fraser BSc. (Edin.). Shipton Gordon Owen B.Sc. (Liv.). Smeaton William Arthur B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. Smith Everard John B.Sc. (Lond.). Soames Thomas Arthur B.Sc. (Lond.). Stuart Edward Robertson B.Sc. (St. Andrews). Swift Gordon B.Sc. (Birm.). Turner Leonard BSc. (Lond.). Tyrrell Michael David Francis B.Sc. (Lond.). Walker George B.Sc. (Glas.).Walker George William B.Sc. (Lond.). Walker Norman B.Sc. Ph.D. (Leeds). Wansbrough- Jones William Alexander B.Sc. (Lond.) A.M.1.Chern.E. Waring Derek Morris Holt B.Sc. (Q.U.B.). Weihs Ernst Sigmund D.Ch. (Vienna). Welsh Bernard George. Williams Emrys Islwyn B.Sc. (Lond.). Wilson Denis Scott. VC7ilson James Matchett M.Sc. (Q.U.B.). Wolf Arnold Ph.D. (Frankft.). Wood Jack BSc. (Leeds). VC700ds Gilbert Frederick B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. Wright Sydney Edward M.Sc. (Queens- land). Young Alexander B.Sc. (Lond.). Re-elected Associate Wigram Peter Woolmore B.A. (Cantab.). New Students Alderson Donald Edmund. Ames Donald Edward. Anderson John. Andrews Philip hrthur. Argent Rodney Nigel. hscroft Robert Phillip. Ashworth Frank.Austin Raymond Charles. Ball John Walter Henry. Barrett Wilfred Thomas. Beal William Frederick. Beall Ivor Donovan. Bernstein Michael. Bidmead George Frederick. Blood Cyril Thomas. Burgess David Arthur. Burrows Donald. Butcher Kenneth William George. Cameron Denis Blumer. Cartz Louis. Chambers Walter Stanley. Chapman Thomas Simpson. Charlton Michael William. Child William. Clayton David Walton. Collins Gordon. Constable Gordon George. Cook Norman Stanley Morley. Cooper Maurice William. Crapper Alwyn Lewis. Crompton Thomas Roy. Dalby Arthur. Davidson Jack. Dewhurst Thomas. Doran Arthur Henry Patrick. Drakeley Kenneth Douglas. Duncombe FVilfricl George. Edge Noel Arthur. Few Alan Victor.Foxley Glenn Harold. Garrett Graham George. Gott William. Greensitt Maurice. Griffiths Cedric William Thomas. Gregory David Rex. Crifhths Herbert. Grimes Fred Cameron. Hall John Frederick Wemys. Hall Michael Geoffrey. Hart Reginald Richard. Hawker Miss Marjorie. Head Arthur John. [ 50 1 Heath Stanley Victor. Parry John Alan. Hesse Peter Ralston. Perkin George. Hetherington John Alfred. Pinder Stanley English. Hitchin John Norman. Rankin John. Holness Norris John. Ransom William Edward. Houslay Ralph John Gilbert. Richardson Colin. Howard Dennis Thomas. Rigby James Frederick. Jarrett Kenneth John. Robertson William. Johnson Graham Nixon. Robinson Frederic Williams Kent. Johnson William Bernard.Robinson Herbert Ford. Jones Gregory Hugh. Robinson John. Jones Mervyn Francis Thomas. Rosson Douglas Taylor. Kapur Narinder Singh B.Sc. Scott Miss Mary McCulloch. Kelly George Thomas. Sherrington Thomas. Kendall Albert Arthur. Sinnott Richard. Kerr Archibald James. Sisson John. Lee Neville Douglas. Skinner Frederick John. Leete Edward. Smyth Martin Dunbar. Levy Isidore. Steadman Eric Keith. Lewis Clement Alexander. Sutherland John James. Loader Alan Charles. Swayne Roy Eric Hugh. MacDonald Alan. Taylor Arthur Menmuir. Mackie Frederick Desmond . Tinkler Miss Elsie Patricia. Martin Arthur Leslie. Thompson Leonard. Martin George. Topham William Geoffrey. Mascall Reginald Arthur. Towler John. Mason Ian Sissons. Wainwright Walter Housley.McAlpine Andrew. Walker John. McDonnell James Gerard. Walsh Joseph. Melville Jack Learmonth. Watson Reginald Gordon Harry. Mieras Alexander Adrian. Weiner Miss Myrtle. Moran Leslie Owen. Wheatland Alan Beeching. Morrall David Leslie. Williams Allen Geoffrey. Morrell Norman. Williams Leslie Alfred. Morris William. Willis Hedley Hubert. Moses William Chadwick. Wilson George Isaac. Moulding George Vincent Roger. Wood Frank Derek. Nash Frederick Gordon. Wood Robert Ivan. Newton Rex James. Wooldridge Albert. Oates Leonard Kirby. Wright Peter George. Oliver Colin. Wright Robert Frank. Re-registered Student Roberts Miss Enid Elizabeth. CHANGE OF NAME Bernard Alec Bleiweis Associate to Blewis-by Deed Poll. DEATHS Fellows 'The Rev.Percy Marr Davies MA. David Hooper LLB. (Toronto). (Cantab.) A.R.C.Sc.1. Arthur Jaques O.B.E. D.Sc. (Dunelm). John Garwood Everett B.Sc. Ph.l). Sura Rajagopal Naidu M.B.E. B.A. (Lond.) . M.B. B.S. (Madras) M.Sc. (Lond.). Associates Raymond Edwin Crowther A.M.S.T. David McLaren Paul B.Sc. (St. Andrews). James William Donaldson DSc. (Edin.). Cyril Coldron Smith B.Sc. (Bris.) MSc. William Edwin Newell. (Lond.) A.R.S.M. D.I.C. c31 3 OBITUARY Information has been received of the presumed death at 5ea of WILFRID SHACKLOCK DAVEYon 14 February 1942 in his 51st year following evacuation from Singapore. He received his scientific training at Birkbeck College London from 1915 to 1917 and from 1921 to 1923 graduating B.Sc. with first-class honours in 1922.After serving for four years as Assistant Chemist to Messrs. J. Harman Ltd. and to the Dunlop Rubber Company he was Senior Assistant at the Imperial Institute until 1917. He was then gazetted Lieutenant and served as an Inspection Ordnance Officer under the Eastern Command; he was demobilised in 1920 with the rank of Acting Captain. He returned to the Imperial Institute in 1921 under the Ceylon Rubber Research Scheme and in 1939 was appointed Head of the Chemical Department of the Rubber Research Institute of Malaya. He contributed many papers on rubber and latex to scientific journals including the Bulletins of the Ceylon Rubber Research Scheme and the Rubber Research Institute of Malaya. He was a Fellow of the Institution of the Rubber Industry.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1923 and a Fellow in 1939. FREDSTEVENSON a registered Student died on 8 October 1946 in his HAWKINS 20th year. He was educated at Beverley Grammar School and at the time of his death was studying for the Associateship of the Institute at the Municipal Technical College Hull. Since 1942 he had held a post in the gelatine laboratory of Richard Hodgson and Sons Beverley. ROBERT SELBY MORRELLdied on 10 January 1946 in his 80th year. He received his scientific training at the University of Cambridge where he com- pleted the Natural Sciences Tripos in 1890. He proceeded to Wurzburg and was awarded the degree of Ph.D. magna cum laude in 1894. For six years he was a Fellow and Lecturer in Chemistry at Gonville and Caius College Cambridge and Lecturer in Chemistry in the University.He was then appointed Research Chemist and Works Manager to Mander Bros. Varnish and Colour Manufacturers and was Consulting Re- search Chemist to the Company from 1918 until his retirement in 1930. For some years he conducted research at the University of Birmingham including work on the properties of drying oils and became an honorary member of the staff of Wolverhampton Technical College where he continued research. He was the author of “Synthetic Resins and Allied Plastics” and of numerous papers published in scientific and technical journals. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1917 and served as a member of Council from 1924 to 1927. ARTHUR died on 5 January 1947 in his 60th year.JAQUES He received his scientific training at Armstrong-now King’s-College Newcastle upon Tyne and at the University of Breslau in the laboratory of Professor Abegg. After graduation he was engaged in research at Armstrong College and at the Central Technical College Birmingham. Having obtained the DSc. degree of the University of Durham he was appointed in 1911 Lecturer in Chemistry and Physics at the Technical School Cheltenham. In the same year he became Research Chemist at Nobel’s Explosives Co. and later was employed at the Cumberland Coal Power & Chemicals Ltd. and Suzuki & Co. Ltd. at Liverpool. In 1927 he was appointed Manager of the By-product Department of the Shotts Iron Co. Ltd. and in 1932 was engaged at the Royal Filling Factories at the Royal Arsenal Woolwich.In 1938 he transferred to the Royal Ordnance Factory at Chorley Lancashire. He was appointed an Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire in 1944. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1910 and a Fellow in 1913. DOROTHY died on 21 November 1946 in her 68th year. JORDAN-LLOYD Educated at King Edward VII High School Birmingham she proceeded after a short period at the University of Birmingham to Newnham College Cambridge in 1908. Her interests were at first largely in biology and after passing the second part of the Tripos she was awarded a Bathurst Studentship of the College and spent the next two years on research in zoology under the direction of Dr. Creswell Shearer.She was awarded a Fellowship of Newnham College in 1913 following the publication of a series of investigations on the effect of osmotic pressure on living processes. During the 1914-18 war she was engaged in the Biochemistry Laboratory at Cambridge in [ 32 1 developing for the Medical Research Committee alternative culture media for use in bacteriology and was also concerned in investigating the causes of ropiness in bread. After the war her attention was turned to the colloid chemistry of proteins and following her appointment to the staff of the British Leather Manufacturers’ Research Association in 19-21. she published a series of papers on the swelling of gelatine and of protein fibres and on other fundamental problems in connection with the properties and treatment of leather.As a result of these investigations she obtained the degree of D.Sc. (Lond.) in addition to that of M.A. (Cantab.). On the retirement of Sir Robert Pickard from the Research Association in 1927 Dr. Jordan-Lloyd succeeded him as Director of Research a post which she held until the time of her death. Under her direction the Research Association developed greatly in size and reputation and its present status owes much to her ability to stimulate the output of work of value to the industry as well as to her own contributions to the science and technology of leather. In addition to numerous papers in scientific and technical journals she published with A. Shore a book entitled “Chemistry of the Proteins,” which is a standard work on the subject and she contributed chapters to several books on more general topics particularly to “Progress in Leather Science 1920-45.” In 1939 she was awarded the Fraser RiIuir Moffat Medal by the Tanners Council of the U.S.A.for her contributions to Leather Chemistry. She gave a lecture on “Leather” before the Institute in 1943. In a life of intensive scientific activity Dr. Jordan Lloyd maintained a wide interest in other matters. She was well known as a mountaineer and had the distinction of making the first ascent and descent of the Eiger in one day (1928). Her other hobby was horseriding and she had been a competitor at the Richmond Royal Show and the International Horse Show. She was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1922 and served as a Member of Council for several periods beginning in 1930; was Vice-president from 1943 to 1946 and until just before her death was a representative of the Institute on the Chemical Council.WILLIAMEDWINNEWELL died on 16 December 1946 in his 50th year. Educated at Sexey’s School Bruton he gained a scholarship to University College London in 1914. In the following year he joined the Army from the Officers’ Training Corps and in 1917 was severely wounded in France. As the result of these injuries he was unable to complete the three years’ unexpired tenure of his scholarship and in 1922 he became Assistant in the Pensions Hospital at Bath. On transfer to the Pensions Hospital at Leeds in 1928 he became a student at the College of Technology.In 1930 he returned to London as Assistant to the Pathologist at Queen Mary’s Hospital Roehampton where he remained until 1943 when it became necessary for him to resign his post owing to ill-health. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1934. WILLIAM HENRY ROBERTS died on 16 November 1946 in his 70th year. Educated at Liverpool College he proceeded in 1893 to University College (now the University) Liverpool where he graduated B.Sc. in 1896; he subsequently obtained the M.Sc. degree of that University and of the Victoria University blanchester. In 1896 he was appointed assistant to Professor J. Campbell Brown and W. Collingwood Williams Public Analysts for the County of Lancaster the City of Liverpool etc. When separate city laboratories were erected in Liverpool in 1912 he was appointed City Analyst a post he held until his retirement in 1946 having thus completed 50 years of service in Liverpool and district.He was also Public Analyst for Bootle Preston Barrow-in-Furness Blackburn Southport Birkenhead and other boroughs and held the appointment of Associate Professor of Public Health Chemistry in the University of Liverpool in which capacity he assisted in the training of medical men for the Diplomas of Public Health and Tropical Medicine. He was also closely concerned with forensic chemistry and gave evidence in many criminal cases. He played a prominent part in the activities of several chemical organisations and had been President of the Society of Public Analysts. He was an indefatigable worker and a sound adviser; though tenacious of opinions he had formed and considered impartial his kindly nature humorous outlook and unfailing courtesy endeared him to those who differed from him as well as to those who agreed with him.Claiming work as his hobby he nevertheless found time for an occasional round of golf. He died a few months after retirement. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1902 and a Fellow in 1905. He was an Examiner for the Fellowship of the Institute in Branch E The Chemistry and Rlicroscopy of Food Drugs and of Water from 1925 to 1929. He served on the Council for several periods beginning in 1915 andwas aVice-President in 1933-36 and in 1943-46. [ 33 I FREDERICK ROWE died on 8 December 1946 in his 56th year.MAURICE He was educated at Marling School Stroud and proceeded in 1908 to the University of Leeds where he graduated B.Sc. with first-class honours in colour chemistry three years later. He was awarded the University Diploma in Dyeing and the Le Blanc Medal and was appointed Clothworkers’ Research Scholar in Colour Chemistry under Professor A. G. Green. In 1912 he obtained the M.Sc. degree and was appointed University Research Fellow in Colour Chemistry in the University of Leeds. Having joined the staff of Joseph Crosfield & Sons Ltd. in 1913 he first spent a year in Germanv studying colloid chemistry under Freundlich at the Technische Hochschule Brunswick. On his return to England he served as Research Chemist to Crosfields and later as Assistant Manager of their Soapery where he carried out investigations on the applica- tion of physical methods to the identification and valuation of soaps.In 1916 however he again became associated with A. G. Green who had been appointed Director of the newly established Dyestuffs Research Laboratory at the Manchester College of Technology. In this laboratory he continued earlier work on o-nitroamines and carried out a series of investigations on azo dyes constituents of low temperature tars etc. for which he was awarded a D.Sc. by the University of Leeds in 1921. In the previous year he had followed Green as head of the Dyestuffs Research Laboratory first as Lecturer and in 1925 as Reader in Tinctorial Chemistry. In 1926 he was elected to the Chair of Colour Chemistry and Dyeing at the University of Leeds on the retirement of Professor A.G. Perkin and held this appointment until his death. His published papers cover a wide range of investigations on dyestuffs and inter- mediates and on the dyeing properties of textile fibres and he kept in close touch with the industry as a consultant. As compiler and editor of the ‘Colour Index,” an authori- tative work of reference on the composition manufacture properties and applications of dyes and other coloured substances published in 1924 with a Supplement in 1928 he rendered particularly valuable service to the tinctorial industries which was recog-nised by the award of the Gold Medal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists in 1934. He was also senior Editor of the Journal of that Society from 1933.The Worshipful Company of Dyers awarded him their Research Medal on five occasions and admitted him to their livery in 1932. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1945. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1917 and a Fellow in 1921 serving as a member of Council from 1939 to 1942. Two lectures given before the Institute on “The Development of the Chemistry of Commercial Synthetic Dyes 1856-1938,” were published as a monograph. COMING EVENTS [See also “Announcements” (p. 38) and “Important Ecents in 1947” (p. 19).] I947 March 10 SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY, jointly with the Institution of the Rubber Industry “Polymerisation.” Dr. R. Hill at Birmingham. 11 SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Plastics Group) jointly with the Institute of the Plastics Industry (London Section) “Contact Pressure Laminates.” Dr.E. G. Williams at the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine Manson House 26 Portland Place London W.1 at 2.30 p.m. 12 THEINSTITUTE (Liverpool and North-Western Section) jointly with the Chemical Society and local sections of the Society of Chemical Industry and the British Association of Chemists Demonstration of Scientific Apparatus at the University of Liverpool at 7 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast Section) jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry Bedson Club and Institution of Mechanical Engineers “The Training of Chemical Engineers.” Professor A. F. Burstall in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre King’s College Newcastle upon Tyne at 6.30 p.m.OF DYERSAND COLOURISTS SOCIETY (Northern Ireland Section) “The Application and Fastness Properties of Dyes on Nylon.” Mr. J. G. Grundy at the Queen’s Hotel Belfast at 7.30 p.m. 12 INSTITUTEPETROLEUM OF “Modern Developments in Geophysical Prospecting.” Ir. A. Van Weelden at Manson House 26 Portland Place London W.1 at 5.30 p.m. [ 341 March 13 THEINSTITUTE (Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section) jointly with the Chemica Society and the Society of Chemical Industry “The Composition and Structure of Proteins.” Professor A. C. Chibnall F.R.S. in the North British Station Hotel Edinburgh at 7.30 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Manchester and District Section) jointly with the Chemical Society Meeting for the reading of original papers in the Chemistry Department of the University Manchester at 7 p.m.SOCIETY “The Study of Antibiotics.” Sir Howard Florey F.R.S. at CHEMICAL the University of Sheffield at 5.30 p.m. (postponed from 20 February). 14 CHEMICAL SOCIETY “The Composition and Structure of Proteins.” Professor A. C. Chibnall F.R.S. in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of the University Glasgow at 7.15 p.m. INDUSTRY SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (Chemical Engineering Group) “Steam Saving in the Chemical Engineering Industry.” Mr. A. Milnes in the Geological Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W. 1 at 5.30 p.m. INSTITUTE (Manchester and District Branch jointly with the Industrial OF PHYSICS Radiology Group) in the New Physics Theatre University of hlanchester at 7 p.m.15 INSTITUTE (Midland Branch jointly with the Electronics Group) “The OF PHYSICS Acceleration of Electrons and Ions to Energies of the order of lo8 Electron-volts.” Professor P. B. Moon at the University Edmund Street Birmingham. 17 ELECTKODEPOSITORS’ SOCIETY TECHNICAL ‘I The Surface Conditions of Metals in Relation to Electrodeposition.” Dr. A. T. Steer at the hTorthampton Poly-technic St. John Street London E.C.l. 18 THE INSTITUTE (Huddersfield Section) Annual General Meeting and Show of Films. THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) jointly with the Welwyn Garden City Scientists’ Club “The Training and Qualification of Chemists.” Dr. A. M. Ward at The Cherry Tree Welwyn Garden City at 8 p.m.THE INSTITUTE (Tees-side Section) “Recent Developments in the Chemistry of Acetylene Compounds.” Professor Sir Ian Heilbron D.S.O. F.R.S. SOCIETY CHEMICAL Tilden Lecture. “The Application of Surface Chemistry to Colloidal Problems.” Dr. A. E. Alexander in the Large Chemistry Theatre of University College Nottingham at 7 p.m. SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (A4griculture Group) I‘ Soil Conditions and Tree Growth.” Dr. L. Leyton and Mr. G. W. Dumbleby in the Phvsical Chemistry Lecture Theatre Royal College of Science London S.W.7,at 2.30 p.m. HULLCHEMICAL SOCIETY AND ENGINEERING “Relativity-An Unorthodox View,” Mr. E. C. Craven at the Church Institute Albion Street Hull at 7.30 p.m. OF DYERSAND COLOURISTS SOCIETY (Huddersfield Section) “The Use of Acids in W’ool Dyeing.” Dr.E. Townend at Field’s Caf6 Huddersfield at 7.30 p.m. 19 THEINSTITUTE (Cardiff and District) jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry and the Chemical Society “Gammexane.” Dr. L. J. Burrage at Newport Technical College at 6.45 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) jointly with the London Branch of the Institute of Physics “Monomolecular Layers.” Professor E. K. Rideal M.B.E. F.R.S. at the Royal Institution Albemarle Street London W.1 at 2.30 p.m. THEINSTITUTE (Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast Section) jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry “The Chemistry of Vitamin A.” Professor Sir Ian Heilbron D.S.O. F.R.S. in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre King’s College Kewcastle upon Tyne at 6.30 p.m.BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS(Birmingham Section) “Some Experiences in the Microbiological Assay of Vitamins.” Dr. F. W. Korris at the Chamber of Commerce Birmingham at 7 p.m. [ 35 3 March 19 SOCIETYOF DYERSAND COLOURISTS(Midlands Section) “The Chemistry and Application of Detergents.” Dr. John H. Hill in the King’s Head Hotel Loughborough at 7 p.m. 20 THE INSTITUTE (Aberdeen and North of Scotland Section) joint1 y with the Chemical Society “Recent Developments in the Chemistry of Starch and Glycogen.’’ Professor E. L. Hirst F.R.S. in the Chemistry Department Marischal College at 7.30 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Bristol and South-Western Counties Section) Annual Meeting in the Chemistry Department of the University Woodland Road Bristol at 5.30 p.m.CHEMICALSOCIETY Anniversary Meeting. Annual General Meeting at Burlington House Piccadilly London W.l at 12 noon. Anniversary Luncheon at the Dorchester Hotel at 12.45 for 1 p.m. Presidential Address by Professor C. N. Hinshelwood F.R.S. at 3 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (Road and Building Materials Group) jointly INDUSTRY with the Institution of Municipal and County Engineers :“Prefabricated Houses Some Chemical and Physical Problems.” Mr. H. Rose at Gas Industry House 1 Grosvenor Place London S.Wl at 6 p.m. 21 THEINSTITUTE (Glasgow and West of Scotland Section) Annual General Meeting. OF DYERSAND COLOURISTS SOCIETY (Manchester Section) “Temperature Range Properties of Vat Dyes on Rayon.” Mr.J. Henderson in the Lecture Theatre Gas Dept. Showrooms Manchester at 6.30 p.m. SOCIETY OF DYERSAND COLOURISTS(Scottish Section) “Emulsions for Textiles.” Dr. J. R. F. Jackson at the St. Enoch Hotdl Glasgow at 7 p.m. OF ENGINEERS (North-Western Branch) Azeotropic 22 INSTITUTIONCHEMICAL Distillation of Acetonitrile.” Mr. H. R. C. Pratt at the College of Technology Manchester at 3 p.m. 24 THEINSTITUTE (Hull and District Section) “Recent Developments in Combustion.” Dr. D. T. A. Townend at the Royal Station Hotel Hull at 6.45 p.m. 26 THE INSTITUTE (Birmingham and Midlands Section) Annual General Meeting at the University Edmund Street Birmingham at 7 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL jointly with the Newcastle upon Tyne and INDUSTRY North-East Coast Section of the Institute :“Some Aspects of Immuno-Chemistry.” Professor M.Stacey in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre King’s College Newcastle upon Tyne at 6.30 p.m. 28 THE INSTITUTE (Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands Section) “An Electrometric Study of the Reaction between Potassium Dichromate and Hydrogen Peroxide,” by Mr. B. G. Skinner; “Condensation Resins,” by Mr. J. F. Hodgson; “The Development and Use of Shetland Minerals for Refractory Purposes,” by Mr. T. R. Lynam. At Victoria Hotel Sheffield at 6.30 p.m. BRITISH ASSOCIATION CHEMISTS(Derby) at 7.15 p.m. OF April TECHNICAL 1 ELECTRODEPOSITORS’ SOCIETY(Midlands Centre) ‘‘Electricity Supply and Distribution in Plating Shop Practice.” Mr.L. Walker at the James Watt Memorial Institute Great Charles Street Birmingham 3. HULLCHEMICALAND ENGINEERING SOCIETY,jointly with the Yorkshire Section of the Institute of Fuel :‘‘Low Temperature Carbonisation.” Mr. W. A. Bristow at the Church Institute Albion Street Hull at 7.30 p.m. 8 SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (Plastics Group) “Alkyd Resins To-day.” Mr. A. A. Drummond and Others I.C.I. Ltd. Paints Division at the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine Manson House 26 Portland Place London W.l at 2.30 p.m. 9 THE INSTITUTE PETROLEUM OF “Aromatics from Petroleum.” Dr. H. Steiner at Manson House 26 Portland Place London W.l at 5 p.m. 9-10 FARADAY General Discussion on “Electrode Processes,” at the University SOCIETY Manches ter . 11 SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Birmingham Section).INSTITUTION ENGINEERS.Twenty-fifth Annual Corporate Meeting OF CHEMICAL at the Connaught Rooms London W.C.2. [ 361 ti1 SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (London Section) “Chemistry and Autarchy.’ ’ Professor R. P. Linstead C.B.E. F.R.S. in the Chemical Society’s Rooms Burlington House Piccadilly London W. 1. TECHNICAL ELECTRODEPOSITORS’ SOCIETY:‘‘Adhesion of Electrodeposited Kickel to Aluminium Alloys prepared by the Zincate Method.” Mr. W. Bullough and Dr. G. E. Gardam at the Northampton Polytechnic Institute St. John Street London E.C. 1. 15 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (Agriculture Group) “The Advisory Chemist INDUSTRY and Problems in Crop Production.” Dr. N. Pizer in the Physical Chemistry Lecture Theatre Royal College of Science South Kensington London S.W.7 at 2.30 p.m.16 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) jointly with the Food Group Society of Chemical Industry “Modern Trends in Cereal Chemistry in America and Elsewhere.” Dr. D. W. Kent-Jones at the Wellcome Research Institution 183-193 Euston Road London N. W. 1. SOCIETY INDUSTRY, OF CHEMICAL jointly with the Newcastle upon Tyne and North- East Coast Section of the Institute. Professor W. T. Astbury F.R.S. in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre King’s College Newcastle upon Tyne at 6.30 p.m. 17 THE INSTITUTE (East Midlands Section) ;jointly with the Institute of Fuel “Tech- nical Education in America.” Mr. F.‘H. Cotton at Leicester at 7.15 p.m. CHEMICAL Discussion on Electrolytic Solutions,” at Burlington House SOCIETY Piccadilly London W.1 at 7.30 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (Road and Building Materials Group) “Modern INDUSTRY Road Construction in Concrete.” Mr. W. P. Andrews at Gas Industry House 1 Grosvenor Place London S.W.l at 6 p.m. 18 The Institute Anniversary Luncheon at the Connaught Rooms Great Queen Street London W.C.2. Lecture at 3.15 p.m. on “Some Aspects of Nuclear Chemistry,” by Professor H. J. Emeleus F.R.S. preceding the Annual General Meeting of the Institute at 5.15 p.m. in the Rooms of the Royal Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.1. (For further particulars see page 38.) SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Chemical Engineering Group) “Aluminium and Aluminium Alloys To-day.” Mr.G. W. Lacey at the Geological Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.l at 5.30 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (Plastics Group) jointly with the Birmingham INDUSTRY and Midlands Section of the Institute) “Vinylidene Chloride and its Polymers.’’ Dr. H. P. Staudinger at the Chamber of Commerce New Street Birmingham at 6.30 p.m. SOCIETYOF DYERSAND COLOURISTS (Manchester Section) “Rayon Dyeing.” Dr. G. L. Royer in the Lecture Theatre Gas Dept. Showrooms Manchester at 6.30 p.m. 21 THE INSTITUTE (Hull and District Section) “Some Aspects of Benzene Substitu- tion.” Professor Brynmor Jones at the Royal Station Hotel Hull at 6.45 p.m. 22 THE INSTITUTE (Electronics Group) Group Annual Meeting followed OF PHYSICS by lecture on “Electron Multipliers” by Mr.S. Rodda in the Rooms of the Royal Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W. 1 at 5.30 p.m. 23 THE INSTITUTE (Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North-East Coast Section) jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry “Electronics Applied to Chemistry.” Mr. J. C. Finlay in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre King’s College Newcastle- upon-Tyne at 6.30 p.m. BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS (Birmingham Section) Annual General Meeting at the Chamber of Commerce Birmingham at 6.30 p.m. 35 THE INSTITUTE (Birmingham and Midlands Section) Meeting at the Technical College Stoke-on-Trent. THEINSTITUTE (Industrial Spectroscopic Group) Meeting in London. OF PHYSICS 26 THE INSTITUTE (Manchester and District Section) jointly with the Chemical Society Meeting in Manchester at 7.30 p.m.INSTITUTION ENGINEERS OF CHEMICAL (N.W. Branch) “Process Costing and Cost Control.” Mr. J. Maddock at the College of Technology Manchester at 3 p.m. CHEMICALSOCIETY hleeting for the reading of original papers in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of King’s College Newcastle-upon-Tyne at 5 p.m. I37 1 ANNOUNCEMENTS [See also “Important Events in 1947” (p.19).] Anniversary Meetings of the Institute 18 April I947.-The programme of events on 18 April is as follows:- Anniversary Luncheon at the Connaught Rooms Great Queen Street London W.C.2 (near Holborn Station) at 12.30 for 1 p-m. Apart from a small number of official guests attendance is limited to Fellows Associates and Registered Students of the Institute.Applications for tickets (price 15s.) should be made on the appropriate form (a copy accompanies this issue of the JOURNAL). A lecture entitled “Some Aspects of Nuclear Chemistry” will be delivered by Professor H. J. Ernelkus F.R.S. in the Rooms of the Royal Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.1 at 3.15 p.m. Owing to limitation of accommodation admission will be by ticket and open only to Fellows Associates and Registered Students of the Institute. Applications for tickets should be made on the appropriate form (a copy accompanies this issue of the JOURNAL). The Sixty-Ninth Annual General Meeting of the Institute will be held in the Rooms of the Royal Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.l at 5.15 p.m. on 18 April 1947.A formal notice of meeting and the agenda will be sent to all Fellows and Associates in due course. Institute Examinations.-Examinations for the Associateship and the Fellowship will be held in September as usual. The last dates for application and for entry will be notified in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part 11 but candidates are advised to send in their applications as early as possible. University of London Turner and Newall Research Fellowships.-Applications are invited for Research Fellowships founded by Turner and Newall Ltd. and tenable in the University of London and normally of the value of L600 per annum. The Fellow- ships will be awarded for original research in Inorganic Chemistry Engineering Physics and allied subjects. A Fellow will be required to take a limited part in the teaching in the Department in which he works.Fellowships will be tenable from October 1947 but applications from candidates now on National Service who cannot take up appoint-ment to the Fellowship until later will also be considered. Detailed Regulations and application forms can be obtained from the Academic Registrar University of London at the Senate House London W.C. 1 and applications must be received at that address not later than 30 April 1947. Scientific Courses.-Particulars of the following have been received:- Summer School on Some Recent Advances in Physical Chemistry at the University of Cambridge.-Courses of lectures and practical work will be given on the following three topics:-Molecular Structure and Valency Theory; Chain Reactions; Physics and Chemistry of Rubbing Solids.The courses will be held from 16 to 23 August, in the University Department of Physical Chemistry and the fee will be 12 guineas, inclusive of accommodation in colleges for S nights which will be provided for those .,vho desire it. Those wishing to attend should obtain application forms as soon as possible from the Joint Secretaries Summer School in Physical Chemistry Laboratory of Physical Chemistry Cambridge. Symposium on “Coal Petroleum and their Newer Derivatives,” at the University of St. Andrews.-See p. 19. The Dyson System of Indexing Organic Compounds.-A public lecture on this subject will be delivered by Dr. G. Malcolm Dyson at the Sir John Cass Technical Institute on Wednesday 19 March at 6.15 p.m.Admission is free without ticket. Boots’ Booklovers Li brary.-Under the arrangements made on behalf of Fellows and Associates with Boots’ Booklovers Library the service for current subscriptions expired on I March 1947. Fresh application forms must be obtained by those who desire to renew the service. Members should have renewed their subscriptions or returned the last volume and membership token to the local or most convenient branch of the Library on or before 1 March. Forms may be obtained from the Registrar. Telephone Number of the Institute,-The telephone number of the Institute has been changed to MUSeum 1761/2. [ 381 GENERAL NOTICES (For notices relating to mattevs of immediate importance see I‘ Announcements ” on p.18.) Notice to Associates.-Regulations and forms of application for the Fellowship can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments or are desirous of extending their opportunities is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Libraries.-The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society Burlington House Piccadilly W.1 to the maintenance of which the Institute makes substantial con-tributions is available to Fellows Associates and Registered Students wishing to consult or borrow books from 10 a.m. to 9 p.m. on week-days (except Saturdays 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.). Books can also be borrowed by post.Books may be borrowed from the Science Library Science Museum South Kensing- ton S.W.7 on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Secretary of the Institute. The Library of the Institute is being re-organised (see JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1946 VI 279) but limited service is available to Fellows. Associates and Registered Students from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. on week-days (not including Saturdays). Information regarding facilities afforded to members by Lewis’s Lending Library can also be obtained from the Registrar. Reports on German Industries.-Copies of a number of Reports of the Combined Intelligence Objectives Sub-committee (C.I.O.S.) and of the British Intelligence Sub- committee (B.I.O.S.) on industrial plants and processes in Germany published by H.M.Stationery Office have been received and are available for consultation in the Library of the Institute. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A list of slides of portraits of great chemists and other scientists throughout the ages can be obtained on application to the Secretary. As the slides are frequently in demand members are requested to notify their require- ments at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Joint Subscription Arrangements.-Fellows Associates and Registered Students who wish to participate in the arrangements whereby they can acquire on favourable terms membership of the Chemical Society the Society of Chemical Industry and the Faraday Society with substantial privileges as to publications (see special article JOURNAL 1945 Part IV p.148) can obtain further particulars and AND PROCEEDINGS necessary forms from the Conjoint Chemical Office 9 and 10 Savile Row London W. I. Benevolent Fund.-Contributions for I946 may be sent to the Honorary Treasurer 30 Russell Square London W.C.I. Forms for Deeds of Covenant may be obtained from the Secretary. Covers for the journal.-Members who desire covers (2s. each) for binding the AND PROCEEDINGS JOURNAL in annual volumes should notify the Assistant Secretary of their requirements indicating the years (1946 or earlier) required. Service with H. M. Forces.-Fellows Associates and Registered Students who are on service with the Navy Army and Air Force are requested to notify the Institute giving particulars as to their rank unit etc.Changes of Add ress.-Fellows Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give so far as possible their permanent addresses for registration. When writing from an address different from that previously given they are requested to state if the new address is to be used in future and whether the change affects the Appointments Register. All requests for changes should be addressed to the Registrar and not to the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. In order to facilitate identification Fellows Associates and Registered Students are asked to give their full initials on communications addressed to the Institute. In the prevailing circumstances they are also asked not invariably to expect formal acknowledgments of communications addressed to the Institute unless replies are necessary.PUBLICATIONS OF THE INSTITUTE Many of the publications are out of print and members are advised not to send cheques or orders with enquiries for publications other than those listed below of which limited supplies are still available. LECTURES “Copyright with special reference to Scientific Papers and Publications.” E. J. MacGillivray K.C. (l!26.) 2s. net. “Fire Risks in Industry. A. M. Cameron B.Sc.. F.R.L.C. (1927.) 2s. net. “Chemists and Dividends.” S. M. Gluckstein. (1927.) 2s. net. “Lessons Learnt from Industrial Gases and Fumes.” Sir T. Legge C.B.E. M.D. (1930.) 2s. net. “The Nature of Simple Molecules and of Elementary Processes.” A.J. Allmand, M.C. D.Sc. F.R.I.C. F.R.S. (1932.) 2s. 6d. net. “The Chemist in the Far East.” A. Marcan F.R.I.C. (1933.) 2s. net. “Alchemists in Art and Literature.” Richard B. Pilcher O.B.E. F.C.I.S. (1933.) 2s. 6d. net. *“Beer.” H. F. E. Hulton F.R.I.C. (1934.) 2s. net. “Electrometric Methods in Physical and Analytical Chemistry.” S. Glasstone, DSc. F.R.I.C. (1934) 2s. 6d. net. “Food and the Consumer.” G. W. Monier-Williams O.B.E. M.A. Ph.D. F.R.I.C. (1936.) 2s. net. “Protection against Toxic Gases in Industry.” J. Davidson Pratt O.B.E. M.A. BSc. F.R.I.C. (1936.) 2s. net. “Our Money.” W. H. Coates Ph.D. LL.B. B.Sc. (1937.) 2s. net. “Gas Defence from the Point of View of the Chemist.” J. Davidson Pratt O.B.E. M.A. B.Sc.F.R.I.C. (1937.) 2s. net. “Oxidation-Reduction Potentials and their Applications.” S. Glasstone D.Sc. F.R.I.C. (1937.) 2s. net. *“Chemical Changes and Chances.” Sir Martin Forster DSc. F.R.I.C. F.R.S. (1937.) 2s. net. “The Development of the Chemistry of Commercial Synthetic Dyes (1866-1938).” F. M. Rowe D.Sc. F.R.I.C. (1938.) 6s. net. *“Opium.” J. R. Nicholls D.Sc. F.R.1.2; (1938.) 2s. 6d. net. t“Research in the Iron and Steel Industry. W. 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(1946.) 2s. 6d. net. “A New Notation for Organic Chemistry and its Application to Library and Indexing Problems.” Lecture under the joint auspices of the Chemical Society the Royal Instdutc of Chemistry the Society of ChemicalIndustry and the Bureau of Abstracts.G. Malcolm Dyson M.A. Ph.D. M.I.Chem.E. F.Inst.Pet. F.R.I.C. (1946). 2s. 6d. net. *“Water and Public Health.” W. Gordon Carey F.R.I.C. (1946.) 2s. 6d. net. FOR THE ADMISSION ASSOCIATES Gratis. REGULATIONS OF STUDENTS AND FELLOWS. JOURNAL Six Parts annually. AND PROCEEDINGS. THEPROFESSION OF CHEMISTRY. Richard B. Pilcher O.B.E. F.C.I.S. 4th Edition. (1938.) Gratis. Streatfeild Memorial Lectures. Gluckstein IClernorial Lacttrres. 40 1