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JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND PART I. I947 PROCEEDINGS OF THE COUNCIL Council Meeting 13 December 1946.-The President referred to the loss that the Institute had sustained through the death of Dr. Dorothy Jordan-Lloyd (Past Vice-president) Professor W. H. Roberts (Past Vice- President) and Professor F. M. Rowe (former Member of Council). The Members of Council stood as a mark of respect to their memory. A report was received of nominations submitted in connection with the election of District Members of Council and as only one nomination had been received by the appointed date in respect of each District it was resolved that these nominees be deemed to have been elected as District Members of Council to take office at the date of the Annual General Meeting 1947 (see JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1946 VI 301).The Council learnt with regret that Mr. K. H. Jack was resigning as Honorary Secretary of the Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast Section on 31 December 1946 owing to his leaving the area. He would be succeeded by Dr. J. 0. Harris. It was reported that in future a nomination of a District Member of Council for the District comprising the Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast Section and the Tees-Side Section would be made by a Joint Committee of the two Sections instead of as heretofore by the Committee of each Section in alternate years. The Report of the Finance and House Committee (9 December) which was received and adopted referred inter alia to:-removal of members for non-payment of subscriptions; further consideration of the revised form of presentation of the Annual Accounts (cf.JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1946 VI 256); increase in printing charges; dates of Council and Committee meetings preceding the Annual General Meeting 1947. It was agreed that subject to approval of the proposed changes of By-laws by the Privy Council meetings of the Council be held on 17 January 21 February and 21 March. The Report.of the Benevolent Fund Committee (9 December) was mainly concerned with the reconsideration of two cases and the recommendation of a regular grant to the widow of a Fellow who died in 1946. Christmas gifts to regular beneficiaries were also arranged and the Committee approved a draft statement on “Homes for Old People” for forwarding to the Publica- tions Committee (see JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1946 VI 281).It was agreed that in general it was undesirable to make collections for the Benevolent Fund at ordinary meetings of Local Sections especially where members of other societies were present but that the holding of special events such as dances advertised as being in aid of the Benevolent Fund would always be welcome The Report was adopted. c13 The Report of the Nominations Examinations and Institutions Com- mittee (15 November) was received and adopted and the ‘candidates recommended for election or re-election to the Associateship or to the Fellowship were duly elected to their respective grades.In adopting the Report the Council approved also a recommendation of the Committee that Dr. T. G. Pearson be appointed Examiner for the Associateship in General Chemistry to succeed Professor W. Wardlaw and that Mr. G. Taylor be appointed Examiner for the Fellowship in Branch E to succeed Dr. H. E. Cox. By adopting the Report of the Appointments and Economic Status Committee (3 December) the Council agreed that the Conference which drew up the document “Suggested Clauses for Incorporation in Contracts of Service for Chemists” be called together again to consider criticisms of the general form of the document and of particular clauses especially criticisms that had been forwarded by the London and South-Eastern Counties Section and by the Manchester and District Section (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1946 IV 177).It was noted that as some misunderstanding had arisen through the publication of the document in the form of a Contract it should be made clear in any future issue that there was no intention of putting forward anything in the nature of a model contract. The Council learnt with satisfaction that there was a prospect of obtaining a sufficient allocation of paper to enable a complete Register of Fellows and Associates to be published in 1947. Authority was given for steps to be taken to circularise members so as to obtain the necessary particulars. Copies of Dr. Dyson’s lecture on “A New Notation for Organic Chemistry” were being sent out to all members and also to the British Commonwealth Scientific Office Washington the American Chemical Society and the four Dominion chemical institutes.It was agreed that Sir Jack Drummond F.R.S. be invited to deliver the Gluckstein Memorial Lecture 1947. It was reported that the Chemical Council had set up a Committee to consider revision of the brochure on joint subscription arrangements with a view to issuing a new edition at an early date for wider distribution than had originally been possible. Mr. A. L. Bacharach Professor H. V. A. Briscoe Mr. H. W. Cremer and Professor A. Findlay were re-elected representatives of the Institute on the Joint Library Committee for 1947. It was reported that Mr. A. H. Dodd had accepted the Council’s invitation to represent the Institute on British Standards Institution Technical Committee OC/S Quality Control.A provisional programme of the International Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry 17-24 July 1947 was received. This programme includes a Reception to the delegates by the Institute on Tuesday 22 July 1947. The Council learnt with pleasure that the Natal Section of the South African Chemical Institute was presenting copies of “What Industry Owes to Chemical Science” as prizes in chemistry to some of the leading secondary schools in Natal. A letter was received from the Registrar of the Australian Chemical Institute expressing the thanks of his Council to the Royal Institute of Chemistry for arranging a meeting at the Tallow Chandlers’ Hall on 21 June 1946 and for help given by the Officers on various matters of common interest (see JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1946 Iv 179).c21 Council Meeting 17 January 1947.-On a report that the changes in the By-laws approved at Special General Meetings held on 15 and 22 November 1946 had been allowed by the Privy Council it was confirmed that the Annual General Meeting would be held on 18 April 1947 and that the Anniversary Luncheon be arranged on the same day (see page 38). It was further agreed that an invitation be sent to Professor H. J. Emelkus F.R.S. to give a special lecture in the afternoon following the Anniversary Luncheon (see page 38). A Report of the Censors for 1946 was received. The Report of the Finance and House Committee (13 January) was received and adopted.It was agreed that a further LA750 be brought to this country from Australia and New Zealand. The remission of annual subscriptions to members and registered students serving in the Forces which had been in operation since 1943 was recon- sidered. It was resolved that to members and students who were serving in the Forces prior to 31 December 1945 this concession should continue to apply until the end of the year in which they were demobilised or if they elected to remain in the Forces after the date on which they would normally be demobilised until the end of the year in which they otherwise would have been demobilised. With reference to members or registered students called up for service in the Forces on or after I January 1946 it was further resolved that until further notice the payment of their annual subscription or registration fee for the year in which they entered the Forces be accepted as covering also their subscription or registration fee for the ensuing year.In paying to the appropriate Officer of a Local Section the normal grant to that Section for 1947 authority was given to include also any additional sum that might be necessary to bring the balance in the accounts of the Section at 31 December 1946 up to LIO or 25 per cent. of the normal grant for 1946 whichever was the greater. By this means Local Sections would be enabled to carry over at the end of 1947 a balance to cover expenditure until the grant for 1948 was paid (cf. Report of the Fifteenth Conference of Honorary Secretaries para.I; JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1946 VI 258). It was reported that the conditions of the Scientific Societies’ Joint Pension and Life Assurance Scheme had been accepted by all eligible members of the staff and that the necessary steps had been taken to enable them to enter the scheme on I January 1947. The Report of the Benevolent Fund Committee (13 January) was received and adopted. The Report dealt inter ah with action taken on three current cases; forms of support for the Fund; further information on Homes for Old People. It was agreed that although the Fund needed some increase in regular income for current purposes in order to meet the growing cost of regular and special grants it was also desirable that additional support should be forthcoming in the form of donations for building up a capital fund for future needs; the latter would be of particular importance in con- nection with any project for providing Homes for Old People.The Report of the Nominations Examinations and Institutions Com- mittee (13 December) was received and adopted and the candidates recom- mended for election or re-election to the Associateship or to the Fellowship were duly elected to their respective grades. Congratulations were expressed to members who had received Public Honours (see JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1946 VI 282; 1947 I 18). Consideration was given to various matters concerned with the status ~31 of chemists in South Africa. A summary of a report by Dr. Cullen on his recent visit to that country would be available at the next meeting of the Council.The Report of the Publications and Library Committee (19 December) was received and adopted. The Report referred to completion of arrange-ments for the First Henderson Memorial Lecture (see page IS) publication of other lectures and the preparation of JOURNAL AND PROCEEDLKGS, 1946 Part VI. On the recommendation of the Special Purposes Committee (14 December) it was agreed that for the present the income from the Sir Alexander Pedler Fund be applied in whole or in part to defraying the cost of publishing appropriate monographs or lectures and of holding and publishing papers presented at such Scientific Conferences Symposia or Courses as the Council may direct and that an adequate sum be made available in 1946 for publishing Dr.G. M. Dyson’s lecture on “A New Notation for Organic Chemistry’’ so that copies may be made available free of charge not only to Fellows Associates and Registered Students of the Institute but also to members of the other participating bodies In considering the disposal of the balance of receipts over expenditure in connection with the Scientific Courses on “Oils and Fats” and “Spectro- ~copy,’~ held under the auspices of the Institute at the University of Liverpool in July 1946 the Council had before it (a)suggestions by the Liverpool and North-Western Section (which was concerned with the detailed arrangement of the courses) either that part of the fee paid by those attending the courses be returned to them or that a substantial part of the balance be expended on the endowment of prizes at the University of Liverpool; (b) a recom-mendation by the Scientific Courses Committee (19 December) supported by the Finance and House Committee (13 January) that the whole of the balance be applied in the establishment of a Scientific Courses Fund to be used in helping to finance not only future scientific courses but also such scientific conferences and symposia as might be arranged under the auspices of the Institute (alone or in collaboration with other bodies) on any subject and at any place or time approved by the Council it being realised that some of these events might have to be run at a loss (cf.also Report of the Fifteenth Conference of Honorary Secretaries para.11; JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1946 VI 261). While appreciating the views of the Liverpool and North- Western Section on the subject the Council decided to adopt the recom- mendation of the Scientific Courses Committee a motion to refer the matter back to that Committee having been lost. In arriving at this decision the Council had in mind that in setting up the Scientific Courses Committee it had accepted responsibility for the organisation and financing of such courses and that although the help of Local Sections would always be greatly welcomed and due payment would be made for services rendered by individuals or by local institutions a Local Section in affording such help would be acting on behalf of the Council for the benefit of members and others drawn from all parts of the country and not merely in the interests of members of the Section.Moreover the localities at which scientific courses were held would need to be chosen with reference to the facilities available and would not necessarily be centres at which Local Sections could readily assist. It was on these grounds that the Council had decided that scientific courses should be organised centrally and it was therefore concluded that it would be proper for any excess of receipts over expenditure in connection with a particular course after meeting all reasonable dues [41 should be placed in a central fund to be used solely in financing other scientific courses conferences or symposia approved by the Council. In the Report of the Scientific Courses Committee (19 December) reference was also made to suggestions for future courses and it was recom- mended that subject to the concurrence of the Scottish Sections’ Joint Committee the symposium on “Coal Petroleum and their Newer Deriva- tives,” to be held at St.Andrews on 7-12 July 1947 (see p. ~g), be regarded as coming within the purview of the Scientific Courses Committee and thus as being held under the auspices of the Institute and the responsibility of the Council. The Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists had accepted the invitation to join with the Institute and the Institution of Water Engineers in setting up- a Committee to consider the standardisation of methods of chemical analysis of potable waters.The following had been appointed to membership of the Committee:-Dr. J. H. Hamence and Mr. S. E. Melling (by the S.P.A. and O.A.C.) Mr. W. Gordon Carey (by the R.I.C.) Dr. R. C. Hoather and Mr. G. U. Houghton (by the I.W.E.). At the request of the Chemical Society it was agreed to lend any portraits of famous British chemists in the possession of the Institute that might be useful to the Society and the International Congress in connection with the Exhibition to be arranged during the Centenary and Congress meetings in July. An invitation was accepted from the Royal Society of Arts to send a representative to attend a conference on 6 February to discuss the desir- ability of holding an International Exhibition in London in 1951. The Secretary was appointed to represent the Institute.Dr. H. H. Hodgson was nominated as the representative of the Institute on the City and Guilds of London Institute Advisory Committee on the Dyeing of Textiles a Committee on which the late Sir Jocelyn Thorpe formerly represented the Institute. Mr. W. F. Bennett was invited to serve with Dr. E. H. Farmer and in succession to Mr. R. L. Collett as a representative of the Institute on British Standards Institution Technical Committee C/S Scientific Glassware and Laboratory Ware. Mr. Thomas Tickle had accepted the Council’s invitation to serve as a delegate of the Institute at the Health Congress to be held under the auspices of the Royal Sanitary Institute at Torquay on 2-6 June. Further consideration was given to a proposal by the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors to apply for permission to use the letters F.R.I.C.S.and A.R.I.C.S. to designate its Fellows and Associates respectively and it was decided to lodge a formal protest against any such application in view of the possibility of confusion with the letters designating Fellows and Associates of the Royal Institute of Chemistry which might be detrimental to the interests of members of both bodies. ACTIVITIES OF LOCAL S ECTI0NS Aberdeen and North of Scotland.-On 17 December 1946 and 24 January 1947 meetings were held jointly with the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry at Marischal College Aberdeen Dr. R. B. Strathdee presiding on both occasions. The first of these was addressed by Dr.F. W. Peaker of the Chemistry Department University of Aberdeen on “The Mechanism of Elimination and Substitution Re- actions.” Mr. D. W. Menzies proposed the vote of thanks. [51 At the second meeting the speaker was L)r. D. P. Cuthbertson Director of the Rowett Research Institute Bucksburn and the subject of his address was “Recent Advances in the Metabolism of Proteins and Amino-acids.” After discussion had taken place a vote of thanks was accorded to the lecturer on the motion of Dr. I. C. Whitfield. Two Christmas lectures for senior pupils of secondary schools were held under the zgis of the Section. On 23 December Professor T. C. Phemister who occupies the Chair of Geology in the University of Aberdeen gave a talk on “Crystals,” and on the following day Mr.Alfred Hill of the Department of Agricultural Chemistry in the University spoke on “Photography.” Both meetings took place in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of the University and were very well attended by young people from the city and from neighbouring county schools. The lecturers illustrated their subjects copiously by means of lantern slides and lecture-table demonstrations and the audiences gave every evidence of appreciation. The Chairman of the Section Dr. R. B. Strathdee presided at both meetings and votes of thanks were proposed by members of the teaching profession. Bristol and South-Western Counties.-Since the beginning of December two meetings have been held jointly with the Chemical Society and the local section of the Society of Chemical Industry in the Chemistry Department of the University of Bristol.On 6 December under the chairmanship of Dr. E. R. Maxted a lecture was delivered by Mr. ,$. J. Carter on “Industrial Applications of Activated Alumina to Adsorption Drying. Following a lengthy discussion a vote of thanks was proposed by Mr. S. Robson. Dr. H. Martin presided over the meeting on 23 January when Dr. T. Malkin Chairman of the Section gave an address entitled “A Review of X-ray ?Vork on Long Chain Compounds.” After a good discussion a vote of thanks was proposed by hlr. Edgar Lewis. Cardiff and District.-On 8 January a meeting was held jointly with the South Wales Section at the Mining and Technical Institute Bridgend when Dr.J. B. Firth delivered a lecture on “Forensic Science.” Members and visitors from a wide area including the Chief Constable and members of the Glamorgan County Police formed a most appreciative audience. Mr. W. D. Williams (Cardiff) was in the Chair and a vote of thahks was proposed by Dr. J. Grant seconded by Mr. S. B. Watkins and supported by Mr. Joseph Jones Chief Constable of Glamorganshire. Rlr. E. E. Ayling (Swansea) voiced the thanks of the meeting and of the two Sections to Dr. D. P. Evans who made the local arrangements. Dublin and District.-A meeting of the Section was held in the Chemistry Depart- ment Trinity College Dublin on 22 January. Dr. A. G. G. Leonard presided and Mr. D. Crowley read a paper on “Chemical Progress in Photography” (for summary see page 15).The vote of thanks was proposed by Mr. J. W. Parkes seconded by Mr. W. V. Griffiths and supported by a number of members and guests. The Honorary Secretary announced that the date of the meeting to be addressed by the President of the Institute Dr. G. Roche Lynch O.B.E. had been fixed for 5March 1947 and that a dinner in honour of the President’s visit would be held in the Shelbourne Hotel on 6 March. Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-Members of the Section were invited to attend a Liversidge Lecture of the Chemical Societv on 19 December 1946 when Professor H. C. Urey Nobel Laureate lectured on “Isotopes.” Prior to the lecture a large number of members were present at a reception in honour of the lecturer given by the Vice-Chancellor of the University of Edinburgh and held in the historic Upper Library of the University.On 23 January members were invited to be present at a Society of Chemical Industry Jubilee Memorial Lecture when Prqfessor F. A. Scholefield gave an account of “The Life and Work of Edmund Knecht. Clzristmas Lectures for Senior School Children :During the Christmas vacation two lectures were arranged for the senior pupils of local secondary schools. The lectures were given in the Heriot Watt College Edinburgh by Dr. James Sandilands. the first on “Fire and Flame” and the second on “Metals.” A very large number of experiments were performed and the lectures were further illustrated by films and lantern slides. The rapt attention and laughter of the pupils were ample evidence of the success of the venture and the popularity of the lectures and the lecturer.[Gl The Lord Provost of Edinburgh Sir John I. Falconer who was accompanied by the Lady Provost in introducing Dr. Sandilands said that the Royal Institution lectures for children were a delightful and popular feature and the Edinburgh lectures were to discover whether the young people of Edinburgh would be interested in a similar venture. Mr. G. Elliot Dodds Vzce-President,moved a vote of thanks to the lecturer and also thanked the Governors of the Heriot Watt College for the facilities they had granted. East Midlands.-On 12 December 1946 the Section was addressed by Mr. D. C. Henry of Manchester who chose as his subject “The Electrical Double Layer and Colloid Stability.” The lecturer considered a theoretical subject in a most interesting way and we are indebted to him for his lucid description of a very intricate subject.On 13 January the Section met to hear Dr. W. G. Ogg speak on “Trace Elements in Agriculture.” Again we were fortunate in the choice of lecturer and had an admirable exposition of the effect of traces of various elements in plant and animal nutrition. Glasgow and West of Scotland.-A special meeting of the Section was held at the Koyal Technical College Glasgow on 25 October 1946 when the Chair was occupied by Mr. J. W. Hawley of Dumfries. The Secretary read the notice calling the meeting and the relevant portions of the Section Rules to be altered in order to bring the termina- tion of the financial year to 31 December of each year.These changes already approved by Council were confirmed by the meeting on the motion of Mr. M. Herd seconded by Dr. Q. Moore. The matter of the appointment of an Honorary Auditor was then considered and the name of Dr. T. S. Stevens was submitted by Dr. S. T. S. Mitchell seconded by Mr. A. R. Jamieson. This appointment was confirmed by the meeting. Following the special meeting a joint meeting of the three chartered chemical bodies was addressed by Dr. H. J. T. Ellingham Secretary Royal Institute of Chemistry, on “Electrolysis as an Industrial Process.” The lecture was followed by stimulating discussion in which Mr. A. R. Jamieson Dr. F. Rumford and Mr. J. W. Hawley, amongst others took part. An enthusiastic vote of thanks was accorded on the motion of Mr.Jamieson Vice-chairman of the Local Section of the Institute. A joint meeting arranged by the Society of Chemical Industry was held in the Royal Technical College on 17 January. The Chair was taken by Mr. W. J. Skilling, Chairman of the Clasgow Section Society of Chemical Industry. Professor F. S. Spring Freeland Professor of Chemistry Royal Technical College Glasgow addresse? the well-attended meeting on “Developments in General Methods of Organic Chemistry. Following discussion the vote of thanks was moved by Dr. J. A. Cranston and carried with acclamation. Huddersfie1d.-A meeting of the Section was held on 7 January in Field’s Caf6 under the chairmanship of Mr. T. A. Simmons when Dr. L. J.Burrage Assistant Research Manager I.C.I. General Chemicals Division gave a lecture entitled “Benzene Hexachloride as an Insecticide.” The attendance was adversely affected by inclement weather but the lecture was much appreciated and a most interesting discussion followed during which questions on the structure and properties of benzene hexachloride were very fully and satisfactorily dealt with by the lecturer. The lecture by Professor M. G. Evans arranged for 4 February had unfortunately to be cancelled owing to the severe weather conditions. It is hoped to arrange an alternative date in March for this meeting. Leeds Area.-A meeting of the Section was held at the University of Leeds on 13 January the Chairman of the Section Mr. G. J. Denbigh presiding.Owing to the indisposition of Professor D. T. A. Townend a lecture on “The Utilisation of Coal” was delivered at very short notice by Dr. E. G. Ritchie of the British Coal Utilisation Research Association. (For summary see page 14.) The lecture which dealt with the use of coal in domestic appliances and industrial boilers was greatly appreciated by a large audience and an active discussion followed. A vote of thanks to the lecturer was proposed by Mr. A. M. Wandless and seconded by Mr. H. J. Hodsman. Liverpool and North-Western.-Since the beginning of the session members have had the opportunity to attend four meetings arranged by the Liverpool Joint Chemistry Committee one each being organised by the constituent societies the Chemical Society the Royal Institute of Chemistry the Society of Chemical Industry and the British Association of Chemists.The meetings with the exception of the film show were held in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre University of Liverpool. l’ij The Chemical Society together with the Liverpool University Chemical Society held a meeting on 13 November 1946. Professor W. C. McC. Lewis in the Chair introduced Dr. H. W. Thompson F.R.S. of the University of Oxford:,who gave an enlightening talk on “Some Applications of Infra-red Measurements which dealt particularly with recent improvements in technique and with chemical rather than physical aspects. (For summary cf. page 16.) Drs. Morton Scott and Whalley engaged in a brief discussion whilst Mr. McDowell proposed and Mr.Mills seconded a vote of thanks to the lecturer. On 28 November 1946 the Institute arranged a meeting. Professor T. P. Hilditch F.R.S. was in the Chair and asked the audience to stand for a moment in memory of Associate Professor W. H. Roberts. Mr. A. V. Billinghame of Technical Products Department Shell Petroleum Company gave a lecture on “The Development and Industrial Application of Wetting Agents.” The attendance was very good and showed the local interest in the subject-matter. Discussion was limited to wetting properties but was none the less vigorous. Mr. L. V. Cocks (DistrictMember of Coumil) proposed and Mr. Proudfoot seconded a vote of thanks to Mr. Billinghame for a much appreciated and well illustrated lecture. An exhibition of scientific sound films arranged by the British Association of Chemists was held on 4 December 1946 in Radiant House Bold Street Liverpool.The demand for tickets was active and the hall was easily filled to capacity 220 seats. Mr. H. H. Hutt was Chairman and the films shown were entitled “Penicillin”; “Back- ground”; “It Comes from Coal”; “Universities at War”; “Prescription for Rubber”; and “The Story of D.D.T.” The Society of Chemical Industry held a joint meeting on 6 December 1946. The retiring Chairman Mr. C. Gordon Smith introduced his successor Dr. J. P. Baxter O.B.E. who gave a Chairman’s Address entitled “Atomic Energy.” The subject- matter was approached from the chemical standpoint. Professor T. P. Hilditch proposed and Mr. B. D. W. Luff seconded a vote of thanks to Dr.Rater. In continuance of the policy of holding meetings outside Liverpool. one has been held at Wigan and one at Widnes. On Saturday afternoon 9 November 1946 a meeting was held in the Wigan Mining and Technical College. Professor T. P. Hilditch in the Chair welcomed the opportunity for the meeting as arranged by Mr. Cooksey and Dr. Crawford and introduced Professor L. Hunter who has played a prominent part in academic developments at University College Leicester. Dr. Hunter gave a lecture entitled “The Hydrogen Bond in Organic Chemistry.” (For summary see page 11.) Afterwards Messrs. Crawford Gauge Scott Foley and Prenton discussed the topic. Dr. Crawford proposed and Mr. Griffiths seconded a vote of thanks to the lecturer for an interesting and clear account of the intricacies of the hydrcgen bond.A meeting was held in the Municipal Technical College Widnes on 12 December 1946. Professor Hilditch referred to the facilities provided by the College authorities through Messrs. Ibeson and G. H. Bottomley and introduced the lecturer Dr. G. P. Gibson of the Research Department Lever Brothers and Unilever Limited who gave a talk on “Laboratory Fractionation.” (For summary see page 13.) A brief discussion followed. Mr. Mills proposed and Mr. Pinnington seconded a vote of thanks to the lecturer for a very general and well illustrated survey of his topic. In order to cater for the younger members of the Section a Dance organised by Mr. Elwes was held on 22 November 1946 at Radiant House Bold Street Liverpool from 7 p.m.to 10.45 p.m. A hundred persons were present which was considered satisfactory for a first venture. The M.C. was Mr. J. Ashley Jones. At the interval Professor Hilditch gave a brief expression of thanks to the organisers. Manchester and District.-On 9 January a joint meeting was held with the Chemical Society at the University of Manchester when Dr. J. H. Schulman gave a paper on “Molecular Interaction at Oil-Water Interfaces.” On 23 January a meeting of the Section was held at the Engineers Club Manchester when Professor Hilditch F.R.S. Chairman of the Liverpool and North-Western Section gave a paper on “Fat Shortages and Fat Substitutes.” (For summary see page 16.) Mr. J. T. Marsh was in the Chair. An audience of over 150 thoroughly enjoyed Professor Hilditch’s most interesting talk and among those who took part in a keen and animated discussion were Messrs.Learmonth Meade Lock Bruce Spencer Huggins Carroll Rainer and Curtis. Prior to the lecture some 60 members attended an Informal Dinner at the Engineers Club. Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast.-At a meeting of the Section held on 11 December 1946 Mr. R. Belcher and Dr. C. L. Wilson lectured on “Methods and Apparatus in Inorganic Microchemistry.” Two papers the first by Mr. Belcher on [81 Qualitative and the second by Dr. Wilson on Quantitative Microanalysis were followed by demonstrations of methods and an exhibition of apparatus. A vote of thanks proposed by Dr. E. E. Stephenson and seconded by Dr.C. W. Shacklock from the Chair was carried with acclamation by an audience of about 90 persons. A meeting was held jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry (Newcastle upon Tyne Section) the Chemical Society the Institution of Chemical Engineers and the Coke Oven Managers’ Association (Northern Section) on 18 December 1946 with Dr. A. E. J. Vickers in the Chair. A lecture entitled “Hydrogen Sulphide Removal by Ammoniacal Iron Ammonium Ferrocyanide Liquors” was given by Dr. H. C. Craggs and Mr. H. M. Arnold. This was followed by a lively discussion opened by Mr. Ormrod and contributed to by Mr. E. W. Muddiman Dr. P. L. Robinson Mr. W. Jeffrey Dr. M. P. Applebey Professor G. R. Clemo Mr. R. Maxwell Professor H. L. Riley and Mr. S.F. Weston. The well-attended meeting was terminated with a vote of thanks to the speakers by Mr.E. W. Muddiman. The Section participated in the Annual Dinner and Dance which was arranged under the auspices of the Joint Scientific and Technical Committee and held in the Old Assembly Rooms Newcastle upon Tyne on 24 January 1,847. The Chairman was Professor G. R. Clemo F.R.S. The toast of “The Guests following the loyal toast was proposed by the Chairman and replied to by Dr. Alexander Fleck. Other toasts were the “City and County of Newcastle,” proposed by Professor H. L. Riley and replied to by the Lord Mayor of Newcastle Alderman Pearson. Other guests included Dr. L. H. Lampitt President of the Society of Chemical Industry and Lt.-Col. Griffin General Secretary of the Society of Chemical Industry.The dinner was followed by a well-attended dance. Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands.-Jointly with the Sheffield Metallurgical Association a Dinner Dance was held at the Victoria Hotel Sheffield on 17 January. A very enjoyable evening was appreciated by the 190 members of both societies who were present. Owing to the inclement weather there was a very poor attendance at the meeting arranged at the Grand Hotel on 31 January when two very interesting lecturcs were given “Industrial Health in the Gas Industry” by Mr. L). Llewelyn (Registered Student) and “Chemical Hazards in the Electrical Industry” by Mr. C. P. Fagan. Both lectures were based on the Newton Chambers Prize Essays for 1945. South Wales.-On 13 December 1946 members of the Section participated in a joint meeting arranged by the South Wales Section of the Society of Chemical Industry which was held in the Royal Institution of South Wales Swansea Dr.A. G. Ramsay presiding. Lectures on “Nickel Refining and Subsidiary Operations as Practised at Clydach” were given by Dr. S. C. Townshend and Mr. De W. H. West. On 8 January a meeting was held jointly with the Cardiff and District Section at Bridgend; this is reported under the heading of the Cardiff and District Section (see above). On 31 January members participated in a meeting arranged by the Chemical Society and the University College of Swansea Chemical Society which was held at University College Swansea with Professor J. E. Coates O.B.E. in the Chair.A lecture on “The Absorption of Light” was given by Mr. E. J. Bowen F.R.S. Tees-Side.-A successful joint meeting with the Newcastle Section of the Society of Chemical Industry at Norton Hall (by kind permission of the Directors of I.C.I. Ltd. Billingham Division) was held on 12 December 1946 when Dr. M. P. Applebey discussed the “Changing Relations of Science and Industry.” The lecture which was illustrated by slides of photographs of members of the Chemistry Department of the University of Oxford at the beginning of the century was enthusiastically applauded by an audience of nearly 200. (For summary see page 12.) The vote of thanks was proposed by Mr. E. M. Myers and seconded by Dr. G. I. Higson. This meeting marked the retirement of Dr. Applebey from his position as Director of Research to I.C.I.Billingham Division. A very successful meeting was held at Norton Hall hTorton on 11 January when Dr. H. W. Thompson F.R.S. of the University of Oxford addressed a joint meeting of the Section and the Newcastle Section of the Society of Chemical Industry on “Some Applications of Infra-red Spectroscopy.” (For summary see page 16.) The meeting was well attended and a keen discussion followed a masterly exposition of the subject. Dr. A. E. J. Vickers presided and the vote of thanks was given by Mr. E. A. Blench. A good audience braved the weather to attend a lecture delivered at Norton on 6 February when Dr. N. P. Inglis spoke on “Some Developments in the Use of Metals lo1 in Chemical Industry.” The lecture which was profusely illustrated elicited a keen discussion by Messrs.A. Scholes and W. H. Coates and Drs. Angel1 and Nonhebel. Mr. A. J. Prince presided and Mr. A. T. Grisenthwaite proposed the vote of thanks. Cape of Good Hope.-Members of the Section were invited to attend a meeting of the Cape Chemical and Technological Society at the University of Cape Town on 20 September 1946. The speaker was Mr. W. P. Hirst who gave a very informative and interesting lecture on “The Use of Additives in Petroleum Fuels and Lubricants.” A meeting of the Cape Section of the Institute was held at Kondebosch on 18 October 1946 when Mr. D. H. Saunder spoke on “The Constitution of Some Molecular Com- pounds.” The lecturer included an interesting account of his own work on the X-ray crystallographic examination of a number of molecular compounds.Members of the Section were also invited to attend a meeting of the Western Province Section of the South African Chemical Institute held at the University of Cape Town on 1 November 1946. Mr. 2. Deenik Agronomis:,of the Cape Explosive Works Ltd. spoke on “Some Recent Advances in Agriculture. He dealt with the application of benzene hexachloride to the control of insect pests in South Africa and also gave a survey of the new weedkillers based on plant hormones. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL COUNCIL Abstract of minutes of the meeting held on 15 January 1947 1. It was reported that the Constitution of the Council for the current year was as follows:- Representing the Chemical Society Mr.F. P. Dunn (ex-oficio) Dr. R. P. Linstead Professor C. N. Hinshelwood Professor William Wardlaw. Representing the Roval Institute of Chemistry Mr. R. C.Chirnside Professor AIexander Findlay Dr. D. W. Kent-Jones (ex-oficio) Mr. G. Roche Lynch. Representing the Society of Chemical Industry Mr. A. L. Bacharach Mr. Stanley Robson Mr. Julian M. Leonard (ex-oflcio) Professor E. K. Rideal. Xominated by the Society of Public Analysts and other Analytical Chemists Dr. G. W. Monier-Williams Mr. G. Taylor. Nominated by the Faraday Society Professor W. E. Garner Dr. G. M. Bennett. Nominated by the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers Mr. Roger Duncalfe Dr. G. M. Dyson Sir Harry Jephcott Mr. Foster Sproxton. 2. Honorary officers for the current year were elected as follows:- Professor E.K. Rideal . . . . re-appointed Chairman. Mr. F. P. Dunn . . .. .. , Vice-Chairman. Professor Alex. Findlay . . . . appointed Honorary Treasurer. Dr. G. &‘I. Bennett .. . . re-appointed Honorary Secretary. 3. It was reported that the Chemical Society had agreed to the use of the Library 4. A letter from the Chemical Society regarding a scheme devised by Dr. G. M. by members of the British Association of Chemists for a further period of one year. Dyson for the notation of organic substances was received. The Council agreed to the formation of an Advisory Committee to assist in development advise on chemical matters connected with the system and to ensure continuity and that the Chemical Society be invited to appoint representatives to the Committee.The importance of the matter being discussed before the International Union of Chemistry this year was stressed. 5. The reports of the Board of Directors of the Bureau of Abstracts for 12 November and 10 December were received. 6 The report of the Joint Library Committee of 27 November was received and the Council concurred in the recommendation in the report regarding increases in salaries granted to the Library Staff as from 1 January 1947. Joint Student Facilities were granted to eight applicants. [ 101 SUMMARIES OF LECTURES THE HYDROGEN BOND IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY By L. HUNTER,Ph.D. D.Sc. F.R.I.C. [Liverpool and North-Western Section at Wigan 9 November 1946.1 Probably no belief was more firmly held by the chemists of a century ago than that of the standard unitary character of the hydrogen atom.Not only was it held to be the fundamental standard of valency but its atomic weight was the unit by which all others were compared. This exemplary character has in the last few years been shown to be spurious; for not only have the atoms of hydrogen been proved to be heterogeneous by the discovery of deuterium but there are now grave doubts about their univalency. Indeed there is ample evidence that hydrogen can in certain circumstances hold two atoms together and to that extent it is bivalent. The first proposals of this nature were made by Odd0 (1906) who suggested a divided valency of the hydrogen atom in the hydroxyl group of certain o-hydroxyazo- compounds thus accounting for the anomalous behaviour of these compounds.Later Moore and Winmill (1912) invoked the aid of a bivalent hydrogen atom to account for the remarkable increase in the strength of ammonium hydroxides when all four hydrogen atoms are substituted to give quaternary ammonium hydroxides. Since that time the hydrogen bond has come into general use to account for such well-known phenomena as repressed functional activity due to chelate rings as in certain o-substituted phenols and amines molecular association moisture sorption of textile fibres and numerous other physical and chemical phenomena. Methods of detecting the hydrogen bond in molecular structures are mainly physical and among these the quantitative methods of X-ray and electron diffraction are capable of great precision.These depend on the measurement of the distance between the atoms assumed to be linked by the hydrogen bond and are based on the assumption that any approach of two such atoms to a distance significantly less than about 3.4 A indicates a chemical link between them. A less precise method but one capable of very wide application is the interpretation of the infra-red absorption spectra of compounds suspected of possessing a hydrogen-bond structure. It depends on the fact that the frequency and intensity of the infra-red absorption band characteristic of the group A-H undergo modification (to a lower frequency) when the hydrogen atom is involved in hydrogen bond formation as in A-H-B.Such shifts of the fundamental frequency may therefore be used as criteria of hydrogen bonding ; and though of recent development this is rapidly becoming one of the most versatile diagnostic tests for hydrogen-bond structure and already the presence of hydrogen bonds in a large number of compounds whose constitution had been deduced from other evidence has received confirmation by this method. The effect of hydrogen-bond structure on volatility solubility viscosity and certain other physical characters has also been traced in the last 25 years and gives a valuable guide to molecular structure. Such effects are most useful when comparing isomers or closely related compounds of which one may be capable of achieving a hydrogen-bond structure.Differences if of sufficiently marked a character are then attributed to the hydrogen-bond structure of the latter. h very great body of chemical apart from physical evidence has been accumulated in favour of the hydrogen-bond structure of certain compounds. In much of this evidence it is shown that compounds possessing a hydrogen-bond structure differ chemically as well as physically from those otherwise closely related to them. The method of alternative synthesis has also been used to support a hydrogen-bond structure. This is the synthesis of a single individual by two alternative routes which were it not for some identity-promoting influence such as hydrogen-bond formation would be expected to lead to two different isomers. Familiar examples are the synthesis of unsymmetrical quinhydrones 8-diketones and certain formazyl compounds.It must be emphasised that such evidence cannot be taken as rigid proof of a hydrogen-bond structure because the possibility of prototropic conversion cannot be excluded in these cases. Ability to form chelate metallic derivatives is usually an important though not invariable indication of intra-molecular hydrogen-bond structure. The commonest single cause of molecular association among organic compounds has been shown to be intermolecular hydrogen bonding and on this basis the association of alcohols phenols oximes carboxylic acids amides diazoamino-compounds pyra- zoles cyanamides etc. has received a satisfactory explanation. Work conducted in c 11 1 the lecturer’s laboratory during the last 10 years has revealed a very close parallel between molecular association of this type and tautomeric behaviour and it is now suggested that the two phenomena are due to one and the same cause viz.the inter- molecular sharing of the hydrogen responsible for the tautomeric character. It was on this hypothesis that a hydrogen-bond structure was sought and found in the thioamides thus leading to the discovery of the S-H-N bond. Tautomerism in this special sense is called mesohydric tautomerism and it is obviously necessary to exclude from it all types of compound whose tautomeric character depends upon the mobility of hydrogen attached to carbon because hydrogen in these circumstances cannot form stable hydrogen bonds thus rendering impossible the formation of a mesohydric structure.An important difference between these two types of tautomerism is therefore that in the case of mesohydric tautomerism no separation of tautomers is expected (nor indeed has ever been achieved) whereas in cases where tautomerism depends upon prototropic change the isolation of individual tautomers is not only expected but has been accoinplished in a large number of instances. The two tautomeric compounds ethyl acetoacetate CH,COCH,COOEt and A;-acetylurethane CH,CONHCOOEt having molecular weights differing only by one unit constitute a test case between prototropic and mesohydric tautomerism ; the pro- perties of the latter compound fully support the mesohydric structure assigned to it.THE CHANGING RELATIONS OF SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY By M. P. APPLEBEY,M.A. D.Sc. F.R.I.C. [Tees-side Section and the Newcastle Section of the Society of Chemical Industry 12 December 1946.1 At the turn of the century when the lecturer went up to Oxford a great revival of research was proceeding. After a period of comparative stagnation and shortage of equipment a strong school of experimental work arose in which the leading figures included Sidgwick Hartley Lambert Manley Baker Chapman and Chattaway. At this time in the older universities little attention was paid to industrial applications and industry in its turn paid little attention to academic science. A rather different attitude had been taken for a long time at some of the newer universities. Symptomatically the Society of Chemical Industrv had been founded more than 20 years previously under the presidency of Roscoe of Manchester.It was certainly true of British industry generally that the value of a scientific staff was not appreciated. Chemists in industry were relatively few and were largely engaged upon routine analysis rather than on research. The Brunner-Mond Company was among the first to change this attitude. Under the influence of Ludwig Mond it recruited a team of scientists for a more creative function that of improving existing industrial processes and of discovering altogether new processes. At the same time trained scientists were introduced into process management. The increased demand for scientists by industry naturally led to an increased interest in industry on the part of the universities.At Oxford the link between science and industry was made firmer by the work of W. H. Perkin who arrived from Manchester in 1912. Further development was encouraged by the 1914-18 war. which turned the attention of most academic scientists to urgent military or industrial manufacturing problems. After the war the effort to wrest the leadership in the dyestuffs industry from Germany was a further source of fruitful co-operation between academic and industrial science. The position now reached is illustrated by the recent report of the Barlow Com- mittee setting out the urgent need to double the supply of entrants to university science courses. The report states that this can be done without reducing the quality of university entrants because in the past the universities have taken only a small pro- portion of those mentally equipped for creative work.To carry out this recommenda- tion the universities are preparing ambitious expansion schemes. As the two ancient universities can hardly double their output the science schools of some of the others must be more than doubled. Sheffield for instance proposes to make its science school four times bigger. Industry now looks to the academic world in the first place for the advancement of knowledge by research. Under present conditions almost all the problems studied by academic scientists are of interest to industry. In fact many new processes such as the Haber ammonia synthesis have come directly from the universities.It is correspondingly important for industrial scientists to keep in close touch with the progress of ideas in the academic world. [ 12 1 In the second place industry looks to the university for its intake of trained men. A purely technological or vocational training has its dangers and limitations and the best training for a scientist in any field is a course emphasising the fundamentals of his subject followed by two or more years of research in the university. There is a danger that this period of research will be omitted if students are allowed to do their military service after graduation and for this reason it might be preferable for military service to come between school and university. The academic world looks to industry for financial support and for support for academic scientific publications.It is desirable that a much greater proportion of the results of industrial research should be published. Such publication need not lead to any loss of the commercial advantages of research. In the narrow sense such advantages are better secured by patenting than by close secrecy but in the broader sense the full advantages of an active research department always keeping a few steps ahead are realised without special protective measures. The exchange of ideas with the academic world is of special value to scientists in small industries and experience shows that academic scientists themselves find industrial contacts stimulating. There is no evidence that such contacts impair the fundamental interest of academic scientists in their work as a means of advancing human knowledge.As a means of furthering co-operation between industry and academic science a more easy interchange of staff has been suggested. The practice whereby university scientists periodically go to work in another establishment in their “sabbatical” terms could with advantage be applied to industrial scientists. The minor difficulties preventing free interchange such as that associated with superannuation contributions should be easily overcome. LABORATORY FRACTl ONAT1ON By G. P. GIBSON,B.Sc. Ph.D. F.R.I.C. [Liverpool and North-Western Section at Widnes 12 December 1946.J Methods for isolating organic compounds from mixtures which occur in nature or as the result of chemical reactions may be classified in several ways.There are processes which are (1) strongly selective or specific-xolumn distillation crystallisation adsorp- tion ; (2) partially selective-distillation (straight steam or film) diphasic separation ; (3) slightly selective in which one of the above processes has to be repeated many times to effect a separation; many natural products such as those which form mixed crystals come within this category. The object of a fractionation may be twofold (a) to prepare a sample of a certain quality e.g. 100 per cent. purity (a part of the component must be sacrificed in the process); (b) to estimate the total quantity of a component that is present. In complicated mixtures a combination of several of these processes may be necessary to yield a pure component commencing with a broad separation (distillation extraction etc.) and ending with a selective method (column distillation crystallisation or adsorption).The secret of success in fractionation depends on a foreknowledge of the conditions necessary to bring about a given separation in a particular apparatus. These selective conditions can be worked out for column distillation (batch and continuous) film distillation adsorption crystallisation and diphasic separation. The rate of flow in the various parts of the still in batch distillation is related to the amount of heat applied; in order to be able to take a pure product from the top of a column it is necessary for a large part of the column to contain that compound.In vacuum work the use of two pumps is to be recommended one to operate the column and the other to change fractions. The results of distillations may be shown on dia- grams in which weight distilled is plotted against the temperature or some other property such as setting point. With continuous column distillation the heat of vaporisation is supplied to the lower part of the column and the rate of feed to the column is most important; otherwise the conditions are as for batch distillation. Protracted heating within the boiling flask is avoided and compounds that are thermally unstable may be distilled conveniently in a continuous still; thus the evaporation of a solution of unsaponifiable matter and the fractionation of poly-unsaturated fatty esters may be so effected.In separating a mixture in a continuous still it is essential to be able to circulate the distilland through the still by means of twin vacuum reservoirs and receivers for only one component can be taken from the top of the fractionating column during one complete passage of the distilland through the apparatus. i 131 Film evaporation has some resemblance to continuous column distillation as it requires circulation of the distilland and as evaporation depends on the rate of flow together with the amount of heat supplied. In high vacuum work the so-called mole- cular distillation the heat can escape only through the film and can vaporise only a certain quantity of material. Thus although the temperature may be the same subsequent distillates may differ appreciably in quality and quantity.The amount of a component may be estimated from an elimination curve in which some characteristic property (absorption colour) is plotted against temperature or weight distilled. The control of the rates of flow of hot liquids in the above distillations may be achieved by glass conical valves at suitable points. These can be set accurately at the desired rates of flow by screw lifting mechanisms operating against stretched rubber sleeves which otherwise hold the valves closed. When a solution of a mixture of compounds is passed through a column of alumina and subsequently washed with solvents or mixtures of solvents of increasing elutive power (petroleutn ether benzene ether alcohol) a highly selective process of adsorption has frequently occurred.If the solutions emerging from the base of the column are divided into portions and examined (by weight colour light absorption optical rotation etc.) fractions of surprising quality may occur at particular places corresponding with the zones (visible or not) on the column. Curves drawn as a result of such measurements are similar to the elimination curves mentioned under molecular distillation. Com-plicated mixtures even isomers or those of natural origin give good results by this highly specific adsorption technique. The remaining processes of fractionation may be dealt with together for at each operation there is a separation into two parts (1) crystals and mother liquor and (2) top and bottom layers.When this separation into two has to be repeated many times the process is best made counter-current. By the use of diagrams and numbering systems the organisation of such a scheme of operations may be simplified and the process carried to its ultimate conclusion. The systematic fractional crystallisation of the lithium soaps of oleic and linoleic acid and counter-current extraction of the unsaponi- fiable matter of oils afford examples of the successful application of these principles. THE UTlLlSATlON OF COAL By E. G. RITCHIE D.Sc. A.M.Inst.C.E. A.M.I.Mech.E. F.1nst.F. [Leeds Area Section 13 January 1947.1 In any country the efficient use of fuel is a matter of great importance and Great Britain has in the past relied largely upon coal exports to balance imports of food and raw materials.While in 1810 we exported 13 per cent. of our total output of coal by 1913 this figure had risen to 33 per cent. but by 1933 it had dropped to 28 per cent. During the war years our export of coal was to all intents and purposes negligible and to-day we are producing considerably less than the amount of coal needed for home consumption. It is clear from the situation that something drastic must be done to release more coal for export either in the raw state or as processed solid fuel. The background of the British Coal Utilisation Research Association (B.C.U.R.A.) is the dire necessity arising from these circumstances. for using our coal much more efficiently and a great deal of work has been done in different directions.For example during the past three or four years attention has been given to the performance of shell boilers which in the aggregate consume about 80 million tons of coal per annum if marine and locomotive boilers etc. are included. As a result of research work carried out on industrial boiler plants it has been found that excess air as a factor is much more important than could be inferred from an analysis of the flue gas and in many industrial plants the fuel consumption could be reduced by 30 per cent. or more if proper regard were paid to combustion efficiency. In general industrial boilers are overloaded and a reduction in rating offers substantial possibilities of fuel economy. This programme of research is being continued at the Research Station at Leatherhead where an experi- mental boiler has been installed.The work carried out on deposits and corrosion in power station boilers has indicated the important significance of smokes and dust in the flue gas and it is hoped that a palIiative will be found. The aggregate coal consumption of domestic appliances in this country amounts to 50 million tons per annum. By work on the development of these B.C.U.R.A.has been able to introduce features which promise an increase in efficiency from about 2,5 per cent. with standard equipment to about 45 per cent. The appliances developed by the Association have many other attractions apart from iiicreased efficieiicy ; for example they enable fires to be banked overnight thus avoiding relighting and in addition provision has been made for the storage of about a week’s output of ash which avoids the daily cleaning out of the ashpit.Other developments which have gone a long way include the down-jet furnace in which the combustion air is projected on to the free surface of the fuel bed instead of passing through the fuel bed. This makes it possible to use combustion air at a much higher temperature than is normally practicable and moreover the system is capable of successful operation with a very wide range of fuels perhaps down to slurries. In addition very high combustion efficiencies are obtained corresponding to a continuous CO content of the order of 20 per cent. in the flue gases when using coke as a fuel.Other subjects in process of study include gas turbine development and the probable use of oxygen in the gasification of coal. In fact a programme of fundamental research is in progress which covers the whole field of efficient coal utilisation whether as fuel or as a raw material for the production of chemicals. CHEMICAL PROGRESS IN PHOTOGRAPHY By D. CROWLEY,M.Sc. A.R.I.C. [Dublin Section 22 January 19471 Advances in all branches of dhemistry during the last half-century have caused much progress in photography although its basic principles have not changed since the end of the classical period about 1900. The introduction by Konig in 1902 of cyanine dyes-pinacyanol and pinaverdol- for sensitising silver halide emulsions to the red end of the spectrum led to the production of panchromatic material so universally used to-day while the discovery in 1926 of the similar action of dicyanine and neocyanine dyes on the infra-red region has produced plates of value in the textile and dyeing industries and in clinical and aerial photography.Investigations on the materials used in emulsion manufacture resulted in the discovery by Sheppard in 1925 that the sensitising action of the gelatin is caused by minute quantities of labile sulphur compounds. notably ally1 isothiocyanate. Later the addition of this compound immensely increased the sensitivity of an emulsion without increasing grain size as well thus giving the modern fine grain material so necessary for the precision miniature camera and for the production of an impeccable sound track on cine film.The simple o-and p-diphenols p-amino phenols and p-phenylenediamine all known 50 years ago are still in common use as developing agents but investigations on their reduction potential and optimum pH have resulted in much standardisation and alkalies such as caustic soda sodium carbonate sodium phosphate borax and sodium metaborate are now used to produce a pH range from 13 down to a low alkaline figure. Laboratory control of the development process for cine film is now universal. Densito-metric work on graded test strips with frequent chemical analysis has resulted in continuous development machines with constant time temperature and pH values standard agitation and rate of travel of film with constant addition of a balanced replenisher.The theory of Gurney and Mott that the action of light produces a negative charge on the sensitivity specks of the silver halide crystals thus attracting the positive silver ions seems to be generally accepted but little is known of the development reaction. Recent work with the electron microscope suggests (a)that amorphous silver is deposited round the nuclei from solution (b) that filamentous silver is extruded at the nuclei near the crystal surface and (c) that on slow development silver may be deposited inward from the surface. Modern colour photography owes much to the work of Rudolph Fischer who showed in 19 12-14 that oxidation products of p-phenylenediamine derivatives resulting from development will couple with certain compounds containing a reactive methylene group to produce a dye-silver image from which the silver can be removed leaving a pure dye image.Thus N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine on development with ethyl acetoacetate gives a yellow dye with a-naphthol a cyan dye and with o-nitrobenzyl cyanide a magenta dye. In some processes all three-colour couplers are present in the film each in its appropriate emulsion layer. thus producing a tricolour image on processing. r 151 FAT SHORTAGES AND FAT SUBSTITUTES By T. P. HILDITCH, D.Sc. F.R.I.C. F.R.S. [Manchester and District Section 23 January 1947.1 The present position in this country of fat supplies and the prospects of natural fat resources in the future are matters of special interest and importance.The supply of fats to Great Britain was severely restricted during the war years and imports are still far below the 1937-38 level. Special difficulties still existing as a consequence of the war in obtaining supplies of specific materials such as ground-nut coconut linseed and whale oils arise less from lack of production of the fat sources than from adverse factors of different kinds which hinder the adequate collection or movement of the oilseeds or other source of fat. As much natural fat is being produced now in the world as a whole as in 1937-38 and the total production is capable of much expansion given scientific control and organisation at the centres of production and distribution. Potential world supplies of natural fats are believed to be adequate to supply edible requirements and when the existing difficulties have been eliminated it should be quite practicable again to import into Great Britain sufficient edible fats (1,000,000 tons per annum) to correspond to 1 Ib.per week per head of the population. Because natural fats are recurrent annual crops it is rational to rely upon them for edible fats rather than to attempt to synthesise fats from resources such as petroleum or coal which represent capital assets that cannot be replaced. Moreover it should be realised that after many years of intensive effort Germany had by 1945 succeeded in erecting plant capable of producing only about 80.000 tons per year of synthetic fat from coal by the Fischer-Tropsch hydrocarbon synthesis.This is indicative of the enormous scale of industrial activity required to produce practical quantities of synthetic edible fats and of the difficulties of extending the application of the process quite apart from any consideration of the palatability or nutritional value of the product-which so far as is known were reported to be satisfactory. While it is firmly believed that the further development and organisation of world fat resources (especially within the British Commonwealth) is the only sound policy for procuring adequate supplies of edible fats and avoiding future shortages there is no doubt as to the value of the numerous new products derived ultimately from petroleum or coal as detergents some having properties surpassing those of fatty soaps.Such products are derived from materials which can often be regarded as by-products in the utilisation of petroleum and thus do not trespass seriously on the primary objectives (fuel and lubrication) of the petroleum industry. In times such as the present they will help to meet temporary shortages in fat supplies while at the same time providing detergents which at all events for a number of purposes possess advantages over ordinary soaps. Similarly the use of linseed and other fatty oils in paints has been progressively supplemented by the introduction of modern synthetic resins and polymers. In the detergent paint and other industries fatty oils will still maintain a place complementary to the newer synthetic products which have their own specific contri- butions to make but where edible fats are concerned no substitute for natural fats is practicable or necessary.With proper organisation and control nature can provide annually all the fats that will be required for many generations to come. SOME APPLICATIONS OF INFRA-RED MEASUREMENTS IN CHEMISTRY By H. W. THOMPSON, M.A. F.R.S. [Tees-side Section at Norton-on-Tees 11 January 1947.1 During recent years infra-red spectroscopy has joined other physico-chemical techniques of great value in practical chemistry. The new applications in connection with bigger molecules could not have been made without a marked improvement in the experimental methods for rapidly recording the spectra. Great advances have been made in detectors for infra-red radiation and different types are found in various kinds of instrument.With single-beam spectrometers the useful range of the spectrum can be recorded in about half an hour and double-beam recorders have the added advantage of eliminating contaminating gases from the atmosphere and of permitting direct measurements of the absorption percentages. Using fast bolometers the spectra can now be scanned with a cathode ray tube as recorder which helps in the rapid identification of particular bands and also in following transition phenomena. [ 161 Applications of these measurements for qualitative and quantative analysis are many; examples are afforded by the analysis of mixtures of hydrocarbons phenols and cresols cellulose derivatives polymers and rubbers mixtures of stereoisomers such as benzene hexachloride (gammexane) .In some instances the continuous analysis of gas streams can be made using gas analysers which do not involve any dispersing prism. The second important application is for structural diagnosis especially for complex molecules such as polymers. This can be either empirical or based upon well-established rules characterising special groups with particular absorption frequencies e.g. in the recent establishment of the formula of strychnine from measurements on its degradation products and in characterising many kinds of macromolecules such as rubbers waxes peptide types and phenolic resins. A major feature in the study of large molecules is the significance of hydrogen bonding and it seems that much valuable knowledge can be obtained by a more exhaustive study of this phenomenon using the infra-red method.Further work is desirable on the use of polarised infra-red radiation on the study of the change of spectrum with change of state of aggregation on the investigation of reaction mechanisms and on several more theoretical matters. SCIENTIFIC COURSES The excellent reception given to courses in Chemical Engineering and in Colloids organised by the Birmingham and Midlands Section of the Institute at Birmingham and Cambridge respectively made it clear that there was a widespread desire for post- graduate and refresher courses of various types. In order to meet this desire as fully as possible the Council decided that in future such courses should be held under the auspices of the Institute itself and that they be organised centrally though with the advice and assistance of Local Sections whenever available.A Scientific Courses Committee was therefore set up (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1945 Iv 137) and charged with the duties of collecting information on suitable subjects for future courses and on appropriate places for holding them and of drawing up and putting into effect programmes of activities in this important field. By this means it should be possible to provide courses of various kinds conferences and symposia on subjects of current interest and importance and to arrange for them to be held at the most appropriate times and places in relation to the demand and to the facilities available.At the suggestion of the Liverpool and North-Western Section two highly successful courses on “Oils and Fats” and “Spectroscopy” were held concurrently at the University of Liverpool in July 1946 (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1946 V 214). The programmes of the courses and associated social events were arranged by the Local Section while the business side of the organisation was largely conducted in the office of the Institute in close consultation with the Honorary Secretary of the Section. This system of co-operation worked well on the whole considering the fact that the running of these first two courses under the new scheme was largely experimental. The experience gained will be valuable in connection with future events especially in ensuring that the time table of preparatory work is properly planned.Following an examination of the results of these activities the Council has confirmed its intention to develop the organisation of scientific courses conferences and symposia as an unified and major activity of the Institute (see page 4). It is realised that whereas postgraduate courses of the kind held at Liverpool will generally be financially self-supporting other types of activity will not be so; much will depend also on where a course or conference is held particularly on whether it is a centre of a Local Section or not for if not there may be little or no voluntary help available. In these circumstances the Council has decided to establish a Scientific Courses Fund to place to the credit of that fund any excess of receipts over expenditure resulting from individual events and to use the Fund in helping to finance other events that are not self-supporting and in general to promote the development of courses conferences and symposia in the best interests of members.Several suggestions are under consideration by the Scientific Courses Committee. In the immediate future it has been agreed that the Institute shall sponsor a symposium on “Coal Petroleum and their Newer Derivatives,” to be held at St. Andrews on 7-12 July 1947 and for which detailed arrangements are being made by a joint committee of the Local Sections in Scotland (see page 19). It has also been proposed that the Institute in conjunction with the Irish Chemical Association shall be responsible for a colloquium on “Chemistry in Relation to the Industrial Use of Agricultural Products” in the summer with which the Dublin and District Section is concerned.Other events will be announced from time to time in this JOURNAL. 1171 NOTES Personal.-The following additional appointment is reported in the New Year Honours List (cf. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1946 VI 282):-Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Enzpire (M.B.E.) Edgar Ernest Turtle MSc. Ph.D. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. D.I.C. Fellow. Professor Alexander Findlay Past President has been elected Hon. Treasurer of the Chemical Council in succession to Sir Robert Pickard F.R.S. Past Presided. Mr. P. White Fellow Director of the New Zealand Leather and Shoe Research Association and formerly Honorary Secretary of the New Zealand Section of the Institute is resigning from the Directorship of the Research Association and will be returning to England in May 1947.Dr. R. L. Andrew Fellow has retired from the post of Dominion Analyst and Director of the Dominions Laboratories New Zealand and has been succeeded by Nr. W. A. Joiner Fellow who is the Chairman-designate of the New Zealand Section of the Institute for 1947-48. Professor F. G. Soper Fellow is President of the New Zealand Institute of Chemistry 1946-47 and Dr. J. K. Dixon Fellow Honorary Secretary of the New Zealand Section of the Royal Institute of Chemistry is Vice-president. Dr. Frederick Heathcoat Fellow has been appointed Principal of the Mining and Technical College Barnsley.Mr. Donald Hicks Fellow has been appointed Director of Scientific Control for the National Coal Board. Dr. W. E. Harris Associate has been appointed Officer in Charge of the Fuel Research and Coal Survey Laboratory Cardiff. Mr. Alec Webster Associate of the Technical Staff of the Royal Naval Propellant Factory Caerwent near Chepstow has been appointed Safeby Officer of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers. Mr. G. A. Dickens Associate has been appointed Lecturer in Science at the Royal Military Academy Camberley. Mr. James Gray Fellow Honorary Corresponding Secretary of the Institute in the Transvaal has been elected Mayor of Johannesburg. First Henderson Memorial Lecture.-Professor Sir Ian Heilbron D.S.O.F.R.S. delivered the First Henderson Memorial Lecture entitled “The Life and Work of George Gerald Henderson” at the Royal Institution on Monday 20 January at 5.30 p.m. The President Dr. G. Roche Lynch O.B.E. occupied the Chair and opened the proceedings by reading a cablegram from Dr. David Spence the founder of the Hender- son Memorial Lectures expressing regret that he had been unable to come over from America to attend the meeting. The President referred to the debt the Institute owes to Dr. Spence for his generous endowment of this series of lectures and expressed the gratitude of the Officers and Council for thus providing a means of perpetuating the memory of their distinguished former President Professor G. G. Henderson (see JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1946 V,217).Following the lecture a vote of thanks to Sir Ian Heilbron was proposed by Professor J. W. Cook F.R.S. Henderson’s successor as Regius Professor in the University of Glasgow. This was seconded by Mr. R. B. Croad one of Henderson’s former students and was carried with acclamation. Sir Ian Heilbron has given permission for the lecture to be published. Copies will be distributed to all Members and Registered Students in due course. Institute of Petroleum Cadman Medal.-The Cadman Memorial Medal has been awarded this year by the Institute to Mr. Robert Price Russell a distinguished American chemist who will deliver the Second Cadman Memorial Lecture early in June. Mr. Russell is Head of the Standard Oil Development Company the central technical and research organisation of the Standard Oil Company N.J.He was concerned during the war with the production of high octane aviation fuels synthetic rubbers and toluene for explosives as well as the development of flame throwers incendiaries and smoke generators. For his services to the Allied cause during the war he was awarded the Medal for Merit the highest civilian award in the United States. Humidity of the Air.-British Standard 1339-1946 Humidity of the Air Definitions Formulae and Constants has been issued by the British Standards Institution 28, Victoria Street London S.W.1 price 2s. net post free. c 18-1 Parliamentary and Scientific Committee.-An unofficial group of Members of both Houses of Parliament and representatives of certain scientific and technical institutions have prepared a report on “Universities and the Increase of Scientific Man-power.” Copies may be obtained either from the office of the Committee 6 Queen Anne’s Gate London S.W.1 or from Vacher & Sons Ltd.Printers Great Smith Street West- minster S.W.1 price Is. German Books on Chemical and Cognate Subjects.-The Chemical Council has printed in pamphlet form a limited number of copies of a List of German Books on Chemical and Cognate Subjects published from 1939-1946 compiled by Dr. Hamilton McCombie D.S.O. M.C. and Mr. A. E. Cummins Librarian of the Chemical Society. A copy will be forwarded to any member of any Society represented on the Chemical Council free of charge on application to the Acting Secretary of the Chemical Council 9-10 Savile Row London W.l.The Scientific Film Association.-A Memorandum on the Classification Appraisal and Grading of Scientific Films was issued by the Association in July 1946 and deals with documentation and general considerations and with the organisation of the viewing appraisal and grading of scientific films. Copies may be obtained from the offices of the Association 34 Soh0 Square London jV.1. Price 2s. 6d. Laboratory Precautions.-Following publication of Dr. H. P. Stevens’s statement on the explosive nature of a mixture of sodium thiosulphate and sodium nitrite (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1946 VI 285) Mr. C. H. R. Elston has drawn attention to the risk of explosion occurring on heating a mixture of potassium ferrocyanide and sodium nitrite.His plea that particulars of such explosive mixtures often not widely known should be published is endorsed and members are invited to communicate to the Secre- tary of the Institute information on such matters and on precautions to be taken to avoid laboratory accidents of any kind for report in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. This information will also be collected for inclusion in a general survey of measures for the prevention of laboratory accidents which it is hoped to publish later. In this connection Mr. F. C. Bullock has drawn attention to an unusual fire risk. At one time it had been customary to keep a bottle of ether in the refrigerator so that it would be available at a low temperature if required for carrying out Hortvet freezing- point determinations on samples of milk.If this practice had not been given up a serious fire might have resulted when the refrigerator motor burned out a short time ago IMPORTANT EVENTS IN 1947 British Industries Fair.-The first post-war British Industries Fair is to be held in May 1947 in three sections at Earl’s Court and Olympia London and at Castle Bromwich. Institution of Mechanical Engineers Centenary Celebrations.-The Centenary of the foundation of the Institution will be celebrated in London in June 1947. 8th International Management Congress.-The British Management Council has announced that the Congress will be held on 3-8 July 1947 in Stockholm. Royal Institute of Chemistry Symposium on “Coal Petroleum and their Newer Derivatives.”-This Symposium is being arranged by the Scottish Sections of the Institute at the University of St.Andrews on 7-12 July 1947 and forms part of the general programme of Scientific Courses Conferences and Symposia to be organised under the auspices of the Institute at appropriate places and times in the future. The purpose of this Symposium is to provide industrial scientists and others with a comprehensive survey of developments that have taken place in heavy organic chemistry. It will be organised in three parts the first will be concerned with coal and oil resources the second with chemical synthesis and the third with physico-chemical problems of polymerisation. Both academic and industrial aspects of the subjects will be considered each lecture will be followed by a short interval for discussion and on the last day there will be a general discussion and review of the whole field.A detailed programme will be available later. Tours of St. Andrews and the surrounding country and a number of social events are being arranged in connection with the Symposium. [ 191 Further particulars are given on a leaflet accompanying this issue of the Journal. Those who propose to attend should complete the form attached to this leaflet and return it to the Assistant Secretary Royal Institute of Chemistry 30 Russell Square W.C.1. Chemical Society Centenary Celebrations (see JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1946 IV 187; VI 287).-Sir Robert Robinson the President of the Royal Society has accepted the invitation of the Council of the Chemical Society to deliver the Faraday Lecture during the Centenary Celebrations due to take place on 15-17 July.The lecture will be delivered in the Central Hall Westminster on 16 July and will form the principal scientific event of the centenary celebrations. The Faraday Lectureship was founded in 1867 to commemorate Michael Faraday who was elected a Fellow of the Society in 1842 and was one of its Vice-presidents. The Lectureship is the highest honour which the Chemical Society has in its power to offer. Among previous Faraday Lecturers have been Dumas Cannizzaro von Hofmann TViirtz Helmholtz MendelCeff Lord Rayleigh Ostwald Fischer Richards Arrhenius Nillilran Willstatter Bohr Debye and Lord Rutherford. Another feature of the centenary celebrations will be an Exhibition at the Science Museum South Kensington illustrating the achievements of British chemistry and the part which chemistry plays in everyday life to-day.The exhibition which will be open in July 1947 is being organised by the Chemical Society and the Department of Scienti-fic and Industrial Research. The Centenary Publicity Sub-committee have arranged for a set of lantern slides to be prepared illustrating the Society’s accommodation and showing various activities in the daily life of the Society. These slides are available for loan; application should be made to the General Secretary of the Chemical Society. 11th International Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry.-A few days before leaving England on his State visit to South Africa H.M.the King granted His Royal Patronage to the Congress which will be held in London from 17-24 July. The Congress will be organised in the following sections:-(1) Inorganic and Geo- chemistry; (2) Physical chemistry; (3) Organic chemistry; (4) Biochemistry; (5) Chemistry in relation to Agriculture and Applied Botany; (6) Chemistry in relation to Applied Zoology and Veterinery Science; (7) Chemistry in relation to Food and Nutrition; (8) Chemistry in relation to Medicine and Therapeutics; (9) Chemistry in relation to Fuel Power and Transport; (10) Chemistry in relation to Natural and Artificial Textiles (11) Chemistry in relation to Plastics Glass and Ceramics; (12) Chemistry in relation to Metals; (13) Chemical Engineering.A provisional programme of events has been prepared and applications to join the Congress should be addressed to Lt.-Col. F. J. Griffin Honorary Organiser XIth International Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry 56 Victoria Street I,ondon S.IV.1 who will be glad to furnish further particulars. The registration fee is L2. International Physiological Congress.-The Congress will be held in Oxford on 22-25 July. World Power Conference Fuel Economy Conference.-This Conference will be held at The Hague on 2-10 September 1947. British Association.-The Annual Meeting of the Association will take place in Dundee from 27 August to 3 September 1947 under the Presidency of Sir Henry Dale O.M. G.B.E. F.R.S. The President of Section B (Chemistry) is Dr.J. L. Simonsen F.R.S. I n te r nat ional Elect rode posi tion Conferen ce.-The Conference sponsored by the Electrodepositors’ Technical Society will be held in London but has been postponed from May to September. Particvlars may be obtained from the office of the Societv 27 Islington High Street London N.1. Institute of Physics and Physical Society Electron Jubilee Celebrations.-To mark the fiftieth anniversary of the discovery of the electron by Sir J. J. Thomson O.M. and to demonstrate the great influence that such an advance in pure physics may have on the life of the community a series of meetings and other functions are being arranged for 25-26 September 1947 in London. A special exhibition which will remain open to the public for several weeks will be held at the Science Museum South Kensing- ton and will show the development of the vast range of modern industrial equipment from the earliest experimental origins.I80 1 SCIENCE IN PARLIAMENT (October-Decem ber 1946) Agricultural Advisory Service.-On 22 October the whole position of the Agricultural Advisory Service was raised on the Adjournment by Major Legge Bourke and Mr. Swingler. Replying to the debate the JOINT PARLIAMENTARY TO THE MINISTRY SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE The outstanding purpose of this new service which MR. COLLICK became operative on 1 October is to get a complete co-ordination of the whole agricul- tural advisory work in the country. Since the decision was taken that the war agricul- tural committees-that word “war” we shall drop-should be a permanent part of the agricultural setup in the country the important thing was to decide how closely and in what way could the work of the new advisory service be linked with the county com- mittees.The closest attention was given to this matter and the decision was made that the county advisory officer in each county would in the main. be one and the same person as the executive officer of the new county committee. . . . There are to be eight provinces in England and Wales and the headquarters of the provinces will be as near as possible to the university centre so as to get the closest possible contact with the work of the provinces and with all the things that have been happening in the university and so on.That is deliberately planned as part of the work. There will be a relatively small headquarters’ staff for the Advisory Service. There will be Professor Scott Watson with three other scientific officers. There will be the officer in the provinces and then the county officer and we hope that the district advisory officer will work in the closest possible touch with the district committees. We want to bring the knowledge of the scientist to and get it applied practically by the working farmer and equally to have the problems of the working farmer passed to the scientists. Surely all the experience of the war has taught that the practical farmer when he has seen another farmer applying what science teaches and has seen the praztical results which follow is only too ready himself to adopt such methods-I think that is the general experience.If we are getting research done it is far more important to apply the results of that research to the man who is doing the job on the land. The cost would work out at less than $d. per L of agricultural production in this country. Agricultural Research Council.-MR. HERBERT MORRISON OF LORDPRESIDENT THE COUNCIL, in reply to a question by Colonel Ropner on 3 December Wartime difficulties naturally restricted the extent to which information about the activities of the Agricultural Research Council could be disseminated generally though the publica- tion “Agricultural Research in Great Britain” was issued in 1943 and has since been reprinted while the results of individual pieces of research continued to be published.The Council now have in hand the publication as soon as possible of a report which will include reference to the work of the war years as well as to that of the past year and subsequently of an annual report instead of a biennial one as before the war. Every opportunity is also taken to make the practical results of agricultural research work known to a wider public through the Agricultural Departments their advisory services and their agricultural improvement councils. Atomic Energy Bill.-MR. ATTLEE,PRIME MINISTER,in the course of the debate on the Second Reading of the Bill in the House of Commons on 8 October An invention of such immense potential destructiveness must obviously be subject to close Government supervision and the task of development could not be undertaken except by the Govern- ment in view of the cost involved which might amount to something like L30,000,000.The Bill gave the Minister of Supply wide powers but these were essential if the Govern- ment were to deal with unauthorised activities not only in the interests of this country but because of international control. The Government was anxious that research should be encouraged and this was already being undertaken by universities and commercial firms under contracts placed and financed by the Government. Although the Government would do everything to encourage the dissemination of basis scientific information there must be power to prevent the dissemination of information as to what is called the “know-how.” It would be for the Minister of Supply to decide whether information was or was not of military significance.Exemption Orders would be made to deal with the publication of information which could be published. It was the aim of the Government not to hinder the freedom of scientists in this field but to help them. MR. JOHN WILMOT MINISTEROF SUPPLY,in replying to the debate admitted the need for giving the maximum freedom to scientific people and suggested that in practice [ 21 J there was no risk that irksome or tiresome restrictions would be involved by the Bill. On the question of an Advisory Committee of Scientists Mr. Wilmot said it was already the practice to take the advice of all leading scientists who can contribute anything in this matter but he did not want to have a fixed statutory body of scientists who inevitably would become a screen between the Minister and his direct Parliamentary responsibility.There was already one important advisory body the Anderson Com- mittee. On the subject of Secrecy and Clause 11 Mr. Wilmot said the clause was the best compromise which could be made between the objectives of security and the free flow of scientific information. He promised to confer with scientists in drafting orders under Clause 11. In the debate in the House of Lords on 23 October Lord Cherwell expressed un- easiness about the powers taken by the Government to prevent other people working freely on this topic. Whilst regretting the necessity for secrecy he did not in broad principle contest the need for something on the lines of Clause 11.He hoped that the Government however could re-word the clause to relieve the anxiety which was felt in this connection. He saw no reason to press for a Special Advisory Committee of Scientists but he did think it was essential that the Minister should fortify himself with adequate scientific advice. Lord Chenvell was not inclined to take an optimistic view about the prospects of any immense economic or industrial development following on the use of atomic energy since it was only the substitution of one kind of motive force for another. Viscount Samuel pointed out that this view was not shared by many of those whose scientific reputation was as high as that of Lord Cherwell.He referred to the suggestion of Professor Oliphant that the practical implication of atomic energy might be achieved in five or ten years. He suggested it should be the object of Ministers of Supply here to endeavour to the utmost degree possible to promote the development of atomic energy. He thought that a Bill of the kind before the House was essential since there must be national control in order to fitinto the ultimate arrangements for international control. It was essential however that proper development should not be interfered with. VISCOUNT ADDISON,on behalf of the Government said he had great sympathy with the views expressed about :ecrecy and he was very anxious that the scientists should be reassured on that point. During the Committee Stage in the House of Lords certain amendments were made to Clause 11 by the Government to make it clear that individuals concerned with atomic research would be able to confer with one another about various problems.Cancer Research (Radioactive Su bstances).-On 31 October Dr. Stross asked the Minister of Health whether his attention had been drawn to clinical experimental work in the U.S.A. with radioactive substances such as radioactive phosphorus and iodine in the treatment of inoperable cancerous growths; and whether similar work is being carried out in Britain. MR. BEVAN:Yes Sir. Experiments are being carried out with the small quantities of these substances obtainable in this country and it is hoped that the quantities will shortly be increased.Defence (Central Organisation and Research).-The new Central Organisation for Defence is described in Command Paper 6923. This was debated in the House of Commons on 31 August. During the debate many references were made to the scientific organisation involved. The Prime Minister who opened the debate referred to the appointment of Sir Henry Tizard as Chairman of the Research Policy Committee. He added that in the field of science there would be closer liaison with the other scientific activities of the Government coming under the Lord President of the Council. Fog Dispersal.-Xr. Leonard replying on behalf of the MINISTER OF SUPPLYto a question by Mr. De la Bere on 21 November The only practicable method developed during the war for dispersing fog on airfields was that known as F.I.D.O.Owing to its cost it is not likely to have much application in peace-time and development work on the system has ceased although installations are being retained at a few R.A.F. airfields and we are keeping in close touch with experimental work proceeding in America. The regular landing of aircraft in fog is more likely to be achieved successfully by radio radar and instrumental aids which are being actively developed. Foreign Scientists.-In reply to a question by Mr. J. Ur. Cobb on 15 October MR.ISAACS OF LABOUR: MINISTER Every effort is made to utilise the services of foreign scientists in this country whose qualifications are in demand and who are known to be L 22 3 available. ‘lhough no general steps have been taken to enlist the services of foreign scientists from outside the United Kingdom arrangements have been made for the entry into this country of a number of scientists possessing knowledge and experience of a special value.Fuel Efficiency.-MR. A. BEVAN MINISTEROF HEALTH,in the course of replies to questions by Mr. Janner and Lt.-Col. Sharp on 31 October In England and Wales one district heating scheme is being installed on a local authority housing estate and three others have been approved in principle. A circular is being sent to local authorities generally informing them that I am prepared to entertain proposals for district heating on their housing estates and my officers will where appropriate urge local authorities to consider this method of heating.I understand from the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research who have for some time carried on investigations into atmospheric pollution that they have not sufficient evidence to show that there has been any significant change over the country as a whole during recent years in regard to atmospheric pollution caused by soot and smoke. German Industrial and Scientific Development (Reports).-Mr. Marquand in the course of a reply on behalf of the PRESIDENT OF THE BOARD OF TRADE to a question by Mr. Leslie on 5 December To date 1,390 of these reports have been published 572 of them prepared by British teams 278 by American teams and 540 by combined British and American teams. As investigations are not yet completed and because some teams produce more than one report I cannot say precisely how many reports British or American will be published in the future but I expect that the total including those already mentioned will be near the 2,500 mark.In addition to placing the reports on sale at H.M. Stationery Office free distributions of all reports published are made to universities the principal public libraries and chambers of commerce. Trade and research associations and learned professional institutions also receive a token free distribution of the reports of direct interest to them. TG’ith a view to facilitating the process of reference arrangements have been made with H.M. Stationery Office to produce both a classified list of reports and a subjects index. Both publications copies of which I shall have deposited in the Library will be brought up to date from time to time.In addition to these works of reference an Information Bureau and Reference Library has been created at the Secretariat of the British Intelli- gence Objectives Sub-Committee which body is now administered by the Board of Trade. The Reference Library contains not only all finished reports but also much of the raw material on which they were based. This work is closely co-ordinated with the Documents Unit of the Board of Trade which is the central repository for the large quantity of original German documents which have been collected in conjunction with the British and Allied investigations. The Documents Unit has facilities for translating and abstracting and for supplying copies of the abstracts or of originaldocuments to any interested party.The existence of the Information Service which has a nucleus technical staff and access both to the reports and the original German documents should greatly assist a firm with limited research facilities and no connection with a Trade Association to find the material of interest to it. Industrial Diseases (Research).-MR. H. MORRISON,LORDPRESIDENT THE OF COUNCIL,in reply to a question by Mr. Janner on 6 November The Medical Research Council maintain three departments for this purpose as part of their own staff organisa- tion and also support research work elsewhere by means of temporary grants. The subjects at present under investigation are of the following general kinds disorders caused by inhalation of dusts by exposure to chemical substances or by other special conditions of work; increased liability in certain occupations to diseases which are not specifically industrial; and occupational conditions which without causing definite disease affect the health comfort and efficiency of workers.Streptomycin.-MR. H. MORRISON OF THE COUNCIL, LORDPRESIDENT replying to Col. Crosthwaite-Eyre on 18 November The Medical Research Council have arranged for making controlled clinical trials of streptomycin as soon as supplies are available to determine its value in tuberculosis and other conditions and the best methods of its use. Funds are being allocated for the cost of this work including the purchase of the necessary quantities of the product.MINISTEROF EDUCATION, Technical Colleges.-Mrss \%‘ILKINSON in the course of answering questions by Mr. Swingler on the numbers of students attending full-time r 23 1 courses at technical colleges (4 November) and by Mr. Dodds-Parker as to action being taken to raise the standard of technological training in such colleges (9 December) The latest date for which figures are available is the educational year 1944-45 when 32,252 senior students were attending courses of all types in technical colleges and art schools. It is not possible to give separate figures for technical colleges for that year. During 1944-45 there were also in attendance at technical colleges students in courses organised on behalf of other Government Departments i.e.Service Departments and the Ministry of Labour and National Service. The technical colleges also accommodated a large proportion of the 61,015 pupils in junior technical schools. In accordance with the recommendations of the Percy Committee regional councils and academic boards are being set up to link the major technical colleges with the universities and industry. As soon as they are in being a national council will be set up to co-ordinate regional activities and to advise on national policy. Among other measures which are being taken are the inclusion of wider representa- tion of industry and commerce on the governing bodies of colleges and the establishment of national colleges for those industries whose needs cannot fully be made on a regional basis.The hon. Member may care to know that a pamphlet will shortly be issued from my Department indicating how the needs of industrial personnel may be ascertained and how they should be met. United Nations Educational 0rganisation.-In replying to the debate on the Organisation in the House of Commons on 22 November MISS WILKINSON, MINISTER OF EDUCATION, referred to the great problems arising through the destruction of all kinds of educational and scientific apparatus. In conclusion she said “It is therefore important that whatever else U.N.E.S.C.O. does or does not do at least it should raise the banner of what I believe is the essential thing. It is what makes our strength in this country whatever our political differences; the sense that there are such things as standards of value that there is a difference between right and wrong that intellectual needs are not mere luxuries.Unless we can put standards of value into the minds of youth we cannot have a great civilisation or a great country. It is because the men and women I have worked with in U.N:E.S.C.O. have put that thing first putting aside the idea that only practical things matter because they have realised the value of the human spirit that I believe U.K.E.S.C.O.will do great things and I hope-in fact I am confident-that this House will be behind them in that task.” University Students (Statistics) .-MR. DALTON OF CHANCELLOR THE EXCHEQUER gave the following information in reply to Mr Charles Smith and Mr.Janner on 28 November Full-time students entering the university institutions of Great Britain this autumn to begin to read for a first degree numbered 13,749 men and 4,444 women; the corresponding totals in 1938-39 were 9,556 men and 3,099 women. The total number of full-time students in university institutions in Great Britain was approximately 50,000 in 1938-39 and during the present term is approximately 66,000. Of the 66,000 full-time students during the present term approximately 20,500 are reading pure or applied science. EXAMINATIONS JANUARY I947 EXAMINATION FOR THE ASSOCIATESHIP IN GENERAL CHEMISTRY Abstract of the Report of the Board of Examiners Exawiners Dr. G. M. Bennett and Professor W. Wardlaw Entered Passed Held in the Examinations Hall and Chemical Laboratory of the University of London South Kensington theoretical papers being taken at various local centres in the week commencing 20 January, 1947 .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 26 13 The following papers and exercises were set:- MONDAY 20 JANUARY 1947 10 a.m. to 1 P.m. (Answer FIVE questions only. Give foyrnuh and equations where possible.) 1. Outline concisely the main physical and chemical evidence which led to the adoption of the electronic theory of valency. L-24 3 2. Discuss the principles involved in the group separation of the metals in qualitative analysis. 3. What are the main characteristics of the adsorption of gases by solids? Illus-trate the application of these principles by suitable examples.4. Discuss features of interest in the chemistry of EITHER (u)nickel and its com- pounds OR (b) tungsten and its compounds. 5. Give an account of some of the experimental methods which have been of service in the detection and separation of isotopes. 6. Derive an expression for a bimolecular reaction where the reactants are present initially at the same concentration. In the hydrolysis of ethyl acetate with sodium hydroxide at 15"C. it was found that after t minutes from the commencement of the reaction 100 C.C. of the reaction mixture required 2 C.C. of 0.04 N hydrochloric acid for neutralisation. Find the value of the velocity constant from the following data:- t 0 10.4 28.2 00 2 61.95 42.40 39.35 14.9 7. Give an account of the preparation properties and uses of THREE of the following barium hydroxide thionyl chloride sodium bismu thate ceric sulphate hydrazine sulphate.2 to 5 p.m. (Answer FIVE questions only. Give formula and equations where possible.) 1. Give an account of the chemistry of silver and its compounds. Contrast the behaviour of silver with that of other metals forming univalent cations. 2. Discuss the effects of temperature on the solubility in water of gases liquids and solids. 3. Under what experimental conditions does ammonia react with (a) sodium (b)copper sulphate (c) mercuric chloride (d)oxygen ? Give an account of the reactions which take place and of the substances produced. 4. Explain the occurrence of oxidation-reduction potentials and discuss generally the processes of oxidation and reduction.6. Discuss TWO specific photochemical reactions chosen so as to illustrate the characteristic features of such processes. 6. Give an account of the main types of nuclear reaction. 7. Write an essay on EITHER (a) the crystal chemistry of the metallic state OR (b) the influence of specific properties on the selection of metals for varied uses. TUESDAY 21 JANUARY 1947 10 a.m.to 1 p.m. (Answer FOUR questions only. Give foymulcz and equations wheye possible.) 1. Analysis of an aromatic oxygen-containing substance A gives the following figures C 49.0; H 3.5; N 8-2; C1 20.7 per cent. Hot aqueous alkali converts it into the halogen-free compound B for which C = 55.0; H 4.6; N 9.1 per cent.Chromic acid mixture oxidises B to an acid C of the same number of carbon atoms per molecule. When C is heated with tin and hydrochloric acid and the product brominated in aqueous alcoholic solution it yields a substance D for which the following analytical figures were found C 22-4; H 1.1; N 3.8; Br 64.1 per cent. Deduce the structures of A B C and D. (C = 12 N = 14 C1 = 35.5 Br = 80.) 2. Describe carefully the preparation of a Grignard reagent and its use to prepare a tertiary alcohol. Give a general account of the synthetic uses of organo-magnesium compounds. What other metals are used in a similar way? 3. Give an account of the occurrence preparation and properties of the mono- hydroxy-carboxylic acids of benzene. Write short explanatory notes on each of the follcwing oil of wintergreen salol aspirin amygdalin.c 25 3 4. Explain briefly and give an examplc of each of the following terms (u.)resolution into optical antipodes (b)racemisation (c) asymmetric synthesis (d) Walden inversion. 5. Explain clearly the chemical relationship which exists between glucose fructose and galactose. What disaccharides are formed from these sugars as units? Indicate briefly the way in which the component sugars are united. 6. Give a method of synthesis or a mode of formation for any five of the following substances and indicate their practical or theoretical importance proline nicotinic acid dehydracetic acid cyclo-propane-l:2-dicarboxylicacid /?-indolylacetic acid coumarin. 7. Give an account of EITHER the mechanism of tautomeric change OR the structure of cyanidin.2 p.m. to 3.30 p.m. Translation of French and German technical literature. WEDNESDAY 22 JANUARY 1947 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Determine the iodine value of the given oil (P). [(P) = Peach kernel oil and paraffin.] 2. Isolate a pure specimen of the organic compound present in the crude material (Q). Identify it and leave specimens of this compound and of any other substances you may make each labelled with its name and m.p. [(Q) = j3-naphthyl benzoate; OR j3-naphthyl salicylate.] THURSDAY 23 JANUARY 1947 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 3. Separate the two components of the mixture (R) identify them and prepare two crystalline derivatives of each. Leave specimens of each of your preparations labelled with its name and m.p.or b.p. [(K) = p-chlorophenol and o-nitrotoluene; OR p-chloroaniline and m-nitrotoluene.] 4. Identify the substance present in the aqueous solution (S). [(S) = maltose OR lactose.] FRIDAY 24 JANUARY 1947 10 a.m. to 1.30 p.m. 1. Determine the nickel gravimetrically and the iron volumetrically in the steel (F)which contains approximately 4 per cent. nickel. Express your results as grams of nickel and grams of iron per 100 grams of (F). 2. Report qualitatively on the composition of the mixture (G) . [ (G) = manganese ammonium phosphate and calcium sulphate.] (These exercises must be completed to-day.) SATURDAY 25 JANUARY 1947 10 a.m. to 4.30 P.m. 1. Determine the partition coefficient of bromine between water and carbon tetrachloride at three concentrations.An approximately normal solution of bromine in carbon tetrachloride is provided. Shake 20 C.C. of this with 200 C.C. of water. Separate carefully and titrate the bromine in 5 C.C. of the tetrachloride and in 50 C.C. of the aqueous layer with the N/10 thiosulphate solution provided. Potassium iodide and starch are provided. Repeat after diluting the stock carbon tetrachloride solution to approximately N/2 and N/4. 2. Repeat the experiments in Question 1 using instead of water 100 C.C. of N/B 3. Repeat the experiments in Question 1 using instead of water 100 C.C. of N/5 4. From your results calculate the equilibrium constant of the reaction. potassium bromide solution. potassium nitrate solution.KBr -k Rr + KBr,. l-26 1 REPORT Examination for the Associateship Inorganic and Physical Chenzistvy. In any examination it is unusual to expect many scripts of outstanding merit but one looked in vain this time for really first-class answers. For example in discussing the effects of temperature on the solubility in water of gases liquids and solids candi- dates had an excellent chance of distinguishing themselves but as a general rule the opportunity was missed. It was not that candidates failed to attempt such questions. It was rather that the answers were sketchy and incomplete. However the essays on “the intluence of specific properties on the selection of metals for varied uses” did supply some good material and a number were very nearly of first-class quality.Some common facts were unknown to many candidates. The preparation of sodium bismuthate thionyl chloride or barium hydroxide puzzled not a few of the students and the formula for nickel dimethylglyoxime assumed various configurations. The existence of simple nickelous and nickelic salts postulated by many candidates indicated that they did not recognise that nickel gives only one stable series of salts in which the metal is bivalent. The practical work was well done and some candidates did outstandingly well in the exercises. Organic Chemistry. The standard of work in the written papers was on the whole disappointing. Many of the candidates’ answers were too elementary or incomplete. For example the descriptions of the preparation and use of a Grignard reagent suggested in many cases that the writers had never seen these operations performed in the laboratory and very few candidates gave a complete review of the uses of this reaction.The answers to the questions on stereochemistry and on sugars showed similar defects modern ideas on the Walden Inversion being frequently ignored and statements about galactose absent or inaccurate. In the last question no candidate chose to write about cyanidin and many of the statements about the mechanism of tautomeric change dealt only with the known types of tautomerism without any serious discussion as to the mechanism of the change involved. The practical work was fairly well done though the standard of accuracy in deter- minations of an iodine value was generally not as high as usual and remarkably few candidates succeeded in discriminating between maltose and lactose.PASS LIST Exanzination in General Chemistry for the A ssociateship Holland Alan Roy Central Technical College Birmingham. Holland Desmond Municipal Technical College Coventry. Long Charles Alexander M.P.S. Chelsea Polytechnic and Birkbeck College London. Napier David Simpson M.P.S. Royal Technical College Glasgow and Rutherford Technical College Newcastle upon Tyne. Orchard George Wilfred Royal Technical College Glasgow Paisley Technical College and Doncaster Technical College. Reeve Edward Central Technical College Birmingham. Roberts Ronald Technical College Liverpool.Scott James College of Technology Belfast. Stephenson Charles Bolton Municipal Technical College. Wells Ronald Alfred B.Sc. (Lond.) Sir John Cass Technical Institute Birkbeck College London. Williamson Alfred Gee Liverpool Unilrersity and Royal Technical College Salford. Willott Ernest Raymond Sir John Cass Technical Institute and Regent Street Polytechnic London. V7ilton Douglas \Valter R.Sc.(Lond.) Regent Street Polvtechnic 1,ondon. BOOKS AND THEIR CONTENTS Physical Chemistry The Elements of. Second Edition. F. W. Goddard and E. J. F. James. Pp. 252. (London Longmans Green & Co. 1946.) 6s. net. Atomic and Molecular Theory; Valency and the Structure of Atoms; Gaseous and Liquid States; Solution; Osmotic Pressure and Allied Phenomena; Law of Mass Action; Thermochemistry; Electrolysis and Electrolytic Dissociation; Catalysis; Colloids.Miscellaneous Examples; Bibliography; Answers to Numerical Questions; Index. Quantitative Inorganic Analysis. An Introduction to. Ronald Belcher and M. B. Thompson. Pp. 156. (London Blackie & Sons Ltd. 1946.) 5s. 6d. net. Laboratory Apparatus and Technique; Filtration; Gravimetric Analysis; Titri- metric Analysis; Gravimetric Analysis using Organic Reagents; Colorimetric Analysis Some Industrial Analyses. Appendixes Indicators some theoretical considerations; Preparation of some Common Reagents. Index. Organic Compounds Characterisation of. F. Wild. Pp. 306. (Cambridge University Press 1947.) 18s. net. The selection of a reagent and the preparation of a derivative; the classification of organic compounds and the separation of mixtures; hydrocarbons-paraffins cycloparaffins and aromatic hydrocarbons; Halides-alkyl and aryl halides and polyhalogen compounds; Compounds containing the hydroxyl group-alcohols phenols enols and carbohydrates; Mercaptans thiophenols and ethers; Carbonyl compounds-aldehydes ketones and acetals; Acids-carboxylic sulphonic, arsonic and amino-acids; Acid halides acid anhydrides esters amides and imides; Amines and amino compounds; Nitro cyano nitraso azo azoxy and hydrazo compounds.Author and Subject Indexes. The Nation’s Food. A Survey of Scientific Data. Edited for the Society of Chemical Industry (Food Group) by A. L. Bacharach and T. Rendle with an Introduction by Sir Joseph Barcroft C.B.E.F.R.S. Pp. 350. (London Society of Chemical Industry 1946.) 18s. net. The Egg as Food Biological Position of the Bird’s Egg; Chemical Composition; Nutritive Value; Preservation; Effect of Cooking on Eggs. The Potato as Food Biology of the Potato Chemical Composition; Nutritive Value. Vegetables as Food Chemical Composition and Nutritive Value; Planning of Vegetable Produc- tion; Effect of Cooking on Nutritive Value; Effect of Canning on the Nutritive Value. Cereals as Food Chemical Composition of Wheat and Wheat Products Nutritive Value of Bread; Chemical Composition and Nutritive Value of Maize Rice Rye and Barley; Chemical Composition and Nutritive Value of Oats and Oatmeal. Meat as Food Factors influencing the Composition and Properties of Meat; Chemical Composition of Mammalian and Avian Meat; Fat Protein and Water Contents of Meat Mineral and Vitamin Content of Meat; Effect of Cooking and Processing on Meat.Fish as Food Biology of the Sea Fisheries; Chemical Composition of Fish; Vitamin and Mineral Contents; Effect of Cooking on Fish. Milk as Food Chemical Composition and Nutritive Value of Milk and Milk Products; Bacteriological Aspects of Milk Processing and Distribution. Index. Science Progress. A Quarterly Review of Scientific Thought Work and Affairs. (London Edward Arnold & Co.) Vol. XXXV No. 137 (pp. 184) published in January 1947 (7s.6d. net) contains special articles on “The Structure of Real Crystals by Kathleen Lonsdale F.R.S.; “Characteristics of Instinctive Behaviour as Illustrated by the Scarabzidz,” by E.S. Russell O.B.E.; “Chemical Reactions Involving Free Radicals,” by W.A. Waters; “Scientific Locust Control,” by Sir Geoffrey Evans C.I.E.; “Cosmic Ray Mesons,” by J. G. Wils2n; “Recent Work on Flagellar Movement,” by A. G. Lowndes; “Ex Fumo Dare Lucem by M. Schofield; in addition to the regural articles on Recent Advances in Science Notes and Reviews. THE REGISTER New Fellows Jones Brynmor B.Sc. (Wales) Ph.D. Roberts Eric Arthur Houghton M.A. (Cantab.). B.Sc. D.Phil. (Oxon.). Rawles Walter Hansen M.1.Chem.E. Rose Francis Leslie B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.). Associates Elected to the Fellowship Bessey George Edward RT.Sc. (Lond.). Bishop Miss Dorothy Joan Simpson, B.Sc.(Lond.). Bolton Frederic James B.Sc. (Lond.). Buchanan Alistair Phillips B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. D.I.C. Butler Frederick William Webb. Dryden Ian Gordon Cumming B.Sc. (Lond.) A.M.1.Chem.E. French Miss Cecilie Mary B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.) . Howells William John M.Sc. (Wales). Kolker Maurice BSc. (Manc.). Laxton Albert Edward RISc. (Lond.). MacLagan h'oel Francis D.Sc. (Lond.) M.D. M.R.C.P. Marshall George Reginald I3.Sc. (Lond.). Marsden Arthur 'Cl'hitcombe M.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. D.I.C. Meara Melville Ixar B.Sc. Ph.D. (Bris.). Moncrieff Robert Wighton B.Sc. (Manc.) F.T.I. Mountjoy Harold Ernest B.Sc. B.Sc.Eng. (Lond.). Occleshaw Vincent Joseph M.Sc. (Liv.) . Owens Ridland R.Sc. Ph.D. (Liv.), M.I .Chem.E. Oxford Albert Edward M.Sc.Ph.D. (Manc.). Parsons Stuart Russell B.Sc. (Lond.). Prentice Walter Haston A. H. -W. C. Preston John Massey B.Sc. (Liv.) F.T.I. Price Christopher Williams B.Sc. Ph.D. (Liv.). Richards Glyn Owen B.Sc. Ph.D. (Wales). Seymour Donald Edwin. Sharratt Edward B.Sc. Ph.D. (Birm.). Smith Arthur Ernest Wilder B.Sc. Ph.L). (Reading). Stowell Flaxney Percival B.Sc. Ph.D. (Liv.). Wagg Raymond Ernest B.Sc. B.Pharm. (Lond.) Ph.C. Williams Ernest Frank M.A. (Cantab.). New Associates Allen Graham George B.Sc. (Wales). Anslow Winston Kennay. Bach Brian Boughton B.Sc. (Lond.). Bampton Frank William B.Sc. (Lond.). Barrett Lionel Richard B.A. B.Sc. (Oxon.) M.S. (Illinois). Beardsell Harold. Bell Frederick Stanley.Bell Leonard BSc. (Lond.). Blunt Ronald. Bradley Donald Charlton B.Sc. (Lond.). Braude Ernest Alexander B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. D.I.C. Brissenden Charles Henry B.Sc. (Lond.) Broadley John Stewart.! Brooks Leon James. Brown Reginald Thomas B.Sc. (Lond.). Buckley Joseph. Cathcart James Henry B.Sc. (Q.U.B.). Chambers Angus Ross B.Sc. Ph.D. (Edin.). Chilwell Edwin Dawson BSc. (Lond.). Cooper Hamish Rae B.Sc. (Aberd.) . Cordey Tom Lloyd BSc. (Lond.). Cowles Herbert Eustace. Cresswell WXliam Thomas B.Sc. (Birm.) Croome Ronald John B.Sc. (Wales). Cross Herbert B.Sc. (Lond.). Croxon Capt. Derrick Gwynn B.Sc. (Lond.). Davis George Leonard B.Sc. B.Sc.Met' (Lond.). Dewis John William B.Sc. (Lond.). Duffin George Frank B.Sc.(Lond.). Dunn Henry Conrad B.Sc. (Liv.). Evans Verney M.Sc. (Lond.). Feitelson Bruce Norman B.Sc. (Lond.). Fill Matzas Alfonso Texas. Fletcher George William B.Sc. (Cape). Forman Henry Ronald B.Sc. (Wales). Foulkes Keith B.Sc. (Lond.). Fraser John Alexander B.Sc. (Glas.). Glynn Mrs. Erica B.Sc. (Lond.). Gough Donald B.Sc. (Lond.). Gregory Alfred B.Sc. (S.A.). Gridgeman Norman Theodore R.Sc. (Lond.). Hargreaves Kenneth Gibson l3.S~. (Leeds). Harrison John Marcus. Heald John BSc. (Leeds). Heath Harold B.Sc. (Lond.). Hogg Maurice Ernest. Holton Graham Willis B.Sc. (Liv.). Hopkins Hubert Brian B.Sc. (Leeds). Howship Antony Stephen. Hoyle Thomas Bateson. Jackson Tom B.Sc. (Leeds). Lawrie Douglas Edward M.Sc.(Cape). Lilly Albert Edward Victor B.Sc. (Lond.). Idloyd Arnold B.Sc. (Lond.). Marchant Reginald Humfrey SSc. (Lond.). McGhee Malcolm Aloysius Cameron B.Sc. (Glas.) Dipl.Ed. McGrath Harold Edmund. B.Sc. (Liv.). Meltzer Emmanuel B.Sc. (Cape). Morley John Selwyn B.Sc. (Dunelm). Morris Tudor Gordon B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. D.I.C. Newman Anthony Armin D.Sc.Tech. (Brunn.). Napier Douglas Herbert B.Sc. (Lond.). Nicholson George Almond BSc. (Dun-elm). h’orris Alan Hedley B.Sc. (illanc.). Nowlan Noel Vincent M.Sc. (N.U.I.). O’Brien Daniel Patrick B.Sc. (N.U.I.). Page Miss Delia Margaret B.Sc. (Lond.). Polaine Sidney Alan. Pollak Francis Fred D.Sc. (Prague). Pritchard Eric Hugh M.Sc. (Wales). Ray Neil Hunter B.Sc.(Manc.). Reddaway Henry’ Albert Thomas B.Sc. (Lond.) . Ripley-Duggan Basil Alexander B.Sc. (Lond.). Robinson George. Ross Alexander. Ross Albert Edward R.Sc. (Lond.). Rubin Wallace B.Sc. (Lond.). Russell William Ernest M.Sc. (N.Z.). Rutter Laurence Frederick B.Sc. (Lond.). Saville Rowland Whincup B.Sc. (1-eeds) . Scholefield Peter Gordon B.Sc. (Wales). Shand William Fraser BSc. (Edin.). Shipton Gordon Owen B.Sc. (Liv.). Smeaton William Arthur B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. Smith Everard John B.Sc. (Lond.). Soames Thomas Arthur B.Sc. (Lond.). Stuart Edward Robertson B.Sc. (St. Andrews). Swift Gordon B.Sc. (Birm.). Turner Leonard BSc. (Lond.). Tyrrell Michael David Francis B.Sc. (Lond.). Walker George B.Sc. (Glas.).Walker George William B.Sc. (Lond.). Walker Norman B.Sc. Ph.D. (Leeds). Wansbrough- Jones William Alexander B.Sc. (Lond.) A.M.1.Chern.E. Waring Derek Morris Holt B.Sc. (Q.U.B.). Weihs Ernst Sigmund D.Ch. (Vienna). Welsh Bernard George. Williams Emrys Islwyn B.Sc. (Lond.). Wilson Denis Scott. VC7ilson James Matchett M.Sc. (Q.U.B.). Wolf Arnold Ph.D. (Frankft.). Wood Jack BSc. (Leeds). VC700ds Gilbert Frederick B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. Wright Sydney Edward M.Sc. (Queens- land). Young Alexander B.Sc. (Lond.). Re-elected Associate Wigram Peter Woolmore B.A. (Cantab.). New Students Alderson Donald Edmund. Ames Donald Edward. Anderson John. Andrews Philip hrthur. Argent Rodney Nigel. hscroft Robert Phillip. Ashworth Frank.Austin Raymond Charles. Ball John Walter Henry. Barrett Wilfred Thomas. Beal William Frederick. Beall Ivor Donovan. Bernstein Michael. Bidmead George Frederick. Blood Cyril Thomas. Burgess David Arthur. Burrows Donald. Butcher Kenneth William George. Cameron Denis Blumer. Cartz Louis. Chambers Walter Stanley. Chapman Thomas Simpson. Charlton Michael William. Child William. Clayton David Walton. Collins Gordon. Constable Gordon George. Cook Norman Stanley Morley. Cooper Maurice William. Crapper Alwyn Lewis. Crompton Thomas Roy. Dalby Arthur. Davidson Jack. Dewhurst Thomas. Doran Arthur Henry Patrick. Drakeley Kenneth Douglas. Duncombe FVilfricl George. Edge Noel Arthur. Few Alan Victor.Foxley Glenn Harold. Garrett Graham George. Gott William. Greensitt Maurice. Griffiths Cedric William Thomas. Gregory David Rex. Crifhths Herbert. Grimes Fred Cameron. Hall John Frederick Wemys. Hall Michael Geoffrey. Hart Reginald Richard. Hawker Miss Marjorie. Head Arthur John. [ 50 1 Heath Stanley Victor. Parry John Alan. Hesse Peter Ralston. Perkin George. Hetherington John Alfred. Pinder Stanley English. Hitchin John Norman. Rankin John. Holness Norris John. Ransom William Edward. Houslay Ralph John Gilbert. Richardson Colin. Howard Dennis Thomas. Rigby James Frederick. Jarrett Kenneth John. Robertson William. Johnson Graham Nixon. Robinson Frederic Williams Kent. Johnson William Bernard.Robinson Herbert Ford. Jones Gregory Hugh. Robinson John. Jones Mervyn Francis Thomas. Rosson Douglas Taylor. Kapur Narinder Singh B.Sc. Scott Miss Mary McCulloch. Kelly George Thomas. Sherrington Thomas. Kendall Albert Arthur. Sinnott Richard. Kerr Archibald James. Sisson John. Lee Neville Douglas. Skinner Frederick John. Leete Edward. Smyth Martin Dunbar. Levy Isidore. Steadman Eric Keith. Lewis Clement Alexander. Sutherland John James. Loader Alan Charles. Swayne Roy Eric Hugh. MacDonald Alan. Taylor Arthur Menmuir. Mackie Frederick Desmond . Tinkler Miss Elsie Patricia. Martin Arthur Leslie. Thompson Leonard. Martin George. Topham William Geoffrey. Mascall Reginald Arthur. Towler John. Mason Ian Sissons. Wainwright Walter Housley.McAlpine Andrew. Walker John. McDonnell James Gerard. Walsh Joseph. Melville Jack Learmonth. Watson Reginald Gordon Harry. Mieras Alexander Adrian. Weiner Miss Myrtle. Moran Leslie Owen. Wheatland Alan Beeching. Morrall David Leslie. Williams Allen Geoffrey. Morrell Norman. Williams Leslie Alfred. Morris William. Willis Hedley Hubert. Moses William Chadwick. Wilson George Isaac. Moulding George Vincent Roger. Wood Frank Derek. Nash Frederick Gordon. Wood Robert Ivan. Newton Rex James. Wooldridge Albert. Oates Leonard Kirby. Wright Peter George. Oliver Colin. Wright Robert Frank. Re-registered Student Roberts Miss Enid Elizabeth. CHANGE OF NAME Bernard Alec Bleiweis Associate to Blewis-by Deed Poll. DEATHS Fellows 'The Rev.Percy Marr Davies MA. David Hooper LLB. (Toronto). (Cantab.) A.R.C.Sc.1. Arthur Jaques O.B.E. D.Sc. (Dunelm). John Garwood Everett B.Sc. Ph.l). Sura Rajagopal Naidu M.B.E. B.A. (Lond.) . M.B. B.S. (Madras) M.Sc. (Lond.). Associates Raymond Edwin Crowther A.M.S.T. David McLaren Paul B.Sc. (St. Andrews). James William Donaldson DSc. (Edin.). Cyril Coldron Smith B.Sc. (Bris.) MSc. William Edwin Newell. (Lond.) A.R.S.M. D.I.C. c31 3 OBITUARY Information has been received of the presumed death at 5ea of WILFRID SHACKLOCK DAVEYon 14 February 1942 in his 51st year following evacuation from Singapore. He received his scientific training at Birkbeck College London from 1915 to 1917 and from 1921 to 1923 graduating B.Sc. with first-class honours in 1922.After serving for four years as Assistant Chemist to Messrs. J. Harman Ltd. and to the Dunlop Rubber Company he was Senior Assistant at the Imperial Institute until 1917. He was then gazetted Lieutenant and served as an Inspection Ordnance Officer under the Eastern Command; he was demobilised in 1920 with the rank of Acting Captain. He returned to the Imperial Institute in 1921 under the Ceylon Rubber Research Scheme and in 1939 was appointed Head of the Chemical Department of the Rubber Research Institute of Malaya. He contributed many papers on rubber and latex to scientific journals including the Bulletins of the Ceylon Rubber Research Scheme and the Rubber Research Institute of Malaya. He was a Fellow of the Institution of the Rubber Industry.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1923 and a Fellow in 1939. FREDSTEVENSON a registered Student died on 8 October 1946 in his HAWKINS 20th year. He was educated at Beverley Grammar School and at the time of his death was studying for the Associateship of the Institute at the Municipal Technical College Hull. Since 1942 he had held a post in the gelatine laboratory of Richard Hodgson and Sons Beverley. ROBERT SELBY MORRELLdied on 10 January 1946 in his 80th year. He received his scientific training at the University of Cambridge where he com- pleted the Natural Sciences Tripos in 1890. He proceeded to Wurzburg and was awarded the degree of Ph.D. magna cum laude in 1894. For six years he was a Fellow and Lecturer in Chemistry at Gonville and Caius College Cambridge and Lecturer in Chemistry in the University.He was then appointed Research Chemist and Works Manager to Mander Bros. Varnish and Colour Manufacturers and was Consulting Re- search Chemist to the Company from 1918 until his retirement in 1930. For some years he conducted research at the University of Birmingham including work on the properties of drying oils and became an honorary member of the staff of Wolverhampton Technical College where he continued research. He was the author of “Synthetic Resins and Allied Plastics” and of numerous papers published in scientific and technical journals. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1917 and served as a member of Council from 1924 to 1927. ARTHUR died on 5 January 1947 in his 60th year.JAQUES He received his scientific training at Armstrong-now King’s-College Newcastle upon Tyne and at the University of Breslau in the laboratory of Professor Abegg. After graduation he was engaged in research at Armstrong College and at the Central Technical College Birmingham. Having obtained the DSc. degree of the University of Durham he was appointed in 1911 Lecturer in Chemistry and Physics at the Technical School Cheltenham. In the same year he became Research Chemist at Nobel’s Explosives Co. and later was employed at the Cumberland Coal Power & Chemicals Ltd. and Suzuki & Co. Ltd. at Liverpool. In 1927 he was appointed Manager of the By-product Department of the Shotts Iron Co. Ltd. and in 1932 was engaged at the Royal Filling Factories at the Royal Arsenal Woolwich.In 1938 he transferred to the Royal Ordnance Factory at Chorley Lancashire. He was appointed an Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire in 1944. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1910 and a Fellow in 1913. DOROTHY died on 21 November 1946 in her 68th year. JORDAN-LLOYD Educated at King Edward VII High School Birmingham she proceeded after a short period at the University of Birmingham to Newnham College Cambridge in 1908. Her interests were at first largely in biology and after passing the second part of the Tripos she was awarded a Bathurst Studentship of the College and spent the next two years on research in zoology under the direction of Dr. Creswell Shearer.She was awarded a Fellowship of Newnham College in 1913 following the publication of a series of investigations on the effect of osmotic pressure on living processes. During the 1914-18 war she was engaged in the Biochemistry Laboratory at Cambridge in [ 32 1 developing for the Medical Research Committee alternative culture media for use in bacteriology and was also concerned in investigating the causes of ropiness in bread. After the war her attention was turned to the colloid chemistry of proteins and following her appointment to the staff of the British Leather Manufacturers’ Research Association in 19-21. she published a series of papers on the swelling of gelatine and of protein fibres and on other fundamental problems in connection with the properties and treatment of leather.As a result of these investigations she obtained the degree of D.Sc. (Lond.) in addition to that of M.A. (Cantab.). On the retirement of Sir Robert Pickard from the Research Association in 1927 Dr. Jordan-Lloyd succeeded him as Director of Research a post which she held until the time of her death. Under her direction the Research Association developed greatly in size and reputation and its present status owes much to her ability to stimulate the output of work of value to the industry as well as to her own contributions to the science and technology of leather. In addition to numerous papers in scientific and technical journals she published with A. Shore a book entitled “Chemistry of the Proteins,” which is a standard work on the subject and she contributed chapters to several books on more general topics particularly to “Progress in Leather Science 1920-45.” In 1939 she was awarded the Fraser RiIuir Moffat Medal by the Tanners Council of the U.S.A.for her contributions to Leather Chemistry. She gave a lecture on “Leather” before the Institute in 1943. In a life of intensive scientific activity Dr. Jordan Lloyd maintained a wide interest in other matters. She was well known as a mountaineer and had the distinction of making the first ascent and descent of the Eiger in one day (1928). Her other hobby was horseriding and she had been a competitor at the Richmond Royal Show and the International Horse Show. She was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1922 and served as a Member of Council for several periods beginning in 1930; was Vice-president from 1943 to 1946 and until just before her death was a representative of the Institute on the Chemical Council.WILLIAMEDWINNEWELL died on 16 December 1946 in his 50th year. Educated at Sexey’s School Bruton he gained a scholarship to University College London in 1914. In the following year he joined the Army from the Officers’ Training Corps and in 1917 was severely wounded in France. As the result of these injuries he was unable to complete the three years’ unexpired tenure of his scholarship and in 1922 he became Assistant in the Pensions Hospital at Bath. On transfer to the Pensions Hospital at Leeds in 1928 he became a student at the College of Technology.In 1930 he returned to London as Assistant to the Pathologist at Queen Mary’s Hospital Roehampton where he remained until 1943 when it became necessary for him to resign his post owing to ill-health. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1934. WILLIAM HENRY ROBERTS died on 16 November 1946 in his 70th year. Educated at Liverpool College he proceeded in 1893 to University College (now the University) Liverpool where he graduated B.Sc. in 1896; he subsequently obtained the M.Sc. degree of that University and of the Victoria University blanchester. In 1896 he was appointed assistant to Professor J. Campbell Brown and W. Collingwood Williams Public Analysts for the County of Lancaster the City of Liverpool etc. When separate city laboratories were erected in Liverpool in 1912 he was appointed City Analyst a post he held until his retirement in 1946 having thus completed 50 years of service in Liverpool and district.He was also Public Analyst for Bootle Preston Barrow-in-Furness Blackburn Southport Birkenhead and other boroughs and held the appointment of Associate Professor of Public Health Chemistry in the University of Liverpool in which capacity he assisted in the training of medical men for the Diplomas of Public Health and Tropical Medicine. He was also closely concerned with forensic chemistry and gave evidence in many criminal cases. He played a prominent part in the activities of several chemical organisations and had been President of the Society of Public Analysts. He was an indefatigable worker and a sound adviser; though tenacious of opinions he had formed and considered impartial his kindly nature humorous outlook and unfailing courtesy endeared him to those who differed from him as well as to those who agreed with him.Claiming work as his hobby he nevertheless found time for an occasional round of golf. He died a few months after retirement. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1902 and a Fellow in 1905. He was an Examiner for the Fellowship of the Institute in Branch E The Chemistry and Rlicroscopy of Food Drugs and of Water from 1925 to 1929. He served on the Council for several periods beginning in 1915 andwas aVice-President in 1933-36 and in 1943-46. [ 33 I FREDERICK ROWE died on 8 December 1946 in his 56th year.MAURICE He was educated at Marling School Stroud and proceeded in 1908 to the University of Leeds where he graduated B.Sc. with first-class honours in colour chemistry three years later. He was awarded the University Diploma in Dyeing and the Le Blanc Medal and was appointed Clothworkers’ Research Scholar in Colour Chemistry under Professor A. G. Green. In 1912 he obtained the M.Sc. degree and was appointed University Research Fellow in Colour Chemistry in the University of Leeds. Having joined the staff of Joseph Crosfield & Sons Ltd. in 1913 he first spent a year in Germanv studying colloid chemistry under Freundlich at the Technische Hochschule Brunswick. On his return to England he served as Research Chemist to Crosfields and later as Assistant Manager of their Soapery where he carried out investigations on the applica- tion of physical methods to the identification and valuation of soaps.In 1916 however he again became associated with A. G. Green who had been appointed Director of the newly established Dyestuffs Research Laboratory at the Manchester College of Technology. In this laboratory he continued earlier work on o-nitroamines and carried out a series of investigations on azo dyes constituents of low temperature tars etc. for which he was awarded a D.Sc. by the University of Leeds in 1921. In the previous year he had followed Green as head of the Dyestuffs Research Laboratory first as Lecturer and in 1925 as Reader in Tinctorial Chemistry. In 1926 he was elected to the Chair of Colour Chemistry and Dyeing at the University of Leeds on the retirement of Professor A.G. Perkin and held this appointment until his death. His published papers cover a wide range of investigations on dyestuffs and inter- mediates and on the dyeing properties of textile fibres and he kept in close touch with the industry as a consultant. As compiler and editor of the ‘Colour Index,” an authori- tative work of reference on the composition manufacture properties and applications of dyes and other coloured substances published in 1924 with a Supplement in 1928 he rendered particularly valuable service to the tinctorial industries which was recog-nised by the award of the Gold Medal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists in 1934. He was also senior Editor of the Journal of that Society from 1933.The Worshipful Company of Dyers awarded him their Research Medal on five occasions and admitted him to their livery in 1932. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1945. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1917 and a Fellow in 1921 serving as a member of Council from 1939 to 1942. Two lectures given before the Institute on “The Development of the Chemistry of Commercial Synthetic Dyes 1856-1938,” were published as a monograph. COMING EVENTS [See also “Announcements” (p. 38) and “Important Ecents in 1947” (p. 19).] I947 March 10 SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY, jointly with the Institution of the Rubber Industry “Polymerisation.” Dr. R. Hill at Birmingham. 11 SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Plastics Group) jointly with the Institute of the Plastics Industry (London Section) “Contact Pressure Laminates.” Dr.E. G. Williams at the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine Manson House 26 Portland Place London W.1 at 2.30 p.m. 12 THEINSTITUTE (Liverpool and North-Western Section) jointly with the Chemical Society and local sections of the Society of Chemical Industry and the British Association of Chemists Demonstration of Scientific Apparatus at the University of Liverpool at 7 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast Section) jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry Bedson Club and Institution of Mechanical Engineers “The Training of Chemical Engineers.” Professor A. F. Burstall in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre King’s College Newcastle upon Tyne at 6.30 p.m.OF DYERSAND COLOURISTS SOCIETY (Northern Ireland Section) “The Application and Fastness Properties of Dyes on Nylon.” Mr. J. G. Grundy at the Queen’s Hotel Belfast at 7.30 p.m. 12 INSTITUTEPETROLEUM OF “Modern Developments in Geophysical Prospecting.” Ir. A. Van Weelden at Manson House 26 Portland Place London W.1 at 5.30 p.m. [ 341 March 13 THEINSTITUTE (Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section) jointly with the Chemica Society and the Society of Chemical Industry “The Composition and Structure of Proteins.” Professor A. C. Chibnall F.R.S. in the North British Station Hotel Edinburgh at 7.30 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Manchester and District Section) jointly with the Chemical Society Meeting for the reading of original papers in the Chemistry Department of the University Manchester at 7 p.m.SOCIETY “The Study of Antibiotics.” Sir Howard Florey F.R.S. at CHEMICAL the University of Sheffield at 5.30 p.m. (postponed from 20 February). 14 CHEMICAL SOCIETY “The Composition and Structure of Proteins.” Professor A. C. Chibnall F.R.S. in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of the University Glasgow at 7.15 p.m. INDUSTRY SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (Chemical Engineering Group) “Steam Saving in the Chemical Engineering Industry.” Mr. A. Milnes in the Geological Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W. 1 at 5.30 p.m. INSTITUTE (Manchester and District Branch jointly with the Industrial OF PHYSICS Radiology Group) in the New Physics Theatre University of hlanchester at 7 p.m.15 INSTITUTE (Midland Branch jointly with the Electronics Group) “The OF PHYSICS Acceleration of Electrons and Ions to Energies of the order of lo8 Electron-volts.” Professor P. B. Moon at the University Edmund Street Birmingham. 17 ELECTKODEPOSITORS’ SOCIETY TECHNICAL ‘I The Surface Conditions of Metals in Relation to Electrodeposition.” Dr. A. T. Steer at the hTorthampton Poly-technic St. John Street London E.C.l. 18 THE INSTITUTE (Huddersfield Section) Annual General Meeting and Show of Films. THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) jointly with the Welwyn Garden City Scientists’ Club “The Training and Qualification of Chemists.” Dr. A. M. Ward at The Cherry Tree Welwyn Garden City at 8 p.m.THE INSTITUTE (Tees-side Section) “Recent Developments in the Chemistry of Acetylene Compounds.” Professor Sir Ian Heilbron D.S.O. F.R.S. SOCIETY CHEMICAL Tilden Lecture. “The Application of Surface Chemistry to Colloidal Problems.” Dr. A. E. Alexander in the Large Chemistry Theatre of University College Nottingham at 7 p.m. SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (A4griculture Group) I‘ Soil Conditions and Tree Growth.” Dr. L. Leyton and Mr. G. W. Dumbleby in the Phvsical Chemistry Lecture Theatre Royal College of Science London S.W.7,at 2.30 p.m. HULLCHEMICAL SOCIETY AND ENGINEERING “Relativity-An Unorthodox View,” Mr. E. C. Craven at the Church Institute Albion Street Hull at 7.30 p.m. OF DYERSAND COLOURISTS SOCIETY (Huddersfield Section) “The Use of Acids in W’ool Dyeing.” Dr.E. Townend at Field’s Caf6 Huddersfield at 7.30 p.m. 19 THEINSTITUTE (Cardiff and District) jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry and the Chemical Society “Gammexane.” Dr. L. J. Burrage at Newport Technical College at 6.45 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) jointly with the London Branch of the Institute of Physics “Monomolecular Layers.” Professor E. K. Rideal M.B.E. F.R.S. at the Royal Institution Albemarle Street London W.1 at 2.30 p.m. THEINSTITUTE (Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast Section) jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry “The Chemistry of Vitamin A.” Professor Sir Ian Heilbron D.S.O. F.R.S. in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre King’s College Kewcastle upon Tyne at 6.30 p.m.BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS(Birmingham Section) “Some Experiences in the Microbiological Assay of Vitamins.” Dr. F. W. Korris at the Chamber of Commerce Birmingham at 7 p.m. [ 35 3 March 19 SOCIETYOF DYERSAND COLOURISTS(Midlands Section) “The Chemistry and Application of Detergents.” Dr. John H. Hill in the King’s Head Hotel Loughborough at 7 p.m. 20 THE INSTITUTE (Aberdeen and North of Scotland Section) joint1 y with the Chemical Society “Recent Developments in the Chemistry of Starch and Glycogen.’’ Professor E. L. Hirst F.R.S. in the Chemistry Department Marischal College at 7.30 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Bristol and South-Western Counties Section) Annual Meeting in the Chemistry Department of the University Woodland Road Bristol at 5.30 p.m.CHEMICALSOCIETY Anniversary Meeting. Annual General Meeting at Burlington House Piccadilly London W.l at 12 noon. Anniversary Luncheon at the Dorchester Hotel at 12.45 for 1 p.m. Presidential Address by Professor C. N. Hinshelwood F.R.S. at 3 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (Road and Building Materials Group) jointly INDUSTRY with the Institution of Municipal and County Engineers :“Prefabricated Houses Some Chemical and Physical Problems.” Mr. H. Rose at Gas Industry House 1 Grosvenor Place London S.Wl at 6 p.m. 21 THEINSTITUTE (Glasgow and West of Scotland Section) Annual General Meeting. OF DYERSAND COLOURISTS SOCIETY (Manchester Section) “Temperature Range Properties of Vat Dyes on Rayon.” Mr.J. Henderson in the Lecture Theatre Gas Dept. Showrooms Manchester at 6.30 p.m. SOCIETY OF DYERSAND COLOURISTS(Scottish Section) “Emulsions for Textiles.” Dr. J. R. F. Jackson at the St. Enoch Hotdl Glasgow at 7 p.m. OF ENGINEERS (North-Western Branch) Azeotropic 22 INSTITUTIONCHEMICAL Distillation of Acetonitrile.” Mr. H. R. C. Pratt at the College of Technology Manchester at 3 p.m. 24 THEINSTITUTE (Hull and District Section) “Recent Developments in Combustion.” Dr. D. T. A. Townend at the Royal Station Hotel Hull at 6.45 p.m. 26 THE INSTITUTE (Birmingham and Midlands Section) Annual General Meeting at the University Edmund Street Birmingham at 7 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL jointly with the Newcastle upon Tyne and INDUSTRY North-East Coast Section of the Institute :“Some Aspects of Immuno-Chemistry.” Professor M.Stacey in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre King’s College Newcastle upon Tyne at 6.30 p.m. 28 THE INSTITUTE (Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands Section) “An Electrometric Study of the Reaction between Potassium Dichromate and Hydrogen Peroxide,” by Mr. B. G. Skinner; “Condensation Resins,” by Mr. J. F. Hodgson; “The Development and Use of Shetland Minerals for Refractory Purposes,” by Mr. T. R. Lynam. At Victoria Hotel Sheffield at 6.30 p.m. BRITISH ASSOCIATION CHEMISTS(Derby) at 7.15 p.m. OF April TECHNICAL 1 ELECTRODEPOSITORS’ SOCIETY(Midlands Centre) ‘‘Electricity Supply and Distribution in Plating Shop Practice.” Mr.L. Walker at the James Watt Memorial Institute Great Charles Street Birmingham 3. HULLCHEMICALAND ENGINEERING SOCIETY,jointly with the Yorkshire Section of the Institute of Fuel :‘‘Low Temperature Carbonisation.” Mr. W. A. Bristow at the Church Institute Albion Street Hull at 7.30 p.m. 8 SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (Plastics Group) “Alkyd Resins To-day.” Mr. A. A. Drummond and Others I.C.I. Ltd. Paints Division at the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine Manson House 26 Portland Place London W.l at 2.30 p.m. 9 THE INSTITUTE PETROLEUM OF “Aromatics from Petroleum.” Dr. H. Steiner at Manson House 26 Portland Place London W.l at 5 p.m. 9-10 FARADAY General Discussion on “Electrode Processes,” at the University SOCIETY Manches ter . 11 SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Birmingham Section).INSTITUTION ENGINEERS.Twenty-fifth Annual Corporate Meeting OF CHEMICAL at the Connaught Rooms London W.C.2. [ 361 ti1 SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (London Section) “Chemistry and Autarchy.’ ’ Professor R. P. Linstead C.B.E. F.R.S. in the Chemical Society’s Rooms Burlington House Piccadilly London W. 1. TECHNICAL ELECTRODEPOSITORS’ SOCIETY:‘‘Adhesion of Electrodeposited Kickel to Aluminium Alloys prepared by the Zincate Method.” Mr. W. Bullough and Dr. G. E. Gardam at the Northampton Polytechnic Institute St. John Street London E.C. 1. 15 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (Agriculture Group) “The Advisory Chemist INDUSTRY and Problems in Crop Production.” Dr. N. Pizer in the Physical Chemistry Lecture Theatre Royal College of Science South Kensington London S.W.7 at 2.30 p.m.16 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) jointly with the Food Group Society of Chemical Industry “Modern Trends in Cereal Chemistry in America and Elsewhere.” Dr. D. W. Kent-Jones at the Wellcome Research Institution 183-193 Euston Road London N. W. 1. SOCIETY INDUSTRY, OF CHEMICAL jointly with the Newcastle upon Tyne and North- East Coast Section of the Institute. Professor W. T. Astbury F.R.S. in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre King’s College Newcastle upon Tyne at 6.30 p.m. 17 THE INSTITUTE (East Midlands Section) ;jointly with the Institute of Fuel “Tech- nical Education in America.” Mr. F.‘H. Cotton at Leicester at 7.15 p.m. CHEMICAL Discussion on Electrolytic Solutions,” at Burlington House SOCIETY Piccadilly London W.1 at 7.30 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (Road and Building Materials Group) “Modern INDUSTRY Road Construction in Concrete.” Mr. W. P. Andrews at Gas Industry House 1 Grosvenor Place London S.W.l at 6 p.m. 18 The Institute Anniversary Luncheon at the Connaught Rooms Great Queen Street London W.C.2. Lecture at 3.15 p.m. on “Some Aspects of Nuclear Chemistry,” by Professor H. J. Emeleus F.R.S. preceding the Annual General Meeting of the Institute at 5.15 p.m. in the Rooms of the Royal Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.1. (For further particulars see page 38.) SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Chemical Engineering Group) “Aluminium and Aluminium Alloys To-day.” Mr.G. W. Lacey at the Geological Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.l at 5.30 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (Plastics Group) jointly with the Birmingham INDUSTRY and Midlands Section of the Institute) “Vinylidene Chloride and its Polymers.’’ Dr. H. P. Staudinger at the Chamber of Commerce New Street Birmingham at 6.30 p.m. SOCIETYOF DYERSAND COLOURISTS (Manchester Section) “Rayon Dyeing.” Dr. G. L. Royer in the Lecture Theatre Gas Dept. Showrooms Manchester at 6.30 p.m. 21 THE INSTITUTE (Hull and District Section) “Some Aspects of Benzene Substitu- tion.” Professor Brynmor Jones at the Royal Station Hotel Hull at 6.45 p.m. 22 THE INSTITUTE (Electronics Group) Group Annual Meeting followed OF PHYSICS by lecture on “Electron Multipliers” by Mr.S. Rodda in the Rooms of the Royal Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W. 1 at 5.30 p.m. 23 THE INSTITUTE (Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North-East Coast Section) jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry “Electronics Applied to Chemistry.” Mr. J. C. Finlay in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre King’s College Newcastle- upon-Tyne at 6.30 p.m. BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS (Birmingham Section) Annual General Meeting at the Chamber of Commerce Birmingham at 6.30 p.m. 35 THE INSTITUTE (Birmingham and Midlands Section) Meeting at the Technical College Stoke-on-Trent. THEINSTITUTE (Industrial Spectroscopic Group) Meeting in London. OF PHYSICS 26 THE INSTITUTE (Manchester and District Section) jointly with the Chemical Society Meeting in Manchester at 7.30 p.m.INSTITUTION ENGINEERS OF CHEMICAL (N.W. Branch) “Process Costing and Cost Control.” Mr. J. Maddock at the College of Technology Manchester at 3 p.m. CHEMICALSOCIETY hleeting for the reading of original papers in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of King’s College Newcastle-upon-Tyne at 5 p.m. I37 1 ANNOUNCEMENTS [See also “Important Events in 1947” (p.19).] Anniversary Meetings of the Institute 18 April I947.-The programme of events on 18 April is as follows:- Anniversary Luncheon at the Connaught Rooms Great Queen Street London W.C.2 (near Holborn Station) at 12.30 for 1 p-m. Apart from a small number of official guests attendance is limited to Fellows Associates and Registered Students of the Institute.Applications for tickets (price 15s.) should be made on the appropriate form (a copy accompanies this issue of the JOURNAL). A lecture entitled “Some Aspects of Nuclear Chemistry” will be delivered by Professor H. J. Ernelkus F.R.S. in the Rooms of the Royal Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.1 at 3.15 p.m. Owing to limitation of accommodation admission will be by ticket and open only to Fellows Associates and Registered Students of the Institute. Applications for tickets should be made on the appropriate form (a copy accompanies this issue of the JOURNAL). The Sixty-Ninth Annual General Meeting of the Institute will be held in the Rooms of the Royal Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.l at 5.15 p.m. on 18 April 1947.A formal notice of meeting and the agenda will be sent to all Fellows and Associates in due course. Institute Examinations.-Examinations for the Associateship and the Fellowship will be held in September as usual. The last dates for application and for entry will be notified in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part 11 but candidates are advised to send in their applications as early as possible. University of London Turner and Newall Research Fellowships.-Applications are invited for Research Fellowships founded by Turner and Newall Ltd. and tenable in the University of London and normally of the value of L600 per annum. The Fellow- ships will be awarded for original research in Inorganic Chemistry Engineering Physics and allied subjects. A Fellow will be required to take a limited part in the teaching in the Department in which he works.Fellowships will be tenable from October 1947 but applications from candidates now on National Service who cannot take up appoint-ment to the Fellowship until later will also be considered. Detailed Regulations and application forms can be obtained from the Academic Registrar University of London at the Senate House London W.C. 1 and applications must be received at that address not later than 30 April 1947. Scientific Courses.-Particulars of the following have been received:- Summer School on Some Recent Advances in Physical Chemistry at the University of Cambridge.-Courses of lectures and practical work will be given on the following three topics:-Molecular Structure and Valency Theory; Chain Reactions; Physics and Chemistry of Rubbing Solids.The courses will be held from 16 to 23 August, in the University Department of Physical Chemistry and the fee will be 12 guineas, inclusive of accommodation in colleges for S nights which will be provided for those .,vho desire it. Those wishing to attend should obtain application forms as soon as possible from the Joint Secretaries Summer School in Physical Chemistry Laboratory of Physical Chemistry Cambridge. Symposium on “Coal Petroleum and their Newer Derivatives,” at the University of St. Andrews.-See p. 19. The Dyson System of Indexing Organic Compounds.-A public lecture on this subject will be delivered by Dr. G. Malcolm Dyson at the Sir John Cass Technical Institute on Wednesday 19 March at 6.15 p.m.Admission is free without ticket. Boots’ Booklovers Li brary.-Under the arrangements made on behalf of Fellows and Associates with Boots’ Booklovers Library the service for current subscriptions expired on I March 1947. Fresh application forms must be obtained by those who desire to renew the service. Members should have renewed their subscriptions or returned the last volume and membership token to the local or most convenient branch of the Library on or before 1 March. Forms may be obtained from the Registrar. Telephone Number of the Institute,-The telephone number of the Institute has been changed to MUSeum 1761/2. [ 381 GENERAL NOTICES (For notices relating to mattevs of immediate importance see I‘ Announcements ” on p.18.) Notice to Associates.-Regulations and forms of application for the Fellowship can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments or are desirous of extending their opportunities is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Libraries.-The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society Burlington House Piccadilly W.1 to the maintenance of which the Institute makes substantial con-tributions is available to Fellows Associates and Registered Students wishing to consult or borrow books from 10 a.m. to 9 p.m. on week-days (except Saturdays 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.). Books can also be borrowed by post.Books may be borrowed from the Science Library Science Museum South Kensing- ton S.W.7 on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Secretary of the Institute. The Library of the Institute is being re-organised (see JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1946 VI 279) but limited service is available to Fellows. Associates and Registered Students from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. on week-days (not including Saturdays). Information regarding facilities afforded to members by Lewis’s Lending Library can also be obtained from the Registrar. Reports on German Industries.-Copies of a number of Reports of the Combined Intelligence Objectives Sub-committee (C.I.O.S.) and of the British Intelligence Sub- committee (B.I.O.S.) on industrial plants and processes in Germany published by H.M.Stationery Office have been received and are available for consultation in the Library of the Institute. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A list of slides of portraits of great chemists and other scientists throughout the ages can be obtained on application to the Secretary. As the slides are frequently in demand members are requested to notify their require- ments at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Joint Subscription Arrangements.-Fellows Associates and Registered Students who wish to participate in the arrangements whereby they can acquire on favourable terms membership of the Chemical Society the Society of Chemical Industry and the Faraday Society with substantial privileges as to publications (see special article JOURNAL 1945 Part IV p.148) can obtain further particulars and AND PROCEEDINGS necessary forms from the Conjoint Chemical Office 9 and 10 Savile Row London W. I. Benevolent Fund.-Contributions for I946 may be sent to the Honorary Treasurer 30 Russell Square London W.C.I. Forms for Deeds of Covenant may be obtained from the Secretary. Covers for the journal.-Members who desire covers (2s. each) for binding the AND PROCEEDINGS JOURNAL in annual volumes should notify the Assistant Secretary of their requirements indicating the years (1946 or earlier) required. Service with H. M. Forces.-Fellows Associates and Registered Students who are on service with the Navy Army and Air Force are requested to notify the Institute giving particulars as to their rank unit etc.Changes of Add ress.-Fellows Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give so far as possible their permanent addresses for registration. When writing from an address different from that previously given they are requested to state if the new address is to be used in future and whether the change affects the Appointments Register. All requests for changes should be addressed to the Registrar and not to the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. In order to facilitate identification Fellows Associates and Registered Students are asked to give their full initials on communications addressed to the Institute. In the prevailing circumstances they are also asked not invariably to expect formal acknowledgments of communications addressed to the Institute unless replies are necessary.PUBLICATIONS OF THE INSTITUTE Many of the publications are out of print and members are advised not to send cheques or orders with enquiries for publications other than those listed below of which limited supplies are still available. LECTURES “Copyright with special reference to Scientific Papers and Publications.” E. J. MacGillivray K.C. (l!26.) 2s. net. “Fire Risks in Industry. A. M. Cameron B.Sc.. F.R.L.C. (1927.) 2s. net. “Chemists and Dividends.” S. M. Gluckstein. (1927.) 2s. net. “Lessons Learnt from Industrial Gases and Fumes.” Sir T. Legge C.B.E. M.D. (1930.) 2s. net. “The Nature of Simple Molecules and of Elementary Processes.” A.J. Allmand, M.C. D.Sc. F.R.I.C. F.R.S. (1932.) 2s. 6d. net. “The Chemist in the Far East.” A. Marcan F.R.I.C. (1933.) 2s. net. “Alchemists in Art and Literature.” Richard B. Pilcher O.B.E. F.C.I.S. (1933.) 2s. 6d. net. *“Beer.” H. F. E. Hulton F.R.I.C. (1934.) 2s. net. “Electrometric Methods in Physical and Analytical Chemistry.” S. Glasstone, DSc. F.R.I.C. (1934) 2s. 6d. net. “Food and the Consumer.” G. W. Monier-Williams O.B.E. M.A. Ph.D. F.R.I.C. (1936.) 2s. net. “Protection against Toxic Gases in Industry.” J. Davidson Pratt O.B.E. M.A. BSc. F.R.I.C. (1936.) 2s. net. “Our Money.” W. H. Coates Ph.D. LL.B. B.Sc. (1937.) 2s. net. “Gas Defence from the Point of View of the Chemist.” J. Davidson Pratt O.B.E. M.A. B.Sc.F.R.I.C. (1937.) 2s. net. “Oxidation-Reduction Potentials and their Applications.” S. Glasstone D.Sc. F.R.I.C. (1937.) 2s. net. *“Chemical Changes and Chances.” Sir Martin Forster DSc. F.R.I.C. F.R.S. (1937.) 2s. net. “The Development of the Chemistry of Commercial Synthetic Dyes (1866-1938).” F. M. Rowe D.Sc. F.R.I.C. (1938.) 6s. net. *“Opium.” J. R. Nicholls D.Sc. F.R.1.2; (1938.) 2s. 6d. net. t“Research in the Iron and Steel Industry. W. H. Hatfield D.Met. F.R.S. (1938.) 2s. 6d. net. “Ludwig Mond F.R.S. 1839-1909.” F. G. Donnan C.B.E. D.Sc. F.R.I.C. F.R.S. (1939.) 2s. net. *“Magnesite.” A. W. Comber F.R.I.C. Assoc. Inst. M.M. (1939.) 2s. net. “Chromatographic Analysis.” A. H. Cook Ph.D. D.I.C. F.R.I.C. (1941.) 2s. net. *“Precious Metals.” H.Gordon Dale F.R.I.C. (1941.) 2s. net. “Rust- Acid- and Heat-Resisting Steels.” W. H. Hatfield D.Met. F.R.S. (1942.) 2s. 6d. net. ‘“Notes on Water Treatment.” Russell G. Pelly F.R.I.C. (1942.) 2s. net. “Leather.” D. Jordan;,Lloyd M.A. DSc. F.R.I.C. (1943.) 2s. 6d. net. “Cement and Concrete. F. M. Lea O.B.E. D.Sc. F.R.I.C. (1945.) 2s. 6d. net. “Chemistry and Clothing.” First Dalton Lecture. D. A. Clibbens. (1945.) 2s. net. “Industrial Non-Ferrous Alloys.” Harold Moore C.B.E. D.Sc. F.R.I.C. (1946.) 2s. 6d. net. “Microchemistry and its Applications.” Ronald Belcher F.R.I.C. (1946.) 4s. 6d. net. “Soil Metabolism.” J. H. Quastel D.Sc. Ph.D. A.R.C.S. F.R.I.C. F.R.S. (1946.) 2s. 6d. net. “A New Notation for Organic Chemistry and its Application to Library and Indexing Problems.” Lecture under the joint auspices of the Chemical Society the Royal Instdutc of Chemistry the Society of ChemicalIndustry and the Bureau of Abstracts.G. Malcolm Dyson M.A. Ph.D. M.I.Chem.E. F.Inst.Pet. F.R.I.C. (1946). 2s. 6d. net. *“Water and Public Health.” W. Gordon Carey F.R.I.C. (1946.) 2s. 6d. net. FOR THE ADMISSION ASSOCIATES Gratis. REGULATIONS OF STUDENTS AND FELLOWS. JOURNAL Six Parts annually. AND PROCEEDINGS. THEPROFESSION OF CHEMISTRY. Richard B. Pilcher O.B.E. F.C.I.S. 4th Edition. (1938.) Gratis. Streatfeild Memorial Lectures. Gluckstein IClernorial Lacttrres. 40 1

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/RG9477100001

出版商:RSC    

年代:1947

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND PART 2. I947 REPORT OF THE COUNCIL 1946 To be submitted at the Sixty-ninth Annual General Meeting of the Institute to be held on Friday 18 April 1947 A year ago in expressing thankfulness for deliverance from the most devastating war in history it seemed fitting to review the general situation and to examine the prospects of recovery-to consider how the visions of a better world that had emerged from suffering and destruction might be converted into realities. Reference was made to the important part that bodies such as the Institute should play in the building of a new civilisation and some indication was given of the steps taken and contemplated by the Council to develop the activities of the Institute so as to ensure that advances in the science and practice of chemistry might be applied and the services of chemists utilised in the most effective manner for the benefit of the com- munity.It was recognised then that the break with pre-war ideas and practices had been so great as to demand something more than an attempt to restore what had been lost and that the destruction of human life and of materials had been so extensive as to permit no appreciable relaxation of effort if acceptable conditions of life were to be attained in a reasonable time. It is among the recognised responsibilities of a professional organisation to help to maintain and improve the material welfare of the community within which its members are working; there is also a growing realisation that such institutions can do much through the example of their corporate activities and aspirations to dispel the weariness and disillusionment that are inevitable products of years of war and to guide mankind towards the quest for truth goodness and beauty.Only so can the Royal Institute of Chemistry fulfil its highest purpose in the life of the nation and of the whole world. This twofold nature of the purpose of the Institute was reflected in the speeches by Sir Stafford Cripps and Lord Samuel at the Anniversary Luncheon on 12 March 1946 the former dealing with the part being played by chemistry and chemists in post-war industry and the latter with the bearing of the philosophical and religious outlook on the work of the scientist.The substance and presentation of these statements added greatly to the pleasure of over two hundred members and official guests who were able to attend this first and much appreciated post-war function to be held under the auspices of the Institute (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1946,11 84). At the Annual General Meeting held on the same afternoon Mr. G. Roche Lynch was inducted into the Presidential Chair by his predecessor Professor Findlay following the latter’s inspiring Presidential Address entitled “The Royal Institute of Chemistry in Post-War Britain” (JOURNAL AND PRO-CEEDINGS, 1946 11 79). A tribute was paid in the last Report to the work c411 of Professor Findlay for the Institute and the profession during his three years of office but the Council now desires to express its thanks for the further valuable services which Professor Findlay has since rendered especially in the work of several committees and in negotiations with other organi- sations.Although the general objects of the Institute and the scope of its activities are set forth in the Charter and By-Laws and the manner in which it functions is determined by the Council there remains something which depends on the personality of its President. Each successive President brings to the affairs of the Institute a new stimulus and a fresh inspiration and in welcoming Mr. Roche Lynch as its principal Officer the Council knows that it will not look to him in vain for guidance in the difficult times that lie ahead.A record of the principal events and developments in the affairs of the Institute during the year is given in the appropriate sections of this Report. Reference may be made here however to a few of special importance. A meeting was held in London with representatives of the four Dominion chemical institutes at which matters of common interest were discussed. The first edition of a “Directory of Independent Consultants in Chemistry and related Sciences’’ was issued during the year. Highly successful courses in “Oils and Fats” and in “ Spectroscopy,” arranged at the University of Liverpool by the Liverpool and North-Western Section represent the first of the series of scientific courses conferences and symposia to be held under the auspices of the Institute as such.Through the generosity of Dr. Spence a series of Henderson Memorial Lectures has been established as a tribute to the memory of the late Professor G. G. Henderson a past President of the Institute. By agreement between the Ministry of Education and the Institute the scheme for National Certificates has been amended so as to provide separate certificates in Chemistry and in Applied Chemistry. A new feature in the work of the Benevolent Fund has been the allocation of holiday grants for children of regular beneficiaries. A new Local Section the Hull and District Section has been inaugurated and it has been agreed that in future two Conferences of Honorary Secre- taries of Local Sections shall be held each year.In order to facilitate administrative procedure certain By-Laws have been changed so as to permit the Annual General Meeting of the Institute to be held on any date before 30 April. It has been agreed that certain changes should be made in the presentation of the accounts for 1946. Pension and Life Assurance provisions for the staff have been revised and extended under the new Scientific Societies Joint Pension and Life Assurance Scheme. All of these developments together with the growth in membership of the Institute-which passed the 10,000mark during the year-have placed a heavy load on the staff and the Council desires to take this opportunity of expressing its appreciation of their work. The ranks of the executive officers have been strengthened by the appointment of Miss I.Cawston as Assistant Secretary; other staff changes are referred to below. MEMBERSHIP AND STUDENTSHIP During the year the Council has learned with regret of the death of the following:-Fellows Alfred Milburn Anderson Joseph John Blackie George Henry Appleyard Frank Browne Horace George Battye Alexander Bruce c 4.2 1 Fellows-continued John Loudon Buchanan Benjamin Leech Frederick William Webb Butler John Francis Liverseege Thomas Callan Charles George Matthews Satyendra Nath Chakravarti Robert Selby Morrell Wilfred Shacklock Davey Francis Edwin Needs John Howard Davidson Richard Edwin Pike William Robert Dracass William Pollard Herbert Firth Edmund Brydges Rudhall FYideaux John Alfred Foster Robert Pierce Roberts Percy Faraday Frankland C.B.E.F.R.S. William Henry Roberts Past President Frederick Maurice Rowe John Addyman Gardner John Edward Saul James Hart-Smith Norman Lindsay Sheldon C.I.E. Alfred Douglas Heywood Evan Griffith Thomas Edward Hinks M.B.E. Kapilram Hardevram Vakil Philip Henry Jones Charles Horne Warner Dorothy Jordan-Lloyd Frederick Malcolm Wharton M.B.E. Wilfrid Ledbury Ernest Alfred Wraight C.I.E. Associates John Gordon Ayers Robert Ashton Hill John Douglas Barrett John Ernest Inkster Leonard Arthur Coles Alfred Ivor Jeffery Clarence Barnes Collis Bertrand Reaveley Johnson Raymond Edwin Crowther Cyril Coldron Smith Gordon Westland Edwards Edgar Francis Smith Thomas Gray William Thomas William Harper Francis Henry Trim Registered Students Frederick Scott Emslie Fred Stevenson Hawkins John Berridge Fraser Roy William George Young Changes in membership and studentship during the year are recorded below together with the corresponding figures for 1945 for comparison.Twelve months ended 31 December 1945 1946 Additions and promotions New Fellows .. .. .. .. .. .. 28 26 Fellows re-elected .. .. .. .. .. 3 4 Associates elected to Fellowship .. .. .. 261 188 New Associates .. .. .. .. .. .. 453 417 Associates re-elected .. .. .. .. .. 14 23 0. Students elected to Associateship .. .. 116 131 New Students .. .. .. .. .. .. 327 438 Students re-admitted .. .. .. *. .. 6 4 Deaths Fellows . . .. .. .. .. .. .. 41 41 Associates .... .. *. .. .. 29 16 Students .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 7 3 Resignations Fellows .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 3 Associates .. .. *. .. .. 22 a. Students .. .. .. .. .. *. .. 32 6 68 Twelve months mded 31 December Removals 1945 1946 Fellows . . .. .. .. .. .. .. 5 1 Associates .. .. .. .. .. .. 46 19 Students . . .. .. .. .. .. .. Nil 163 The numbers of Fellows Associates and Students on the Register of the Institute at 31 December 1946 and at the same date in 1945 were as follows:-At 31 December 1945 1946 Increase Fellows . . . . 3,248 3,421 173 Associates . . 6,393 6,720 -327 -9,641 10,141 -500 - Students . . . . 1,411 1,488 77 --= -The rate of increase in the membership of the Institute during the wai- years has been maintained and the Council reports with satisfaction that the total number of Fellows and Associates passed the 10,000mark during the year.The following figures indicate the growth of membership over the past thirty years:- *1916 "1921 *1926 "1931 "1936 "1941 t1946 Fellows . . . . 1270 1568 1763 1984 2096 2326 3421 Associates .. . 222 2073 3423 4016 4683 5713 6720 __-_I__--TotalofMembers . . 1492 3641 5186 6000 6770 8039 10141 --__-* At a date towards the end of January in the following year. t At 31 December. The Joint Subscription Arrangements made by the Chemical Council have been extended during the year to include the Faraday Society in addition to the Chemical Society the Institute and the Society of Chemical Industry.The following figures indicate the number of "three-body" members-those who pay a joint subscription to the three chartered bodies- at 31 December in the specified years:-1944 2,382; 1945 2,719; 1946,3,086. THE COUNCIL AND COMMITTEES AND REPRESENTATIVES OF THE INSTITUTE ON OTHER BODIES At the Annual General Meeting 1946 Professor Alexander Findlay completed his term of office as President and was succeeded by Mr. G. Roche Lynch. Dr. D. W. Kent-Jones who had been Acting Treasurer since the resignation of Mr. J. C. White as Treasurer towards the end of 1945 was then elected to that office. Since the Annual General Meeting the Council has mourned the loss of one of its members Mr. F. E. Needs District Member for Bristol and the South-Western Counties who died on 21 October.Mr. F. Scholefield resigned as a General Member of Council immediately after the Annual General Meeting and Mr. P. N. Williams was elected in his stead. Later in the year Dr. T. F. Dixon resigned as a General Member of Council on being appointed to the Chair of Biochemistry at Baghdad and Mr. J. W. Kerr resigned as District Member of Council for Glasgow and the West of Scotland r 44 1 on leaving the district. Dr. David Trail1 was elected to succeed Mr. Kerr and Professor H. Krall to succeed Mr. J. C. Cowap as District Member for the Overseas Dominions and Elsewhere Abroad on the completion of the latter’s term of service in this capacity. During the year 11meetings of the Council have been held. Committees of the Council and of the Institute that have been active during the period are recorded below with the names of their Chairmen and the numbers of meetings held.Committees of Council Finance and House Committee .. .. .. The Tveasiwer Nominations Examinations and Institutions Com-mittre .. .. .. .. .. .. The Pvesidetit with Prof. H. \-.A. Briscoe Vice-Presidel.zt as Vice- Chairman. 10 l’ublications and Library Coniiiiittec .. . . rice-President. Mr. A. L. Bacharach 9 Special Purposes .. .. .. .. .. T?ie Presidewt 2 Standing Committees of the Institute Appointments and Economic Status Committee . . Prof. A. Findlay I-zce-Pvesn dent. r Uenevolent Fund Conmiittee .. .. .. . . The Treaszrrev 9 Scientific Courses Committec .. .. .. . . I’rof. F.Challenger 1 Ad hoc Committees of the Institute Committee on Revision of Charter and By-Laws . . Prof. A. Findlay Vice-President. 1 Directory of Consultants Committee .. .. .. Prof. A. Findlay Vice-President. 2 Patents Committee .. .. .. National Certificates Special Committee .. .. . . . Prof. D. H. HeyProf. A. Findlay Vice-President. 1 1 The representatives ofthe institute on Joint Committees that have been active during the year were as follows:-The Chemical Council Mr. A. L. Bacharach Dr. D. Jordan-Lloyd (succeeded later by Professor A. Findlay) Sir Robert Pickard and the Treasurer. The Joint Council of Professional Scientists :Mr. &I.B. Donald Professor A. Findlay, Air. G. Roche Lynch Sir Robert Pickard Dr. J. L. Simonsen and Dr. H. J. T. Ellingham.The Joint Library Committee Mr. A. L. Bacharach Professor H. V. A. Briscoe 31r. H. W. Cremer and Professor A. Findlay. The Joint Committee of the Institute and the Society of Public -4nalysts and Other Analytical Chemists on Public Health matters Mr. A. L. Bacharach Mr. W. G. Carey, Dr. F. H. Carr Professor A. Findlay Mr. F. E. Keeds and the Secretary. The Joint Committee of the Institute and the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists on economic matters The President Dr. J. F. J. Dippy Professor A. Findlay Dr. L. H. Lampitt Sir Robert Pickard Mr. A. J. Prince Professor W. Wardlaw and the Registrar. Joint Committees on National Certificates (a) with the Ministry of Education (England and Wales) The President with Professor H.V. A. Rriscoe Mr. R. C. Chirnside Professor A. Findlay Mr. J. A. Oriel and Mr. A. J. Prince. (b) with the Scottish Education Department The President with Professor J. \Y. Cook Mr. G. E. Dodcls and Dr. J. \Veir. (c) with the Ministry of Education (Northern Ireland) The President with Dr. M. H. Hall. The representatives ofthe institute on other bodies have been as follows The Parliamentary and Scientific Committee Mr. A. L. Bacharach Professor A. Findlay and Dr. H. J. T. Ellingham. The Poisons Board (Pharmacy and Poisons Act 1933) Statutory Appoiiztntent Rir. G. Roche Lynch. [45 I The Advisory Committee appointed under the Therapeutic Substances Act 1925 Professor D. H. Hey. The Headmasters’ Employment Committee of the Ministry of Labour Mr.R. L. Collett. The British Management Council Professor A. Findlay (in succession to Dr. F. H. Carr). The National Committee for Chemistry of the Royal Society Professor J. W. Cook. British National Committee of the World Power Conference Dr. H. G. Colman. The Chemical Divisional Council of the British Standards Institution Professor H. V. A. Briscoe. The British Chemical Ware Manufacturers’ Committee dealing with Key Industries (Scientific Equipment and Materials) :Dr. A. H. Cook. The Oils Fats and Waxes Advisory Committee of the City and Guilds of London Institute Mr. W. H. Simmons. The Chemical Trades Advisory Committee and the Chemical Trades Examination Board of the Union of Lancashire and Cheshire Institutes Mr.R. L. Collett. A number of Fellows and Associates have continued to serve on various Technical Committees of the British Standards Institution. Changes in representation have occurred as follows:- Technical Committee C/8 Scientific Glassware and Laboratory Ware-Mr. B. A. Ellis in place of Dr. A. G. Francis; Technical Sub-committee C/8/5 Laboratory Porcelain-Mr. A. T. Green appointed ; Technical Committee RUC/10 Coordination of Tests for Rubber-Dr. J. R. Scott appointed; Technical Committee OC/8 Quality Control-Mr. A. H. Dodd appointed. The sincere thanks of the Council are accorded to all who have given their time in service on Committees or in acting as representatives of the Institute on other bodies. CONSTITUTIONAL AND ADMlN ISTRATIVE MATTERS In the previous Report reference was made to progress towards revision of the By-Laws particularly in relation to the constitution of the Council and it was stated that the principles of proposed changes had received the general approval of the Council.It was recognised however that while many of these changes were of an administrative character and non-con- troversial those affecting the constitution of the Council had been criticised in several respects and a reconciliation of divergent views would be necessary before submission to a General Meeting. In order that the principles might be clearly stated it was held desirable that the proposed amendments should be set forth in legal form and following consultations with the Institute’s solicitors a complete draft was prepared.Before submitting this for further discussion by Local Sections it was thought appropriate to proceed with the drafting of a petition for and the substance of a new Charter for although most of the proposed changes in the By-Laws were permissible under the existing Charter there were certain respects in which modifications of the Charter would be needed. In any event it would be convenient to examine both groups of questions at the same time with a view to presenting a unified programme of constitutional changes. The primary purpose of seeking a new Charter was to secure a restatement of the status and scope of the profession of chemistry and of the privileges and obligations of the Institute in relation to it so as to reflect the great develop- ments in the range and importance of the applications of chemistry and in the duties and responsibilities of the Institute since the granting of the original Charter of 1885 when the profession which the Institute was designed to promote was described as that of Analytical and Consulting Chemistry.At the same time the opportunity would be taken of seeking to remove certain restrictions or implied restrictions in the Charter that might unduly limit i 46 1 possible future developments or extensions of the legitimate functions of the Institute During the year a first draft of the Petition and of the body of a new Charter had been prepared but various points connected with these documents were still under discussion at the end of the year.As soon as these have been resolved progress with the new Charter should be more rapid. In the meantime it had been recognised that the growth in membership and expansion of activities of the Institute had been making it increasingly difficult to deal with essential business leading to the Annual General Meeting in accordance with the time-table prescribed by the By-Laws which restricted the date at which the Annual General Meeting must be held to the period between the first and fifteenth days of March. In particular it had become in recent years very difficult to complete the preparation and auditing of the Annual Accounts and Balance Sheet within the prescribed period and the Auditors had expressed their dissatisfaction with the position.It was agreed therefore to submit to a Special General Meeting a resolution for amending the relevant By-Laws so as to allow the Annual General Meeting to be held on any date before 30 April and to permit of a more convenient programme of events leading thereto. This resolution was passed by a Special General Meeting held on 15 November 1946 and confirmed at a further Special General Meeting on 22 November 1946. The changes in the By-Laws were duly allowed by the Lords of His Majesty’s Most Honourable Privy Council under an Order dated 16 December 1946 and were thereby made effective in respect of the Annual General Meeting to be held in 1947. During the year several important changes have taken place in Local Section affairs. First it was agreed that there should in future be two Conferences of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections in order to facilitate discussion of the growing amount of business coming before these Confer- ences.This decision was put into effect immediately and Conferences were held on 22 June and 19 October 1946. It has been agreed that in future years one Conference shall be held immediately before or after the Annual General Meeting and the other during the autumn preferably on the day following the October meeting of Council. By these more frequent Confer- ences with Honorary Secretaries the opinions of Local Section Committees will be brought more rapidly and effectively to the notice of the Council and a further assurance provided that the views of members in various parts of the country will be duly considered.With the growing membership of the Institute and the welcome increase in Local Section activities the work of Honorary Secretaries of Sections has been becoming increasingly complex and following a recommendation of the Fourteenth Conference it has been agreed to prepare a Local Section Officers Handbook in which will be set forth information required by Honorary Secretaries Honorary Treasurers and Honorary Recorders in carrying out their important duties. A first draft of part of this Handbook has been prepared and it is hoped that this will soon be completed with the advice of Section Officers for issue during 1947. It is proposed that the handbook shall be kept up-to-date by the issue from time to time of supplementary sheets having in mind the desirability of preparing a printed version in due course.Some progress has also been made towards co-ordinating the Rules of Local Sections so as to facilitate the conduct of business leaving sufficient elasticity to allow these Rules to meet special local circumstances and requirements. As mentioned in the previous Report there was a move towards bringing L 47 1 the termination of the financial years of Local Sections to 31December so as to coincide with that of the Institute itself. A majority of Local Sections agreed to this and secured appropriate amendments of their Rules where necessary. A few Sections however found that this change would have involved an alteration in the traditional dates of their Annual General Meetings and it was agreed that in such cases the position would be met by their undertaking to provide an interim statement of accounts to 31December in each year without changing the official date of termination of the financial year.This procedure has now been adopted and it has thus become possible to show in the Institute’s own accounts a true statement of the actual expenditure of Institute funds by Local Sections during each calendar year. The Council has also decided that the minimum annual grant available to any Local Section however small the number of members within its area shall be raised from LIOto L15,realising that there are certain basic charges to be met by every Section however small it may be and that these charges have increased substantially in recent years.Finally in order to enable Local Sections to meet expenses during the first month or two of a year before the annual grant for that year has been paid it has been arranged that there shall be deposited with each Section the sum of EIO or 25 per cent. of its normal annual grant whichever is the greater to be carried forward at 31December in each year. In the course of the year the new Hull and District Section was formally constituted and Rules for the conduct of its business were approved. This brings the number of Local Sections in the British Isles to 20 a figure that indicates the important place occupied by local organisations within the structure of the Institute. The rapid recovery in the activities of Local Sections since the war is evidence of the strength of these organisations and of the valuable purpose they serve in the life of the chemical community.Among overseas Sections those in New Zealand and South Africa have continued to develop and there have been welcome signs of renewed interest in Institute affairs in India (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1946,11 93). It will probably be some time however before conditions in Malaya are sufficiently settled for the Section in that country to be reconstituted. An important event during the year was the issue by the Manchester and District Section of a report on the results of a questionnaire circulated among members of the Section. The questions covered a very wide range of subjects and the results which were very carefully analysed served to indicate the lines on which Fellows and Associates in the area were thinking about a number of matters of importance to the future of the Institute and of the profession.In paying a tribute to the valuable work of the Manchester and District Section in this matter the Council felt obliged however to refer to the difficulties in framing any general questionnaire in such a manner as to elicit true and representative opinions without providing a full and reasoned statement of the factors involved in each subject of enquiry. It was satisfactory to find however that on many questions to which a reasonably clear-cut answer could be given the opinions elicited were generally similar to those arrived at by the Council from a consideration of the views expressed by District Members Local Section Committees and Honorary Secretaries’ Conferences.It was concluded that the value of a questionnaire of this kind was not such as to warrant the issue of a similar one to all members though it was agreed that the instrument of the questionnaire could be used with advantage in obtaining the views of members on matters of policy which had been fully discussed by the Council [ 48 I and could be put before members with a statement of the arguments for and against. This was in fact done in 1944 in connection with the controversial issues of the eligibility of Associates to serve on the Council and of the possible establishment of a third grade of membership.The Council is appreciative of the increasingly important part that Local Sections are playing not only in the management of their own affairs but also in the development of ideas and plans for the general improvement of the work of the Institute and gratefully acknowledges the valuable support that has been given in many directions by the Officers and Committees of Local Sections and especially by the Honorary Secretaries upon whom the heaviest burden has necessarily fallen. FINANCE HOUSE AND STAFF MAlTERS The Financial Statements for the year 1946 are attached to this Report. In accordance with a suggestion mentioned at the Annual General Meeting in 1946 the form of presentation of the accounts has been altered by introducing Special Accounts for certain activities namely Examinations and Assessments Local Sections Publications Appointments Register.To each of these Special Accounts is charged an estimated proportion of staff salaries and wages and other overhead costs (rent rates fuel etc.) as well as the actual expenditure on stationery printing and postage. Each account is balanced by the transfer of an appropriate sum to or from the General Income and Expenditure Account this transfer representing the surplus or deficit on the annual working of the activity concerned. By this means it is believed that members will be able to obtain a more correct picture of how the income of the Institute is expended in relation to the services provided. It should be noted however that this change results in an apparent diminu- tion of the total income of the Institute as shown in the General Income and Expenditure Account because certain sums such as application assessment and examination fees Appointments Register subscriptions and receipts from sales of publications are credited direct to the appropriate Special Accounts.If this had not been done in the accounts for 1946 the total income of the Institute for the year would have been shown as Lzz,5g7 19s. zd. as com- pared with L21,163 13s. zd. in 1945. In order to enable a true comparison to be made between the accounts for 1946 and 1945 the latter have been drawn up again on the new basis and printed alongside those for 1946 in the accompanying Financial Statements. On the income side of the General Income and Expenditure Account subscriptions of Fellows Associates and Registered Students show an increase of L1,346 5s.5d. which reflects the increase in membership during the year after due allowance has been made for those who have paid life composition fees or have had their subscriptions remitted because of service in the Forces. Dividends and Interest show a small increase over the previous year owing to the investment of additional sums during 1946. As reported last year an agreement has been entered into with the British Leather Manufacturers’ Research Association whereby the laboratory at 30 Russell Square has been made available for the use of one of their research groups. The normal rent to be paid by the Association is L450 per annum but it was agreed that for the first year this would be reduced to L300 per annum.The Association took over the laboratory on I January 1946 and the rent for the whole of that year therefore appears as an item of income in the Institute’s accounts. In handing over the laboratory it was decided [ 49 3 to dispose of most of the apparatus and equipment giving first option to purchase to the University of London in whose laboratories the Institute’s examinations in London are now conducted and to the British Leather Manufacturers’ Research Association. The proceeds of the sale of this apparatus and of certain redundant items of furniture amounted to fl206 5s.; this represents of course a non-recurrent item of income.On the expenditure side of the General Income and Expenditure Account the only items under Premises that call for comment are Insurance which has fallen by L66 because of the cessation of premiums in respect of war damage and Light Water Power and Fuel which has increased by nearly LIOO,partly through the occupation of additional rooms by the Institute staff (see below) and partly through provision of hot water heating to the laboratory; charges for gas and electricity consumed in the laboratory are paid by the tenants. The additional accommodation occupied by the Institute staff consists of three new offices provided as stated in the previous Report (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1946 I g) by partitioning the old Meeting Rooni on the first floor. The cost of this conversion and of rendering the resulting rooms usable amounting to f1740 has been met from the War Contingencies Reserve (see Balance Sheet); the item Repairs and Main- tenance in the Income and Expenditure Account refers only to normal charges.On I January 1946 considerable relief was afforded to the seriously overworked office staff by the welcome return of Mr. L. W. Winder from service in the Army overseas. It then became possible to make some re-distribution of duties and responsibilities among the staff. Miss I. Cawston was appointed Assistant Secretary; Mr. L. W. Winder and Mr. D. A. Arnold were designated respectively the Records Officer and the Finance Officer; Miss J. V. Haywood Principal Typist; Mrs. M. E. Morkill Filing and Correspondence Clerk; Miss D.M. Hollis Head of the Printing Room. A system of grading of clerical staff was introduced and as a number of salary increments were involved the opportunity was taken of consolidat- ing war bonuses in the new basic rates. These changes took effect on I April 1946. Nevertheless the salaries item in the accounts shows an increase of only E226 over that for 1945; this is because the latter included a special war gratuity of E3oo distributed among members of the staff and a salary pay- ment to Mr. Pilcher as well as to Dr. Ellingham in the first three months of that year. During 1946 Miss I. Capon was engaged as Addressograph Clerk and there were a number of changes in the junior office personnel. Payments in respect of superannuation premiums were lower than in the previous year owing to certain policies having matured in 1946.On the other hand payments of pensions from Institute funds were higher as this was the first full year since the retirement of Mr. Pilcher; pension payments to Mrs. Gordon retired office cleaner also began during the year. Reference to future arrangements concerning staff pensions is made below. Under Office Expenses a large part of the item Renewals of Equipment relates to the purchase of an electrically driven plate-cutting machine for addressograph purposes. Much of the existing office equipment is outworn and out-dated and its replacement by new and more modern types of machin- ery will become increasingly important in rendering efficient service to the growing number of members.The fall in expenditure on Printing and Stationery is due to the utilisation of certain goods purchased in bulk in the previous year. Stocks of stationery have to be purchased as and when supplies become available and expenditure on them is thus liable to vary notably from year to year without direct relation to consumption over such [ 50 I a short period. Consumption of stationery in 1946 was certainly greater than in 1945. Among the miscellaneous expenditure the increase in Council and Committee travelling expenses reflects the improvement in long-distance travelling facilities and the increased activity in Institute affairs. The higher figure for the Auditor’s Honorarium follows the indication given at the last Annual General Meeting of the inadequacy of the previous payment which had remained unaltered for a number of years.The notable increase in Legal Expenses is due mainly to provision for expenses in connection with the recent changes in certain By-Laws and with the preliminary work on revision of the Charter and of a major portion of the By-Laws. During the year the Council authorised the allocation of an annual sum of Lzoo to the President of the Institute for the time being as a personal and entertainment allowance recognising that there was much that Presidents could do to maintain the prestige of the Institute and further its interests if they had at their disposal a sum that could be spent at their discretion. This item appears in the accounts for thc first time An example of the excellent use to which such an allowance can be put is afforded by the entertainment of representatives of Dominion chemical institutes at the Tallow Chandlers’ Hall in June 1946 (JOURNAL -4ND PROCEEDINGS, 1936 Iv 179).The Special Accounts for particular activities shown on pp. 66-7 are linked as indicated above to the General Income and Expenditure Account and are in fact part of it. The proportions of staff salaries charged to each of these accounts have been estimated from a consideration of the time spent by individual members of the staff in work connected with these activities and he allocation is as follows:-Examinations and Assessments Account 12 per cent. Local Sections Account 12 per cent. Publications Account g per cent .Appointments Register Account j per cent. These apportionments are admittedly only approximate but they do represent fair estimates and will be revised from year to year. Proportions of other overhead expenses (rent rates fuel etc.) have been charged on the same basis as staff salaries whereas printing stationery and postage represent the actual amounts expended in respect of each activity. None of these special activities normally pays for itself and a certain sum has had to be transferrred from the General Income and Expenditure Account in order to balance each of the Special Accounts in 1946. In the Examinations and Assessments Account application assessment and examination fees have been credited and the account shows that this group of activities resulted in a deficit of about Lzoo.It is clear that when relevant overhead expenses are charged the business of examinations and nominations is by no means a source of profit to the Institute although a substantial credit balance was shown in 1945 due to the abnormally large number of transfers from Associateship to Fellowship following the cam- paign inaugurated in the previous year to encourage eligible Associates to apply for election to the Fellowship. In the Local Sections Account a considerable part of the staff salaries charged is in connection with the printing and distribution of notices of meetings; these are services provided by the Institute on behalf of Local Sections which would undoubtedly be more expensive and difficult to arrange otherwise.The Publications Account calls for no comment except with reference to the welcome increase in income from sale of publications. This figure is how- ever st ill small because of restrictions on paper. The Journal and Proceedings [ 51 3 is not offered for sale at present and it has not been possible to print many more copies of lectures and monographs than are needed for distribu- tion to members. There is a growing demand for the Institute’s lectures and monographs so that when the paper position improves the sale of these publications should become a growing source of revenue. The Appointments Register Account shows a substantial deficit although members using this service are asked to contribute towards the cost of it unless they are unemployed.This is partly due to the large increase in the number of vacancies which employers are asking the Institute to notify. On the General Income and Expenditure Account with its subsidiary Special Accounts the gross excess of income over expenditure amounts to L2,085 9s. 5d. as compared with Lz,313 13s. zd. in 1945. In considering the disposal of this balance it has been decided again to place LI,OOO to the Intermittent Publications Reserve Fund thereby bringing that fund to L7,100 17s. 8d. A considerable part of this reserve may be needed in 1947 for publishing the long overdue new issue of the Register of Fellows and Associates for it is intended to make this a complete edition including particulars of members as given in pre-war issues.In addition a further E~,ooohas been placed in the Superannuation Reserve Fund thereby bringing that Fund to -&,ooo. The reason for this larger allocation to the Superannuation Reserve Fund is that during the year the Council agreed to participate in the newly constituted Scientific Societies’ Joint Pension and Life Assurance Scheme for members of the staffs of several scientific organisations and to take this opportunity of making up considerable deficiencies in pension provision for members of the Institute’s staff. These deficiencies had arisen because the insurance companies concerned with the existing pension scheme had not been prepared during the war to issue additional policies to cover salary increments; some who had joined the staff in recent years had had no provision made for them at all.The new scheme was drawn up by a conference of scientific societies convened by the Chemical Council and is constituted by policies with the Prudential Assurance Co. Ltd. beginning on I January 1947. The scheme provides for Life Assurance bene- fits and Pensions based on salary rates in a given year the pension policies in respect of future service being contributory. All regular members of the staff over age 21 are eligible to join the scheme and have agreed to do so. The annual cost to the Institute in respect of Life Assurance and future service pensions will be about Egoo. It has also been decided however to make up through the scheme deficiencies in pensions in respect of past service on a definite and equitable basis.This is necessarily an expensive matter in view of the considerable deficiencies and the cost to the Institute of these past service pensions during the next few years will be just over EI,OOOper annum. A considerable part of this cost however is in respect of two senior members of the staff who are within five years of normal retiring age; in fact annual premiums for past service pensions on their behalf amount to about &20. Thus although the immediate annual expense is considerable it will fall sharply after five years. As the need for providing these past service pensions has arisen essentially through war conditions it has seemed appropriate that the relevant premiums in respect of them should not be charged against current income but should be met from the Superannuation Reserve Fund the War Contingencies Fund and the accumulated balances that have been built up during the war in such proportions as the Council may from time to time decide.If this is done there still remains however the annual cost of about Ego0 in respect of Life Assurance and future service [ 62 1 pensions which is greater than the sum authorised by the Annual General Meeting in 1939 to be appropriated annually from Institute funds. The Council will therefore submit to the Annual General Meeting in 1947 a resolution amending that passed in 1939 so as to increase the maximum annual appropriation from k750 to L2,500. It will be appreciated that annual sums paid as premiums in connection with the Scientific Societies’ Joint Scheme are separate from and additional to the actual pension now being provided out of income for Mr.Pilcher by a special resolution. Indeed it is to avoid future direct charges on current income for pensions that the Council has been particularly concerned to cover such obligations through insurance policies. The Scientific Societies’ Joint Pension and Life Assur- ance Scheme provides in the opinion of the Council the most satisfactory and equitable means of doing this that is likely to be available at the present time. It was necessary to give assent to the scheme before the end of 1946 as the rates quoted were guaranteed only in respect of those who entered on I January 1947.In carrying over from the old to the new scheme arrangements have been made to safeguard the interests of the staff in existing policies. For those members on whose behalf there were endowment policies with the Sun Life Assurance Society arrangements were made to convert these into fully paid-up policies at 31 December 1946 (except where the member was within five years of normal retiring age) and to give each member the option to be exercised on leaving the service of the Institute at or after normal retiring age of receiving either the capital sum represented by those policies or a specified annual pension in lieu thereof. The Balance Sheet as at 31 December 1946 (see p. 68) calls for no particular comment in that the items are all of a normal character and reference has already been made above to the Reserve Funds including the expenses charged to the War Contingencies Reserve Fund.Separate Accounts are given as usual for the Sir Alexander Pedler Fund the Streatfeild Memorial Fund the Meldola Fund and the S. M. Gluckstein Memorial Fund. An Account for the Henderson Memorial Fund recefitly established through the generosity of Dr. David Spence (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1946 V 217) appears for the first time. A special point of interest about the first of these Funds is that in accordance with a recent decision of Council the income from the Sir Alexander Pedler Fund may be used to finance publication of lectures or monographs and for other purposes conducive to the progress of chemical science.The cost of publish- ing Dr. G. M. Dyson’s lecture on “A New Notation for Organic Chemistry” has been charged to the Fund in 1946. A new separate Account is that for the Scientific Courses and Conferences Fund which was instituted during the year for financing scientific courses conferences and symposia to be held at various times and places in the interest of members (see pp. 61 68). BENEVOLENT FUND During the year the Benevolent Fund Committee received reports of three new cases of serious need and arranged regular grants to the persons concerned an elderly member whose previous sources of income had practically disappeared as a result of the war; a middle-aged member who had been unable to work for some years through chronic illness; and the widow of a member who had died suddenly leaving two young children.Also the family of a member to whom occasional grants had been made c 53 1 during his illness has now been given a regular grant following his death. Regular grants previously arranged have been reviewed and increased sums allotted where circumstances warranted having regard to the higher cost of living. The result is that in the accounts (see p. 71) the sum provided in regular grants shows an increase of over J500 as compared with the previous year. Occasional grants show a small decrease however due mainly to the transfer of the above-mentioned family to the regular grant category. The only other item on the expenditure side of the account that calls for comment is Children’s Holiday grants amounting to just over EIOO.In accordance with a proposal made by Professor Findlay during his Presidency it was decided to make available to the children of regular beneficiaries sums up to LIO each to enable them to obtain a summer holiday or a better holiday than would otherwise be possible. Twelve children (representing five families) participated in this scheme. Most of these children (all under 17 years of age) were having their first real holiday since the war; several of the younger ones had never been away from home before and some saw the sea for the first time. Family holidays by the sea were the most popular but one small boy realised his ambition of seeing the sights of London and a girl of school-leaving age was enabled to take advantage of an offer to stay in France to further her study of the language.The gratitude expressed by parents and by children themselves made it clear that the scheme had been highly successful and had served a very worthy purpose. The Committee has been happy to continue its association with Reed’s School which has done and is doing valuable work in the education of orphans of members. The total expenditure of the Fund during the year including sums paid over as loans was E2,136 7s. Id. as compared with EI,~I~ 0s. Id. in 1945. On the other hand receipts from members as subscriptions and donations (but excluding bequests) amounted only to E2,217 9s. rod. against l2,147 12s. nd. in the previous year most of the increase being in donations.Income from dividends and investments was substantially up owing to the investment of part of the surplus available from the previous year and to the lower rate of tax the figures quoted being after deduction of income tax although this is subsequently recovered. During the war period tax recovery was effected at irregular and often lengthy intervals; thus the figure given under this head- ing in 1945 covers three years. A certain sum is therefore due in respect of tax recovery in 1946 and in this respect the accounts for the two years are not comparable. In the capital account the sum of &zoo represents a bequest by the late Sir Martin Forster. During the year special attention has been given to the possibility of providing suitable accommodation in hostels or rest homes for elderly members and their wives or for their widows having particularly in mind those whose resources were adequate before the war to enable them to maintain themselves in reasonable comfort but are no longer sufficient because of the higher cost of living or cannot be applied in the same way owing to loss of their homes.A survey of the factors involved in this problem is given in an article published in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1946,VI 281 and observations and suggestions on the subject have been invited from members. NOMINATIONS EXAMINATIONS AND INSTITUTIONS The Nominations Examinations and Institutions Committee has had another active year although the number of candidates upon which it has 54 3 reported (1471)did not reach the peak recorded last year (1664) largely owing to a decrease in the number of Associates applying for admission to the Fellowship.The Examinations Sub-committee has held 25 meetings. The Committee has also reported on numerous enquiries of a general nature. The Committee and its Sub-committee have continued to review the scope of fields of work covered by examinations for the Fellowship and the question of new branches in which examinations may become desirable. The Regulations for admission of Associates were amended so as to include a degree in Chemical Engineering with first or second class honours among the qualifications acceptable as ground for exemption from the Associateship examination. The Council acknowledges the valuable help of the Advisory Committee in India and of its Honorary Secretary Dr.G. J. Fowler for reports and advice on applications for membership and other matters. By the courtesy of the Universities of London and Manchester and of the Royal Technical College Glasgow it has again been possible to hold examinations in their laboratories in January April and September. Theoretical examinations were held at the Institute in the rooms of the University of London at South Kensington and in the laboratories of several Fellows. The thanks of the Council are accorded to the laboratories of these institutions and to the Fellows concerned for the accommodation provided The entries to examinations and the results are summarised below. Exaiiiiwed Pa.ssed A ssociafeslaip: General Chemistry.. .. .. .. .. .. 188 90 Fellowship: Branch A. Inorganic Chemistry .. .. .. .. 13. Physical Chemistry .. .. .. .. C,. Organic Chemistry .. .. .. .. I). Biochemistry .. .. .. .. .. E. Chemistry (including llicroscopy of Food and Drugs and of Water) .. .. .. 1 (i -1;. ilgricultural Chemistry . . .. .. G. Industrial Chemistry .. .. .. 5 4 H. General Analytical Chemistry .. .. 1 1 I. Il'ater Supply and the Treatment of Sewage and Trade Effluents .. .. .. In 1945 the number of candidates examined for the Associateship was 198 of whom 114passed; 31 candidates were examined for the Fellowship of whom 19 passed. The total number of candidates was 229 of whom 133 passed. Of 162 candidates examined orally by the Sub-committee under the Chairmanship of Professor H.V. A. Briscoe or Dr. J. R. Nicholls with Members of Council 108 (of whom 6 had previously been referred) satisfied the examiners; the remainder were referred for further study and further examination. The thanks of the Council are accorded to the Board of Examiners and to Sub-Committees and also to Assessors who have reported on records of research submitted by candidates. In the two previous years Students had not been required to submit progress reports but this requirement has now been resumed. As a result [ 55 J the names of 128 Students who did not reply to this request were removed from the Register and a further 35 were removed through being unable to produce satisfactory reasons for not complying with the Regulations.The Wolverhampton and Staff ordshire Technical College has been recognised as an institution for the training of candidates for admission to the Associateship of the Institute. STATUS PRIVILEGES AND EMPLOYMENT OF MEMBERS In its examination of the functions of various Committees of the Institute the Council felt that it would be advantageous to bring together the fields of work of the Economic Status and Welfare Committee established in 1945 and the Appointments Committee and it was accordingly decided to merge these two Standing Committees under the title of the Appointments and Economic Status Committee with wide terms of reference covering all questions of status remuneration and conditions of service in the whole field of chemical appointments.Since its establishment this Committee has been concerned with a wide variety of questions some involving broad principles and others referring to the problems of individual members. Thus following the issue of the White Paper on the Scientific Civil Service consultations have been taking place with the Ministry of Supply especi- ally in connection with regrading of chemists under the new scheme (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1945,V 173). Representations have been made on this and related subjects and consultations with the appropriate Government departments are still proceeding. The conditions attaching to appointments such as those of Public Analysts under Municipal Authorities have likewise been the subject of consultation with the Association of Municipal Corporations and in this field representatives of the Committee have been working in conjunction with representatives of the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists.In the latter part of the year the Tnstitute was consulted by a recently established national organisa- tion with reference to the qualifications and conditions of employment of certain grades of staff and advice on these matters has been given through the Committee. It will be appreciated that in matters of this kind it is not possible to present a detailed report or to refer to the conclusions reached in these consultations but members may be assured that no opportunity is being missed of ensuring that their interests are brought prominently to the notice of the appropriate authorities and that there is a growing recognition of the value of the advice which the Institute is able to provide in this field.Reference to individual cases is naturally still more difficult but it may be mentioned that effective work has been done by the Com- mittee in connection with difficulties of individual members arising through the interpretation of contracts of service. Following receipt of criticisms especially from the Liverpool and North- Western Section (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1946,IV 177),of the docu- ment entitled “Suggested Clauses for Incorporation in Contracts of Service for Chemists,” published in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1945,11 82 it has been agreed to hold a further conference on the subject with representa- tives of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers and the Standing Committee of Directors of Research Associations who were concerned in the preparation of the original document.The statement on “Principles of a suggested Code of Practice in respect of consulting work carried out by academic scientists,” issued by the ,Joint c 66 I Council of Professional Scientists and published in JOURNAL AND PROCEED-INGS,1945,VI 226 has been widely circulated and generally well received as representing the reasoned opinions of professional bodies. After some delay the “Directory of Independent Consultants in Chemistry and Related Subjects’’ was eventually published in September and copies have been distributed among Governmental and industrial organisations as well as to all enquirers for consulting services.The value of the Directory in assisting industrial reconstruction has been widely recognised by the various authorities and by the technical Press and it is hoped that it will be possible to issue a revised and amplified edition next year. Through its representatives on the Joint Chemical Committee on Patents convened by the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers the Institute has kept in touch with proposals being put forward for changes in the Patents and Designs Acts and in the practice of the Patent Office and the Courts in relation to matters arising therefrom. The attention of the Patents Committee of the Institute was drawn to a particular point affecting chemists and specific suggestions were forwarded to the Joint Chemical Committee which took the matter up and included it in their evidence before the Departmental Committee of the Board of Trade.The Institute was represented at a Conference convened by the Associa- tion of Scientific Workers and the British Association of Chemists on the training and status of laboratory technicians and on a Joint Committee which was then set up to examine and report on this subject. The work of this Committee is still proceeding. During the year the business of the Institute’s Appointments Register has continued to be active not because of any appreciable unemployment among members but through the desire of many to be kept informed of new openings under peace-time conditions.About 370 members were receiving the regular lists of vacancies at the end of the year. Consideration has been given to the position of students being retained in the Forces and in war industries. Some hardship has occurred through their date of release being decided in relation to a period of service reckoned from a fixed date but it was concluded that representations in this matter on behalf of students in war industries could not be fairlymade as the conditions of release were the same as those applying to the Forces and had been decided in relation to the general national interest. M EETlNGS During the year the following lectures have been held under the auspices of the Institute “A New Notation for Organic Chemistry and its Applica- tion to Library and Indexing Problems,” by Dr.G. Malcolm Dyson (under the joint auspices of the Chemical Society the Royal Institute of Chemistry the Society of Chemical Industry and the Bureau of Abstracts); “The Chemist as Information Officer,” by Dr. J. C. Withers (29th Streatfeilcl Memorial Lecture). The following records of meetings held by Local Sections have been supplied by the Honorary Secretaries. Many of these meetings have been held jointly with or at the invitation of other bodies. References to Annual and other General Meetings of Sections held only for the transaction of Section business have been omitted :-ABERDEENAND NORTHOF SCOTLAND SECTION “Basic Slag-its Constitution and Utilisation,” by Dr.D. N. McArthur; “Chemotherapy-Old Tactics and New,” by Dr. H. J. Barber; “The Chemistry of the Rare Earths,” by Professor S. Sugden F.R.S.; c 57 1 “Present Trends in Chemical Research,” by Professor E. K. Rideal M.B.E. F.R.S. ; “Microscopy with Electrons and X-rays,” by Professor G. D. Preston; “Some Develop- ments in the General Methods of Organic Chemistry,” by,Professor F. s. Spring; “The Mechanism of Elimination and Substitution Reactions by Dr. F. W,. Peaker; two Christmas Lectures for senior pupils of Secondary Schools-“Crystals by Professor T. C. Phemister; “Photography,” by Mr. Alfred Hill. AND DISTRICTSECTION BELFAST “The Manufacture of Pulp and Paper ” by Mr. P. Faichney ;Visit to the Observatory inArmagh; Jubilee Dinner of the Section; “Isotopes,” by Professor H.C. Urey Nobel Laureate of the University of Chicago (public lecture) ; Visit to Newforge Ltd. Malone Belfast. BIRMINGHAM :Two Christmas Lectures for school children- AND MIDLANDSSECTION “Chemistry and Public Health,” by Dr. S. H. Jenkins; “Nuclear Chemistry,” by Professor M. L. E. Oliphant F.R.S. ;CHEMICAL COURSE,1946; “Recent ENGINEERING Investigations in the Organic and Biological Chemistry of Sulphur,” by Professor F. Challenger; Excursion to Rothamsted Experimental Station ; “Modem Light Alloys with Special Reference to Corrosipn,” by Fofessor L. Aitchison; “The Structure and Elastic Properties of Synthetic Fibres by Professor W. T. Astbury F.R.S. ; “Pencillin,” by Sir Howard Florey F.R.S.; “Physical Characteristics and Chemical Properties of Cellulose Derivatives,” by Dr. Ernil Ott; “The Staff of Life,” by Sir Jack Drummond F.R.S. COUNTIES SECTION BRISTOLAND SOUTH-WESTERN “A Bye-way in Chemical Engineering,” by Mr. F. A. Greene; “The Chemistry of Penicillin,” by Professor Wilson Baker; “Service to Chemistry and Chemists,” by Dr. H. J. T. Ellingham; “Recent Advances in Plastics,” by Mr. N. J. L. Megson; “The Work of Forensic Science Laboratories,” by Mr. E. B. Parkes; “Electron Transfer Reactions in Solutions,” by Professor M. G. Evans ; “Industrial Applications of Activated Alumina to Adsorption Drying,” by Mr. A. J. Carter. CARDIFF SECTION AND DISTRICT :“Some Chemical Aspects of Recent Work on Atomic Fission,” by Dr.H. J. Emelkus F.R.S.; “New Investigations in Soil Biochemistry,” by Dr. J. ,,H. Quastel F.R.S.; “Some Modem Trends in the Chemical and Allied Industries by Mr. H. W. Cremer; “Production and Application of Plastics in the War Effort,” by Mr. N. J. L. Megson; Visit to the Roath Dock Flour Mills Cardiff; “Determination of Cyanide by the Picrate Method a Water-bath Rack for heating simultaneously many tubes of Reactants,” by Dr. J. G. A. Griffiths and Mr. J K. Whitehead “Some Observations on the Kjeldahl Method for the Determination of Nitrogen by Mr. A. E. Beet :pd “iMethods for the Construction of Microchemical Apparatus,” by Mr. R. Belcher; Recent Developments in Apparatus for pH Measure-ments and Electro-titrations,” by Mr. A. D. E. Laughlan “Some -4pplications of Electrqmetric Methods to Analysis,” by Mr.R. J. Carter and “Polarisation End-points by Dr. D. P. Evans Visit to th? Newport Works of the British Aluminium Company; “The Government Laboratory by Dr. G. M. Bennett; “Recent Develop- ments in Combustion,” by Dr. D. T. A. Townend. DUBLINAND DISTRICT SECTION “Biochemical Micro-technique,” by Dr. T. G. Brady; “Detergents,” by Mr. T. W. Breaden; “Recent Contributions to the Chemistry of Vitamins,” by Mr. A. L. Bacharach. EAST ANGLIA SECTION Sound film exhibition; “Plastics in Recent Years,” by Mr. A. D. Whitehead; “Some Chemical Aspects of Recent Work on Atomic Fission,” by Professor H. J. Emel6us F.R.S. ; “Organisation of Chemists,” by Professor A. Findlay (at Cambridge). EASTMIDLANDSSECTION “Recent Developments in Endocrinology,” by Professor D.H. Hey; Visit to the Medical School of the University of Birmingham; “Water Supply,” by Mr. W. Gordon Carey; “The Electrical Double Layer and Colloid Stability,” by Mr. D. C. Henry; “Scientific Aspects of the Bread Supply,” by Sir Jack Drummond F.R.S. ; “Spectrophotometric Methods of Analysis,’] by Professor R A. Morton. EDINBURGH EASTOF SCOTLAND AND SECTION:“Shale 0ilJJ1 by Dr. G. H. Smith “Science and Food,” by Dr. L. H. Lampitt; “Some Problems of Polysaccharide Chemistry,” by Professor E. L. Hirst F.R.S. ; “Trace Elements in Agriculture,” by Dr. W. G.Ogg; “Heavy Chemicals,” by Dr. J. P. Baxter; “Some Observations on Biological Oxidation and Reduction,” by Dr. D. J. Bell; “Some Developments in the General Methods of Organic Chemistry,” by Professor F.S. Spring. GLASGOW SECTION AND WEST OF SCOTLAND “Penicillin its Preparation and Properties,” by Mr. A. T,. Bacharach; Scientific Film Show; Works Visits to The India Tyre and Rubber Corupany Inchinnan Renfrew the laboratory of Messrs. G. & J. [ 58 1 Weir Ltd. Catlicart and Messi-s. Kelvin Bottomley and Baird Hillington Glasgow ; “Electrolysis as an Industrial Process,” by Dr. H. J. T. Ellingham; “Developments in General Methods of Organic Chemistry,” by Professor F. S. Spring; “Atomic Energy,” by Professor P. I. Dea O.B.E. F.R.S.; “Melting and other Phase Changes,” by Professor A. R. Ubbelohde; Ramsay Chemical Dinner. HUDDERSFIELD “The English Oilfields,” by Mr. R. K. Dickie; “Statistics SECTION and the Chemist,” by Dr.A. G. J. Lipscomb; Scientific Film Show; Visit to the Heap Bridge Paper Mills Bury; “The Chemistry of Petroleum,” by Dr. A. E. Dunstan preceded by an exhibition of a film illustrating the development of the oilfields at Barking near Newark; “Chemists in Industry,” by Dr. C. J. T. ,Fronshaw; Annual Dance in Collinson’s Caf6; “Electrolysis as an Industrial Process by Dr. H. J. T. Ellingham. HULLAND DISTRICT SECTION Inaugural Meeting of the Section followed by a lecture on “Medico-Legal Experiences,” by Mr. G. Roche Lynch President of the Institute. LEEDS AREA SECTION “Research on Building and its Materials,” by Dr. F. ICI. Lea O.B.E.; “Problems of Unnitratable Products in Benzol and Toluol,” by Dr.A. E. Everest; “The Making of Missing Chemical Elements,” by Professor F. A. Paneth (preceded by Film Show); Silver Jubilee Meeting including “The Properties and Manufacture of Penicillin by Mr. A. L. Bacharach. LIVERPOOL SECTION AND NORTH-WESTERN “Molecular Orientation of Fibres ” by Mr. J. M. Preston; “The Chemical Investigation of Some New Therapeutics,” by Dr. F. E. King; “Benzene Hexachloride as an Insecticide,” by Dr. L. J Burrage; “Glass Technology,” by Dr. H. Moore; “X-ray Methods and Applications,” by Mr. D. E. Palin; “Van’t Hoff Arrhenius Ostwald-Pioneers of Physical Chemistry,” by Professor ” Alex. Findlay; SCIENTIFIC COURSES ON “OILS AND FATS AND “SPECTOROPY” ; “Mechanism of Oxidation and Hydrogenation of the Unsaturated System in Drying Oils,” by Professor T.P. Hilditch F.R.S. ; Entertainment of newly elected Associates; “Some Aspects of Adsorption by AcGvated Charcoal,” by Dr. L. J. Burrage; “The Hydrogen Bond in Organic Chemistry by Professor L. Hunter; ,“Some Applications of Infra-red Measurements,” by Dr. H. W. ,Thompson F.R.S. The Development and Industrial Application of Wetting Agents by Mr. A. V. Billinghame ; Scientific Film Show; “Atomic Energy,” by Dr. J. I?. Baxter O.R.E. ;“Laboratory Fractionation,” by Dr. G. P. Gibson. LONDON COUNTIESSECTION AND SOUTH-EASTERN “The Present and Future Roles of the Technical Press,” by Dr. L. Ivanovszky; “The Organisation of Chemists,” by Professor Alexander Findlay; “Chemical Affinity Data and their Industrial Applica- tions,” by Dr.H. J. T. Ellingham; “Polar Molecules and Dielectric Problems,” discus- sion introduced by Dr. s. Whitehead; Discussion on “Rheology in the Food Industry”; “Recent Advances in Brewing Technology,” by Dr. J. H. Oliver; “Potash and Crop Production,” by Dr. G. A. Cowie; Visits to the John Innes Horticultural Institution at Merton and to the Kodak Factory “Science as a Career,” by Dr. A. M. Ward; “The Publicity of Science by Radio,” by Dr. W. E. van Heyningen; “The Geology of Water Supplies,” by Professor H. L. Hawkins F.R.S. and “The Chemical and Bacteriological Aspects of Water Supplies,” by Mr. W. Gordon Carey; “Students and the Royal Institute of Chemistry,’’ by Professor Alexander Findlay. Five scientific film shows were also held during the year. MANCHESTER SECTION: AND DISTRICT “Some Aspects‘of the Chemistry of Free Radicals,” by Dr.W. A. Waters; “What Industry Expects from the Chemist,” by Dr. C. J. T. Cronshaw; “Chemistry and Food,” by Sir Jack Drummond F.R.S. (second Dalton Lecture) ;Discussion on “Contracts of Service”; “Service to Chemistry and Chemists,” by Dr. H. J. T. Ellingham ; “Recent Developments in Polynucleotide Chemistry,” by Professor J. M. Gulland F.R.S. ; “Molecular Structure and Mechanical Properties of High Polymers,” by Professor H. Mark “The Organisation of the American Chemical Society,” discussion opened by Mr. J. M. Tinkler; “The Chemistry of Penicillin,” by Professor Wilson Baker F.R.S. “The Chemistry of Plant Gums and Related Sub- stances,” by Professor E. L. Hirst F.R.S.and Dr. J. K. N. Jones. NEWCASTLE AND NORTH-EAST “The Coal Reserves of UPON TYNE COASTSECTION Northumberland and Durham,” by Dr. J. H. Jones; “Problems in Mineral Concentra- tion,” by Lt.-Col. A. Wedgwood O.B.E.; “Metal Spraying by the Wire Process,” by Mr. W. E. Ballard (followed by a sound film) ; Visit to the Britannic Works of British Paints Ltd. ; “Methods and Apparatus in Inorganic Microchemistry,” by Mr. R. Belcher and Dr. C. L. Wilson; “Hydrogen Sulphide Removal by Ammoniacal Iron Ammonium Ferrocyanide Liquors,” by Dr. H. C. Craggs and Mr. H. M. Arnold; “The Chemistry of [ 591 D.D.T.,” by Dr. T. F. West and Mr. C. A. Campbell; “Whither Chemistry?,” by Sir Robert Pickard F.R. S. (Bedson Lecture) ; “Russian Research on Refractories,” by Dr.J. H. Chesters. AND NORTH MIDLANDS “Characteristics SHEFFIELD,SOUTH YORKSHIRE SECTION and Applications of some Non-Ferrous Alloys by Mr. A. J. Murphy; “Principles and Practice of Vegetable Dehydration,” by Mr. W. J. Murphy “Chemistry in Industrial Fuel Control,” by Mr. J. Banks “Applications of Polarography to Metallurgical Analysis,” by Mr. G. W. C. Milner; Visit to the coke-oven plant and large blast furnaces of the Appleby-Frodingham Steel Co. Ltd. followed by a lecture on “Refractories,” by Mr. A. T. Green O.B.E.; “British Anti-Lewisite,” by Dr. L. A. Stocken; “Principles of Polarography” and “Applications of Polarographic Analysis ” by Professor J . Heyrovsky; “Chemistry in the Metallurgical Industries,” by Dr. C. H. Desch F.R.S. SOUTH WALES SECTION “Some.Chemical Aspects of Recent Work on Atomic Fission,” by Dr. H. J. Emeldus F.R.S. ; “Protection against Industrial Poisons,,’,’ by Mr. S. H. Wilkes M.C.; “The Separation of Isotopes and Thermal Diffusion by Professor J. Kendall F.R.S.; “Technics of Tins,” by Dr. R. T. Colgate; “Some Problems of the Metallic State,” by Professor Sir Lawrence Bragg F.R.S. ; “Microchemical Methods,” by Dr. L. Ellis; “Technology and its Relation to Labour and Management in Modern Industry,” discussion opened by Mr. R. 0. Bishop M.B.E.; “emolytic Reactions,” by Professor D. H. Hey; “The Inorganic Constituents of Coal by Dr. H. E. Crossley; “Research on Building and its Materials,” by Dr. F. Mi Lea O.B.E. ; “Nickel Refining and Subsidiary Operations as Practised at Clydach by Dr.S. C. Townshend and Ah-. De W. H. West. TEES-SIDE SECTION “Liquid Crystals,” by Dr. G. 31. Bennett; “Electron Micro- scopy,” by Mr. 73. s.Cooper; “Science at the Ministry of Food during the War,” by Sir Jack Drummond F.R.S. ; “Some Applications of Partition Coefficients to Analytical Chemistry,’’ by Dr. H. 31. Irving; “Changing Relations of Science and Industry,” by Dr. &I. P. Applebey; “The Chemistry of Alloy Structures,” by Dr. W. Hume-Rothery, F.R.S. CAPEOF GOOD HOPE SECTION “The Concept of Atomic Size,” by Dr. A. H. Spong; “Chemistry applied to Crime Detection,” by Dr. P. E. A. Kamerman; “The Use of Additives in Petroleum Fuels and Lubricants,” by Mr. W. P. Hirst; “The Constitution of Some Molecular Compounds,” by Dr.D. H. Saunders; “Some Recent Advances in Agriculture,” by air. 2. Deenik. INDIA (Indian Science Congress). SECTION NEW ZEALANDSECTION: Annual Conference of the Section and the New ZeaIand Institute of Chemistry “The Application of Scientific Principles to Practical Farming in New Zealand,” by Dr. H. E. Annett; “The Scope of Science in the Dominion,” by Dr. J. C. Andrews. PUBLICATIONS AND LIBRARIES The Journal and Proceedings was published in six parts during 1946 and the following lectures and monographs have been published separately “Soil Metabolism,” by Dr. J. H. Quastel F.R.S. ; “Microchemistry and its Applications,” by Mr. Ronald Belcher ; “Water and Public Health ” (28th Streatfeild Memorial Lecture) by Mr. W. Gordon Carey; “A New Notation for Organic Chemistry and its Application to Library and Indexing Problems,” by Dr.G. Malcolm Dyson. Reference is made above to the publication during the year of the “Directory of Independent Consultants in Chemistry and Related Subjects. ” Permission was given to the Chemical Publishing Co. Inc. for the publication in the United States of a special edition of “What Industry Owes to Chemical Science.” The Benevolent Fund of the Institute will benefit from sales of this American edition as well as from those of the third English edition issued in 1945. The Library of the Institute has been largely reorganised in accordance with the recommendations of the Publications and Library Committee and a list of periodicals to be retained permanently in the Library was published in JOVRNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1946 VI 279.[ 601 Fellows Associates and Registered Students have continued to make use of the facilities afforded under the Chemical Council’s scheme by the Library of the Chemical Society. Facilities provided by tho Science Library of the Science Museum South Kensington ha\-e also been appreciated. OTHER EDUCATIONAL AND SCIENTIFIC MATTERS Following consultations with the Ministry of Education referred to in the previous Report arrangements were made during the year for an agreed reorganisation of the scheme for National Certificates in Chemistry whereby provision will now be made for two types of certificate one in Chemistry and the other in Applied Chemistry. The rules will be such as to meet the expressed wishes of the Institute and further consideration will be given to the extent to which this new National Certificate in Chemistry may be recognised as a step towards the Associateship of the Institute.The Council records its satisfaction that this important question has thus been settled in a way which meets the wishes of both the Ministry and the Institute. In pursuance of the previously reported decision of the Council to promote the organisation under the auspices of the Institute of various types of Scientific Courses-post-graduate courses refresher courses-at suitable times and places a beginning was made during the year with courses on “Oils and Fats” and “Spectroscopy” at the University of Liverpool. De-tailed arrangements for these courses were made through the Liverpool and North-Western Section and the Council has expressed its gratitude to the Hon.Secretary of the Section and to Professor Hilditch Professor Morton and members of their staffs in the University of Liverpool who with others were concerned in giving the lectures and accompanying demonstrations. Attendance at these two courses was up to the limit of accommodation; members and visitors came from various parts of the country to participate. The enthusiasm with which the courses were received has confirmed the opinion of the Council as to the desirability of extending such facilities in the future. To this end a special fund has been inaugurated and will be avail- able for helping to finance scientific conferences and symposia as well as post-graduate and refresher courses.Towards the end of the year steps were being taken to arrange in conjunction with the Scottish Sections of the Institute a Symposium on “Coal Petroleum and their Newer Derivatives,” to be held under the auspices of the Institute at St. Andrews in 1947. A programme of other activities was under consideration. During the year the Council expressed its gratitude to Dr. David Spence for his generosity in endowing a new series of memorial lectures as a tribute to the late Professor G. G. Henderson a former President of the Institute (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1946 V 217). Arrangements were made for the First Henderson Memorial Lecture to be given by Professor Sir Ian Heilbron early in 1947.The grateful thanks of the Council were also expressed to the donors of the Gluckstein Memorial Fund for a substantial additional donation to the Fund. It was agreed that the series of Gluckstein Memorial Lectures interrupted by the war should be resumed in 1947. Consideration has been given to the application of the Fund derived from the bequest of Sir Alexander Pedler. It was concluded that in present circumstances the Fund might be used in relation to the terms of the bequest more appropriately than by the provision of scholarships. It was decided that the title of the Fund should be altered to the Sir Alexander Pedler Fund and that the income might be used in whole or in part for financing the publication of special lectures and monographs including lectures given as 11 61 1 parts of scientific courses as the Council might from time to time decide.It was agreed that in 1946the publication of Dr. Dyson’s lecture on “A New Notation for Organic Chemistry and its Application to Library and Indexing Problems” should be financed from the Fund. This lecture which was the first to be delivered under the joint auspices of the three Chartered Chemical Bodies and the Bureau of Abstracts is regarded as an outstanding contri- bution to the advancement of chemical science. With the help of the Sir Alexander Pedler Fund the Institute was enabled to provide copies of the lecture free of charge to members of the participating bodies as well as to its own members and registered students.Copies have been distributed also in the United States and the British Dominions where great interest is being taken in the use of Dr. Dyson’s System of Notation for indexing and library purposes. It was decided to resume in 19/17 the award of the Meldola Medal which had been in abeyance since 1941 and in consultation with the Society of Maccabaeans the rules governing this award were revised (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1946 V 245). The 1945 competition for the Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize resulted in the award being made in 1946 to Miss Freda Burton Registered Stctdent. Towards the end of the year a suggestion was received from the Institution of Water Engineers that a Joint Committee should be set up to secure the standardisation of methods of chemical analysis of potable waters.This suggestion was welcomed and a Joint Committee consisting of representatives of the two institutions and of the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists was established. EXTERNAL RELATIONS AND PUBLICITY The cordial relations of the Institute with the Chemical Society the Society of Chemical Industry the Faraday Society and the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists have been maintained through the Chemical Council and those with the Institute of Physics and the Institution of Metallurgists through the Joint Council of Profes- sional Scientists. The decision of the Chemical Society to hold its deferred Centenary Celebrations in 1947 has been generally welcomed and reference to this important event and to the forthcoming International Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry in London has been made in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1946 J71,287 where mention is also made of a number of other important scientific events due to take place in 1947.Representatives of the Institute on the Parliamentary and Scientific Commit tee have continued to take an active part in the work of this body and several matters of importance to the Institute and to its members have been brought to the notice of the appropriate authorities through the Committee. It was with particular satisfaction that the Council adopted a suggestion of the Australian Chemical Institute that a meeting should be arranged in London in the summer of 1946 between thc officers of the Royal Institute of Chemistry and representatives of the four chemical institutesin the Dominions who were attending the Empire Scientific Conference.The interchange of views with these sister institutes in the Dominions has opened up the prospect of closer co-operation on matters of common interest in the future (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1946 IV 179). [ 62 3 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEAR 1946 REPORT OF THE AUDITORS We have examined the Balance Sheet at 31 December 1946,of the Royal Institute of Chemistry also the Statements of Accounts for the year ended 31 December 1946 with the books and vouchers. The values of the Lease and Premises of the Institute Furniture Library Apparatus and subscriptions in arrear are not included in the Balance Sheet.Cash balances with Local Sections have been certified by their Honorary Secretaries or Treasurers. Subject to these remarks we have obtained all the information and explanations we have required and in our opinion the Balance Sheet and Statements of Accounts are properly drawn up and are in accordance with the entries in the books. We certify that we have received from the Bank of England and the Westminster Bank Ltd. certificates that they hold on behalf of the Institute the Investments shown on the Statements of Investments. J. Y. FINLAY,PEARSON & Co. Chartered Accountants; C. L. CLAREMONT E. Q. LAWS )Hon. Auditors 1946-47. 17th March 1947. GENERAL INCOME AND EXPENDITURE ACCOUNT FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 1946 1946 EXPENDITURE 1946 1945 INCOME 1946 € P.d. E s. cl. L 5. d. f 5. d. s. d. L s. d. t; s. d. s. d. s. d. f s. d. PREMISES-. SUBSCRIPTIONS-300 0 0 Rent 300 0 IJ 5,238 14 0 Fellows . . .. . . . . . . .. 5,902 0 0 553 15 10 Rates and Schedule “A”T& 533 0 3 9,360 18 3 Associates .. .. . . .. . . . . . . .. 9,920 12 8 136 1 8 Insurance 70 0 8 578 15 0 Students . . .. .. .. . . . . .. 702 0 0 307 0 1 Repairs and‘Mainte&m .... 299 1 0 15,178 7 3 -16,624 12 8 AND INTEREST 274 4 0 Light Water Power and Fuel . . 372 1 4 1,755 14 6 D~VIDENDS (Gross) . . .. .. . . 1,904 6 1 453 8 1 EXAMINATIONS ACCOUNT AND ASSESSMENTS (Surplus 1945). . --1,571 1 7 1,574 3 3 MISCELLANEOUS-Less Transfers to Special Accounts- Laboratory Rent .. .. .. .. . . .. 300 0 0 189 0 0 ExaminationsAccount(12%) 189 0 0 Fees Forfeited . . . . . . .. . . . . 440 189 0 0 LocalSectionsAccount(12%) 189 0 0 Sale of Apparatus 206 5 0 142 Publications Account (9%) 142 0 0 value) 209 15 1 0 0 214 0 1 *Australia and New Z&land Accounts (Ste&g 19 7 8 Sundry Receipts ...* Appointments Register Ac-. . . . . . .. . . . . 25 11 5 79 0 0 599 0 0 -count (5%).. .. .. 79 0 0 -599 0 0 972 1 7 -975 3 3 STAFF-7,016 1 2 Salaries .. .. . . 7,241 0 0 398 0 0 Superannuation .. .. 317 16 10 662 10 0 Pensions .. .. . . 782 10 0 7,975 11 2 8,341 6 10 Less Transfers to Special Accounts 957 0 0 Examinations Account (12y ) .. 1,009 00 957 0 0 LocalSectionsAccount (124) . . 1,009 00 718 0 0 Publications Account (go/ ) 756 00 Appointments Register oAccou2 4,944 11 2 3,031 0 0 -399 0 0 (5%) .... .. .. 420 00 3.194 0 0 5,147 6 10 OPPXCE-14 3 0 Renewals of Equipment .. . . 252 16 0 4640 Telephone -52 11 i 581 12 7 printing and’Statio&-y : 412 18 9 40212 7 Postage .. .. .. .. 455 18 10 78 7 7 MismUaneousExpenses .. .. 66 15 5 ~ 1,122 19 9 -1,241 0 1 LIBRARY-734 15 0 Contribution to Chemical Society .. 701 15 6 749 3 0 -SundryExpenses .. .. .. 23 16 6 14 8 0 725 12 0 EXAMINATIONS AND ASSESSMENTS * See page 70. ACCOUNT (Deficit 1946) . . 202 11 7 2,426 7 1 LOCAL ACCOUNT SECTIONS (Deficit) .. 2,982 16 0 ACCOUNT 2,591 13 9 PUBLICATIONS (Deficit) .. 2,714 5 2 APPOINTMENTS REGISTER ACCOUNT 587 2 11 (Deficit) .... . . .. 508 15 7 MISCELLANEOUS-Council and Committee Travelling 873 3 5 Expenses 8 310 Officers’ Tra&lling Expen& 1,009 7 11 36 11 11 29 16 0 Advertising .. .. . . .. 28 5 0 52 10 0 Auditors’ Honorarium .. . . 78 15 0 52 10 0 LegalExpenses . . . .. 324 0 0 64 11 G Donations 93 19 a --PresidentialExpe&s : : 200 0 0 213 17 1 Conjoint ChemicalOffice .. . . 190 15 8 --Frankland Award .. . . . 10 10 0 626 11 6 IncomeTax . . . . . . 619 9 4 ~ 1,921 3 4 -2,591 14 4 APPROPRIATIONS TO RESERVES-500 0 0 Superannuation Reserve . . .. 1,000 0 0 1,m 0 0 Intermittent Publications Reserve 1,000 0 0 BALANCE,Excess of Income over 813 2 0 Expenditure . . .. .. 85 9 5 €17,628 4 7 k19,174 14 3 €17,628 4 7 l19,17J I4 3 t SPECIAL ACCOUNTS for the year ended 31 December 1946 Examinations and Assessments Account.L s. d. ;tl s. d. f s. d. & s. d. 1,621 10 3 Examiners' Honoraria . . .. 1,605 7 10 Examination and Assessment Fees I. Hire of Laboratories and other 3,645 16 6 received . . .. .. 2,970 19 0 372 13 2 expenses . . .. .. .. 266 17 9 37 5 0 Printing and Stationery .. .. 80 10 0 15 0 0 Postage .. .. .. .. 22 15 0 957 0 0 Proportion of Staff Salaries .. 1,009 0 0 189 0 0 Proportion of Overhead Expenses 189 0 0 Surplus (1945) transferred to Gen--Deficit (1946) transferred to Gen- eral Income and Expenditure eral Income and Expenditure n 453 8 1 Account . . .. .. .. Account .. .. .. .. 202 11 7 QJ a u fj3,645 16 6 k3,173 10 7 L3,645 16 6 A[3,173 10 7 Local Sections Account.k s. d. & s. d. f s. d. s. d. 520 0 0 Section Grants .. .. 969 10 6 Balances with Local Sections at 9. 94 10 7 Secretaries' Conferences . . .. 193 3 9 31 December 1946 carried to 521 6 6 Printing and Stationery .. .. 663 10 0 --Balance Sheet .. .. .. 207 3 3 144 10 0 Postage .. .. .. .. 265 15 0 Deficit transferred to General 957 0 0 Proportion of Staff Salaries .. 1,009 0 0 2,426 7 1 Income and Expenditure Account 2,982 16 0 189 0 0 Proportion of Overhead Expenses. . 189 0 0 f2,426 7 1 L3,189 19 3 f:2,426 7. 1 ;t3,189 19 3 Publications Account. s. d. & s. d. L s. d. s. d. 854 20 8 Journal and Proceedings .. .. 1,061 10 11 53 13 8 Sale of Publications .. .. 142 14 5 561 5 2 Lectures and Monographs .... 391 4 6 369 11 7 Postage . . .. .. .. 488 3 8 -Miscellaneous .. .. 18 0 6 718 0 0 Proportion of Staff Salarie;' .. 756 0 0 Deficit transferred to General 242 0 0 Proportion of Overhead Expenses 142 0 0 2,591 13 9 Income and Expenditure Account 2,714 5 2 ,62,645 7 5 d2,856 19 7 @,645 7 5 n Q) 41 Y Appointments Register Accou n t. s. d. s. d. & s. d. s. a. 153 0 11 Advertising .. .. .. .. 60 15 1 289 6 6 Fees received .. .. .. 309 11 6 73 5 6 Printing and Stationery . . .. 75 2 0 172 3 0 Postage .. 183 10 0 399 0 0 Proportion of Staff Salarie;' .. 420 0 0 Deficit transferred to General 79 0 0 Proportion of Overhead Expenses 79 0 0 587 2 11 Income and Expenditure Account 508 15 7 ,6876 9 5 LSlS 7 1 L876 9 5 LSlS 7 1 BALANCE SHEET as at 31 December 1946 1945 LIABILITIES 1946 1945 ASSETS 1946 L s.d. jt s. d. jt s. d. f[ s. d. 703 17 3 Sundry Creditors . . .. .. 893 7 9 Balances at Bankers- 729 10 0 Income Tax Reserve .. .. 668 18 6 2,783 10 6 London .. .. .. .. 5,839 1 11 181 16 0 Subscriptions paid in advance .. 158 1 0 357 16 7 Australia and New Zealand .. 567 11 8 162 15 0 Examination Fees paid in advance 199 10 0 (Sterling value) Application Fees- --Balances with Local Sections .. 207 3 3 Retained pending further applica- Sundry Debtors-Rates etc. in 25 4 0 tion .. .. .. .. 51 8 6 1,323 12 5 advance .. .. .. .. 571 18 5 1,329 18 0 In abeyance waiting decision .. 1,338 4 6 Investments at Cost (including Scientific Courses and Conferences Accumulated Redemption Fund Fund .... .. .. 157 9 7 65,610 6 6 Premiums) .. .. .. 68,813 17 1 47,006 I 0 Investment Fund .. .. .. 48,904 7 0 --Superannuation Suspense Account 2,346 11 4 Reserve Accounts- 6,100 17 8 Intermittent Publications .. 7,100 17 8 -? 1,000 0 0 Staff Superannuation .. .. 2,000 0 0 5,000 0 0 War Contingencies . . .. 4,260 0 0 Income and Expenditure Account- 7,022 5 1 Balance at Credit 1January 1946 7,835 7 1 Excess of Income over Expendi- 813 2 0 ture for 1946 .. .. .. 85 9 5 fl70,075 6 0 &75,999 12 4 k70,075 6 0 k75,999 12 4 SCIENTIFIC COURSES AND CONFERENCES FUND k s. d. s. d. Courses in “Oils and Fats ”and “Spectroscopy” at Courses in “Oils and Fats” and “Spectroscopy” at Liverpool-Liverpool-Hire of Rooms and Accommodation .... 245 7 6 Fees received .. .. .. .. .. 574 0 0 Honoraria to Lecturers . . .. .. .. 111 6 0 Printing and Miscellaneous Expenses .. .. 59 16 11 Balance carried forward . . .. .. .. 157 9 7 J574 0 0 L574 0 0 STATEMENT OF INVESTMENTS HELD AND DIVIDENDS RECEIVED 3 I December 1946 Value HoIding. cost. 31 Dec. Interest. Tax deducted. Net. I ,t ;t; s. d. & s. d. & s. d. s. d. s. d. Great Western Railway 2+y0 Debenture Stock. . 500 384 16 3 460 0 0 12 10 0 5 18 9 ti 11 3 L.M.S. Railway 5% Redeemable Preference Stock 1955 .. .. .. .. .. 500 503 0 0 515 0 0 25 0 0 11 17 6 13 2 6 L.M.S. Railway 4% Preference Stock . . .. 2,000 1,843 15 1 1,665 0 0 80 0 0 38 0 0 42 0 0 Southern Railway 5% Redeemable Guaranteed Preference Stock 1957 .... .. 1,000 1,174 6 2 1,127 10 0 50 0 0 23 15 0 26 5 0 Commonwealth of Australia 3$% Stock 1964-74 4,000 3,985 5 7 4,480 0 0 130 0 0 61 15 0 68 5 0 New Zealand 5% Loan 1949 . . .. .. 1,000 1,141 8 0 1,090 0 0 50 0 0 22 10 0 27 10 0 Port of London Authority 34% Registered Stock 1,000 1,033 4 9 1,110 0 0 35 0 0 16 12 6 18 7 6 London County 34% Consols 1954-3.. .. 1,000 1,046 8 0 1,090 0 0 35 0 0 16 12 6 18 7 6 London County 3% Consols 1956-6 .. .. 100 100 5 6 108 10 0 300 --300 -War Loan 34% .. .. .. .. .. 13,000 13,554 16 8 14,055 0 0 455 0 0 --455 0 0 Q Conversion Loan 3+% .. .. .. .. 750 738 19 6 862 10 0 26 5 0 12 9 4 13 15 8 2 Defence Bonds 3% . . .. .. .. 1,000 1,000 0 0 1,070 0 0 30 0 0 30 0 0 War Loan 3% 1955-59 .... .. .. 500 500 0 0 542 10 0 15 0 0 6 15 0 550 National War Bonds 24% 1951-53 .. .. 8,300 8,300 0 0 8,673 10 0 207 10 0 98 11 3 108 18 9 National War Bonds 24% 1952-54 .. .. 8,500 8,500 0 0 8,840 0 0 212 10 0 100 18 9 111 11 3 Savings Bonds 374 1955-1965 .. .. 3,000 3,000 0 0 3,255 0 0 90 0 0 42 15 0 47 5 0 Savings Bonds 3y0 1960-70 .. .. 1,000 1,000 0 0 1,095 0 0 30 0 0 14 5 0 15 15 0 Metropolitan Water Board “B,” 3% Stock .. *4,000 4,022 0 3 4,080 0 0 105 0 0 49 10 0 55 10 0 Savings Bonds 3% 1965-75 . . .. .. t4,OOO 4,026 8 0 4,440 0 0 105 0 0 49 10 0 55 10 0 Savings Bonds 3% 1965-75 .. .. .. 7,000 7,000 0 0 7,770 0 0 142 7 11 65 18 11 76 9 0 National War Bonds 24% 1954-56 .. .. 2,000 2,000 0 0 2,115 0 0 45 2 8 21 6 4 23 16 4 Defence Bonds 3% .... .. .. :1,000 1,000 0 0 1,070 0 0 10 0 6 --10 0 6 Interest on Deposit .. .. .. .. --10 0 0 -_-10 0 0 i65,854 13 9 L69,514 10 0 l1,904 6 1 L659 0 10,Q,245 5 3 -Redemption Fund Policy (Accumulated Premiums) 2,959 3 4 * il,OOO purchased during 1946. 1-L1,OOO purchased during 1946. L68,813 17 1 Purchased during 1946. Subscriptions and Fees Paid in and Retained in Australia and New Zealand Receipts. Expenditure. Balances-L s. d. s. d. k s. d. On Deposit .. .. .. .. 404 9 8 Current Account .. .. .. .. 30 6 0 434 15 8 Subscriptions-Fellows .. .. .. .. .. 66 2 0 Associates . . .. .. .. .. 146 3 9 211 5 9 Application Fees . . .. .. .. 71 6 0 Deposit Interest .. .. .. 2 17 4 Grant to New Zealand Section .. 20 0 0 Expenses and Bank Charges .... 2 18 5 Balances 31.12.46-On Deposit .. .. .. . . 606 5 ‘3 Current Account . . .. .. 92 0 7 ‘697 6 4 ~-L720 4 9 L720 4 9 -___ y Sterling value k567 11s. 8d. Statement of Subscriptions and Fees Received less Outgoings Subscriptions-L s. d. & s. d. Fellows .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 66 2 0 Associates .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 146 3 0 211 5 ‘3 Application Fees .. .. .. .. .. *. 71 6 0 Deposit Interest. . .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 17 4 285 0 1 Less Grant .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 30 0 0 Bank Charges .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 18 5 22 18 5 ~ 262 10 8 Loss if converted to Sterling . . .. .. .. 52 15 7 Balance in Sterling carried to General Income and Expendi- ture Account .. .. .. .. .. .. 209 15 1 INVESTMENT FUND for the year ended 31 December 1946 & s.d. s. d. Investments at Cost held on 1 January 1946 .. 66,610 6 6 Add Investments made during 1946-k1,OOO 3% Defence Bonds .. .. .. .. 1,000 0 0 ,tl.OOO 3% Savings Bonds 1965-76 .. .. .. 1,026 8 0 L1,OOO 3% Met. Water Board “B” Stock .. .. 1,066 14 3 68,703 8 0 Redemption Fund Preiniuni .. .. .. .. 110 8 4 k68,813 17 1 Balance of Accumulated Fund 1 January 1946 .. 47,006 1 0 Funds received for Investment during year- Entrance Fees ,. .. .. .. .. .. 1,740 16 0 Life Composition Fees .. .. .. .. .. 157 10 0 1,898 6 0 48,904 7 0 Amount invested in excess of Life Composition and Entrance Fees . . .. .. .. .. .. 19,909 10 1 L68,SlS 17 1 -c701 1945 Receipts. 1946 1945 1946 k s.d. Balances- s. d. s. d. Paynients. s. d. 1,373 2 4 For current purposes 1.1.46 .. 1,265 18 7 239 15 0 Grants . . .. .. .. 154 15 0 1,500 0 0 Post Office Savings Rank Reserve 2,500 0 0 1,108 4 6 Regular payments .. .. .. 1,634 9 10 1,005 14 5 Subscriptions .. .. .. 1,111 15 0 40 0 0 Loans granted during 1946 .. 125 0 0 652 11 9 Annual Subscriptions .. .. 568 16 0 100 0 0 Donation to Reed’s School .. 100 0 0 183 17 3 Dividends and Interest .. .. 259 14 1 5 5 0 Audit fee .. .. .. .. 550 484 7 11 Income Tax recovered .. .. --21 15 7 Printing and Postage . . .. 13 17 3 81 5 0 Loans repaid .. .. .. 200 --Children’s Holiday grants .. . . 103 0 0 --Grants repaid .. .. .. 20 0 0 Balances-1,265 18 7 For current purposes 31.12.46 1,091 16 7 2,500 0 0 PostOfficeSavingsBankKeserve 2,500 0 0 ,f;5,280 18 8 i5,728 3 8 L5,ZSO 18 8 ;55,728 3 8 ~ n 1945 Receipts.1946 1945 Payments. 1946 -a c k s. a. & s. d. s. d. Invested-& s. d. U 175 8 5 Balance uninvested capital 1.1.46 552 8 10 1,600 0 0 3% Defence Bonds . . .. 500 0 0 489 6 9 Donations .. .. .. . . 537 14 10 558 8 10 Balance uninvested capital 31.1246 790 3 8 382 6 6 Bequests .. .. .. .. 200 0 0 1,100 0 0 Investments sold .. .. .. -__ 5 7 2 Capital appreciation on Stocks sold -_-,f;2,152 8 10 i1,290 3 8 f;2,152 8 10 L1,290 3 8 ___~ 1945 1946 1945 1946 s. d. A s. d. s. d. Investments at Cost-s. d. Capital account accumulated bal- 11,517 1 4 Capital Account .. .. .. 12,017 14 12,069 10 2 ance .. .. .. .. 12,807 5 0 2,500 0 0 Current Account .... .. 2,500 0 0 2,500 0 0 Current Account Reserve .. .. 2,500 0 0 Balances at Banks- 1,265 18 7 Current Account Balance at 31.15.46 1,091 16 7 85 17 2 PostOfficeSavingsBank(1nterest) 85 17 2 --Sundry Creditors .. .. .. 436 532 10 3 Current Account .. .. .. 544 12 4 1,200 0 0 Deposit Account .. .. .. 1,200 0 0 I-Sundry Debtors .. .. .. 65 13 3 L15,835 8 9 L16,403 41 i15,835 S 9 L16,403 41 -__I- BENEVOLENT FUND Investments held and Dividends Received 3 I December 1946 Holding. cost. Value. Interest. Tax deducted. Net. A L s. d. L s. d. ii s. d. s. d. is. d. Consols 4% . . .. .. .. .. 1,000 1,077 13 0 1,165 0 0 40 00 1900 21 0 0 War Loan 34% .. .. .. .. 1,200 1,296 3 0 1,299 0 0 42 00 --42 0 0 Port of London Authority 34% Registered Stock 500 516 17 11 555 0 0 17 100 863 939 Commonwealth of Australia 3f% 1964-74 .. 400 398 10 7 448 0 0 13 00 636 6 16 6 New Zealand Loan 6% .. .. .. 500 570 14 6 545 0 0 25 00 1150 13 15 0 National War Bonds 24% 1945-47 . . .. 500 *[500 0 01 --6 50 326 326 National War Bonds 24% 1951-53 . . .. 4,250 4,250 0 0 4,441 5 0 106 50 --106 5 0 National War Bonds 24% 1952-54 . . .. 200 200 0 0 209 0 0 5 00 --500 Conversion Stock 34% . . .. .. .. 500 501 19 6 575 0 0 17 100 863 939 Corporation of London Debentures 3% 1957 240 238 1 0 258 0 0 7 40 384 3 15 8 London Electric Transport Finance Corporation 24% Debenture Stock 1950-55 . . .. 275 267 1 10 278 0 0 6178 356 3 12 2 Savings Bonds 3% 1965-75 . . .. .. 1,100 1,100 0 0 1,221 0 0 2276 1073 12 0 3 Post Office Savings Bank (Capital Account) .. 600 600 0 0 600 0 0 --Post Office Savings Bank (Current Account) . . 2,500 2,500 0 0 2,500 0 0 _-_---Defence Bonds 3% . . .. .. .. 1,000 f1,OOO 0 0 1,070 0 0 17196 --17 19 6 Interest on Deposit Account .. .. .. --600 --6 0 0 L14,517 1 4 A15,164 5 0 L332 18 8 A73 4 7 i269 14 1 * Sold “ex div.,” December 1945. t is00 purchased during 1946. d. 4 s. d. L5 so do L2 si d6 ;2L2 SIR ALEXANDER PEDLER FUND Revenue Account for the year ended 31 December 1946 L s. d. & s. d. Balance of Fund 1January 1946 . . .. . . 498 10 7 Publication of Lecture by Dr. Dyson .. .. 270 15 0 Interest on Investments .. .. .. .. 168 3 10 Balance 31 December 1946 . . .. .. 395 19 5 L666 14 5 L666 14 5 Balance Sheet as at 31 December 1946 & s.d. L s. d. Accumulated Balance of Fund .. .. .. 7,055 0 2 Investments at Cost .. .. .. .. 6,659 0 9 Sundry Creditors .. .. .. *. -. 274 3 9 Sundry Debtors .. .. .. .. .. 2 18 9 Cash at Bankers . . .. .. .. .. 667 4 5 L7,329 3 11 L7,329 3 11 t-( -3 w U Statement of Investments held and dividends received 3 I December 1946. Holding Cost Value Interest Tax deducted Net d6 s. Port of London Author-ky 3h% Registered Stock,’ 1965-75 Southern Railway 5% Redeemable Guaranteed Preference Great Western Railway 5% Consolidated Preference Stock 100 64 0 0 153 10 0 War Loan 34% 1710 0 8 6 3 9 3 9 2,600 2,808 6 0 2,881 0 0 9100 --91 0 0 600 516 17 11 555 0 0 Stock 1957 .. .. .. .. .. .. 500 587 4 10 563 15 0 25 0 0 11 17 6 13 2 6 New Zealand Loan 5y0 1949 .. .. .. .. 500 570 14 6 545 0 0 25 0 0 11 5 0 13 15 0 Consols 4% .. .. .. .. .. .. 300 323 1 0 349 10 0 12 0 0 514 0 6 6 0 London Electric Transport Finance Corpora tion 24% Debenture Stock 1950-55 .. .. .. .. 525 508 16 6 530 5 0 1324 646 61710 Nat. War Bonds 2+% 1951-53 .. .. .. .. 500 500 0 0 522 10 0 12100 --12 10 0 Nat. War Bonds 24% 1951-53 . . .. .. .. 500 500 0 0 522 10 0 12 10 0 5 18 9 6 11 3 Nat. War Bonds 24% 1952-54 .. .. .. .. 250 250 0 0 260 10 0 650 --650 &6,659 0 9&6,853 10 0 L219 17 4 k51 13 6 kl68 3 10 STREATFEILD MEMORIAL FUND 31 December 1946 4200 34% War Loan. Value f1216 5s. Od. 4 s. d. s. d. Balance 1 January 1946.. 97 17 8 Balance on Deposit 31 Dividends and Interest ..7 0 0 December 1946 . . .. 104 17 8 A104 17 8 &lo4 17 8 MELDOLA FUND 31 December 1946 f175 Commonwealth of Australia 3)%Stock. VaIue k84. & s. d. k s. d. Balance 1January 1946. . 10 14 3 Balance on Deposit 31 Dividends and Interest . . 1 5 8 December 1946 .. .. 15 4 11 Tax Recovered . . .. 350 jJ5 4 11 f115 4 11 J. M. GLUCKSTEIN MEMORIAL LECTURE FUND 31 December 1946 L240 3&% Conversion Loan. Value &276 0s. Od. & s. d. f; s. d. Balance 1 January 1946.. 37 18 8 Balance on Deposit 31 Further Donation from the December 1946 . . .. 342 6 11 Founders .. .. . . 300 0 0 Dividends and Interest . .. 4 8 3 k342 6 11 A342 6 11 I HENDERSON MEMORIAL LECTURE FUND 31 December 1946 s.d. & s. d. Endowment by Dr. David Balance on Deposit 31 Spence .. .. .. 1,625 0 0 December 1946 .. 1,625 0 0 1 41,625 0 0 k1,625 0 0 PROCEEDINGS OF THE COUNCIL Council Meeting 21 February 1947.-On a Report of the Anniversary Luncheon Committee the time-table of events on 18 April was approved and it was also agreed that the Annual General Meeting should be held at 5.15 p.m. (see p. 88). A notice of motion forwarded by Mr. C. G. Gray Associate and Mr. J. S. Jackson Fellow for submission to the Annual General Meeting was reported. The Council approved the terms of a resolution to be submitted in its own name for amending the maximum sum that may be appropriated in any one year from Institute funds towards the maintenance of a Superannuation and Pensions Scheme for members of the staff.On a report that all the present officers were eligible for re-election to the new Council it was resolved that the following be re-nominated Mr. G. Roche Lynch as President; Mr. A. L. Bacharach Professor H. V. A. Briscoe Dr. William Cullen Mr. G. Elliot Dodds Professor A. Findlay and Mr. A. J. Prince as Vice-presidents; Dr. D. W. Kent- Jones as Honorary Treasurer. Nominations of the following for election as General Members of Council under By-Law 26 were received Mr. J. H. Bennitt Dr. N. Booth Mr. G. J. Denbigh Mr. L. G. S. Hebbs Professor L. Hunter Dr. S. H. Jenkins Mr. H. Silman Dr. H. C. Smith Mr. H. Weatherall and Mr. P. N. Williams. The following were re-nominated for election as General Members of Council Professor F.Challenger Professor J. W. Cook Dr. C. J. T. Cronshaw Dr. J. 0. Cutter Mr. M. B. Donald Professor H. J. Emelhus Mr. A. T. Green Dr. H. H. Hodgson Dr. J. G. King Professor G. F. Marrian Mr. J. A. Oriel Mr. E. T. Osborne Dr. G. L. Riddell Dr. E. K. Rideal Dr. F. Roffey Dr. J. L. Simonsen Mr. R. W. Sutton Professor A. R. Todd and Dr. E. Vanstone. Ballot having been taken the following were also nominated for election as General Members of Council Dr. W. Idris Jones Professor W. H. Linnell Dr. R. P. Linstead Miss Mamie Olliver Mrs. S. M. L. Tritton. The following nominations were made in connection with the election of four Censors Mr. Lewis Eynon Professor A. Findlag Professor Sir Ian Heilbron Professor Hans Krall and Dr.Harold Moore. Preliminary consideration was given to the appointment of Scrutineers for the ballot and it was agreed that at least four Scrutineers be appointed at the next meeting of the Council. The Report of the Finance and House Committee (17 February) which was received and adopted referred infer alia to preliminary consideration of the Accounts and Balance Sheet for 1946; Local Section matters; staff matters; sundry routine business. On the recommendation of the Committee the Council appointed Mr. L. W. Raymond I.S.O. Associate to the temporary post of Deputy Execu- tive Officer to the Institute for the period of twelve months from I March, 1947,in the first instance. His function would be to relieve the Secretary and the Registrar of certain duties and to deputise for them in appropriate matters during their absence or engagement in other business.The Council also adopted the Report of the Benevolent Fund Committee (17 February) dealing with current cases and further consideration of questions concerned with the provision of homes for old people. The Report of the Nominations Examinations and Institutions Com-mittee (17 January) was received and adopted and the candidates I751 recommended for election or re-election to the Associateship or to the Fellowship were duly elected to their respective grades. The Council also adopted a further Report of the Committee (21 February) based on the Report of the Board of Examiners and candidates whose names were recorded in the Pass List were duly elected as Associates.On a resolution forwarded by the Committee of the London and South- Eastern Counties Section it was agreed to make representations to the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers regarding the present difficulty in the supply of laboratory chemicals so that the matter might be taken up if necessary with the Ministry of Supply. The Association of British Chemical Manufacturers had agreed to participate in a further conference with representatives of the Institute and of the Standing Committee of Directors of Research Associations for review- ing the document “Suggested Clauses for Incorporation in Contracts of Service for Chemists” (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1945,11 82) in the light of criticisms received from Local Sections (cf.JOURNAL AND PROCEED-INGS,1946,IV 177). It was agreed that the conference be convened at an early date. The Chairman of the Appointments and Economic Status Committee reported than for some time discussions had been going forward betweenthe Ministry of Supply and the Institute regarding the proposed regrading of a number of chemists employed in that Ministry. The Ministry set up an Appeal Board which included a number of highly competent chemists and the Board had considered appeals submitted to it by staff against their re-grading from the old-style Scientific Officer class to the Experimental Officer class. The result of the Appeal Board’s findings had not yet been announced but where appeals against re-grading were disallowed the Ministry had been pressed to re-examine the possibility of the staff in question being allowed to retain their old-style Scientific Officer grading (cf.p. 56). A suggestion by a member that consideration be given to the authorisa- tion of academic dress for Fellows and Associates was deferred for reference to the new Council. The Report of the Publications and Library Committee (13 February) dealing mainly with the preparation of JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1947 Part I,was adopted. The Council received the Report of the Joint Committee of the Institute and the Ministry of Education (11 February) and agreed to accept the revised “Rules 100” and “Notes for Guidance.” Consideration of the extent to which National Certificates in Chemistry could be further recognised as leading to the A.R.I.C.was referred to the Special Committee of the Institute on National Certificates. Three resolutions were received from the Committee of the London and South-Eastern Counties Section in connection with the promotion of the interests of students. The first advocating the institution of a prize was referred to the Special Purposes Committee; the other two relating to improvement in the value of the Institute’s monographs and to the publica- tion of Examination Papers and Reports were referred to the Publications and Library Committee. The thanks of the Chemical Society had been accorded to the Institute for having made available free of charge copies of Dr. Dyson’s lecture for distribution to their Fellows.On a report that informal discussions were proceeding as to the possible [ 761 establishment of a Chemical-Biological Centre in this country on the lines of that now in operation in the U.S.A. it was agreed that Professor D. H. Hey be asked to represent the Institute in further conversations on the subject. Minutes of a meeting of the Chemical Council held on 13November 1946 and an abstract of Minutes of a meeting held on 15 January 1947 were received (see JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1947 I 10). Correspondence with the Chemical Council on the possibilities of a Science Centre being established in London was discussed in relation to the desirability of securing some form of “Chemistry House” for the accommodation of chemical bodies in London.Following preliminary discussion the matter was referred to the Special Puposes Committee. It was reported that at a Conference held under the auspices of the Royal Society of Arts on 6 February general agreement had been expressed as to the desirability of an International Exhibition being held in London as soon as possible but that there were serious doubts as to whether this would be practicable by 1951. Mr. W. F. Bennett had accepted the Council’s invitation to represent the Institute on British Standards Institution Technical Committee CIS- Scientific Glassware and Laboratory Ware. The resignation of Dr. H. G. Colman as representative of the Institute on the British National Committee of the World Power Conference was accepted with regret and the thanks of the Council were ordered to be conveyed to Dr.Colman for his valuable services in this capacity over a number of years. The Council received from Dr. William Cullen a summary of a report on his recent visit to South Africa. Further consideration of matters arising from this report was deferred to the next meeting. Leave of absence was granted to Dr. Kent- Jones in view of his impending journey to Australia and Professor Findlay agreed to act as Treasurer in his absence. Dr. Kent- Jones undertook to convey greetings to members of the Institi11e in Australia and to the Australian Chemical Institute. Journal and Proceedings 1947.-Owing to the fuel crisis it has been necessary to hold over several items that would otherwise have been included in this Part of the JOURNAL including additional Lecture Summaries “The Register,” Obituary Notices “Books and their Contents,” “General Notices” and the list of Publications of the Institute.Also it has been necessary to defer publication of the second article in the series “The Organisation of Other Professions” which will deal with “The Legal Pro- fession.” The Second Dalton Lecture entitled “Counting Calories” by Sir Jack Drummond F.R.S.,is in proof and will be distributed with Part I11 ofthe JOURNAL in June. r 77 3 ACTIVITIES OF LOCAL SECTIONS Bristol and South-Western Counties.-A meeting was held jointly with the Chemical Society and the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry in the Chemistry Department University of Bristol on 20 February.Dr. E. B. Maxted Chairman of the Bristol Section of the Society of Chemical Industry presided and introduced Dr. C. H. Lander C.B.E. who gave a short address on “Fuel and Industry.” Following this a sound film entitled “Steam” was exhibited. A vote of thanks to the lecturer was proposed by the Chairman. Dublin and District.-A meeting of the Section was held in the Physics Theatre Trinity College Dublin on 5 March. Dr. A. G. G. Leonard was in the Chair and the attendance numbered 130. The Chairman introduced Dr. G. Roche Lynch and welcomed him heartily on this the first visit of a President of the Institute to the Dublin Section. The President then gave a most interesting address on his Medico-legal Experiences for which a hearty vote of thanks was moved by Mr.B. G. Fagan City Analyst seconded by Professor T. S. Wheeler and supported by Dr. J. McGrath State Pathologist. The meeting carried the vote with acclamation. On Thursday 6 March the members of the Section entertained the President and Miss Roche Lynch at a dinner held in the Shelbourne Hotel in the course of which toasts of “The President” and “The Guests” were honoured. Miss Beryl Fagan and Mr. T. W. Breaden contributed songs and members of Mr. Brendan Smith’s company presented dramatic sketches which added to the enjoyment of those attending the function. During the course of his visit to Dublin Dr. Koche Lynch accompanied by Dr. II. G. G. Leonard was received by the President of Eire Mr.S. T. O’Kelly and accom- panied by Mr. H. D. Thornton called on An Taoiseach Mr. De Valera. Glasgow and West of Scotland.-At a meeting of the Section held in the Institution of Shipbuilders and Engineers Glasgow on 7 February and presided over by Mr. J. W. Hawley (Dumfries) there was delivered the third Tatlock Memorial Lecture by Dr. J. R. Nicholls of the Government Laboratory London. The lecturer confined to an analytical subject chose “Alcohol and its Determina’tion” and gave a most detailed and authoritative discourse on this theme. The address was followed by lively discussion in which Messrs. Thomas Cockburn A. R.Jamieson J. B. Mackean and the chairman took part. An enthusiastic vote of thanks was accorded on the motion of Professor F. S. Spring.Hull and District.-Mr. B. Pawson was elected to the Committee in place of Mr. 14‘. Hartley who has left the district. Mr. N. L. Holmes was nominated to represent the Section on the Yorkshire Council for Further Education. Mr. T. E. H. O’Brien was elected Honorary Auditor of the Section. Dr. A. L. Stubbs of the School of Biochemistry University of Liverpool gave a lecture entitled “Spectrographic Analysis” at the meeting at University College on 10 January. The visitors included Mr. Stott and others from British Cod Liver Oils (Hull and Grimsby) Ltd. A vote of thanks to the lecturer was proposed by Mr. Balmforth and seconded by Mr. McGrath. At the meeting on 12 February Dr. J. W. Baker Senior Lecturer and Honorary Reader in Organic Chemistry in the University of Leeds gave a paper on “The Theory of Resonance and its Importance in the Reactions of Organic Chemistry.” By special arrangement advanced students of the University College and the Technical College attended this lecture Mr.I<. Sacldilt!;ton proposed and Mr. S. Sharp seconded the vote of thanks to the lecturer. Leeds Area.-A meeting of the Section was held at the University of Leeds on 10 February. In the absence of Mr. G. J. Denbigh through indisposition the chair was taken by Professor F. Challenger Dr. G. M. Bennett Government Chemist gave a lecture on “Nitration in Sulphuric Acid Solution” (for summary see p. 84) which was greatly appreciated by those who had braved very bad weather conditions to attend. A keen discussion followed and a vote of thanks to the lecturer was moved by Mr.Trefor Davies. London and South-Eastern Counties.-Exhibitions of the three scientific films “Approach to Science,” “Kelvin Master of Measurement,” and “Distillation,” were held at centres in and near London. The first was at Acton Technical College on 25 November 1946 when an audience of 71 members students and visitors was welcomed by Mr. MciZdam the Principal of the College. The chair was taken by Mr. Freeland who explained the objects of the Section [ 78 1 Committee in arranging these meetings outside the centre of 1,ondon. hlr. W. J. Mansell spoke of the interest of the Institute in its Students and offered to give any further information to those interested. A vote of thanks to Mr.McAdam to Dr. Williams the Head of the Chemistry Department to the College Authorities and to the operators was proposed by Mr. T. McLachlan. The second exhibition was held at the Isleworth County School on 26 November when the audience numbered 83. Mr. D. T. R. Hollis Head of the Chemistry Depart- ment welcomed the gathering in the unavoidable absence of Mr. Brierley the Head- master. Mr. Stanley Stevens then took the chair explained the objects of the meeting and introduced the films -4vote of thanks to the Headmaster to Mr. Hollis to the school authorities and to the operators was proposed by Mr. T. McLachlan. The third of these meetings was held at the South-West Essex Technical College on 28 November 1946. Dr. J. G. A. Griffiths was in the chair and 50 members students and visitors were present.Dr. H. Lowery Principal of the College welcomed the audience. A vote of thanks to Dr. Lowery and Mr. Jukes Head of the Chemistry Department was proposed by Dr. E. A. Rudge. On 15 January a meeting was held in the Lecture Hall of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine under the chairmanship of Dr. J. G. A. Griffiths. Dr. A. C. Monkhouse addressed an audience of 84 members and visitors on “Recent Advances in Atmospheric Pollution Research,” at the end of which there was an interesting discussion. Mr. C. J. Regan proposed and Mr. TV A. Damon seconded a vote of thanks to Dr. Monkhouse. At a meeting on 19 January in the Lecture Theatre of the Royal Institution Dr. J. G. A. Griffiths occupied the chair and Dr.G. M. Lees M.C. D.F.C. gave a lecture on “British Oilfields and Oil Exploration,” which was followed by an interesting discussion. A vote of thanks to the lecturer was proposed by Dr. C. W. Herd and the thanks of the Section were accorded by the Chairman to the Managers of the Royal Institution for the loan of the Lecture Theatre. At a meeting held at Norwood Technical Institute on 17 February the chair was taken by Mr. S. G. E. Stevens Vice-chairman of the Section when the following films were shown :“The Origin and Synthesis of Plastics,” “Give us this Day-The Story of Bread,” and “The Division of Cells by Phase-contrast Microscopy.” A vote of thanks to the Section was proposed by Mr. J. T. Stock and acknowledged by the Honorary Secretary who also thanked the Principal staff and students of the Technical Institute the members of the Films Sub-committee and those visitors who had come in spite of the depressing weather and heating and lighting conditions.A meeting of the Section was held at Brighton Technical College on Saturday, 22 February 77 members and visit.ors being present. Dr. J. G. A. Griffiths Chairman was in the chair. The meeting opened with the showing of the following films :“The Origin and Synthesis of Plastics Materials,’’ ‘The Division of Cells !by Phase-contrast Microscopy,’’ and “Glimpses of Soviet Science. A discussion on the organisation of local chemists followed and many members students and visitors contributed. As a result an interim local committee was appointed consisting of Dr.F. H. Harris Mr. I?. Major and a student to be elected by registered students of the Institute with power to co-opt and to act in conjunction with the Committee of the London and South-Eastern Counties Section. Dr. G. E. Watts Principal of the College thanked the Chairman and the Committee of the Section for coming to Brighton and for their sympathy and interest and the thanks of the Chairman and other members of the Committee were accorded to Dr. Watts and Dr. F. R. Harris for the trouble they had taken in organising the meeting for the use of the College and for their excellent hospitality before the meeting opened. Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 12 February at King’s College Newcastle upon Tyne under the chairmanship of Dr.W. S. Patterson. The Annual Reports of the Committee and Honorary Treasurer were received and adopted and Dr. J. Gibson and Mr. W. Lawson were re-elected Hon. Auditors. The resignation of the Hon. Treasurer Dr. W. Madgin, was received with regret Mr. W. Marsden was unanimously elected in his place. Dr. J. 0. Harris was elected Hon. Secretary and Dr. P. L. Robinson Dr. W. Madgin Mr. H. E.Blayden and Mr. C. T.Morley-Smith were elected to vacancies on the Committee which is constituted as follows for 1947-48:-Chairman Dr. W. S. Patterson; Hon. Treasurer Mr. W. Marsden; Hon. Secretary Dr. J. 0. Harris; Members of Committee Dr. J. H. Jones (co-opted for one year) Dr. F. R. Williams (ex-ofiicio,District Member of Council) Professor H.L. Riley Mr. J. Keaton Dr. P. L. Robinson Dr. W. Madgin, Mr. H. E. Blayden Mr. C. T. Morley-Smith. After the meeting a film show including “Kelvin Master of Measurement,” was given. [ 791 MEMBERSHIP OF LOCAL SECTIONS The number of members attached to each Local Section at 1 March 1947 is given below. Section. No. of Members. Aberdeen and North of Scotland . . .. .. .. .. .. 104 Belfast and District . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 64 Birmingham and Midlands .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 639 Bristol and South-Western Counties .. .. .. .. .. 364 Cardiff and District . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 127 Dublin and District . . .. .. .. .. .. .. . . 85 East Anglia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 88 East Midlands .. .. .. .. .... .. . . 360 Edinburgh and East of Scotland . . .. .. .. .. .. 251 Glasgow and West of Scotland .. .. .. .. .. . . 477 Huddersfield . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 108 Hull . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 101 Leeds Area .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . 285 Liverpool and North-Western Counties .. .. .. .. .. 778 London and South-Eastern Counties .. .. .. .. .. 3,693 Manchester and District .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 842 Newcastle and North-East Coast . . .. .. .. .. .. 153 Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands .. .. .. .. 148 South Wales . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 172 Tees-Side . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 172 Cape of Good Hope .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 58 India .. .. .. .. *. .. .. .. .. .. 350 New Zealand ,. .. .. .. .. .. *. .. .. 83 Other places abroad .... .. .. ,. .. .. 624 SUMMARIES OF LECTURES THE PRINCIPLES OF POLAROGRAPHY By J. HEYROVSKY, Professor of Physical Chemistry at the University of Prague Czechoslovakia [Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands Section 17 October 1946.; The dropping mercury electrode is a modification of Lippmann’s capillary electro- meter consisting of a polarisable capillary electrode and of a non-polarisable mercury layer. B. Kucers introduced it for the determination of the interfacial tensiori y of polarised mercury from the drop weight w,and showed that 2rry = w = mt where Y = radius of the capillary m = the outflow velocity of mercury t = the drop time. Since m is proportional to the height h of the mercury column m = kh and t = kh-l. At a constant voltage mt is constant and hence also the surface of the dropping electrode is constant and independent of h.The current ic charging the dropping electrode to a potential e is given by the rate of increase of the surface. Thus i = keCmtt-* where C denotes the capacity of the mercury electrode per cm2. At a constant voltage i = k’h. This charging current i, which is known as the capacity- or condenser- or non-faradaic current may be lowered by additions of liquids of a small dielectric constant e.g. alcohol pyridine. The true electrolytic (faradaic) current i is-in excess electrolyte-given by the IlkoviE equation i = 0-627~F(C-C,)Dbm3t6;where n = number of electrons involved per particle F = Faraday’s constant C = molar concentration of the depolariser per ml.of the solution and C = molar concentration at the interface D = diffusion co- efficient. The limiting current is reached when C = 0; this is then the “diffusion current,” id in c.g.s. units. Also substituting for m and t in this equation we have at any constant voltage the relation id = k”hl. These relations are very important for quantitative determinations. RT -For qualitative considerations the thermodynamic relation e = nF loge-[OX]&is [Red],, very useful. Substituting from the IlkoviC formula the following equation for the polarographic current-voltage curve is obtained P = -c 80 1 the half-wave potential at which i = 2,e = a constant. This value is the “standard 2 redox potential,” which is independent of the concentration and of the properties of the capillary.The redox processes involved are of two kinds (1) Deposition of ions and dissolution of the amalgams formed e.g. Pb” + 2e + Pb(Hg); (2) reductions and oxidations of ions e.g. Cr”’ + e + Cr” or of molecules e.g. quinone + 2e -t2H’ = hydroquinone. The polarographic wave is indeed exactly analogous to the Michaelis “potentiometric titration curve,” for instead of the reducing agent required in potentiometry electrons are used in polarography the solution being titrated in the electrode interface only. Thus from the measurement of polarographic waves and their potentials the existence of free radicals semiquinones bimers dismutation constants etc. may be deduced and over a wider range of potentials and even when one or the other redox form is unstable.The wave on the current-voltage curve coincides with the given formula only when the electrode process is perfectly mobile and reversible. There are a number of criteria connected with the formula showing how far the electrode reactions are reversible. Of these the most important is the constancy of the wave form and of the potential if the reduced and oxidised components are mixed in various proportions; the wave only shifts from the cathodic to the anodic current according to the percentage of the reduced component keeping the half-wave potential constant. Recently however a very sensitive test for the reversibility of the electrode process has been made possible through potential-time curves recorded by the cathode- ray oscillograph.In this arrangement the alternating voltage from the ordinary current supply (50 cycles per second) is applied to the dropping electrode cell and the potential- time curve is shown on a screen. Time lags denote the depolarisation potentials and these must be identical on the cathodic and anodic branches of the curve if perfect reversibility is attained. Thus it is shown that a number of electrode reactions (like Pb” + Pb T1’ + T1 quinone + hydroquinone) are reversible whereas the deposi- tion of the “transition elements” (Cr” to Zn”) shows irreversibility. Also many organic depolarisers act irreversibly (e.g. fumaric maleic and ascorbic acids alkaloids). The reversibility of cations is improved by the addition of chloride ions and spoiled by adsorptive dipole molecules such as phenol pyridine and amyl alcohol.Single electron transfers are always reversible; transfers of more than one electron can become irreversible in solutions of sulphate nitrate or chlorate. This is explained by the assumption that electrons are acquired successively e.g. Zn“ + e -+ Zn’ followed by the dismutation 2211’ -+ Zn” + Zn the rate of which is promoted by chloride ions and hindered by molecules which are anchored at the electrode surface through adsorption. Whenever the electrode reaction is slow (irreversible) e.g. in excess of sulphate ions or nitrate ions the polarographic diffusion currents obtained are smaller than those calculated from the Ilkovii formula. Also organic compounds give in some instances very small electrolytic currents.Ketoses show about a third of the calculated wave height and the effect of glucose is only about one hundredth of that expected. Evidently aldose molecules are not all reducible. If there is a mobile equilibrium at the electrode interface between the non-reducible and the reducible molecules with the reaction velocity constant equal to k, the current i (called the “kinetic current”) is given by the rate of reaction and equals k,(c-x)pE~”F,from which k,p can be calculated. p =the distance within which all active molecules of glucose are reduced at the electrode. E = the mean electrode surface and does not depend on the height of the mercury reservoir. As x is here negligible we obtain i = kh” (independent of the height A).This is also true for all “catalytic” currents in which the hydrogen over- potential is lowered e.g. when the polarographic waves are due to sulphydryl groups of cysteine or proteins or to some alkaloids in buffered solutions. An entirely different sort of phenomenon is the maximum on current-voltage curves which is due to a vigorous motion of the electrolyte solution around the dropping mercury electrode. It arises from the unhomogeneous electric field caused by the one-sided screening through the glass capillary. The unhomogeneity of the field attracts dipole molecules and pairs of ions thereby inducing the motion of the elec- trolyte; the field is paralysed by a strong concentration of electrolytes or by adsorbable (polar) molecules of dyes colloids etc.which thus depress the maximum. When the voltage is increased the current becomes finally so large that concentration polarisation sets in; at that stage the current all round the mercury drop is governed by diffusion so that the electric field is homogeneous being given by zap (p denoting the specific resistance of the electrolyte) ; the maximum consequently falls down to the ordinary diffusion current. APPLICATIONS OF POLAROGRAPHY TO METALLURGICAL ANALYSIS By J. HEYROVSKY, Professor of Physical Chemistry at the University of Prague Czechoslovakia [Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands Section 17 October 1946.1 Although the principles of polarography were established some 20 years ago it is only in recent years that they have been applied extensively to chemical analysis.The usefulness of the polarographic method is best reflected in the bibliography which from 1922 to 1939 comprises some 600 papers and whichwas increased during the second World War by some 700 papers. As new polarographic work has been carried out chiefly for war purposes a considerable part of it has not been published. Moreover only a few of the researches done in the U.S.S.R. in recent years are available. The widespread application of the polarographic method during the war is certainly due to the simple quick and economical way in which many analyses may be carried out simultaneously qualitatively and quantitatively for several components without lengthy preparations of the solutions.The demand for economy of time was such that the original photo- graphic method of recording current-voltage curves has been to some extent substituted by ink-recording effected by means of large amplifications of the electrolytic current. For routine work in metallurgy where there is plenty of material electrolytic vessels of 5 to 15 C.C. capacity are most suitable. They are adapted so as to allow an inert gas such as pure nitrogen to bubble through the solution in order to remove atmospheric oxygen. In ammoniacal and alkaline solutions sulphite removes oxygen readily especially when traces of copper are present but the removal of oxygen by chemical means from neutral or acid solutions has not yet been successful (ascorbic acid or phosphorus act slowly).To make the analysis most accurate and rapid chemical operations should be restricted to dissolution and subsequent additions of reagents using one vessel only. Fusion evaporation or filtration should be avoided. Thus the older method of deter- mining chromium in steel (von Stackelberg) consisted in dissolving 0.2 g. of the sample in hydrochloric acid oxidising with nitric acid evaporating to dryness fusing the residue with 4 g. of sodium peroxide in a crucible washing out the fused mass and diluting the solution in a measuring flask before determining the chromium polaro- graphically. This is simplified in a new method (due to Spklenka) by dissolving the steel in a measuring flask adding hydrogen peroxide making the solution alkaline boiling out excess of the peroxide and after cooling making up to the mark.If the determination cannot be carried out simply and quickly the polarographic method is not of much service especially when the classical analytical methods are more accurate. The error of polarographic methods may reach 1 per cent. of the amount of the com- ponent but by the use of polarographic titrations the error may be lowered to 0.1 per cent. whenever a suitable agent for the titration is found. Quantitative determinations usually entail the use of a calibration curve obtained with a known sample. When unknown samples are investigated all the factors especially the temperature (within 0.1” C.) and the height of the mercury reservoir must be kept identical. These precautions are unnecessary however when the method of “standard addition” is used.In this procedure two exactly equal portions are taken from the solution of the sample and to one of them an exactly known amount of the component (say of chromium) is added. The two solutions are then treated in exactly the same manner and filled up to the same volume. Thus two curves are obtained the ratio of the difference between the two diffusion currents (i’d -id) to the smaller one (id) is that of the known concentration to the unknown one. This “standard addition” is especially valuable when colloids in solution are likely to adsorb a part of the component to be determined; the percentage of the amounts adsorbed in both solutions is practically the same so that the ratio of the waves is not affected.The diffusion currents are however not always well enough defined to permit an accurate and easy evaluation. For such determinations the “derivative curve” method may often be applied successfully. This gives the dependence of the value dilde on the potential of the dropping electrode e. This curve shows a maximum at the half- wave potential and the height of the maximum is proportional to the limiting diffusion current. This innovation also removes the old polarographic difficulty of being unable to determine small amounts of less noble elements in the presence of large quantities of nobler ones for at each diffusion current the galvanometer deflection falls to zero. The arrangement for obtaining the derivative curve consists of two exactly equal capillary electrodes in the same electrolyte a voltage E being applied to one and E + AE on thc other.A sensitive gdvanometer measures the difference Ai between 183 j the currents of the twin electrodes. Good curves result when AE = 0.010 v. If the dropping is slow the drops of the twin electrodes must be synchronised; as this offers difficulties it is better to let the dropping be rapid about 0.8 second per drop. Perfect synchronisation is also the condition for the “differential method,” in which the compositions of two solutions are compared; in each solution one of the twin electrodes is introduced. To make this method more sensitive and to avoid the difficulty of synchronisation two exactly equal streaming mercury electrodes might be used with advantage.The capillaries for the streaming electrodes are drawn out by hand from a tube with 1 to 2 mm. inner diameter so as to have a tip of 0.1 mm. bore. In metallurgy polarography finds its most appropriate applications in micro-analysis where owing to the great dilution of the constituents ordinary analytical methods fail to give satisfactory results. This applies in the determination of the impurities in pure metals; thus polarography is convenient for the determination of traces of baser metals in pure aluminium magnesium zinc or cadmium. Urech and Sulzberger determine sodium in aluminium down to 0.001 per cent. ; in zinc 0.0005 per cent. of lead cadmium or copper may be determined readily. For lead alloys Schaikind and Kalousek dissolve the material in nitric acid precipitate the lead with sulphuric acid and determine bismuth antimony copper nickel cobalt zinc and manganese in the resulting solution.NovAk and Kraus determine traces of antimony in hard lead. In the analysis of tailings flotation residues and ores methods for the deter- mination of zinc copper nickel cobalt and molybdenum have been worked out. Similarly analyses of all kinds of alloys are described in the literature. In all these determinations the dropping electrode is used as cathode; there are however a number of polarographic analyses in which the anodic function of the dropping electrode is of value. In these analyses either a separate unpolarisable electrode of a very positive potential (e. g. mercury mercurous sulphate sodium sulphate) is used as the second (reference) electrode or a side-bridge is coupled to the potentiometer wire (according to Hoekstra) ; by either means we obtain a continuous polarisation of the dropping electrode from anodic to cathodic currents.Anodic diffusion currents have been used to determine manganese in steel with alkaline tartrate solutions (by Verdier) or in oxidations of chromous ferrous or stannous ions. Amal-gams have not yet been utilised although 0.001 per cent. of zinc cadmium lead or thallium in mercury give well-defined anodic waves. A new trend of polarographic investigation likely to be of analytical use in metallurgy has been started in connection with the cathode-ray oscillograph. The alternating voltage of the current supply (50 cycles per second) is applied to the dropping electrode cell through a large resistance 50,000 to 800,000 ohms.In this way the dropping electrode is polarised anodically and cathodically 50 times per second. The change of potential with the time is shown on the screen of the oscillograph as the z,f curve. Traces of depolarisers (e.g. 0.001 N solutions of lead cadmium thallium zinc ferrous man- ganous ions) show distinct kinks on the curve the positions of which (i.e. the depolari- sation potentials) determine the metal qualitatively. If the time-base is brought to a frequency of about 100,000 per second the kink extends to a line which is charac- teristic for the cation like a spectral line. For quantitative determinations an arrange- ment giving the derivative curve (deldt f) on the oscillograph has to be used.To avoid the disturbances of the oscillograms due to the dropping of mercury the streaming electrode is necessary for quantitative work. However the oscillograms obtained with the dropping mercury electrode may also serve for finding the end-point of polarometric titrations. X-RAY WORK ON LONG-CHAIN COMPOUNDS By T. MALKIN,Ph.D. DSc. F.R.I.C. [Bristol and South-Western Counties Section 23 January 1947.1 The X-ray investigation of long chain compounds is simplified by the fact that the crystal spacing related to the length of the molecule (long spacing) is so much larger than the spacings related to the lateral distances between the chains (side spacings) that both types of spacings are easily identified and measured.It has been shown by the pioneer work of Piper and Muller that for any particular homologous series a linear relationship holds between the carbon content and the long spacing and hence the latter is of special value for identification purposes particularly for higher members of a series where differences in melting point are small. Long spacings also give information as to the tilt of the chains between reflecting planes the size of terminal groups and the state of association of the molecules. Molecular association is also indicated by the intensities of the orders of reflection on L 83 1 the X-ray photograph as shown by Shearer. Thus double molecules such as fatty acids and alcohols give rise to strong odd and weak even orders.An explanation of the well known alternation in the melting points of members of homologous series can be found in the fact that members of alternating series crystallise with chains tilted across the reflecting planes whereas the chains in non-alternating series are vertical (Malkin J.C.S. 1931 2796). The X-ray method has been particularly fruitful in the study of the polymorphism of glycerides both long and side spacings being of value in identifying the various solid forms (Malkin et alia J.C.S. 1934 667; 1936 1628; 1937 1409; 1939 103 577 1141 1515; for summary see Ferguson and Lutton Chewz. Reviews 1941 29 355). Latest work shows that all saturated triglycerides exist in four solid forms namely the lowest melting vitreous form obtained by rapid cooling of the molten glyceride two inter- mediate melting monotropic forms a and p’ and the stable highest melting 6 form.A final interesting result arising from work on unsaturated compounds is that those containing a trans olefinic bond crystallise in the same manner as the corresponding saturated compounds giving practically identical X-ray photographs which differ markedly from those of cis compounds. This suggests that the long chains are thrown out of alignment by a cis double bond. NITRATION IN SULPHURIC ACID SOLUTION M.A. Sc.D. F.R.I.C. BY G. M. BENNETT [Leeds Area Section 10 February 1947.1 A theory of nitration in sulphuric acid solution has been evolved from studies of mixed acids and of the nitration reaction. The water present in the mixed acid reacts completely with the sulphuric acid thus :-HZO + H,S04 = HsO+ + HS0,-and the nitric acid is converted into a more active nitrating agent by that part of the sulphuric acid which remains in excess over the water the reaction being:- HNO + 2H,SO + NO,+ + H,O+ + 2HS0,-This nitronium ion NO,+ is the specially active species on which the vigorous nitrating action of the mixture depends and it is distinguished by its characteristic frequency of 1400 cm-l observed in the Raman spectra of mixed acids.The nitration of dinitrotoluene is represented thus :-DNT + NO,+ + B -+ TNT + BH+ where l3 is either HS0,-or to a less extent H,S04 and in oleum mixtures the ion HS,O -. This leads to a general equation for the velocity of nitration:- v = [DNT]Q[HNO,] {k[HSO,-] + h’[H,SOJ + K”[HS,O,-]) where Q = [NO,+]/[HNO,] and is calculable from the ionic equilibria.It gives the velocity of nitration for all media at a given temperature. This equation reproduces the results adequately including the point of maximum velocity at 92 per cent. H,S04. The actual concentration of NO,+ in a mixed acid may be calculated from the equation or derived from Chkdin’s Kaman observations and the two are in satisfactory agreement. No maximum velocity point occurs in laboratory two-phase nitrations for any point in the range of water-sulphuric acid mixtures owing to the increased solubility of organic matter in the more concentrated acids and to the fact that in these operations there is a much smaller overall excess of sulphuric acid than in experiments in sulphuric acid solution.Water and bisulphate ions always retard the two-phase nitrations and nitrous acid also has a very large similar effect. This was discovered when complete arrest of nitration occurred before the nitric acid was exhausted and with the H,O/H,SO mol. ratio still far below unity. Nitrous acid reacts thus HNO + 2H,SO -+ NO+ + H,O+ + 2HS04- and the products then have more than twice the retarding effect of one mol. of bisulphate. The complete analysis of the figures for two-phase nitrations is at present impossible for lack of the necessary data as to the distribution of the various components of the system between the two phases in only one of which (the acid phase) the main reaction proceeds.NOTES Personal.-Professor A. R. Todd F.R.S. Membey of Council has been appointed a member of the Advisory Council on Scientific Policy recently set up by the Lord President of the Council under the chairmanship of Sir Henry Tizard. Professor Sir Ian Heilbron D.S.O. F.R.S. Fellow has been appointed Chairman of the Pest Control Advisory Committee that has been set up by the Secretary of State for the Colonies. Among the new Fellows of the Koyal Society elected on 20 March 1947 are Dr. G. M. Bennett Fellow and Dr. F. C;. Mann Fellow. Dr. A. E. Dunstan Fellow is retiring from the post of Chief Chemist to the Anglo- Iranian Oil Company this summer. Sir Ernest W.Smith C.B.E. Fellow has been elected to the Board of Directors of the Romford Gas Company.Professor A. Findlay Past President has been elected Honorary Treasurer of the Chemical Council. Dr. A. L. Roberts Fellow has been appointed Livesey Professor of Coal Gas and Fuel Industries at the University of Leeds. Mr. H. V. Potter Fellow hlanaging Director of Bakelite Ltd. has been elected President of the Institute of the Plastics Industry. Dr. Alexander Fleck Fellow who has been responsible for the agricultural activities of I.C.I. since 1944 has been appointed Chairman of Scottish Agricultural Industries following the retirement of Mr. H. D. Rutchart. Dr. Leslie Young Fellow has been appointed to a Readership in Biochemistry at University College London and is returning from Toronto to take up this post.Mr. E. Bailey Fellow has been appointed Deputy Principal and Head of the Engin- eering and Science Departments County Technical College Worksop as from 1January 1947. . Mr. G. W. J. Bradley Fellow Director of the Grassmoor Co. Ltd. has been appointed Carbonisation Officer to the East Midland Division of the National Coal Board. Mr. J. R. Rowland Associate has taken over the headship of the Science Department of Nottingham and District Technical College. Dr. J. A. Lovern Fellow Senior Scientific Officer at the Torry Research Station Aberdeen has been awarded the Medal of the University of I>iverpool Chemical Society the gift of Mrs. H. E. Potts in memory of her late husband. The Chemical Society.-The office of General Secretary has been filled by the appoint- ment of Mr.L. R. Batten 0.B.E . B.Sc. LL.B. Barrister-at-Law following the resigna- tion of Dr. D. C. Martin to become Assistant Secretary to the Royal Society (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1946 VI 284). The address of the Editor of the Society’s publica- tions (Dr. J. E. Driver) has been changed from Burlington House to “The Chemical Society Huxley Building Imperial College Exhibition Road London S.W.7.” COMING EVENTS (See also “Annoncements” below) April OF PETROLEUM: 9 THEINSTITUTE “ Aromatics from Petroleum.” Dr. H. Steiner at Mansm House 26 Portland Place London W.l at 6 p.m. SOCIETYOF DYERSAND COLOURISTS (London Section) “The Application of Microscopy to the Textile Field.” Dr. G. L. Koyer in the Rooms of the Chemical Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.1 at 6 p.m.9-10 FARADAY General Discussion on “Electrode Processes,” at the University SOCIETY Manchester commencing at 10 a.m. each day. 10 THE INSTITUTE (Liverpool and North-Western Section) Annual General Meeting followed by lecture on “The Behaviour of Sulphur Compounds in Seaweed Animals and Moulds.” Professor F. Challenger 11 SOCIETY OF CHEMICAL (Birmingham Section). INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL Twenty-fifth Annual Corporate Meeting INSTITUTION ENGINEERS. at the Connaught Rooms London W.C.2. [ 85 1 April 11 SOCIETY (Scottish Section) ‘‘ The Application of Micro- OF DYERSAND COLOURISTS scopy to the Textile Field.” Dr. G. L. Royer at St. Enoch Hotel Glasgow at 7 p.m. 14 SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (London Section) “Chemistry and Autarchy.” Profewor R.P. Linstead C.B.E. F.R.S. in the Chemical Society’s Rooms Burlington House Piccadilly London W.1. ELECTRODEPOSITORS’ SOCIETY TECHNICAL I‘ Adhesion of Electrodeposited Nickel to Aluminium Alloys prepared by the Zincate Methbd.” Mr. W. Bullough and Dr. G. E. Gardam at the Northampton Polytechnic Institute St. John Street London E.C. 1. 15 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (Agriculture Group) “The Advisory Chemist INDUSTRY and Problems in Crop Production.” Dr. N. Pizer in the Physical Chemistry Lecture Theatre Royal College of Science South Kensington London S.W. 7 at 2.30 p.m. THE INSTITUTION OF MINING AND METALLURGY:The First Sir Julius Wernher Memorial Lecture of the Institution on “The History and Prevention of Silicosis with special reference to the Witwatersrand.” Major-General A.J. Orenstein at the Royal Institution 21 Albemarle Street London W.l. 16 THEINSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) jointly with the Food Group Society of Chemical Industry “Modern Trends in Cereal Chemistry in America and Elsewhere.” Dr. D. W. Kent- Jones at the Wellcome Research Institution 183-193 Euston Road London N.W.l at 6.30 p.m. SOCIETY INDUSTRY, OF CHEMICAL jointly with the Newcastle upon Tyne and North- East Coast Section of the Institute. Professor W. T. Astbury F.R.S. in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre King’s College Newcastle upon Tyne at 6.30 p.m. 16-17 THEINSTITUTION OF MININGENGINEERS and THE INSTITUTION OF METALLURGY Conference on Silicosis Pneumokoniosis and Dust Suppression in Mines at The Royal Institution 21 Albeniarle Street London W.l.To be opened by the Minister of Fuel and Power at 10.30 a.m. on 16 April. 17 THEINSTITUTE (East Midlands Section); jointly with the Institute of Fuel “Tech- nical Education in America.” Mr. F. H. Cotton at Leicester at 7.15 p.m. SOCIETY CHEMICAL Discussion on “Electrolytic Solutions,” at Burlington House Piccadilly London W.1 at 7.30 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (Road and Building Materials Group) “Modern INDUSTRY Road Construction in Concrete.’ Mr. W. P. Andrews at Gas Industry House 1 Grosvenor Place London S.W.l at 6 p.m. 18 The Institute Anniversary Luncheon at the Connaught Rooms Great Queen Street London W.C.2.Lecture at 3.15 p.m. on “Some Aspects of Nuclear Chemistry,’ by Professor H. J. Emeleus F.R.S. preceding the Annual General Meeting of the Institute at 5.15 p.m. in the Rooms of the Royal Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.1. (For further particulars see page 88.) SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Chemical Engineering Group) “Aluminium and Aluminium Alloys To-day.” Mr. G. W. Lacey at the Geological Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.l at 5.30 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (Plastics Group) jointly with the Birmingham INDUSTRY and Midlands Section of the Institute “Vinylidene Chloride and its Polymers.” Dr. H. P. Staudinger at the Chamber of Commerce New Street Birmingham at 6.30 p.m. OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY: INSTITUTION at the Bell Hotel Leicester at 7.30 p.m.19 THE INSTITUTE: (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) Dinner-Dance at Lysbeth Hall Soh0 Square W.l at 6 p.m. 21 THE INSTITUTE (Hull and District Section) “Some Aspects of Benzene Substitu- tion.” Professor Brynmor Jones at the Royal Station Hotel Hull at 6.45 p.m. SOCIETY OF PUBLIC ANALYSTS AND OTHER ANALYTICAL CHEMISTS (Biological Methods Group) Symposium on Laboratory Animals (2nd meeting) at the Royal Society of Medicine Wimpole Street London W. 22 THE INSTITUTE (Electronics Group) Group Annual Meeting followed OF PHYSICS by lecture on “Electron Multipliers” by Mr. S. Rodda in the Rooms of the Royal Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.l at 5.30 p.m. [ 86 3 April 23 THE INSTITUTE (Newcastlelupon Tyne and North-East Coast Section) jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry “Electronics Applied to Chemistry.” Mr.J. C. Finlay in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre King’s College Newcastle upon Tyne at 6.30 p.m. BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS (Birmingham Section) Annual General Meeting at the Chamber of Commerce Birmingham at 6.30 p.m. 25 THE INSTITUTE (Birmingham and Midlands Section) “ Measurement of Grain Size.” Dr. E. Sharratt at the Technical College Stoke-on-Trent at 7.30 p.m. THEINSTITUTE (Industrial Spectroscopic Group) Meeting in London. OF PHYSICS (Manchester Section) “ Studies in Rayon SOCIETYOF DYERSAND COLOURISTS Dyeing-Application of the Dyeometer.” Dr. G. L. Koyer in the Lecture Theatre Gas Department Showrooms Manchester at 6.30 p.m.(postponed from 18 April). 26 THE INSTITUTE (Manchester and District Section) jointly with the Chemical Society Meeting in Manchester at 7.30 p.m. INSTITUTION ENGINEERS OF CHEMICAL (N.W. Branch) “Process Costing and Cost Control.” Mr. J. Maddock at the College of Technology Manchester at 3 p.m. BRITISHASSOCIATIONOF CHEMISTS (Derby) Visit to Ladybower Reservoir. Meet at the Moon Hotel Spondon at 1.30 p.m. 28 CHEMICAL Meeting for the reading of original papers in the Chemistry SOCIETY Lecture Theatre of King’s College Newcastle upon Tyne at 5 p.m. (Previously wrongly reported as being on 26 April.) 29 ROYALPHOTOGRAPHIC SOCIETY(Scientific and Technical Group) “The Latent Image in the Test Tube.” Dr.E. E. Loening at 16 Princes Gate S.W.7,at 7 p.m. May SOCIETY: 1 CHEMICAL Meeting for the reading of original papers at Burlington House Piccadilly London W.1 at 7.30 p.m. ANALYSTS CHEMISTS (Physical 2 SOCIETYOF PUBLIC AND OTHER ANALYTICAL Methods Group) Papers on Physical Methods of Gas Analysis by Dr. C. E. Ransley Mr. W. J. Gooderham and Dr. M. Akhtar in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre King’s College Xewcastle upon Tyne. 5 SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (London Section) Annual General Meeting followed by lecture on “ Plant Hormones with special reference to Selective Weed Killers,” by Dr. E. Holmes in the Chemical Society’s rooms Burlington House Piccadilly London M:. 1. OF CHEMICAL “ 6 INSTITUTION ENGINEERS:The Re-Use of Waste Liquors in Indus- trial Processes.” Dr.B. A. Southgate in the Geological Society’s rooms Burlington House Piccadilly London W.l at 5.30 p.m. 7 INSTITUTE PETROLEUM: OF “ The Development of Hydrogenation and Fischer- Tropsch Processes in Germany.” Major Kenneth Gordon at Manson House 26 Portland Place London W.1 at 5.30 p.m. 9 SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Chemical Engineering Group) “ Experiences of an Alkali Inspector.” Mr. W. A. Damon in the Geological Society’s rooms Burlington House Piccadilly London W.1 at 5.30 p.m. 14 THEINSTITUTE (Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast Section) jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry “ The Science of Meat.” Mr. H. Thornton in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre King’s College Newcastle upon Tyne at 6.30 p.m.15 Chemical Society Ernst Cohen Memorial Lecture announced for this date has been postponed. CHEMICAL SOCIETY:“ Some Relationships between the Structure and Properties of Natural and Synthetic Fibres.” Professor J. B. Speakman at the University of Sheffield at 5.30 p.m. (postponed from 30 January). SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (Road and Building Materials Group) Annual General Meeting followed by lecture on “Sawdust-Cement and other Sawdust Building Products,” by Dr. T. W. Parker at Gas Industry House 1 Grosvenor Place London S.W.1 at 6 p.m. 16 SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Birmingham Section). 23 THE INSTITUTE (Birmingham and Midlands Section) Scottish Tour. 24 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) Visit to Low Temperature Research Station Cambridge.[ 87 1 May ASSOCIATION 28 BRITISH OF CHEMISTS(Birmingham Section) “ Vitamins.” Mr. A. L. Bacharach at the Chamber of Commerce Birmingham at 7 p.m. 30 THE INSTITUTE (Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands Section) Annual General Meeting. June 4 and 12 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) Visit to the Laboratories British Launderers’ Research Association Hendon. 5 CHEMICALSOCIETY: Scientific meeting at Burlington House Piccadilly London U7.1,at 7.30 p.m. 6 and 7 INSTITUTE (Industrial Spectroscopic Group) Papers on Spectro- OF PHYSICS scopic Analysis of Soils and Metallurgical Spectrographic Analysis; Works Visit at Glasgon-. 11 IXSTITUTE OF PETRoLEuar “ The Use of Petroleum Products in the Printing Ink and Allied Industries.” Dr.A. C. Healey and Dr. L. Ivanovszky at Manson House 26 Portland Place London IV.1 at 5.30 p.m. OF PHYSICS 14 INSTITUTE (Electronics Group) Summer meeting on “ Cathode Emis- sion.” In London. 18 THE INSTITUTE (Birmingham and Midlands Section) meeting in the Technical College Coventry at 6 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) Visit to Pharma- ceutical Specialities (May (E Baker Ltd.) Dagenham. 20 The Institute “Kutritional Requirements of Man in the light of War-time Experi- ence.” Eleventh Gluckstein Memorial Lecture by Sir jack Drummond F.R.S. at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Keppel Street London W.C.1. at 6.30 D.m.July 2-3 IRISHCHEMICAL (Dublin and District Section) : ASSOCIATIONand THE INSTITUTE “The Industrial Utilisation of Agricultural Products and of Seaweed” Collo- quium in Dublin (see p. 89). 3 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) Golf Competition Addington Place Golf Club Croydon. 7-12 THEINSTITUTE (Scottish Sections) “Coal Petroleum and their Newer Derivatives’’ Symposium at St. Andrews (see p. 89). 9 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) Visit to Beecham Research Laboratories Brockham Park. (See also “Announcements” below especially “Iwiportant Events in 1947.”) ANNOUNCEMENTS ANNIVERSARY MEETINGS OF THE INSTITUTE 18 APRIL 1947 The Anniversary Luncheon will be held at the Connaught Rooms Great Queen Street London W.C.2 (near Holborn Station) at 12.30 for 1 p.m.Apart from a small number of official guests attendance is limited to Fellows Associates and Registered Students. Application for tickets (price 15s.) should have been made on the appro- priate form sent with Part I of this JOURNAL. Further applications will be accepted if accommodation permits. A lecture entitled “ Some Aspects of Nuclear Chemistry ” will be delivered by Professor H. j. Emeleus F.R.S. in the Rooms of the Royal Society Burlington House Piccadilly W.1 at 3.15 p.m. Owing to limitation of accommodation admission will be by ticket and open only to Fellows Associates and Registered Students of the Institute. Applications for tickets have been greatly in excess of the available acconi- modation and no further allocations can be made.The Sixty-Ninth Annual General Meeting of the Institute will be held in the Rooms of the Royal Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.l at 5.15 p.m. on 18 April. Notice of meeting and the agenda are being sent to all Fellows and Associates with this issue of the JOURNAL. The ballot paper for the election of Officers and General Members of Council was issued with JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part I. In the ballot paper the Local Section to which Professor Louis Hunter is attached was given as “Leicester” instead of “East Midlands.” The word “Leicester” should have been placed in parentheses after the name of this candidate in order to show that his registered address is in that city.[ 881 EXAM1NATIONS Examinations will be held in September 1947 as follows:- For the Associateship-during the week commencing 16 September in London and in Glasgow. Candidates who have not yet been accepted must forward their appli- cations to be received not later than Monday 9 June and should do so earlier if possible. Entry forms will be issued in due course to all candidates who have been accepted or whose applications are under consideration. These should be returned together with the examination fee as soon as possible thereafter and in any event not later than Monday 7 July. No entry can be accepted if received after that date. For the Fellowship-during the week commencing Monday 22 September. Last dates for application and entry are as for the -4ssociateship i.e.Monday 9 June and Monday 7 July respectively. G LUCKSTEIN ME M 0RIAL LECTU RE The series of Gluckstein Memorial Lectures is being resumed after the interval due to the war and the eleventh Lecture in the series entitled “Nutritional Requirements of Man in the light of War-time Experience,” will be delivered by Sir Jack Drummond F.R.S. at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Keppel Street London W.C.l on Friday 20 June 1947 at 5.30 p.m. Admission will be without ticket. IMPORTANT EVENTS IN 1947 British Industries Fair.-The first post-war British Industries Fair is to open on 5 May 1947 in three sections at Earl’s Court and Olympia London and at Castle Bromwich Birmingham. Institution of Mechanical Engineers Centenary Celebrations.-The Centenary of the foundation of the Institution will be celebrated in London in June 1947.Irish Chemical Association and Royal Institute of Chemistry Colloquium on “The Industrial Utilisation of Agricultural Products and of Seaweed.”-The Dublin and District Section of the Institute is concerned jointly with the Irish Chemical Associa- tion in the arrangement of this Colloquium which will be held in Dublin on 2-3 July. Sessions will be devoted to a General Survey of the Subject opened by Dr. J. L. Simon-sen F.R.S.; “Seaweed,” with opening address by Professor J. B. Speakman; “Carbo- hydrates,” opened by Professor E. L. Hirst F.R.S. The President of Eire and Bean Ui Cheallaigh will hold a reception at Arus an Uachtarain for those attending the Colloquium.Members of the Institute wishing to attend should communicate with the Honorary Secretary of the Dublin and Ilistrict Section Mr. H. D. Thornton City Laboratorv Castle Street Dublin. 8th In te r nat ional Man age men t Cong ress.-The British Management Council has announced that the Congress will be held on 3-8 July 1947 in Stockholm. Royal Institute of Chemistry Symposium on “Coal Petroleum and their Newer Derivatives.”-This Symposium is being arranged by the Scottish Sections of the Institute at the University of St. Andrews on 7-12 July 1947 and forms part of the general programme of Scientific Courses Conferences and Symposia to be organised under the auspices of the Institute at appropriate places and times in the future.The purpose of this Symposium is to provide industrial scientists and others with a comprehensive survey of developments that have taken place in organic chemical industry. It will be organised in three parts the first will be concerned with coal and oil resources the second with chemical synthesis and the third with physico-chemical problems of polymerisation. Both academic and industrial aspects of the subjects will be considered each lecture will be followed by a short interval for discussion and on the last day there will be a general discussion and review of the whole field. -2detailed programme Will be available later. Tours of St. Andrews and the surrounding country and a number of social events are being arranged in connection with the Symposium.Further particulars were given on a leaflet accompanying Part I of the Journal. Those who propose to attend should complete the form attached to that leaflet and return it to the Assistant Secretary Royal Institute of Chemistry 30 Russell Square W.C.1. Chemical Society Centenary Celebrations.-The Programme of the Centenary Celebrations of the Chemical Society on 15-17 July 1947 has now been published. These Celebrations which but for the war would have taken place in 1041 are marked [ 891 by a number of important events emyhasising the position of the Society and of chemis-try in Britain to-day. The Society was the first of its kind in the world and the history of the first 100 years of its life is one of which it may justly be proud.This is indeed recognised in the programme and in the list of individuals and societies participating. Delegates from many countries will be attending and formal addresses of congratulation will be presented. His Majesty’s Government are to mark the occasion by entertaining the overseas delegates to luncheon and by giving a garden party at Hampton Court Palace to the Fellows of the Society and members of the XIth International Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry which is to follow the Celebrations. By means of a Dinner to be given by the University of London and a Reception by the Royal Society to the Chemical Society and the Congress the academic world and the senior scientific society of Great Britain will contribute to the occasion. The Royal Institution will give a Sherry Party on 17 July to distinguished visitors from overseas.The principal social event at which the Society will be host is the Centenary Dinner and it is expected that many distinguished guests will be present The scientific events of the programme include the Faraday Lecture to be delivered by Sir Robert Robinson President of the Royal Society lectures of a historical nature and visits to places of scientific interest in the London area. An exhibition in the Science Museum South Kensington which will be open to the public until the end of September will illustrate the achievements of British chemistry during the past 100 years and its importance to the everyday life of the community. Further particulars concerning the celebrations may be obtained from The General Secretary The Chemical Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.1. Xlth International Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry.-A few days before leaving England on his State visit to South Africa H.M. the King granted His Royal Patronage to the Congress which will be held in London from 17-24 July. The Congress will be organised in the following sections:-(1) Inorganic and Geo- chemistry; (2) Physical chemistry; (3) Organic chemistry (4) Biochemistry; (5) Chemistry in relation to Agriculture and Applied Botany; (6) Chemistry in relation to Applied Zoology and Veterinary Science (7) Chemistry in relation to Food and Nutrition; (8) Chemistry in relation to Medicine and Therapeutics; (9) Chemistry in relation to Fuel Power and Transport; (10) Chemistry in relation to Natural and Artificial Textiles; (11) Chemistry in relation to Plastics Glass and Ceramics; (12) Chemistry in relation to Metals; (13) Chemical Engineering.A provisional programme of events has been prepared and applications to join the Congress should be addressed to Lt.-Col. F. J. Griffin Honorary Organiser XIth International Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry 56 Victoria Street London S.W.1 who will be glad to furnish further particulars. The registration fee is LZ. International Physiological Congress.-The Congress will be held in Oxford on 22-26 July. World Power Conference Fuel Economy Conference.-This Conference will be held at the Hague on 2-9 September 1947. Particulars may be obtained from the office of the British National Committee 201-2,Grand Buildings Trafalgar Square London W.C.2.British Association.-The Annual Meeting of the Association will take place in Dundee from 27 August to 3 September 1947 under the Presidency of Sir Henry Dale O.M. G.B.E. F.R.S. The programme of Section B (Chemistry) of which Dr. J. L. Simonsen F.R.S. is President will include the Presidential Address on “Science in the Colonies” and discussions on “Insecticides,” “Penicillin and Other Anti-biotics,” “Chemical Resources and Industries of Scotland,” “Use of Tracer Elements in Chemistry and Biology.” Several of these discussions will be held jointly with other Sections. International Elect rode posi t ion Confe rence.-The Conference sponsored by the Electrodepositors’ Technical Society will be held in London but has been postponed from May to the third week in September.Particulars may be obtained from the office of the Society 27 Islington High Street London N.l. Institute of Physics and Physical Society Electron Jubilee Celebrations.-To mark the fiftieth anniversary of the discovery of the electron by Sir J. J. Thomson O.M. and to demonstrate the great influence that such an advance in pure physics may have on the life of the community a series of meetings and other functions is being arranged for 25-26 September 1947 in London. A special exhibition which will remain open to the public for several weeks will be held at the Science Museum South Kensing- ton and will show the development of the vast range of modern industrial equipment from the earliest experimental origins.[ 90 1 SCIENTIFIC COURSES Particulars of the following have been received :-Colloquium on “The Industrial Utilisation of Agricultural Products and of Seaweed’’ in Dublin.-See p. 89. Symposium on “Coal Petroleum and their Newer Derivatives” at the University of St. Andrews.-See p. 89. Summer School on Some Recent Advances in Physical Chemistry at the University of Cambridge.-Courses of lectures and practical work will be given on the following three topics Molecular Structure and Valency Theory; Chain Reactions; Physics and Chemistry of Rubbing Solids. The courses will be held from 16 to 23 August in the University Department of Physical Chemistry and the fee will be 12 guineas inclusive of accommodation in colleges for 8 nights which will be provided for those who desire it.Those wishing to attend should obtain application forms as soon as possible from the Joint Secretaries Summer School in Physical Chemistry Laboratory of Physical Chemistry Cambridge. Summer School in Metal Physics at the University of Cambridge.-The School will provide an introduction to the application of physical methods to the examination and utilisation of metals and is intended for those whose researches require a more physical approach than is usual in ordinary metallurgical and engineering practice. The lectures and demonstrations will deal with the application of X-ray methods in the examination of metals and with physical and mechanical properties of metals.An elementary knowledge of X-ray diffraction methods and of crystal symmetry will be assumed. The School will be held from 1 to 12 September inclusive. Further particulars may be obtained from Mr. G. F. Hickson M.A. Secretary of the Board of Extra-Mural Studies Stuart House Cambridge to whom the completed application form should be returned not later than 7 June. Summer School in Optical-Crystallographic Methods at University College Swansea.-The Course which will be held from 1to 12 September will cover the theory and practice of the use of the polarising microscope in chemistry and other branches of science and technology. The special requirements of individual students will be taken into account as far as possible.Further particulars may be obtained from the Registrar University College Singleton Park Swansea. Refresher Course on “Transformations in Solid Metals and Alloys ” at Derby.-The course is being held by the Institution of Metallurgists on 5-7 September at the L.M.S. School of Transport Derby. Accommodation is available at the School and the total charge will be between L3 and L4. Further particulars may be obtained from the Secretary Institution of Metallurgists 4 Grosvenor Gardens London S.W.1. OTHE R AN N0UNCEM ENTS Pasteur Exhibition.-The Exhibition which will be held at the Science Museum South Kensington from 10 April to 26 May includes a chronological account of the chemical and biological work of Louis Pasteur on fermentation putrefaction the spontaneous generation of life and on the germs of numerous diseases of men animals and plants.The results of his work are illustrated by panels dealing with pasteurisation in the brewing and other industries and the raising of disease-free silk-worms. The Science Museum is open admission free from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. on weekdays including Saturdays and Bank Holidays and from 2.30 p.m. to 6 p.m. on Sundays. Lectures on “The Presentation of Technical Information.” A series of four lectures on this subject will be given by Professor Reginald 0. Kapp Dean of the Faculty of Engineering in the University of London on Fridays 25 April 2 9 and 16 May at 5.45 p.m. at University College Gower Street London W.C.l. Admission is free and without ticket. University of Glasgow Bicentenary of the Institution of a Lectureship in Chemis- try.-The bicentenary of the institution of a Lectureship in Chemistry falls during the present University session.Dr. William Cullen was appointed in 1747 and held the Lectureship for 9 years being succeeded by Dr. Joseph Black in 1756. To celebrate the bicentenary four lectures will be given in the Department of Chemistry at 7.30 p.m. on Fridays during May as follows 9 May by Dr. Douglas Guthrie F.R.S.E. on “ TVilliam Cullen and His Times ”; 16 May by Professor John Read F.R.S.,on ‘‘ Joseph t 91 1 Black the Teacher and the Man ”; 23 May by Dr. Alexander Fleck on “ Scottish Industrial Development of the Cullen-Black Period”; 30 May by Professor A. R. Todd F.R.S. on “ Glasgow Chemistry in the Twentieth Century.” Ramsay Memorial Fellowship Trust.-The Provost of University College London Dr.D. R. Pye will give the Annual Ramsay Memorial Fellowships Dinner on Thursday 26 June 1947. All former Ramsay Fellows whose present addresses are known to the Trustees will be invited and it is hoped that all Fellows who failed to receive invitations to the Dinner last year will send their present address to the Joint Honorary Secretaries Ramsay Memorial Fellowships Trust University College London Gower Street London W.C.1 as soon as possible. The Honorary Secretaries would like to hear from all former Ramsay Fellows con- cerning themselves and their work and will be glad to see any Fellow who may be able to visit them at University College London.Design and Production of X-ray Tubes for Crystallographic Pbrposes.-The X-ray Analysis Group of the Institute of Physics has recently established an X-ray Tube Panel under the chairmanship of Dr. A. Taylor. The Panel will review existing and projected X-ray tubes and X-ray tube production in this country and where supply or quality is not satisfactory specifications will be prepared for the type of tube concerned and production or improvement will be encouraged by appropriate means. Anyone interested in X-ray tubes for crystallographic purposes who is not a member of the X-ray Analysis Group and who wishes to ensure that his views and requirements are considered is invited to communicate with the Honorary Secretary of the Panel Mr. J. N. Kellar A.Inst.P.Crystallographic Laboratory Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge. University of London Turner and Newall Research Fellowships.-Applications are invited for Research Fellowships founded by Turner and Newall Ltd. and tenable in the University of London and normally of the value of LSOO per annum. The Fellow- ships will be awarded for original research in Inorganic Chemistry Engineering Physics and allied subjects. A Fellow will be required to take a limited part in the teaching in the Department in which he works. Fellowships will be tenable from October 1947 but applications from candidates now on National Service who cannot take up appoint- ment to the Fellowship until later will also be considered. Detailed Regulations an application forms can be obtained from the Academic Registrar University of London at the Senate House London W.C.1 and applications must be received at that address not later than 30 April 1947.Dr. Dyson’s System of Ciphering Organic Compounds.-A fuller account of the system outlined in Dr. Dyson’s lecture published by the Institute towards the end of last year has now been published as a monograph entitled “A New Notation and Enumeration System for Organic Chemistry,” Longmans Green & Co. Ltd. 1947 7s. 6d. net

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/RG9477100041

出版商:RSC    

年代:1947

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND PART 3. I947 PROCEEDINGS OF THE COUNCIL Council Meeting 21 March 1947.-It was resolved that an Address of Congratulation be sent to H.R.H. The Princess Elizabeth on attaining her twenty-first birthday on 21 April. The Chairman of the Committee on Revision of Charter and By-Laws reported that a revised draft of the Petition for a new Charter and of the content of the proposed Charter had been prepared by the Solicitors in consultation with Counsel and that when certain outstanding points had been clarified these drafts would be circulated among Members of Council and Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. It was agreed that it would be desirable to proceed with revision of the Charter before returning to detailed consideration of the more controversial proposals for amendment of the By-Laws especially as some of the latter proposals could not be put into effect under the existing Charter.Progress in preparing revised By-Laws would however not be held up. The Council prepared its Report for 1946 on the basis of drafts submitted Ey the Publications and Library Committee the Finance and House Com- mittee and the Benevolent Fund Committee and a final draft was approved for issue to members in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS (1947 11 41). ’ The following were appointed as Scrutineers in connection with the ballot for the election of Officers Members of Council and Censors for 1947-48:-Mr. B. A. Ellis Mr. J. S.Jackson Dr. R. R. Lyne Mr. H. S. Rooke and Dr. R. G. Wallis. On a report that in the ballot paper the Local Section to which Professor Louis Hunter was attached had been erroneously given as “Leicester” instead of “East Midlands,” it was agreed that a reference to this error be made in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS (1947 11 88). It was reported that Dr. H. B. Taylor M.C. V.D. D.Sc. FeZZow had accepted the Council’s invitation to serve as Honorary Corresponding Secretary New South Wales in succession to Dr. Thomas Cooksey Fellow who had resigned. The first meeting of the new Council was fixed for z May. The Report of the Finance and House Committee (17 March) was concerned mainly with submission of the draft Financial Statements for the year 1946 which had been approved by the Auditors.These Statements and the relevant section of the draft Report of the Council were adopted and authority was given for their publication and distribution to members in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS (1947 11,49 63). Recommendations of the Committee on staff salaries were also adopted. The Report of the Benevolent Fund Committee (17 March) which dealt with various routine matters as well as the Statement of Accounts of the Fund for 1946 was received and adopted. L931 The Council also adopted the Report of the Nominations Examinations and Institutions Committee (20-21 February) and the candidates recom- mended for election or re-election to the Associateship or to the Fellowship were duly elected to their respective grades.On the recommendation of the Visiting Committee the Norwood Technical College was added to the list of institutions recognised for the training of candidates for the Associateship. Approval was also given to a recommendation of the Nominations Examinations and Institutions Committee that an endeavour be made to arrange an examination for the Associateship in India at as early a date as possible in 1948 and that arrangements be made for a Member of Council to visit India preferably at the time of the examination in order to report on future arrangements for the examination of candidates in India. Professor A. Findlay accepted the unanimous invitation of the Council to visit India for this purpose as well as to investigate the general development of Institute affairs in India.The Council received a memorandum from a Fellow drawing attention to questions that might affect the relations of members of the Institute in the Civil Service with the Institution of Professional Civil Servants. This matter together with that previously raised by the Bristol and South- Western Counties Section with reference to a scheme whereby members of the I.P.C.S. who were scientists would become also members of the Association of Scientific Workers unless they contracted out was referred to the Appointments and Economic Status Committee. It was agreed that further consideration of a question raised by the Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands Section (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1946 IV 162) and referred by the Council to the Joint Council of Professional Scientists (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1946 VI 254) be held over pending examination of other matters affecting the economic status of professionally qualified scientists in relation to unqualified technicians and unskilled workers in industry and in Government service.It was reported that approaches had been made to the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers and to the Ministry of Supply on the question of shortages of laboratory chemicals and apparatus and it was agreed that these matters be further pursued in consultation with the Chemical Council which had been taking similar action at the instance of the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists. The Report of the Publications and Library Committee (13 March), dealing largely with preparation of the draft Report of Council for 1946 was received and adopted.Subject to the approval of the Society of Maccabzeans the Council adopted the recommendation of the Meldola Medal Committee that Meldola Medals for 1946 be awarded to Alan Woodworth Johnson B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. D.I.C. (at present I.C.I. Fellow for research in organic chemistry University of Cambridge) and Robert Harold Stokes MSc. (New Zealand) (at present lecturer in chemistry at the University of Western Australia). It was further agreed that these and future Meldola Medallists should where appropriate be invited to deliver lectures before the Institute on subjects related to the fields of work for which the Medals had been awarded and that where such a lecture was given the Meldola Medal be presented on that occasion.The Council received from Dr. William Cullen Vice-President a report on his visit to South Africa. He had conveyed the greetings of the Officers and Council to Members of the Institute in South Africa which had been [ 94 1 cordially reciprocated and he had been asked by the South African Chemical Institute to convey thanks to the Officers of the Royal Institute of Chemistry for their helpful discussion of various questions with their representatives who had visited London in the past year. Members of the Cape Section of the Institute had expressed the hope that it might be possible for Professor Findlay to visit the Section in the neir future and it was agreed that consideration be given to arranging for Professor Findlay to visit South Africa on his return journey from India.It was unanimously agreed that subject to the concurrence of the new Council Mr. Chirnside be invited to attend meetings of the- Council during the remainder of his term of service as a representative of the Institute on the Chemical Council. Mr. E. J. Vaughan accepted the Council’s invitation to represent the Institute on the British Standards Institution Technical Committee ISE/18 Sampling and Analysis of Steel. Following the resignation of Dr. H. G. Colman as a representative of the Institute on the British National Committee of the World Power Conference (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1947 11 77) it was agreed to invite Dr.J. G. King to act in this capacity. A letter was received from the Foreign Secretary of the Royal Society referring to the formation and constitution of International Unions for various subjects including chemistry and asking that bodies represented on National Committees should make a practice of informing the appropriate National Committee of any important international activities they might have in mind and wherever appropriate of consulting the Committee or its Chairman before taking such action. As a further step towards facilitating liaison between the Royal Society and bodies represented on its National Committees it was proposed in future to circulate to the offices of such societies copies of the minutes of meetings of the appropriate National Committees.These proposals were welcomed as furnishing an improved basis for co-operation among scientific bodies in this country and overseas. Council Meeting 2 May 1947.-An Address of Congratulation to H.R.H. The Princess Elizabeth on the attainment of her 2Ist birthday had been delivered at Buckingham Palace on 21 April and an acknowledgment had been received from the Lady-in-waiting. The results of the ballot for election of Officers General Members of Council and Censors for 1947-48 were reported (see pp. 98 104). Following a proposal by the previous Council it was agreed to invite Mr. R. C. Chirnside to attend meetings of the Council (without power to vote) until the end of 1947 when he would have completed his term of service as a representative of the Institute on the Chemical Council.Meetings of the Council were arranged for the following days each being the third Friday in a month:-16 May 20 June 18 July* 17 October 21 November 19 December 1947; 16 January 20 February 19 March 1948; on the understanding that further consideration would be given to 18 July* 1947 as this date fell within the period of the Eleventh International Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry. The Council received with pleasure an invitation from the Birmingham and Midlands Section to hold the Annual General Meeting in Birmingham in 1948 and it was unanimously decided to accept this invitation which accorded with a previous agreement that Annual General Meetings of the * Subsequently changed to Thursday 24 July.c 95 1 Institute should sometimes be held outside London. It was further agreed that the Annual General Meeting in 1948 should be held on 16 April. The Council then proceeded to appoint Committees and their Chairmen for 1947-48,as well as representatives of the Institute on Joint Committees and on other bodies (see pp. 99 100). It was learned with regret that Mr. F. P. Hornby and Dr. D. A. Harper had resigned as Honorary Secretaries of the Bristol and South-Western Counties Section and the Manchester and District Section respectively after many years of service in these capacities. They had been succeeded by Mr. B. W. Minifie and Mr. A. Carroll. Approval was given to a change in the Rules of the Dublin and District Section to provide that the District Member of Council for Eire should be ex-@& a member of the Section Committee and to a change in the Rules of the Aberdeen and North of Scotland Section to increase the number of members of the Section Committee from six to eight.The Sixteenth Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections had been held on 19April and a report was being prepared for submission to the Council at its next meeting (see p. 112). A proposal that the Seventeenth Conference be held on Saturday 18 October 1947,was approved. A suggestion was received from a Fellow that consideration should be given to the authorisation of academic dress for Fellows and Associates of the Institute. It was agreed that owing to the present clothing situation consideration of the proposal be deferred.The Report of the Nominations Examinations and Institutions Com- mittee (21 March) was received and adopted and the candidates recom- mended for election to the Associateship or to the Fellowship were duly elected to their respective grades. A report was received on reasons for resignation given by Associates who had resigned during the past three months and it was agreed that a similar report should be prepared annually in future for the information of the Council. A Report of the Appointments and Economic Status Committee (11 April) dealing with relations with the Institution of Professional Civil Servants and other matters referred to the Committee by the previous Council (see p.94) was received and discussed. Certain amendments to the recommendations of the Committee were proposed and it was agreed that these be further considered at a later meeting of the Council. Professor Findlay Chairman of the Joint Committee of the Institute and the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists on Public Health matters reported that at a meeting held on 14April Gonsideration had been given to published statements which seemed to indicate that representations made by the Joint Committee to the Ministry of Health in connection with the Public Health Service had been ignored especially the Joint Committee’s plea that the services of chemists experienced as water examiners should continue to be utilised in the best interests of the community on the bacteriological as well as on the chemical side.In view of the unsatisfactory position it had been agreed to seek an interview with the Minister. Approval was given to a proposal by the Joint Committee on Public Health matters that this Committee and the other Joint Committee with the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists on economic matters should be merged into a single Standing Joint Committee to deal with all matters of common interest to the two bodies. This recommendation c 96 1 had also been forwarded to the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists. In accordance with the previous decision of Council (see p. 94 ) the Chemical Council had been informed of the approaches made by the Institute to the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers and the Ministry of Supply on shortages of laboratory chemicals and apparatus and it had been agreed that future negotiations on such matters with these bodies and with the Board of Trade would be conducted in consultation.[A note on the outcome of the approach made by the Chemical Council to the Board of Trade on the supply position of laboratory chemicals appears on p. 137.1 Dr. A. W. Johnson had agreed to deliver before the Institute during 1947 a lecture on a subject related to the work for which he had been awarded a Meldola Medal for 1946. The other medallist for 1946 Mr. R. H. Stokes who was in Australia expected to visit England at the end of this year and the possibility of his giving a lecture before the Institute would be explored.Only one essay had been received in connection with the competition for the Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize 1946 and the recommendation of the Assessor that no award be made was confirmed. On the recommendation of the Special Purposes Committee it was ’agreed to thank the London and South-Eastern Counties Section Committee for suggestions they had put forward for the institution of a prize to be awarded to the most meritorious candidate amongst Registered Students of the Institute at each Examination for the Associateship but to state that the proposals in their present form were not acceptable for a number of reasons which would be explained to the Section Committee.Minutes of the Meeting of the Chemical Council held on 19 March were received (see p. 122) and it was reported that following approval by the three Chartered Chemical Bodies the Chemical Council had accepted the application of the Biochemical Society to join the Chemical Council without participation in the joint subscription arrangements. It was further reported that arrangements made by the Institute for remission of subscrip- tions to members serving in His Majesty’s Forces had also been adopted by the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry. The Council approved proposals by the Chemical Council on conditions of entry of the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists into the joint subscription scheme as from I January 1948.Minutes of a meeting (17 March) of the British National Committee for Chemistry of the Royal Society were received referring inter aha to:-dele-gates to the Council and to the General Assembly of the International Union of Chemistry ; the possibility of the publication of encyclopedic German publications on an international basis ; general relations of the International Union of Chemistry with UNESCO and the International Council of Scientific Unions; proposal by the Faraday Society to publish summaries of its papers in English French and German and an offer by that Society to publish papers by foreign authors if these were submitted after scrutiny by an appropriate committee in the country of origin and passed by referees in the ordinary way.Mr. E. T. Osborne was appointed as representative of the Institute on the Chemical Divisional Council of the British Standards Institution in succession to Professor H. T’. -4. Briscoe whose term of service had been completed. Dr. J. G. King had accepted the Council’s invitation to represent the Institute on the British National Committee of the 1Vorld Power Conference in succession to Dr. H. G. Colman (see p. 95). [971 OFFICERS AND MEMBERS OF COUNCIL 1947-48 PRESIDENT GERALD ROCHE LYNCH O.B.E. M.B. B.S. D.P.H. VICE-PRESIDENTS ALFRED LOUIS BACHARACH M.A. HENRY VINCENT AIRD BRISCOE DSc. A.R.C.S. D.I.C. WILLIAM CULLEN LL.D. M.I.CHEM.E. GILBERT ELLIOT DODDS A.H.-W.C. ALEXANDER FINDLAY M.A. D.Sc. LL.D. ALFRED JOHN PRINCE MSc.M.I.CHEM.E. HON. TREASURER DOUGLAS WILLIAM KENT-JONES B.Sc. PH.D. MEMBERS OF COUNCIL HARRY BAINES D.Sc. London and South-Eastern Counties and East Anglia NORMAN BOOTH BSc. PH.D. London FREDERICK CHALLENGER PH.D. D.Sc. Leeds LESLIE VICTOR COCKS Liverpool and North-West Coast JAMES WILFRED COOK PH.D. D.Sc. F.R.S. Glasgow ALBERT COULTHARD B.Sc. PH.D. Manchester and District CECIL JOHN TURRELL CRONSHAW D.Sc. M.I.CHEM.E. London JOHN OUTRAM CUTTER B.Sc. PH.D. Manchester GEORGE JAMES DENBIGH M.Sc. Leeds MAXWELL BRUCE DONALD M.Sc. A.R.C.S. M.I.CHEM.E. :London HARRY JULIUS EMELGUS D.Sc. A.R.C.S. F.R.S. Cambridge ARTHUR ERNEST EVEREST PH.D. D.Sc. Yorkshire (including Leeds Area and Huddersfield) ARNOLD TREVOR GREEN O.B.E. F.INsT.P.HON.M.INST.GAS E. M.I.CHEM.E. Newcastle-under-Lyme MERVYN HECTOR HALL MSc. PH.D. Northern Ireland HERBERT HENRY HODGSON M.A. B.Sc. PH.D. Hudders-eld LOUIS HUNTER PH.D. DSc. Leicester ERIC MILLWARD JOINER B.Sc. A.C.I.S. Birmingham and Midlands WALTER IDRIS JONES BSc. PH.D. M.I.CHEM.E. London JAMES GRIEVE KING O.B.E. PH.D. D.Sc. A.R.T.C. F.INsT.F. M.INST.GAS E. London HANS KRALL B.A. MSc. The Overseas Dominions and elsewhere abroad WILFRED HERBERT LINNELL PH.D. D.Sc. London REGINALD PATRICK LINSTEAD C.B.E. M.A. D.Sc. F.R.S. London THOMAS MALKIN PH.D. D.Sc. Bristol and South-Western Counties GUY FREDERIC MARRIAN D.Sc. F.R.S. Edinburgh HUGH BRYAN NISBET PH.D. DSc. A.H.-W.C. :Edinburgh and East of Scotland JOHN AUGUSTUS ORIEL M.C.M.A. BSc. M.I.CHEM.E. London ERNEST THOMAS OSBORNE O.B.E. M.A. London JOHN WILFRID PARKES M.Sc. Irish Free State GEORGE LOW RIDDELL B.Sc. PH.D. London ERIC KEIGHTLEY RIDEAL M.B.E. M.A. PH.D. D.Sc. F.R.S. London FRANK ROFFEY B.Sc. PH.D. London JOHN LIONEL SIMONSEN DSc. F.R.S. London ROY BROWN STRATHDEE M.A. BSc. PH.D. Aberdeen and North of Scotland RICHARD WILLIAM SUTTON B.SC.TECH. Derby ALEXANDER ROBERTUS TODD D.PHIL. DSc. F.R.S. Cambridge DAVID TRAILL B.Sc. PH.D. Glasgow and West of Scotland ERNEST VANSTONE D.Sc. Newton Abbot ERNEST JAMES VAUGHAN M.Sc. A.R.C.S. D.I.C. East Midlands and South HARRY WEATHERALL Liverpool [Y orkshire FRANK RONALD WILLIAMS B.Sc. PH.D. Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast (including Tees-Side) PERCY NOEL WILLIAMS M.Sc.West Kirby WILLIAM DUDLEY WILLIAMS B.Sc.,A.M.I.CHEM.E.,M.INsT.PET. :Wales and the County of Monmouth [Place names in italics refer to registered addresses of General Members of Cozmcil ; Roman Ietteieing is used to indicate ferritories represented by District Members of Council.] [ 981 CENSORS 1947-48 THE PRESIDENT. ex-officio LEWIS EYNON B.Sc. ALEXANDER FINDLAY MA DSc LLD SIR IAN MORRIS HEILB~oN,"D.S.O.Y D.&.,'LL.D. F.R.S. HA4ROLD MOORE C.B.E. Ph.D. D.Sc. COMMITTEES FOR 1947-48 COMMITTEES OF COUNCIL Finance and House Committee :THE PRESIDENT AND THE HONORARY TREASURER' WITH A. FINDLAY H. H. HODGSON J. G. KING H. KRALL W. H. LINNELL J. A. ORIEL G. L. RIDDELL AND E. J. VAUGHAN Nominations Examinations and Institutions Committee :THE PRESIDENT* H.V. A. BRISCOEt AND THE COUNCIL IN COMMITTEE Publications and Library Committee -THEPRESIDENT WITH A L BACHARACH* F CHALLENGER A. FINDLAY A. T. GREEN H. k. HODGSON L. 'HUNTER,' E. M. JOINE~,'T. MALKIN E VANSTONE AND H. WEATHERALL Special Purposes Committee -THEPRESIDENT* AND THE HON TREASURER WITH A L BACHARACH H. BAINES F. CHALLENGER L. v. COCKS k. E. DODDS,' A. FINDLAY,' J. G. K'ING,T. MALKIN E. T. OSBORNE AND E. VANSTONE STANDING COMMITTEES OF THE INSTITUTE Appointments and Economic Status Committee * THE PRESIDENT WITH A L BACHARACH N. BOOTH J. F. J. DIPPY A. FINDLAY* A. T. GREEN L. H. LAMATT, H. B N~SBET,J. A. OR~EL, E. T. OSBORNE A. J. PRINCE F. ROFFEYt R. W. SUTTON E. VANSTONE E. J.VAUGHAN, w. WARDLAW AND W. D. WILLIAMS Benevolent Fund Committee THE PRESIDENT AND THE HONORARY TREASURER* WITH THE FINANCE AND HOUSE COMMITTEE A. V. ELSDEN J. G. A. GRIFFITHS AND E. M. HAWKINS Scientific Courses Committee * F CHALLENGER* WITH THE PUBLICATIONS AND LIBRARY cohf-MITTEE N. BOOTH w. H.'LINNELL H. B. NISBETAND D. TRAILL AD HOC COMMITTEES OF THE INSTITUTE Committee on Revision of Charter and By-Laws THE PRESIDENT WITH A L BACHARACH? H BAINES L. v. COCKS J. 0.CUTTER G. E. DODDS A. FINDLAY*,'E. M. JO~NERAND D. w. KE'NT-JONES Patents Committee D. H. HEY* W. H. BALLASTYSE W. CULLEX 1:. B. DEH?; G. DRISG AND J. G. FIFE Special Committee on National certificates -N BOOTH R C CHIRXSIDE J. F. J. DIPPY A. FINDLAY* M. H. HALL J. KENYON w H.'LINNEL~,T.MALKIN H. B.'NISBET J. A. OR~EL, A. J. PRINCE W. WARDLAWt AND W. D. WILLIAMS * Indicates Chairman; t indicates Vice-Chairman REPRESENTATIVES OF THE INSTITUTE ON JOINT COMMllTEES The Chemical Council R. C. CHIRNSIDE A. FINDLAY G. ROCHE LYNCH AND THE HONORARY TREASURER Joint Council of Professional Scientists M. B. DONALD A. FINDLAY G. ROCHE LYNCH SIR ROBERT PICI<ARD J. L. SIMONSEN AND THE SECRETARY Joint Library Committee A. L. BACHARACH H. V. A. BRISCOE H. W. CREMER AND A. FINDLAY Joint Committee of the Institute and the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists J. F. J. DIPPY A. FINDLAY G. ROCHE LYNCH E. T. OSBORNE R. W. SUTTON E. J. VAUGHAN WITH THE REGISTRAR Joint Consultative Committee of the Institute and the British Association of Chemists A.L. BACHARACH G. ROCHE LYNCH J. A.ORIEL AND E. T. OSBORNE WITH THE SECRETARY Joint Committees on National Certificates (a) with the Ministry of Education (England and Wales) H. V. A. BRISCOE R. C. CHIRNSIDE A. FINDLAY J. A. ORIEL AND A. J. PRINCE (b) with the Scottish Education Department :J. W. COOK G. E. DODDS AND R. D. STRATHDEE [ 991 REPRESENTATIVES OF THE INSTITUTE ON OTHER BODIES The Parliamentary and Scientific Committee A. L. BACHARACH A. FISDLAY AND H. J. T. ELLINGHAM The Poisons Board (Pharmacy and Poisons Act 1933) :Statutory Appointment :G. ROCHE LYNCH The Advisory Committee appointed under the Therapeutics Substances Act 1925 D. H. HEY The Headmasters’ Employment Committee of the Ministry of Labour R.L. COLLETT The National Committee for Chemistry of the Royal Society :J. W. COOK The British National Committee of the World Power Conference. J. G. KIKG The British Management Council A. FINDLAY The Chemical Divisional Council of the British Standards Institution :E. T. OSBORNE The British Chemical Ware Manufacturers’ Committee dealing with Key Industries (Scientific Equipment and Materials) A. H. COOK The Oils Fats and Waxes Advisory Committee of the City and Guilds of London Institute W. H. SIMMONS The Chemical Trades Advisory Committee and the Chemical Trades Examination Board of the Union of Lancashire and Cheshire Institutes :R. L. COLLETT BOARD OF EXAMINERS FOR THE ASSOCIATESHIP AND FELLOWSHIP 1947-48 Chairman :THEPRESIDENT Rcprescntatiws of the Nominations Examinations and Institutions Committee H.V. A. BRISCOE, F. CHALLENGER A. FINDLAY AND A. J. PRIKCE Enaminers for fhc Associateship :G. M. BENNETT M.A. Sc.D. (CANTAB.) F.R.S. THOMAS GIBSON PEARSON Ph.D. (DUNELM), D.Sc. (LoND.) Examiners for the Fellowship Branch A.-INORGANIC CHEMISTRY WILLIAM WARDLAW D.Sc. (DUNELM) Branch B.-PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY R. G. W. NORRISH M.A. Sc.D. (CANTAB.) F.R.S. Branch C.-ORGANIC CHEMISTRY G. M. BENNETT M.A. Sc.D. (CANTAB.) F.R.S. Branch D.-BIOCHEMISTRY R. A. MORTON Ph.D. D.Sc. (LIv.) Branch E.-THE CHEMISTRYINCLUDING hfIcRoscoPr OF FOOD AND DRUGS AND OF WATER GEORGE TAYLOR. +HERAPEUTICS PHARMAC~LOGY AND MICROS COPY^ c. H. HAMPSHIRE M.B. B.S. B.Sc. (LoND.) M.R.C.S. L.R.C.P.Branch F.-AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY R. 0. DAVIES MSc. (WALES) CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL H. W. CREMER M.Sc. (LOND.) Branch G.-~NDUSTRIAL (GENERAL TECHNOLOGY) M.I.CHEM.E. Examiners in the special sections of Branch G will be appointed as required. Branch H.-GENERAL ANALYTICAL H. N. WILSON CHEMISTRY Branch I.-WATER SUPPLYAND THE TREATMENT S. E. MELLISG OF SEWAGEAND TRADE EFFLUENTS AND E. ARDERN D.Sc. (MANc.) Oral Examinafions :H. V. A. BRISCOE D.Sc. (LoND.) Chairman ;J. R. XICHOLLS D.Sc. (LoND.) HON. AUDITORS 1947-48 EDWARD QUESTIN LAWS B.Sc. KESNETH ALAS WILLIAMS BSc. M.Inst.Pet. AUDITORS 1947-48 hfESSRS. J. Y. FISLAY PEARSON & CO. Chartered Accountarits SOLICITORS MESSRS. hIARKBY STEWART 6( WADESONS 5 Bishopsgate London E.C.2 BANKERS THE WESTMINSTER BANK LTD., Bloomsbury Branch 214 High Holborn London W.C.1 SECRETARY HAROLD JOHANN THOMAS ELLINGHAM B.Sc.PH.D. (LoND.) A.K.C.S. I:.I.&f. F.H.I.C. REGISTRAR RONALD LESLIE COLLETT M.A. (CANTAB.) F.R.I.C. DEPUTY EXECUTIVE OFFICER LEOSARD WILLIAM RAYMOND I.S.O. B.A. B.Sc. (LoND.) A.R.C.S. A.R.I.C. ASSISTANT SECRETARY ISABEL CAWSTOX DATES OF COUNCIL MEETINGS FRIDAYS 16 MAY 30 JIJNF. THURSDAY 24 JULY. FRIDAYS 17 OCTOBER 21 NOVEMBER 19 Dk<EMBER;‘1947; 16 JAN’UARY 20’FEBRUARY 19 MARCH lh4S [ 1001 SIXTY-NINTH ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING FRIDAY 18 APRIL 1947 The Sixty-ninth Annual General Meeting of the Royal Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland was held in the Meeting Room of the Royal Society Burling- ton House Piccadilly London W.l on Friday 18 April 1947 at 5.15 p.m.Mr. G. ROCHELYNCH, O.B.E. M.B. B.S. D.P.H. President was in the Chair and 79 Fellows and 27 Associates were present. The Secretary read the Notice convening the Meeting. MINUTES.-The Minutes of the Sixty-Eighth Annual General Meeting having been circulated (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1946 11 72-75) were taken as read and were confirmed and signed. ANNUAL ACCOU NTS.-In presenting the Financial Statements for 1946 (JOURNAL 1947 11 63-74) Dr. D. \V. KENT-JONES, AND PROCEEDINGS Hon. Treasurer said:- It is my duty and privilege to present these accounts to you to-day. In view of the very clear explanation of the figures given in the Report of Council (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1947 11 49-53) I do not think I am called upon to say very much but I will naturally answer any questions which it may occur to anyone to ask.You may remember that last year I said we would endeavour to present the accounts in a new form which we hoped would be more informative and accordingly you have them before you in that new form to-day. Of the expenditure 38 per cent. is in respect of the items specified in the Special Accounts i.e. Examinations and Assessments Local Sections Publications and Appointments Register. The remaining 62 per cent. covers the general running of the Institute including keeping the accounts and records looking after the individual affairs of members who either write or call and of course the important work of the Council and its various Committees.I explained last year that I did not think we should continue to have a large excess of income over expenditure but I am pleased to say that without transfers to reserve funds we have a balance of L2,085 odd this year as compared with f;2,313 last year. We have in fact placed more to reserve this year than we did last year and a slight excess of income over expenditure remains after making allowance for that. It is probably unnecessary for me to go into the details of the arrangements for pensions at this stage but you will see that we have now introduced the long overdue new superannuation scheme. Mr. J. C. White who was your Hon. Treasurer until last year was anxious to do it some time ago but the war intervened.The scheme we have now put forward has been accepted by those members of the staff of the Institute who are entitled to participate in it and there is general satisfaction with the arrangements. The new scheme affords much better protection for the staff-the protection which they deserve and which we have not been able to give them until now because of war conditions. We have already altered the method of presenting the accounts and we are now considering-I will not put it higher than that-an improved form of presentation of the balance sheet so as to give you more information. You may expect from me a forecast of our financial position during the coming year. With the increased activities of the Institute it seems very likely that we shall not have a balance next year.That does not mean however that we are going to be in any hurry to put up subscriptions or anything of that sort. From what I know of your Council I can assure you that they will not hold up any of the Institute’s activities because our budget does not happen to balance in any one year. When an organisation is expanding it expects occasionally to have a slight deficit in a particular year. We shall go ahead and if we have a deficit it is not likely to be a very serious one. As to the Benevolent Fund I would point out that we have this year spent over L2,100 as compared with k1,500 last year. In point of fact we are now expending all the money we are receiving by way of subscriptions and donations excluding be- quests. If we are to carry on with this work it is very important that we should con- tinue our efforts to make the Benevolent Fund truly “benevolent” and that we should have your full support in the coming year.M‘e have introduced this year a system-and it has been amazingly successful-of giving holidays to the children of regular beneficiaries and we are considering providing suitable accommodation in hostels or rest homes for elderly members and their wives or for their widows. That raises a difficult problem but it is receiving the careful consideration of the Committee and of your Council. Finally I should mention a generous bequest of A300 under the Will of the late Sir Martin Forster. I should like to thank Professor Findlay for carrying on the work of the Finance and House and the Benevolent .Fund Committees when I have been away.As most of you [ 101 1 know I have been called out of England twice during the past year and on those occa- sions Professor Findlay has kindly carried on my work with his usual efficiency and enthusiasm. Then I should like to thank Dr. Ellingham. He of course really does the work while I just supervise-and I probably do not supervise as well as he does the work. I also thank Mr. Arnold the Finance Officer who not only keeps the accounts but has much specialised knowledge of financial matters which has been of great value to us. From my experience of these two gentlemen I must say that we are very fortunate in having two such very able servants of the Institute. I have always had all the help I wanted from my old friend Collett and from Miss Cawston whose knowledge of everything connected with the Institute is truly remarkable.I now formally move- That the Financial Statements for 1946 be received and adopted and that the thanks of the Institute be accorded to the Hon. Auditors Mr. C. L. Claremont and Mr. E. Q. Laws and also to the professional Auditors Messrs. J. Y.Finlay Pearson & Co. for their services. Mr. F. P. DUNN:I have much pleasure in seconding this motion. I must congratu- late the Treasurer on the new method of presentation of the Accounts which does enable us to gather much more information from them than we could previously. It is a great help to those who are keen on the work of the Institute to be able to follow what is happening financially and otherwise.The motion for the adoption of the Annual Accounts was then put avtd carried unanimously. The vote of thanks to the Auditors was carried with acclamation. REPORT OF THE COUNCIL FOR 1946.-The President said:-I beg to move the adoption of the Report of the Council. This document has been published in the AND PROCEEDINGS JOURNAL (1947 11 41-74) and no doubt you have all had an opportunity of studying it. It contains a full account of the activities of the Institute for the year 1946; consequently there is lift but little for me to say to you this afternoon but I would like to mention a few points and refer to developments since the end of the year. You have already passed the accounts and as the Treasurer has told you we now have a scheme for the provision of adequate pensions for our staff.I do not propose to mention it further except to say that we can look forward to this provision being made out of income each year with the knowledge that future Councils will not be called upon to draw heavily on the funds of the Institute for any particular case. One of the most gratifying occurrences during the year was the presence of repre- sentatives of the Institutes of Chemistry of Australia Canada S. Africa and New Zealand attending the Empire Scientific Conference. I was able to arrange a meeting of these representatives and it was possible to hold a dinner in their honour. This has brought us and our sister institutes into closer contact and has forged a bond of union which I believe will have permanent results.Our Treasurer just back from Australia tells me that chemists in the Dominion regard us with the deepest affection and esteem and many members of ours and of the Australian Chemical Institute travelled many miles in order to meet an Officer of the Royal Institute of Chemistry. We would thank our . Treasurer for his services to us in Australia. A new departure in our publications has been the issue of the Directory of Con- sultants. In producing this Directory the Council believe that such a publication will enable those in private practice to become known without any violation of our ethical ' code about advertising and at the same time provide the State and the public with knowledge of the existence of chemical consultants in every field so that they may obtain the best advice in any circumstances that may arise.The next twelve months should see the publication of a Register of Fellows and Associates of the Institute which will be modelled on the lines of that issued in 1938. On the educational side we have not been idle. Agreement has been reached after prolonged negotiation with the Ministry of Education on the re-organisation of the National Certificates in Chemistry whereby two types are to be granted. In this way it has been possible to meet the wishes of the Ministry and of the Institute. The importance of refresher courses has not been forgotten. The courses at Liver- pool during 1946 were most successful and are a happy example of what can be done in this direction.Our warm thanks are extended to the Liverpool and North-Western Counties Section. Next summer a Symposium on Coal Petroleum and their hiewer Derivatives is to be held at St. Andrews under the auspices of the three Scottish Sections and in Dublin a Chemical Congress is to be held jointly by the Irish Chemical Association and the Institute. A number of important lectures have been given and I would mention two. That by Dr. Dyson on a New Notation for Organic Chemistry was held jointly with the [ 102 1 Chemical Society the Society of Chemical Industry and the Bureau of Abstracts. The Institute found it possible to supply reprints of this lecture without charge to the members of all three Chartered Bodies. In January of this year Sir Ian Heilbron delivered the first Henderson Memorial Lecture.This lecture which is to be given every three or four years has been made possible by an old student of Henderson Dr. David Spence a Fellow now resident in America and once again I would like to express our thanks to him for his generous endowment. It is pleasing to record that with the concurrence of the Society of Maccabaens the Meldola medal is being awarded again this year and it has been decided to give two medals. The recipients are Dr. A. W. Johnson and Mr. R. H. Stokes. The latter was trained in New Zealand and has since worked for many years in Australia. This I think is the first time that one of these medals has gone to a member in a Dominion. The Benevolent Fund has been doing valuable work and I can assure you that confidential letters which have come from recipients are a striking testimony to the help which we have been able to give.I hope sincerely that we shall never be in a position to have to refuse from lack of funds. Two new forms of activity have been undertaken this year. First the provision of holidays for children of regular bene- ficiaries. This happy thought for which we have to thank Professor Findlay has been a great success. And secondly the possibility of providing homes for old people. This is becoming a pressing need and the matter is receiving careful attention by the Committee. I think that it is safe to say that we hope to put before our members a scheme but it may be a little time yet and in any event the preliminary costs will I fear be heavy.On item 4 of the Agenda one of our Honorary Auditors Mr. Claremont has asked to be allowed to be relieved of further duty in this capacity owing to pressure of work. In reluctantly acceding to his request I should like to take this opportunity of thank-ing him most cordially for his services over a number of years and in doing so I am sure that you all join with me. You will have noticed on the inside cover of the April number of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS the name of Mr. L. W. Raymond as Deputy Executive Officer. The work of the Institute is ever growing and it has been imperative to give the other Officers some relief. I am sure you will all join with me in giving Mr. Raymond a warm welcome and congratulating him on joining our staff.I now come to some personal observations. This my first year of office has naturally been difficult for me and I am well aware of my shortcomings. The Council have been long-suffering and have shown me every kindness and the happy and cordial relations which we have all had have made me look forward to next year with great confidence assuming I am re-elected. I would add that those members of Council who are due to retire this time will be missed and we part from them with regret. I would also say how helpful the Vice-presidents have been and I would single out two for special mention knowing as I do that the others would wish me to do so. First Professor Briscoe has done and is doing yeoman service for the Institute.His work is all done behind the scenes but interviewing of candidates-to quote one aspect of his work-is very exacting and time-consuming. I would like especially to thank him. To Professor Findlay I hardly know what to say. He has been a tower of strength to me has been willing to relieve me of many duties and has time and time again given me wise counsel. know of no member of the Institute who has the welfare of our organisation nearer to his heart than Professor Findlay. To him too I tender my best thanks. I would also thank our Treasurer. He has entered into his job with the greatest enthusiasm and is doing most important work for us. Finally I come to our executive officers-Dr. Ellingham Mr. Collett and Miss Cawston. Their efficiency and kindness to me have been a source of strength and we are fortunate to have such a team.To the remainder of the staff I would say at once that we have a most efficient organisation and I would mention in particular our Finance Officer Mr. Arnold and our Records Officer Mr. Winder who during last year returned to us from military service; we are glad to see him safely back with us again. I now formally move- That the Report of the Councilfor 1946 be received and adopted. Sir HAROLD I have much pleasure in seconding the motion for the adoption TEMPANY of the Report of the Council. The Council are to be congratulated upon it and upon a very successful year of work. This year is an outstanding. one in the history of the Institute in that it is the first occasion upon which the total membership has exceeded 10,000.I think we can look forward with confidence to the Institute’s going on from strength to strength in its work which grows in importance as time goes by. THEPRESIDENT: The Report is now open for discussion. iI 103 1 Mr. D. M. FREELAND: There is one point on which I would like some information. It concerns our President’s reference to the new scheme which has recently been arranged between the Institute and the Ministry of Education with regard to National Certificates in Chemistry. I have always felt that the National Certificates were a sort of stopgap. Young fellows get these Certificates but it leads them nowhere. Can we be told whether the new scheme will enable them to obtain some advantage in the way of getting into the Institute through its examination course? Are there any advantages in getting National Certificates before coming to the Institute in the way other people have done in the past? Professor A.FINDLAY:This matter has been under consideration and has been referred by the Council to a Committee. The Committee have been asked to consider whether or not and to what extent the National Certificate in Chemistry can be accepted as leading to the examination for the Associateship of the Institute. The motion for the adoption of the Report of the Council was then put and was carried unanimously. REPORT OF THE SCRUT1NEERS.-The Secretary read the following Report:- The number of valid voting papers received for the election of Officers was 2,050 and the following qualified for election:- President G.Roche Lynch (2,042). Vice-presidents A. Findlay (2,036),A. L. Bacharach (2,034),H. V. A. Briscoe (2,033), William Cullen (2,028),G. Elliot Dodds (2,028),A. J. Prince (2,025). Hon. Treasurer D. W. Kent-Jones (2,048). The number of valid voting papers received for the election of General Members of Council was 2,045 and the following qualified for election:-E. K. Rideal (1,661),H. J. Emel6us (1,599),J. W. Cook (1,565),Frederick Challenger (1,503),R. P. Linstead (1,467), A. R. Todd (1,456) H. H. Hodgson (1,394) G. F. Marrian (1,364),A. T. Green (1,321), J. 0.Cutter (1,266),C. J. T. Cronshaw (1,262),R. W. Sutton (1,2381 FrankRofiey (1,208), J. A. Oriel (1,207). J. G. King (1,205),IT’.Idris Jones (1,190),J. L. Simonsen (1,186), G. L. Riddell (1,174) bl. B. Donald (1,168),Harry Weatherall (1,164),P. N. Williams (1,162),Louis Hunter (1,117),ErnestVanstone (l,116),G.J. Denbigh (1,051),E.T. Osborne (1,038),W. H. Linnell (1,009),Norman Booth (1,003). The number of valid voting papers received for the election of Censors was 1,903,and the following qualified for election:-A. Findlay (1,803),Sir Ian Heilbron (1,740) Lewis Eynon (1,548),Harold Moore (1,535). The following voting papers were disallowed according to the By-Laws:-’l from Fellows and Associates whose subscriptions were in arrear; 2 in unsigned envelopes; 2 received after the close of the poll; 4 in respect of votes for Council. The President declared the O$cers Members of Council and Censors whose names had been read out from the Report of the Scrutineers duly elected to their respective ojices.A vote of thanks to the Scrutineers MY. B. A. Ellis MY.J. S. Jackson Dr. R. R. Lytze, Mr. H. S. Rooke and Dr. R. G. Wallis was proposed by the President and carried with acclamation. APPOINTMENT OF AUDITORS.-THE PRESIDENT said:-The next item is “To elect the Auditors and to fix the remuneration (if any) thereof.” The present Hon. Auditors are Messrs. C. L. Claremont and E. Q. Laws. Xs I have already said Mr. Claremont desires to retire and we have therefore to appoint another gentleman in his place. I shall be pleased to receive any nominations but I put tenta- tively before you the name of Mr. Kenneth A. Williams. There were no other nominations and MY.E. Q. Laws aiid MY. Kenfaeth A. Williains were elected as Hon. Auditors. Dr. D. W.KENT-JONES(Hon. Treasurer) proposing that Messrs. J. Y. Finlay, Pearson G. Co. Chartered Accountants be appointed as Professional Auditors for the coming year at a fee of lOOguineas said:-You will remember that I mentioned last time that it would be necessary to increase the fee. Having regard to our increased activities we were not then certain what was an adequate fee but it is now appropriate and it is acceptable to the Professional Auditors. Mr. C. L. CLAREMONT:-hhy I be allowed to support the Treasurer’s remarks? It certainly is not an excessive fee. I have been very pleased to serve as Hon. Auditor for the past few years and it is with some regret that I retire.I have discovered one thing about the job which is I think unique namely that you have to sack yourself! All the other officers appear to be compelled to retire but the Hon. Auditor if he wants to stick apparently sticks ! The proposal was carried unaninaously. VOTE OF THANKS TO RETIRING MEMBERS OF COUNCIL.-Mr. L. EYNON:-I should think there are very few members of the Institute who are better qualified than c 104 3 I am to propose this vote of thanks because very few members have retired from the Council more often than I have! I ought therefore to know something of the feelings of a retiring member. From my own experience I can say that the feeling is partly one of relief and partly one of regret and the feeling of regret is greater than the feeling of relief.The retiring member looks forward to more leisure but he certainIy regrets leaving the Council of which he can have none but pleasant recollections. On the whole I think the loss in retiring is greater than the gain. The Institute owes a debt of gratitude to its Members of Council for the great amount of time they give to its work and I have therefore great pleasure in proposing that a hearty vote of thanks be accorded to the retiring Members. Mr. E. E. AYLING:I have much pleasure in seconding this proposition. I am in the position of only having retired once but I can support what Mr. Eynon has said. The vote of thanks was carried with acclamation. SPECIAL BUSINESS.-THE PREsmENT:-We now proceed to the Special Business.I move from the Chair- That the resolutioit relating to the Superannuation Fund for members of the staff passed at the Annual General Meeting of the Institute held on 1 March 1939 be rescinded and that in accordance with By-Law 42 the consent of this meeting be given to the proposal of the Council of the Institute to appropriate froivi the general funds of the Institute a sum not exceeding A2,500in any one year towards the maintenance on a joint contributory basis of a superannuation and pensions scheme for members of the staff of the Institute. Dr. D. W. KENT-JONES(Hon. Treasurer) in seconding the motion said:- You all know of the arrangements we have had in the past. We have now re- examined the whole position and are fortunate in being able to join with other societies in the Scientific Societies Joint Pensions and Life Assurance Scheme.This request for authority to appropriate &2,500 may sound very large in view of what we have previously asked for. We are however not proposing to expend A2,500; we only wish to have that as the limit. We have to provide pensions for members of the staff who will be retiring in perhaps five years time and we want to bring them all in under this scheme so that we shall not have to charge to our Annual Accounts special pensions for people who are retiring. I do not think that even in the first few years we shall be spending more than Ll,SOO or L1,900 and of that sum a considerable pro- portion will be for past services which could not be fully dealt with during the war.Of the provision for past services over one-half will disappear in the next five years and I think you will find that by about 1959 the figure for them will be reduced to under fl200. The present figure for future services is round about L900. If this proposition meets with your approval as I hope it will we shall be in a position to go ahead and do what we want to do and what the Council have thought fit to do after making a very careful examination of the position. THE PRESIDENT: I only want to add this to what the Hon. Treasurer has said. We have taken expert professional advice on this matter and we believe we have one of the best schemes. It is a scheme which will be worked in conjunction with other scientific bodies.The matter is now open for discussion. If nobody has any comment to make I will put the resolution. The motion was put and carried unanimously. Mr. R. L. COLLETT(Registrar) said:-As the oldest member of the staff may I on behalf of the staff thank the meeting for having passed this resolution. Mr. C. G. GRAY:I beg to move- That this Meeting considers that the existing division of the Royal Institute of Chemistry into two separate grades of full membership is not in the best interests of the chemical profession and recommends that steps be taken to amend the constitution of the Royal Institute of Chemistry to enable the Associateship to be abolished all existing Associates becoming Fellows and the present standards for admission to theAssociateship being adopted for admission to the Fellowship.I think the reasons for moving this will be clear to all of those who have been following the affairs of the Institute in recent years. Many of us must regret that far too much of our time of our energies and of our publication space has been taken up with petty squabbles and with mutual head-thumpings within our own ranks. The reason for those quarrels originates in one single matter-petty jealousies as between Fellows on the one hand and Associates on the other. I consider that the three questions around which we have talked for years-the status of the Fellowship the methods of election from the Associateship to the Fellowship and the exclusive right of Fellows to sit on the Council [ 105 3 -have their origin in a single question which we have not yet asked ourselves.That question is do we really need a two-grade Institute? Is the division of the Institute into two grades really necessary or desirable ? My personal opinion is that that division is neither necessary nor desirable. My experience-and I believe it to be a common experience-is that the division has little ar no practical significance outside the Institute. That is I think borne out by the fact that the statistics published recently in the Journal and Proceedings show that of the Fellows elected since 1938 less than 15 per cent. have passed the Institute’s examination in other words the majority of the Associates passing to the Fellowship do so because they have succeeded in convincing their employers that they are of the status of Fellows and that the Institute’s grading and assessment of their capabilities does not do them justice.I notice from the Report we have just considered that of 214 new Fellows elected during 1946 24 are shown as having passed the Institute’s examination. The remaining 190 have passed to the Fellowship presumably on the ground of having attained success in their profession or on some similar basis. Those figures show I think that the distinction between Associateship and Fellowship has little significance in the outside world. If it has little significance in the outside world I think it has still less to do with the professional code of the chemist-with what I may call the domestic affairs of the Royal Institute of Chemistry.In 1944 the President then in office laid down the functions of the Institute in these words:- “Surely it may not unreasonably be claimed that a profession is created or comes into being only when those who are engaged in specific actions form themselves into an organised body which can prescribe standards of qualification for membership can examine aspirants to the profession or apply tests of their qualification and can form a register of those who attain the prescribed standard. Such an organisation moreover must not only prescribe qualifications for membership but must also set up and maintain certain rules or standards of professional conduct must regulate the activities of its members and above all must create in them a feeling of solidarity and comradeship.It must in other words not only be an examining and registering body but must also create the professional brotherhood within which the members can work in co-operation for the advancement and welfare of the profession.” I should subscribe in full to that definition of the functions of the Institute. But whilst the Institute must lay down minimum standards of qualification for its practitioners to insist upon the necessity for the Fellowship-Associateship division implies as I see it adding to that statement the proviso that it should also prescribe super-standards of super-qualification. I see no reason why it should. Until the Institute can speak with one voice I think it is not competent to speak for our profession at all ; and I believe it will be able to speak with one voice only when it has done away with this internal division and has put all its qualified members on the same responsible footing.Mr. J. S. JACKSON in seconding the motion said:-I would like to make it clear at the outset that we have no desire to embarrass the Institute in any way. We seek on the other hand to strengthen it and to increase its influence. It is quite obvious from the present membership that chemists value the work of the Institute and seek membership but as Mr. Gray has pointed out if the Institute is to do its work it must be strong,. and its strength must be demonstrated by the fact that it speaks with one voice for all its members. It must have one story to tell for the whole of its 10,000 members and there must be no question as to whether its recom- mendations apply to the one-third or the two-thirds as the case may be.No one can pretend that the present state of affairs is satisfactory. Two-thirds of the members are practically disfranchised and are debarred from taking an active part in the conduct of the affairs of the Institute. The Institute has already admitted quite freely that it is unhappy about the present position and strenuous efforts have been made to put the matter right. As you know there was a campaign recently to encourage Associates to apply for the Fellowship. We feel however that that effort not only failed but was probably rather misguided and may have done more harm than good. As has already been pointed out 90 per cent.of the entrances to the Fellowship are by election and therefore the Fellowship has lost much if not all of its technical significance. But I feel that the position is even worse than that and that we may succeed in attracting the wrong type of applicants for the Fellowship. People who are already in an assured position just do not care whether they are Associates or Fellows. I know personally of highly qualified people in responsible positions who have not yet takent!; trouble to apply for our Fellowship and when asked why the answer they give is What incentive does the Institute offer? What do I gain by applying for the Fellowship ? Does it mean anything to me in my profession ? ” To that the reply is “No.” Election may therefore be the wrong process unless it is carried to its logical conclusion and all Associates are elected to the Fellowship.[ 1061 The fact that our efforts so far have failed proves to me that we are faced with a fundamental difficulty and therefore a radical solution must be sought. I claim that the solution suggested in this motion is a promising and hopeful one. There would be no real loss of status and there need be no loss of revenue. It would result in unity within the Institute and the Institute could then deal with Government departments public bodies and the general public on behalf of 10,000 or more members. We feel that it would then speak on behalf of the whole chemical profession. I appeal to everyone here not to look at this question from their own personal point of view but to look at it from the point of view of the strength and influence of the Institute during the next few years.I should add that we have received a number of proxies. They are only eight in number unfortunately but that fact does indicate that there are members not present here who are actively interested in supporting this motion. Mr. A. L. BACHARACH, in opening the discussion said :-If I may say so without dis- respect to Mr. Gray and Mr. Jackson I have seldom in my life heard such a farrago of nonsense talked in such a short time :it seems to me that the sooner we can dispose of it and all get away to our suppers the better it will be. Mr. Gray painted a horrific picture of quarrels in the Institute between Fellows and Associates and he contrasted that with the ideal position of having one grade of membership.Let us get our minds clear on this-if it is necessary for any of us to do that except Mr. Gray and Mr. Jackson! I have been a member of the London and South-Eastern Counties Section Committee on which Fellows and Associates sit but I have never known at any single meeting who were the Fellows and who were the Asso-ciates. I have been to many meetings of Sections of the Institute all over the country at some of which important business was discussed but I have never known who were the Associates and who were the Fellows. I defy anybody in this room including Mr. Gray and Mr. Jackson to point out after this acrimonious discussion has finished who were the Fellows who took part and who were the Associates.Of course there are divisions inside the Institute but I deny absolutely that those divisions of opinion have anything whatever to do with the status of Associates and Fellows. That is the first point. Then there is this business of “talking with one voice.” Does anyone who studies problems of organisation and expression of opinion believe that in any organisation which could possibly be called democratic there could ever be one voice on anything? There would be no need for its existence if there were. If we all agreed on everything all we would need to do would be to appoint a single representative who could speak for us on any matter. There must be more than one voice in any organisation but there must be a means of meeting together and deciding what on balance is regarded by the majority as being in the best interests of that profession and its organisation.It is for purposes of that sort that the Institute exists and not to “speak with one voice” on any one matter. The resolution seems to me to take an entirely false view of what the Associateship and Fellowship of the Institute really mean what they are designed to do and what they are meant to represent not only to the members of the Institute but to the outside public. I must say that in my view the most serious reflection to be made on the Council is not that they have failed to abolish the distinction between Associates and Fellows but that they have failed to conduct through a suitable public relations officer and by other means a sufficiently intense campaign of education amongst our own members.There seems to be an extraordinary misconception of what is intended by the two grades of membership. I would remark in passing that it would be a very curious thing if it were true-as it appears to be-that at least two grades of membership were found to be appropriate for every other professional institution in this country and that only one grade was appropriate for chemists. Moreover I find it difficult to understand why if the proposition put forward by Mr. Gray and Mr. Jackson were an accurate one we should not urge that in future there should be no degrees of any university except Ph.D. there should be no rank in the Church except that of canon there should be no rank in the Army except that of major and that in fact we should all be compelled if we were going to be qualified at all to be satisfied with the same one qualification.However analogies are notoriously misleading and I will return for a moment to the question of the grading of chemists within the Royal Institute of Chemistry. Before I do so I want to say one word on a matter mentioned by Mr. Jackson-the attitude of people in assured positions who do not care about our Fellowship. Those were the people who during the campaign so admirably led by Professor Findlay during his presidency were urged to consider whether in fact they were qualified to be Fellows. I am glad to say that some 600 decided that they were-a decision which was incident- ally endorsed by the Council.What do you say to a man who says to you “Why should I become a Fellow ? tl-hat do I get out of it ? ” You say to him “My dear chap,” if he is a friend of yours-or something rather different if he is not!-“what on earth has that got to do with it?” If any Associate of the Institute applies for his Fellowship-and I am excepting those who take the examination because they are in a different category-and asks “What am I to get out of it 7’’ the answer surely is “It is your duty to your profession and to your country to take such steps as will enable that profession and that country to recognise your qualifications and experience. The issue has nothing whatever to do with what you get out of it.” This Institute exists as anybody knows who takes the trouble to read even the first few paragraphs of its Charter to further the standards of professional proficiency and conduct in the science of chemistry in all its manifold and sometimes bewildering aspects.Why have a distinction between Associateship and Fellowship? The answer is perfectly simple. The Associateship is a recognition of a certain standard of chemical knowledge and also of a requisite general educational standard and of nothing else whatever. Once a man has shown that he hasreached that standard either by taking the Institute’s own examination or by receiving a recognised degree of a recognised university or college he is entitled to his Associateship. The Fellowship on the other hand is a guarantee not only that a man has at one time or another had sufficient chemical knowledge and general education to qualify as an Associate but that he has also now reached such a degree of maturity as to justify his being a Fellow of the Royal Institute of Chemistry.It means exactly that,-nothing more and nothing less. It may be asked “Then why have the examination at all? ” I am coming seriously to doubt whether the examination for the Fellowship is indeed a satisfactory one. It is a fact that in some branches of chemistry-notably in Branch E and possibly at some later stage in Branch I-examination is necessary or may become necessary but I am beginning to wonder whether the young men of 24 25 or 26 who having some years previously taken their Honours Degrees or passed their Associateship examinations and who by the fruits of hard work sit for the Fellowship and pass the examination really have all the qualifications essential for Fellowship.I am beginning consequently to wonder whether it would not be better if all Associates passed to the Fellowship only as a result of the kind of scrutiny to which they are submitted when they apply for admission without examination. If anyone imagines that to be an easy way to the Fellowship then if he has gained his Fellowship by examination I suggest that he ask to be down- graded to Associate and then apply for admission to the Fellowship without examination and see what happens. He will certainly encounter a fine process of sieving carried out by very expert sifters. This claim that two-thirds of the members of the Institute are disfranchised is a piece of rhetorical claptrap.Every Associate has the same voting rights as every Fellow. The truth simply is that it is the expressed opinion of the members of the Institute- Associates as well as Fellows!-that on the whole it is better for the Council to consist of the rather more mature members. When it comes to deciding who those members shall be the Associate is on precisely the same footing as the Fellow. Let us always bear in mind this basic distinction between the Associate and the Fellow. It is wrong to talk about the two qualifications as if they could exist simul- taneously in time; that is to say that because a man passes his Associateship examina- tion he is necessarily at that time of Fellowship standard.He only reaches Fellowship standard by virtue of having been an Associate and of having practised as a chemist for a certain number of years. He has gained that extra experience and has achieved that extra knowledge of his work and of chemistry as a whole that we can only describe by some such general term as “maturity.” Let us not forget that a considerable number of our Associates come into the Institute neither as a result of the university examinations nor as a result of the Institute’s own examination for Associates but as a result of having reached the required level of chemical knowledge largely by the sweat of their brows. They consider that their standard of chemistry should be recognised by a professional body like the Institute.They apply for admission and they are seen by an interviewing committee where they are most thoroughly examined. If you make Fellowship the only standard then you must adopt one of two alternatives; either you lower the standard of the Fellowship to that of the Associatehip and bring in as Fellows all these men who are justifiably admitted Associates at present or you raise the standard of the Associateship to that of the Fellowship and keep all these men out of the Institute. In neither instance will you be getting a proper professional organisation of chemists or giving the general public the information it needs about the chemical profession-the information that it is entitled to receive and that it is the duty and the proud privilege of this Institute to give.Professor D. H. PEACOCK: I am sure we are all in sympathy with the aims of the mover and seconder of this motion which are to advance the interests of the pro- fession and to strengthen the Institute. The Institute is of course trying to carry out r 1081 a very difficult task. It is trying to make itself the representative body for men and women in the chemical profession throughout the country and at the same time it is trying to keep up a reasonably high standard of entry into the profession. When we consider the difficulties which must face the Institute in trying to carry out those two functions we may perhaps bear in mind other professional institutions remembering always that analogies are sometimes not only misleading but often inaccurate.There are professional institutions which admit everybody who receives a certain examination qualification and thereby become merely registering bodies. We have to ask ourselves whether we want to turn the Institute into a body which merely keeps a Register of all the people in the country who have a First or Second Class Honours degree in chemistry or some other similar qualification. If we do turn the Institute into such a body will it be any stronger than it is at the present time ? We have alternatively to ask ourselves whether the Institute is succeeding at present in its mission of trying to maintain a high standard of professional ability and a high standard of professional ethics. These are the things which the Institute has been trying to do for some years.We are not here to moralise on the mistakes of the past but to try to remedy them if they were mistakes. I would therefore ask all members here to turn over in their minds what they regard as the proper function of the Institute. While we are turning that over in our minds we must of course try to meet the objection raised by the proposer of the motion namely that there is a strong division of feeling between the Associates and the Fellows of the Institute. Looking around this meeting I must confess that I fail to see any evidences of this division between Associates and Fellows but perhaps we are all Fellows here! The proposer of the motion suggests that a large number of Associates-I think he will agree that this is his suggestion-are unable to take that part in the affairs of the Institute which they would like to take and that they cannot take it because they are not Fellows.I would like to ask the mover why those Associates are not Fellows. Is it because they do not want to become Fellows or is it because they are not professionally qualified ? If it is because they do not wish to become Fellows are they fit and proper people to take a very important part in carrying on the executive work of this Institute ? Are they the people to represent the general body of chemists? If they are not pro- fessionally qualified then I think it is hardly necessary to ask the question because if they are not sufficiently professionally qualified to become Fellows I do not think they can be regarded as being representative chemists.This is an Institute of Chemistry and we want to bear that in mind. Before I sit down I would say that I am so far in sympathy with the aims of this motion as earnestly to wish that something could be done to get into the Institute a larger number of the properly qualified young men and women who every year graduate from the universities of this country. It is I am sure a great source of distress to all of us who have been members for many years that more young men and women do not come forward. Having regard to the social tendencies which are at work at the present . time in this country a well-organised professional organisation is necessary if chemists are to maintain their status as a profession.I cannot offer any suggestions now but we must ensure that the Institute tends more and more to speak for the profession of chemistry. I do not think it will do that by adopting the suggestion contained in this motion. I sympathise strongly with its aims but I do not think we shall achieve those aims by the method it suggests. Mr. R. H. M. SAVAGE: I want to congratulate Mr. Gray on one thing and one thing only-his sense of logic. It appears to me that the actions which have been taken in recent years to persuade more Associates to become Fellows may be leading inevitably in the direction he suggests. After all if you want to draw a dividing line through a body of people such as this you can put that dividing line anywhere you like; but if you are going to put it in such a position that most of the members lie above it you must put it very near the qualifying boundary so that the standard for the Fellow- ship becomes very close indeed to that for the Associateship.Mr. Gray and Mr. Jackson have taken that argument to its logical conclusion. It has-been explained at previous meetings that it was the intention of the founders of the Institute that the Fellowship should as Mr. Bacharach so ably explained be an indication of maturity rather than of the extent of a man's chemical knowledge. The last speaker has pointed out that this is an Institute of Chemistry and I agree. I do not think it is entitled to consider itself an institute of general ability and I must express my profound disquiet at the actions which have been taken in recent years in admitting so many people to the Fellowship on the result of an interview.I do not wish for a moment to suggest that those interviews are not exacting and that they are not conducted in the best way possible but there is a legal saying which says that justice should not only be done but should be seen to be done. That is one of the advantages of admission by examination; [ 109 1 people know what they have to go through and everybody else knows as well. Instead of admitting Fellows by examination we trust-and I think rightly trust-to the in- tegrity of those who do the interviewing but we do not know anything about it and I do not think anybody does outside the committee which does the interviewing. In conclusion may I say that I think the mover and seconder have done us a service in showing the way in which we have been tending to go in recent years.Dr. E. C. WOOD:I have some sympathy with the motives underlying this motion though not with the motion itself. It is not many years since I myself proposed a motion at an Annual General Meeting of the Institute which was designed to give expression to a feeling of the same sort as that which must have been in the minds of many Associates and Fellows. On the one hand we have this comparatively small body of Associates who become Fellows by examination and on the other hand we have the much larger number who become Fellows without any examination other than that which they may have taken to become Associates.My opinion was until recently that this was wrong and that admission to the Fellowship without examination should in some way be made much narrower so that the number of Associates becoming Fellows by examination would exceed the number of those who became Fellows without examination. I have however partly as a result of further conversations with many Fellows and Associates modified my views. Strangely enough the views I now hold have been to a certain extent foreshadowed by Mr. Bacharach in what he has said which is rather ironic because Mr. Bacharach dealt with my motion on that previous occasion almost as vigorously as he has dealt with this now. I am now beginning to think that examinations (particularly in Branch E but in other branches as well if so desired) should be dissociated completely from election to the Fellowship.The best solution of this difficulty which has exercised the minds of so many of us for so long, even though the majority of the members still are in favour of the present system as a whole (and that is perhaps because a better solution has not been found) may be so to arrange matters that election to the Fellowship always indicated the basic chemical (Associateship) standards plus that maturity of judgment which one tends to look for in a Fellow and that while the examinations of the Institute (certainly in Branch E probably in Branch I and in such other branches as may become necessary) should be continued a separate diploma or something of the kind should be granted to indicate that the examination had been passed.In other words I envisage a situation similar to that in the medical profession where a man becomes qualified by becoming an L.R.C.P. for instance and can quite apart from that take the D.P.H. which indicates that he also has a specialised knowledge in a particular field. If something analogous could be done in our profession I believe it would very largely solve our problem and I would therefore like to ask without making any formal motion that the Councilshould consider this possibility. I do not think that to bring Associates and Fellows to one level of qualifications would meet the point and I shall have no hesitation in voting against the present motion. Mr. D. M. FREELAND: I think Dr. Wood’s views could be met to some extent by having in the Register a list of those Associates who gained their Fellowship by examination in the same way as the Branch E men are indicated.Branch E men are there for a special reason but in the Register there would be some evidence that the man had taken an examination of a certain character apart from the oral one that is very often given to these candidates. Mr. J. L. PINDER:I think Mr. Freeland’s remarks missed the point. Surely the point is that at the moment the Fellowship means two things. For the bulk of the Fellows who are elected directly from the Associateship without any examination it means that in the opinion of the Council they have reached a certain professional maturity. For those Fellows elected as a result of examination it means that they have obtained a higher qualification.I think some of the confusion at the moment arises because it does mean one or other of those two things and I support the general purport of Mr. Wood’s remarks namely that the Council should examine the possibility of ensuring that in future Fellowship does mean professional maturity only; that we should certainly continue to hold diploma examinations but that the success of the candidate in passing what is now the Fellowship examination in a particular branch should in future be dissociated from the position of having acquired the maturity and status necessary to become a Fellow. The PRESIDENT: I can say that the whole question of the Fellowship is being considered by the Council.I will certainly see that Dr. Wood’s suggestions are brought to the notice of the Committee dealing with the matter. Mr. D. L. SAMUEL:I would like to speak in support of the motion. I have been an Associate of the Institute for a great number of years-I think about 25-but have seen no reason why I should offer myself for the Fellowship although no doubt I [ 1101 could have applied and obtained it by election at any time during the last 10 or 15 years. I do not consider that the Fellowship under present conditions means anything which is worth having. I have a great admiration for anybody who has gained the Fellowship by examination because it indicates that he has a great knowledge of the branch of chemistry which he is practising but I know of many cases where people are elected to the Fellowship on what I would call administrative ability.If the Institute is a body which seeks to define a “chemist” and to set a standard of proficiency for that chemist a Fellow should be a man who is-shall we say?-a better or a more experienced chemist than an Associate. Mr. Bacharach’s argument about washing out all university degrees but one was carrying the matter to absurdity. Nobody would say that a D.Sc. was the same as a B.Sc. but the D.Sc. cannot be obtained by election; he has to spend a con- siderable time on research. There are of course honorary degrees but the average D.Sc. has to put in a lot of work and prove himself a very good chemist. A Fellow does not have to do anything of that description; he has to satisfy the Institute that he is a chemist who has been associated with chemistry for a large number of years.He then probably gets somebody to certify that he is holding a responsible job in some kind of technical department and his claim is considered. I know quite a number of the people who have proceeded to the Fellowship in this way and I have come to the conclusion that the Fellowship as it stands at the moment is not worth having. If it is to be an indication of efficiency and if Fellows are elected for the same reason that a man is made a D.Sc. then by all means let us have the two grades-the chemist and the super- chemist-but in present circumstances I see no reason for maintaining the grade of Fellowship and the grade of Associateship.Mr. R. C. FEATHER: One speaker referred to a line being drawn across the members of the Institute. I wonder whether he realises that that line is slowly creeping upwards in that the proportion of members who are Fellows is steadily decreasing. Quite a number of the more senior Fellows were elected to the Fellowship without very much in the way of examination. As the older Fellows die out and we have the younger generation who can attain the Fellowship only by passing the examination or by being sifted through a very fine sieve I think that the ratio of Fellows to Associates will decrease still further. It seems to me therefore that those who can sit on the Council will be drawn from a diminishing minority of the total members of the Institute. Is it the policy of the Institute to encourage Associates to become Fellows ? I ask this because if an Associate tries to make a life composition of his fees he is told he cannot and that only Fellows have that privilege.I do not know whether the Treasurer thinks that a Fellow’s expectation of life is not so great as that of an Associate and that he may therefore take the risk! With regard to the Fellowship in Branch E would it not be an advantage to substitute for this a Diploma in the Analysis of Food and Drugs on lines similar to the D.B.A. of the Pharmaceutical Society? Mr. W. H. RAWLES Although it is only recently that I have had the honour of beiDg elected a Fellow of this Institute I am primarily a chemical engineer. In the Institution of Chemical Engineers it is recognised that an Associate does not become a full member until he has become a mature member of his profession and has reached that stage of maturity which I gathered was the standard of a Fellow of this Institute.There has not been this trouble in the Institution of Chemical Engineers or in the Institu- tions of Electrical or Mechanical Engineers. There has been no trouble or rivalry there and that being so why should there be in this Institute ? This is a point which comes as a surprise to me. As one who is a new Fellow of this Institute but who is mature in age and perhaps in experience I should like some explanation of why this point has not been raised in other Institutions if there is this rivalry between Associates and the senior men who are Fellows.Dr. R. N. CUNNINGHAM: I deprecate very strongly any suggestion such as this motion entails which discourages the chemist from bettering himself as time goes on. It encourages the man who says :“I can’t do it ; why should you ? ” That is a regrettable feature in some of our trade unions. I am one of those who got his Fellowship without examination and perhaps the proposer and seconder will be interested to know that I applied for the Fellowship 10 years after getting my Associateship and I applied on the strength of the research work which had been published in my name during those 10 years. I think that is some substitute for the examination. Dr. H. B. DUNNICLIFF Nobody has yet considered the overseas Associates of this Institute.If we are going to say that Fellowship can only be gained by virtue of passing an examination the Council will be compelled to arrange for examinations in the Dominions or anywhere else where British subjects who are Associates wish to obtain the Fellowship. There would be difficulties in Australia South Africa and the other Dominions. Mr. H. KRALL Many of us are very conscious of the difficulties which have been mentioned by the proposer and seconder and by other speakers. The matter has c 111 3 been under active consideration by the Council during the past year and several points have been left over for the new Council to deal with. Therefore in opposing this motion it is not that we are not aware of the necessity for having regard to these important questions but that this particular way of dealing with the matter is not perhaps a satisfactory one.Replying to the discussion Mr. C. G. GRAY said:-I would point out to the last speaker but one that the difficulties of overseas Associates passing to the Fellowship would not arise if this motion were accepted because they would become Fellows automatically. Mr. Bacharach started off in a very jovial mood and I was pleased to see that a number of the other speakers who opposed this motion also opposed Mr. Bacharach. He told us of the number of meetings and gatherings he had attended all over the country and he said that he was not able to distinguish between the Fellows and the Associates. I think that can be disposed of by saying that if he will take me along to the next Council meeting I will point out all the Associates and give him an assessment of the strength of their views on the Council.One or two speakers have asked why it is that large numbers of Associates do not pass to the Fellowship. I am reminded of the famous letter which Dr. Johnson sent to Lord Chesterfield on one occasion when Lord Chesterfield wrote to Dr. Johnson offering him patronage. The offer came after Johnson had completed the work on his dictionary and he replied “Your offer my Lord had it been early had been kind; but it has been delayed until I am known and do not need it.” I might almost add with Johnson “Until I am old and do not want it.” Whatever the reasons the fact remains that between 6,000 and 7,000 Associates exist in the Institute at the present time.I would not go so far as to say that 7,000 Associates cannot be wrong but I would go so far as to say that they must have very good reasons. Mr. J. S. JACKSON:It is quite obvious from the discussion that members are very conscious of the fact that they are faced with a real difficulty. That difficulty is getting worse and no one else has proposed a solution. I am perfectly certain that the solution which has already been tried i.e. election is fundamentally wrong and that it will do the Institute a great deal of harm. I make this appeal to the meeting. If you cannot think of a better solution then for goodness’ sake support this one. The motion was then put and was negatived only eight voting in favour of it.The proceedings then terminated. REPORT OF THE SIXTEENTH CONFERENCE OF HONORARY S ECRETARIES OF LOCAL SECTIONS 19 APRIL 1947 at I0a.m. Present.-Mr. G. Roche Lynch President in the Chair; Professor A. Findlay Vice- President; Dr. D. W. Kent-Jones Honorary Treasurer; Mr. C. S. McDowell (Belfast and District) ; Mr. E. M. Joiner (Birmingham and Midlands) ; Mr. B. W. Minifie (Bristol and South-Western Counties); Mr. H. F. Adams (Cardiff and District); Mr. H. D. Thornton (Dublin and District); Dr. J. W. Corran (East Anglia); Dr. C. Whitworth (East Mid- lands); Mr. Bryce Douglas (Edinburgh and East of Scotland); Mr. W. G. D. Wright (Glasgow and West of Scotland) ;Dr. E. H. Goodyear (Huddersfield) ;Dr. W. H. Pedelty (Hull and District); Dr. H. Burton (Leeds Area); Mr.H. Weatherall (Liverpool and North-Western Counties) ; Mr. T. McLachlan (London and South-Eastern Counties) ; Mr. A. Carroll (Manchester and District) ; Dr. J. 0. Harris (Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast) ; Mr. G. Murfitt (Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands) ; Mr. E. E. Ayling (South Wales); Dr. F. R. Williams (Tees-Side); the Secretary the Registrar and the Deputy Executive Officer. The Honorary Secretaries and other representatives of Local Sections were welcomed by the President. EDUCATIONAL AND GENERAL MATTERS I. National Certificates in Chemistry.-It was reported that for several years the Council had been concerned with the possible further recognition of National Certificates [ 1121 as steps towards the Associateship but action had been deferred because National Certificate standards had not until recently been too well defined.Following negotia- tions with the Ministry of Education it had now been agreed to institute two types of National Certificate one in Chemistry and the other in Applied Chemistry and the Council had appointed a Special Committee to consider to what extent this innovation might help in the desired direction. This Committee would also consider the question of preliminary examination requirements for the A.R.I.C. and difficulties arising in connection with men returning from the Forces would no doubt receive sympathetic attention. 2. Technical Colleges Recognition.-The Nominations Examinations and Institu- tions Committee had invited the co-operation of Local Section Committees in watching developments in technical schools in their areas and in indicating to the Registrar when a more formal inspection or re-inspection might be desirable.It was agreed that such co-operation would be helpful in the interests of students because some colleges that were almost certainly suitable for recognition might hesitate to apply. Recognition was normally given to an institution that had shown itself capable of training students to the A.R.I.C. standard even though the staff and equipment available might serve only for training a relatively small number as recognition of such small institutions often served to attract larger numbers of st,udents and thus encourage development. When recognition was withheld the institution was always informed of the improvements that should be made.It was desirable in the interests of students that all of the colleges giving courses of suitable standard should be recognised and the Hon. Secretaries were invited to ask their Committees to consider the best ways in which Local Sections might give informal help and guidance in this direction. 3. Membership of the Institute.-It was reported that the Chemical Council brochure giving particulars of membership of the three Chartered Chemical Bodies and of other societies represented on the Chemical Council was in course of revision and that it was intended to print sufficient copies for circulation among educational establishments as well as among members of the co-operating bodies.A pamphlet giving information about membership of the Institute was also being revised. Copies of the revised brochure and of the pamphlet would be available for Local Section Officers and others to put into the hands of potential members such as recent graduates in chemistry on or before leaving the university. Several Local Sections were already active in securing the support of students. In this connection it was recognised that although publicity matter was useful nothing replaced personal contacts. 4. Chemists in Public Life.-It had been suggested that chemists in general were not playing the important part in civic affairs which the judicial outlook derived from the pursuit of their own profession should enable them to perform. It was realised that participation in such affairs through service on local Councils as Justices of the Peace etc.was a matter for individual consideration for such duties were those of a citizen and not of a member of a particular profession as such. It was generally agreed that the most that could be done would be to draw the attention of members of the Institute to these outlets for their abilities and energies by suitable lectures or dis- cussions at Local Section meetings. Attention was drawn to the useful work being done by the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee in bringing to the notice of Members of Parliament the views of scientific and professional organisations on technical problems of national significance and it was noted that Mr. H. N. Linstead M.P.had agreed to address the London and South-Eastern Counties Section on "Science and Parliament " next session. LOCAL SECTION ORGANISATION AND ACTIVITIES 5. Local Section Grants.-As arranged at the Fifteenth Conference (Report para. l), consideration was given to the desirability of revising the scheme of annual grants so that each Section might receive a fixed sum plus a per capita allocation on such a scale that the smaller Sections would receive an increased total grant while the larger Sections would not receive less than at present. It had been recognised that however small a Section might be there were certain essential charges to be met if the Section was to exercise its proper influence and that these charges had increased considerably in recent years.Following discussion it was agreed to recommend that in future the normal annual grant to a Local Section should be f;lO plus 2s. 3d. per member subject to a minimum total of L25. This would make substantial additions to the sums normally available to the smaller Sections and would not result in any reduction for the larger Sections except the London and South-Eastern Counties Section which in any event [ 1131 had never spent anything approaching the total sum available under the existing system. 6. Travelling expenses of members of Local Section Committees and Sub-Committees.- Further consideration of this matter had been referred from the previous Conference (Report para. 2). It was agreed that for Local Sections in the British Isles covering a considerable area it was desirable that local Committees and sub-committees should include members drawn from various centres within the area and that this would entail payment of reasonable travelling expenses if it were to be made effective.Circumstances would vary greatly from Section to Section and the operation of any scheme would depend largely on the discretion of the Local Section Committee. From information received it appeared that a total expenditure of the order of A100 to A150 per annum might be involved. Following discussion it was agreed to recommend that reasonable expenses in excess of &1 per annum incurred by a member of the Institute in attending meetings of the Committee or sub-committee of his Local Section should be chargeable at the discretion of the Section Committee to the ordinary Section accounts 7.Local Section Oficers’ Handbook.-The Conference had before it a second draft of the Handbook (cf. 15th Conference Report para. 3). It was agreed that all the material included was desirable but that the method of presentation might be made more concise and the information put in tabular form where appropriate so as to facilitate reference. On the other hand the sections dealing with rules governing the election of District Members of Council and the conditions of established awards should be expanded and a section on educational matters added. It would also be advan- tageous if each main section of the Handbook could begin on a new page so that subse- quent additions could be interleaved.It was agreed that Honorary Secretaries should forward to the Secretary at an early date any additional suggestions or comments so that a first issue of the Handbook might be set up in printer’s proof. 8. Presentation of Associateship and Fellowship Certijkates at Local Section Meetings. -Following discussion of this matter at the previous Conference (Report para. 6), several Local Section representatives reported that their Committees were in favour of the resumption of this practice although they realised the practical difficulties that were entailed. Several suggestions for minimising these difficulties were discussed and attention was drawn to other possible ways of introducing new Associates or Fellows formally to their Local Sections for example by inviting all newly elected members present at a meeting of a Local Section to come forward and sign the Minute Book or a special signature book and be welcomed by the Chairman and introduced by name to the meeting.It was agreed that such alternative methods should be considered by Section Committees but that in the meantime a trial should be made of the presenta- tion of certificates by a single Local Section. It was further agreed that the offer of the Dublin and District Section to act in this way be accepted as the Honorary Secretary had agreed to take full responsibility for seeing that certificates not claimed by members at meetings of the Section would be forwarded to them without undue delay. 9. Annual Reports of Local Sections Interchange.-It was agreed that Local Sections which issued Annual Reports of their work or other Reports likely to be of general interest might distribute copies of these to the Secretaries of other Sections so as to stimulate interest in important developments.It was recognised that only a few Sections issued Annual Reports for distribution to all their members and that many of the Reports presented at Annual General Meetings contained only matters already referred to under Activities of Local Sections in Journal and Proceedings. It might become appropriate however for Annual Reports dealing with matters of broader interest to be issued by other Sections and when paper restrictions permitted such Reports might be published in Journal and Proceedings.10. Formation of new Local Sections.-It was generally agreed to be in the interest of the Institute that there should be established an increasing number of Local Sections to serve important centres and areas where considerable numbers of members were congregated. There was a- possibility that some existing Local Sections might not be anxious to have their area diminished by the formation of such new Sections and it might therefore be desirable for the Council to consider how far the present distribution of Local Sections throughout the country was adequate to serve the needs of members. In view of the changes that had taken place during and since the war in the location of industries a survey of the geographical distribution of members was desirable.This would be afforded by the new Register and it was agreed that proof copies should be sent to Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections as soon as available so that they might be able to examine the position. [ 114 1 It was pointed out that new Local Sections normally arose through the initiative of groups of members at a distance from established local centres but that this might not always be effective for it was the total number of chemists rather than the number of members of the Institute that should determine the need for a new Local Section. Where a Local Section had been formed it often followed that many eligible chemists in the area joined the Institute. Several of the larger Sections had realised the importance of holding meetings at places other than their normal centres and of inviting non-members and students to such meetings.In some instances particularly in the London and South-Eastern Counties Section the formation of local Committees in certain towns had been stimulated and it might well be that these would form the nuclei of new Local Sections. In such developments it was important to see that such sub-centres were related to the surrounding country so that if new Local Sections were formed they would serve an appropriate geographical area and not merely a single town. It might well happen that such an area would include part of the territory of more than one existing Local Section and this would call for joint consideration by the Sections concerned. RECORDS AND REGISTERS I I.Manuscripts of Lectures.-It was agreed that where a lecture of special interest or importance was delivered before a Local Section but was not published in full by the Institute consideration might be given to depositing a complete typescript of the lecture in the Institute’s Library so that it would be available for reference by members or if the lecture were being published in full in some other periodical to including a reference to the publication in Journal and Proceedings. Both of these practices were already adopted by certain Sections. 12. Register of Fellows and Associates.-Consideration of a suggestion that Fellows and Associates who had passed the Institute’s Examination should be indicated in the Register was deferred in view of what had been said at the Annual General Meeting and of discussions proceeding in a Committee of the Council on the conditions of award of the Fellowship.Hitherto the Council had not favoured distinguishing in the printed Register Associates who had passed the Examination but those who had passed the Fellowship Examination in Branch E had generally been separately listed. 13. Examination Pass Lists.-The question was raised as to whether training not obtained at a recognised college might nevertheless be mentioned in the published Pass List. It was pointed out that in general the more important part of the training for the Associateship had necessarily to be taken at a recognised institution and that mention of an unrecognised institution might defeat one of the objects for which recognition was accorded or withheld.It was agreed that no recommendation be made. 14. Appointments Register.-It was agreed that it was impracticable to require prospective employers to give full particulars of the conditions of service at the time when applications were invited but the Registrar had been given authority to exclude notices when the conditions appeared to be unsatisfactory. It was agreed however that in the Appointments Register lists notifications received direct from firms should be rather more clearly differentiated from those derived from other publications and a note should be added explaining that members who were in doubt as to the acceptability of the terms of a contract of service might consult the Registrar on the matter.BENEVOLENT FUND IS. Benevolent Fund Homes for Old People.-Support for this project had been promised by several Local Sections and following a statement on the subject by the Secretary it was agreed that Hon. Secretaries should forward to him any relevant information or suggestions obtained from their Sections. The Conference adjourned for lunch at 12.30 p.m. and resumed its sitting in the afternoon until 3.30 p.m. The President thanked the Hon. Secretaries and other representatives for their attendance and on the motion of Mr. Ayling a vote of thanks to the President for presiding and to the other honorary Officers for attending the Conference was carried with acclamation. i 116 1 ACTIVITIES OF LOCAL SECTIONS Aberdeen and North of Scotland.-The two concluding meetings of the winter’s syllabus held jointly with the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry took place in the Chemistry Department Marischal College Aberdeen on 28 February and 20 March.The Chair was taken on both occasions by Professor H. W. Melville F.R.S. At the February meeting a lecture was given by Mr. R. Howard Calvert of Messrs. John Miller & Co. Sandilands Chemical Works Aberdeen on the subject of “Grinding and Size Reduction Some Problems met with in the Fertiliser Industry.” After a discussion Dr. R. B. Strathdee moved a vote of thanks to the speaker. The March meeting was addressed by Professor E. L. Hirst F.R.S. of the University of Manchester on “Recent Developments in the Chemistry of Starch and Glycogen.” Discussion again followed the lecture and after Professor Hirst had dealt with a number of questions the audience expressed appreciation on the motion of Dr.J. M. C. Thompson. Belfast and District.-Dr. W. Haughton Crowe very kindly consented to repeat his lecture “Christmas Crackers.” This lecture was given on 2 January and enjoyed by a large audience of children. Mr. T. W. T. Baillie carried out the demonstrations. On 9 January Mr. C. S. McDowell Hon. Secretary of the Section arranged a very instructive show of scientific films. These were enjoyed by a large number of members. A lecture on “Methods and Apparatus in Inorganic Microchemistry” was given by Mr. R. Belcher and Dr. Cecil L. Wilson on 4 February.Dr. E. M. Reid was in the Chair. On 4 March the Section was honoured by a visit from the President and his daughter. The Committee entertained them to lunch and in the afternoon they visited Gallaher’s Tobacco Factory and were conducted on a tour by Dr. Hall Chief Chemist. In the evening Dr. Roche Lynch O.B.E. gave a lecture on “Some Medico-Legal Experiences.” Dr. Mayne Reid who was in the Chair introduced the President. A vote of thanks was proposed by Mr. Derrett-Smith and seconded by Dr. Hall. The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in “Anne’s Tea Shoppe,” Belfast on 28 March with Dr. E. M. Reid in the Chair. The Financial Statement and Annual Report were read and adopted. The following office bearers were elected for next session:-Chairman Dr.E. M. Reid; Hon. Treasurer Dr. W. Honneyman; Hon. Secretary Mr. C. S. McDowell; Committee Dr. T. Caughey Mr. P. Faichney, Miss G. A. Watt Dr.*C. L. Wilson. Birmingham and Midlands.-On 14 February the Section held a joint meeting with the Wolverhampton Society of Applied Science at the Technical College Wolver- hampton. The Chairman of the local Society Mr. M. E. D. Windridge welcomed the Birmingham members and invited Mr. Garfield Thomas to take the Chair. A lecture entitled “Atoms and Electrons in Metals” was delivered by Dr. G. V. Raynor. At the conclusion a vote of thanks to the lecturer was moved by Mr. E. C. Bynon seconded by Mr. H. Ellison and carried with acclamation. About 150 persons were present. On 26 February at a meeting of the Section in Birmingham Dr.E. Boris Chain Nobel Laureate of the Sir William Dunn School of Pathology Oxford delivered a lecture entitled “The Chemical Constitution of the Penicillins.” Dr. P. D. Ritchie proposed a vote of thanks to the lecturer and this was cordially endorsed by those present. The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 26 March. In reviewing the year’s work the Chairman Mr. Garfield Thomas referred to the help received from the University of Birmingham in connection with the arrangement of the Chemical Engineering Course 1946 and said that this assistance was greatly appreciated. Routine business was dealt. with and the election of the new Committee declared as follows:-Chairman Mr. Garfield Thomas ; Vice-chairman Dr. H. C. Smith ; Treasurer Mr.G. H. Edwards ; Secretary and District Member of Council Mr. E. M. Joiner Members of Committee Fellows Mr. A. Churchman Mr. Geo. King Dr. S. H. Jenkins Professor Maurice Stacey Mr. F. G. Broughall ; Associates Mr. A. Freeman Mr. F. A. Oliver Mr. C. W. Yearsley Mr. L. A. Walker. Mr. E. G. Ei. Pritchett and Mr. J. H. Bennitt were elected Auditors. A vote of thanks to the retiring members of the Committee-Dr. S. R. Carter Mr. T. H. Gant and Mr. J. H. Bennitt-was proposed by Dr. H. C. Smith who alluded to the particular share of work undertaken by each of the retiring members and said how much their efforts were appreciated. The vote was carried with acclamation and Dr. Carter suitably responded. In the discussion which followed the business meeting Mr.A. Churchman expressed the hope that it would be possible to arrange Christmas Lectures for Schoolchildren this year. [ 116 1 Mr. D. W. Parkes urged the importance of a union of chemical bodies and hoped that this matter would not be allowed to drift. He also drew attention to the need for chemists to take a more prominent part in local and national government. He did not wish to see their importance in the community over-emphasised but felt that at the present time their voices did not correspond with their numbers. There was consider- able support for this view. By the courtesy of the directors of Metallisation Ltd. members were able to view the film “Metal Spraying by the Wire Process.” After the projection many questions were answered by Mr.W. E. Ballard. The Section held its first meeting of the new session at Stoke-on-Trent on 25 April. The occasion was a joint meeting with the British Ceramic Society to hear a lecture on “The Industrial Control of Size Grading” by Dr. E. Sharratt. [For summary see p. 129.1 The Chair was taken by Mr. Garfield Thomas and about 80 persons were present. The lecture was followed by a lively discussion and Dr. H. C. Smith in proposing a cordial vote of thanks to the lecturer also thanked Dr. H. W. Webb Principal of the North Staffordshire Technical College for his hospitality and Mr. S. W. Ratcliffe Secretary of the Pottery Section of the British Ceramic Society for the necessary liaison work. Prior to the meeting a joint dinner was held at the North Stafford Hotel with Mr.G. N. Hodson M.B.E. President of the British Ceramic Society in the Chair. The party of Birmingham members who made the journey to Stoke-on-Trent paid a visit en route to the Works of Messrs. Josiah Wedgwood & Sons Ltd. where they were escorted round the factory by some of the Senior Management and afterwards enter- tained to tea. Altogether the occasion was a notable one and the kind reception offered the Birmingham members was much appreciated. Bristol and South-Western Counties.-A meeting of the Section was held on 6 March in the Chemical Department of Bristol University jointly with the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry. Dr. E. B. Maxted Chairman of the Bristol Section of the Society of Chemical Industry presided and apologised for the fact that owing to illness Professor M.W. Travers F.R.S. was unable to deliver his promised lecture on “Agitation.” Dr. Eley then gave a paper on “Plastic Flow,” which was followed by a good discussion. The Apnual General Meeting of the Section was held at Bristol University on 20 March Dr. T. Malkin Chairman of the Section presiding. The Hon. Secretary presented his report on the session and the financial statement for the year ending 31 December 1946 which were adopted. Mr. H. S. Howes and Dr. H. J. Willavoys were re-elected as Hon. Auditors. The Chairman announced that Professor W. Baker F.R.S. and Dr. S. J. Gregg had been elected to the two vacancies on the Committee and that Mr. B. W. Minifie had been elected Hon.Secretary. On the proposal of the Chairman Mr. F. P. Hornby was thanked for his services in that capacity during the past eleven years. A hearty vote of thanks was accorded to the University Authorities for facilities afforded during the session. Following the Annual General Meeting a joint meeting was held with the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry over which Dr. Malkin also presided. Dr. E. B. Maxted gave his address as Chairman of the Bristol Section of the Society of Chemical Industry entitled “Some Recent Advances in Catalysis.” Cardiff and District.-At the 12th Annual Meeting held in Cardiff on 9 May the following Officers and Committee were elected for the 1947-48 session:-Chairman Mr. H. F. Adams; Hon.Secretary and Treasurer Mr. G. M. Kerman; Hon. Auditor Mr. S. Dixon; Committee Messrs. S. J. H. 0. Chard J. S. Hughes L. McGraghan, J. Ormston H. K. Rout P. G. Scholefield. Dublin and District.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 19 March Dr. A. G. G. Leonard in the Chair. The minutes of the previous Annual General Meeting were read approved and signed. The report of the Hon. Treasurer duly audited was adopted unanimously. Professor T. S. Wheeler and Mr. T. W. Breaden were elected to the Committee in place of Professor A. O’Farrelly and Mr. B. G. Fagan who retired by rule. The apprecia- tion of the members was conveyed to the retiring members for their long and valued services to the Section. It was’unanimously agreed to amend Rule 4 so as to ensure that the District Member of Council shall be ex-oficio a member of the Section Committee.The auditors Messrs. B. G. Fagan and T. W. Breaden were re-elected unanimously. It was decided to convey the congratulations of the Section to Professor E. J. Conway on his election as a Fellow of the Royal Society. [ 117 j The Hon. Secretary was thanked for his services during the year and the meeting then terminated. East Anglia.-The Annual General Meeting was held at the Norwich City College on 26 April Mr. J. Hendry in the Chair. The Hon. Secretary reported that four meetings had been held during the Session at one of which they had the pleasure of a visit from the President. The Section had interested itself in the Higher Scientific Courses at the School of Technology Ipswich.Mr. G. H. Whyatt was Chairman of the Scientific Advisory Committee. Special acknowledgment was made to Dr. F. Briers and the Norwich Education Committee for the free use of the room in the Norwich City College for the Norwich meetings. The report was adopted on the proposal of Mr. Reed seconded by Dr. Williams. The Hon. Treasurer’s report was adopted on the proposal of Mr. Whyatt seconded by Mr. Scott. The Officers for 1947-48 are:-Chairman Dr. J. W. Corran; Hon. Secretary Dr. John Williams; Hon. Treasurer Mr. T. P. Dee; Committee Dr. I;. Briers (Norwich) Mr. C. Hall (Stowmarket) Dr. G. Swann (Manningtree) Mr. G. W. Whyatt (Ipswich) Mr. N. F. Watterson (Bury St. Edmunds) Mr. J. Diamond (King’s Lynn).Mr. G. H. Whyatt was elected Auditor. The meeting was followed by a Scientific Film Show at which the following films were presented:-“Service Joins an Industry,” “Salmon Run,” “Development of the Chick,” “Soil Erosion,” “Drilling for Oil.” Glasgow and West of Scotland.-The Section held its Annual General Meeting on Friday 2 1 March in the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders Elmbank Crescent Glasgow. Mr. J. W. Hawley Chairman of the Section welcomed Mr. G. Elliot Dodds Vice-president to the meeting and read a number of apologies for absence which had been received by the Secretary. After the notice convening the meeting had been read by the Secretary the minutes of the previous Annual General Meeting held in October 1945 were read approved and signed.The Honorary Treasurer Dr. J. McLean then gave his financial report and the necessary explanations of his transactions after which the Secretary read his report covering the period from October 1945 to 31 December 1946. These two reports were then approved and accepted by the meeting. The almoner of the Benevolent Fund Mr. A. R. Jamieson gave a brief survey of the work being done and asked for continued support in this good work. Thereafter the election of Officers and members of Committee took place and the following members were duly elected :-Chairman Mr. A. R. Jamieson ;Vice-chairman Professor J. W. Cook F.R.S. ;Hon. Secretary Mr. H. G. A. Anderson ;Hon. Treasurer Dr. A. C. Syme ;Hon. Assistant Secretary Mr. W. G. D. Wright. Three members of Committee were elected namely :Professor F.S. Spring Dr. J. D. Loudon and Mr. J. M. Malcolm. Dr. T. S. Stevens Hon. Auditor had recently left for Sheffield and Dr. William Good was appointed as his successor. The new Chairman of the Section took the Chair at this point and thanked those who had done much for the Section particularly Mr. Hawley who had travelled from Dumfries and had given much time to the affairs of the Institute and Dr. J. McLean retiring Hon. Treasurer who had carried out these duties for a number of years. The retiring members of Committee were also thanked for their services to the Section. Following the formal business the Section was addressed by Mr. G. Elliot Dodds who dealt with the policy of the Institute the Council and its many Committees and the work on which these were engaged.After an interval for tea an interesting discussion ensued and the Vice-president was cordially thanked for his address on the motion of Professor F. S. Spring. H uddersfield .-The Twenty-seventh Annual General Meeting was held on 25 March in Fields CafC under the Chairmanship of Mr. T. A. Simmons. In his report on the activities of the past session the Secretary said that these were fully maintained during the latter part of 1946 but in the early part of 1947 func- tions were adversely affected by the weather and the meeting scheduled for 4 February had to be cancelled. The report was adopted without comment and the Hon. Treasurer then presented the balance sheet which was also adopted. Messrs.H. S. White and T. Ritchie were elected to the Committee and Dr. H. H. Goldthorpe was elected Hon. Auditor. A vote of thanks to the retiring Members of Committee was proposed by Dr. Connor and carried unanimously. [ 1181 Following the business meeting Professor M. G. Evans F.R.S. gave a lecture entitled “Some Aspects of the Chemistry of Macromolecules.” The lecturer gave a most interesting account of the mechanism of certain chain reactions resulting in the formation of macromolecules which was followed by a good discussion in which a number of members took part. A vote of thanks to the lecturer was proposed by Dr. W. E. Scott and seconded by Dr. Jarrett. Hull and District.-At the meeting on 24 March in the Grill Room of the Royal Station Hotel Hull Dr.D. T. A. Townend gave a lecture entitled “Recent Developments in Combustion.” The visitors present by invitation included members of the Hull Association of Engineers and the Hull Chemical and Engineering Society. After an interesting discussion in which Messrs. Bagnall Manson Knight Wood Farmer Pedelty and Schollick participated a vote of thanks to the lecturer was proposed by Mr. A. P. Backshell and seconded by Mr. E. E. Connolly President of the Hull Chemical and Engineering Society. Professor Brynmor Jones of the Chemistry Department Hull University College was the lecturer at the meeting on 21 April when the subject was “Some Aspects of Benzene Substitution.” Dr. Wood Dr. Cheshire and Messrs. Balmforth Saddington and Sharp contributed to the discussion.A vote of thanks to the lecturer was proposed by Mr. Balmforth and seconded by Mr. Cooper. The First Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 12 May in the Royal Station Hotel Hull when the reports of the Hon. Secretary and Hon. Treasurer were adopted. Professor Brynmor Jones and Mr. F. Schollick were elected to the vacancies on the Committee caused by the retirement of Mr. J. Pryce Jones and Mr. E. Pawson according to the Section Rules. The following Officers were elected :-Hon. Treasurer Mr. R. S.Howard; Hon. Secretary Dr. W. H. Pedelty; Hon. Auditor Mr. T. E. H. O’Brien. The meeting concluded with a lecture on “The Work of a Public Analyst” by Mr. D. J. T. Bagnall the retiring Chairman. A lengthy and interesting discussion followed in which many members participated and the meeting concluded with a vote of thanks and appreciation of Mr.Bagnall’s services as Chairman proposed by Mr. E. M. Hall and seconded by Mr. F. Schollick. Liverpool and North-Western Counties.-Meetings arranged by the Liverpool Joint Chemistry Committee were held in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre the University Liverpool. The Liverpool Section and the Food Group of the Society of Chemical Industry organised a meeting on 14 January. Mr. C. Gordon-Smith was in the Chair and Mr. P. N. Williams (Member of Council) of the Research Department Lever Brothers and Unilever Limited gave a paper on “Synthetic Fats.” A vigorous discussion followed the paper. Dr. Bushill proposed and Dr. Kay seconded a vote of thanks.The Chemical Society held two meetings in the period under review. On 23 January Professor R. A. Morton was in the Chair and Professor H. A. Krebs of Sheffield gave a paper on “Metabolic Cycles.” Drs. Morton Whalley Beer and Williams took part in a short discussion. Professor E. L. Hirst F.R.S. of the University of Manchester lectured under the title “Recent Developments in the Chemistry of Starch and Glycogen” on 20 February. Professor Robertson was in the Chair and very brief discussion followed the lecture. Dr. Gookir proposed a vote of thanks. The Institute arranged a meeting on 27 February. Professor T. P. Hilditch was in the Chair and Mr. R. C. Chirnside (Member of Council) of the Research Department General Electric Company gave a lecture entitled “The Complete Analyst .” Messrs.Dunn Clark and Williams took part in discussion and Mr. G. W. Beaumont proposed and Mr. L. Wilde seconded a vote of thanks. A meeting outside Liverpool in the Mining and Technical College Library Street Wigan on 6 February was very popular. Professor T. P. Hilditch was in the Chair and Dr. J. B. Firth Director of the North-Western Forensic Laboratory Preston gave a well-illustrated talk on “Forensic Science.” Owing to the need for catching trains there was no discussion but Detective Inspector Duffy Wigan Borough Police proposed and Dr. Gregson seconded a vote of thanks. A social evening was held on 30 January at Reeces’ Restaurant Parker Street Liverpool. Dinner was served at 6 p.m. and Professor Hilditch Chairman welcomed Dr.Clark Liverpool City Analyst Dr. Howatt a visitor on leave from the Gold Coast new Fellows and Associates. An entertainment followed contributed to by Messru. Paul Thompson Dunn Ffoulkes and Lewis together with Mrs. Clark and “Zelda,” a professional thought-reading act [ 119 3 London and South-Eastern Counties.-A joint meeting of the Section and the Welwyn Garden City Scientists’ Club was held at the Cherry Tree Hotel Welwyn Garden City on 18 March. Mr. S. G. E. Stevens Vice-chairman was in the Chair and 35 members and visitors were present. Dr. A. M. Ward gave an address on “The Training and Qualification of Chemists,” which was followed by a discussion to which ten members of the audience contributed. A hearty vote of thanks to Dr.Ward was proposed by Dr. F. Bergel and seconded by Mr. F. G. Moore. The Hon. Secretary Mr. T. McLachlan thanked Mr. S. C. Mitchell for making the necessary arrangements for the meeting and Mr. Moore for kinldy enter- taining members of the Committee who had travelled from London. A joint meeting with the London and Home Counties Branch of the Institute of physics was held on 19 March at the Royal Institution. Dr. J. G. A. Griffiths was in the Chair and approximately 160 members and visitors were present. Professor E. K. Rideal F.R.S. gave an address on “Monomolecular Layers.” Five members of the audience joined in the subsequent discussion to which Professor Rideal replied. A hearty vote of thanks to Professor Rideal was proposed by Dr.E. R. Davies Vice-chairman of the London and Home Counties Branch of the Institute of Physics. Manchester and District.-A joint meeting was held with the Chemical Society at the University on 13 February when Professor M. Stacey gave a paper on “Some Aspects of the Chemistry of Fluorocarbons.” The third Dalton Lecture was given on 18 March by Sir Henry Dale O.M. G.B.E. F.R.S. at the Grand Hotel Manchester. Mr. J. T. Marsh was in the Chair; Sir Henry gave a most fascinating account of “Chemistry and Medicinal Treatment. The vote of thanks proposed by Professor Rayner and seconded by Dr. Scott was carried with acclamation by an audience of well over 300. It is hoped to publish a synopsis or possibly the complete text of Sir Henry’s lecture.On 27 March over 200 members wives and friends assembled at the Engineers’ Club Manchester for the Ladies’ Evening. An exhibition on “Fabrics of the Future” was opened after an introductory talk by Mr. R. S. Greenwood. The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at the Engineers’ Club Albert Square Manchester on 17 April. It was preceded by an informal dinner. The Hon. Secretary Dr. Harper in his report paid tribute to the efforts of the local secretaries of the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry in furthering collaboration between scientific bodies. The Manchester Federation of Scientific Societies had been fully launched much of the necessary impetus having been supplied by the Local Section of the Institute. The version of the results of the Manchester questionnaire published in the Journal and Proceedings had disappointed and disturbed many members who considered that the full report as presented to the Section in Feb- ruary 1946 had been too severely eviscerated.However Dr. Harper was very glad to note that action was being taken following the serious criticisms of the document entitled “Suggested Clauses for Incorporation in Contracts of Service for Chemists” made by the Manchester Section (erroneously attributed to the Liverpool and North- Western Counties Section in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1947 11 56). Dr. Isaacs was re-elected Assistant Secretary and the following were elected to fill the vacancies on the Committee:-Messrs. Osgood Bunbury Fletcher and Harper. The Chairman Mr.J. T. Marsh announced with regret that Dr. D. A. Harper wished to retire from the office of Honorary Secretary. Mr. Marsh paid tribute to the great work done by Dr. Harper during the difficult years from 1941 onwards. A vote of thanks for his services was proposed by Mr. Stevenson seconded by Dr. Withers and carried with acclamation. On the proposal of‘the Chairman Mr. Arthur Carroll was elected Hon. Secretary. The formal business of the meeting was followed by a joint meeting with the Chemical Society at which Dr. H. Baines Deputy Director of Research to Messrs. Kodak Ltd. lectured on “Colour Photography in America. ” The lecture illustrated by colourful slides and exhibits was followed with considerable interest by an audience of over 150.An animated discussion ensued in which Messrs. J. T. Marsh C. Wood J. B. O’Sullivan A. G. Murray S. J. Fletcher A. N. Leather P. W. Cunliffe H. Stevenson and T. F. Brown took part. At the first Committee meeting of the 1947-48 Session held on 5 May Mr. Stanley Best was elected Chairman. The Officers and Committee members are now as follows:- Chairman Mr. S. Best; Vice-chairman Mr. J. T. Marsh; Hon. Secretary and Treasurer Mr. A. Carroll; Assistant Secretary Dr. E. Isaacs; Members of Committee Dr. D. A. Harper Dr. A. Coulthard (ex:oficio District Member of Council) Dr. J. 0. Cutter Professor E. L. Hirst F.R.S. Dr. E. H. Rodd Dr. D. W. Hill Dr. A. L. Hock Dr. J. C. 1201 Withers Dr. P. W. Cunliffe Mr. C. J. Whiteley Dr. A. E. Gillam Mr. J. Boulton Mr.C. H. Carrington Dr. G. N. Burkhardt Mr. H. M. Bunbury Mr. G. Osgood and Dr. S. J. Fletcher. Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast.-At a meeting of the Section held on 12 March Professor A. F. Burstall lectured on “The Training of Chemical Engineers.” This was followed by a lively discussion opened by Dr. G. E. Stephenson and contributed to by Messrs. C. Morley-Smith W. Simmonds and F. Rumford. A vote of thanks proposed by Professor Pearson was carried with acclamation. The Chair was taken by Dr. W. Patterson. A most informative and interesting lecture entitled “The Chemistry of Vitamin A“ was delivered to the Section by Professor Sir Ian Heilbron D.S.O. F.R.S. on 19 March. The large audience showed their appreciation by the enthusiastic manner with which they carried the vote of thanks proposed by Dr.R. Raper. The Chair was taken by Dr. W. Patterson. Tees-Side.-Sir Ian Heilbron D.S.O. F.R.S. addressed the sixth Scientific Meeting of this Section at Norton Hall on 18 Mar+ under the title “Recent Developments in the Chemistry of Acetylene Compounds. This lecture which was well attended provoked a lively discussion. A vote of thanks was proposed by Dr. Fleck. Mr. A. J. Prince was in the Chair. The thanks of the local Section are due to the Directors of I.C.I. (Billingham Division) for permission to use Norton Hall and for their co-operation in lending a lantern. (For summary see p. 129.) The Annual General Meeting was held at the William Newton School Norton on 29 April. Members present agreed to the proposal that any member of the Committee absent from three consecutive Committee Meetings without due reason would be deemed to have resigned.The new Committee was elected consisting of Dr. A. E. Callow Dr. J. S. Dunn Messrs. G. S. Gowing A. T. Grisenthwaite J. L. Hewson A. E. Rout Dr. A. E. J. Vickers and Mr. A. Winstanley. The present secretary Dr. F. R. Williams was not eligible for re-election to this Office and the new Secretary is Dr. A. R. Martin. Mr. R. Parmella was re-elected Hon. Treasurer. Dr. E. R. H. Davies and Dr. A. W. Evans were elected Hon. Auditors and Dr. G. I. Higson continues as Hon. Almoner. A vote of thanks to the retiring members of the Committee and retiring Officers was proposed by Dr. Higson seconded by Dr. Vickers and unanimously agreed.After the business meeting Mr. W. Gordon Carey Public Analyst for the City and County of Newcastle upon Tyne etc. gave an interesting lecture under the title of “Water Supply.” A keen discussion followed Mr. Carey’s paper. Mr. A. J. Prince acted as Chairman. India.-The Annual Meeting of the Section was held in St. Stephen’s College Delhi on 1 and 2 January 1947 Dr. Forrester Chairman of the Section presiding. Twenty-nine members were present. In the unavoidable absence of the Hon. Secretary Mr. K. B. Sen Dr. Forrester explained the circumstances in which the Hon. Secretary had been obliged to accept the early date allotted by the Indian Science Congress Association for the Annual Meeting. He gave an account of the difficulties that had mitigated against progress in the affairs of the Indian Section and made special reference to the sad bereavement sustained by the Secretary Mr.Sen just when progress had been made as a result he (Dr. Forrester) had taken charge of the business for the Annual Meeting to relieve Mr. Sen. The list of the Indian Section members was now in his hands and steps were being taken to verify the designations and addresses. In the meantime it was a guide to the policy that the Indian Section should adopt in planning for the future. Dr. Forrester outlined a scheme for a constitution that he considered would be suitable under which branches would be formed at suitable places throughout India each branch having a Chairman an Hon. Secretary and a local committee.After much discussion the following points were agreed upon by a large majority (a) The Central Committee to consist of the Chairman and the Hon. Secretary elected at the Annual Meeting the Chairmen of the branches (or representatives) elected by the branches and the Chairman of the Advisory Committee. (b) Branches to be formed for the present at Calcutta Bombay Bangalore Madras Delhi and Nagpur. (c) Branches to be formed at other centres subject to limitation in respect of numbers to be decided by the Committee in due course. (d) Meetings to be held at branches in collaboration with the other Scientific Societies such as the Indian Chemical Society the Institution of Chemists (India) the Indian Ceramic Society the Society of Chemical Industry the Chemical Society etc.and societies with other technical especially engineering interests. [ 121 1 (e) A branch would be named according to the area or district in India it served rather than from the town at which the local headquarters would be located e.g. western northern central etc. (f) Meetings would be held at various places i.e. not only at the towns at which the local headquarters would be located. Dr. Forrester and Mr. K. B. Sen were re-elected Chairman and Hon. Secretary respectively. Some discussion took place on the matter of holding examinations for admission to the Associateship and the Fellowship and it was resolved by a large majority that in view of the large number of Fellows and Associates in India and the increasing importance of the Institute’s qualifications the Council be requested to arrange without further delay for the holding of such of the Institute’s examinations in India as might be found possible.At the request of several members the Chairman undertook to circulate a short note about the advantages of membership of sister societies under the Chemical Council’s Joint Subscription Scheme. It was suggested by some members that candidates for the examinations might submit to an oral examination so as to select those considered best suited or qualified for sitting for the examinations. If an examination of this kind by say three Fellows of the Advisory Committee and the Chairman of the candidate’s branch were made the examining Board thus constituted could assess the standard of training that the can- didate had received.No definite resolution was passed on the proposal which the Chairman undertook to bring to the notice of the Council for opinion. The Chairman also undertook to ask the Secretary in London for advice regarding the functions of branches. Some members stated that members of the Federal Public Service Commission made a practice during interviews ,of asking candidates-Fellows and Associates-if they had obtained the Fellowship or Associateship by examination thus implying that admission by election without passing the examination was an indication of a lower standard. The Chairman was requested to take the matter up with the Commission. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL COUNCIL Abstract of Minutes oft he Meeting held on 19 March 1947.1. It was reported that the Constituent Bodies had approved the co-option of two representatives of the Biochemical Society on the Chemical Council and that the Bio- chemical Society should be allowed to join the Council without participation in the Joint Subscription Scheme. Dr. J. H. Birkinshaw and Dr. J. H. Bushill were formally co-opted as representatives of the Biochemical Society on the Council. 2. Mr. A. L. Bacharach Dr. G. M. Bennett Mr. F. P. Dunn and Dr. G. M. Dyson, together with Professor Wilson Baker Dr. E. H. Rodd and Professor A. R. Todd nominated by the Chemical Society have been appointed to serve on an Advisory Committee of the Council on the Dyson System of Ciphering Chemical Compounds.3. It was agreed to inform the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry that sympathetic consideration would be given to applications for further grants towards the cost of their publications for 1946 if accompanied by provisional or final accounts for that year. 4. In response to a request from the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists the Council has commenced enquiries into the question of the delay in delivery of laboratory apparatus. Council is also concerned in an endeavour to expedite the delivery of certain fine chemicals for analytical work. 5. Joint Student Facilities under the Joint Subscription Scheme were granted to six applicants. Abstract of the Minutes of the Meeting held on 23 April 1947.1. The Council again had before it the urgent need for suitable accommodation for the various bodies associated in the Chemical Council. Further enquiries concerning the offer of possible facilities from a City Company have shown that this offer still stands but cannot be put into a more definite form until the City plans are approved. 2. It was reported that the Institute of Fuel had written a letter of thanks for the part played by the Chemical Council in the organisation of a Joint Pension and Life Assurance Scheme for the staffs of certain scientific societies. The scheme commenced [ 122 I on 1 January 1947 and eight of the Societies which attended the Conference called by the Chemical Council at the suggestion of the Society of Chemical Industry are now participating in the Scheme.3. The Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists have agreed to participate in the Joint Subscription Scheme. The terms of entry were approved and it was agreed to forward them to the Constituent Bodies for confirmation. 4. The Council has been in contact with the Board of Trade in connection with reported delays in the supply of laboratory chemicals and reagents. 6. Joint Student Facilities under the Joint Subscription Scheme were granted to five applicants. SUM MAR1ES OF LECTURES INDUSTRIAL HEALTH IN THE GAS INDUSTRY BY DAVIDLLEWELYN, Registered Student Newton Chambers Prizeman [Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands Section 31 January 1947.1 It is of the greatest importance that chemists who by virtue of their training have understanding of the factors involved should play a full part in advising managements of the health hazards in gas works..At this moment an explanation of existing hazards with practical suggestions for their alleviation is greatly needed. The body is an extraordinarily efficient machine but cannot be misused or neglected indefinitely; wastage of manpower is not to be tolerated. Hence all possible factors must be carefully considered. By means of the brain heat-regulating centre the internal body temperature is maintained at a practically constant level. In warm surroundings the body loses heat by sweating and flushing of the skin but if heat loss is impeded by low air movement or a high relative humidity (over 70 per cent.) preventing evaporation of the sweat the serious condition of “heat stroke” may ensue.A more common condition is “heat cramps” caused by sodium chloride deficiency following excessive sweating. 80-120 grains of salt daily taken with drinking water should be supplied to workers suffering excessive heat conditions. The standard of lighting in gas works is surprisingly almost incredibly bad. The psychological effect of poor lighting is considerable. At the present time great improve- ment may follow cleaning windows removing remains of blackout and piles of bricks and coal which often obscure natural lighting. It is suggested that tenders for new plant should always include the provision of lighting. Groups of instruments should have their own lights and portable lighting equipment for breakdowns should be avail- able.Many toxic substances are encountered on a gasworks; while it is possible to give a general description individual idiosyncrasies and allergies will determine the reaction of any worker. It is therefore a dangerous practice to state maximum allowable con- centrations of toxic substances. The ill effects of carbon monoxide are due to its great affinity for the red cells of the blood. A cherry-red compound carboxy-haemoglobin is formed which is 250 times as stable as oxy-haemoglobin which it therefore replaces. Rate of absorption of carbon monoxide depends on its concentration and that of oxygen in the inspired air together with the length of exposure and the rate and depth of respiration.Initially elimination is rapid but after an acute exposure desaturation may take 3 hours. First-aid treatment must be prompt. Premonitory symptoms of acute poisoning are head- ache nausea tinnitus vertigo and collapse. The sight hearing intelligence and memory may be impaired. Death often preceded by convulsions occurs at 80 per cent. blood saturation. Chronic carbon monoxide poisoning may exist in gasworkers who have become acclimatised to less than the average toxic dose of the gas by means of an increase of red cells in the blood. The symptoms similar to those of anaemia are headache nausea breathlessness and vertigo so care must be taken in diagnosis. Treat- ment of acute poisoning fresh air artificial respiration (continued even if death seems ap- parent) with oxygen containing 7 per cent.of carbon dioxide if available. Hospital treatment is essential in a severe case; a less severe case can be sent home to bed. After-effects are few and rare but they may be disabling due to brain changes. A test recommended for the detection and rough estimation is by means of a palladium chloride ampoule. Danger from acute poisoning may be anticipated on the following occasions cleaning washers on water-gas plant emptying purifiers (unpurged pockets) E 123 1 cleaning or repairing large mains cleaning rotary washers and condensers cleaning electrostatic detarrers and dismantling exhausters. All these operations should be carried out in the presence of a responsible official.Chronic carbon monoxide poisoning may be caused by any persistent leak in buildings; if leaks cannot be stopped and no fire danger will result a simple remedy is to light the gas (leaky settings etc.) Pitch and tar cause dermatitis in sensitive individuals the rash being localised to exposed areas or in serious cases generalised. After prolonged exposure (4-24 years) skin cancer may occur due to carcinogenic compounds present in pitch and tar. This is usually upon the face or hands and takes the form of a spreading ulcer developing from a previous innocent wart. Routine medical inspection of workers exposed to this risk is therefore essential. Anthracosis caused by the inhalation of coal and coke dusts is a relatively benign condition. The enclosure of coal and coke tippers breakers and screening plant is advised.The use of high-pressure atomising water sprayers is of some help. Silicosis is a severe progressive condition of fibrosis of the lung following several years’ exposure to dust containing silica particles of 0.5-10 microns diameter. The poisonous effect of silica is due to its slight solubility in the tissue fluids. Symptoms of silicosis are initially few hence routine medical examination and use of mass radiography are important in diagnosis before the disease has progressed too far. Later symptoms are increasing breathlessness cough and chest pains exhaustion and finally incapacity for work. Tuberculosis is a common and often fatal complication. Hydrogen sulphide by the formation of sulphhaemoglobin in the blood may cause acute poisoning.First-aid treatment is as for acute carbon monoxide poisoning. A sub-acute or chronic case complains of conjunitivitis headaches photophobia and gastro-intestinal disorders. The inhalation of iron oxide gives rise to chronic bronchitis; the placing of oxide breakers “down wind” is suggested. The loaders should wear glasses and dust-masks. Carbon dioxide poisoning is occasionally encountered the condition is of simple asphyxia and treatment is by artificial respiration with oxygen if necessary. Protective equipment for both routine and emergency use must be an integral part of the equipment of all works; the provision of clogs hand cloths gloves and dust- masks is strongly advised. Each works should have a surgery and equipment in proportion to the skill of the first-aid man.Emergency equipment including safety lamps safety lines and gas-masks (of the blower type) should be regularly tested and together with adequate fire-fighting equipment always be readily available. SOME CHEMICAL HAZARDS IN THE ELECTRICAL INDUSTRY By C. P. FAGAN, BSc. A.R.I.C. Newton Chambers Prizeman [Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands Section 31 January 1947.1 While at first sight it might not appear that electrical industry presents any real type of chemical hazard it must be remembered that the industry exhibits a great diversity and many electrical firms carry out a number of processes which are essentially chemical in nature. In a certain electrical firm where a number of specialised chemical processes are used hazards arise in connection with the cutting and etching of quartz electroplating involving the use of cyanide solutions paints and varnishes (including the use of solvents for degreasing) etc.The chemist may be called upon to assess such hazards and to advise managements as to the safeguards that should be introduced. During the war years the number of hazards in industrial processes has risen partly due to two causes overcrowding of existing plant and lack of skilled labour. Hazards in the cutting and finishing of quartz. A considerable amount of quartz is used annually in order to provide piezo-electric crystals for various purposes. In general the operations cover grading and cutting of the raw quartz selection of suitable crystals by means of hydrofluoric acid etching and final polishing and lapping of crystals.The cutting of quartz is carried out by means of a disc of copper or bakelite which has the edge studded with diamond dust. The operation is not quite as hazardous as it might appear for the cutting is carried out under wet conditions. The cutting fluid is usually of the oil-water-soap class and most of the quartz dust produced is washed away into the oil reservoir from which it can afterwards be recovered as a very fine white powder. A considerable amount of dust gathers in quartz-cutting rooms even where there is good exhaust ventilation. Examination of this dust shows it to be composed mainly of dried cutting fluid. HydrofEuoric acid.Hydrofluoric acid is used to a considerable extent in quartz crystal manufacture as an etching agent. Most accidents occurring during the ise of this C 124 I acid are due to burns but the vapour danger cannot be disregarded. It has been known for some time that burns from hydrofluoric acid differ to a considerable extent from other acid burns inasmuch as the acid causes a horny layer of skin to be formed under which the acid is still active. Etching of quartz is carried out in large flat gutta-percha trays and when the acid is fairly concentrated there is danger from fumes. To detect this a zirconium lake of sodium alizarin sulphonate may be dried on sintered glass tubes or absorbent papers which are placed in various parts of the room. There is a definite colour change when the concentration of hydrofluoric acid reaches a dangerous figure.Hazards in connection with electro-plating. An obvious hazard with plating solutions is that due to cyanide. With silver-plating baths there is some vapour hazard from hydrocyanic acid when excessive current densities are used. Cyanide copper-plating baths when used hot often cause bleeding of the nose-due to fumes. For this reason it is advisable to fix exhaust cowls over this type of bath. Hazards from nickel baths are mainly due to splashing which on unprotected skin often gives rise to an affection known as “nickel itch.” Hazards from chromium plating are mainly due to the fine spray of chromic acid solution given off. The effect of this spray on the eyes is very severe and it has been known to destroy the septum of the nose.Chromic acid is used to a considerable extent in the passivation of zinc. The danger of accidental poisoning due to swallowing cyanide solutions may be minimised by providing “cyanide antidote” ready for use in a prominent part of the shop. The antidote usually consists of solutions of iron sulphate and sodium carbonate which are mixed immediately before use. One source of hazard is the consumption of food in shops or departments where poisons are used or stored. While the Factory Act,. 1937 prohibits the taking of meals in certain places where chemical processes are used the ruling only applies to the main mid-day break. During the morning and afternoon “tea-break” the consumption of food is not prohibited and it is left more or less to the employee’s discretion.While this rule has obviously been adopted to save time there can be little doubt that it establishes a dangerous precedent. A prussic acid vapour concentration of more than 1 part per 100,000 parts of air is rarely found which means that the vapour hazard in well-ventilated plating shops is very small. Hazards in connection with paints and varnishes. A considerable range of paints and varnishes is used in the light electrical industries mostly as coil dopes for insulation and other purposes. Many of them to-day are new types of synthetic resin varnishes. Hazards are nearly always due to the solvent or solvents. There may be a fire or a health hazard or both. Acetone is an example of a solvent from which there is a large fire risk but very small hazards to health.By far the most dangerous solvent from the health point of view benzene is also very inflammable. Methylene chloride is one of the least hazardous of the chlorinated hydrocarbons and there are a number of other solvents which have a fairly “clean sheet” where health hazard is concerned principal among them being ethyl and propyl alcohol tetralin (tetrahydronaphthalene) cyclohexanone acetone methyl methacrylate monomer amyl acetate. Solvents which are troublesome from the point of view of health hazards are benzene toluene carbon tetrachloride methyl salicylate. With regard to fire risk from solvents an interesting case may be mentioned where a number of girls in a large winding shop were doping coils with an insulating varnish.While each girl possessed about half-a-pint of the varnish the amount was large in total and owing to the inflammability of the solvent the use of the varnish was covered by the Cellulose Regulations. In order to comply with the law considerable structural alterations would have had to be made. To avoid this a varnish with propyl alcohol as a main solvent was substituted and this was exempt from the Cellulose Regulations. Special risks in tropical finishing. During the war years the tropical finishing of parts has become general in electrical industry. Among the substances used for this purpose are pentachlorophenol hexachlorobenzene chlorinated naphthalene waxes methyl silicon chloride etc.Both pentachlorophenol and hexachlorobenzene have irritant effects on the throat and nose more especially when used in the solid form. The chlorinated naphthalene waxes when heated above their melting points give rise to fumes with a dangerous action on the liver. For this reason chlorinated naph- thalene waxes should only be used when there is a good draught. Methyl silicon chloride (CH,Sill,) requires special mention. This substance is used to give water- repellent properties to ceramics etc. The substance itself is a fuming liquid of low boiling-point which is applied to the ceramic surface by brushing or dipping. After treatment with the chemical the parts are washed in water when hydrolysis of the methyl silicon chloride takes place with the production of a long-chain polymer.This L 126 1 polymer which coats the article has water-repellent properties. It is in fact a silicone The hazards from methyl silicon chloride are due to inhalation of the vapour which may cause the lungs and air passages to be coated with water-repellent films and lead to asphyxiation. Here as in the former instance adequate protection by draught is necessary. It may also be noted that methyl silicon chloride may inflict burns on the skin. These are not usually serious and resemble acid burns to a great extent. There are a number of proprietary impregnants for wood which contain a considerable proportion of arsenite or arsenate. The hazard here is obvious. Special risks in the valve industry. An unusual substance used in valve manu-facture is barium azide (BaN,) which is useful because when heated in vacuo it de- composes quickly nitrogen being liberated and barium metal being obtained.The substance is usually applied to valve parts in the form of a saturated solution the operations being carried out in a well-enclosed fume cupboard as the substance is rather more poisonous than other compounds of barium. The hazards from this substance may be summarised thus the compound is spontaneously explosive under certain conditions and on no account must large crystals be allowed to form in stored bottles of a saturated solution; lead drains or ducts must not be installed where barium azide is used because of the danger of forming explosive lead azide. Ceramic drains are recommended.Uralite is a good material to use for draught systems; acids must be kept far away from azide solutions because of the danger of forming explosive hydrazoic acid. When used intelligently however there is little hazard from barium azide which is one of the least explosive azides of the heavier metals. Experience during the last few years indicates that certain sections of the Factory Act 1937 are in need of expansion and revision more especially the parts dealing with paints and solvents. SOME DEVELOPMENTS IN THE USE OF METALS IN CHEMICAL INDUSTRY By N. P. INGLIS Ph.D. F.I.M. [Tees-Side Section 6 February 1947.1 The value of a sound metallurgical service in chemical industry is great. Such a service should not only minimise capital and maintenance costs but should also expedite the development of new chemical processes.It is proposed to review some of the metals now used in chemical plant and in particular to deal with the effect of fabrication operations on the essential properties of these metals. The discovery and development of the chromium-nickel austenitic class of steel had an enormous influence on chemical industry. The early very serious troubles were due to the “weld decay” phenomenon; various development were introduced to overcome this defect including the addition of titanium or niobium. The fact that these steels owe their resistance to surface passivity rather than to any inherent nobility is em- phasised since a recognition of this fact will help to prevent disappointments over the use of this class of steel which must not be regarded as a panacea for all corrosion ills.A further development to give a steel having resistance to a wider range of corrodants was the addition of about 3 per cent. of molybdenum to the basic 18/8 chromium-nickel com- position. The effect of this addition on the micro-structure shows that chromium-nickel- molybdenum steels of this type consist of austenite and ferrite. Certain conditions of heat- ing such as may be encountered in welding and other fabrication operations cause the precipitation of another phase known as sigma-phase. This is formed from the ferrite and the presence of sigma in appreciable quantities reduces corrosion resistance and impairs certain mechanical properties.It is suggested that the addition of elements such as this in order to increase corrosion resistance must take into account their effect on other characteristics and the whole composition should be balanced or adjusted so as to give the best all-round properties. Thus the addition of molybdenum should logically lead to an adjustment in the amounts of other elements so as for example to avoid undue sigma-phase formation. It is suggested that the molybdenum should be as small as possible consistent with the required corrosion resistance that the silicon content should be severely limited and that an increase in nickel content would be beneficial. As the resistance to oxidising conditions at very high temperatures is roughly proportional to the chromium content a series of high chromium-nickel steels has been developed a typical example being the 25/20 chromium-nickel steel.Whilst such a steel is very useful under oxidising conditions at elevated temperatures it is not suitable for carburising conditions at such temperatures. Improvements in connection with copper and its alloys have been directed to give better weldability and reference must be made to the SOj20 and the 70/30copper-nickel 126 1 alloys which have been used for condenser and cooler tubes mainly owing to the good resistance to impingement attack. The growing interest in the copper-aluminium alloys often called aluminium-bronze is due to their good resistance to certain strengths of sulphuric acid and to sea-water. Aluminium itself is used in the chemical industry particularly for the storage and transport of concentrated nitric acid.Lead is still a much-used metal in chemical plant but has the great disadvantage of poor mechanical properties. The addition of antimony has been found to harden lead but the creep strength of the antimonial leads at elevated temperatures is distinctly disappointing. Tellurium lead also gives disappointing results on creep test. Tests on a lead containing 0.06 per cent. copper show that this material is superior to chemical lead under condi- tions of corrosion-fatigue and corrosion-creep and the more general use of this copper lead in chemical plant can therefore be recommended. As to the potentialities of silver as a material of construction in chemical plant the initial high cost is offset to some extent by the high scrap value and of course silver is strongly resistant to a large range of chemicals.The fusion welding of silver can be achieved but depends to a very large extent on the personal skill of the operative. In view of this fact forge-welding of silver has been developed. In this process the develop- ment of suitable jigs for holding the metal and applying the pressure and of suitable methods of thermostatic control have given a welding process to a large extent immune from the personal element. THE DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF SHETLAND MINERALS FOR REFRACTORY PURPOSES By T. R. LYNAM, F.R.I.C. F.G.S. [Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands Section 28 March 1947.1 A study has been made of Shetland chromite and serpentine from the Island of Unst.The chromite has a high silica content but the gangue material is very refractory and the ore on reaction with magnesia yields a chrome-magnesite brick of high refractori- ness under load and low bursting expansion in contact with iron oxide. Lime alumina and titania have a deleterious influence on the properties of the gangue or serpentine but certain additions of iron oxide or iron oxide with lime raise the refractoriness under load of 80-20 gangue-magnesia mixtures. The influence of these fluxes on the minera- logical constitution of the product has been studied by means of X-rays. Works trials in open hearth and arc furnaces have given encouraging results and the use of chrome-magnesite bricks made from Shetland chromite and sea-water magnesia is now considered standard practice.Refractories prepared from the 80-20 gangue-magnesia mixture on firing possess a high forsterite content. These products have given successful service in arc furnaces and rotary kiln linings as well as in steel ladles where highly basic slags are encountered. CONDENSATION RESINS By J. F. HODGSON, B.Sc. A.R.I.C. [Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands Section 28 March 1947.1 It is well known that when oc-hydroxy-carboxylic acids are heated the usual end products are lactides. These are six-membered ring di-esters formed by the reaction of two molecules of hydroxy-acid. /?-hydroxy-acids on heating lose water giving un-saturated acids. When y-and 6-hydroxy-acids are heated cyclic esters (lactones) are formed intramolecular esterification having occurred to give five- and six-membered rings respectively.If the hydroxyl group is still further removed from the carboxylic acid group the principal reaction is a head-to-tail esterification the carboxylic acid group of one molecule reacting with the hydroxyl group of another molecule and so on to form a chain-like molecule. This series of reactions is roughly paralleled by the amino-acids amides being formed instead of esters. Carothers put forward a general hypothesis which fits in with the above facts and which applies to all similar reactions. This states that in reactions of this type five-or six-membered rings and in rare cases seven-membered rings will be formed where possible.Otherwise linear molecules will result. We are also indebted to Carothers for the concept of functionality a functional group being defined as such a group of atoms as might lead to a reaction step e.g. OH COOH C1. So far only intramolecular and intermolecular reaction of compounds containing two different mutually-reactive functional groups (hetero- bifunctional compounds) has been mentioned. Such compounds are in general difficult to prepare as compared with compounds containing the same two functional groups (homo-bifunctional compounds). c 127 1 It can readily be seen however that if equimolecular proportions of two homo-bifunc- tional compounds such as glycol and a di-acid are allowed to react it should be possible to obtain long chain products.This is of course subject to the proviso that five- and six-membered rings cannot be formed. Reactions of this type have received more attention than have reactions of the type discussed earlier. Succinic acid reacting with ethylene glycol could conceivably form an eight-membered ring di-ester but in fact in conformity with the hypothesis of Carothers the reaction product is a polyester which is presumed to possess chain-like molecules containing alternate succinic and ethylene units. Carothers and his co-workers made an intensive study of this type of reaction between glycols and dibasic acids. They showed that when an excess of glycol was used the end units of the chain were glycol residues the end groups being hydroxyl groups whereas when an excess of acid was used the end groups were acidic.The molecular weights of the acidic polyesters as determined by titration and by the sodium content of their sodium salts showed good agreement with the values obtained ebullioscopically. Polyesterifications are of course fully reversible equilibrium reactions and the chain length of the polyesters will.be dependent upon the equilibrium constant and the concentrations of reactants and products. In their early experiments Carothers and his co-workers merely heated together the two reactants in a flask immersed in an oil bath and distilled out the water formed. The polyesters prepared in this way had molecular weights of from 800 to 5,000. In later experiments the preliminary reaction products were heated in a molecular still when the lower molecular weight compounds distilled out of the mixture and a certain amount of further condensation took place with the elimination of water.By this means high molecular weight polyesters (super- polyesters) were produced. These were very different in physical properties from the lower molecular weight polyesters ;thus whereas the latter could be recrystallised from solvents to give powdery solids and had fairly sharp melting-points the super-polyesters were gelled by solvents and melted over a range. It was found that threads could be drawn from the molten polyesters and these threads when subjected to cold stretching gave fibres having X-ray diffraction patterns characteristic of oriented chains.Carothers reserved the name super-polyesters for compounds with molecular weights above 10,000. Carothers’ work on polycondensation reactions culminated in the discovery of Nylon. This is the superpolyamide formed by the reaction of hexamethylene diamine and adipic acid this particular product being called Nylon 66 because each of the chain building units contains six carbon atoms. Another class of condensation resins possess- ing linear molecules have become important commercially; they are the Thiokols. These are formed by reaction of bi-functional halogen compounds such as ethylene di-chloride and /l/l’-dichlordiethyl ether with sodium polysulphide and consist of chains formed with alternate organic and polysulphide links. The Germans faced with the problem of finding an alternative to Nylon have developed the poly-urethane resins made by condensation of di-isocyanates with glycols.These three types of condensa- tion resin together with certain of the silicones represent the commercially important condensation resins having linear molecules. It can be seen that if a bifunctional compound is condensed with a trifunctional compound so-called 3-dimensional molecules will result. A reaction such as this if continued would lead to an insoluble infusible product. An example of this is the reaction of phthalic anhydride (or phthalic acid) with glycerol to give alkyd or glyptal resins. One conception of the phenol-formaldehyde reaction is that the formaldehyde in the presence of water acts as as bifunctional methylene diol and reacts with the phenol with the elimination of water to form methylene bridges between the phenol molecules.The phenol is capable of reacting in the 2- 4-or 6-position i.e. it is tri- functional and the reaction product is hence thermosetting. The mechanism of the phenol-formaldehyde reaction is still a matter of controversy and some workers maintain that the phenolic hydroxyl group takes some part in the reaction. The exis- tence of hydrogen bonding has been used to explain some of the unusual properties of phenolic resins. One of the advantages which polycondensations have over polymerisation reactions is that the former can be stopped when intermediate products have been formed and if desired can then be carried further. This is a big advantage from a practical point of view more especially with the thermosetting resins and in fact until fairly recently with the introduction of ally1 resins the thermosetting resins used in industry were almost exclusively condensation resins.Another advantage of the polycondensation reaction is that it can be also “frozen” permanently at any stage by the addition of monofunctional compounds which act as chain blocking agents by reacting with the end groups of the chain molecules. Chain blocking has been applied very effectively in the case of the silicone resins. [ 1281 It is fitting at this time ten years after his death that we should pay tribute to Dr. Hume Carothers who put polycondensation reactions on a firm theoretical basis.His work besides being fruitful on its own account has attracted other investigators to this field. THE INDUSTRIAL CONTROL OF SIZE GRADING By E. SHARRATT, B.Sc. Ph.D. F.R.I.C. [Birmingham and Midlands Section at Stoke-on-Trent 25 April 1947.1 Some of the various methods available for assessing the size grading of powders in the range 2-15Op so frequently met with industrially have been considered with a view to obtaining the maximum degree of control consistent with the maximum speed of opera- tion. It has been concluded that the best method consists of a sieve test to control the coarse material and a surface area test to control the fine material. Intermediate size grading will then be automatically decided provided that the powder in question is the product of a normal grinding.These conclusions are reached as a consequence of a comparison of results between the pipette turbidimetric and microscopic methods of sub-sieve analysis using several powders including ground minerals alloys and fine alumina which was made in 1943 between Imperial Chemical Industries (Widnes and Billingham Divisions) and Murex Welding Processes Waltham Cross. Analyses by different workers using different methods show a good general degree of agreement and also confirm that a straight line graph is usually obtained when the size analyses are plotted on log-probability paper (particle diameter against cumulative percentage finer) so that control of the size grading at two suitable points is sufficient to establish the grading of the whole material..There is a break in the size graph at the junction of the sieve and sub-sieve data if nominal sieve apertures are used in graphing the sieve results. However by direct counting and weighing of sieved particles it is demonstrated that the mean diameter of the particles (assuming spherical shape) is about 1.24 times that expected from the nominal apertures of the sieves-a result in agreement with other published work. The break in the size analysis graph at this point may be reduced or possibly eliminated (with the cubic mineral fluorspar) by the use of this correction factor. Another often unsuspected error in sieve analysis may the failure of the gauze supplied to meet the specification of the purchaser. There are also errors inherent in the methods of sub- sieve analysis.Surface area measurements on a number of powders have been made by the Murex “Spekker” method and compared with those obtained at the Building Research Station by Lea and Nurse using their air permeability method. There is good general agreement between the results for opaque materials lying principally in the 2-15Op size range and the optical results with transparent materials are also shown to agree with the permeability results provided the refractive index of the deflocculating solution is suitably chosen. Direct determination of surface area as a means of controlling the fine material present in the samples under test is advocated on the grounds that it can be done very rapidly and also helps to avoid an unnecessary mass of data.RECENT ADVANCES IN THE CHEMISTRY OF THE ACETYLENES By SIRIANHEILBRON, D.S.O. D.Sc. LL.D. F.R.I.C. F.R.S. [Tees-Side Section at Norton Hall 18 March 1947.1 Great developments are to be expected in the chemistry of the acetylene series during the next ten years. Until recently the acetylenes have been rather neglected in comparison with the olefines. Although acetylene itself has been known for over 100 years it was not until 1893 that the first patent was taken out for its production by the well-known carbide process. Much of the important knowledge of the acetylenes is quite recent and we owe much to Zalkind and Nazarov in the U.S.S.R. to Berthelot Dufraisse and Dupont in France and to Carothers and Nieuwland in the United States.However it is to the work of Reppe carried out in Germany before and during the recent war that we owe much of our understanding of the potential industrial importance of the acetylene series. Four methods of preparing acetylene are suitable for large-scale manufacture. The manufacture from calcium carbide is well established and this country was rash not to include the building of carbide plants in its war preparations. The production of acetylene by cracking hydrocarbons in an electric arc was claimed by German workers to be as cheap as the carbide process. The direct thermal cracking of hydrocarbons to [ 129 1 give acetylene is also being developed in the United States. Finally the partial oxidation of hydrocarbons looks promising as an industrial route to acetylene.The polymerisation of acetylene has already received industrial application as a step in the manufacture of chloroprene. The polymerisation can however give many other materials of interest. Reppe showed that cyclo-octatetrene can be made by poly- merising acetylene in tetrahydrofuran in the presence of ethylene oxide at 80" and 20 atmospheres. Nickel cyanide is the catalyst. Reppe studied a number of general reactions which can be described by the term "vinylation." These are represented by the following equation where R is an alkyl or aryl radical :-KOH R.OH + C,H + R.O.CH:CH, 120-180" C. 15 at. In the presence of zinc or cadmium catalysts the reaction with phenols takes a different course giving resins in which the acetylene skeleton is attached to the nucleus:- -1 ucH:CHsi1-I-OH 0 I -H:CH, Q Reppe also discovered a number of reactions of the Mannich type involving acetylene eg-CzH + (CHJ&J.CH,OH Copper acetylide z (CH,),N.CH,.CiCH -(CH,),N.CH,.CiC.CH,.N(CH,) A very important reaction studied by Reppe is that between acetylene and formalde- hyde in the presence of copper acetylide to give butynediol together with smaller amounts of propargyl alcohol :-C,H + CH,O = CHiC.CH,OH C,H + 2CH,O = HOCH,.C:C.CH,OH Butynediol is the basis of a route to tetrahydrofuran and thence butadiene:- Ha I Ni 30% H,PO CH,-CH HOCH,.C':C.CH,OH -HOCH,.CH,.CH,.CH,OH -I 300",100at.CH CH Finally Reppe studied a series of reactions involving acetylene and carbon monoxide :-C,H + CO + H,O-+ CH,:CH.COOH + EtOH+ CH,:CH.COOEt + R.NH,--t CH,:CH.CO.NHR + EtSH-CH,:CH.COSEt In this country the reactions of acetylene and its derivations have been studied at the Imperial College by Heilbron E.R. H. Jones and their associates. Many of these reactions have been studied in liquid ammonia solution at -30" C. using catalysts such as sodium acetylide and sodamide. There is little doubt however that many of these reactions could be carried out under more practical commercial conditions by operating under pressure and employing suitable catalysts. OH OH h [ 130 3 Under the conditions mentioned unsaturated aldehydes condense with acetylene as shown below for crotona1dehyde:- acid CH,.CH:CH.CHO + C,H -+-CH,.CH:CH.CH.CiCH +CH,.CH.CH:CH.C:CH I I OH OH In presence of acids the alcohol formed by the condensation undergoes the intra- molecular reaction shown.This is a general reaction of great synthetic value. Acetylene can also condense with two molecules of crotonaldehyde and the glyaol behaves analogously in the presence of acids:-acids CH,.CH:CH.CH.C:C.CH.CH:CH.CH, -CH,.CH.CH:CH.C :C.CH:CH.CH.CH, I I I I OH OH OH OH The compounds formed in these reactions each contain a triple bond and one or more double bonds. On hydrogenation with a slightly poisoned palladium catalyst they give compounds in which the triple bond has been reduced to a double bond. Compounds containing both a secondary alcohol and a triple bond can in some instances be oxidised to the corresponding ketone by a solution of chromium trioxide in acetone.This reaction can be applied to the condensation products of acetylene and unsaturated aldehydes and also to the compounds obtained by isomerising these condensation products with acids e.g. :-CH,.CH:CH.CH(OH).C{CH -CH,.CH:CH.CO.CiCH CH,.CH:CH.CH(OH) .C jC.CH(OH) .CH:CH.CH,--t CH,.CH:CH.CO.CiC.CO.CH:CH.CH The same condensation products and their isomers give a similar reaction to acetylene with water in the presence of mercuric sulphate. The following equations illustrate the great possibilities of this type of reaction:- CH,.CH:CH.CH (OH) .C { CH -+ CH .CH,.CH,.CO.CO.CH I acid Hexane 2 3-dione J. CH,.CH(OH) .CH:CH.C .CH -+ CH,.CO.CH,.CH,.CO.CH Acetqnylacetone 2 5-dimethylfuran The condensation of sodium acetylide with epichIorhydrin gives the interesting substance pentenynol containing a hydroxy group a double bond and a triple bond :-HCjC Na + CI.CH,.CH-CH --+CH:C.CH:CH.CH,OH \O’ The synthetic possibilities of such a molecule are obvious. An interesting example is its reaction with atmospheric oxygen in the presence of cuprous chloride and ammonium chloride giving a primary glycol :-2CHiC.CH:CH.CH20H --+HO.CH,.CH:CH.C:C.C :C.CH:CH.CH,OH This is an instance of a general reaction which can be used for example on propargyl alcohol :-2CH iC.CH2OH -+ HO.CH,.CiC.CiC.CH,OH The homologues of acetylene give some general reactions similar to those of acetylene itself and these have great synthetic possibilities.The condensations with water and methanol are examples :-R.C{CH + H2O-R.CO.CH R.CjCH + CH3OH -+ R.C(OCHJ:CH Reactions of the type discussed have already received application in the synthesis of compounds related to vitamin A. [ 131 3 THE ORGAN ISATION OF OTHER PROFESSIONS* 11. THE LEGAL PROFESSION By JAMES G. FIFE M.Sc. Ph.D. F.R.I.C. F.C.I.P.A. The legal profession in all parts of the British Isles is of very considerable antiquity and in the following brief sketch its organisation in England Wales and Ireland will be considered separately from its organisation in Scotland since there are considerable differences arising mainly out of the different systems of law in force.In England Wales and Ireland the legal profession is divided into two branches namely barristers-at-law and solicitors. The barristers who are the senior branch of the profession have the exclusive right of audience in all the superior courts i.e. courts which are senior in status to a County Court. Barristers in England must be members of one of the four Inns of Court namely Gray’s Inn Lincoln’s Inn The Inner Temple and The Middle Temple and the members of the four Inns elect the Bar Council which regulates the standards of professional conduct. The Bar Council also controls the examinations (final and intermediate) which qualify for admission as a barrister. In addition a candidate for the bar must keep twelve terms of which there are four in a year.A term is kept by dining six times in hall. The profession of barrister is open to persons of both sexes over the age of 21 whether of British nationality or not with certain exceptions. The principal exceptions are persons connected with the law in an inferior capacity such as a Solicitor or a Registered or Chartered Patent Agent or a Chartered or professional Accountant. Such persons cannot be admitted as students until they have entirely ceased to practise their other professions and they must make a declaration to this effect and repeat it immedi- ately before they are called to the bar. Furthermore the Inns will not admit as students persons engaged in trade. A further interesting provision is that before being called the prospective barrister must declare that he is not in Holy Orders and does not hold any clerical preferment or has not performed any clerical functions during the year preceding.A solicitor of five years’ standing may ask to have his name removed from the Roll of Solicitors and may then be called to the bar without keeping any terms provided that he passes the necessary examinations. A member of the Irish bar may be called to the English bar on a simplified procedure. Disciplinary power over barristers is exercised by the Benchers of each Inn of Court in respect of the members of their own Inn. The supervision of the bar students’ training by the Inns of Court recalls the inter- esting fact that these are the successors of the English Schools of Law which existed as early as the thirteenth century.These schools originally educated students in the Common Law and conferred degrees of barrister (corresponding to bachelor or apprentice) and serjeant (corresponding to doctor). There is no specified course of training for the bar examinations but most candidates attend the lectures at the Inns of Court School of Law arranged by the Council of Legal Education which are open to the students of the four Inns of Court. There are also private tutors who coach students for the examinations and furthermore some students study is pupils in the chambers of practising barristers; some of them also continue for some time as pupils after they have been called in order to gain experience. A degree in law granted by a university may exempt a student from some of the papers in Part I of the bar examinations and a number of students obtain such a degree during their training.The fees involved in qualifying as a barrister vary slightly depending upon the Inn of Court in question but they are approximately Ll60 of which L75 represents Govern- ment fees. Once a barrister has been called he is not required to pay further fees in order to practise although usually a practising barrister belongs to a circuit which involves an annual fee of one guinea and in addition he usually pays a small sub- scription to his Inn in respect of the library of the Inn. A large number of barristers do not practise and as no annual subscription or practising certificate is involved it is not possible to indicate the number of barristers but the current Law List gives the names of about 10,000 who have been called to the English bar.The function peculiar to a barrister is advocacy in court but he also has other functions including giving opinions and acting as an equity draftsman and special pleader. *No. I of this series on The Medical Profession appeared in JOURNAL AND PRO-INGS 1946 v 209. [ 1321 In addition to the ordinary barrister or junior counsel there are also King’s Counsel who are barristers of special experience and ability and usually of at least ten years’ standing as barristers who have been appointed on the recommendation of the Lord Chancellor by Royal Letters Patent to be “one of His Majesty’s Counsel learned in the law.” The first King’s Counsel was Sir Francis Bacon who was appointed by James I at a salary of L40 per annum.The next King’s Counsel was Francis North appointed in 1668. From 1775 King’s Counsel were appointed regularly although even to-day their numbers are comparatively small. A King’s Counsel often referred to colloquially as a “silk,” from the distinguishing silk gown which he wears in court by long custom does not appear in court without a junior counsel does not undertake drafting or special pleading except in consultation with junior counsel and does not take pupils. Furthermore a King’s Counsel may not accept a brief against the Crown without permission although this is never refused unless he is to be briefed for the Crown. For both King’s Counsel and junior counsel precedence is by seniority.A barrister may not with the following exceptions undertake a case unless in- structed by a solicitor. These exceptions are (i) in matters relating to Patents Designs and Trade Marks not involving High Court proceedings a barrister may be instructed by a Registered or Chartered Patent Agent without the intervention of a solicitor; (ii) in criminal cases a barrister may be engaged directly by a defendant by havinga fee given him in open court; (iii) “non-contentious” matters e.g. drafting a will; and (iv) Parliamentary work where he may be instructed by a Parliamentary Agent who is not a solicitor. Barristers usually specialise in particular classes of cases such as Common Law Chancery Probate Admiralty or Divorce. Membership of the bar is a necessary qualification for appointment as a Judge of the High Court and County Court and for most other senior judicial offices.A barrister may not sue for his fees which are regarded as a gratuity. The small bag near the top of junior counsel’s gown is an interesting survival of the days when the fee was placed in this bag. Barristers practising in Wales practise as members of the English bar and the bar in Ireland is organised on lines similar to those of the English bar. The barristers are members of the King’s Inn. In Eire however there are now no King’s Counsel the senior members of the bar being known as Senior Counsel (S.C.) There is no connection between the English and Irish bars on the one hand and the Scottish bar on the other and the organisation of the latter will now be briefly described.In Scotland members of the bar are known as Advocates and are members of the Faculty of Advocates. The Faculty has grown out of the Act of the Scottish Parliament of 1532 which established the College of Justice or Court of Session. The advocates have the sole right of audience in the Court of Session and High Court of Justiciary and when properly instructed by a Law Agent they have the right and indeed the duty of pleading in any superior or inferior court in Scotland either civil or criminal. An advocate also has a right of audience before the House of Lords the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council and Parliamentary Committees. The Office bearers of the Faculty of Advocates are elected annually and consist of a Dean Vice-Dean Treasurer Clerk and Council and they have similar powers and duties to those of the Bar Council in England.King’s Counsel are also appointed from among members of the Scottish Bar and the respective functions of senior and junior counsel at the Scottish Bar are similar to those of the corresponding members of the English Bar. Turning now to the other branch of the legal profession solicitors in England are officers of the Supreme Court. The profession of solicitor is open to persons of either sex who are British subjects and over 21 years of age but before being admitted they must have served an appren- ticeship to a practising solicitor for a period varying between 3 and 5 years depending upon their previous education and qualifications.It is also necessary for an articled clerk to attend a law school provided or approved by the Law Society and to pass the intermediate and final examinations. Possession of a degree in law of certain British Universities however exempts an articled clerk from the intermediate examination. A barrister who has had his name removed from the Roll of Barristers at his own request may take the Solicitors’ examination and be admitted without serving articles. Before practising a solicitor must be admitted by the Master of the Rolls and pay total fees of L30 and must take out an annual practising certificate at a fee of LlO for London solicitors and f17 for country solicitors (these amounts being reduced to A6 10s. and k4respectively for the first three years in which a certificate is taken out).I 133 1 The governing body is the Law Society membership of which is open to all practising solicitors but is not compulsory. The annual subscription for London members is LZ 12s. 6d. for the first three years rising to A5 5s. thereafter and for country members k1 16s. 9d. for the first three years rising to L3 13s. 6d. thereafter. The Law Society was founded in 1825 and received a Royal Charter in 1845. It is the successor of an older body called the Society of Gentlemen Practisers in the Courts of Law and Equity founded in 1739 which was in turn the successor of the Inns of Chancery. The number of solicitors now practising in England and Wales is just over 56,000.The Law Society has disciplinary powers (cf. The Solicitors Act 1932) and after enquiry the Society may strike a solicitor off the Roll or suspend him from practice if he is convicted of professional misconduct. A solicitor’s accounts must be kept in accordance with rules made by the Society and every solicitor must lodge with the Society annually a certificate by a duly qualified accountant that such rules have been complied with. Solicitors may practise in all courts including Ecclesiastical Courts but have a right of audience only in inferior courts i.e. up to the County Court except in certain bank- ruptcy matters in the High Court and in proceedings in Chambers in the High Court. Among other functions of solicitors are instructing counsel on behalf of clients drafting legal documents such as wills conveyances and commercial agreements and advising clients generally on legal questions.The Law Society governs solicitors practising in Wales. The organisation of solici-tors in Northern Ireland and Eire is similar to that in England. In Northern Ireland the governing body is the Incorporated Law Society of Northern Ireland and in Eire the Incorporated Law Society of Ireland. In Scotland the term Law Agent is the general term devised by statute to include Writers Solicitors and Procurators entitled to practise as Agents in the supreme and inferior courts. The Law Agents (Scotland) Act 1873 regulates the admission of applicants to the roll of Law Agents entitled to practise in Scotland. Candidates must have served an apprenticeship varying between 3 and 5 years and also have passed a general examination and an examination in law A Law Agent may be removed on petition to the Court of Session.There are separate rolls of Law Agents entitled to practise in the Court of Session and in each of the Sheriff Courts. A Law.Agent has a right of audience only in the bill chamber of the Court of Session and in the inferior courts. His other functions are similar to those of a solicitor in England. Many Law Agents are members of the various Scottish Law Societies e.g. The Society of Writers to His Majesty’s Signet The Society of Solicitors in the Supreme Courts The Faculty of Procurators in Glasgow The Law Society of Glasgow The Faculty of Procurators and Solicitors in Dundee The Society of Procurators in Mid- lothian and The Scottish Law Agents’ Society.There are various periodicals dealing with professional matters or with the develop- ment of legal principles or practice in addition to the various law reports which record judgments of outstanding importance. Among the periodicals may be mentioned The Law Times The Solicitors Journal Law Notes The Law Society Gazette The Law Quarterly Review Modern Law Review and The Solicitor. Space permits only a brief sketch of the organisation of an ancient and justly honoured profession whose members have contributed so much to bringing about a respect for the rule of law in this country. NOTES PERSONAL Sir Robert Robinson P.R.S. Fellow has received the United States Franklin Award for his discoveries in organic chemistry and has been awarded the Albert Medal of the Royal Society of Arts “for his outstanding contribution to the advancement of organic chemistry” (see p.137). Mr. J. Davidson Pratt C.B.E. Fellow has been awarded by the American Govern- ment the Medal of Freedom with silver palms for exceptionally meritorious work and co-operation with the United States while Controller of Chemical Defence Development at the Ministry of Supply 1940-5. Among new appointments made to the Advisory Council on Scientific Research and Technical Development of the Ministry of Supply are Professor E. K. Rideal M.B.E. F.R.S. Member of Council and Mr. Stanley Robson Fellow. [ 134 1 Professor E. L. Hirst F.R.S.,Fellow Director of the Chemical Laboratories in the University of Manchester has been appointed to the newly instituted Forbes Chair of Organic Chemistry in the University of Edinburgh.Dr..J. H. Quastel F.R.S. Fellow has been appointed Professor of Biochemistry at the University of McGill Montreal Canada and Director of the newly created Institute for Research in Cell Metabolism in that University. He will be leaving England in August to take up these appointments. Dr. E. C. R. Spooner Fellow has been appointed Professor of Mining and Metallurgy at the University of Adelaide and Director of the Bonython Laboratories of the South Australian School of Mines and Industries. Dr. C. Tyler Associate and Mr. E. L. Crossley Fellow have been appointed to Chairs of Agricultural Chemistry and of Dairying respectively in the University of Reading.Dr. E. V. Evans O.B.E. Fellow has resigned the Chairmanship of the Council of the Gas Research Board and has been succeeded by Dr. Harold Hollings Fellow Controller of Research of The Gas Light and Coke Company. Mr. C. F. J. Francis-Carter O.B.E. Fellow has resigned his post as Director and General Manager of the Metal and Produce Recovery Depots and has been appointed General Manager of the newly formed Aluminium Wire & Cable Co. Ltd. Port Tennant Works Swansea. Dr. Henry Phillips Fellow and Meldola Medallist a Principal Scientific Officer in the Wool Industries Research Association has been appointed Director of Research of the British Leather Manufacturers' Research Association in succession to the late Dr.Dorothy Jordan-Lloyd and takes up his new duties on 1 July 1947. Dr. R. K. Speirs Fellow has been appointed Chief Chemist in Iran to the Anglo- Iranian Oil Co. Ltd. Dr. J. B. M. Coppock Fellow has been appointed Director of Research of the newly- formed British Baking Industries Research Association. Mr. L. E. Smythe Associate has resigned as a Lecturer in Chemistry University of Sydney and accepted an appointment in the British Colonial Chemical Service for duty with the Research and Laboratory Division Department of Agriculture Fiji. Mr. Blick Crawley Fellow who formerly worked on rockets developed for the United States War Department and for the Ministry of Supply has joined the Scientific Adviser's Department of the Air Ministry.Mr. W. 0. Williamson Associate has resigned from the staff of the Government Metallurgical Laboratory Johannesburg South Africa to take up the post of Senior Officer for Ceramic Research Division of Industrial Chemistry Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Australia. Warner Memorial Medals for 1947 have been awarded by the Textile Institute to Mr. D. A. Derrett-Smith Fellow and Dr. D. A. Clibbens First Dalton Lecturer. Dr. P. F. R. Venables Fellow has been appointed Principal of the Royal Technical College Salford. Mr. I<. V. Sundaram Ayyar Fellow has been appointed Government Analyst Madras in succession to Mr. H. Hawley Fellow who has retired. Mr. Norman Strafford Fellow has been elected Chairman of the Microchemistry Group of the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists in succession to Professor H.V. A. Briscoe Vice-President. INSTITUTE AFFAIRS The Anniversary Luncheon of the Institute was held at 1 p.m. on 18 April in the Connaught Rooms Great Queen Street London. The Chair was taken by the President Mr. G. Roche Lynch O.B.E. M.B. B.S. D.P.H. and about 150 members and guests were present. The official guests included Sir Henry Tizard K.C.B. A.F.C. F.R.S. Chairman of the Defence Research Policy Committee and of the Advisory Council on Scientific Policy Sir Charles Ellis F.R.S. Scientific Member of the National Coal Board the President of the Chemical Society (Professor C. N. Hinshelwood F.R.S.) :the President of the Society of Chemical Industry (Dr.L. H. Lampitt); the President of r 1351 the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists (Mr. L. Eynon); the President of the Institution of Chemical Engineers (Mr. H. W. Cremer); the President of the Institution of Metallurgists (Dr. J. W. Jenkin); the Chairman of Council Associa- tion of British Chemical Manufacturers (Mr. L. P. O’Rrien); the Chairman of Committee Biochemical Society (Dr. Margaret Murray) ; the President of the Faraday Society (Professor W. E. Garner C.B.E. F.R.S.); the President of the Society of Dyers and Colourists (Mr. C. M. Whittaker); Mr. F. Bray (Ministry of Education); Dr. H. Hollings (Institution of Gas Engineers) ; the Master of the Worshipful Society of Apothecaries (Dr. C.Thackray Parsons O.B.E.); the President of the Medico-Legal Society (Dr. W. Norwood East) ; the President of the Electrodepositors’ Technical Society (Dr. S. Wer-nick); the Secretary Institute of Physics (Dr. H. R. Lang); Mr. R. B. Pilcher O.B.E. Past Registrar and Secretary. Professor H. J. EmelCus F.R.S. the lecturer at the Anniversary Meeting was also present as a guest of the Institute. In proposing the toast of “The Guests,” the President expressed appreciation of the presence of the Presidents or other representatives of many cognate societies and institutions and extended a special welcome to Sir Henry Tizard with whose name the toast was coupled. After replying on behalf of the Guests Sir Henry Tizard proceeded to propose the toast of “The Royal Institute of Chemistry,” in the course of which he indicated the valuable help that the Institute and similar professional bodies could give to the Govern- ment in the development of applications of science to national defence and industrial reconstruction.He referred particularly to a new survey of manpower that the Ad- visory Council on Scientific Policy would be asking the Ministry of Labour and National Service to undertake through its Technical and Scientific Register and expressed the hope that the Institute would afford such help as it could in obtaining this information which would be of great importance in analysing the existing manpower distribution and thus affording a basis for determining the sciences in which the output of students from universities and technical colleges might be specially encouraged.He was sorry to be the cause of yet another questionnaire but hoped that members of the Institute would co-operate by providing the required particulars. Professor Alexander Findlay immediate Past President replied for the Institute. At 3.15 p.m. on 18 April in the Rooms of the Royal Society Burlington House Piccadilly Professor H. J. Emelhus F. R.S. delivered a Lecture entitled “Some Aspects of Nuclear Chemistry. A vote of thanks to the lecturer was proposed by Sir Robert Pickard seconded by Dr. William Cullen and carried with acclamation. It was unfortunate that limitation of accommodation restricted the audience to 150 but the lecture has now been published and copies are being sent to all Members and Registered Students with this issue of JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS.The Sixty-ninth Annual General Meeting of the Royal Institute of Chemistry was held on Friday 18 April 1947 at 5.15 p.m. in the Rooms of the Royal Society Burling- ton House Piccadilly London W.l (see p. 101). First Henderson Memorial Lecture Correction.-On page 4 line 42 of the published lecture the date of Henderson’s promotion to the Freeland Chair of Chemistry at the Glasgow and West of Scotland Technical College was given erroneously as 1902 instead of 1892. Meldola Medals 1946.-On the recommendation of the Council of the Royal Institute of Chemistry the Society of Maccabeans has agreed to present two Meldola Medals for 1946 one to Dr. Alan Woodworth Johnson the other to Mr.Robert Harold Stokes. After a year as assistant chemist to Swan Hunter and Wigham Richardson Ltd. at Wallsend-on-Tyne Dr. Johnson spent a year as analyst to Thos. Hedley and Co. Ltd. at Newcastle upon Tyne while studying as an evening student at the Rutherford Tech- nical College Newcastle. Proceeding in 1936 to Imperial College London he obtained a first class honours degree in chemistry two years later and stayed as a research student under Sir Ian Heilbron until 1942 when he joined I.C.I. Ltd. (Dyestuffs Division) as a research chemist. At South Kensington he worked on polyene synthesis and with I.C.I. was responsible for many developments in the application of acetylene compounds in synthetic chemistry. In 1946 he went to Cambridge as I.C.I. Fellow for Research in organic chemistry under Professor A.R. Todd. Robert Harold Stokes was born in England but has spent most of his life in New Zealand where he graduated from Auckland University College. Staying on as a research student with Dr. R. A. Robinson he carried out a number of investigations on the thermodynamic properties of salt solutions. At the beginning of 1946 he was appointed lecturer in chemistry in the University of Western Australia. 11361 MISCELLAN EOUS Supply of Laboratory Chemicals.-Cases of difficulty in obtaining supplies of laboratory chemicals have been brought to the notice of the Chemical Council who have discussed the question with officials of the Board of Trade. Some of the delays are admittedly due to transport difficulties and shortage of containers aggravated by the fact that users often do not return bottles etc.promptly. The Chemical Council has been assured that the Board of Trade will be ready to take up any questions of genuine shortage which are reported to them with full particulars. Communications should be addressed to:-R.M.2T Board of Trade Raw Materials Dept. Horseferry House Horseferry Road London S.W.l. Laboratory Precautions.-With reference to the note in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1947 I 19 Mr. S. H. Greenwood has drawn attention to the explosive nature of mixtures of sodium nitrite with either potassium ferricyanide or sodium nitroprusside. A few mg. of either mixture heated in a test-tube will explode with sufficient violence to shatter the tube.Royal Society of Arts Albert Medal.-The Albert Medal was struck in 1864 to commemorate the Presidency of the Royal Albert Society of Arts which was held by the Prince Consort from 1843 to 1861. The Medal is awarded for distinguished merit in promoting Arts Manufactures and Commerce. Among scientists who have received the Medal have been Faraday Pasteur Sir William Perkin Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins Sir Henry Tizard Sir Alexander Fleming and Sir Howard Florey. In 1947 the Medal is being awarded to Sir Robert Robinson. The Chemical Society Quarterly Reviews.-A new publication by the Chemical Society has been inaugurated under the title Quarterly Reviews. In Vol. I No. 1 which has recently been issued the following subjects are treated :-Fluorescence and Fluores- cence Quenching by E.J. Bowen F.R.S.; Colour and Constitution by A. Maccoll; Amorphous Carbon and Graphite by Professor H. L. Riley; Force Constants by J. W. Linnett; Oceanic Salt Deposits by Professor F. C. Phillips. The Society is to be congratulated on the excellence of the first issue of this new publication which should serve a valuable purpose in keeping chemists in touch with new developments in important fields of the science. Brit is h Standards In stitution .-B.S. 1,364 1947-Aerated Concrete Building Blocks (Dimensions Only)-and B.S. 1370 1947-Low Heat Portland Cement-have been prepared by the Cement Lime and Gypsum Industry Standards Committee of the Institution and issued recently. Copies may be obtained from the offices of the Institution 28 Victoria Street London S.W.l.price 1s. net and 3s. 6d. net respectively post free. Royal Commission on Awards to Inventors.-The Royal Commission on Awards to Inventors set up under Royal Warrant dated 15 May 1946 under the chairmanship of Lord Justice Cohen to investigate what awards should be paid to inventors in respect of the use of their inventions designs drawings or processes on behalf of H.M. Govern- ment Departments in connection with the war has commenced its public sittings. The Commission’s terms of reference rules of procedure and instructions to intending claimants are contained in a pamphlet entitled “Royal Commission on Awards to In- ventors 1946,” price 2d. by post 3d. obtainable from H.M. Stationery Office or through any bookseller.A further pamphlet entitled “Statement of Principles Governing Assessment of Compensation adopted by the 1919 Royal Commission on Awards to Inventors” has been re-issued and is obtainable from the same sources price 6d. by post 7d. Co-operation with UNESCO.-At the invitation of the Ministry of Education the Royal Society has set up a committee to co-operate with UNESCO in the field of the natural sciences. The Committee’s terms of references are (i) On behalf of the United Kingdom to co-operate with UNESCO in the field of the natural sciences; (ii) To report to the Council of the Royal Society and to the Minister of Education. The Committee is constituted as follows Chairman-The Foreign Secretary of the Royal Society-Professor E.D. Adrian. The Chairman of the seven British National Committees Sir Harold Spencer Jones (Astronomy) Professor H. M. Fox (Biology) Sir Ian Heilbron (Chemistry) Professor J. Proudman (Geodesy and Geophysics) Professor H. J. Fleure (Geography) Professor N. F. Mott (Physics) Sir Robert Watson Watt (Scientific Radio). r 137 1 Representatives nominated by the following bodies By the Royal Society (3)-Dr. C. H. Desch Dr. J. Needham Professor H. H. Read. By the Ministry of Education (3)-Mr. Ritchie Calder Professor H. J. Fleure Sir Clive Forster-Cooper. By the Advisory Council on Scientific Policy-Dr. A. E. Trueman. By the British Association (2)-Dr. E. Hindle Dr. 0. J. R. Howarth. By the British Council (2)-Dr. N. Howard Jones Miss Nancy Parkinson.By the Association of Scientific Workers-Professor J. D. Bernal. Ey the Science Masters’ Association-Mr. J. P. Stephenson. By the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research-Sir Edward Appleton. By the Medical Research Council-Sir Edward Mellanby. By the Agricultural Research Council-Sir John Fryer. The Secretary of the Universities Bureau of the British Empire. Ex-oflcio-The President Treasurer and one Secretary of the Royal Society. The joint secretaries of the Committee are Mrs J. J. Hawkes of the Ministry of Education and Dr. D. C. Martin Assistant Secretary of the Royal Society. In accordance with the proposal of the Ministry of Education the Council of the Royal Society has notified other important scientific organisations in the United Kingdom of the existence of the Committee and invited them to transmit to the secre- tariat any proposals which they may wish to intimate.Teaching of Statistics in Universities and University Colleges.-In view of the importance to the present-day community of sound statistics collected with foresight and interpreted with knowledge the Council of the Royal Statistical Society appointed some time ago an authoritative committee of their members to report on the broad question of the teaching of statistics in the Universities. The conclusions of this com- mittee are set forth in a Report recently issued by the Council of the Society price 6d. The offices of the Society are at 4 Portugal Street London W.C.2. Czechoslovak Chemictl Commurlications.-The “Collection of ‘Czechoslovak Chemical Communications under the Editorship of Professor E.VotoEek and Professor Heyrovskjr has just resumed publication. The price is Zt;2per annum and subscriptions may be arranged with Messrs. B. H. Blackwell Ltd. 48-51 Broad Street Oxford. Biological Journals.-The Biological Council is planning to issue “Contents Lists” of twelve biological journals showing the titles and authors of papers appearing in current numbers. Particulars may be obtained from Messrs. H. K. Lewis and Co. Ltd. 136 Gower Street London W.C.I. SCIENCE IN PARLIAMENT (January-March 1947) Coal Utilisation.-Replying to the debate on the Coal Situation in the House of Lords on 13 February VISCOUNT ADDISON:One of the decisions of the Government with regard to long-term policy is that we must take as much advantage as we possibly can of the lessons of science and apply them to industry so far as relates to the better utilisation of coal.CHANCELLOR Commonwealth Scientists (Movement).-MR. DALTON OF THE Ex-CHEQUER, in reply to a question by Mr. Cobb on 29 January Most scientists in this country who are in either university or Government employment are already under the Federated Superannuation System for Universities and the admission to the system of certain Colonial institutions of university status is now being considered. The extension of this scheme to other parts of the Commonwealth is a matter for the Govern- ments and universities concerned who will no doubt have regard to the resolutions passed at the British Commonwealth Scientific Conference held in London last year.Cotton Research.-Clause 9 of the Cotton (Centralised Buying) Bill gives the Cotton Commission power to conduct research and to make grants to appropriate research organisations. A debate on this clause and on the danger of such research overlapping the work of the Cotton Industry Research Association took place during the Committee FOR OVERSEAS Stage on 25 February. Replying the SECRETARY TRADE,MR. MAR-QUAND . . . I will give without qualification an assurance that there is no intention to set up a [separate research] organisation and in making grants ta the Shirley Institute or to any other body University or whatever it may be we do not contemplate that the [ 138 1 Commission would make grants for work which was already being undertaken on behalf of some other organisation in the cotton industry such as the Cotton Board.Government Scientific Policy (Advisory Council).-Replying to a question by Sir W. Wakefield on 29 January MR. ARTHUR GREENWOOD: The Government have had under consideration the permanent arrangements for ensuring that in addition to departmental bodies there shall be available centrally the best scientific advice on the many problems on which it is needed. The House has already been informed of the establishment of the Defence Research Policy Committee. It has now been decided to set up on the civil side an Advisory Council on Scientific Policy to advise the Lord President in the exercise of his responsibility for the formulation and execution of Government scientific policy.The Chairman will be Sir Henry Tizard who is also Chairman of the Defence Committee and the staffs of the two bodies will work in close association. The Council will include the heads of the principal Government scientific organisations and a number of scientists from outside the Government services. Penicillin Bill.-This Bill was introduced in the House of Lords in March and governs the supply of penicillin and such other anti-microbial organic substances produced by living organisms as may be prescribed by regulations. Technical Education (Private Firms) .-On 6 February Mr. Geoffrey Cooper asked when it was proposed to issue the necessary regulations in order to implement the provisions of Section 29 of the Finance Act 1946 to enable firms to make provision for technical education related to their industry.Mr. Hardman for the MINISTER OF EDUCATION: No regulations are required . . . I hope shortly to be able to make an announcement as to the institutions which can be approved for the purposes of this Section. Universities (New Grants).-In the course of a reply to Sir E. Graham Little on 10 March MR. DALTON OF THE EXCHEQUER: CHANCELLOR Before the war Exchequer grants to the universities were settled for periods of five years. I propose to resume this practice in order that universities may plan development with knowledge of the resources they may expect . . . As their needs will be on a rising scale I propose that Parliament should be asked to provide recurrent grants rising from k9,000,000 for the academic year 1947-8 to k9,970,000 for 1948-9 and thence by annual increments of k650,OOO to &11,920,000for 1951-2 .. . The University Grants Committee estimate that the universities’ programmes of development will necessitate during the quinquen- nium non-recurrent grants amounting to k50,000,000 of which &40,000,000would be for new buildings and ~10,000,000for acquiring sites existing buildings and new equipment . . . I am advised however . . .that not more than &20,000,000worth of new building will be possible during the quinquennium. BOOKS AND THElR CONTENTS Agricultural Chemistry An Introduction to. N. M. Comber H. Trefor Jones and J. S.Willcox. Pp. viii + 316. (London Edward Arnold & Co. 1947.) 8s. 6d. Part I. Soil. Introduction. Soil Material The origin and composition of soil material; the colloidal properties of soil material; the physical properties of soil; base exchange and lime status; plant food; the availability of plant food; soil analysis; field and pot experiments. Soils the formation of soils; the classification of soils. Part 11. Fertilizers. Principles of manuring; organic manures; fer- tilizers; lime and liming. Part 111. Animal nutrition. The composition of the animal and of its food; digestion absorption and digestibility; metabolism; minerals and vitamins; the nutritive values of foods and the nutritive requirements of animals; feeding stuffs; the chemical constituents of cows’ milk.Index. Foundations of Chemical Theory. Charles Simpson. Pp. viii + 220. (Cambridge: University Tutorial Press Ltd. 1947.) 6s. 6d. The discovery of the elements; the Atomic Theory; Avogadro’s hypothesis and molecular weights; atomic weights and formu!=; valency and equivalent weights; classification of elements and structure o :atoms; the kinetic theory of gases; deviations from the gas laws; the molecular state of liquids; evaporation of liquids; solutions in liquid solvents; molecular weights of solutes; physical equilibria-the phase rule; chemical equilibria-the law of mass action; chemical energy and catalysis; electrolysis and ionisation. Miscellaneous examination questions; answers to numerical examination questions. Index. [ 1391 A New Notation and Enumeration System for Organic Compounds.G. Malcolm Dyson. Pp. 64. (London New York and Toronto Longmans Green & Co. Ltd. 1947.) 7s. 6d. net. Introduction. Difficulties of existing nomenclature. The cipher ciphering the basic carbon skeleton; unsaturation; aromatic rings; fused rings; modulants of T J K W; 8 convention; enumeration; ring stereochemistry; functional groups; alcohols glycols and phenols; ethers; epoxy compounds; aldehydes and ketones; quinones; carboxylic acids; carboxylic esters; lactones; heterocyclic compounds; hetero-atoms in adducts; nitrogenous operations; amines; acid amides halides and anhydrides; nitroso nitro and azido compounds; ureas urethanes etc. ; azo compounds; hydrazines oximes etc.; halogens; sulphur compounds; phosphorus compounds; carbohydrates; polysaccharides.General principles of enumeration and citation; indexing; examples of ciphering; mechanical manipulation of ciphers. Appendix. Micro-Diffusion Analysis and Volumetric Error. Edward J. Conway. Revised edition. Pp. 358. (London Crosby Lockwood & Son Ltd. 1947). 21s. net. Introductory. Apparatus and Principles used in Micro-diff usion Analysis A standard microdiffusion apparatus or ‘‘unit’’; factors influencing the absorption rate from outer to inner chamber with special reference to ammonia; general principles governing the absorption time in microdiff usion analysis; pipettes (suitable for use with the standard “unit”) and their delivery errors; micro-burettes (suitable for use with the standard “unit”) and errors involved in their use; the microdiff usion method with end-point volumes around 20 cubic millimetres; colorimetry in the microdiff usion methods.Description of Methods with the Standard “Unit” ammonia group; amine group; the halogen group; the carbon dioxide group; the bisulphite reaction group; miscellaneous group; qualitative microdiff usion analysis. The Error of Volumetric Titration the variable glass error; the total variable glass error and its control; the variable chemical error in titration; the rationale of micro-titration; the constant glass error; the constant chemical error; volumetric error in Kjeldahl nitrogen analyses; urea excretion as renal function test. References. Index of subjects.Atomic Physics Introduction to. S. Tolansky. Foreword by Sir Lawrence Bragg F.R.S. Second edition reprinted with an Appendix on Nuclear Fission and Atomic Energy. Pp. xi + 352. (London New York and Toronto Longmans Green & Co. 1947.) 15s. net. (For contents of first edition see JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1942 111 136.) Crystallography An Introduction to. F. C. Phillips. Pp. ix + 302. (London, New York and Toronto Longmans Green & Co. 1947.) 25s. net. Part I The external symmetry of crystals. The nature of the crystalline state methods of projection; the description of crystals; a general study of the seven crystal systems; goniometry; the thirty-two classes; parallel growth and composite crystals; some mathematical relationships; crystal drawings.Part I1 The symmetry of the internal arrangement. The symmetry of internal structure space groups crystal habit. Appendix note on Schoenflies’ notation for point groups and space groups. General index. Index of formulz. Polymerization The Theory of. H. Ronald Fleck. Pp. x + 146. (London: Temple Press Ltd. 1947.) 10s. 6d. net. Part I Chain polymerization. Introduction polymerization molecular weight polymeric levels fractional separation of polymers reaction kinetics first order reactions second order reactions third order reactions determination of the order of reaction significance of the rate of reaction the mechanism of chain formation the mechanism of co-polymerization the Kienle postulates Carothers’ concepts viscosity catalysis emulsion polymerization.Part I1 Three-dimensional poly- merization. Definitions gels cold flow valency linkages cross-linking of polymers, the lockerstellen theory cast resins silicon resins experimental section kinetics of reaction. Electronic Theory and Chemical Reactions An Elementary Treatment. Second Edition revised. R. W. Stott. Pp. viii + 112. (London New York and Toronto Longmans Green & Co. 1947.) 6s. net. 140 1 Inorganic compounds; organic acids and reactive hydrogen atoms; the mechanisms of certain types of reactions of organic compounds; the structure of benzene and other aromatic compounds; substitution in the benzene nucleus; some uses Of radio-active and other isotopes. Natural Fats The Chemical Constitution of. Second edition revised.T. P. Hilditch F.R.S. Pp. xiii + 554. (London Chapman and Hall Ltd. 1947.) 45s. net. Introductory survey of the natural fats; the component acids of fats of aquatic flora and fauna; the component acids of fats of land animals; the component acids of vegetable fats; the component glycerides of natural fats (mainly qualitative investigations); the component glycerides of vegetable fats; the component gly- cerides of animal fats; some aspects of the biochemistry of fats; constitution of individual natural fatty acids; synthetic glycerides individual naturally occurring fatty alcohols and acyl ethers of glycerol; notes on experimental technique employed in the quantitative investigation of fats; general index of subjects; index of in- dividual fats and waxes; index of plant families; index of individual fatty acids; index of individual glycerides.Science Progress.-A Quarterly Review of Scientific Thought Work and Affairs. Vol. XXXV No. 138 pp. 185-376 April 1947. (London Edward Arnold & Co. 7s. 6d. net). Special articles on “The Late-Glacial Period” (H. Godwin F.R.S.) “The Source of Stellar Energy” (W. E. Curtis F.R.S.) “The Association of Basic ‘Fronts’ with Granitisation (Doris L. Reynolds) “The British Raiidz” (G. A. Steven) “The Toxicity and Properties of the Glycols” (Ethel Browning) and “Some Aspects of Modern Algebra” (Olga Taussky and J. Todd) are followed by articles on Recent Advances in Science Notes Essay Reviews (including one of G. M. Dyson’s “A New Notation and Enumeration System for Organic Compounds,” by Professor A.R. Todd F.R.S.) and Reviews. THE REGISTER New Fellows Abel Profes,sor Emil D.Phi1. (Vienna) Kamerman Pieter Abraham Eliza M.Sc. Dr.rer.nat. (Goettingen). (S.A.) DSc. (Pretoria). Barton Derek Harold Richard BSc. Kann Eric Ph.D. (Freiburg). Ph.D. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. D.I.C. Mahdihassan Syed D.Phi1. (Giessen). Bondy Herbert Fritz Ph.D. (Freiburg) . Myers Ernest Myers M.1.Chem.E. Chubb William Frederick BSc. Ph.D. Shaw Herbert M.Sc.Tech. Ph.D. (Manc.). (Lond.) F.I.M. Sykes Philip Howard M.Sc. (N.Z.),Ph.D. Griffiths Hugh B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. (Lond.). M.1.Chem.E. Wolff Arthur Dr. Phil. (Berlin). Herschdoerfer Sigismund Markstein q.(Vienna). Associates Elected to the Fellowship Ahrens Louis Herman B.Sc.(S.A.),D.Sc. Evans Alfred Alexander B.Sc. Ph.D. (Pretoria). (Lond.). Baker Leslie Charles M.Sc. (Lond.). Farrer Keith Thomas Henry M.Sc. (Mel- Barent Mark B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.). bourne). Bartlett Kenneth Walter William B.Sc. Galloway Alfred Scott BSc. Ph.D. (St. (Lond.) . Andrews). Bolland Robert William BSc. Ph.D. Gardner Eric Richard BSc. Ph.D. (Lond.) . (Lond.) A.R.C.S. D.I.C. Bond George Douglas B.Sc. (Lond.). Hair William John B.Sc. (Lond.). Booth Ernest. Hanbury John Capel M.A. (Cantab.), Brockwell Arthur John B.Sc. (Lond.). B.Pharm. (Lond.) Ph.C. Carlene Percival William B.Sc. Ph.D. Jacobs Stanley M.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.). (Leeds). Johnson Sydney Walgate BSc. (Dun-Chopra Narindernath MSc. Ph.D. (Pun- elm) Ph.D. (Lond.). jab). Kent Bernard Arthur Stevens B.Sc.Cowin Robert Archibald. Ph.D. (Lond.). Emley. Edward Frederick BSc. (Lond.) Learmonth George Sanderson B.Sc. A.I.M. Ph.D. (Edin.). c 141 1 Lecomber Leslie Vincent B.Sc. (Manc.). Ledwith Richard John B.Sc. (Lond.). Legge Denis Ivor B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.). Lewis Kenneth Glyn MSc. (Wales), M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.). Lowther Harry Vincent B.Sc. (Lond.). Mansell William James. Marsh Joseph Kenneth D.Sc. (Belfast). McFarlane James Robert BSc. (Liv.) . Narayana Potukuchi Yagna B.A. (Andhra) MSc. (Benares) A.I.I.Sc. Ormston John MSc. (Dunelm). Page Robert Owen DSc. (N.Z.) . Palin Arthur Thomas B.Sc. (Lond.). Rhodes Oswald Stanley MSc. (Leeds), F.T.I. Richmond Kenneth William B.Sc. Ph.D. (Liv.). Rogerson John B.Sc.Tech.(Manc.) . Rose Leslie. Shah Chandulal Chhotalal M.Sc. (Bom- bay) Ph.D. (Lond.). Sloman Hedley Archibald h1.A. (Cantab.) F.I.M. Smith Reginald Francis BSc. (Lond.). Spooner Edgar Clynton Ross DSc. B.E. (Tasmania) D.Phi1. (Oxon.), M.1.Chem.E. Sumner Cyril Gordon M.Sc. Ph.D. (Manc.). Taylor Charles Bingham BSc. (Agric.) (McGill) Ph.D. DSc. (Lond.). Thompson Hubert Morris B.Sc. Ph.D. (Liv.). Tonkin James Henry B.Sc. (Lond.) . Walker Frank Arthur. Wightman Wilfred Alan M.A. (Oxon.). Willcox James Stuart B.Sc. (Lond.). Wilson Donald Vernon M.A. (Cantab.). Wood James William M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.). Young James Hunter BSc. (Lond.). Schwartz Miss Helen Mane M.Sc. Ph.D. (Cape Town). Re-elected Fellow Critchley George Norton MSc.(Sheffield) A.M.1 .Chem.E. New Associates Alcorn Norman Patrick M.Sc. (N.Z.). Alford William Allen Laird B.Sc. (T.C.D.) Anderson Hugh David B.A. BSc. (Oxon.) D.I.C. A.M.1.Chem.E. Ansell Martin Frederick B.Sc. (Lond.). Arnold Michael Henry Miller B.A. B.Sc. (.Oxon.). Bailes Peter BSc. (Lond.). Bean Charles Percy M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.) Ph.D. (Leeds). Belekar Govind Keshav BSc. B.Sc.Tech. (Bombay). Bell Ronald BSc. (Dunelm). Bell Stanley Harding B.Sc. (Dunelm). Besly Donald Maurice B.A. BSc. (Oxon.). Bettridge Alan Ronald Arthur B.Sc. (Lond.). Bhatia Lakshman Singh MSc. (Benares). Blades Alan Edward. Boothroyd Raymond Atkinson M.Sc.A. (McGill). Bowman Austin Baylis B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.). Bruce Charles Richard BSc.(Lond.). Buckingham Reginald B.Sc. Ph.D. (Bris.) . Burfoot Eric Arthur B.Sc. (Lond.), M.P.S. Burnett James Donald BSc. (Aberdeen). Clarke Ronald BSc. (Lond.). Cole Leslie Douglas BSc. (Lond.). Coles Eric Lawrence BSc. (Lond.). Cunningham James Ferguson BSc. (Glasgow). Curtis Ronald George 3l.S~. (Melbourne). Daruvala Erachsha Darabsha BSc. B.Sc.Tech. Ph.D.Tech. (Bombay). Davies Trevor William B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. Dawes Edwin Alfred B.Sc. (Leeds). Dawson Rex Malcolm Chaplin B.Sc. (Lond.) . De Giacomi Romolo. Dixon William Ward MSc. (Leeds). Dodd Richard Arthur B.Sc. (Lond.). Dodd Robert Edward B.A. (Oxon.). Doraisami Yetchan Gunja B.A. M.Sc. (Madras). Doughty Kenneth Francis Walter BSc. (Lond.).Douglas George. Everett James Lionel. Farmer Michael Henry B.Sc. (Lond.). Finch Roland Arthur BSc. (Lond.). Fishwick Charles Edward Francis BSc. (Lond.). Foxcroft Hugh John B.Sc. (Lond.). Gaunt John Arnold B.Sc. (Leeds). Gerrard John Stanton B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.) Gillespie Donald Tom Chalton MSc. (Adelaide). Gopala Rao Surappa B.Sc. (Mysore). Greenaway Ernest Walter B;Sc. (Lond.). Greenhow Allan Marshall BSc. Ph.D. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. D.I.C. Gurbaxani Mohan Issardas B.Sc. (Bom-bay) A.I.I.Sc. Gush Laurence Langley B.Sc. (Lond.) A.C.G.I. Hancock Ronald Arthur B.A. BSc. (Oxon.) B.Sc. (Lond.). [ 142 J Harding William Kenneth Latham B.Sc. (Wales). Warral James Charles. Haworth Fred BSc. (Liv.). Hicks Ronald.Holland Alan Roy. Holland Desmond. Holliday Peter B.A. B.Sc. (Oxon.). Hough Leslie B.Sc. (Manc.). Hutchinson Samuel Keith B.Sc. (Lond.). Jackson Edgar William M.Sc. (Lond.). Jacobus Arthur Ph.D. (Berlin). Jewsbury Alan B.Sc. (Lond.). Jopling Douglas William B.Sc. (Lond.). Kaye Albert Edward B.A. (Oxon.). Kennedy Ignatius B.Sc. (Glasgow). Knight Ronald Frederick B.Sc. (Lond.). Leitch James Muil B.Sc. (Glasgow). Liberman Israel Alexander B.Sc. (Lond.) Littlewood Anthony Duncan B.Sc. (Lond.). Long Charles Alexander M.P.S. MacFarlane Laurence. Mahadevan Arumugamangalam Padman- abha Iyer B.Sc. (Madras) B.Sc.Tech. (Bombay). May Geoffrey Bilson B.Sc. (Lond.). McIntyre John B.Sc. (Glasgow). McLaren Alexander B.Sc.(Aberdeen) . Modak Krishna Vinayak M.Sc. (Bombay) Montgomery Rex B.Sc. Ph.D. (Birm.). Morris Samuel. Moss Joseph Gerard B.Sc. (Leeds). Munday Leonard B.Sc. (Lond.). Murray Alexander John Robertson B.Sc. (Aberdeen). Nageswara-Sastri Vemoory Durga M.Sc. (Andhra). Napier David Simpson M.P.S. Neil Michael Wells. Nicholls Cyril Minchin B.Sc.Eng. (Wit- watersrand). Nyholm Ronald Sydney M.Sc. (Sydney). O’Leary John Joseph Dip.Chem.Tech. (N.U.I.). Orchard George Wilfred. Parker Donald B.Sc. (Lond.). Parker George B.Sc. (Liv.). Parker Ronald B.Sc. (Lond.). Phillips William John B.Sc. (Lond.). Pink Richard Charles D.Sc. (Q.U.B.). Price-Davies Wynn B.Sc. (Wales). Priest Bernard. Purnell John Howard B.Sc. (Wales). Rainbow Cyril B.Sc.Ph.D. (Birm.). Rees Richard Frederick B.Sc. (Lond.). Reeve Edward. Rennie Peter John BSc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. Rice Alexander Persing B.Sc. (Lond.). Richards Robert B.Sc. (Wales). Richardson Alexander Hodge B.Sc. (Glasgow). Riley Douglas Willie B.Sc. (Lond.). Rivett Douglas Eric Arthur M.Sc. (S.A.). Roberts Melville Harries B.Sc. (Wales). Roberts Ronald. Roberts Sydney B.Sc. (Liv.). Rodda Harold James M.Sc. (Adelaide). Rogers Kenneth Charles B.Sc. (Birm.). Roper Harry Denis George B.Sc. (Lond.). Rowe Richard Dr.Phi1. (Goettingen). Roy Dhirendra Chandra M.Sc. (Dacca). Sabnis Chintaman Vasudeo B.Sc. (Nag- pur) M.Sc. (Agra). Samanta Hemendra Prosad M.Sc. (Cal- cutta). Scott James. Shirley Neville George M.Sc.(S.A.). Shulman Albert B.Sc. (Sydney). Sim James Russell B.Sc. (Glasgow). Singh Sardar Gajendra M.Sc. (Benares). Sivaramalingam Rasiah B.Sc. (Lond.) . Small Frederick Ivan Gordon B.Sc. (Bris.). Smart James B.Sc. (St. Andrews). Smith Francis Mark B.Sc. (Leeds). Soby William. Srinivasan Vankipuram Ramanuja B.Sc. (Annamalai) M.A. M.Sc. (Madras). Stein Walter Dr. rer. nat. (Prague). Stephenson Charles. Stewart John Robert B.Sc. (Leeds). Story Leonard Frederick B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.). Subba Rao Tatapudy Venkata B.Sc. (Andhra) M.Sc. (Benares). Sud Baldev Chand M.Sc. (Punjab). Suffolk Leonard Thomas. Taylor Peter Ernest B.Sc. (Lond.). Teegan John Pentony M.Sc. (N.U.I.). Thain Eric Malcolm B.Sc. (Lond.). Todd Stanley Monor.Tolley George B.Sc. (Lond.). Tomlinson Richard William B.Sc. (Liv.). Waide Ivan. Waterton Tom. Watts Clifford Reginald B.Sc. (Lond.). Weighall Joseph George B.Sc. (Birm.). Wells Ronald Alfred B.Sc. (Lond.). Whiffen Neville Albert. Whiting Mark Crosby B.Sc. (Lond.). Whynes Allan Leonard B.Sc. (Lond.). Wild Ronald B.Sc. (Lond.). Williamson Alfred Gee. Williamson William Fraser B.Sc. (Aber- deen). Willott Ernest Raymond. Willson Kenneth Christopher B.Sc. (Wales). Winton Edwin Robert B.Sc. Ph.D. (St. Andrews). Wiseman Robert Lindsay M.A. B.Sc. (Aberdeen). Youngson George William B.Sc. (Aber- deen). Williams Miss Elin Mair Llywelyn B.Sc. (Manc.). Re-elected Associates Helsby Frank William B.Sc.(Lond.). Johnson Christopher Hollis Ph.D. DSc. Hornby Arthur John Ward M.B.E. BSc. (Lond.). (Birm.). Rigden Peter Montgomery. B.Sc. (Lond.). New Students Adamson Robert Ballantyne. Ainsworth Eric Charles. Ainsworth Gerald. Ayerst Ronald Percy. Barrow Evelyn Thomas Edward. Bartlett Denis James. Bates Alfred. Beaumont Frank Milton. Beaven Reginald John. Bennion Denis. Blackford Frank Wornsop. Blaxland Frederick Edward. Bond Geoffrey Colin. Branch Lloyd Edward Radcliffe. Brown Edward Alan. Brown Peter. Brownlie George Adam Gibson. Butcher George Alfred. Cameron James Brisbane. Cattley William Edward. Cherry James. Chisnell Albert Reginald. Clapham Walter. Cockhill Gerald Faries. Compton John. Cook Herbert Michael.Corden Herbert Haslam. Craven Bernard. Dalton William Kendall. D’Arcy Joseph Michael. Davies Arthur Trevor. Davies Cerwyn. Dean Alan Cyril. Didlick Leonard Arthur. Dix Thomas James. Donaldson Ian James. Douglas Edward Alan. Dowell Charles Francis. Duckworth Sydney Reginald. Duffy Louis Lloyd. Eastwood George Edward. Edgar Albert John Buchanan. Eyston Frederick. Ferguson Walter Ronald. Firth Keith. Fisher Arthur John. Flint George Norman. Florin Octave. Flower Thomas William. Flowitt David Vennard. Foley Francis. Freedman Arnold Montague Gibbs Brian Montague Gleaden Alan. Godfrey Kenneth Muir. Gordon Adam Young. Gordon Morris. Gregory Arthur James. Griffiths Peter Roy.Hampson Basil Lockwood. Harrison George Maxwell. Hatton Derek William. Hayes James John. Haynes Harold George. Heathcote John Renton. Henning Henry Frederick. Hesketh Samuel. Hockings Eric Francis. Hodgson Kenneth Vickerson. Holland Geoffrey James. Hunter William Hubert. Ives Graham Chadwick. Jackson Peter John. jaulmes Yves Andr6 GCdeon. Johnson George William Edward. Jonas Donald Moore. Jones Ernest David. Joyce Raymond John. Kemp Alan Ronald. Kingsnorth Stanley William. Little James. Littlewood Leslie. Lockey Henry Spencer. Lynes John. Maker Deryk Leonard. Malin Leonard. Marsh Harry. Martin William. Maxim Philip Sidney. McCrory Douglas George. Meredith Rupert Frederick Keith. Nillett Eric John.Mills Edmund Peter. Mitchell William Arthur. Morgan Edward John Harold. Morris Owen. Moverley Stuart. Muir John Wilson. Nicholls Howard Alfred. Nicholson Arthur William. Noden Frederick Gerald. Owen Bernard David. Padmore George Robert Alfred. Papworth Dennis Stephen. Parrish Dennis. Pauline William Singer. Phillips Gordon Victor. Potter Russell John. Pugh Edgar Charles. Raine Dennis Noel. Rawnsley Everard Keith. Reeves Reginald Peter. Roebuck Alec. Ross Charles Dennis. Sach William Alfred. Salmons Brian Henry. [ 1443 Savidge Kenneth Walton. Scott Kenneth Ronald. Scott Peter George William. Service Albert Alfred Sidney. Shackleton Ronald. Shalgosky Harry Ian. Smith John George Nixon.Smith John Richard. Smith Robert. Stansfield Ian Leslie. Stephens Duncan. Symons Robert Henry. Taylor Arthur Reginald. Taylor Phillip Kenneth. Tedd Robert Ernest Charles. Thompson Sydney Harold. Thomson Ian Hiddleston. Tilley Ronald Frank. Tizard Anthony Noel. Turnbull James Alan. Turner Philip Beckitt. Bartle John Edward. Kenzie Raphael George. Tutt Derek Edward. Waxman Cecil Henry. Wilkie Alan George. Wingrove David John. Wiseman Frank Lomas. Wormald Alan. Worthington Roy. Wright Norman. Wyllie William King Fullarton. Beckwith Miss Una. Boyd Miss Mary. Chapman Miss Audrey Mary. Clarke Miss Valerie Constance. Davis Miss Brenda Marguerite. Ferrie Niss Helen Gertrude Middlemass.Kewley RIiss Margaret Myra. Knight Miss Rosemary Joan. Jliller Miss Ethel. Nixon Miss Barbara. Rogers Miss Elsie. Tolputt Miss Joan Margaret. Re-registered Students Mackay Norman. DEATHS Fellows Alfred Milburn Anderson B.X. MSc. Arthur Percy Hoskins. (Dublin). James Arthur Newcombe B.Sc. Frederick William Webb Butler. (Lond.) A.R.S.M. Richard John Carter M.A. (Oxon). Bernard Paul Rothwell NI.Sc. (Manc.) Edgar Marsh Chapman. Alexander Scott R.I.X. Sc.D. (Cantab.) Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins O.M. D.Sc. (EdiIi.) F.R.S. M.A. (Cantab.) M.B. (Lond.) D.Sc. (Oxon. Lond. Manc.) Hon. Sc.D. (T.C.D.) LL.D. (Birm. Aberd. St. Andrews) M.R.C.S. (Eng.) F.R.C.P. (Lond.). Alfred Lees Aspland B.Sc. (Vict.) Leslie Norman Brown M.A.(Oxon.), A.R.C.S. Ronald Humphries. Associates Herbert Marsden B.Sc. (Manc.) Launcelot Pu’ickels B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.) Francis Digby Toyne I1I.X. (Cantab.). Registered Students Frank Roy Devonald. Colin Frederick Lewis Sterck. Richard Henry Riddell. OBITUARY ALFRED MILBURN died in March 1946 in his 44th year. ANDERSON Educated at the Grammar School Cork and at Mountjoy School Dublin he proceeded to Trinity College Dublin in 1921 graduated B.A. with first-class honours in Experimental Science in 1925 and was awarded a Scholarship in Experimental Science in the same year and a Gold Medal. He was then engaged on research in organic chemistry at the University until 1927 for which he was awarded the degree of M.Sc.In the same year he joined Lever Bros. Ltd. and after a short period in the analytical laboratory became Chemist at the Dublin factory of the Company where he remained for three years before coming to London as Technical Manager of the London factory. In 1935 he was appointed Technical Director to the factories in London and in 1940 Technical Director to Lever Brothers (S.A.) (Pty.) Ltd. and Lever Brothers (Rhodesia) Ltd. being engaged in oil milling refining deodorisation and hydrogenation for the production of edible oils and fats. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1925 and a Fellow in 1945. ALFRED LEES ASPLAND died on 21 January 1947 in his 69th year. He received his early training at Owens College-later Manchester University -graduating BSc.Hons. in 1900. In 1901 he entered the Hygeia Works of Morr- ison & Ingram Ltd. where he was engaged as experimental chemist on vitreous enamels. In the following year he became assistant to Dr. C. H. Burghardt a con-sulting analyst in Manchester and in 1902 entered the works of the Bolton Iron and Steel Co. as Head Assistant Chemist where he remained until 1906. In that year he was appointed Assistant Chemist to Armstrong Whitworth & Co. and in 1907 proceeded to Russia as Chemist to T. Firth & Sons. After several years spent in Australia he returned to England in 1916 in order to take up work directly concerned with war activities and was appointed Assistant Chemist at H.M. Factory Gretna and later Danger Building Visitor to the same Factory.On the conclusion of hostilities he was engaged in teaching for a short time and subsequently devoted his attention to fruit growing. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1920. LESLIE NORMAN BROWNdied on 7 October 1946 in his 52nd year. Educated at Sir Joseph Williamson’s School Rochester he proceeded to the Royal College of Science obtaining the Associateship of the College in 1914. He was awarded an Open Exhibition in Natural Science at Christ Church Oxford but his studies were interrupted in 1915 by war work. In that year he became Research Chemist at H.M. Factory Oldbury and in 1916 was commissioned in the Royal Engineers as a Chemist in the Inland Water Transport Section. On demobilisation he returned to Oxford and graduated M.A.in 1920. He was then appointed Chemistry Master at St. Paul’s School. In 1931 he received promotion as Chief Science Master to the school a position he held at the time of his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1919. FREDERICK WILLIAMWEBB BUTLER died in Durban on 19 November 1946 in his 44th year. He received his scientific training at Natal Technical College the Natal University College and by private tuition in microbiology under Drs. W. F. Rhodes and Standing. After a period as Assistant Chemist to the Natal Soap Works Durban he joined the Water Department of the Durban Corporation as Assistant Chemist and Bacteriologist. Later he was promoted Chief Chemist and Bacteriologist and with the amalgamation of the Water Department and the City Engineer’s Department in Durban considerably developed the activities of the laboratories under his charge to embrace sewage trade wastes roads etc.and was frequently called upon to investigate the problems of other water supply undertakings in a consulting capacity. He was recently awarded the degree of B.A. in Social Science of the University of South Africa and was completing his studies for B.Econ. at the time of his death. He was the author of several papers on water and its treatment. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1936 and a Fellow in 1946. EDGAR died on 16 April 1947 in his 72nd year. MARSH CHAPMAN After serving his apprenticeship as a Chemist and Druggist he entered the School of Pharmacy of the Pharmaceutical Society in 1896 passing the Minor and Major Examinations.He subsequently worked in the laboratories of the School as a Bur-roughs Scholar and later as a Salters Fellow and passed the Intermediate Examination of the Institute in 1900 and the Final Examination for the Associateship in the Chemistry of Food and Drugs in 1901. He then returned to Scarborough to assist in his father’s [ 1461 business (Henry Chapman and Sons Dispensing Chemists and Mineral Water Manu- facturers) and in 1907 following his father’s death became partner with his brother until the latter’s death in 1933 when he become the sole proprietor. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1901 and a Fellow in 1904. RAYMOND CROWTHER EDWIN died on 16 April 1946 in his 64th year.He received his scientific training at the College of Technology Manchester obtaining a Corporation Scholarship in 1899 and the Associateship of the College in 1902. After three years with J. C. Bottomley Chemical Manufacturers of Brighouse as Chemist he was for a short time Research Chemist with the Calico Printers’ Association. In 1906 he was appointed Chief Assistant to Dr. A. Liebmann and was engaged on research and patent litigation work and in the same year became Chief Chemist to Mark Fletcher & Sons Ltd. In 1911 he received a similar appointment with Ferguson Bros. Ltd. of Carlisle and in 1916 joined Claw & Co. as Departmental Chemist in Control. While with this Company he was responsible for producing Indanthrene Blue R.S.and was engaged in research on allied halogenated derivatives. Having been for several years interested in the scientific aspect of photography he joined the staff of Kodak Ltd. in 1921 where he was able to make use of his knowledge of patents and patent practice to establish the Patents and Trade Marks Department of the Company of which he was subsequently made Manager. He published several papers in various scientific and technical journals and was responsible for the Photographic Section of the Chemists’ Year Book and a similar Section in the Reports on the Progress of Apfilied Chemistry (1919). He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1920. The Rev. PERCY MARR DAVIES died on 12 January 1947 in his 75th year. He studied at the Royal College of Science Dublin from 1890 and was awarded the A.R.C.Sc.(Dublin) in the Faculty of Manufactures in 1893. In 1896 he was appointed to the teaching staff of the Municipal Technical School Manchester. After holding posts with Thornton Harriman and Marshall at Bridlington and T. E. Marching-ton at Droylesden Mr. Davies proceeded to Corpus Christi College Cambridge and took a First Class in the Natural Sciences Tripos in 1910 being appointed to a Spencer Scholar- ship in the same year. He graduated M.A. in 1915. Meanwhile he had entered Ridley Hall as a theological student and had been ordained deacon in 1911. The rest of his life was devoted to the service of the Church of England. From 1916-22 he was a Chaplain to the Forces. At the time of his death he was vicar of St.Peter’s Halliwell Bol ton. Mr. Davies was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1893 and a Fellow in 1897. FRANK a Registered Student died on 24 February 1947 in his 22nd ROYDEVONALD year. He was educated at the Wade-Deacon Grammar School Widnes and passed the Northern Universities Higher School Certificate Examination in 1944. Entering the Honours School of Chemistry at the University of Manchester he passed in Part I of the Honours Examination in 1946. JAMESWILLIAMDONALDSON died on 12 January 1947 in his 60th year. He was educated at the High School and the Tutorial College Falkirk and proceeded to the University of Edinburgh in 1908 where he graduated BSc. with honours in 1912. He studied at the Royal Technical College Glasgow from 1912-14 and was awarded a Carnegie Research Scholarship of the Iron and Steel Institute in 1914.From 1915 to 1918 he was in charge of the Research Laboratory of Wm. Beardmore & Co. Ltd. but in 1918 was appointed Chief Chemist and Metallurgist to Scott’s Shipbuilding and Engineering Co. Ltd. Greenock and at the time of his death was Head of the Chemical and Metallurgical Department of the Company. He was awarded the degree of D.Sc. of the University of Edinburgh in 1928 on the presentation of a thesis on the heat treatment of cast iron. He published many papers on research on cast iron and was awarded the diploma of the Institute of British Foundrymen and the Oliver Stubb gold medal of that Institute. He was a member of the Institute of Metals and of the Iron and Steel Institute.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1917. JOHN GARWOOD died on 13 January 1947 in his 54th year. EVERETT After service with the Forces from 1914 to 1919 he was for a short time at the School of the Pharmaceutical Society. He proceeded to Chelsea Polytechnic and passed the Examination for the Associateship of the Institute in 1925 and also the qualifying examination of the Pharmaceutical Society. In 1926 he obtained the degree of B.Sc. (London) and was awarded the Ph.D. in 1930 for a thesis on trypanocidal activity and c 147 1 chemical constitution. The results of this work and of comparative studies in organic arsenic derivatives were the subject of papers published in the Journal of the Chemical Society in addition to one on the reaction between aminophenyl-arsenic acids and carbon disulphide.In 1922 he joined the staff of May & Baker Ltd. and was subse- quently engaged in the biological control of drugs and chemical research with a view to the discovery of new drugs of therapeutic value. In 1931 he was appointed Works Chemist in charge of organic arsenic derivatives and at the time of his death was Senior Divisional Chemist. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1925 and a Fellow in 1941. DAVID HOOPER died on 31 January 1947 in his 89th year. After serving his apprenticeship in pharmacy he studied at the School of the Pharmaceutical Society qualified as a chemist and druggist in 1879 and obtained the diploma of Pharmaceutical Chemist.He was awarded the Pereira medal in 1880. He was appointed analytical and research chemist to Southall Brothers and Barclay Ltd. and in 1884 Quinologist to the Government of Madras. He was also Acting Government Botanist Director of the Cinchona Department and Curator of the economic section of the Indian Museum Calcutta. Later he undertook the duties of officiating reporter on economic products and of agricultural chemist to the Government of India. In 1907 he was presented with the Hanbury Medal of the Pharmaceutical Society and in 1914 received the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws of the McMaster University Toronto. He retired from the Indian Government service in 1914 and from then until 1918 was engaged on work for the Ministry of Munitions at H.M.Factory, Gretna. During this time he was elected President of the British Pharmaceutical Conference and on the cessation of hostilities his work was directed to research at the Wellcome Historical Medical Museum and the Biochemical Laboratory of the University of Bristol. He was the author of Pharmacographia Indica and Materia Medica Indica and of numerous papers. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888. RONALD died on 23 October 1946 in his 51st year. HUMPHRIES He received his general education at Eccles Secondary School and proceeded to the Royal Technical College Salford passing the Examination for the Associateship of the Institute in the Chemical Technology of Textile Manufacture in 1920. From 1916 until the time of his death he was engaged in work for the British Cotton and Wool Dyers Association Ltd.of Manchester and was latterly Chief Assistant at the Central Labora- tories of the Company. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1920. HERBERT died on 20 December 1946 in his 60th year. MARSDEN His scientific training was taken at the University of Manchester where he graduated B.Sc. with first class honours. After some experience as an Assistant Lecturer at the Huddersfield Technical College he became an Assistant with the West Riding Rivers Board before joining the staff of the Institute for Medical Research at Kuala Lumpur Federated Malay States. He remained in the East until his retirement in 1939 when he went to reside in British Columbia. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1919.SURA RAJAGOPAL NAIDU died on 7 January 1947 in his 54th year. He entered the Madras Christian College in 1909 and thence proceeded to the Madras Presidency College and Medical College where he remained until 1918 graduat-ing B.A. in Chemistry as well as M.B. and B.S. In 1920 he was appointed Assistant Chemical Examiner to the Government of Madras and in 1921 Assistant Professor of Chemistry to the Medical College Madras. In 1926 he was lecturer in chemistry at the Royapuram Medical School Madras. He came to England in 1932 and studied at the Imperial College passing the Examination for the Fellowship of the Institute in the Chemistry of Food and Drugs and being awarded the Diploma of the Imperial College.In the same year he obtained the M.Sc. degree of the University of London. Returning to India he was appointed Chemical Examiner to the Government of Madras and later received the M.B.E. for his services. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1932. JAMES ARTHUR died on 16 February 1947 in his 55th year. NEWCOMBE He studied for some years at Woolwich Polytechnic before entering the Royal School of Mines in 1918 with a Science and Technology Scholarship. He obtained the A.R.S.M. in 1921 and graduated B.Sc. of London University with first class honours in Metallurgical Engineering in 1925. During the time spent at Woolwich he was engaged as an Assistant Metallurgist at the Royal Arsenal and on the completion of his course at the Royal School of Mines was appointed Lecturer in Metallurgy at the University [ 148 1 of Liverpool.In 1925 he proceeded to Canada to an appointment as Assistant Professor in Metallurgy at the University of Toronto becoming Associate Professor in 1935 and Professor in 1942. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1945. LANCELOT NICKELSdied on 11 December 1946 in his 48th year. After serving for two years in the British Expeditionary Force (Machine Gun Corps) he entered King’s College London in 1919 graduating B.Sc. with first class honours and was subsequently awarded the degree of Ph.D. In 1924 he was appointed Tem- porary Assistant Chemist at the Government Laboratory and in 1928 became a research chemist in the Chemical Warfare Department. In the following year he proceeded to India as Assistant Works Manager at the Cordite Factory Aruvankadu.He remained in India until 1934 and during the last two years was engaged as Chief Inspector of Explosives (on deputation) under the Department of Industries and Labour. On his return to England he was unable for health reasons to take a further appointment until 1939 when he became a temporary Chemist at the Royal Gunpowder Factory Waltham Abbey being promoted to Chemist-in-Charge and in 1945 transferred to the Royal Ordnance Factory Bridgwater. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1927. DAVID MCLAREN died on 24 January 1947 in his 66th year. PAUL He received his education at the Harris Academy and at the High School Dundee entered St.Andrews University in 1898 and graduated BSc. in 1904. He proceeded to the University of Berlin in 1903 as an 1851 Exhibition Scholar and on his return in 1905 was awarded a Carnegie Scholarship in Chemistry at St. Andrews. Subsequently he became Assistant Chemist in the Research Department of the Royal Arsenal Wool- wich. In the following year he transferred to Curtiss and Harvey Ltd. as Chemist and in 1911 to Chance & Hunt Ltd. After three years with the Japanese Explosives Co. at Hiratsuka he returned to England as Chemist and Plant Superintendent at H.M. Factory Oldbury and in 1916 was appointed Chemist and Departmental Manager to the Clayton Aniline Co. a position he held until his retirement in 1943. He was the author jointly with others of papers published in various scientific journals.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1919. PAULROTHWELL BERNARD died on 8 February 1947 in his 52nd year. Educated at Manchester Grammar School he received his scientific training at the University of Manchester where he graduated B.Sc. in 1915 and MSc. in 1917. After a further year at the University during which he was engaged on research for the Ministry of Munitions he entered the research department of Richmond’s Ltd. at Warrington and was appointed Demonstrator and Lecturer in inorganic chemistry at the Royal Technical Institute Salford. From 1919 to 1930 he was Chemist in the Research Department of the Lancashire Section of the Bradford Dyers’ Association Ltd. and in the latter year was appointed Chemist and Textile Adviser at the Ashenhurst Works of the Association.He devoted much time to the development of mineral khaki dyeing of cotton involving the chemistry of oxides of iron and chromium. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1918 and a Fellow in 1942. RICHARD HENRY RIDDELL a Registered Student lost his life as the result of an accident on 6 February 1947 in his 21st year. He was educated at the Wolverton County Secondary School and Daventry Grammar School and was appointed to a position in the Research Department of British Glues and Chemicals Ltd. while studying for the Associateship of the Institute at the Poly- technic Regent Street. In 1945 he was transferred to the works of the Company at Newark and had commenced a course at Nottingham Technical College.ALEXANDER SCOTTdied on 10 March 1947 in his 94th year. He was educated at Selkirk Grammar School and proceeded to the University of Edinburgh where he became Senior Medallist in the Chemistry class and was subse- quently awarded the DSc. In 1875 he became Assistant to the Jacksonian Professor at the University of Cambridge was appointed Clothworkers’ Exhibitioner in Physical Science in 1876 and obtained a Foundation Scholarship of Trinity College in 1878 graduating B.A. in the same year and M.A. in 1882. In 1884 he was appointed Science Master at Durham School and in 1891 returned to Cambridge as Demonstrator to the Jacksonian Professor. From 1896 to 1911 he was Superintendent of the Davy-Faraday Research Laboratory of the Royal Institution.The degree of Sc.D. of the University of Cambridge was conferred on him in 1907. He was the author of Chemical Theory and of numerous articles in the Proceedings of the Royal Society and the Journal of the Clzewzical Society. In 1919 he was invited to report on the condition of museum objects at the British Museum and recommended the establishment of a research r 1491 laboratory there of which he remained Director until 1931. In 1923 he visited Luxor to advise on the preservation of the Tut-ankh-Amun relics. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1898 and served on the Council of the Society from 1906 to 1908 and from 1922 to 1924. He became Honorary Secretary of the Chemical Society in 1899 Treasurer in 1904 and President in 1915.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1902 and served on the Council from 1903 to 1906 CYRIL COLDRON SMITH died on 29 July 1945 in his 53rd year. Educated at Magnus Grammar School Newark he received his training at the University of Bristol where he graduated B.Sc. and then proceeded to the Royal School of Mines as a research student. He was awarded a Beit Scientific Research Fellowship in 1916 and was appointed Demonstrator in Metallurgy in 1917. He obtained the Associateship of the College and the degree of M.Sc. of the University of London in Metallurgy. In 1925 he became Metallurgist to the Engineer-in-Chief of the Royal Navy and represented the Admiralty on several Departmental Committees. He was subsequently appointed Senior Scientific Officer in the Scientific Research and Experiment Department of the Admiralty.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1920. COMING EVENTS June 13 THE INSTITUTE (South Wales Section) Annual General Meeting at 6.30 p.m., followed by informal dinner at 7.15 p.m. at the Mackworth Hotel Swansea. Visit of Dr. H. J. T. Ellingham. OF PHYSICS 14 INSTITUTE (Electronics Group) Summer meeting on “ Cathode Emis- sion.” In London. 18 THE INSTITUTE (Birmingham and Midlands Section) Meeting in the Technical College Coventry at 6 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) Visit to Pharma- ceutical Specialities (May & Baker Ltd.) Dagenham. 18-20 THE INSTITUTION OF FIREENGINEERS: Annual Conference Scarborough.20 The Institute “Nutritional Requirements of Man in the light of War-time Experi- ence.” Eleventh Gluckstein Memorial Lecture by Sir jack Drummond F.R.S. at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Keppel Street London W.C.l at 5.30 p.m. 21 THE INSTITUTE (Bristol and South-Western Counties Section) Summer Meeting. Visit to the Agricultural and Horticultural Research Station Long Ashton at 2.30 p.m. OF 25 INSTITUTEWELDING Annual General Meeting at the Institution of Civil Engineers Great George Street Westminster S.W.1 at 2.30 p.m. Annual Dinner at Grosvenor House Park Lane London W.l at 7 p.m. July 1-3 IRISH ASSOCIATION (Dublin and District Section) : CHEMICAL and THE INSTITUTE “The Industrial Utilisation of Agricultural Products and of Seaweed” Collo-quium in Dublin (see p.151). 3 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) Golf Competition Addington Place Golf Club Croydon. 7-1 2 THEINSTITUTE (Scottish Sections) “Coal Petroleum and their Newer Derivatives” Symposium at St. Andrews (see p. 151). 9 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) :Visit to Beecham Research Laboratories Brockham Park. 15-17 Chemical Society Centenary Celebrations (see p. 151). 17-24 Xlth International Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry (see p. 152). 22 The Institute Reception to Officers and Overseas Members of the International Congress at Grosvenor House Hotel 8.30 p.m. (see p. 153). [ 1501 July 22-26 PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY:International Physiological Congress at Oxford.23 SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Road and Building Materials Group) Conference at the Public Works Road and Transport Congress and Exhibition Olympia London at 3 p.m. OF CHEMICAL Annual General Meeting. Connaught Rooms 98-3 1 SOCIETY INDUSTRY Great Queen Street Kingsway London W.C. 2. 31 SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Chemical Engineering Group) “Experiences of an Alkali Inspector.” Mr. W. A. Damon (postponed from 9 May). (See also “Announcements” below,especially “Important Events in 1947.”) ANNOUNCEMENTS EXAM IN AT10NS Examinations will be held in September 1947 as follows:- For tho Associateshi p-during the week commencing 15 September in London and in Glasgovv. Candidates who have not yet been accepted must forward their appli- cations to be received not later than Monday 9 June and should do so earlier if possible.Entry forms will be issued in due course to all candidates who have been accepted or whose applications are under consideration. These should be returned together with the examination fee as soon as possible thereafter and in any event not later than Monday 7 July. No entry can be accepted if received after that date. For the Fellowship-during the week commencing Monday 22 September. Last dates for application and entry are as for the Associateship i.e. Monday 9 June and Monday 7 July respectively. GLUCKSTEIN MEMORIAL LECTURE The series of Gluckstein Memorial Lectures is being resumed after the interval due to the war and the eleventh Lecture in the series entitled “Nutritional Requirements of Man in the light of War-time Experience,” will be delivered by Sir Jack Drummond F.R.S.at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Keppel Street London W.C.1 on Friday 20 June 1947 at 5.30 p.m. Admission will be without ticket. IMPORTANT EVENTS IN 1947 Institution of Mechanical Engineers Centenary Celebrations.-The Centenary of the foundation of the Institution will be celebrated in London on 8-13 June 1947. There will be a Thanksgiving Service in Westminster Abbey at 3 p.m. on 8 June. On 9 June the Celebrations will be officially opened by the Lord President of the Council in the Great Hall of the Central Hall Westminster. Technical sessions social functions and visits to works will occupy the remainder of the week.Irish Chemical Association and Royal Institute of Chemistry Colloquium on “The Industrial Utilisation of Agricultural Products and of Seaweed.”-The Dublin and District Section of the Institute is concerned jointly with the Irish Chemical Associa- tion in the arrangement of this Colloquium which will be held in Dublin on 2-3 July. Sessions will be devoted to a General Survey of the Subject opened by Dr. J. L. Simon-sen F.R.S. ; “Seaweed,” with opening address by Professor J. B. Speakman; “Carbo- hydrates,” opened by Professor E. L. Hirst F.R.S. The President of Eire and Bean Ui Cheallaigh will hold a reception at Arus an UachtarAin for those attending the Colloquium. Members of the Institute wishing to attend should communicate with the Honorary Secretary of the Dublin and District Section Mr.H. D. Thornton City Laboratory Castle Street Dublin. 8th Intern at ion al Management Co ng ress.-The British Management Council has announced that the Congress will be held on 3-8 July 1947 in Stockholm. Royal Institute of Chemistry Symposium on “Coal Petroleum and their Newer Derivatives.”-This Symposium is being arranged by the Scottish Sections of the Institute at the University of St. Andrews on 7-12 July 1947 and forms part of the c 1.51 1 general programme of Scientific Courses Conferences and Symposia to be organised under the auspices of the Institute at appropriate places and times in the future. The purpose of this Symposium is to provide industrial scientists and others with a comprehensive survey of developments that have taken place in organic chemical industry.It will be organised in three parts the first will be concerned with coal and oil resources the second with chemical synthesis and the third with physico-chemical problems of polymerisation. Both academic and industrial aspects of the subjects will be considered each lecture will be followed by a short interval for discussion and on the last day there will be a general discussion and review of the whole field. A detailed programme will be available later. Tours of St. Andrews and the surrounding country and a number of social events are being arranged in connection with the Symposium. Further particulars were given on a leaflet accompanying Part I of the Journal.Those who propose to attend should complete the form attached to that leaflet and return it to the Assistant Secretary Royal Institute of Chemistry 30 Russell Square W.C.l not later than 14 June. Chemical Society Centenary Celebrations.-The Programme of the Centenary Celebrations of the Chemical Society on 15-17 July 1947 has now been published. These Celebrations which but for the war would have taken place in 1941 are marked by a number of important events emphasising the position of the Society and of chemis- try in Britain to-day. The Society was the first of its kind in the world and the history of the first 100 years of its life is one of which it may justly be proud. This is indeed recognised in the programme and in the list of individuals and societies participating.Delegates from many countries will be attending and formal addresses of congratulation will be presented. His Majesty's Government are to mark the occasion by entertaining the overseas delegates to luncheon and by giving a garden party at Hampton Court Palace to the Fellows of the Society and members of the XIth International Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry which is to follow the Celebrations. By means of a Dinner to be given by the University of London and a Reception by the Royal Society to the Chemical Society and the Congress the academic world and the senior scientific society of Great Britain will contribute to the occasion. The Royal Institution will give a Sherry Party on 17 July to distinguished visitors from overseas.The principal social event at which the Society will be host is the Centenary Dinner and it is expected that many distinguished guests will be present. The scientific events of the programme include the Faraday Lecture to be delivered by Sir Robert Robinson President of the Royal Society lectures of a historical nature and visits to places of scientific interest in the London area. An exhibition in the Science Museum South Kensington which will be open to the public until the end of September will illustrate the achievements of British chemistry during the past 100 years and its importance to the everyday life of the community. Further particulars concerning the celebrations may be obtained from The General Secretary The Chemical Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.1.XIth International Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry.-The Congress will be held in London from 17-24 July under the Patronage of H.M. the King. The President of the Congress is Lord Leverhulme and the Chairman of the executive committee is Dr. L. H. Lampitt President of the Society of Chemical Industry. The Congress will be organised in the following sections:-(1) Inorganic and Geo- chemistry; (2) Physical Chemistry; (3) Organic Chemistry; (4) Biochemistry; (5) Chemistry in relation to Agriculture and Applied Botany; (6) Chemistry in relation to Applied Zoology and Veterinary Science; (7) Chemistry in relation to Food and Nutrition; (8) Chemistry in relation to Medicine and Therapeutics; (9) Chemistry in relation to Fuel Power and Transport; (10) Chemistry in relation to Natural and Artificial Textiles; (11) Chemistry in relation to Elastomers Plastics Glass and Ceramics; (12) Chemistry in relation to Metals; (13) Chemical Engineering; (14) Chemistry in relation to Essential Oils Flavouring Materials and Cosmetics.An Exhibition of British Scientific Books and Literature will be held in conjunction with the Congress and 'the Exhibition in the Science Museum illustrating the achievements of British chemistry in the past 100 years (see Chemical Society Centenary Celebrations above) will remain open until the end of Septeniber. The provisional programme of events includes Congress Lectures by Dr. L. Pauling, Sir Henry Dale Professor L.Hackspill and Sir Robert Robinson in addition to the meetings arranged by the Sections. Among the social events are the Congress Dinner on 19 July a Gala Dinner on 23 July as well as Receptions at the Royal Institution the Royal Society and the Guildhall. The Society of Chemical Industry is giving a [ 15s J Luncheon on 18 July and a Reception will be held by the Royal Institute of Chemistry on 22 July (see below). Applications to join the Congress should be addressed to Lt.-Col. F. J. Griffin Hono- rary Organiser Xlth International Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry 56 Victoria Street London S. W. I who will be glad to furnish further particulars. The registration fee is J2. Well over 1,000 chemists have already applied for membership and it is expected that their number will exceed 2,000 from at least 24 different countries.Royal Institute of Chemistry Reception to Officers and Overseas Members of the Xlth Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry.-It is hoped that a large number of members of the Institute will attend this Reception at Grosvenor House Hotel at 8.30 p.m. on 22 July to welcome the visitors from overseas. Particulars are given on the leaflet accompanying this issue of JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS and applications should be made on the form attached thereto. International Physiological Congress.-The Congress will be held in Oxford on 22-25 July. Society of Chemical Industry Anniversay Meetings.-The 66th Annual General Meeting of the Society will be held at the Connaught Rooms from 28 to 31 July.The programme will include registration of members on 28 July; formal Annual General Meeting on 29 July; Scientific Meetings arranged by the Subject Groups of the Society on 30 and 31 July. The Society’s Medal will be presented on 29 July and the Annual Dinner will be held on 30 July. On 31 July the First Castner Lecture will be delivered by Dr. Alexander Fleck at the Royal Institution. World Power Conference Fuel Economy Conference.-This Conference will be held at the Hague on 2-9 September 1947. Particulars may be obtained from the office of the British National Committee 201-2 Grand Buildings Trafalgar Square London W.C.2. British Association.-The Annual Meeting of the Association will take place in Dundee from 27 August to 3 September 1947 under the Presidency of Sir Henry Dale O.M.G.B.E. F.R.S. The programme of Section B (Chemistry) of which Dr. J. L. Simonsen F.R.S. is President will include the Presidential Address on “Science in the Colonies’ ‘and discussions on “Insecticides,” “Penicillin and Other Antibiotics,” “Chemical Resources and Industries of Scotland,” “Use of Tracer Elements in Chemistry and Biology.” Several of these discussions will be held jointly with other Sections. International Elect rode posi tion Confe re nce.-The Conference sponsored by the Electrodepositors’ Technical Society will be held at the Hyde Park Hotel Kensington London S.W.l on 17-19 September 1947. The work of the Conference will be divided into four Sessions Electrolytic Polishing of Metals Miscellanous Processes and Reports Electrodeposition Processes Structure of Electrodeposits.An Exhibition will be on view throughout the Conference at the Hyde Park Hotel illustrating recent developments in electrodeposition research and practice including war-time applications. Particulars may be obtained from the Conference Secretary at the office of the Society 27 Islington High Street London N.l. Institute of Physics and Physical Society Electron Jubilee Celebrations.-To mark the fiftieth anniversary of the discovery of the electron by Sir J. J. Thomson O.M. and to demonstrate the great influence that such an advance in pure physics may have on the life of the community a series of meetings and other functions is being arranged for 25-26 September 1947 in London.A special exhibition which will remain open to the public for several weeks will be held at the Science Museum South Kensing- ton and will show the development of the vast range of modern industrial equipment from the earliest experimental origins. International Technical Congress of the Paint and Allied Industries.-The Congress will be held in Paris on 1-5 October and it is hoped that British chemists concerned with the chemistry and use of paints and varnishes will attend and will present papers to the sectional meetings. Particulars may be obtained from the Secretary SociM de Chimie Industrielle 28 Rue Saint-Dominique Paris 7e. SCIENTIFIC COURSES AND CONFERENCES Particulars of the following have been received:- Colloquium on “The Industrial Utilisation of Agricultural Products and of Seaweed” in Dublin.-See p.1.51. [ 153 1 Symposium on “Coal Petroleum and their Newer Derivatives” at the University of St. Andrews.-See p. 151. Conference on Applications of Radioactive Tracer Elements in Physics Research and Industry.-The Conference is being arranged by the Institute of Physics in the University of Manchester on 10-12 July. Further particulars may be obtained from the Conference Secretary Mr. W. J. Meredith F.Inst.P. Christie Hospital and Holt Radium Institute Wilmslow Road Manchester 20. Summer School on Some Recent Advances in Physical Chemistry at the University of Cambridge.-Courses of lectures and practical work will be given on the following three topics Molecular Structure and Valency Theory; Chain Reactions; Physics and Chemistry of Rubbing Solids.The courses will be held from 16 to 23 August in the University Department of Physical Chemistry and the fee will be 12 guineas inclusive of accommodation in colleges for 8 nights which will be provided for those who desire it. Those wishing to attend should obtain application forms as soon as possible from the Joint Secretaries Summer School in Physical Chemistry Laboratory of Physical Chemistry Cambridge. Advanced Course in Physical Chemistry at the University of Leeds.-Designed for graduates in industry colleges of technology and schools this course will be held from 25 August to 5 September. The main topics will be the wave nature of matter in chemistry; molecular structure and chemical reactions; the arrangement and structure of molecules in the solid state.Particulars and forms of application may be obtained from the Director of Extra-Mural Studies The University Leeds 2. Summer School in Metal Physics at the University of Cambridge.-The School will provide an introduction to the application of physical methods to the examination and utilisation of metals and is intended for those whose researches require a more physical approach than is usual in ordinary metallurgical and engineering practice. The lectures and demonstrations will deal with the application of X-ray methods in the examination of metals and with physical and mechanical properties of metals. An elementary knowledge of X-ray diffraction methods and of crystal symmetry will be assumed.The School will be held from 1 to 12 September inclusive. Further particulars may be obtained from Mr. G. F. Hickson M.A. Secretary of the Board of Extra-Mural Studies Stuart House Cambridge to whom the completed application form should be returned not later than 7 June. Summer School in Optical-Crystallographic Methods at University College. Swansea.-The course which will be held from 1 to 12 September will cover the theory and practice of the use of the polarising microscope in chemistry and other branches of science and technology. The special requirements of individual students will be taken into account as far as possible. Further particulars may be obtained from the Registrar University College Singleton Park Swansea.Refresher Course on “Transformations in Solid Metals and Alloys ” at Derby.- The course is being held by the Institution of Metallurgists on 5-7 September at the L.M.S. School of Transport Derby. Accommodation is available at the School and the total charge will be between L3 and L4. Further particulars may be obtained from the Secretary Institution of Metallurgists 4 Grosvenor Gardens London S.W.1. Refresher Course in Chemical Engineering Design at the University of Manchester.-The course is being arranged by the North-Western Branch of the Institution of Chemical Engineers on 15-17 September. The modern principles of plant design will be illustrated by their application to the manufacture of mono-nitro- toluene. Accommodation will be reserved at one of the Halls of Residence of the University for those who desire.The number of places for the course is limited and applications should be made to Dr. J. S. Hunter 22 The Crescent Northwich Cheshire. OTHER ANNOUNCEMENTS Ramsay Memorial Fellowship Trust.-The Provost of University College London Dr. D. R. Pye will give the Annual Ramsay Memorial Fellowships Dinner on Thursday, 26 June 1947. All former Ramsay Fellows whose present addresses are known to the Trustees will be invited and it is hoped that all Fellows who failed to receive invitations to the Dinner last year will send their present address to the Joint Honorary Secretaries Ramsay Memorial Fellowships Trust University College London Gower Street London W.C.1 as soon as possible.[ 154 The Honorary Secretaries would like to hear from all former Kamsay Fellows con- cerning themselves and their work and will be glad to see any Fellow who may be able to visit them at University College London. Design and Production of X-ray Tubes for Crystallographic Purposes.-The X-ray Analysis Group of the Institute of Physics has recently established an X-ray Tube Panel under the chairmanship of Dr. A. Taylor. The Panel will review existing and projected X-ray tubes and X-ray tube production in this country and where supply or quality is not satisfactory specifications will be prepared for the type of tube concerned and production or improvement will be encouraged by appropriate means. Anyone interested in X-ray tubes for crystallographic purposes who is not a member of the X-ray Analysis Group and who wishes to ensure that his views and requirements are considered is invited to communicate with the Honorary Secretary of the Panel Mr.J. N. Kellar A.Inst.P. Crystallographic Laboratory Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge. Czechoslovak Institute of Plastics Research.-The Czechoslovak Institute of Plastics Research proposes to arrange for one or two British students of chemistry or chemical engineering to go to Czechoslovakia during their summer holidays to work in the Re- search InFtitute. Anyone interested shsuld communicate with Dr. George Lewi 31 Curzon Street London W. 1. GENERAL NOTICES (For notices relating to matters of immediate importance see “Announcements” on p.151.) Notice to Associates.-Regulations and forms of application for the Fellowship can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments or are desirous of extending their opportunities is kept at the offices of the Institute. Prospective employers and Fellows and Associates who desire to make use of this service as a means of obtaining employment should communicate with the Registrar. Libraries.-The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society Burlington House Piccadilly W.l to the maintenance of which the Institute makes substantial con- tributions is available to Fellows Associates and Registered Students wishing to consult or borrow books from 10 a.m. to 9 p.m. on week-days (except Saturdays 10 a.m.to 5 p.m.). Books can also be borrowed by post. Books may be borrowed from the Science Library Science Museum South Kensing- ton S.W.7 on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Secretary of the Institute. The Library of the Institute is being re-organised (see JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1946 VI 279) but limited service is available to Fellows Associates and Registered Students from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. on week-days (not including Saturdays). Information regarding facilities afforded to members by Lewis’s Lending Library can also be obtained from the Registrar. Report on German 1ndustries.-Copies of a number of Reports of the Combined Intelligence Objectives Sub-committee (C.I.O.S.) and of the British Intelligence Sub- Committee (B.I.O.S.) on industrial plants and processes in Germany published by H.M.Stationery Office have been received and are available for consultation in the Library of the Institute. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A list of slides of portraits of great chemists and other scientists throughout the ages can be obtained on application to the Secretary. As the slides are frequently in demand members are requested to notify their require- ments at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Joint Subscription Arrangements.-Fellows Associates and Registered Students who wish to participate in the arrangements whereby they can acquire on favourable terms membership of the Chemical Society the Society of Chemical Industry and the Faraday Society with substantial privileges as to publications (see special article JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1945 Part IV p.148) can obtain further particulars and necessary forms from the Conjoint Chemical Office 9 and 10 Savile Row London W. I. [ 1551 Benevolent hnd.-Contributions for 1947 may be sent to the Honorary Treasurer 80 Russell Square London W.C.I. Forms for Deeds of Covenant may be obtained from the Secretary. Covers for the Journal.-Members who desire covers (2s. each) for binding the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS in annual volumes should notify the Assistant Secretary of their requirements indicating the years (1946 or earlier) required. Service with H. M. Forces.-Fellows Associates and Registered Students who are on service with the Navy Army and Air Force are requested to notify the Institute giving particulars as to their rank unit etc.Changes of Add ress.-Fellows Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give so far as possible their permanent addresses for registration. When writing from an address different from that previously given they are requested to state if the new address is to be used in future and whether the change affects the Appointments Register. All requests for changes should be addressed to the Registrar and not to the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. In order to facilitate identification Fellows Associates and Registered Students are asked to give their full initials on communications addressed to the Institute.In the prevailing circumstances they are also asked not invariably to expect formal acknowledgments of communications addressed to the Institute unless replies are necessary. [ 156 J

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/RG9477100093

出版商:RSC    

年代:1947

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND PROCEEDINGS OF THE COUNCIL Council Meeting 16 May 1947.-As the normal date of the July Council Meeting fell within the period of the International Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry it was decided to alter the date to Thursday 24 July. The Report of the Sixteenth Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections held on 19April was received (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1947 111 112-115) and the recommendations contained in sections 5 and 6 of the Report referring respectively to Local Section grants and travelling expenses of members of Local Section Committees and Sub-Committees were adopted. The retirement of the following as Honorary Secretaries of the specified Local Sections had been notified:-Dr.J. W. Corran (East Anglia); Dr. F. R. Williams (Tees-Side); Mr. H. F. Adams (Cardiff and District); and it was reported that they would be succeeded respectively by Dr. John Williams Dr. A. R. Martin and Mr. G. M. Kerman. Dr. Corran’s resignation from the office of Honorary Secretary of the East Anglia Section which he had held since its inception was due to his election as Chairman of that Section. The Council expressed appreciation of the valuable services rendered by Mr. Adams Dr. Corran and Dr. F. R. Williams during their periods of office as Honorary Secretaries. Approval was given to an amendment of the Rules of the Tees-Side Section to provide that “any member of the Committee absent from three consecutive Committee Meetings without due reason being notified to the Honorary Secretary shall by resolution of the Committee be deemed to have resigned therefrom.” The Council also approved a number of changes in the Rules of the Huddersfield Section referring inter alia to the conditions under which nominations of candidates for election to the Section Committee must be lodged and under which the ballot for their election shall be held; a change in the month in which the Annual General Meeting of the Section shall be held (from October to March) and in the date to which the accounts shall be made up (from 31 August to 31 December in each year).Further consideration was given to arrangements for the Reception to be offered by the Institute to Officers and Overseas Members of the Interna- tional Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry and it was agreed that a notice about the Reception should be issued to members with JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part 111.The Report of the Finance and House Committee (12May) which dealt mainly with the above-mentioned recommendations in the Report of the Sixteenth Conference of Honorary Secretaries of LocalSections and with the investment of funds was received and adopted. r 167 1 The Report of the Benevolent Fund Committee (12 May) included reference to 10 current cases; investment of funds; appointment of the Secretary as representative of the Benevolent Fund Committee on the Professional Classes Aid Council; further information on homes and resi- dential clubs for elderly people; a recommendation that the scheme of summer holidays for children of regular beneficiaries inaugurated in 1946 be continued on the same lines in 1947.The Report was received and the recommendations contained therein were endorsed. The Report of the Nominations Examinations and Institutions Com- mittee (2May) was received and adopted and the candidates recommended for election or re-election to the Associateship or to the Fellowship were duly elected to their respective grades. Further attention was given to the Report of the Appointments and Economic Status Committee (11 April) and certain questions as to means whereby the status salary and conditions of employment of members of the Institute could best be safeguarded were referred back at the request of the Committee for further consideration.It was reported that a letter had been received from members at certain Government establishments expressing gratification with the results of representations made by the Institute as a result of which several members had been regraded on appeal (see p. 165). It was learned that the Secretary of State for the Colonies had expressed his appreciation of the help offered by the Institute in connection with the appointment to posts in the Colonial Empire of chemists with the necessary scientific and professional status. It was his intention to take advantage of such assistance in my cases of doubt which might arise in the future. The Report of the Publications and Library Committee (15 May) was mainly concerned with the publication of lectures and monographs; arrange- ments for future lectures; particulars to be included in the next printed Register of Fellows and Associates; indexing of books in the Institute’s Library; preparation of JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part 111.With a few minor amendments the Report was adopted. At a previous meeting the Council had received from the Chemical Council a request for observations on the appropriateness of the present time to press for a Scientific Centre. On the recommendation of the Special Purposes Committee (22 March) the following resolution was adopted :-“That the Chemical Council be informed that the Council of the Institute would be prepared to consider any steps that might be proposed now or in the near future (a) on a long-term policy towards the accommo- dation of the principal chemical bodies together or in close proximity even if this involved geographical separation from bodies concerned with other sciences; (b) on a short-term policy (until an appropriate ‘Chemistry House’ could be provided) towards bringing under one roof the adminis- trative offices (with appropriate Council and Committee Rooms) of the three Chartered Chemical Bodies and of such other chemical societies as might be appropriately included.” The Minutes of a Meeting of the Chemical Council held on 19 March were received (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1947 111 122).Council Meeting 20 June 1947.-It was reported that the Council of the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists had approved the recommendation of the Joint Committee on Public Health Matters that the two Joint Committees of the Institute and the Society be merged into a [ 158 I single Joint Committee to deal with all matters of common interest to the two bodies.As this proposal had already been approved by the Council of the Institute (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1947 111 96) it now became operative. The names of representatives of the Institute on the Joint Committee were reported in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1947 111 99. In connection with the revision of the Rules of the Huddersfield Section it had been pointed out that under By-Law 91 (2) a District Member of Council could not be elected as a member of the Committee of more than one of the Local Sections within the District and the attention of the Com-mittee on Revision of Charter and By-Laws had been drawn to the desirability of recommending a change in By-Law 91 (2)so as to remove this disability in respect of District Members of Council.It was indicated that in the meantime if a District Member of Council were ineligible to serve as a member of the Committee of a particular Local Section within his District he might nevertheless be invited to attend meetings of the Committee of that Section without power to vote and thus be in a position to keep in touch with the proceedings of the Committees of all Local Sections within the District and be available for advice and consultation by the Section Committees.This procedure would be analogous to that adopted by the Council in maintaining contact with any of their representatives on the Chemical Council who for the time being might not be Members of the Council (cf. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1947 111 95). Arrangements were concluded for the Reception to be offered by the Institute to Officers and Overseas Members of the International Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry on 22 July at 8.30 p.m. It was agreed to set up an ad hoc Committee consisting of:-Professor F. Challenger (Chairman) with the Chairman of the Publications and Library Committee Mr. L. V. Cocks Professor A. Findlay Mr. E. M. Joiner Dr. Idris Jones Dr. T. Malkin Dr. David Traill and Dr. F. R. Williams with power to co-opt up to four more members not necessarily Members of Council to consider means of attracting to membership of the Institute a larger proportion of the qualified chemists in the country.The Report of the Finance and House Committee (16 June) which was received and adopted referred inter alia to accounts for payment; state- ment of accounts to 31 May; a recommendation for the acceptance of a proposal by the Ministry of Education that a higher scale of fees be paid by colleges in respect of candidates entered for a final examination for National Certificates; the principles to be adopted as a guide in considering applications for re-election from persons who had previously been Fellows or Associates. In the Report of the Benevolent Fund Committee (16 June) reference was made to actions taken on a number of current cases and on one new case to the holidays for children scheme and to the possibility of establishing a residential club for elderly members and their wives or for their widows.A considerable amount of information had been obtained about homes for old people and the Committee was now considering the amount of money that would be needed to establish a residential club on appropriate lines and how such a sum might be raised. The Report of the Nominations Examinations and Institutions Commit- tee (16 May) and a further Report of the Committee (20 June) referring to recommendations by the Board of Examiners were received and adopted and the candidates recommended for election or re-election to the Associate- ship or to the Fellowship were duly elected to their respective grades.r 1693 The Northampton College of Technology Northampton was added to the list of institutions approved for training candidates for admission to the Associat eship . Preliminary consideration was given to a Report of the Regulations Sub-committee (13June) submitted through the Nominations Examina- tions and Institutions Commit tee concerning proposed amendments of the Regulations on subjects to be taken in a preliminary examination prior to admission to the Associateship and on conditions of admission to the Fellow- ship. Further discussion of other matters in this Report was deferred to the next meeting of the Council. In reply to an enquiry from the Incorporated Association of Head- masters it was decided to inform the Association that if the External School Certificate Examination were abolished the Institute might have to consider seriously what certification from individual schools could be accepted; furthermore the Institute was to some extent bound by the attitude adopted by the universities in the matter and had to consider also the position of early entrants to chemical industry who had to continue their education by part-time courses.The congratulations of the Council were ordered to be conveyed to members who had recently received Public Honours (see p. 163). The Report of the Appointments and Economic Status Committee (10June) referred mainly to relations with the Institution of Professional Civil Servants; regrading of chemists in the Scientific Civil Service; re- muneration statistics.In adopting the Report the Council agreed that the Institute would help in the distribution of a questionnaire to be issued at the request of the Advisory Council on Scientific Policy by the Appoint- ments Department of the Ministry of Labour and National Service for the purpose of surveying scientific and technical manpower (cf. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1947,111 136;reference by Sir Henry Tizard Chairman of the Advisory Council on Scientific Policy). The Council hopes that members of the Institute willco-operate by furnishing the particulars required in this questionnaire (see also p. 195). It was reported that the Joint Committee with the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers and representatives of the Standing Committee of Directors of Research Associations had held a meeting to consider revision of the document entitled “Suggested Clauses for Incorpora- tion in Contracts of Service for Chemists” issued in 1945 (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1945,11 82) and had appointed a small Sub-committee to prepare a revised draft in the light of criticisms of the original document.The Report of the Publications and Library Committee (12 June), which was received and adopted referred to arrangements for future lec- tures; agreement on the content and lay-out of the form to be issued to members in connection with the preparation of a printed Register of Fellows and Associates; indexing of books in the Library; revision of the publications exchange list; receipt of f1go 17s.r~d.in addition to the EIOO originally remitted by Messrs. W. Heffer & Sons Ltd. from sales of “What Industry Owes to Chemical Science.” The Council noted with satisfaction the addi- tional support that had become available to the Benevolent Fund from sales of this book. Consideration was given to the resumption of awards from the SirGeorge Beilby Memorial Fund that had been interrupted by the war and it was agreed that subject to the concurrence of the Councils of the Society of [ 160 Chemical Industry and the Institute of Metals Beilby Memorial Awards be fesumed in 1947 (see p. 192). It was reported that no notice to the contrary having been given before 30 June 1946 by any of the bodies co-operating in the setting up of the Chemical Council the agreement constituting the Chemical Council would be deemed to be renewed for a further period of three years from I July 1947.Minutes of a Meeting of the Chemical Council held on 23 April (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1947 111,122) and an abstract of Minutes of the Meeting held on 21 May (p. 163)were received. A draft of an Address of Congratulation to the Chemical Society for presentation at the Celebrations of its Centenary was approved. Mr. A. T. Green Member of Council was invited to represent the In- stitute on the Technical Committee of the British Standards Institution concerned with revision of B.S. 187-Sand-Lime Bricks. The previous representative of the Institute Dr.J. Watson had resigned. In response to an invitation from the Thomason College of Engineering Roorkee India for a representative of the Institute to attend the Centenary Celebrations of the College on 15/16 December 1947 it was agreed to ask Professor Findlay to represent the Institute if he were able to be in Roorkee at that time. ACTIVITIES OF LOCAL SECTIONS Aberdeen and North of Scotland.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 17 April. It was agreed to recommend an increase in the membership of the Committee in order to provide for more adequate representation of the Dundee area. Council having approved the alteration two Diindee members were elected. The office-bearers for the forthcoming year are as follows:-Chairman Dr.R. B. Strathdee; Hon. Secretary and Treasurer Mr. D. W. Menzies; Hon. Auditor Mr. M. J. Robb; Committee Messrs. J. E. Bowen E. A. Bradford H. J. Gregson H. G. M. Hardie W. Stewart Liddle J. C. Robb Dr. M. B. Watson and Dr. Robert Roger. Bristol and South-Western Counties.-On 21 June members of the Section the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry the Chemical Society and friends paid a visit to the Agricultural and Horticultural Research Station at Long Ashton near Bristol by kind permission of the Director Professor T. Wallace C.B.E. M.C. Favoured by excellent weather groups of the party of about ninety were shown in turn around the laboratories greenhouses cider making plant and plantations. In explanatory talks upon the numerous aspects of the work in progress at the Station which were given during the tour of inspection the visitors learnt something of the experiments being carried out on sand culture (Mr.E. J. Hewitt) growth promoting substances (Dr. Luckwill) insecticides (Dr. Woodcock) field testing for elements essential to plant development (Mr. D. J. D. Nicholas) and methods of preservation (Miss A. Crang). At the conclusion of tea Dr. Maxted Chairman of the Bristol Section of the Society of Chemical Industry expressed the thanks of those present to the Director Dr. H. Martin and the staff for the arrangements and hospitality. Dublin and District Section.-See p. 164. Liverpool and North-Western Counties.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre University of Liverpool on 10 April with Professor Hilditch in the Chair.Owing to an excess of nominations for the Committee a postal vote had been held and Messrs. Crosbie-Oates and Myer were appointed scrutineers. An announcement was made of the Committee’s election of Mr. G. W. Beaumont as Chairman Mr. H. Weatherall as Vice-chairman and Mr. G. W. Beaumont as Hon. Treasurer. The meeting elected the Hon. Auditors Messrs. Cocks and Luff the Hon. Secretary Mr. H. Weatherall the Hon. Assistant Secretary Mr. E. E. Reid and the Hon. Recorder Dr. G. P. Gibson. The Committee co-opted Dr. W. B. Whalley (Associate) to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Dr. H. M Thompson (Associate). The postal vote elected the following to serve on the Committee Dr.J. F. Clark Professor T. P. Hilditch F.R.S. Mr. C. W. Matthews (Fellows) and Dr. S. Paul (Associate). [ 161 1 In the Hon. Treasurer’s Report Mr. Beaumont referred to the satisfactory alteration that had been made in the finances of the Sections; the money for running the Section was to be received as an annual grant early in the year and not piecemeal as hitherto. An unusual and non-recurrent item of expenditure was the dinner to new Associates of the war years. At the conclusion of the business of the meeting Professor Hilditch cordially welcomed officers of the Manchester Section Mr. J. T. Marsh and Dr. D. A. Harper and invited Professor F. Challenger of the University of Leeds to give a lecture on “New Aspects of the Biochemistry of Sulphur with special reference to Seaweed” (for summary see p.170). Mr. B. D. W. Luff proposed and Mr. C. W. Matthews seconded a vote of thanks to the lecturer. On 13 March a meeting was held in the Municipal Technical College Widnes. There was a large audience including a number of engineer guests. Mr. E. Woollatt gave a paper on “Entropy-A Simple Re-presentation” (for summary see p. 167). There was a vigorous discussion afterwards to which Messrs. Wadsworth Hook Wick Gibson and Bottamley contributed. Mr. C. D. Cook proposed and Mr. W. Lee seconded a vote of thanks. An inaugural meeting was held on 26 March in the Magistrate’s Court Chester at the request of members living in that district. Owing to illness Dr. E. A. Moelwyn Hughes was unable to lecture and Professor T.P. Hilditch at very short notice repeated a lecture entitled “Fat Shortages and Fat Substitutes” recently given to the Manchester Section. . There was a record discussion after the paper. Mr. E. G. Williams proposed and Dr. R. S. Airs seconded the vote of thanks which especially mentioned Dr. J. B. Matthews the convener of the meeting. Joint meetings with the Society of Chemical Industry the Chemical Society and the British Association of Chemists were held on two occasions. The British Association of Chemists arranged a most successful demonstration of scientific apparatus in the Nicholson Lecture Theatre University of Liverpool on 12 March. Several members of the Institute were exhibitors and a number of manu- facturers showed apparatus of interest to analytical chemists.The Society of Chemical Industry held a meeting on 24 March in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre University of Liverpool. Professor H. J. EmelCus F.R.S. of the University of Cambridge gave a lecture on “The Chemistry of the Transuranic Elements and of Fission Products.” Professor Hilditch propcsed and Dr. L. Haddock seconded a vote of thanks. London and South-Eastern Counties.-A meeting was held in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre Brighton Technical College on 31 May 1947. Dr. F. R. Harris local repre- sentative was in the chair and 56 members and visitors were present. The following films were exhibited :-“Steam” ; “Aluminium-From Mine to Metal”; “Damage Control,” Part I a film including some description of the chemistry of fire; “Transfer of Power.” Dr.Harris proposed a vote of thanks to the Honorary Secretary and the members of the Committee from London and in reply Mr. T. McLachlan offered the sincere apologies of the Chairman Dr. J. G. Griffiths for his absence and thanked the Principal and staff of Brighton Technical College for their collaboration and hospitality. Visits.-Some evidence of post-war activity has been shown in the number of visits arranged during the summer; members have been entertained at the Low Tempera- ture Research Station Cambridge the British Launderers’ Research Association Pharmaceutical Specialities (May & Baker) Ltd. and the Beecham Research Labora- tories Ltd. Members living in the Sussex area were shown over the National Fire Service College at Saltdean near Brighton and Registered Students paid visits to the Gas Light and Coke Company’s works at Beckton and to the Generating Station of the London Power Company at Battersea.The Committee regrets that well over 100 members of the Section were unable to participate in any of the visits for which they applied but is glad to notice the interest displayed in this part of the Section’s activities. Golf.-A most successful Summer Golf Meeting was held at the Addington Palace County Club on 3 July when the Government Chemist Dr. G. M. Bennett F.R.S. attended to present the Government Laboratory Golf Cup to Mr. R. H. Morgan the winner of the Competition. The number of entries this year was not as large as had been anticipated due apparently to a misapprehension that the average chemist is a professional golfer with the result that only nineteen members actually competed whilst ten other members and friends participated in the social proceedings.It is hoped that having learned of the general enjoyment to be obtained many other golfers will forget their modesty next year and compete for the cup. South Wales.-The 29th Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 13 June at the Mackworth Hotel Swansea with Mr. D. Luther Phillips presiding. The Section was honoured by the presence of Dr. H. J. T. Ellingham the Secretary of the Institute. r 162 1 The Annual Report and Financial Statement from the Committee was received and adopted. Officers and members of the Committee for the ensuing session were elected as follows :-Chairman Mr.D. Luther Phillips; Honorary Secretary Mr. E. E. Ayling; Committee Professor J. E. Coates Dr. L. E. Hinkel Messrs. R. H. Jones D. C. Morgan, J. 0. Samuel and E. Thornton. Messrs. J. W. Adye and M. L. Hughes were re-elected as Honorary Auditors. The meeting was followed by an informal dinner. Mr. D. Luther Phillips made a brief speech of welcome to the guests who included Dr. and Mrs. Ellingham Mr. R. B. Southall (Chairman of the South Wales Section of the Society of Chemical Industry) Mr. H. F. Adams and Mr. G. M. Kerman (Chairman and Secretary of the Cardiff and District Section of the Institute). Mr. R. B. Southall proposed the toast of “The Institute’’ and Dr. Ellingham replied mentioning especially the degree of co-operation which had already been achieved between the chemical bodies and the desirability of joint premises for the various administrative offices the proposal for Residential Clubs for Old People the proposed New Charter and the holding of the Annual General Meeting of the Institute in Birmingham in 1948.PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL COUNCIL Abstract of Minutes of the Meeting held on 21 May 1947. 1. It was reported that the Councils of the three Constituent Bodies had approved the proposals relating to the participation of the Society of Public Analysts and other Analytical Chemists in the Joint Subscription Scheme as from 1 January 1948. 2. It was reported that since no notice of retirement from the Council had been received from the three Constituent Members these Bodies are now committed without further formality to a further period of three years until 30 June 1950.3. The Council agreed to contribute the sum of ,6900 8s. 6d. towards the maintenance costs of the Library for 1946 and to ask the three Constituent Bodies the Society of Public Analysts and other Analytical Chemists and the Faraday Society to contribute on the basis of membership with due allowance for overlap. 4. Further grants of ,6750 towards the cost of publications for 1946 were made to the Chemical Society and to the Society of Chemical Industry NOTES PERSONAL The names of the following Fellows and Associates were included in the Birthday Honours list:- Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (C.B.E.): Tom Peach Colclough M.Met.DSc. Fellow. John Augustus Oriel M.C. M.A. BSc. M.I.Chem.E. Fellow. Professor James Arthur Prescott MSc. D.Sc. Associate. Oficer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (O.B.E.) Frederick Tattersfield D.Sc. Fellow. Winston Ellis Holt M.A. Associate. Membev of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (M.B.E.) Robert Charles Frederick Fellow. Edward Henry Treff ry Hoblyn Ph.D. A.R.C.S. D.1 ,C. A.M.I.Chem.E. Fellow. Miss Helen Mackay McKenzie M.A. B.Sc. ,Associate. Professor J. M. Gulland F.R.S. Fellow has been appointed Director of Research to the Institute of Brewing. Since his retirement last year from the Chairs of Chemistry and Biochemistry in the Royal College of Medicine Baghdad and from the Directorship of the Government Laboratories of Iraq Mr.E. S. Hawkins O.B.E. Fellow has been appointed Professor Emeritus to the Royal College of Medicine Baghdad and has been granted the Order of A1 Rafidian by H.M. King Faisal 11. Professor D. M. Newitt M.C. F.R.S. Associate has been appointed to the Advisory Board of the newly-established Division of Mechanical Engineering Research of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. Mr. H. V. Potter Fellow has been elected to the Grand Council of the Federation of British Industries. [I63 3 Dr. T. F. West FeZlow is leaving London in July to take up an appointment as Assistant Director of the Ontario Research Foundation Toronto.Dr. Leslie Aitchison Fellow Professor of Industrial Metallurgy at the University of Birmingham has been awarded the Simms Gold Medal of the Royal Aeronautical Society. Mr. James Boyd Fellow has been elected Chairman of the Rand Club Johannesburg for the current year. Professor F. H. Garner Fellow Head of the Chemical Engineering Department and Dean of the Faculty of Science in the University of Birmingham has been awarded the United States Medal of Freedom with Silver Palms in recognition of his outstanding contribution to the development of petroleum warfare. Dr. F. L. Rose Fellow has been awarded by the Society of Apothecaries a gold medal in therapeutics in recognition of the joint research which culminated in the discovery of paludrine. Mr.Neil Heron Fellow Deputy Public Analyst for Portsmouth has been appointed Deputy Analyst at Liverpool. Dr. G. E. Gardam Fellow has been appointed Director of Research to the newly- created Design and Research Centre for the gold silver and jewellery industries. Dr. Ben Edgington Fellow has been appointed Chief Chemical Engineer to Boots Pure Drug Company Limited Nottingham in succession to Mr. H. Calam Fellow who has retired. GLUCKSTEIN MEMORIAL LECTURE The Eleventh Lecture in this series-the first since before the war-was delivered on 20 June before a large audience at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Keppel Street London W.C.l by Sir Jack Drummond F.R.S. Fellow who took as his subject “Nutritional Requirements of Man in the Light of War-time Experience.” The chair was taken by the President Mr.G. Roche Lynche O.B.E. and a vote of thanks to the lecturer proposed by Dr. E. B. Hughes and seconded by Mr. A. L. Bacharach was carried with acclamation. DUBLIN COLLOQUIUM The Colloquium on “The Industrial Utilisation of Agricultural Products and of Seaweed” organised by the Irish Chemical Association and the Dublin Section of the Institute took place in Dublin on 2 and 3 July 1947. The proceedings were opened by An Tanaiste Mr. Sean Lemass Minister for Industry and Commerce who said “Agriculture which is our main industry and the foundation of the national economy is also our principal internal source of industrial raw material and we have a very lively interest in the possibilities of seaweed.The advance of scientific knowledge of it and of research into its industrial utilisation is therefore of special significance to us. It is also important that the available store of knowledge of its industrial uses should be examined in relation to the special circumstances and resources of this country.” Welcoming the speakers Mr. Lemass said he was confident the proceedings would contribute materially to their knowledge bring them to a greater realisation of the importance of chemistry in industry and help them substantially in their industrial progress. The proceedings of the Colloquium were divided into three sessions the first of which on “Agricultural Products and the Chemical Industry,” was opened by Dr. J. L. Simonsen F.R.S. Director Colonial Products Research Council London.The Sea- weed Session was opened by Dr. J. B. Speakman Professor of Textile Industries The University Leeds with an address on “The Production Properties and Uses of Seaweed Rayon,” which was illustrated by specimens of fabrics including some made by the disappearing thread technique. The final session on Carbohydrates was opened by Dr. E. L. Hirst F.R.S. Director of the Chemical Laboratories The University Man- Chester who spoke on “The Utilisation of Carbohydrate Products.” In the discussions which followed in each session many points of view were repre- sented including agriculture industry and chemistry. Principal speakers were:-Mr. W. V. Griffiths Dr. Henry Kennedy Dr. H. A. Lafferty Dr. G. T. Pyne Dr.T. Dillon Mr. D. T. Flood Mr. J. P. Twohig Dr. T. Twomey Dr. D. W. Kent-Jones Mr. H. L. O’Reilly Dr. G. Van Der Lee Mr. G. A. C. Wilkin. The Royal Institute of Chemistry was represented by the Honorary Treasurer Dr. D. W. Kent-Jones who conveyed greetings and good wishes from the President and Council of the Institute and by the Secretary Dr. H. J. T. Ellingham. On the social side the Colloquium was honoured by a Reception and Garden Party given by the President of Ireland and Mrs. O’Kelly. In addition an Informal Reception L 164 3 on the eve of the Colloquium given by the Directors of the Irish Sugar Company Ltd. and a Reception and Dance at the conclusion of the Colloquium given by Imperial Industries Ltd. added materially to the enjoyment of the occasion and enabled the members to appreciate the “nutritional” aspect of the subject.The Colloquium was organised by the following Joint Committee :-Chairmen Dr. V. C. Barry (President Irish Chemical Association) and Dr. A. G. G. Leonard (Chairman Dublin Section R.I.C.) ; Members Messrs. D. T. Flood J. L. Ginnell J. W. Parkes Dr. A. E. Werner Dr. T. S. Wheeler Mr. D. Crowley (Record Secretary) and Messrs. G. F. O’Sullivan and H. D. Thornton (Honorary Secretaries). SCOTTISH SYMPOSIUH The Symposium on “Coal Petroleum and their Newer Derivatives,” arranged by the Scottish Sections of the Institute was held at St. Andrews on 7-12 July 1947. A report will appear in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part V. A summary of the principal papers has been published in Chemistry and Industry of 19 July 1947 p.437. M ISCELLANEOUS Regrading in the Scientific Civil Service Ministry of Supply.-Towards the end of 1946 the’Ministry of Supply set up an Appeal Board to consider certain instances where members of the Government Scientific and Technical Staff considered they had been incorrectly graded in the re-organised Scientific Civil Service. The necessity for such an Appeal Board had been emphasised to the Ministry by the Council of the Institute and the Institute had already drawn attention to the necessity for scientist members of such an Appeal Board. Later the Institute was able to express satisfaction with the composition of the Board Two bodies of Appellants were considered:- (a) Staff who were Established or under F.S.S.U.prior to the re-organisation. (b) Unestablished pre-war staff over 30 years of age. The Appeal Board’s function regarding appeals under category (b) was limited to the examination of appeals by pre-war Temporary Staff against the grade in which they had been nominated by the Department for Establishment. The Board was not empowered to deal with appeals against the Civil Service Commission’s Selection Board’s decisions. The individual has no right of appeal against the decision of the Civil Service Commission. The Appeal Board (with the assistance of two specially appointed Technical Panels) considered 273 appeals. In 131 cases it was considered by the Board that no interview was necessary in order that a decision should be made.In 142 cases consisting of Established Staff or Staff under F.S.S.U. the appellants were interviewed by the Appeal Board or its Technical Panels. The general result was as follows:- (a) It was considered that 34 cases fell to be dealt with through the normal promotion procedure of the Ministry and they were referred to the Promotion Panels. (b) 61 appeals were allowed. (c) 15 were placed in suspense pending the consideration of the applicants’ regrading in the new Engineer or Chemist Groups which were being intro- duced in the Ministry of Supply. (d) 157 appeals were rejected 81 after interview. (e) The remaining appeals may be ;lased under the heading “Appeals with- drawn” or “Not proceeded with.Institute of Metals.-Lt.-Col. S. C. Guillan T.D. has assumed the Secretaryship of the Institute of Metals in place of Mr. K. Headlam-Morley. The latter remains Secretary of the Iron and Steel Institute and the Institution of Metallurgists. Fumigation with Methyl Bromide.-A pamphlet on the dangers arising and the precautionary measures to be taken when fumigating with Methyl Bromide for pest control has been drawn up by the Home Office in consultation with the Ministry of Health the Ministry of Food and other interested Departments. Copies may be obtained through any branch of H.M. Stationery Office or through any bookseller price 2d. net. SCIENCE IN PARLIAMENT (March-May 1947) Atomic Energy (Workers’ Protection).-On 5 May Mr. Blackburn asked the Minister of Supply whether he was satisfied that the necessary steps had been taken to accord protection to workers at plants associated with the production of atomic energy from radioactive and other poisons.MR. WOODBURN After consultation with the Factory Department of the Ministry of Labour and in the light of expert medical advice I am satisfied that all the necessary steps have been taken to protect the workers. Navy Estimates (Research Aspects).-During the debate in the House of Commons on the Navy Estimates 18 March Commander Noble . . . I would now like to say a word about the Royal Naval Scientific Service. . . . I always have understood that naval scientists have a great name in the world. I hope we shall continue to attract in this service some of the best men from the Scientific Civil Service and that this Naval Scientific Service will be put on the map to such an extent that some of the best men from the universities will be encouraged to join it.I also hope that the men who are in it now will be. encouraged to remain. . . . Penicillin Bill,-In the third reading of the Bill in the House of Lords 31 March LORD LISTOWEL referring to an earlier amendment moved by Lord Marlow proposing that penicillin should not be supplied to any institution providing medical surgical or veterinary treatment unless that institution was under the direction of a qualified medical practitioner or veterinary surgeon said that the matter had been reconsidered and it was hoped that if a suitable formula could be found the Government would introduce that formula in the shape of an amendment when the Bill went to the House of Commons.Radioactive Substances Bill.-This Bill was introduced in the House of Lords on 24 April. It gives the Ministry of Supply wide powers in relation to radioactive substances and in particular with regard to manufacture import use and possession which . . would be subject to licensing. The Bill also deals with the regulation of disposal of radioactive waste products safety regulations for occupations involving radioactive substances and irradiating apparatus use of irradiating apparatus for therapeutic purposes which will be subject to licence and power of entry and inspection. Research Expenditure.-On 5 May in reply to a question by Mr.Philips Price SECRETARY The estimates for MR. GLENVIL HALL FINANCIAL TO THE TREASURY 1947-48 provide for expenditure on research of all kinds of about &68,000,000. In addition a substantial part of the grant of nearly ~12,000,000to universities is spent on research. On 9 May in reply to a question by Mr. Charles Smith MR. GLENVIL HALL The expenditure given in my reply of 5 May . . . with contributions by industry to Government-aided Research Associations and a proportion of grant-aided University expenditure is about 0-8 per cent. of the estimated national income for 1947-48. On 13 May MR. GLENVIL HALL said that the division of the &68,000,000 was as follows :-Medical Research L698,OOO; Agriculture and Fisheries k2,070,000; Industrial Research f;l4,.780.000; Defence Research &49,731,000.The last figure included an element . . . for research in connection with Civil Aviation undertaken by the Ministry of Supply. Scientific and Technical Research.-On 18 March Mr. Boothby asked the Prime Minister whether he will set up a scientific and technical sub-committee of the joint planning staff as an integral part of the proposed planning machinery to carry out research on lines similar to those adopted by the joint technical warfare committee and to advise His Majesty’s Government as to the methods by which the results of modern technical development can be applied with a view to raising the productivity and efficiency of industry to the highest possible level. THEPRIME MINISTER I agree that scientific and technical research is of the highest importance to productivity and industrial efficiency but there are existing agencies for studying these matters and I doubt the advisability of setting up such a sub-committee.. . . In reply to a further question THE PRIME MINISTER:We have a Scientific Advisory Council under the chairmanship of Sir Henry Tizard and there is the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. It has been the active policy of that Department to get all kinds of organisations set up within industry and I do not see how the hon. Member’s proposal would really cure the position for firms which are indifferent to the opportunities which already exist. Mr. Blackburn asked whether the Prime Minister would consider linking as far as possible the representatives of the Scientific Advisorv Council and the Department of L 166 I Scientific and Industrial Research with the proposed Joint Production Staff.THE PRIME MINISTER :Certainly. Obviously full use will be made of the existing organisa- tion. I do not think that it is desirable to set up a new organisation. Technical Colleges.-On 5 May Sir E. Graham-Little asked the Minister of Education which of the present emergency training colleges are to be permanent training colleges and whether it is proposed to require these colleges to impose better qualifications relevant to technical education than are now insisted upon in the emergency colleges MINISTEROF EDUCATION under the present regulations.MR. TOMLINSON It is assumed that the reference is to the colleges for the training of technical teachers. . . . Three such colleges have been established at Bolton Huddersfield and London. They are at present being conducted as emergency training colleges but they will probably form the nucleus of a permanent system of training for teachers in technical institutions. Candidates admitted to these colleges are already required to possess satisfactory technical qualifications and also to have had industrial experience. S UMMAR1ES OF LECTURES ENTROPY A SIMPLE RE-PRESENTATION By E. WOOLLATT, B.Sc. A.M.I.Chem.E. A.R.I.C. (Liverpool and North-Western Counties Section at Widnes 13 March 1947.) A change in entropy can be defined by the relationship dS = (+) where dS rev.is the increase in the entropy of the system due to the addition of heat dq in a reversible manner the temperature of the system being ToAbsolute. For a phase change the entropy increase AS is clearly k where L is the latent heat T absorbed in the phase change at temperature T. In the case of sensible heat changes dq = c dT where c is the appropriate specific heat so that AS for a finite change from lZ('g)If state 1 to state 2 is AS = S -S -t can be rev. regarded as coirstant AS thus becomes t loge 5. Apart from third law considerations TI it is only possible to calculate changes in entropy or values above an arbitrary datum. For steam and water liquid water at 0°C. is taken as the datum state for the tabulation of values of both entropy and internal energy.Since the net change in the entropy of a quantity of matter taken through a re- versible cycle is zero entropy is a property of the system that is it depends only upon the state. Hence the change in entropy which accompanies an irreversible change can be calculated by postulating any reversible path from the initial to the final state and evaluating h2$ for this reversible path. Suppose that a system gains ql units of heat at a constant temperature Tl and that heat cannot be rejected (without artificial refrigeration) at any temperature below To the temperature of the surroundings or sink (normally the available cooling water). From the efficiency of a reversible heat engine working to this cycle (Carnot) it follows that of the heat ql gained by the system a portion qo = To.41 = TOAS,where AS is the Tl increase in entropy associated with the addition of the heat is inherently unavailable with respect to a sink at To.Similarly when a quantity of heat q1 is absorbed in raising the temperature of the system from Ta to Tb a portion qo = T,AS is in- = Tolb+ herently unavailable and this relationship qo = TOASis universal. When heat q is transferred from substance A at Tato substance B at Tb the decrease in the entropy of A (+a) is less than the increase in the entropy of B (+.),unless the change is thermally reversible i.e. unless Ta = Tb. i 167 J As just indicated thermal irreversibility leads to a decrease in the availability of a quantity of thermal energy ; non-thermal or mechanical irreversibility results in a conversion of completely available non-thermal energy to thermal energy which is at least partly unavailable.The final result of a small irreversible change is the same as if the change were carried out in a completely reversible manner and the additional work so obtained equal to dzq (the “frictional” energy) were converted to heat ex- ternally and returned to the system with the true heat added dq. The process is thus equivalent internally to a reversible one in which heat (dq + dwf) is added so that dS =d* T or TdS = dq + dwt Several important results follow:- 1 For adiabatic processes dq = 0 so that TdS = dwf; For mechanically reversible processes dw = 0 so that TdS = dq (as required by the definition of entropy) ; For adiabatic reversible processes dq = 0 and dwj = 0 so that TdS = 0.Hence at finite temperatures such processes are isentropic a fact that greatly facilitates many calculations. The converse is not necessarily true since the condition for an isentropic process is simply dw = -dq ; The unavailable portion of the “heat” (dq + dq) added is To the available portion 1 -3 (dq + dq). Hence unless the system is at the T) sink temperature whe; the m&hanical irreversibility occurs a portion of the energy dzq is theoretically available. In many cases this availability cannot be utilised in practice but it does form the basis of the concept of a reheat factor in the analysis of turbine performance. Work is done whenever energy is transferred under the influence of a potential other than temperature and each of the various kinds of work is the product of an intensity or potential factor and a capacity or extensive factor (e.g.force x distance pressure x volume change and E.M.F. x quantity of electricity). Similarly heat is the product of an intensity factor absolute temperature and an extensive factor change in entropy. Besides throwing light upon the nature of entropy this makes temperature and entropy particularly useful co-ordinates for theoretical discussions. The Carnot cycle can be regarded as a means for the transfer of a quantity of entropy AS from a temperature level T to a lower one T,. This corresponds to a reduction in the potential thermal energy (calculated above absolute zero) associated with the entropy AS from T,AS to T,AS and the evolution of the difference (TI -T,)AS as work and is analogous to the decrease in gravitational potential energy and doing of work mg (h -h,) when a mass m of say water ?s lowered from a level h to a level h above a given datum as in an ideal water power installation.In the case of gravitational energy it is usual to select the lowest usable level as the datum thus making all the potential energy available for conversion into work but this is clearly arbitrary. In the case of a cycle similar to the Carnot cycle except that the adiabatic expansion is mechanically irreversible the quantity of entropy AS which is introduced at T is smaller than the quantity AS2 which is rejected at T,.The decrease in potential thermal energy associated with ASl can be considered exactly as in the fully reversible case but in addition the entropy (AS2-AS,) produced by the conversion of energy from a non-thermal to the thermal form as a result of the mechanical irreversibility is also rejected as heat at temperature T,. Thermal energy differs from other forms of energy in this respect since irreversibility normally causes a loss of effective potential rather than a change in the extensive factor (cf. the effect of fluid friction in a water power installation and of resistance in the use of electrical energy). Passing reference may be made to the consideration of entropy from the molecular- kinetic and statistical viewpoints which can throw considerable light upon its physical significance as well as provide powerful computational tools.MONOMOLECULAR LAYERS By E. K. RIDEAL,M.B.E. D.Sc. F.R.I.C. F.R.S. [Joint meeting of the London and South-Eastern Counties Section and the London Section of the Institute of Physics at the Royal Institution Albemarle Street W.l on 19 March 1947.1 The study of chemical reactions in monomolecular surface layers provides results of great interest to the chemist and the biochemist. The reactivity of the molecules form- ing the surface film may be modified by their presence at the surface. The general [ 1681 results obtained have shown that in monomolecular layers the intrinsic reactivity of the molecules as measured by their heats of activation may undergo change but in addition their accessibility in the surface films to reagents in the underlying solution can frequently be considerably altered by changes in the pressure applied to the film with resultant variations in the orientation of the molecules.These changes in both energy and entropy are shown by alterations in the rate of chemical reaction as the structure of the film is varied. The course of chemical reactions in surface films may be followed by surface pressure or surface potential measurements usually at constant compression. The former indicate changes in the orientation of the molecules the latter alteration in the direc- tion or magnitude of the dipoles. Experiments were made with surface films of octadecyl methyl ether tetradecyl alcohol and myristic acid spread on solutions having different pH values.The films were compressed to constant areas of about 20sq. A per molecule and the surface poten- tials were determined. The ether showed little change in surface potential between pH 1.0 and pH 13.0; the alcohol behaved in a similar manner up to pH 11.0 beyond which there was a slight fall; the acid exhibited rapid alteration in the potential as the pH of the aqueous solution increased. At pH 1.0 all three compounds had surface potentials of approximately + 400 mv. The potential of the acid showed continuous change falling to -50 mv. at pH 12.0 ; the pH-potential curve resembled a titration curve in general shape the low values corresponding to the formation of the ionised salt.Studies of the kinetics of chemical reactions between the orientated molecules in surface films and reagents in the solution below show marked differences in the “steric” factor compared with the values obtained for the reactions in bulk solution. Oleic acid spread on dilute solutions of acidified permanganate is more rapidly oxidised when the films are at low pressure-the double bond in the middle of the hydrocarbon chain is then close to the water-than when the films are highly compressed so that the molecules are in a nearly vertical position. This effect is more clearly shown by measure- ments on the oxidation of the cis-and trans-isomers of unsaturated acids such as erucic and brassidic acids. On compression of the films the hydrocarbon chains of the trans-isomer brassidic acid pack together more closely than those of erucic acid ; hence with brassidic acid the double bond is almost completely removed from contact with the aqueous phase and the oxidation practically ceases at high compression.The rate of oxidation of erucic acid is affected but little by compression of the film. The rate of hydrolysis of surface films of esters by sodium hydroxide solutions is altered by variation of the pressure on the film. Measurements on the rate of hydro- lysis and the surface moments of ethyl palmitate have shown that the differences are due to changes in the position of the short ethyl chain in the liquid surface. An ex- panded film of this compound is rapidly hydrolysed (k = 0.04 min.-l) ; on compression to the condensed state the velocity falls (k=0.005 min.-l).The observed surface moments and those calculated by the Thomson-Eucken vectorial summation show that in the expanded films the short ethyl chain lies in the surface and is readily attacked; in the condensed films the ethyl chain is forced below the surface and the ester grouping screened from rapid reaction. With a long-chain acetate octadecyl acetate conden- sation of the film does not afford protection to the ester group and little change is observed in the velocity of hydrolysis on compression of the film. Measurements have been made on the effect of ultra-violet radiation on monomole- cular films. Photochemical hydrolysis of stearanilide and similar compounds leaving a monolayer of stearic acid is induced by the aromatic nucleus at wave lengths of 2483 A or less.Changes in the orientation of the aromatic nucleus in the surface produce marked changes in the apparent quantum efficiency and velocity of the reaction. Injection of surface active substances under monolayers has produced many interesting results. Interaction between the molecules of the mixed film produced by penetration of the original film may cause profound changes in its physical character. Thus saponin injected below a film of cholesterol markedly alters the general character of the force-area curve. A cholesterol-gliadin film has at high pressures the properties of a cholesterol film showing that the gliadin is displaced from the surface. On decreasing the pressure the original curve for the mixed film can be retraced.Injection of tannic acid which has relatively little surface activity below a protein film causes large changes in the surface potential and physical properties of the film. In this case there. is multi-point attachment of the injected molecules to the film and changes in compression do not lead to the displacement of one of the molecular species; in effect tanning of the monolayer has occurred. The removal of one of the long-chain fatty acid groups from the lecithin molecule when this substance is spread as a monolayer and snake venom is injected below is shown by a fall in the surface potential [ 169 1 Compression of the film slows down the reaction due to the removal of the double bond from the aqueous phase.The oestrogenic activity of a series of stilbene derivatives has been shown to be parallel to their surface activity towards protein monolayers. The anthelmintic effect of hexyl-resorcinol is increased by small additions of soap but greatly retarded at high soap concentrations. Surface studies showed that complex formation between the hexyl-resorcinol and the soap enhances the surface activity up to a certain soap concen- tration; with larger amounts of soap an increasing proportion of the hexyl-resorcinol is adsorbed on the soap micelles and withdrawn from the interface with consequent decrease in the activity. The maximum anthelmintic activity occurs at soap con- centrations giving the maximum surface effect. Studies of the bactericidal action of phenol-soap mixtures showed a similar.increase in potency rising to a maximum at moderate soap concentration with a progressive and rapid decrease as the amount of soap is raised above the optimum. Here again the most effective mixture has the maximum surface activity. THE POTENTIOMETRIC PROPERTIES OF CHROMIUM By B. G. SKINNER,M.Sc. A. R.I.C. [Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands Section 28 March 1947.1 The oxidation system Cr"+Cr"' + e in acid solution yields fairly stable potentials at a platinum electrode with a standard potential of -0.41 volt. On the other hand the oxidation of the chromic ion to the dichromate ion in acid solution usually repre- sented as Cr"' + 4H,0+HCr04' + 7H' + 3e fails to give steady potentials at room temperature and published values of the standard potential in the neighbourhood of + 1.3 volt show considerable divergence.This electrode system shows clearly irreversible behaviour ; on immersion in 0.01 N dichromate solution (normal acid concentration) a platinum electrode registers a potential which rises slowly for over an hour falls by at least 50 mv. on vigorous agitation of the solution and is not easily reproducible. Furthermore the maximum potential is scarcely affected by the addition of an equivalent of Cr"' ions as would be expected from the Nernst equation. Such irreversible behaviour is probably attributable to the slow rate at which Cr"' ions are oxidised to dichromate ions; thus on addition of 0.1 ml. of decinormal permanganate to a solution of chrome alum (0.01 N) in normal acid at room temperature the potential rises immediately to a value corresponding to MnO,' ions 1.5 volt and remains at this figure for two hours before slowly descending to the dichromate value indicating that the permanganate has oxidised an equivalent amount of Cr"' ions.The change in oxidation potential of 0.06 per cent. hydrogen peroxide in normal sulphuric acid during titration with dichromate has been measured in order to ascertain whether the blue "perchromic acid" formed in this reaction has any characteristic oxidation potential higher than that of dichromate. No such level has been recorded ; the potential which was initially 824 mv. rose slightly to 840 mv. during the titration variations of f9 mv. being attributed to the evolution of gaseous oxygen near the electrode.Under these conditions the blue colour was stable for several minutes yet no appreciable change of potential was observed from the immediate addition of the dichromate until the disappearance of the blue colour. At the end of the titration which corresponded exactly with the equation K,Cr,O + 4 H2S04+ 3 H202=K,SO + Cr,(SO,) + 7H,O + 302 the potential rose sharply to the dichromate level. The absence of a characteristic potential for the blue compound is perhaps not surprising since the formation of "perchromic acid" is irreversible in the sense that whilst the compound is formed by the oxidation of dichromate ions on decomposition it apparently passes directly to Cr"' ions. Again it is unlikely that the blue compound will play an appreciable part in an electrode reaction if Schwarz and Giese's view that it is a non-electrolyte of composition CrO, be correct.NEW ASPECTS OF THE BIOCHEMISTRY OF SULPHUR WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SEAWEED By FREDERICK Ph.D. D.Sc. F.R.I.C. CHALLENGER [Liverpool and North-Western Counties Section 10 April 1947.1 P. Haas showed in 1935 that on exposure to air the marine algae PoZysz9honia fastigiata and P. nigrestens evolve dimethyl sulphide. On the assumption that the sulphide is eliminated from some more complex precursor the isolation of this compound was attempted. [. 1703 The alga plucked from its host (Ascophyllum tzodosuun) was left in alcohol for 3 weeks and the extract concentrated to a syrup which yielded a solid on trituration with alcohol.This on treatment with cold sodium hydroxide evolved dimethyl sulphide which was characterised as the mercurichloride. It gave a precipitate with aqueous ammonium reineckate. From this the reineckate ion was removed by addition of silver sulphate in acetone filtration and removal of sulphate by barium chloride. Evaporation of the filtrate at 40" gave a crude chloride which evolved dimethyl sulphide as before. This was converted directly or by way of the platinichloride to the picrate. Treatment of the carefully purified picrate with hydrochloric acid extraction with ether and evaporation as before gave the pure chloride C,H,,O,ClS on recrystallisation from alcohol. This was optically inactive evolved dimethyl sulphide with sodium hydroxide and could be reconverted to the picrate.The acidity of the chloride and the absence of reaction with 2 4-dinitrophenyl-hydrazine excluded such constitutions as (CH,) &(El).CH,COCH,OH or (CH,) :(el) .CHOHCH,CHO Two structural formulae appeared probable :-(A) (CH,) k(&)CH(CH,)COOH and (B) (CH,) k(&)CH,CH,COOH. The corresponding thetine bromides were prepared and converted to the picrates styphnates chlorides and platinichlorides. The results of analyses and mixed m.p. determinations clearly indicated that thc product from the seaweed is the chloride of dimethyl- 8-propiothetine or dimethyl- p-carboxyethylsulphonium chloride (B). This may occur in the seaweed as a more complex product possibly one containing a peptide link or an ester of a carbohydrate or a polyhydric alcohol.The anion of the complex may be a polysaccharide sulphate ion R-O-SO,.G-. Haas has shown that salts of polysaccharide sulphuric acids occur in seaweed. Hydrolysis of the complex may have occurred during concentration of the alcoholic extract. Only one instance of the isolation of a sulphonium compound from a natural product is recorded. Neuberg and Grosser state that the precursor of the diethyl sulphide evolved on warming the urine of dogs with alkali is methyldiethylsulphonium hydroxide which was isolated as a salt by precipitation with phosphotungstic acid and KBiI,; experimental details are very scanty. It is interesting to note that the methyl ester of S-methyl- ,9-thiolpropionic acid CH,SCHzCH,COOCH, has been isolated from pineapple juice.It is isomeric with the thetine anhydride (CH,LS.CH,CH,CdO corre-sponding to the chloride from P. fastigiata. The two compounds may be biologically related and may both be derived from methionine or from cysteine. Toennies has already suggested that sulphonium compounds e.g. derivatives of methionine may be found to play a part in biological processes. The behaviour of thc sulphonium chloride from the seaweed and other thetines in cultures of Scopulariofisis bvevicaulis is now being studied. The methylsulphonium iodide of methioninc +-(CH,),S(I)CH,CH,CH(NH,)COOHevolves dimethyl sulphide but no methyl mercaptan in cultures of this mould whereas methionine itself yields both these sulphur compounds.Furthermore the S-alkylcysteines RS.CH,CH (NH,)COOH (R = methyl ethyl and n-propyl) with S. brevicaulis give alkyl mercaptan RSH and alkyl methyl sulphide R.S.CH,. This fission of a carbon-sulphur link (which appears to be a new type of mycological action) would seem therefore not to be preceded by the formation of a sulphonium compound. Allyl isothiocyanate which occurs as a glucoside in the seeds of the black mustard may arise from methionine by a series of reactions proceeding somewhat as follows :-Demethylation CH,SCH,CH,CH (NH,) COOH + HS. CH,CH,CH (NHJ COOH CH, CHCH2NHZ + COa + H,S+ CH, CH.CH,N C S + 2HaO Smythe has demonstrated the enzymic elimination of hydrogen sulphide from cysteine. Allyl disulphide which occurs free or in combination in oil of garlic may also arise from homocystine :-[.S.CHZCH CH(NHZ)COOH]Z [.S.CH,CH CHJ + 2NH3 + 2COa.The suggested elimination of ammonia has a biological counterpart in the enzymic equilibrium existing between fumaric and a-aminosuccinic acids. EXAMINATIONS APRIL-MAY ABSTRACT OF THE REPORT OF THE BOARD OF EXAMINERS Examinations were held as under:- Entered Passed For the Associateship in General Chemistry. Examiners Dr. G. M. Bennett F.R.S. and Dr. T. G. Pearson. The examination was held at the University of London South Kensington and at the University of Leeds. Theoretical papers were taken also at various local centres. Theoretical papers 28 and 29 April; Practical work London-30 April to 3 May Leeds-15 to 18 April.103* 42 For the Fellowship. Examinations were held at the Institute and in the Labora- tories of the University of London South Kensington in the week commencing Monday 6 May 1947 unless otherwise stated. Branch C Organic Chemistry. Examiner Dr. G. M. Bennett F.R.S. .. .. .. 4 With special reference to High polymers. Examiner Dr. E. H. Farmer .. .. .. .. 1 With special ieference to Oils and Fats. Examiner Mr. W. H. Simmons . . .. .. .. 1 Branch E The Chemistry including Microscopy of Food and Drugs and of Water. Examiners Mr. G. Taylor and Dr. C. H. Hampshire . . 10 7 Branch F Agricultural Chemistry. Examiner Mr. R. 0. Davies. At University College Aberystwyth . . *. *. 1 1 Branch G Industrial Chemistry. General Examiner Mr.W. H. Cremer. With special reference to Petroleum. Examiner Professor F. H. Garner. At the University of Birmingham. Commencing 27 May 1947 .. .. .. .. 1 0 Branch H General Analytical Chemistry. Examiner Mr. H. N. Wilson .. .. .. .. 3 3 Special Examination in Textile Chemistry with particular reference to Cotton. Examiner Mr. F. Scholefield. At the College of Technology Manchester .. .. -1 1 c 125 67 * candidates failed to satisfy the Examiners in part only of the examination. EXAMINATION FOR THE ASSOCIATESHIP IN GENERAL CHEMISTRY MONDAY 28 APRIL 1947 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Answer FIVE questions only. Give formula and equations where possible.) 1. Write a concise comparative account of the chemistry of EITHER (a) the alkali metals OR (b)copper silver and gold.2. Explain the working and the principles determining the selection of indicators for acid-alkali titrations. Calculate the pH at the equivalence point of the titration of 0.1N sodium phenoxide with hydrochloric acid. The dissociation constant of phenol is is 1-2 x 10-lo. 3. Discuss the nature of "water of crystallisation." 4. Explain briefly the connection between the order and the mechanism of a chemical reaction. Derive the relationships between the initial concentration of the reactant molecules and the extent of reaction after the lapse of time t for first and second order reactions. Calculate the energy of activation for the formation of hydrogen sulphide from hydrogen and sulphur from the following data:- Temp."C. .. .. .. .. 280 290 301 322 337 Wt. H,S formed grams per sec. x 1O1O per C.C. of gaseous volume . . 2.77 5.49 11.47 44.23 150-2 In all experiments the closed reaction vessel contained the same initial weights of sulphur and hydrogen. The gas constant R = 1-986 cals. mole-' deg.-l. 5. Illustrate with a diagram and discuss the processes occurring in the several zones of EITHER (a)a blast furnace OR (b) a gas producer. 6. Discuss the principles underlying the separation of liquids by fractional distil- lation. 7. Classify and discuss EITHER (a)the hydrides of the elements OR (b)the carbides of the metals. 2 to 5 p.m. (Answer FIVE questions only. Give formula and equations where possible.) 1. Write an account of the principles that define the composition structure and properties of intermetallic compounds.2. Use the data tabulated below to derive relationships expressing the variation with temperature of (a)heat of reaction and (b)free energy of the reaction:- CaS + 3CaS0 +4CaO + 4S0,. Heat of Entropy Formation He at cafi acity s298 % Compound cals. mole-1 deg-1 cals. mole-' cals. mole-' deg-1 so2 59.2 -69,300 11.40+ 1.414*10-3T-2*045*1@T-' CaO 9-65 -151,700 10.00+4*840*10-3T-1*080* 1@T-' CaSO 25-9 -335,700 18.52+21*97*10-3T- 1*568*1@T-' CaS 13-5 -113,500 10*00+4*840*10-3T-1.080.105T-2 What are the values of (c) the equilibrium constant and (d)the partial pressure of sulphur dioxide at 1273' Abs. 3. Outline and indicate features of interest in the preparation and properties of THREE of the following:- (a) carbon suboxide.(d) the oxides of boron (b) sulphur monoxide (e) the oxides of selenium. (c) the oxides of bromine 4. Derive and discuss the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Test the validity of the isotherm using the following data referring to the adsorption of a gas on charcoal:- Pressure mm. .. .. .. 100 200 500 900 Gas adsorbed milligrams per gram. 1.57 1.96 2-30 2.42 6. EITHER:-(a) Describe by means of formulz equations and brief notes the processes used in qualitative analysis for the separation and identification of metals with sparingly soluble sulphides commenting briefly on features of practical interest. OR (b) Discuss the conditions influencing the quantitative separation of ions by precipitation.[ 173 1 6. Discuss with illustrative examples the factors affecting the occurrence and progress of photochemical reactions. 7. Indicate the origin nature and characteristics of the following :-Alpha-particle beta-particle positron proton meson neutron and neutrino. Define and indicate the significance of the “packing-fraction.” TUESDAY 29 APRIL 1947 10 am to 1 p.m. (Answer FOUR questions only. Give formule and equations where possible.) 1. State briefly how any FIVE of the following substances could be conveniently prepared in the laboratory ethyl alcohol and acetic acid being available as starting materials :-Methyldiethylcarbinol diethylacetic acid dichloroacetic acid methyl ethyl ketone sulphonal methylamine.2. Write a general account of the methods of reduction used in organic chemistry giving a specific example of the use of each method and indicating essential practical details. 3. What influence has a substituent in the benzene ring upon the ease of further substitution and the position of entry of the new substituent ? How may any FIVE of the following be prepared from simpler materials:- m-nitrotoluene m-bromoaniline p-bromobenzoic acid 2 4-dinitrobenzaldehyde p-dinitro- benzene s-trinitrobenzene ? 4. Describe and explain briefly the stereoisomerism shown by the following sub- stances :-(i) cyclohexane-1 4-dicarboxylic acid (ii) cyclopentane-1 3-dicarboxylic acid (iii) 1-methylcyclohexylidene-4-acetic acid (iv) trithioacetaldehyde (v) decahydro- naphthalene (decalin).5. Summarise the evidence which points to a pentahydroxyaldehyde structure for glucose. How was fructose proved to have a different structure? Explain why a cyclic formula was subsequently adopted for glucose and its simple derivatives and give the essential evidence proving that there are six atoms in the ring of normal glucose. 6. Write an account of the chemistry of EITHER naturally occurring amino-acids OR fats and waxes. 7. Discuss in detail the analytic& and synthetic evidence for the accepted structure of EITHER limonene OR papaverine. 2 to 3.30 p.m. Translation of French and German technical literature. [Onthis occasion the Practical Exercises were worked at two centres on diferent dates.Exercises marked (A) were set at th$rst centre and those marked (B)at the second.] (A) TUESDAY 15 APRIL 1947 10 a.m. to 4.30 P.m. 1 (I?) is a mixture of an acidic and a neutral substance. Using the standard alkali provrded determine the number of gram equivalents of the acid present in 1gram of (P). 2. Identify both components of (P):isolate a pure specimen of the neutral com- ponent prepare two crystalline derivatives from it and leave all your specimens each labelled with its name and m.p. or b.p. 3. Deduce the gravimetric composition of (P). [(P)= toluene and EITHER (A) WEDNESDAY 16 APRIL 1947 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. From the acetophenone provided prepare pure specimens of (a) the oxime and formic OR acetic acid.] (b) the semicarbazone.2. Examine the single substance (Q) with a view to its identification. Leave specimens of any substances you prepare each labelled with its name and m.p. or b.p. [(Q) = benzalaniline OR benzal-o-toluidine.] c 1741 (A) THURSDAY 17 APRII- 1947 10 a.m. to 4.30p.m. 1. The material (A) is a mixture of two compounds. Examine it with a view to (a) identifying the radicals present and (b) naming if possible the two compounds. [(A) = cryolite and EITHER magnesium phosphate OR zinc phosphate.] 2. Solution (B) contains strontium and barium chlorides. Determine the con-centration in grams per litre of (a) strontium and (b)barium in the solution using the method* prescribed below. (This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) (A) FRIDAY 18 APRIL 1947 10 a.m.to 4.30 9.m. 1. Identify the oxides (C) and (D). [(C) = molybdenum trioxide (D) = tellurium dioxide.] 2. Solution (E) contains the chloride and iodide of an alkali metal. Determine the concentration in grams per litre of chloride ion in the solution by the method* prescribed below. Solid silver nitrate and approx. 0.1N ammonium thiocyanate are provided. (B) WEDNESDAY 30 APRIL 1947 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. (R) is a mixture of a base and a neutral substance. Using the standard acid provided determine the number of gram equivalents of the base present in 1 gram of (R). 2. Identify both components of (R) and isolate a pure specimen of the base and of two crystalline derivatives of it. Leave specimens of all your preparations each labelled with its name and m.p.or b.p. 3. Deduce the gravimetric composition of (R). [(R) = ethylene glycol + aniline OR o-toluidine.] (B) THURSDAY 1 MAY 1947 10 a.m. fo 4.30 9.m. 1. From the or-naphthylamine provided prepare pure specimens of (a)the toluene- sulphonyl derivative and (b)the acetyl derivative. 2. Examine the single substance (S)with a view to its identification. Leave specimens of any substances you prepare each labelled with its name and m.p. or b.p. [(S) = benzyl benzoate OR butyl phthalate.] (B) FRIDAY 2 MAY 1947 10 a.m. to 4.30 9.m. 1. The material (F)is a mixture of two compounds. Examine it with a view to (a)identifying the radicals present and (b)naming if possible the two compounds. [(F)= magnesium ammonium phosphate and EITHER calcium borate OR strontium borate.] 2.Solution (G) contains iron chromium and manganese sulphates. Determine the concentration in grams per litre of (a)iron and (b)chromium by the methods* prescribed below. (This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) (B) SATURDAY 3 MAY 1947 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Identify the oxides (H) and (K). [(H) = vanadium pentoxide (K) = selenium dioxide.] 2. Solution (L) contains the bromide and iodide of an alkali metal. Determine the concentration in grams per litre of bromide ion in the solution by the method* prescribed below. Solid silver nitrate and approx. 0.1 N ammonium thiocyanate are provided. EXAMINATION FOR THE FELLOWSHIP Branch C Organic Chemistry MONDAY 6 MAY 1947 10 a.m. to 1 9.m.(THREE questions to be answered.) 1. Describe the chemical processes (apart from distillation) which are now available 2. Give an account of the discoveries of naturally occurring amino-acids since the for the production of useful aliphatic hydrocarbons. work of Emil Fischer. * Not reproduced. [ 175 I 3. Discuss the stereochemistry of (a)large rings and (b)reduced naphthalenes. 4. Show the value of oxidative degradation in the study of any one group of natural products 5. Give a method of preparation and explain the use as reagents of any FIVE of the following:-dinitrophenylhydrazine dimethyldihydroresorcinol phenylisocyanate dimethyl-glyoxime 8-hydroxyquinoline diphenylthiocarbazone picrolonic acid.6. Discuss the physical and chemical facts which led to the theory of mesomerism (resonance). Explain the bearing of this theory on (a)aromatic stability and (b)intense colour in organic substances. 2 to 5 P.m. (THREEquestions to be answered.) 1. Give an account of the chemistry of dichlorodiethyl sulphide and related substances. 2. Discuss the chemistry of EITHER chlorophyll OR the red and blue flower pigments. 3. Review the methods now available for the synthetic production of the naphtha- lene phenanthrene and other polycyclic hydrocarbon systems. 4. Discuss the relationship between pinene camphor and camphene and summarise the evidence for the structure of any ONE of them. 5. Give an account of the stereochemistry of the organic compounds of EITHER phosphorus OR arsenic.6. Describe the use which has been made of optical activity in the study of reaction mechanisms. TUESDAY 6 MAY 1947 10 a.m.to 5 p.m. 1. Determine the percentage of methoxyl in the compound (A). [(A) = p-dimethoxybenzene OR nitrodimethoxybenzene.] 2. Examine the substance (B) with a view to its identification. [(B) = p-nitro-benzeneazo-a-naphthol.] WEDNESDAY to FRIDAY 7 to 9 May 1947 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Examine the material (C) and report on its nature and approximate compo- sition. [(C) = trimethylene glycol + water.] 2. Identify the substance present in aqueous solution (D). [(D) = strychnine hydrochloride OR quinine dihydrochloride.] 3. From the pure ethyl acetate provided prepare a quantity of ethyl acetoacetate.From this prepare (a) phenylmethylpyrazolone and make small preparations of (b) the benzylidene derivative of (a) (c) the isonitroso-derivative of (a) (d) the benzeneazo-derivative of (a). Branch C Organic Chemistry with special reference to High Polymers MONDAY 5 MAY 1947 2 to 5 p.m. (FOUR questions ONLY to be answered.) 1. Describe the principal features of emulsion polymerisation illustrating your answer by reference to one or more practical examples of the process. 2. Discuss briefly the utility and theoretical basis of vulcanisation processes. Give an account of recent views concerning the mechanism of cross-linking by (a)organic peroxides and (b)short-wave light. 3. Write a short essay on EITHER “The polymerisation of ethylene” OR “The characteristics of a chain-reaction in polymer chemistry.” 4.Give a brief account of the origin constitution and characteristic properties of FOUR of the following (a) perspex (b) viscose (c) alkyd resins (d) G.R.S. rubber (e) polyvinyl chloride (f)cellulose nitrate. 5. Give an account of the employment of proteins OR of derivatives of acrylic acid 6. Discuss the chemistry of the thermal breakdown of natural rubber. in the formation of plastic materials. [Other papers and practical exercises as for Branch C Organic Chemistry above.] [ 176 3 Branch E The Chemistry including Microscopy of Food and Drugs and of Water MONDAY 5 MAY 1947 10 to 11.30 a.m. 1. In 1943 under the Defence (Sale of Food) Regulations power was conferred on the Minister of Food to make orders setting up standards for food and imposing require- ments with respect to food labels and advertisements.How does this affect any Section of the Food and Drugs Act 1938 and with what orders has this power been imple- mented by the Minister of Food ? Indicate briefly the scope of any such orders. 2. What is the present-day composition of Ice Cream? What is the purpose or purposes of heat treatment? Give your views on suitable standards for Ice Cream. 3. The results of analysis of a sample of purchased milk and of a sample of milk taken on "appeal-to-cow" from a corresponding milking of the cows 24 hours after the purchase are given below. What opinion would you form with respect to the pur- chased sample? Write out your report and observations on the accompanying certificate :-Purchased Appeal-to-Cow Sample Sample per cent.per cent. Total Milk Solids . . .. .. .. .. 10.44 11.60 Including :-Milk Fat .. .. .. .. .. .. 3.15 3.50 Milk Solids other than Milk Fat .. .. 7-29 8.10 Ash .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.67 0-74 Chlorine in Ash .. .. .. .. .. 0.12 0.13 Freezing Point (Hortvet) .. .. .. -0.486" C. -0.540" C. 11.30 a.m. to 1 p.m. (THREE questions ONLY to be answered.) 1 Discuss the uses in medicine of preparations of (a) Vitamin A (b) Vitamin D. Describe briefly how these preparations are standardised. 2. State briefly the principal actions and uses of (a)thiopentone (b) stilboestrol (c)thyroid (d)zinc oxide (e)digoxin.3. Give as complete an account as you can of the pharmacological actions and uses in medicine of EITHER atropine OR adrenaline. 4. Describe the principal features of chronic poisoning with (a) lead (b) arsenic. 2 to 5 p.m. (FOUR questions ONLY fo be answered.) 1. Give some account of the nature use and purpose in food industry of the following:-Soya-bean alginates semolina glyceryl mono-stearate gelatine. State how you would identify them in any food in which they are likely to be used. 2. A cooked meat pie is suspected of containing horse flesh. State how you would examine the meat. What quantitative value would you attach to your analytical results ? 3. Give a short account of the various methods used for the purpose of sterilising 4.Upon what standards would you rely for the purpose of determining the edibility 5. Several tons of haricot beans in one cwt. bags piled in a warehouse have been public water supplies. of a sample of dripping ? What relation exists between the several tests for rancidity ? taken from the hold of a ship which had been fumigated with hydrogen cyanide. The question arises as to a persistence of harmful amounts of cyanide in the beans. How would you take samples for analysis and what method of analysis would you use ? Can you suggest an approximately quantitative and rapid method for use on the spot? Would your method of analysis be affected if the beans were Rangoon beans instead of haricot beans ? TUESDAY 6 MAY 1947 10 a.m.to 5 p.m. 1. Determine the amount of iodine in the Iodised Salt (A). 2. Report on the sample of Olive Oil (B). (Thisexercise may be finished to-morrow.) [ 177 1 WEDNESDAY 7 MAY 1947 10 a.m. to A p.~. 1. Complete yesterday's exercise (2). 2. Determine the caffeine in the Coffee and Chicory Extract (C). THURSDAY 8 MAY 1947 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Examine the Chicken Ham and Tongue Paste (D) which has been taken from a tin in store for five years and report your opinion as to its suitability for human consumption. (When the tin was opened the lacquer was found to have been slightly attacked.) 2. Identify and determine the preservatives in the soft drink (E). (These exercises may be completed to-morrow.) FRIDAY 9 MAY 1947 10 a.m.to 6 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday's exercises. 2. Identify the specimens (F),(G) (H) and (I). 3. The sweetened Blancmange Powder is labelled as follows:- Sugar maize starch wheaten flour colour flavouring. Examine the powder and report whether it is in accord with the above statement on the label. SATURDAY 10 MAY 1947 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. (Reports on microscopical examinations must be accompanied by annotated sketches.) 1. Identify by microscopical examination the vegetable powders (A) (B) (C) and (D). ,I Examine them also for extraneous structures which would indicate added material. 2. Identify the poison in the stomach washings (E) and determine the amount present. 3. Identify the microscopical preparations (F),(G) (H) (I) (J) and (K).Branch F Agricultural Chemistry MONDAY 5 MAY 1947 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Answer FOUR questions only.) 1. Indicate the views held at present regarding the nature of the humus complex and discuss the experimental evidence on which they are based. 2. What is known regarding the state of combination and the availability to plants of phosphorus in (a) mineral phosphate (b)basic slag? Explain the changes that take place when phosphatic manures are applied to the soil. 3. Indicate the progress that has been made in the development of methods to determine the lime status of the soil and explain the principles.underlying modern methods. How does the interpretation of the results depend on field conditions? 4.Describe the characteristics of fertiliser materials containing not more than two plant nutrients in the manufacture of which ammonia is a raw material. Discuss any circumstances relating to the soil or the crop that have a bearing on their efficiency. 5. Briefly explain the influence of climatic factors in determining the characteristics of the more important soil groups. 6. Summarise the experimental work that has contributed to our knowledge of the part played by any two trace elements in plant nutrition. 2 to 5 l5.m. (Answev FOUR questions ONLY.) 1. Explain the nature of the nutrient losses incurred in making hay and indicate the extent to which these can be reduced by adopting other methods of preserving grass. Mention some of the essential factors on which the efficiency of the newer methods depends.2. Discuss the significance in animal nutrition of any three elements other than 3. Describe the changes that occur during the digestion and metabolism of carbo- calcium and phosphorus that are found in the ash of a feeding stuff. [ 178 1 hydrates and fats. 4. Write a short essay on the influence of manuring and management on the nutri- tive value of pastures. 5. Give a brief account of EITHER Kellner’s OR Armsby’s work on nutrition and state your views as to the usefulness and the limitations of feeding standards. 6. In the light of recent findings discuss the nutritive value in milk production of (a)one leguminous crop (b) one cruciferous crop both of which are grown in Britain.Make up a ration that includes quantities of these crops along with other feeding stuffs to meet the requirements of a cow weighing 1,100 lb. and producing daily 4 gallons of milk containing 3.4 per cent. fat. TUESDAY and WEDNESDAY 6 and 7 MAY 1947 10 a.m. to 5 P.m. each day. 1. Report on the nature composition and use of material (A). 2. Carry out a complete analysis of the feeding stuff (B) and give your opinion as to its value and possible use. (These exercises may be completed to-morrow.) THURSDAY and FRIDAY 8 and 9 MAY 1947 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Complete previous days’ exercises. 2. Identify the ingredients present in the compound fertiliser (C) and estimate two of the manurial constituents.3. Report on the sample (D) which has been offered as a liming material. Branch G Industrial Chemistry with special reference to Petroleum MONDAY 5 MAY 1947 10 a.m. to 1 9.m. (Question 1 to be answered and THREE others.) 1. Write an essay on the training of science graduateslfor works’ duties. 2. Give a general account of the types of equipment available nowadays for the movement of corrosive liquids. 3. Chemical resistance is only one factor of which account must be taken in selecting materials of construction. Indicate the limitations imposed by their physical properties in the cases of chemical lead and lead alloys silicon iron chemical stoneware and glass. Select a suitable material for :-(a) a heater for dilute sulphuric acid ; (b) equipment for dissolving copper/silver alloy in nitric acid; (c) lining for an acid pickling tank; storage and filtration of a solution of sodium sulphide.(d) 4. Describe the routine arrangements which a Works Fuel Efficiency Officer should make to examine the supply of coal coke and gas used in a factory. Indicate the major items of equipment you would specify for a fuel laboratory. 5. Discuss the factors which must be considered when deciding upon the site for 6. Describe giving simple freehand sketches wherever possible the principles of a new chemical works. operation of THREE of the following items of equipment :-(a) a water injector for use on a small steam boiler; (b) a dial indicating meter for measurement of gas flow ; a recording pressure guage; [?) some form of thermostatic controller for an electrically heated oven.2 to 5 p.m. (FOUR questions to be attempted.) 1. Write a brief history of the development of catalytic cracking including an 2. Discuss methods available for increasing the yield of kerosine from a crude 3. Give a description of the various methods used for the determination of viscosity account of the fluid catalytic process with a line diagram of the plant used. petroleum including the conversion of higher boiling and residual products. C 179 1 of petroleum products. Describe the particular importance of viscosity in assessing the value and utilisation of the most important primary petroleum products.4. Write an essay on knocking in the spark ignition engine. 5. Give a description of the importance of sulphur content in the various primary petroleum products and the processes available to reduce the sulphur content to the required specification limits. 6. Describe briefly the following tests and their significance in assessing the value of petroleum products :-(a) aniline point; (b) calorific value; (c) pour point; (d) cetane number. TUESDAY to THURSDAY 27 to 29 MAY inclusive 10 a.m. to 5 P.m. each day. 1. From the given crude petroleum estimate the yields of petrol of No. 1 quality, diesel fuel for high speed engines and residual fuel suitable for marine fuel.Prepare specimens of each. 2. Carry out the necessary tests on the given sample of kerosine to determine its suitability for use as illuminating oil. Branch H General Analytical Chemistry MONDAY 5 MAY 1947 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (A%sw&’FOUR qut?StiOnS.) 1. Explain Bronsted’s theory of acids and bases and discuss the titration of acids or bases in non-aqueous media. 2. Give a critical account of modern methods for the determination of (a)halogens (b) sulphur in organic compounds. 3. Write an essay on analytical separations based on the volatility of elements or their compounds discussing more fully the process of separation and subsequent determination of three of these elements. 4. Describe recent improvements in the design and operation of laboratory frac- tionating columns.6. Discuss the theory of potentiometric titrations and include a detailed description of two typical examples. 6. Account for the behaviour of salts of zinc manganese and cobalt when they react with sulphuretted hydrogen in solutions of various pH values. Discuss also the solubility of the sulphides in acids. 7. Explain briefly how you would determine FIVE of the following:-small quantities of thiophen in benzol; $9 $9 9) mercaptans in petrol; Y9 9) 99 carbon disulphide in petrol; ¶¶ $3 39 naphthol in naphthalene; ethanol (say 10 per cent.) in methanol; formic acid (say 1 per cent.) in acetic acid; peroxides (traces) in ether. 2 to 6 P.m. (Answer FOUR questions.) 1. Write an essay on the principles of sampling and critically discuss the sampling of large consignments of a heterogeneous solid such as coal.Indicate the arrangements you would make for the sampling (and preparation of the final samples for analysis) of say 2,000 to 3,000 tons of coal (or other solid) per day. (The coal is arriving from several sources). 2. Explain how you would take and analyse samples of water from a small river to prove whether or not it was being contaminated by the effluent from a tar distillery. I 1801 3. Describe (a) the accurate analysis and (b) a method of rapid proximate analysis of coal gas. In the latter case give your opinion as to the errors or bias likely to be inherent in this method. 4. Discuss the methods available for the examination of automobile or aero engine fuels (excluding engine tests).5. Write a brief account of the analytical chemistry of one of the following groups of elements :-(a) selenium and tellurium OR (b) gallium and germanium OR (c) titanium tantalum and niobium. 6. Briefly discuss the chemistry and properties of the heteropoly-acids and their analytical applications. 7. Describe the accurate determination of EITHER (a) the density OR (b) the re- fractive index of liquids. Indicate sources of error the precision of the methods you describe and in the case of (b)explain the principles and construction of the apparatus used. TUESDAY 6 MAY 1947 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Identify the crude chemical marked (A) and determine its “strength.” Identify the chief contaminants and determine their amounts as far as time permits.[(A) = -95 per cent. hydroxylamine sulphate 5 per cent. ammonium sulphate traces of ferrous sulphate chromium sulphate free sulphuric acid and moisture.1 (This exercise must be completed to-day.) WEDNESDAY to FRIDAY 7 to 9 MAY 1947 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. EITHER Determine the o-cresol m-cresol and neutral oil content of the sample of cresylic acid marked (B). [(B)contained ca. 10 per cent. o-cresol 40 per cent. m-cresol and <O-5 per cent. neutral oils.] OR Determine the nature of the “additive” compounds present in the doped mineral lubricating oil marked (C). [(C) contained ca. 0.4 per cent. p-naphthol and 3 per cent. chlorinated hydrocarbons.] 2. EITHER: Make a complete analysis of the sample of crude arsenious oxide marked (D).[(D) = ca. 1 per cent. tungstic oxide 0.2 per cent. tellurous oxide 1 per cent. PbO ca. 2 per cent. sulphur 10 per cent. moisture 0.5 per cent. Fe,O, remainder AsPs.1 OR Make a complete analysis of the mineral marked (E). [(E) = beryl.] Textile Chemistry with special reference to Cotton MONDAY 5 MAY 1947 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Not more than FOUR questions to be attempted.) 1. Describe the structure of the cotton fibre and show how the behaviour of cotton on mercerising with and without tension can be explained by reference to this structure. 2. Outline the views of Speakman on the nature of the phenomena occurring in the felting of wool fibres and describe recent investigations which appear to throw light on this subject.3. Discuss the significance of (a) the temperature of the dyebath (b) the salt concentration of the dyebath (c) the time of half dyeing for the take-up of direct cotton dye from solution by cellulosic material. 4. Give an account of modern developments in the application of vat dyes to cotton 5. Outline the evidence in favour of the modern view of the constitution of cellulose. cloth. What adverse criticisms may be offered of the validity of the structure suggested? 6. Suggest a scheme for the identification of synthetic resin finishes on cellulosic materials. [ 181 I 2 to 5 p.m. (Not more than FOUR questions to be attempted 1. What are the constituents of raw cotton? Discuss the methods available for the elimination of the non-fibrous substances having particular regard to the chemical changes involved.2. Describe the interactions of formaldehyde with cellulose and show how these have been used to obtain improvements in the properties of some fibrous materials. 3. Write a short essay on the value of viscosity measurements in determining the degree of degradation of cellulosic materials. 4. Give some account of recent applications of organic chemistry to the production of man-made fibres characterised by (a) low moisture absorption (b) resistance to light and atmosphere (c) elastic properties. 5. Discuss the influence of hydrogen ion concentration on the oxidising power of solutions of (a) hypochlorites (b) hydrogen peroxide.From the data you supply attempt to deduce the mode of action of each of these oxidising agents. 6. Discuss the available evidence relating to the various ways in which water can be taken up by cellulosic materials. TUESDAY to FRIDAY 6 to 9 MAY 1947 10 a.m. to 5 P.m. each day. 1. Using a viscosity method determine the approximate degree of degradation of the viscose rayon sample (A). 2. Establish the cause of the defect in the cotton stocking (B). 3. Report on the fibres and dyes used to produce the fabric (C). 4. Identify the surface active agent present in solution (D) and determine the concentration of the solution. 6. Examine the substance (E) and report upon its suitability for bleaching cellulosic materials.REPORT Examination for the Associateship Inorganic and Physical Chemistry. Candidates gave some excellent answers to Q. 1 Paper 1 but an appreciable number ignored the qualifying adjectives “concise” and “comparative.” It is important that candidates should appreciate that questions are carefully worded to bring out a particu- lar aspect of a theme and that credit is lost by those who do not answer to the point. Ina few extreme cases four pages were devoted to a detailed description of the extraction and refining of the elements and only twoor three lines to comparing the properties of the elements and their compounds. The answers to Q. 2 illustrated two other common weaknesses. There were few correct answers to the calculation.This inability to tackle elementary calculations was evident also in the answers to Q. 4 Paper 1 and Q. 2 and Q. 4 Paper 2. Attention was drawn to this in the Examiners’ Report on the Associateship Examination held in September 1946 and the point should receive serious consideration by teachers and students. It is difficult to believe that a student has understood a physical theme if he is unable to solve a simple rider calling for little more than the substitution of numerical data in a piece of book work. The second weakness showed itself in the drawings of the titration curves which were included in most candidates’ answers. It is recognised that freehand sketches and graphs are often adequate illustrations in an examination paper but however rough the drawing essential features must be evident.In the answer under discussion the position of the inflexions and the commencement and the conclusion of the curves often occupied quite arbitrary positions which did not serve to illustrate the essential chacteristics of the curves. The answers to Q.3 were satisfactory although a few candidates wandered from the point by giving a detailed application of the phase rule to water-salt systems without even referring to the relationship between the structure and the behaviour of the hy- drates. [ 182 I In answering Q. 4 a surprising number of candidates confused the order of a reaction with the molecularity. Most candidates derived the relationship between the initial concentration of the reactant molecules and the extent of reaction after the lapse of time for first and second order reactions but it was evident that many did not under- stand what they were doing in integrating the expressions for reaction rate.Few candidates successfully calculated the energy of activation for the formation of hydrogen sulphide. Q. 5 Q. 6 and Q. 7were well answered but few candidates understood the function of steam in the ordinary gas producer (Q. 5). Q. 7 (a)dealing with hydrides was more popular than 7 (b) dealing with the carbides. Several answers were unbalanced. In a typical case three-quarters of the answer concerned the hydrides of boron and silicon the remaining quarter being devoted to a cursory survey of the salt-like volatile and other hydrides of more than 30 elements.A number of candidates answered Q. 1 Paper 2 by giving either a general account of complex salts or by giving a full description of the application of the phase rule to binary equilibrium diagrams. Q. 2 was unpopular. It was admittedly rather tedious arithmetically but was a simple numerical version of standard book work and in no sense a problem. It was surprising to find that of those who attempted it only a few appeared to know how to proceed from the standard free energy at room temperature to that at any other temperature. Q. 3 was well answered. Most candidates successfully derived the isotherm called for in Q. 4 but few appeared to know how to use the equation to test the data provided.The contents of the answers to Q. 5 (a)and (b) were excellent but although Q. 5 (a) was expressly worded “describe by means of formulae equations and brief notes,” many answers were volubly descriptive and contained only a few formulae and equations per quarto page. Candidates thus left themselves short of time. Answers to Q. 6 and Q. 7 were generally good. Alpha- and beta- particles were occasionally confused. The most prevalent fault was lack of knowledge of the origin of the various particles. Most candidates appeared to regard the “meson” and “neutrino” as figments of a physicist’s imagination but were unable to suggest why the imagination had been exercised. “Packing fraction,’] although obviously understood by the majority of the candidates was frequently loosely defined In the practical examination the qualitative exercises were well done but some reports were marred by the absence of inferences drawn from observations until a stage was reached when the candidate had finally made up his mind as to the nature of the radical.In a few cases the reports even lacked a summarising statement. Manipulative parts of the quantitative exercises were on the whole good but there was the usual prevalence of arithmetical errors in calculating the results. Organic Chemistry. In the organic paper there was a tendency for candidates to choose the more elemen- tary questions and many showed weakness in dealing with the more advanced subjects. In answering Q. 1 several candidates failed to give methods of preparation which would be practically convenient.Few were aware that dichloroacetic acid is best obtained from chloral. In describing methods of reduction in Q. 2 the answers were often good but insufficient attention was paid to catalytic and electrolytic methods. Hammick and Illingworth’s rule was quoted appropriately in Q. 3 but usually without mention of the over-riding effects of positive or negative free poles. In the question on stereochemistry a number of candidates showed an imperfect understanding of the puckering of rings. In writing on amino-acids most candidates were content to mention the simpler members of the group and ignored the very important substances such as tryptophan histidine and thyroxine. The evidence given for the structure of limonene and papaverine was usually in- complete.This should include evidence as to the structure of the main degradation products. A number of candidates were under the misapprehension that dipentene itself can be resolved into optically active forms. ‘Ihe practical work was on the whole fairly well done. Examinations for the Fellowship Branch E The Chemistry including Microscopy of Food and Drugs and of Water. The written work on the whole was well done. Attention must be drawn however to the necessity for careful consideration of the questions before answering. For c 1831 instance the evidence of abnormality afforded by the ratio of chlorine to ash in the analytical data for the “Appeal to Cow’’ sample of milk was frequently overlooked.Again the candidates were asked for their personal views on suitable standards for ice cream but many quoted the views of various associations. The method of reporting that the purchased sample of milk contained added water was sometimes poor. Where an official standard is in existence it is desirable to quote this standard as the basis of an opinion. In the practical work there was lack of recognition that an opinion on the edibility of a tinned meat paste which had been in store for so long a period as five years depended on more than an examination for metallic contamination. Although the candidates were informed that the bacterial condition of the paste was satisfactory only a few appeared to consider the possibility that breakdown of the fat or protein might render the paste sufficiently objectionable in taste or character as to be in fact inedible.The microscopical work was fairly good but the detection of wheat starch in the presence of rye starch proved to be difficult. Therapeutics Pharmacology and Microscopy. It is pleasing to report that the general level of the work done by those candidates who passed was unusually high. Branch H General Analytical Chemistry. Candidates are beginning to appreciate that they are expected to show a very considerable knowledge of analytical chemistry and it is pleasing to be able to report that the candidates did better than is usual in this examination. They were all com- mendably familiar with recent literature although there was some lack of the critical attitude and a tendency to believe that because the latest text-book mentions a par-ticular method that is the method in general use.The practical work on the whole was well done. PASS LIST Examination in General Chemistry for the A ssociateship Aldous Howard B.Sc. (Lond.) Northern Polytechnic London. Ashley Michael George University and College of Technology Leeds and Central Technical College Birmingham. Bentley Alan Bertram Central Technical College Birmingham. Bernstein Alexander B.Sc. (Lond.) Northern Polytechnic and West Ham Municipal College London. Bickerton James Roy College of Technology Manchester and Royal Technical College Salford. Bowes Emmerson City Technical College Liverpool. Bulley James Arthur University College Exeter.Chapman John Stocker University College Nottingham and Technical College Derby. Clarke Douglas William West Ham Municipal College London. Coulson Roland Edwin Merchant Venturers’ Technical College Bristol. Crowder Frank College of Technology Manchester and Battersea Polytechnic London. Edmondson Thomas College of Technology Manchester and Wigan and District Mining and Technical College. D’Eye Royston Walter Mastin B.Sc. (Lond.) Northern Polytechnic London. Gascoigne John Alan B.Sc. (Lond.) Central Technical College Birmingham. Gumb John Technical College Chesterfield. Hagger Michael James B.Sc. (Lond.) S.E. Essex Technical College Dagenham. Hampson Basil Lockwood The Polytechnic Regent Street London. Harris Frederick John Central Technical College Birmingham.Holleyman Wilfred Frank Battersea Polytechnic London. Hughes John Theodore Sir John Cass Technical Institute London Technical College Paisley Royal Technical College Glasgow and Woolwich Polytechnic. Kyle Thom Ian Heriot-Watt College Edinburgh. Langley Kenneth Geoffrey B.Sc. (Lond.) Imperial College and Northern Polytechnic London. Martin Miss Elizabeth Stockport College for Further Education. Moxley Geoffrey Owen Municipal Technical College Hull. Pillinger Douglas Stephen Merchant Venturers’ Technical College Bristol. Reed Stuart Austin Municipal Technical College Hull. Riley Cyril James B.Sc. (Lond.) S.E. Essex Technical College Dagenham. Robinson Gordon Arthur Norgate B.Sc. (Lond.) Woolwich Polytechnic. Robinson John Municipal Technical Coliege Hull.[ 184 1 Sawyer Albert Edward Municipal Technical College Widnes. Scott Raymond Peter William Woolwich Polytechnic. Sidlow Richard City Technical College Liverpool. Silk Stanley Joseph Central Technical College Birmingham. Sleight John Philip University College and Municipal Technical College Hull. Stephenson Miss Mary Gertrude B.Sc. (Lond.) University College London Bridgend Mining and Technical Institute and the Polytechnic Regent Street London. Teale Francis William John University and Central Technical College Birmingham. Thompson Samuel Arthur Merlin Storey Institute Lancaster Harris Institute Preston and University of Bristol. Thornton Arthur Royal Technical College Salford. Vernon Kenneth Stanley College of Technology Manchester.Williams Hugh Thomas Royal Technical College Glasgow. Williams Sidney Denbighshire Technical Institute Wrexham. Wray John Clifford University College Hull. Examinations for the Fellowship In Branch C Organic Chemistry Felstead Donald Robert William. In Branch C Organic Chemistry with special reference to High Polymers Duddington Jack Ernest. In Branch C Organic Chemistry with special reference to Oils and Fats Bloomfield Kenneth Vincent B.Sc. (Lond.). In Branch E The Chemistry including Microscopy of Food and Drugs and of Water Chamberlin Miss Lilian Marjorie B.Sc. (Lond.). Forder Bernard Arterton B.Sc. (Lond.). Kerr Albert Edison B.Sc. (Lond.). Mallows John Henry F.R.I.C. Pearson David BSc. (Lond.). Read Malcolm George BSc.(Lond.). Williams Edward Arthur B.Sc. (Birm.). In Branch F Agricultural Chemistry Pawson Eric B.Sc. (Lond.). In Branch H General Analytical Chemistry Brewer Philip Ingram B.Sc. (Lond.). Daniels Philip Hervey. McManus Kenneth Stuart. Special Examination in Textile Chemistry with sfiecial reference to Cotton Oldham Leslie William. BOOKS AND THEIR CONTENTS Tests of Instruments for the Determination Indication or Recording of the Specific Gravities of Gases. F. A. Smith J. H. Eiseman and E. C. Creitz. (National Bureau of Standards Miscellaneous Publication M177.) Pp. 143. (Washington Superin- tendent of Documents U.S. Government Printing Office 1947.) $1.00. Preface. Introduction. Equipment; plan of the tests; results of tests of in-dividual instruments; discussion.Modern Cereal Chemistry. (Fourth Edition.) D. W. Kent-Jones and A. J. Amos. Pp. vii+652. (Liverpool The Northern Publishing Co. Ltd. 1947.) 50s. net. Composition of wheat and products of milling; principal wheats of the world; barley; rye oats maize rice soya and potato; some physico-chemical aspects of flour; flour strength; conditioning and the effect of heat on wheat and flour; composition of milled products; the technique and the chemistry of the baking process; bleaching and flour improvers; dough testing apparatus; use of wheat and flour for special purposes; nutritive value of cereals; cereal and balanced rations for livestock; the microbiology of cereals; moisture in cereals and cereal products; general analytical procedure for cereals; assay of vitamin content of cereals and cereal products.Bibliography. Subject index; index of authors’ names. E 185 1 Thorpe’s Dictionary of Applied Chemistry. Fourth edition revised and enlarged. Vol. VIII. Methal-Oils Essential. Pp. viii + 680. (London New York and Toronto Longmans Green & Co. 1947.) 80s. net. Physikalische Chemie. Werner Kuhn. Yp. xii + 374. (Base1 Wepf & Co. 1947). Fr. 15. Einfuhrung; Vorlaufiges iiber den Einfluss der Temperatur auf physikalisch-chemische Systeme; Energieprinzip (Erster Hauptsatz der Warmetheorie) ; Zweiter Hauptsatz der Warmetheorie; Bestimmung von A, bei chemischen Reaktionen; Verdunnte Losungen; Elektrolyte; Abhangigkeit chemischer Gleichgewichte von der Temperatur; Warmetheorem von Nernst; Die Geschwindigkeit chemischer Reaktionen und ihre molekulartheoretische Deutung Photochemie; Oberflachen- spannung; Kolloide; Nachtrag; Sachregister.Inorganic Chemistry Modern Advances in. E. B. Maxted. Pp. vi + 296. (Oxford The Clarendon Press 1947.) 20s net. Physical introduction; hydrogen and its isotopes; recent chemistry of the halogens; hafnium; masurium and rhenium some reactions in discharge tubes; the preparation and uses of artificial radioactive elements; uranium and the transuranic elements. Tabular appendix. Name and subject indexes. Dissociation Energies and Spectra of Diatomic Molecules. A. G. Gaydon. Pp. 240. (London :Chapman & Hall Ltd. 1947.) 25s. net. Preface. Introduction. Introduction to the theory of atomic and molecular spectra ; potential energy curves; correlations between atomic and molecular states the non-crossing rule; continuous spectra and convergence limits photo- dissociation; the Birge-Spooner extrapolation; predissociation; electron impact methods; thermal and thermochemical methods the dissociation energies of N, N,+ and NO; the energies of dissociation of CO CO+ CN C,N, the heat of sublima- tion of carbon; miscellaneous subjects; the dissociation energies of diatomic molecules numerical values.Appendix I Some low-lying atomic energy terms. Appendix I1 Atomic heats of formation of some polyatomic molecules. References. Author index. Subject index with definitions of symbols and values of physical constants.Aluminium and its Alloys Analysis of. Chemical Colorimetric and Photometric Methods. Pp. 197. (London The British Aluminium Company Ltd. 1947.) Introduction. Foreword. Sampling of metal; reagents statistical treatment of analytical data; colorimetric and absorptiometric methods and technique; indi- vidual determinations; schemes of analysis; special analyses; spot tests. References. THE REGISTER New Fellows Davies Cyril Brynmor M.A. Ph.D. Tiplady George M.Sc. (Leeds), (Cantab.). A.M.Inst. Gas E. Hampson George Charlesworth M.A. B.Sc. D.Phi1. (Oxon.). Associates Elected to the Fellowship Barton James MSc. (Manc.). McManus Kenneth Stuart. Bloomfield Kenneth Vincent B.Sc. Meldrum Robert Scott. (Lond.). Moore Quintin B.Sc. Ph.D. (Glasgow) Brewer Philip Ingram B.Sc.(Lond.). A.R.T.C. Cochrane Colin Galbraith B.Sc. (Lond.) Oldham Leslie William. A.H. -W.C. Pawson Eric B.Sc. (Lond.). Daniels Philip Hervey. Peden William B.Sc. (Glasgow). Duddington Jack Ernest. Pollard. William. Goodwin Trevor Walworth M.Sc. (Liv.). Priestley Leonard Powell B.Sc. (Lond.). Harrington Thomas B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.). Read Malcolm George B.Sc. (Lond.). Hatt. Harold Herbert B.Sc. Ph.D. Rickard Harold George B.Sc. (Lond.). (Lond.) F.A.C.I. Ridge Dudley M.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.). Hills George Mason M.A. B.Sc (Oxon.). Scholtz Jacobus Hugo B.Sc. (Cape) Kerr Albert Edison B.Sc. (Lond.). Ph.D. (Sheffield). Knight Arthur Reginald B.Sc. (Lond.) Shapiro Uriel George L.en.Sc.Ch. X.R.C.S. F.T.I. (Brussels) Ph.D. (Lond.). [ 186 1 Tatner Gilbert Henry M.Sc.(Leeds). Taylor Edward Albert B.Sc. (Lond.). Town ' Bernard William B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. D.I.C. Vatchagandhy Jal Sorabji B.Sc. (Bom- bay) M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.). White Arthur Southan B.Sc. (Lond.), M.I .Chem.E. Williams Edward Arthur B.Sc. (Birm.). Wilson John Shevlin MSc. (Liv.), F.C.I.P.A. Woodhouse Dennis Leyton M.Sc. Ph.D. (Birm.). New Associates Aldous Howard B.Sc. (Lond.). Alles Buddhiwimala Jinapala Pemada B.Sc. (Ceylon) B.Sc. (Lond.). Angus John B.Sc. (Glasgow). Annison Ernest Frank B.Sc. (Lond.). Ashley Michael George M.P.S. Ph.C. Bassil Gerald Torkington B.Sc. (Manc.) . Benham Reginald Robert. Bentley Alan Bertram Bernstein Alexander BSc. (Lond.). Bickerton James Roy.Billett Frank Summers B.Sc. (Lond.). Bowes Emmerson. Bulley James Arthur. Cajdow Robert Grier B.Sc. (Glasgow). Cammelli Ivan B.Sc. (Glasgow). Chapman John Stocker. Charton Cyril Bradbury B.Sc. (Lond.). Charlton Philip Thomas B.Sc. Ph.D. (Leeds). Clarke Douglas William. Coates Eric B.A. (Oxon.) Corbett Philip Frederick B.Sc. (Lond.). Coulson Roland Edwin. Cripps Raymond William B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. Crowder Frank. Cuthill James Caithness B.Sc. (Aberdeen) D'Eye Royston Walter Mastin B.Sc. (Lond.) . Dickson Donald Harold Wauchope R.Sc. (Q.U.B.). Edmondson Thomas. Ellison Leonard B.Sc. (Dunelm). Filby Frederick Arthur M.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.). Forward Milton Vaughan B.Sc. (Wales). Gascoigne John Alan B.Sc.(Lond.). Griffin Gerald Joseph Louis B.Sc. (Lond.). Griffiths Joseph John B.Sc. (Manc.). Gripp Vincent Ernest BSc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. Grossmith Frederick B.Sc. (Liv.). Gumb John. Hampson Basil Lockwood. Harris Frederick John. Harrison Reuel B.Sc. (Manc.). Holleyman Wilfred Frank. Howard Bernard Hugh B.Sc. (Manc.). Howcroft Joseph Wallace B.Sc. (Lond.) . Hughes John Theodore. Jardine John Lauder B.Sc. (Glasgow). Jogarao Akundi B.A. (Andhra) M.Sc. (B.H.U.). Jones Idris Lloyd B.Sc. (Wales). Kearney Kevin Joseph A.A.C.T. Kyle Thom Ian. Leong Peng Chong Ph.D. (Cantab.). Levy Sydney Lionel B.Sc. Tech. (Manc.). 1-owe John Anthony BSc. (Lond.). Mandeno John Leighton M.Sc. (N.Z.). Martin Miss Elizabeth. McDonnell Dermot Joseph Martin M.Sc.(N.U.I.). McGillivray Roy B.Sc. (Glasgow) . Morgan Ebenezer Powell M.Sc. (S.A.). Morrison Mrs. Marjorie Isabel B.Sc. (Birm.). Mulholland Thomas Patrick Cunning-ham,MSc. (Manc.). Newbold Geoffrey Tattersall MSc. Ph.D. (Manc.). Oxley Peter M.A. B.Sc. (Oxon.). Pillinger Douglas Stephen. Preuveneers Jean Cecil B.Sc. (Lond.). Ramanujam Srinivasa M.A. (Calcutta). Richards William John B.Sc. (Wales). Riley Cyril James B.Sc. (Lond.). Robinson Gordon Arthur Norgate B.Sc. (Lond.) . Robinson John. Sansom Harold Ernest B.Sc. (Lond.). Sawyer Albert Edward Shaw Bernard B.Sc. (Lond.). Shaw Kenneth 6.Sc. (Bris.). Silk Stanley Joseph. Smith Frederick Randall B.Sc. Ph.D. (Edin.). Smock George Ernest Henry.Stein Walter Edward D.Sc. (Prague). Stephenson Miss Mary Gertrude BSc. (Lond.) . Stewart Eric Theal MSc. Ph.D. (Cape). Sykes Peter Willerton B.A. (Oxon.). Taylor John Roberts BSc. (Lond.). Teale Francis William John. Thompson Samuel Arthur Merlin. Thorne Noel B.Sc. (Wales). Thornton Arthur. Thornton John Desmond B.Sc. (Leeds). Vasa Babu Chandulal B.Sc. (Bombay) B.Sc. (Manc.). Vernon Kenneth Stanley. Walker Arthur Dawson B.Sc. (St. Andrews). Walters William David B.Sc. (Lond.). Weatherston Matthew BSc. (Lond.). Willey John Alan B.Sc. (Dunelm). Williams Hugh Thomas. Williams Sidney. Withers George B.Sc. (Lond.). TS'oodward Ronald Newall. New Students Andrews David Arthur. Heggie Robert Murray. Asgill Leslie Granville Sawyerr.Howard Peter. Ault Joseph Leslie. Husbands Alfred Newton. Benson John. Jones John Dove Butland Victor Leonard. J ones Leonard. Butler David Stuart Gordon. Jones Merfyn. Butlin John Graham. Jude Colin. Coles John Alexander. Kenyon Albert Raymond. Daglish Anthony Fenwick. Lees Kenneth Arthur Ph.C. Etheridge Geoffrey. Muggleton David Fisher. Fairbairn Thomas William. Revai Miss June Veronica. Fearn Raymond Joseph. Royal Joseph Henry Lindsey. Fincham Christopher Joseph Barry. Sutton William Ernest. .Fishpool James Kenneth. Symes Bruce Mayne. Friend Maurice Temple. Valentine Miss Joyce Dorothy. Griffiths Dennis Frederick. Whittaker Kenneth. Hammond Charles Victor. Woodroofe Robert Lionel. DEATHS Fellows Hector Robert Adam B.Sc.(Aberdeen). Edgar Philip Perman D.Sc. (Lond.). Betram Ernest Houlder. John Braithwaite Robertson M.A. B.Sc. George Newbery B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. Ph.D. (Edin.). D.I.C. Paul Hannay Symons MSc. (S.A.). Percy Parrish. Associates William Hill B.Sc. (Glas.). Leonore Pearson M.Sc. (Manc.) (Mrs.). David McCreath B.Sc. Ph.D. (Glas.). George Thomas Purves. Leslie George Brett Parsons B.Sc. Ph.D. Herbert Procter Smith. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. D.I.C. Greatrex Johnson Woods. OBITUARY RICHARD JOHN CARTERdied on 12 May 1947 in his 70th year. Educated at Wyggeston Boys’ School Leicester he proceeded to Christ Church Oxford in 1896 where he studied under Vernon Harcourt and graduated in the Final Honours School of Natural Sciences in 1900.In that year he was appointed Senior Science Master at the Royal Grammar School Worcester and for some years held the post jointly with that of lecturer at the Victoria Institute Worcester. He retired from his position at the Royal Grammar School in 1942. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1901 and a Fellow in 1910. WILLIAMHILL died on 29 April 1947 in his 45th year. He was educated at Hamilton Academy and entered the University of Glasgow in 1921 where he graduated with 2nd class honours in applied chemistry in 1925. After spending one year at the Royal Technical College Glasgow he proceeded to the Training Centre for Teachers at Jordanhill. In 1926 he was appointed Master of Science and Mathematics at Glencairn Public School Motherwell and taught subse- quently at West Coats H.G.School Cambuslang. For the past ten years he was Resident Headmaster at Baillieston Public School Glasgow. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1927. GOWLAND SIR FREDERICK HOPKINS died on 16 May 1947 in his 86th year. He began his scientific education at the Royal School of Mines and became private assistant to Dr. Percy Faraday Frankland. After attending lectures at University College he obtained his first professional qualification by passing the examination for the Associateship of the Institute in 1883. In 1888 he joined the medical school at Guy’s Hospital and was elected the first Sir William Gull research student. He obtained his M.B. in the University of London in 1894 and the M.R.C.S.and L.R.C.P. 188 1 diplomas in the same year. In 1896 he was a prime mover in the formation of the Clinical Research Association. Sir Michael Foster persuaded him to join his department at Cambridge in 1898 to develop teaching and research on the chemical aspects of physiology; he also became supervisor of medical students at Emmanuel College. The isolation and identification in collaboration with S. W. Cole of tryptophan in 1901 was the first of the long series of discoveries for which he became famous. A University Readership in Chemical Physiology was created for him in 1901 and enabled him to continue the researches which led up to the announcement in 1906 of the dietary accessory factors (vitamins). Meanwhile he had graduated M.A. (Cantab.) D.Sc.(London) and had been elected F.R.C.P. and admitted to the Fellowship of the Royal Society. In 1910 he was elected Praelector in Physiological Chemistry and Fellow of Trinity College and in the following year an Honorary Fellow of Emmanuel. A Professorship of Biochemistry followed in 1914 and in 1921 Hopkins was appointed the first Sir William Dunn Professor of that subject from which appointment he retired in 1943. At one time one of the Official Analysts to the Home Office Hopkins in his later years played a prominent part in the direction of State research. He was a member of the Medical Research Council until 1930 and a member of the Advisory Committee on Nutrition from 1931. He served also on the Agricultural Research Council and was Chairman of the Animal Diseases Committee of the Economic Advisory Council.With W. M. Fletcher he gave the Croonian lecture before the Royal Society in 1915. He received the Society’s Royal Medal in 1918 the Copley Medal in 1926 and was its President 1930-35. In 1913 he was President of the Physiology Section of the British Association and in 1933 was the Association’s President at the Leicester meeting. The Royal College of Physicians awarded him the Baly Medal in 1915; he was Cameron Prizeman of the University of Edinburgh in 1922 received the Society of Apothecaries Medal in 1928 and was awarded the Albert Medal of the Royal Society of Arts in 1924. In 1921 -he was Vice-president of the Chemical Society. He was frequently invited to lecture at foreign Universities.He received the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1929 dividing it with Dr. Eijkman of Utrecht. His public work was recognised by the conferment of a Knighthood in 1925 and the Order of Merit in 1935. Academic honours included Hon. D.Sc. Cambridge London Oxford Manchester Dublin Sheffield Glasgow Leeds Reading and Harvard; LL.D. Birmingham Aberdeen and St. Andrews; D. C. L. Durham; Hon. M.D. Louvain Brussels Budapest and Lausanne. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1883 and a Fellow in 1887. He served as an Examiner in Therapeutics Pharmacology and Microscopy 1905-6 and 1914-28 was a Member of Council 1909-12 and gave the Gluckstein Memorial Lecture in 1932. ARTHURPERCY HOSKINS died on 27 March 1947 in his 85th year. He was educated at Epsom Royal School and was subsequently appointed Senior Demonstrator and Research Chemist at St.Thomas’s Hospital London. In 1893 he joined the Belfast Corporation as Chemist in the Gas Department a position which he held until his retirement in 1932. During the years 1914 to 1918 he worked with the Ministry of Munitions. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1887. DAVIDMCCREATH died on 19 April 1947 in his 39th year. He received his scientific training at the University of Glasgow graduating B.Sc. with first class honours in chemistry in 1930. He was engaged as a research student in organic chemistry at the University until 1933 when he was awarded the degree of Ph.D. In the same year as Strang Steel Scholar of the University of Glasgow he proceeded to the University of Birmingham.In 1934 he became Research Chemist to Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. Dyestuffs Division at Blackley. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1933. GEORGENEWBERY died on 14 June 1947 in his 54th year. He was educated at the Brighton Hove and Sussex Grammar School proceeding to the.Roya1 College of Science in 1912. He obtained the degree of BSc. with first-class honours in 1915 and the diplomas of A.R.C.S. and D.I.C. In the same year he was gazetted Lieutenant General List for service on water purification plant and in 1916 was transferred to the Royal Engineers for similar service in France. In 1918 he relinquished his Commission on account of ill-health and was appointed Works Research Chemist with May & Baker Ltd..remaining with the Company until the time of his [ 189 1 death. He became successively Senior Research Chemist Assistant Director of Re- search and in 1943 Divisional Head of the section engaged in chemotherapeutic research. He was one of the two original representatives of the Company on the Research Panel of the Therapeutic Research Corporation of Great Britain and their representative on the Committee for Penicillin Synthesis organised by the Medical Research Council. He was the author of papers published in the Journal of the Chemical Society and the inventor of many processes for which patents were obtained. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1918 and a Fellow in 1944. PERCY died on 30 May 1947 in his 63rd year.PARRISH He received his scientific training at Dewsbury Technical School Huddersfield Technical College and the University of Leeds. In 1900 he became Chemist to J. Brown & Co. Ltd. of Dewsbury and in 1914 was appointed General Manager and Chemist to the Eaglescliffe Chemical Company’s Works in County Durham. The following year he joined the South Metropolitan Gas Company becoming manager of the am- monia and acid works at East Greenwich a position which he held at the time of his death. He was the author of The Design and Working of Ammonia Stills Sulphuric Acid Reaction Chambers Sulphuric Acid Concentration and (jointly) Artificial Fertilisers their Chemistry Manufacture and Application in addition to numerous papers con-tributed to the technical press.He was the inventor of several processes for which he held the patent rights. He was elected an Associate of -the Institute in 1918 and a Fellow in 1931. LESLIE GEORGE BRETTPARSONS died on 14 June 1947 in his 50th year. Educated at Ealing County School he entered the Royal College of Science in 1926 graduating B.Sc. and obtaining the A.R.C.S. diploma in 1928. After a year spent on research under Sir Jocelyn Thorpe he was appointed Research Chemist to the Inter- national Standard Electric Corporation. In 193 1 he became Senior Research Assistant on Coal to Professor W. A. Bone at the Imperial College under the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. In 1934 he obtained an appointment with Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd.at Billingham and in the same year was awarded the degree of Ph. D. of the University of London and the Diploma of the Imperial College of Science and Technology. During the late war he served with the Royal Artillery and was gazetted Captain. In 1944 he was released from the Army and returned to Imperial Chemical Industries for specialised work with Trimpell Ltd. at Morecambe. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1929. GEORGETHOMSON died on 30 May 1947 in his 64th year. PURVES He was educated at Glasgow High School proceeding to the University of Glasgow in 1899 while a pupil and later assistant with the Public Analyst for Glasgow. In 1902 he was appointed Chemist at Shaws Water Chemical Works at Greenock and subsequently Assistant Manager and Chemist at the Greenock Gas Works.He was for several years Manager of the Auchengeich Coke Ovens and Byproduct Plant of James Nimmo & Co. Ltd. and in 1919 joined the Manvers Main Collieries Ltd. at Wath-upon-Dearne. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1918. JOHN BRAITHWAITE died on 19 April 1947 in his 61st year. ROBERTSON He received his scientific training at the University of Edinburgh graduating M.A. in 1908 BSc. in 1912 and receiving a Carnegie Scholarship in the same year. In 1913 he was appointed Demonstrator in Chemistry at the McGill University Montreal and in the following year Lecturer in Chemistry at the University of Alberta. After a year as Chemist in the Department of Mines Ottawa he returned to Edinburgh becoming Chief Chemist to the Lothian Chemical Company.In 1918 he became an Assistant at the University of Edinburgh and in 1919 proceeded to South Africa to take up an appointment as Lecturer in Chemistry at the University of the Witwatersrand where two years later he became Senior Lecturer from which post he retired in 1946. In 1925 he was awarded the degree of Ph.D. as the result of work carried out under Sir James Walker at Edinburgh. He was the author of “The Chemistry of Coal” (1919) and of numerous contributions to scientific literature in this country and in South Africa. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1919 and a Fellow in 1925. HERBERT SMITH PROCTOR died on 7 June 1947 in his 71st year. He received his training at the Leeds School of Science and Technology becoming Senior Demonstrator and after two years as Assistant to Edward Riley was appointed Chief Assistant to the Ebbw Steel and Iron Co.and later to Armstrong Whitworth & Co. c 1901 Alloys Syndicate Ltd. and David Colville & Sons. In 1904 he became Chief Chemist and Metallurgist to John Summers & Sons of Shotton a position he held until 1929. During this time he was for many years Lecturer in Chemistry Metallurgy and Iron and Steel Manufacture under the Lanarkshire County Council and the Flintshire County Council. He was the author of several papers. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1919. FRANCIS DIGBY TOYNE died on 21 March 1947 in his 72nd year. Educated at Monoux Grammar School and the Forest School he proceeded to Cambridge in 1895 and graduated B.A.in 1898 and later M.A. From 1898 to 1900 he studied tinctorial chemistry at the University of Leeds and was then appointed Chemist to the Borneo Company at their catechu works at Santubong. On his return to England he became Chemist to Henry Ashwell& Co. Nottingham and in 1905 Chemist to Kelsall & Kemp Ltd. of Rochdale. During this time he took courses in microscopy and bacteriology at the University of Manchester and also worked for some months at the University of Leeds. In 1923 he joined Hunt & Winterbotham Ltd. Wool Manufacturers and was in charge of the laboratories of the Company until his retirement in 1938. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1920.ANNOUNCEMENTS EXAM1 NATIONS An Examination for the Associateship will be held in the week commencing Monday 19 January 1948 in London. Candidates who have not yet been accepted should obtain from the Registrar the prescribed form of application without delay so as to leave ample time to secure thereon the necessary signatures certifying that they have complied with the Regulations con- cerning their courses of training. The completed application forms must reach the Institute not later than Monday 13 October. No application in respect of the January Examination will be considered if received later than that date. Entry forms will be sent as soon as they are ready to all candidates who have been previously accepted and to those whose applications have been received as above.The last date for the receipt of entry forms will be Monday 17 November after which no entry can be accepted. INSTITUTE LECTURES First Meldola Medal Lecture.-In accordance with a decision of Council to invite each future recipient of a Meldola Medal to give a lecture on a subject included in the field of work covered by papers submitted for the award invitations were sent to Dr. A. W. Johnson and Mr. R. H. Stokes the Meldola Medallists for 1946. The First Meldola Medal Lecture entitled “Some Applications of Acetylenic Com- pounds in Organic Synthesis,” will be delivered by Dr. A. W. Johnson in the Rooms of the Geological Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.l at 6 p.m. on Friday 17 October. Mr. Stokes is expected to arrive in England at the end of this year to take up an I.C.I.Fellowship at Cambridge and.it is hoped that he will be able to give his Meldola Medal Lecture early in 1948 probably on 16 January. Thirtieth Streatfeild Memorial Lecture.-The Council’s invitation to deliver the 30th Streatfeild Memorial Lecture has been accepted by Mr. George Taylor. The title of the lecture will be announced later and arrangements have been made for it to be delivered in the Rooms of the Geological Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.l at 6 p.m. on Friday 21 November. Special Lecture.-Professor H. B. Nisbet has accepted the Council’s invitation to deliver a lecture under the auspices of the Institute in February or March 1948. Further particulars will be announced later.Register of Fellows and Associates and Remuneration Statistics.-In response to numerous requests from members Government Departments and others it was decided over a year ago to prepare a new Register of Fellows and Associates as soon as the necessary supplies of paper and printing facilities became available. It is hoped that [ 191 1 this position will be reached during the next few months and preparations have therefore been made to issue to all Fellows and Associates a form on which they may report up-to-date particulars of themselves for inclusion in this Register. The form will be returnable to the Institute as a pre-paid postcard and the intention is to forward these postcards after any necessary editorial amendment to the printer.In order to minimise the work involved and to ensure correctness of the entries members are asked to write very distinctly on the form using block letters for proper names and wherever chances of error might arise. The Council has further decided to ask members to make a return of the remuneration which they receive. The information provided in 1942 when 72 per cent. of Fellows and Associates resident in Great Britain responded to a similar request has proved of considerable interest to members both in their capacities as employees and as employers and has moreover been of great value to the Institute in dealing with matters of econ-omic status. Subject to paper being available it is hoped to send out to all Fellows and Associates during the next few months a circular letter and pre-paid post card form on which this information may be furnished anonymously.Fellows and Associates are asked to study the instructions carefully and it is hoped that every member will respond so that the statistical information may be fully representative. Every effort will be made to send the above-mentioned forms to overseas members at a sufficiently early date to enable their particulars to be included in the Register and schedule of remuneration statistics but in order to ensure this members resident overseas are strongly advised to return the cards (which cannot be pre-paid) by air mail. MEDALS AND PRIZES The Meldola Medal.-This medal is the gift of the Society of Maccabaeans and is normally awarded annually.The next award will be made early in 1948 to the chemist who being’a British subject and under 30 years of age at 31 December 1947 shows the most promise as indicated by his or her published chemical work brought to the notice of the Council of the Royal Institute of Chemistry before 3 I December 1947. No restrictions are placed upon the kind of chemical work or the place in which it is conducted. The merits of the work may be brought to the notice of the Council either by persons who desire to recommend the candidate or by the candidate himself by letter addressed to “The President Royal In::itute of Chemktry 30 Russell Square London W.C.1,” the envelope being marked Meldola Medal. Beilby Memorial Awards.-From the interest derived from the invested capital of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund at intervals to be determined by the administra- tors representing the Royal Institute of Chemistry the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institute of Metals awards are made to British investigators in science to mark appreciation of records of distinguished work.Preference is given to investigations relating to the special interests of Sir George Beilby including problems connected with fuel economy chemical engineering and metallurgy and awards are made not on the result of any competition but in recognition of continuous work of exceptional merit bearing evidence of distinct advancement in science and practice. In general awards are not applicable to workers of established repute but are granted as an encouragement to younger men who have done original independent work of exceptional merit over a period of years.Owing to the war no awards from the Fund have been made since 1940 but it has now been agreed to revert to normal practice. The administrators of the Fund-the Presidents Honorary Treasurers and Secretaries of the three participating institutions- will therefore be glad to have their attention drawn to outstanding work of the nature indicated not latter than 1 November 1947. All communications on this subject should be addressed to the Convener Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund Royal Institute of Chemistry 30 Russell Square London w.c.1. Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize I947.-Registered Students are informed that the Council will be prepared to consider the award in February 1948 of a Medal and Prize (QO 10s.) for the best essay not exceeding 3000 words contributed by a Registered Student of not more than 22 years of age at the time of forwarding the essay.The essay may deal with any subject having a bearing on chemistry or chemical work provided that it does not deal with any purely chemical technical or historical subject. The object of the essay is to induce Students to develop a sense of professional public spirit and to devote thought to questions of professional interest and to the position of chemists in the life of the community. Essays will be valued partly for literary style and technique but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein. (See the [ 1921 comments of one of the Assessors for the 1946 competition JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1946 111 136.) Each essay must be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the Local Section in the area of which the competitor resides (see list of Local Sections at the end of the Journal) not later than 31 December 1947 and must be accompanied by a signed declaration chat it is the independent work of the contributor.The Committee of each Local Section will be asked to select from those received not more than three essays considered to be worthy of the award. The selected essays will be referred to Assessors appointed by the Council on whose report the Council will decide whether and to whom an award shall be made. The award will not be made more than once to any individual competitor.The Medal and Prize will be presented at the next Annual General Meeting or at a neeting of the Local Section to which the successful competitor is attached. The Newton Chambers Prize Essay Competition 1947.-In 1945 Messrs. Newton Chambers & Co. Ltd. offered to the South Yorkshire Section (now the Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands Section) of the Institute a sum of LlOO per annum for seven years for the award of an annual prize for contributions to the subject of Chemistry and Industrial Welfare. The whole objective of the award is to encourage young chemists to make greater use of their knowledge of chemistry and their facilities for experimental work to enhance the existing knowledge of Industrial Welfare. Applica-tions to compete for the Prize for 1947 are invited under the following conditions:- 1.The 1947 competition is open to every Fellow Associate or Registered Student of the Institute who had not reached his 36th birthday by I January 1947. 2. The 1947 Award is offered for an essay paper or papers published or unpublished embodying the candidate’s own observations or experimental work on some aspects of the application of chemistry to the promotion of Industrial Welfare. A critical examination of existing knowledge is admissible to the competition provided that the conclusions reached constitute an addition to the knowledge of the subject. 3. Each candidate must transmit to the Hon. Secretary Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands Section Royal Institute of Chemistry (G.Murfitt F.R.I.C. William Jessop and Sons Ltd. Brightside Works Sheffield) to reach him on or before 31 December 1947 :(a)A formal letter of application to enter thecompeti-tion stating his name address date of birth and status (Fellow Associate or Registered Student) in the Institute; (b) two copies of each essay or paper submitted together with a brief statement in duplicate indicating in what respect the essay or paper advances knowledge of the application of chemistry to the promotion of Industrial Welfare ; and (c) a declaration by the candidate that the work is his own or in the case of joint papers a statement signed by the candidate and his collaborators as to the extent to which the results and conclusions are the work of the candidate.4. The decision of the Committee of the Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands Section on any matter connected with the award of the prize is final. The Committee may at its discretion divide the Prize between two or more candidates or may withhold the award if no entry of sufficient merit is received. 5. The Committee may require a candidate to attend for interview in connection 6. The Committee reserves the right to publish the successful essay or paper (if not with his application. already published) in whatever form it thinks desirable. IMPORTANT EVENTS IN THE COMING MONTHS British Association.-The Annual Meeting of the Association will take place in Dundee from 27 August to 3 September 1947 under the Presidency of Sir Henry Dale O.M.G.B.E. F.R.S. The programme of Section B (Chemistry) of which Dr. J. L.Simonsen F.R.S.,is President will include the Presidential Address on “Science in the Colonies” and discussions on “Insecticides,” “Penicillin and Other Antibiotics *’ ‘Chemical Resources and Industries of Scotland,” “Use of Tracer Elements in Chemistry and Biology.” Several of these discussions will be held jointly with other Sections. World Power Conference Fuel Economy Conference.-This Conference will be held at the Hague on 2-9 September 1947. Particulars may be obtained from the office of the British National Committee 201-2 Grand Buildings Trafalgar Square London W.C.2. [ 1931 I ntern at ion al Elect rod e position Con fe re n ce.-The Conference sponsored by the Electrodepositors’ Technical Society will be held at the Hyde Park Hotel Kensington London SW.1 on 17-19 September 1947.The work of the Conference will be divided into four Sessions Electrolytic Polishing of Metals Miscellaneous Processes and Reports Electrodeposition Processes Structure of Electrodeposits. An Exhibition will be on view throughout the Conference at the Hyde Park Hotel illustrating recent developments in electrodeposition research and practice including war-time applications. Particulars may be obtained from the Conference Secretary at the office of the Society 27 Islington High Street London N.l. Institute of Physics and Physical Society Electron Jubilee Celebrations.-To mark the fiftieth anniversary of the discovery of the electron by Sir J.J. Thomson O.M. and to demonstrate the great influence that such an advance in pure physics may have on the life of the community a series of meetings and other functions is being arranged for 25-26 September 1947 in London. A special exhibition which will remain open to the public for several weeks will be held at the Science Museum South Kensing ton and will show the development of the vast range of modern industrial equipment from the earliest experimental origins. International Technical Congress of the Paint and Allied Industries.-The Congress will be held in Paris on 1-5 October and it is hoped that British chemists concerned with the chemistry and use of paints and varnishes will attend and will present papers to the sectional meetings.Particulars may be obtained from the Secretary Soci6tk de Chimie Industrielle 28 Rue Saint-Dominique Paris 7e. SCIENTIFIC COURSES AND CONFERENCES Particulars of the following have been received:- Summer School on Some Recent Advances in Physical Chemistry at the Universit) of Cambridge.-Courses of lectures and practical work will be given on the following three topics Molecular Structure and Valency Theory; Chain Reactions; Physics and Chemistry of Rubbing Solids. The courses will be held from 16 to 23 August in the University Department of Physical Chemistry and the fee will be 12 guineas inclusive of accommodation in colleges for 8 nights which will be provided for those who desire it Those wishing to attend should obtain application forms as soon as possible from the Joint Secretaries Summer School in Physical Chemistry Laboratory of Physica Chemistry Cambridge.Advanced Course in Physical Chemistry at the University of Leeds.-Designed for graduates in industry colleges of technology and schools this course will be held from 25 August to 5 September. The main topics will be the wave nature of matter in chemistry; molecular structure and chemical reactions; the arrangement and structure of molecules in the solid state. Particulars and forms of application may be obtained from the Director of Extra-Mural Studies The University Leeds 2. Summer School in Optical-Crystallographic Methods at University College Swansea.-The course which will be held from 1to 12 September will cover the theory and practice of the use of the polarising microscope in chemistry and other branches of science and technology.The special requirements of individual students will be taker into account as far as possible. Further particulars may be obtained from the Registrar University College Singleton Park Swansea. Refresher Course on “Transformations in Solid Metals and Alloys ” at Derby.- The course is being held by the Institution of Metallurgists on 5-7 September at the L.M.S. School of Transport Derby. Accommodation is available at the School and the total charge will be between &3 and i4. Further particulars may be obtained from the Secretary Institution of Metallurgists 4 Grosvenor Gardens London S.W.1 Short Course in Sampling and Testing of Refractories and Heavy Clay Product at the Imperial College of Science and Technology.-Monday to Saturday 8-19 September 1947.The purpose of this course is to consider and discuss the propertie and certain methods of testing of building bricks refractory bricks and other heavy claywares and to provide opportunities for practical trial. It will be assumed that those attending will already have some practical knowledge of manufacturing methods and tests. The fee for the course is L5. Bedroom accommodation in the College Hostel will be available for a limited number (room and breakfast 8s. a day). Particulars may be obtained from The Deputy Registrar City and Guilds College Exhibition Road London S.W.7. [ 1941 Refresher Course in Chemical Engineering Design at the University of Manchester.-The course is being arranged by the North-Western Branch of the lnstitution of Chemical Engineers on 16-17 September.The modern principles of plant design will be illustrated by their application to the manufacture of mono-nitro-toluene. Accommodation will be reserved at one of the Halls of Residence of the University for those who desire. The number of places for the course is limited and application should be made to Dr. J. S. Hunter 22 The Crescent Northwich Cheshire. Society of Dyers and Colourists Symposium on Recent Advances in the Theory and Practice of Dyeing.-Blackpool 25-27 September 1947. Course of Lectures in Refractories their Production Properties and Uses at the Northampton Polytechnic.-A course of ten lectures on the above subject will be delivered by Mr.L. R. Barrett on Wednesday evenings at 7 p.m. commencing on 8 October 1947. Admission to the course is by personal enrolment at the Polytechnic Office St. John Street London E.C.1 any day 10 a.m. to 7 p.m. The fee for the course is 12s. 6d. Courses on Special Branches and Applications of Chemistry at Chelsea Polytechnic London.-A short course of eight postgraduate lectures on “The Modern Chemistry of Oils and Fats ” by Dr. J. H. Skellon on Fridays at 7.30 p.m. from 24 October to 12 December 1947. A corresponding course of eight lectures on “The Modern Chemistry and Technology of Waxes” by Mr. L. Ivanovsky on Fridays at 7.30 p.m. from 16 January to 12 March 1948. Both these courses have been designed to meet the needs of Chemists engaged in related industries research workers and postgraduate students.A course of 20 lectures on “Biochemistry” by Dr. G. A. D. Haslewood on Mondays at 6.15 p.m. from 6 October to 8 December 1947 (Part I) and from 12 April to 21 June 1948 (17 May excluded) (Part 2). The course meets the requirements of students who have a knowledge of Chemistry to degree standard and wish to acquire a knowledge of Biochemistry. A course of six postgraduate lectures on “The Biochemistry of Proteins” by Dr. R. L. M. Synge on Tuesdays at 7.16 p.m. from 17 February to 24 March 1948. Further particulars of all these courses and forms of application can be obtained from the Principal of the Polytechnic Manresa Road London S.W.3.SURVEY OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL MANPOWER As reported in the Proceedings of Council (see p. 160) the Institute is helping in the distribution of a questionnaire shortly to be issued at the request of the Advisory Council on Scientific Policy by the Appointments Department of the Ministry of Labour and National Service for the purpose of surveying Scientific and Technical Manpower. The Council of the Institute hopes that members will co-operate by furnish- ing the particulars required in this questionnaire. It will be appreciated that the Institute has not been concerned in drawing up this questionnaire but only in facilitating its distribution. The Officers of the Institute are not therefore in a position to advise members on how they should reply to the questions put forward.GENERAL NOTICES (For notices relating to matters of immediate importance see “Announcements” on 9. 191.) Notice to Associates.-Regulations and forms of application for the Fellowship can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments or are desirous of extending their opportunities is kept at the offices of the Institute. Prospective employers and Fellows and Associates who desire to make use of this service as a means of obtaining employment should communicate with the Registrar. Li braries.-The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society Burlington House Piccadilly W.1 to the maintenance of which the Institute makes substantial con- tributions is available to Fellows Associates and Registered Students wishing to [ 1953 consult or borrow books from 10 a.m.to 9 p.m. on week-days (except Saturdays 10 a.m. to 6 p.m.). Books can also be borrowed by post. Books may be borrowed from the Science Library Science Museum South Kensing ton S.W.7 on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Secretary of the Institute. The Library of the Institute is open to Fellows Associates and Registered Students from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. on week-days (not including Saturdays). Information regarding facilities afforded to members by Lewis’s Lending Library can also be obtained from the Registrar. Report on German Industries.-Copies of a number of Reports of the Combined Intelligence Objectives Sub-Committee (C.I.O.S.) and of the British Intelligence Sub- Committee (B.I.O.S.) on industrial plants and processes in Germany published by H.M.Stationery Office have been received and are available for consultation in the Library of the Institute. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A list of slides of portraits of great chemists and other scientists throughout the ages can be obtained on application to the Secretary. As the slides are frequently in demand members are requested to notie their require- ments at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Joint Su bscri pt ion Arrange men ts.-Fellows Associates and Registered Students who wish to participate in the arrangements whereby they can acquire on favourable terms membership of the Chemical Society the Society of Chemical Industry and the Faraday Society with substantial privileges as to publications (see special article JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1945 Part IV p.l48) can obtain further particulars and necessary forms from the Conjoint Chemical Office 9 and 10 Savile Row London W.I. Benevolent Fund.-Contributions for 1947 may be sent to the Honorary Treasurer 30 Russell Square London W.C.I. Forms for Deeds of Covenant may be obtained from the Secretary. Covers for the Journal.-Members who desire covers (2s. each) for binding the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS in annual volumes should notify the Assistant Secretary of their requirements indicating the years (1946 or earlier) required. Service with H.M. Forces.-Fellows Associates and Registered Students who are on service with the Navy Army and Air Force are requested to notify the Institute giving particulars as to their rank unit etc.Changes of Address.-Fellows Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give so far as possible their $ermmmt addresses for registration. When Writing from an address different from that previously given they are requested to state if the new address is to be used in future and whether the change aBects the Appointments Register. All requests for changes should be addressed to the Registrar and not to the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. In order to facilitate identification Fellows Associates and Registered Students are asked to give their full initials on communications-;addressed to the Institute.In the prevailing circumstances they are also asked not invariably to expect formal acknowledgments of communications addressed to the Institute unless replies are necessary.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/RG9477100157

出版商:RSC    

年代:1947

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND PART 5 I 947 PROCEEDINGS OF THE COUNCIL Council Meeting 24 July 1947.-The Council received a first draft of the Petition for a new Charter and of the content of the proposed new Charter together with the Report of the Charter and By-Laws Committee (14July). Discussion took place on a number of points and it was agreed that following reference back to the Institute’s solicitors revised drafts be circulated to Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections for consideration at the Conference on 18October. Approval was given in general terms to the principles of certain proposed changes in the By-Laws of the Cape Section that were under consideration by the Committee of the Section.The President reported that the Reception offered by the Institute to Officers and Overseas Members of the International Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry on 22 July had been greatly appreciated by members and visitors (see p. 204). The Report of the Finance and House Committee (14July) which was received and adopted referred inter alia to accounts for payment; applica- tions for re-election ; negotiations concerning the licences required for the repair of war damage; an estimate for repairs and modifications to the passenger lift. On the recommendation of the Committee it was agreed that the thanks of the Council be conveyed through the Chemical Council to Mr. F. P. Dunn for the valuable work he did as Chairman of the Sub-committee that pre- pared the Scientific Societies’ Joint Pension and Life Assurance Scheme which came into operation for members of the Institute staff on I January 1947. In the Report of the Benevolent Fund Committee (14July) reference was made to action taken on two current cases and one new case; to a review of regular grants; to grants made to eight families in connection with the “Holidays for Children” scheme; and to the formal acceptance by the Professional Classes Aid Council of an application by the Institute to be represented on that Council.The Report of the Nominations Examinations and Institutions Committee (20 June) was received and adopted and the candidates recommended for election or re-election to the Associateship or to the Fellowship were duly elected to their respective grades.Further consideration was given to a Report of the Regulations Sub- Committee (13June) (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1947,IV 160)and the Sub-committee was asked to examine what amendments of the Regulations would be necessary in order to give effect to certain agreed proposals on conditions of admission to the Fellowship and to report on the administrative machinery required. It was further agreed that when new Regulations [ 1971 had been approved a date would be fixed for them to come into operation but that due provision would be made to enable candidates who had regis- tered under the existing Regulations to proceed to the Fellowship under those Regulations. It was reported that a Drafting Sub-committee appointed by the Joint Committee on Contracts of Service had prepared a draft of a new type of document to replace that previously published under the title“ Suggested Clauses for Incorporation in Contracts of Service €or Chemists ” with a view to meeting criticisms of this earlier document and that this draft would be referred to a meeting of the Joint Committee to be held early in October.The Report of the Publications and Library Committee (10July) which was received and adopted referred inter alia to arrangements for forth- coming lectures (seep. 229);arrangements for the preparation of an up-to-date Register of Fellows and Associates; binding of certain periodicals in the Library; the preparation of JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part IV.The Council learnt with satisfaction of the considerable success that had attended the Colloquium held in Dublin in conjunction with the Irish Chemical Association on “Industrial Utilisation of Agricultural Products and of Seaweed” (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1947 IV 164),and the Symposium arranged by the Scottish Sections of the Institute at St. Andrews on I‘ Coal Petroleum and their Newer Derivatives” (see p. 206). The cordial thanks of the Council were ordered to be conveyed to the Joint Committees that had been responsible for making the detailed arrangements for these two important events. It was generally agreed that the principal papers given at both of these meetings should be published in full if possible as they represented surveys of developments in particular fields and were unlikely to be suitable for publication in an appropriate form by other societies.Further consideration of these proposals was referred to the Publications and Library Committee and the Finance and House Committee. Following a statement by the Secretary on progress being made by the Joint Committee on the Education and Training of Laboratory Technicians the hope was expressed that it would soon be possible for the Joint Committee to make a publik statement on its work inview of the wide interest that was being taken in the subject (see p. 234). Minutes of a meeting of the British National Committee for Chemistry (16 June) were received. The President reported that he had represented the Institute at the Centenary Celebrations of the Chemical Society and had presented an Address of Congratulation from the Institute to the Society at the opening ceremony (see p.203). ACTIVITIES OF LOCAL SECTIONS Birmingham and Midlands.-The forthcoming session is likely to prove a busy one for in addition to the normal lecture programme the Section is to have the privilege of entertaining the Annual General Meeting of the Institute. This is the first occasion on which this meeting has been held in the provinces and the Section must not prove unworthy of the honour bestowed upon it. The Committee has already drawn up the general plan of arrangements and this will be submitted to the Council in the near future. It is expected that many chemists from different parts of the country will come to Birmingham for the Annual General Meeting and itis hoped that some of them may 1983 enjoy hospitality from local members.Details of the arrangements and the ways in which individual members can help will be communicated in due course. The Section is making a special effort on behalf of the Benevolent Fund the focal point of which is a Dance at the Botanical Gardens Edgbaston on 15 September. Present indications are that a good attendance may be expected. For those unable to be present and wishing to help this good cause Supporters Tickets may be purchased for half-a-crown or a donation may be sent to the Secretary of the Section who will be delighted to acknowledge it. The entire proceeds go to the Fund. The somewhat crowded programme of lectures which resulted from the activities of the Local Sections of the various chemical organisations last year was clearly in need of rationalisation; in consequence it has been agreed that in the forthcoming session lectures in Birmingham shall be on a joint basis under the auspices of the Midland Chemists’ Committee.An attractive programme has been arranged and the lectures will be given at monthly intervals. Next year the Section will be twenty-five years old and the Committee has agreed to celebrate this event in October 1948. The exact form that the celebrations will take cannot be decided as yet but ideas are not by any means lacking. Suggestions from members would be welcome and will be carefully examined. The Section Treasurer Mr.G. H. Edwards has recently resigned because of his removal to London. In accepting Mr. Edwards’ resignation the Committee were deeply appreciative of the good work he has done in this capacity; his quiet efficiency has impressed all his colleagues and the fact that our financial affairs are in good shape is a testimony to his efforts. His fellow committee members have subscribed for a parting gift and signed a scroll of good wishes. The new Treasurer is Mr. D. W. Parkes M.C. Mr. C. W. Yearsley who has been in poor health for some time has also relinquished his position on the Committee. Latest news is that he is leaving hospital having res- ponded to treatment. His pleasant personality will be missed from the Committee who all send their best wishes and hopes that his recovery may be complete.Local Associates wishing to qualify for the Fellowship in Branch E will be glad to know that a Special Course of Lectures and Practical Work has been inaugurated by the Pharmacy and Biology Dept. of the Central Technical College Birmingham. The Course extends over two years and the responsible Lecturer is Mr. A. H. Coombes B.Sc. F.R.I.C. Application to join the Course should be made to Mr. F. R. C. Bateson B.Pharm. Head of the Dept. of Pharmacy and Biology. Hull and District.-4 very enjoyable works visit took place on 7 June when some thirty members and their ladies visited the Flixborough factory of Nitrogen Fertilizers Ltd. After lunch at the Blue Bell Hotel Scunthorpe the party was received at the works by Mr.A. Gillies (Works Manager) who with Messrs. P. W. Owston L. J. Rayner R. C. Bradley and E. H. Harrison conducted the party over the factory. The thanks of the Section were expressed by Mr. L. Balmforth who asked Mr. Gillies to convey to his Directors sincere appreciation of the visit. Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast.-A meeting of the Section was held jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry on 23 April. Mr. J. C. Finlay read a paper on “Electronics Applied to Chemistry.” Dr. W. Patterson was in the chair and a vote of thanks was proposed by Professor H. L. Riley. On 14 May at a meeting of the Section held jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre King’s College Newcastle-upon-Tyne Mr.H. Thornton delivered a lecture on “The Science of Meat.” This highly informative and entertaining lecture was appreciated greatly by the large audience. The Chairman was Dr. W. Patterson and a vote of thanks proposed by Dr. Vickers was carried in a very hearty manner. A visit by the Section to the works of Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. at Billing- ham took place on 18 June. A party of 60 members left Newcastle by motor coach and was met by Mr. A. J. Prince. After an introductory talk by Dr. Saunders the party moved off in groups under the leadership of Messrs. J. S. Dunn G. S. Gowing A. J. Prince J. W. R. Rayner H. N. Wilson C. M. Wright A. G. Winn and F. Witt. Each group visited the boiler ammonia sulphate and nitro-chalk plants. Subsequently the party was entertained to refreshments which were token examples of the impact of the modern fertilizer industry upon barley growing and stock rearing.A most hearty vote of thanks to the Directors to Messrs. A. Winn and A. J. Prince who organized the visit and to the guides was moved by Dr. W. S. Patterson. The party arrived back at Newcastle at 10.30 p.m. after a most enjoyable and instructive visit. [ 199 1 Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands.-A very enjoyable Section meeting on 8 May was held at Doncaster jointly with the Institution of Chemical Engineers and the North Lincolnshire Scientific and Technical Society to which members of the Hull Section of the Institute were invited. The party numbering about 100 members and friends were welcomed in the morning at the British Bemberg works and were privileged to see the conversion of raw cotton into artificial silk by the cuprammonium process.At the luncheon which followed in the Mansion House the Mayor and Mayoress gave a civic welcome and Mr. E. J. Vaughan from the Chair expressed the gratitude of members to all concerned in making the arrangements. During the afternoon while most of the ladies visited the Doncaster Racecourse Professor W. T. Astbury F.R.S. gave a lecture in the Technical College on “X-ray and Related Studies of Man-made Fibres.” About 80 members attended and were subse- quently entertained to tea at the College. The thanks of the meeting were expressed to Professor Astbury with acclamation. On 16 May a Joint Meeting with the Micro-Chemistry Group of the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists and the Sheffield Metallurgical Association was held at the University of Sheffield Western Bank when the following short papers were read:-(a) “The Determination of Carbon Hydrogen and Nitrogen in Aliphatic Nitro Compounds” by A.E. Heron; (a) “A Review of Micro-Methods for the Determination of Oxygen in Organic Compounds,” by C. E. Spooner; (c) “A New Spot Test for the Detection of Sulphites and Sulphur Dioxide” by R. Belcher and C. Ingram; (d) “The Micro-Chemical Analysis of Aluminium-Base Alloys,” by J. Townend and C. Whalley. The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in the Applied Science Depart- ment of the University St. George’s Square Sheffield on 30 May.The minutes of the 1946 Annual General Meeting were read and passed and the Secretary’s and Treasurer’s Reports and Statement of Accounts were presented. As a result of the election of new officers to replace retiring members the constitution of the Committee is now as follows -Chairman Mr. G. E. Speight; Ascending Chairman Mr. G. W. J. Bradley; Descending Chairman Dr. R. A. Mott; Hon. Secretary and Treasurer Mr. G. Murfitt; Hon. Auditor Mr. A. H. Dodd; Committee Messrs. G. Lawton B. W. Methley W. J. Rees K. C. Barraclough H. V. Coates E. P. Underwood T. R. Lynam H. A. Fells H. C. Hillary; District Member of Council and ex o@cio Member of Committee Mr. E. J. Vaughan. The new Chairman made it his first duty to express his appreciation and thanks on behalf of the Section to the retiring members and particularly to Dr.R. A. Mott for his untiring and unfailing services. At a later Committee meeting held in June Mr. H. V. Coates was appointed Honorary Recorder for the Section. Cape of Good Hope.-A most enjoyable excursion to the Steenbras Dam and Filtration Plant was held on 1 February 1947. A large number of members of the Cape Section of the Institute of the Cape Chemical and Technological Society and of the South African Chemical Institute attended. Members of the Section were invited to attend two meetings arranged by the South African Chemical Institute. The first was held at the Cape Explosive Works Somerset West on 27 February when Mr. M. Dawes spoke on “Science and the Arts.” The second meeting was held in the Chemistry Department University of Cape Town on 26 March.The speaker on this occasion was Dr. A. Strasheim who lectured on “Trace Elements in Relation to Nutrition.” The 22nd Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at the University of Cape Town on 18 April. Eleven members of the Section were present. The following officers and committee were elected for the year 1947-48:-Chairman Mr. A. L. Abbott; Hon. Secretary Dr. Helen M. Schwartz; Hon. Treasurer Dr. R. G. Shuttleworth; Com- mittee Professor W. Pugh Col. J. G. Rose and Dr. F. Sebba; Hon. Auditors Mr. H. W. Schirach and Mr. W. H. Seath. After the conclusion of the formal business the retiring Chairman Dr. A. H. Spong gave an address entitled “Some Remarks on the Education and Training of the Chemist.” New Zealand .-The New Zealand Section participated in the Sixth Science Congress of the Royal Society of New Zealand held at Wellington from 20 to 23 May 1947.Mr. W. A. Joiner and Professor F. G. Soper were among the Vice-presidents of the Congress and were Joint Chairmen of Section B-Chemical Sciences which constituted the Annual Combined Conference of the New Zealand Institute of Chemistry and the New Zealand Section of the Royal Institute of Chemistry. Mr. W. G. Hughson was Secretary of Section B and a member of the Congress Executive Committee and the Accommoda- tion Committee and Dr. J. K. Dixon acted as Publicity Officer to the Congress. [ 200 1 Professor F. G. Soper delivered the Presidential Address to the New Zealand Institute of Chemistry on 20 May his subject being “The Chemistry of Wool.” Other members who gave lectures to Section B included Dr.S. N. Slater on “The Structure of Proteins,” Dr. R. 0. Page on “Sampling and Statistical Methods in the Leather Industry,’’ Mr. R. V. Peryman on “Statistical Method Applied in the Woollen Industry,” Mr. G. J. Hunter and Dr. H. R. Whitehead on “Some Aspects of the Chemistry of Bacteriological Media,” Dr. H. 0.Askew on “The Use of Radioactive Tracer Elements in Biochemistry” and “Modern Views on Root Actions of Plants,” Dr. E. B. Davies on “Comparison of Methods of determining Manurial Requirements of Soils,” Mr. S. E. Wright on “The 2 2 Dimethylchromene Derivatives in Volatile Oils,” and Mr. N.H. Law on “Application of Microchemical Methods to some Industrial Problems.” LECTURE SUMMARY COLOUR PHOTOGRAPHY IN AMERICA BY H. BAINES,DSc. F.R.I.C. [Manchester and District Section 17 April 1947.1 Colour photographic materials available in America are all applications of the sub-tractive process and with the exception of processes in use in the cine industry and some amateur processes of paper print production are of the monopack type. Essentially they consist of four coatings superimposed on film support though in practice this minimum number is often exceeded. In the order in which light encounters them they are respectively a blue sensitive emulsion layer a yellow filter layer a highly ortho- chromatic emulsion which owing to the absorption of blue light by the yellow filter layer registers only the green components of a view a panchromatic emulsion of high red and negligible green sensitivity which for the same reason registers in the red only and finally the film support.The three sensitive layers must in the final positive absorb the requisite amount of blue green and red components respectively and hence must be printed finally in blue green and red-absorbing dyes i.e. in yellow magenta and cyan (blue-green) respectively. The colours are produced by “colour development.” When P-phenylene diamine or more usually its N-diethyl derivative is used as a developing agent its oxidation product is capable of combining with couplers containing an active methylene group to give azo dyes the colour of which depends on the choice of coupler.The coupler may be introduced into the appropriate emulsion layer or may be intro- duced in the developer. The material may be developed to give a negative which printed on to a similar material on a reflecting or transmitting support will give a colour print or colour transparency on the other hand the material may be processed by reversal to give a direct positive transparency which may be printed by reversal to give a colour print on paper. Again masking methods are now employed which com- pensate for deviations from the ideal in the transmission of the dyes produced. The processes available represent numerous combinations of these possible variables. The most widely used colour film in America is the “Kodachrome” film which is processed by reversal to give a transparency the couplers being introduced in the appropriate developers during processing.It may be printed on to a similar material coated on white opaque film base to give enlargements which are available as “Mini- color” prints or by a more elaborate masking technique to give prints of high fidelity which are marketed as “Kotavachrome” prints. The separate processing of the three adjacent sensitive layers necessitates costly and elaborate continuous processing plant consequently “Kodachrome” film is limited to miniature (35 mm.) and substandard cine (16 mm. and 8 mm.) sizes. The introduction of couplers into the appropriate emulsion layers presents many serious difficulties perhaps the most important being the tendency of couplers to wander into adjacent layers.In the recently introduced “Kodacolor” film this difficulty is overcome by dissolving the couplers in an organic solvent immiscible with water and introducing them into the appropriate emulsions in a highly dispersed phase. The film is processed merely by colour development fixation and removal of image silver and yellow filter dye. This gives a negative image (in complementary colours) which is printed on to a similar material coated on paper to give positive paper colour prints. The film is marketed in all standard roll film sizes the user exposes it exactly as black and white film sends it away for processing and receives colour prints. A reversal form of the “Kodacolor” technique is available as “Ektachrome” film for home processing.The latest improvement in negative-positive colour processes is the introduction of an ingenious integral masking system using coloured couplers. The necessity of masking for high fidelity colour reproduction arises from the fact that perfect results could be obtained only if the three subtractive dyes of the image each absorbed one of the primary colours and was completely transparent to the other two. In practice such dyes are unknown; yellow dyes in general come closest to this ideal magentas absorb some blue as well as green and cyan dyes are the worst absorbing blue and green as well as red. This unwanted absorption in green and blue adversely affects colour rendering by degrading greens and blues relative to reds.In the coloured coupler process couplers are used which are themselves not colour- less but which absorb the colours that the final image dyes absorb undesirably. The undesirable absorption in the final image is then uniform since it is present both where dye image is formed and where the coupler is unreacted instead of being imagewise as in unmasked colour film. The negative is consequently equivalent to one made with perfect dyes but with a uniform pink stain corresponding to the colour of the couplers. The negative stain is compensated for in printing the positive by adjustment of printing conditions e.g. by the colour of the printing light. Finally a new printing process for the amateur has been announced in the States which is an improvement on the Wash-off Relief process.The new technique is known as the Dye Transfer process. Three separation negatives are made from a colour transparency and prints are made therefrom on to film coated with an unhardened emulsion exposing through the back. The positives are developed in a tanning developer and washed in hot water leaving a relief positive corresponding to each of the three records. These “matrices” are first dried and then soaked in the appropriate yellow magenta or cyan dye. Excess dye is washed off and the matrices squeegeed in turn in register on to a piece of prepared mordanted paper. Although recent years have seen a number of new colour processes launched the science is only in its infancy and in the course of a decade or so we shall probably be looking back at our present cumbersome attempts with the same amused indulgence as that with which we now regard the wet plate process.1947 A FESTIVAL YEAR FOR CHEMISTRY The year 1947 will be remembered by chemists as one of festival for their science. In it fell the celebration of the Centenary of the Chemical Society-postponed from 1941- the Fourteenth Conference of the International Union of Chemistry and the concurrent Eleventh International Congress of Pure and Applied chemistry all of which were held in London in the latter half of July. Delegates and other visitors from nearly thirty different countries came to pay homage to the oldest chemical society in the world and to make their contribution to the re-establishment of international relations among chemists that had been largely suspended since the outbreak of war nearly eight years ago.A number of overseas visitors remained to participate in the first full-scale post-war anniversary meeting of the Society of Chemical Industry held in London at the end of July while some had arrived in Britain early enough to attend the Symposium arranged by the Scottish Sections of the Royal Institute of Chemistry at St. Andrews early in July (see p. 206). Two other events of interest to chemists were the Colloquium held in Dublin in June under the joint auspices of the Local Section of the Institute and the Irish Chemical Association (JOURNAL 1947, AND PROCEEDINGS IV 164) and the resumption of the normal activities of the British Association for the Advancement of Science by holding a meeting at the end of August in Dundee.Its members had assembled there at a similar date in 1939 but had been obliged to abandon their deliberations on the eve of the outbreak of war. Doubts had been expressed as to the wisdom of organising events of international importance in Britain until the transition from war to peace-time conditions was complete but those responsible for the arrangements had to make up their minds over a year in advance and we may be grateful to them for having taken an optimistic view of the prospects of national recovery. In the light of subsequent developments it may well be that our visitors from overseas have gone away with an unwarrantedly high opinion of our success in overcoming material shortages; almost certainly they have false ideas about what an average English summer is like; but we believe that they have no illusions as to the warmth of their welcome and the satisfaction that British chemists felt in being enabled to act as hosts at these first post-war international gatherings.At the opening ceremony of the Centenary Celebrations of the Chemical Society in the Central Hall Westminster on 15 July delegates representing overseas societies [ 202 1 in the colourful splendour of academic dress entered in procession. Their congratula- tions to the Society were expressed by Professor Raymond Delaby President of the Chemical Society of France and each then presented a written address to the President of the Chemical Society Professor C.N. HINSHELWOOD. The President of the Royal Society Sir Robert Robinson greeted the Society on behalf of sister societies in the United Kingdom and his speech was similarly followed by the presentation of written addresses from these societies. The address of congratulation from the Royal Institute of Chemistry was presented by the President Mr. G. Roche Lynch. Following a luncheon given by His Majesty’s Government in honour of the overseas delegates Professor Hinshelwood delivered the Centenary Address which for its substance and presentation will always remain in the memory of those who heard it and will be recognised by future generations of chemists who read it as a magnificent oration on a great occasion. At the Centenary Dinner in the evening the toast of “The Centenary of the Chemical Society” was proposed by the Prime Minister the Right Hon.C. R. Attlee who at the close of the formal proceedings gave much pleasure to those for whom places could not be found at the dinner by proceeding with the President to a neighbouring hotel where a supper and dance were being held and saying a few words. On the following day works visits and special lectures were followed in the afternoon by the delivery of the Eighteenth Faraday Lecture of the Chemical Society on “The Development of Electrochemical Theories of the Course of Reactions of Carbon Compounds,” by Sir Robert Robinson. The Faraday Medal was presented by the President and the name of Robert Robinson was thus added to the list of Faraday Medallists which began with Jean Baptiste Andre Dumas in 1869 and had so far included only two of British nationality- John William Strutt Lord Rayleigh (1895), and Lord Rutherford of Nelson (1936).In the evening the University of London conferred Honorary Degrees of Doctor of Science honovis causa on Professor J. N. Bronsted Professor C. N. Hinshelwood Professor P. Karrer and Professor L. C. Pauling. The Chancellor of the University the Earl of Athlone officiated at this Graduation Ceremony and took the chair at the dinner subsequently held in honour of the Chemical Society. The day ended with a Reception given by Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. at which the guests were received by Lord McGowan Chairman of the Company. On 17 July the Centenary Celebrations of the Chemical Society concluded with a Garden Party at Lancaster House St.James’s by invitation of His Majesty’s Govern- ment where guests were received by the Lord President of the Council (the Right Hon. Herbert Morrison) a Reception at the Royal Institution at which Lord Rayleigh the President of the Institution acted as host and an evening Reception by the Royal Society where guests were received by Sir Robert Robinson and were able to visit the Rooms of the Royal Academy the Chemical Society the Geological Society and the Linnean Society as well as of the Royal Society itself. Torrential rain made com- munication between these various parts of the Burlington House quadrangle somewhat hazardous and rendered the departure of the guests something in the nature of a “combined operation,” but the enthusiasm of those who participated in this concluding ceremony was not appreciably damped.These last three events also formed part of the programme of the Eleventh Inter- national Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry which had been officially opened on the morning of 17 July at the Central Hall Westminster by the President of the Congress the Right Hon. the VISCOUNT This ceremony which was LEVERHULME. attended by a large audience of delegates and members was followed immediately by the official opening of the Fourteenth Conference of the International Union of Chemistry by the President Professor MARSTONT. BOGERT (U.S.A.). The relationship of these two events may require some explanation.The International Union of Chemistry in common with the corresponding Unions of other sciences is a body which maintains continuity of existence through a permanent Council. A Conference of the Union is summoned whenever necessary and among its functions is to decide when and where the next International Congress is to be held. It is open to any country affiliated to the Union to offer hospility for a meeting of the Congress; when once such an offer has been accepted the task of organising the Congress becomes the responsibility of the host nation. A Conference of the International Union is always held however at the same time and place as the Congress and this affords an opportunity for meetings of the various Commissions of experts set up by the Union to seek and report on inter- national agreement on such subjects as atomic weights physico-chemical constants nomenclature and symbols.Meetings of these Commissions were held at various times throughout the period of the Congress in London and reports were submitted to a meeting of the Council of the Union on 23 July. Close co-ordination of the executive business of the Congress and the Conference was ensured on this occasion through c 203 3 Dr. L. H. Lampitt the Hon. Treasurer of the International Union being also the Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Congress. The scientific work of the Congress was organised in fourteen Sections devoted respectively to:-Inorganic and Geo-Chemistry; Physical Chemistry; Organic Chemistry; Biochemistry; Chemistry in relation to Agriculture and Applied Botany; Chemistry in relation to Applied Zoology and Veterinary Science; Chemistry in relation to Food and Nutrition; Chemistry in relation to Medicine and Therapeutics; Chemistry in relation to Fuel Power and Transport; Chemistry in relation to Natural and Artificial Textiles; Chemistry in relation to Elastomers Plastics Glass and Ceramics; Chemistry in relation to Metals; Chemical Engineering; Chemistry in relation to Essential Oils Flavouring Materials and Cosmetics.Most of these Sections met in the mornings of 18 19 21 22 and 23 July and some 1,500 papers covering almost every aspect of pure and applied chemistry were presented. When the subject of particular sessions de- manded it Sections met jointly.In addition special Congress Lectures were delivered as follows :-“Molecular Structure and Biological Specificity,” by Professor L. Pauling; “The Part of Chemistry in the New Therapeutics,” by Sir Henry Dale; “Some Recent Advances in Organic Chemistry,” by Professor P. Karrer; “Some Recent Develop- ments in Electrophotesis,” by Professor A. Tiselius; “Le Carbure de Calcium et ses PropriMs Reductrices,” by Professor L. Hackspill; “Simplex non Veri Sigillum,” by Professor B. C. P. Jansen. At the closing session of the Congress an address was given by Sir Robert Robinson. The varied interests of the members of the Congress-over 2,000-were catered for by numerous visits to research establishments industrial laboratories and factories ; by tours to Oxford Cambridge and various centres of interest in London and the Home Counties including the bombed areas of London the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew the Royal Horticultural Society’s Gardens at Wisley Hampton Court Palace Windsor and Canterbury; by a visit to the Adelphi Theatre to see “Bless the Bride,” and to a specially arranged concert by the Jacques String Orchestra with Leon Goossens as solo oboist; by visits to the European Service Studios of the B.B.C.the Royal Mews and a display by the National Fire Service. For the ladies there were also a special tour to Arundel a fashion display and several shopping expeditions. In addition to the above-mentioned Receptions on 17 July held jointly for the Chemical Society and the Congress members of the Congress were received by the President (Lord Leverhulme) and the Lord Mayor of London at the Guildhall on 21 July and groups of members were entertained at luncheon parties given by the Society of Chemical Industry the W‘orship- ful Company of Salters and Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd.; at tea parties arranged by the Society for Visiting Scientists the Royal Institution (Mrs. E. K. Rideal) the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee (Sir John Anderson at the Houses of Parlia- ment) and the English Speaking Union (Sir John Anderson); and to dinner by Lord Leverhulme at Apothecaries’ Hall. At a Reception given at Grosvenor House by the Royal Institute of Chemistry to Officers and Overseas Members of the Congress on 22 July the company received by the President Mr.G. Roche Lynch and his daughter Miss Bridget Roche Lynch numbered over 700 of whom about half were members of the Institute and their ladies. The proceedings opened with a display by the English Folk Dance and Song Society arranged by the kindness of the Director Mr. D. N. Kennedy erstwhile Lecturer in Botany at Imperial College. In his commentary Mr. Kennedy referred not only to the evolution of modern dances from the traditional forms but also to the relations of the latter with folk dances in other countries. The display was thus of interest to overseas visitors and members of the Institute alike and the participation of Mr. P. G. Scholefield a member of the Congress with pipe and tabor was particularly appreciated. After refreshments had been served at tables around the room-the provision of seats for all was welcomed by members of the Congress after their previous experience of stand-up buffets-dancing became general and continued until 11.45 p.m.At the Congress Dinner held on 19 July the chair was taken by the President Lord Leverhulme and the Prime Minister the Right Hon. C. R. Attlee was the principal guest. A buffet Dance had been arranged at a neighbouring hotel for those who could not be accommodated at the Dinner and Mr. Attlee again showed the kind consideration exhibited at the Centenary Dinner by accompanying the President to the “other place” and saying a few words of greeting. On 23 July the conclusion of the technical sessions of the Congress was marked by the holding of a Gala Dinner and Dance which again through limitations of accommodation had to be spread over two hotels.The Centenary of the Chemical Society and an International Chemical Congress in London are events of great historical significance for chemistry. To commemorate the fact that the decision to form the Chemical Society of London was taken by 25 gentlemen at a meeting on 23 February 1841 in the rooms of the Royal Society of [ 204 1 Arts that Society had arranged a meeting in February 1947 when Sir Harold Hartley surveyed the century of chemistry that had passed since that event. The Chemical Society itself has published two commemorative volumes-“The History of the Chemical Society,” by T. S. Moore and (the late) J. C. Philip and “British Chemists,” edited by Alexander Findlay and W.H. Mills. Moreover in collaboration with the Congress an Exhibition “100 Years of British Chemistry,” has been arranged at the Science Museum and will be open to the public until 30 September. At the opening of this Exhibition by the President of the Chemical Society on 14 July the Minister of Education the Right Hon. George Tomlinson presided. The historical section was organised by a joint committee of the Society and the Congress and a modern section dealing with the impact of science on our daily life by the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research; there is also a display of modern chemical literature. The holding of international chemical congresses has not such a long history for although one was held on KekulB’s suggestion at Karlsruhe in 1860 the first of the present series took place at Brussels in 1894.Only one has previously been held in London (in 1909); the last was in Rome in 1938. It may be hoped that the normal interval of four years broken by the war may be maintained in the future. A few days after the conclusion of the Congress the 66th Annual Meeting of the Society of Chemical Industry began in London under the Presidency of Dr. L. H. LAMPITT and occupied the period 28-31 July inclusive. Among the special events were the President’s Address entitled “Commentary Ourselves and World Chemistry,” the presentation of the Society’s Medal to Dr. R. T. Colgate and his Medallist Address entitled “Stocktaking,” the Jubilee Memorial Lecture on “Values” by Mr.F. J. Curtis and the Castner Memorial Lecture “Castner and his Work,” by Dr. A. Fleck. Scientific Meetings were organised by the various Groups of the Society. The Annual General Meeting of the Society was held on 29 July and the Annual Dinner on the following day. At the first post-war meeting of The British Association for the Advancement of Science held in Dundee from 27 August to 3 September under the Presidency of Sir Henry Dale the President of the Chemistry Section was Dr. J. L. SIMONSEN, who took as the subject of his Presidential Address “Science and the Colonies.” The programme of the Section comprised the following discussions :-I ‘Irfsecticides” (jointly with Zoology and Agriculture) ; “.Penicillin and other Antibiotics” (jointly with Physiology and Botany); “Chemical Resources and Industries of Scotland”; “The Use of Tracer Elements in Chemistry and Biology” (jointly with Physiology).The Freedom of the City of Dundee was conferred on Sir Henry Dale and the Lord Provost and Magistrates entertained members of the Association at a Reception in the Caird Hall on 28 August. A number of visits and excursions were arranged by the Association and the Sections. The Chemistry Section visited the University of St. Andrews on 1 September at the invitation of Principal Sir James Irvine and heard a lecture and were conducted over the laboratories by Professor John Read. A Dinner of the Section was held on 1 September, exactly eight years after the previous Section Dinner in 1939 when it had been decided to abandon the meeting of the Association owing to the imminence of war.The general theme of the British Association Meeting “Swords into Ploughshares,” might be taken as the keynote of all the conferences and meetings in which chemists have participated in this summer of 1947. To everyone there has been satisfaction in resum- ing contacts with fellow chemists at home as well as abroad and in taking stock of the advances made in their science during the war years with a view to seeing how this progress can be turned to the advantage of mankind at peace. The task of organising these meetings has been by no means easy and has required-and received-the willing co-operation of many who have guided and taken part in the work of the numerous organising committees.It would be invidious to attempt to select for special mention the names of the busy men and women who have given their services so generously in this way. Reference may be made however to the executive officers of the bodies concerned on whom naturally fell the burden of making the detailed arrangements to Dr. D. C. Martin and Mr. L. R. Batten successive General Secretaries of the Chemical Society to Mr. A. R. Ruck-Keene appointed by the Chemical Society to deal exclusively with Celebration affairs to Lt.-Col. F. J. Griffin General Secretary of the Society of Chemical Industry and Hon. Organiser of the International Congress and to Mr. D. N. Lowe Secretary of the British Association. To these five all new in their respective posts the success of the 1947 festival of chemistry has been largely due.NOTES PERSONAL Professor A. Chibnall F.R.S. Fellow has been appointed a member of the Agri- cultural Research Council. Mr. H. W. Cremer Fellow was elected President of the Institution of Chemical Engineers at the Annual Corporate Meeting on 10 April. Dr. E. R. H. Jones Fellow Reader in Organic Chemistry at Imperial College London has been appointed Sir Samuel Hall Professor of Chemistry and Director of the Chemical Laboratories University of Manchester. Dr. Sadgopal Fellow late Managing and Technical Director of the Hindusthan Aromatics Co. Naini-Allahabad has been appointed Professor of Oil and Soap Tech- nology in the Department of Industrial Chemistry College of Technology Benares Hindu University.Dr. Harold Burton Fellow senior lecturer in organic chemistry at the University of Leeds has been appointed by the University of London to the University chair of Chemistry tenable at King’s College of Household and Social Science. Dr. Thomas Barr Fellow has been appointed Director of Research to the newly- formed British Hat and Allied Feltmakers Research Association. Dr. G. Malcolm Dyson Fellow has accepted the presidency of an International Commission to be inaugurated under the auspices of the International Union of Chem- istry to report on ciphering and its related subjects. Dr. H. J. T. Ellingham Secretary has been appointed to succeed Professor A. Findlay Past President as President of the Commission of the International Union of Chemistry on Physico-Chemical Symbols and Co-ordination of Scientific Terminology.Mr. E. Wheleer M.B.E. Fellow retired on 31 May 1947 from the post of Assistant Director in the Armament Production Department Ministry of Supply. He is now acting in a consultative and advisory capacity to the Ministry. Dr. H. N. Rydon Fellow has been appointed to the University Readership in Organic Chemistry tenable at Birkbeck College London. Dr. R. Long Associate has been appointed Lecturer in Fuel in the Chemical Engineer- ing Department of the University of Birmingham. Mr. Keith McLaren Associate has been awarded the Donald Burton Prize for 1947 of the International Society of Leather Trade; Chemists for his paper entitled “In- vestigations into the Degreasing of Sheepskins.Dr. K. R. Hill Associate of the Department of Pathology King’s College Medical School University of Durham Newcastle upon Tyne has been awarded a Rockefeller Travelling Fellowship in Medicine tenable at the John Hopkins Hospital Baltimore. SYMPOSIUM ON COAL PETROLEUM ANDTHEIR NEWER DERIVATIVES HELD AT THE UNIVERSITY OF ST. ANDREWS 7-12 JULY 1947 The St. Andrews Symposium was arranged by the Scottish Sections of the Royal Institute of Chemistry as a refresher course which would bring the chemist up to date in the various advances that have been made in a very important branch of heavy organic chemistry. The subject is one of very general interest at the present time and lectures were arranged as far as possible in a logical sequence with appropriate chairmen.There was a very large response to this symposium and in all 160 people registered for the course of lectures. Whilst most of the members were British there were also representatives from France Belgium Holland United States Turkey Iran Sweden and Denmark. The lectures were very well attended and it was gratifying to find that the numbers did not diminish as the week went on despite the many comter- attractions in the interesting old city with its world-famous golf courses and the many facilities it provided for bathing. tennis and so on. The Principal of the University Sir James Irvine C.B.E. LL.D. D.C.L. D.L. F.R.S. who was introduced by Dr. Traill Convener of the Symposium opened the proceedings. In the course of his speech he pointed out that chemists had rather passed out of public notice; they had been somewhat overshadowed by their friendly rivals the physicists.Every man in the street knew something about the modern idea of the atom but we were still very far from having a true public appreciation of what the chemist did or of the fact that the chemist’s work in this world was by no means finished. It was really only beginning. The future of the world the future of civilisa- tion and our powers of existence on that plane of civilisation to which we aspired would only be possible from the fruits of the work carried out by chemists. c 206 1 The first part of the Symposium dealt with Coal and Oil Resources and was held under the Chairmanship of Mr.Augustus Carlow who until recently played a very important part in the Scottish coal industry as Chairman of the Fife Coal Company. He drew attention to the fact that in this period when we are passing from war condi- tions into peaceful development there are great opportunities to make use of synthetic processes. He dealt with coal and oil resources and the British coal reserves partic- ularly the coalfields of Great Britain which in view of the quality and quantity of the coal could be relied on to justify long-term planning. The following lectures were delivered :-“The Production of Petroleum by Synthetic Methods,” Major Kenneth Gordon; “Coal Shale and Petroleum as a Source of Chemical Products,” Professor W. M. Cumming O.B.E. ; “Modern Coal Gasification Develop- ments,” Dr.D. T. A. Townend; “Hydroelectric Power in Scotland,” Mr. A. E. McColl; “Fischer-Tropsch Process as a Source of Synthetic Products,” Dr. C. C. Hall; “Chemicals from Petroleum,” Dr. Gustav Egloff. The second part dealing with Chemical Syntheses was under the chairmanship of Professor John Read F.R.S. of St. Andrews University who reviewed the historical development of organic synthesis and envisaged the possibility of replacing a large range of natural materials and supplementing and improving them by synthetic organic materials. The lectures were as follows:-“Acetylene Chemistry,’’ Professor E. R. H. Joneqi “Vinyl Compounds,” Mr. J. H. Brown; “Nylon and Other Fibre-forming Polymers Dr. R. Hill; “Polythene,” Dr. J. C. Swallow.The third part the physical chemistry side of the problem was under the chairman- ship of Professor W. F. K. Wynne- Jones who pointed out that the Symposium repre- sented the progress of the whole of chemistry starting with the raw materials-coal and oil-and proceeding through chemical synthesis to consideration of the size and shape of molecules. He pointed out that this latter aspect could be as important as chemical composition. The lectures were as follows:-“Polymerisation,” Professor M. G. Evans; “Molecular Weight Determinations,” Dr. Per-Olof Kinell; “The Energetic Properties of Hydro-carbon Mixtures,” Professor J. N. Bronsted; “The Evolution and Physical Interpreta- tion of Synthetic Fibres,” Professor W. T. Astbury F.R.S. On Friday Principal Sir James Irvine again took the chair and a general discussion followed.Throughout the week the time left for discussion was too short and the Friday presented an opportunity when various matters could be brought forward. In opening the discussion Professor J. W. Cook gave an interesting survey of the sub- jects covered during the week. He recalled that Professor Wynne- Jones had observed that the subject under discussion was of such a character as not merely to have been concerned with new methods of utilisation of coal and oil resources but to have in fact resulted in a conspectus of recent progress over the whole range of modern chemistry. Many other speakers took part in the discussion and it is hoped that a full report of their remarks and the papers delivered at the Symposium will be available in the near future.It was generally agreed that the Symposium had been a great success and the Com- mittee are very grateful to the various lecturers who collaborated to give such an inform- ative and well-designed programme. The University is most fortunate in having a number of very fine residences for men and women students. These are pleasing in architecture and are very well furnished and equipped. Most of those attending the Symposium were housed in these residences by kind arrangement with the University authorities. This enabled the Committee to overcome a frequent criticism of scientific conferences namely that the men go off and leave their wives behind. The Symposium was arranged so that wives also could come and they had a very enjoyable time.On Sunday evening before the Symposium began the members had a very appro- priate introduction to St. Andrews by Professor John Read who lectured on “Historic St. Andrews.” Professor Read as well as being a distinguished scientist is well known for his contributions to the literature on the history of chemistry and alchemy and is a man of catholic tastes and wide culture. He gave a very able and fascinating lecture which was succeeded by tours during the week conducted by other members of the University staff. St. Andrews with its University founded in 1411 is one of the most historic cities in the country. Tours were also arranged to Falkland Palace with its grim history and its decidedly French aspect.A bus tour was also arranged round the Fife coast through the pretty villages with their red-roofed houses and old churches in the fertile “Kingdom of Fife.” Amongst the social events were a Reception and a Dinner; both were greatly enjoyed. The Reception was given in the Younger Hall by the Town Council and representatives of the University and the Dinner was held under the Chairmanship of [ 207 1 Professor J. W. Cook F.R.S. After the Loyal Toast proposed by the Chairman Dr. Gustav Egloff proposed “The Royal Institute of Chemistry,” to which Mr. G. Elliot Dodds Vice-President replied. “The University of St. Andrews” was proposed by Major F. A. Freeth F.R.S. and Professor John Read F.R.S. responded. Professor F. Challenger gave “The City of St.Andrews,” to which Police Judge Imrie replied. A golf match was held on the Wednesday between two teams representing different residences. On the Friday afternoon a visit was made to Comrie Colliery by permission of the National Coal Board. The way to Comrie lay through Milnathort and Dunfermline. The party was received by the Colliery Manager and having donned protective clothing and been provided with helmets and lamps went underground to the first level. The colliery immediately impressed by its cleanliness and the fine arrangement of brick- lined haulage ways. A journey by train led to the working face of a new roadway which was being cleared after the blast of the previous shift. The American loader was seen working and in such roomy quarters was obviously a highly efficient machine.On the way back to the main shaft the weighbridge and pump room were inspected. Back on the surface the party were given facilities for washing (scarcely needed owing to thecleanliness of the roadways and the efficiency of the ventilation) and were provided with a welcome tea. Major Freeth expressed the thanks of the party to the ColIiery Manager and the National Coal Board Agent and the former suitably replied. The Committee would like to thank Sir James Irvine and his staff for the able help so generously given which contributed greatly to the success of the week. The Symposium was organised by the following Joint Committee from the Scottish Sections of the Institute Dr. David Trail1 (Chairman) Professor J. W.Cook F.R.S. Mr. G. Elliot Dodds Dr. E. G. V. Percival Dr. J. Dewar (co-opted member) Mr. W. J. Skilling (co-opted member) Mr. A. R. Jamieson (Hon. Secretary). MISCELLANEOUS The Third Report from the Select Committee on Estimates for the Parliamentary Session 1946-47 has been published and copies can be obtained from H.M. Stationery Office price Is. 6d. It is devoted entirely to expenditure on research and development and deals interestingly and at length with the scientific and research activities of the various Government Departments and with research in the British Commonwealth and in the Universities. Among the points of interest to chemists covered in the conclusions and recom- mendations are:- The appointment of the Advisory Council on Scientific Policy and the Defence Research Policy Committee is welcomed.The administrative organisation of scientific research is far from simple. There are undoubted possibilities of overlapping and waste of effort and to mitigate these dangers there is need of a first-class system of liaison at all levels and the freest interchange of information not only on results but on projects. It is still too early to decide what is the ideal Government organisation for research and the machinery for fostering scientific effort must remain for many years in a state of active development. The Government’s policy is to foster and to conduct research on a wide front. Much money has in the past been wasted and can still be wasted by undertaking applied researches without securing that sufficient provision has been made for research into fundamental principles a knowledge of which is essential if successful and economic techniques for solving practical problems are to be worked out.The community might be saved large monetary losses if more were done to encourage appropriate investiga- tions. Much of the good that the application of scientific knowledge and method can confer upon the community may be endangered by expectations of greater and more rapid results than can possibly be justified and by overstressing advances that have caught the popular imagination. Pure research is seldom a proper field for direct Government expenditure but it is a proper field for indirect Government support (through the medium of block grants to universities research institutes and even individuals) because it is upon the corpus of knowledge so gained that further research directed to meeting the needs of public administration if it is to be effective must be based.The present total figure of Government expenditure on research is about L76.5 millions of which industrial and defence research account for just under 86 per cent. Of this defence requirements account for about 65 per cent. It is for consideration whether the proportion spent on defence research represents an equitable distribution between civil and military needs. [ 208 3 Lack of money is not the difficulty that is holding up the pursuit of profitable new lines of research at the present time; the principal needs are for men and accommodation.Shortage of accommodation and difficulties in erecting new buildings are hampering the universities which must remain the main source from which the Government service and industry can draw fully-trained scientists and the provision of sufficient staff and accommodation for teaching and for the conduct of fundamental research would seem to be the foundation upon which the Government research programme must rest. The new salary scales for the Government Scientific Service mark a definite advance but elasticity is needed in the grading and pay of scientific workers. Responsible officers should be freed as far as practicable from over-detailed or haras- sing external financial control. There should be an immediate independent enquiry into the organisation of the work on the development of atomic energy.There is insufficient provision for the identification of scientific problems in day-to- day administration. The Service Departments have scientific advisers of distinction. Similar advisers should be appointed in all executive departments where contacts with scientific work and ideas could be useful these advisers should remain in close touch with those responsible for major decisions on policy. On the agricultural side the Committee is much concerned at the continued incidence of several diseases which take a heavy toll of farm animals. There should be more flexibility in connection with Colonial research expenditure and formal contact should be established between the Advisory Council on Scientific Policy and the Colonial Research Committee.There is need for better planning and co-ordination of scientific work throughout the Commonwealth. The need for increased scientific staff is emphasised and several recommendations are made in this connection. SCIENCE IN PARLIAMENT (June-August 1947) Atomic Energy Plant.-On 23 July THE MINISTER OF SUPPLY, MR. JOHN WILMOT On 29 January last year the Prime Minister announced the setting up of an organisation to be responsible for the provision of fissile material. It has since been announced that the first stage of this process the production of pure uranium from pitch-blende concentrates will be carried out at the Ministry of Supply factory at Springfields near Preston.Consideration has been given to the location of the second stage of the process the production in a chain-reacting pile of fissile material from the uranium produced at Springfields. In addition to purely technical considerations it was neces- sary in order to save much time to find a prepared site with services already developed and if possible in reasonable proximity to Springfields. At one stage it was thought that these requirements could only be met by the use of the former explosives factory at Drigg in West Cumberland. When it was learned that His Majesty’s Government were considering the construc- tion of an atomic energy plant at Drigg Courtaulds Limited who were proceeding with a project for a new rayon factory on the site of the Royal Ordnance Factory at Sellafield a few miles north of Drigg informed His Majesty’s Government that it seemed unlikely to them that there would be sufficient constructional and operational labour for both schemes.His Majesty’s Government concurred in this view. This made it possible to consider the Sellafield site as an alternative to Drigg for the atomic energy project. Sellafield has proved to be technically more suitable and in addition has the advantage that its use for industrial purposes is consistent with planning proposals for the area and in particular with the proposals for a Lake District National Park which will inclu.de part of the coast line and that it will permit re-examination of the scheme for raising the level of Ennerdale Water. The atomic energy project will therefore be located at Sellafield.Building and engineering work will begin in the near future and will employ a considerable number of men for some time to come. For the time being there will be no change in the present use of the Royal Ordnance Factory at Drigg. Colonial Research Services (Candidates).-On 9 June in reply to a question by Sir E. Graham-Little THE SECRETARY OF STATE FOR THE COLONIES,MR. CREECH JONES I am aware that it has taken much time to settle the conditions and terms of service of the proposed Colonial Research Services but that has been due largely to the [ 209 1 very novel problems raised by the attempt to fit officers in an exceptional position into the established practices of the public services.I cannot accept the suggestion that a large number of officers have received promises of appointment from a responsible authority and have then been kept waiting indefinitely for their actual appointment. Fuel Efficiency.-On 3 July Mr. Sharp asked how many members of the staff of the Ministry of Fuel and Power were employed full-time in devising or advising and assisting in the application of methods for the more efficient use of fuel . . . . THE MINISTEROF FUELAND POWER MR. SHINWELL The total number of staff engaged full-time on this work is 173 including 79 engineers and 25 stoker demonstrators. During the last twelve months this staff has helped industrial undertakings to maintain or increase production with reduced or down-graded supplies of fuel.In this period the Ministry’s engineers and the members of Regional Fuel Efficiency Committees who give them valuable assistance in a part-time capacity have visited 12,700 individual firms ;the stoker demonstrators have given numerous demonstrations to boiler-house personnel on the firing floor. Consumers have also been advised in connection with the design or extension of factories. In addition assistance has been given in the conversion from coal to oil where this is being carried out. . . . Industrial Organisation Bill.-During the debate in the House of Lords on 2 July, LORD CHORLEY (speaking for the Government) We all know that in a number of industries very valuable work has been done in the past and is now being done by exist- ing organisations trade organisations research institutes and other bodies of that type.I am very glad to be able to assure the noble Lord [Lord Chenvell] that the development councils will not duplicate work which is already being satisfactorily done by such existing industrial research organisations as I think the noble Lord has particularly in mind. It is my right honourable Friend’s intention that the development councils shall in fact work through and in very close co-operation with existing research institutions of this kind. They may and I have no doubt in a number of cases will be able to give them backing of a very valuable character both financially and morally. If I may just take the instance of the Cotton Board. The Cotton Board of course has been in existence now for a period of something like seven years.It has never made any sort of attempt to interfere with the valuable activities of the Shirley Institute and has given it from time to time financial and moral support. It is intended that the develop- ment councils shall co-operate in the same sort of way. I trust the noble Lord will be satisfied with these assurances. Lord Chenvell I thank the Minister for his assurance. It will give a great deal of satisfaction to many people. Ministry of Supply (Scientific Activities).-In the course of the debate on the Ministry of Supply on 24 July THE MINISTER OF SUPPLY MR. WILMOT referring to atomic energy research and development I am very glad to be able to say . . . that the work which was set going so recently at the research station at Harwell is making very good progress indeed.The first experimental pile will be in operation later this year and we hope in time to build up there a university of nuclear physics second to none in the world. The adaptation of the Springfields factory to the production of pure uranium from pitch-blende is proceeding smoothly and as announced yesterday [see above] work is about to begin at Sellafield in West Cumberland on the pile which will carry the process to the next stage. In connection with the announcement that I made yesterday I wish to pay a tribute to the great firm of Courtaulds whose plans have been upset by this national need . . . .[and] to say how much the Government appreciate their co-operation. . . . Harwell is a general research establishment and such plant as it has is of an experimental nature of pilot size.The new plant to be erected at Sellafield will be a production unit producing fissile material for use in atomic energy development generally. . . . Referring to the diverse functions of the Ministry MR. WILMOT said . . . The most important side of the Ministry’s work . . . is research and development. . . . The Ministry of Supply has brought together a remarkable scientific organisation . . . the largest . . . in the country Government or private. . . . I think it is clear from the experience of the wa,r . . . that it is necessary that there should be not a one-way but a two-way flow of ideas in research and development between the Services and scientists outside the Services; thus the work is of benefit not only to the Services but to industry and to the community at large.Especially is that true in aeronautics and atomic energy developments in both of which fields may have the most profound effect upon industrial affairs of the future. . . . The research and development work of the Ministry is however not confined to its own establishments. Other Government Departments such as the Admiralty [ 2101 and the D.S.I.R. greatly assist us in our work as do the universities which carry on special tasks at the request and at the cost of the Ministry to a very large extent and the industries themselves do an immense amount of development and research work under contracts from the Ministry of Supply.. . . We have also encouraged the scientific instrument industry which made very good progress during the war. Its labour force has increased from 32,000 in 1935 to 74,000 to-day and its current produc- tion is running at over f;16 million. The exports have risen from 20 per cent. in 1938 to 33 per cent. this year. . . Professional and Technical Training (Co-ordination).-On 9 July in reply to a question by Mr. Kenneth Lindsay THE PRIME MINISTER:I am satisfied that as rapid progress is being made with the expansion of facilities at schools colleges and universities as is practicable under present conditions and that present arrangements for co-ordinat- ing the work of the various departments concerned in this work are satisfactory. In order to estimate the needs of the various professions and industries enquiries are being made by my right hon.Friend the Minister of Labour and National Service and the resulting information will be communicated to the universities and the Government Departments concerned. Careers pamphlets are available to the public. I am not prepared to say at present whether material on this subject could appropriately be included in a White Paper. Science Graduates (Allocation).-On 2 July Mr. K. Lindsay asked the Minister of Labour who is responsible for relating the output of science graduates and research scientists with the demands of Government Departments industry industrial research and teaching whether the Technical Personnel Committee is still in existence on what basis one-third of science graduates are allocated to industry ;whether his Depart- ment realises the grave shortage of science masters in secondary schools ; and what immediate action is contemplated to remedy this situation.THEMINISTEROF LABOUR MR. ISAACS I assume that the hon. Member is referring to science graduates who leave the Universities before discharging their obligations under the National Service Acts. It is the responsibility of my Department acting on the advice of the Technical Personnel Committee to allocate these young men according to the needs of the Armed Forces and essential civilian employment including research and teaching at Universi- ties and similar institutions. These young men are not permitted to take up school- teaching posts instead of being called up and in this I have the agreement of my right hon.Friend the Minister of Education. . . . Science Masters Secondary Schools.-On 3 July Mr. K. Lindsay asked the Minister of Education what steps he is taking to remedy the admitted shortage of science masters in secondary schools. THE MINISTER OF EDUCATION As the hon. MR. TOMLINSON Member is aware the science faculties at the universities are being expanded and I am confident that this will go far to meet the demand for teachers which has increased substantially in the last few years. Mr. Lindsay Is the right hon. Gentleman aware that at the moment the Oxford University Appointments Board has 250 vacancies for science teachers unfilled and that the secretary reports that some headmasters are just going to give up science teaching ? This goes to the very root of the training of scientists for the future of this country.Will he therefore give fresh consideration either to getting science teachers released from the Services-which is the only method I believe-or increasing their salaries which are so different from those paid in industry ? MR. TOMLINSON The hon. Member knows from his previous experience that the salaries question is one which is at present before the Burnham Committee and that the Minister cannot interfere. With regard to release from the Services I should hesitate to take that action. I belie\-e that the action that has been taken will lead to improvement in the numbers. Scientific and Technical Manpower.-On 26 June Mr.G. Thomas asked the Minister of Labour what further steps he is contemplating taking to ascertain the probable future demands of Government Departments industry research and teaching upon the scientific and technological manpower of the country. MR. NESS EDWARDS At my right hon. Friend’s request Lord Hankey has agreed that the Technical Personnel Committee which under his chairmanship performed valuable services during the war in assessing the demand and supply in science and technology should institute a number of detailed inquiries of the kind referred to. These inquiries are being conducted by specially appointed panels representative of all the interests concerned and the results will be published in due course. It might be added that at the request of the Advisory Council on Scientific Policy recently appointed by my right hon.Friend the Lord President under the Chairmanship of Sir Henry [ 211 3 Tizard a survey is also about to be made of the existing manpower in the country in the fields of science and professional engineering. This survey will be carried out by the Technical and Scientific Branch of our Department with the assistance of the appropriate scientific bodies and professional institutions. Scientific Civil Service.-On 17 June Mr. Philips Price asked the Financial Secretary to the Treasury whether he is aware that the present system for engaging staff for the various research organisations controlled by the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research is slow cumbersome and insufficiently sensitive to ensure that the right men and women are quickly fitted into the scientific posts for which they are best suited ; and whether arrangements will be made to revise the procedure so that the efficiency of these research institutions can be maintained and increased.SECRETARY TO THE TREASURY, THE FINANCIAL MR. GLENVIL HALL The present system of centralised recruitment by the Civil Service Commission of scientific staff was introduced for the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research in common with all other Departments employing scientific staff in accordance with the White Paper on the Scientific Civil Service (Cmd. 6679). The introduction of the new system during the difficult period of reconstruction aggravated the inevitable teething troubles.Close consideration will be given to the experience gained during this period in formulat- ing future recruiting arrangements. On 31 July Professor Gruffydd asked the Chancellor of the Exchequer why qualified scientists on production duties in the Ministry of Supply and the Admiralty are excluded from the benefits of the White Paper of September 1945 on Reorganisation and Recruitment while those with exactly similar qualifications on laboratory duties in other Departments receive the benefits of the White Paper scales. MR. GLENVIL HALL Staff in the Government Service are classified according to the work on which they are engaged; and the work described in the first part of the question is not appropriate to the Scientific Classes.On 4 August Sir E. Graham-Little asked the Financial Secretary to the Treasury if he will give an assurance that fully-trained and qualified scientists on production duties in the Ministry of Supply and the Admiralty who are excluded from the Scientific Civil Service will receive pay prospects and ultimate promotion to senior posts com- parable with their colleagues of similar training and qualifications who have been assimilated to the Scientific Civil Service as laid down in the White Paper for Re- organisation and Recruitment to Scientific Civil Service September 1945. MR. GLENVILHALL Officers employed on duties which do not fall within the scope of the Scientific Civil Service will receive the pay and other conditions applicable to the class and grades appropriate to their work ;these matters are being or will be discussed with the appropriate staff representatives.On 6 August Colonel Wheatley asked the Parliamentary Secretary to the Admiralty if in view of the shortage of scientific staff in Government service he will consider permitting members of the scientific staff of the Armament Supply Department of the Admiralty established or not who are qualified for inclusion in the Scientific Civil Service to transfer to other scientific departments should they so desire. THE CIVIL LORD OF THE ADMIRALTY In considering MR. WALTER EDWARDS applications by employees to transfer to other departments it is necessary to have regard to the requirements of the duties on which they are engaged at the time.A number of employees of the Armament Supply Department have already been released for employment in Scientific services elsewhere and the point has been reached where further releases may be detrimental to the efficiency of the department. While there- fore no unqualified undertaking to release further applicants can be given any applica- tion for release by an officer whose services would be useful in a scientific capacity to another department will none the less receive full consideration in the light of the relevant circumstances. J!?WU~U,-JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1947 Part 1v. P. 165 line; 2 3. “Imperial Industries Ltd.” should read “Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. P. 172. The footnote should read “*7 candidates failed to satisfy the Examiners in part only of the Examination.” [ 2121 NAT10NA L CERTIFICATES IN CHEMISTRY (ENGLAND AND WALES) Report of the Assessors for the year 1946-47 I.INTRODUCTORY The number of entries in the Senior Grade was 426 of whom 254 passed compared with 358 entries in 1946 of whom 247 passed. In the Advanced Grade there were 148 candidates of whom 110 passed. In 1946 there were 112 candidates of whom 83 passed. Of the 148 candidates 117 had previously obtained the Ordinary Certificate and of the 110 successful candidates 90 had previously obtained the Ordinary Certificate. 11. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY Senior.-The task before the students of inorganic chemistry is a formidable one. They have to master the main outlines of a complicated and growing subject and it is the special responsibility of their teachers to help them to do this in a systematic manner.The periodic table and atomic structure are generally the foundation for the inorganic course. Much inorganic chemistry can be taught by reference to large-scale processes but there are obvious limitations to this method. With these general ideas in mind it is gratifying to be able to record that the good standard of the preceding year has been maintained. The candidates’ factual knowledge and understanding of basic principles were good and there seemed an improvement in the way the numerical exercises were done. It was evident that teachers had made an effort to get their pupils into the habit of balancing their chemical equations.In questions dealing with the Periodic Law there was confusion between a “period” and a “group,” and the dative covalency or co-ordinate link was not always understood. It was curious to find CuS0,.5H20 and FeS0,.7H20 sometimes described as isomorphous crystals. Evidently students remembered that in the text-books commercial copper sulphate is quite rightly stated to contain some ferrous sulphate. Actually the hydrated form FeS0,.5H20 is isomorphous with CuS0,.5H20 and forms mixed crystals. Although the simpler equations presented no difficulty as a rule yet it was obvious that many candidates found the equations representing the oxidation of a ferrous salt with oxidising agents such as acid KMnO or K,Cr,O rather outside their attainments.A dvanced-Inorganic chemistry at this stage has been greatly influenced by the newer physical conceptions. There is now an entirely new picture of the nature of atoms and molecules and of the various types of directed and non-directed valency bonds. Teachers who wish to keep in touch with these new ideas will find the writings of C. A. Coulson particularly valuable. In “Endeavour” he has written a clear and non-mathematical account of the representation of simple molecules by molecular orbitals and in the Quarterly Review of the Chemical Society Vol. I No. 2 he has given a fuller treatment of the same subject. Side by side with such fundamental advances inorganic chemistry during recent years has also developed along more normal lines. These matters are mentioned in order that students at this stage of inorganic chemistry may have the guidance which will stimulate their interest in this ever-expanding branch of science.The standard of the work submitted is still very satisfactory. The formulation of compounds in accordance with Werner’s Theory sometimes gave trouble to the weaker brethren and diagrams did not always make clear the existence of optical isomerism in simple cases. Nuclear chemistry had evidently been of interest to many of the candidates and some excellent answers resulted. Practical Inorganic Chemistry.-The exercises suggested were in general admirably suited to test the candidates’ proficiency in the practical work of the course. The marks assigned indicated a very satisfactory standard.For the average candidate the gravi- metric exercises proved the more difficult part of the practical tests. 111. PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY It is possible to teach a great deal of inorganic chemistry as a series of illustrations of the laws of physical chemistry. The line between the subjects is not always very clearly defined so that in certain question papers the teachers gave a rather liberal interpretation of what constituted physical chemistry. Definitions of acids and bases have had an interesting history and teachers of physical chemistry will find a helpful article by R. P. Bell in Quarterly Review of the Chemical Society on the use of the terms “acid” and “base.” At both the Senior and Advanced stages some very good [ 213 1 work is being done.The old faults to which attention has been drawn in previous reports still mar the work of certain candidates but there has been this year a thoroughly satisfactory understanding of basic principles and simple calculations have been done better on the whole than in’earlier years. The meaning of pH and of buffer solutions was not always made clear in answers. The meaning of a monomolecular reaction was sometimes not clearly understood judging by answers submitted by a number of candidates. A number of questions dealt with the parachor and the expres- sion for this was not always given correctly. The general conclusion of the Assessors is that work of a solid calibre is being done in this branch of chemistry. In the practical examination the teachers showed great ingenuity in evolving suitable exercises and the candidates as a general rule acquitted themselves well in these tests.IV. ORGANICCHEMISTRY Senior.-In general the standard of attainment was highly creditable and reflects both diligence on the part of the student and effectiveness on the part of the teacher. The level of performance appeared this year to be rather more uniform than has some- times been the case; this may be attributed at least in some measure to the examination papers containing a smaller proportion of questions of a more specialised type. The maintenance of emphasis on subjects of general interest and fundamental importance at this stage of a student’s training is not only valuable in itself but has the additional advantage of laying a firm and solid foundation upon which can be built the superstructure of the advanced course.Advanced.-In this stage also a large proportion of the work was sound and of good quality. A few questions were of a rather more specialised or involved character than might be thought desirable. In view of the restricted time available for study it seems desirable that the largest possible part of it should be devoted to the more general and fundamental aspects of the subject. Technological Subjects.-The answers sometimes show a lack of balance-non-essentials being dealt with at too great a length and essentials and principles receiving too sketchy a treatment. On the whole the answers indicate careful and systematic teaching. Practical.-The exercises in both the Senior and Advanced grades were carried out with competence and sometimes with a considerable display of skill.Care and thought have been expended in devising practical problems which have stimulated students to put forth their best efforts. V. PHYSICS Papers in physics were submitted by nine schools and by 64 candidates. Theory Papers.-The standard of the papers was on the whole fairly uniform. In a few schools the English and spelling were poor and some slovenly scripts were presented. There is still evidence that the laws of electrolysis are not clearly understood. Much confusion is caused by emphasis on “electro-chemical equivalent,’’ which has no fundamental significance; the essential relationship between the chemical equivalent and the faraday 96,500 coulombs is often not appreciated; indeed a failure to under- stand the fundamental meaning of Faraday’s Laws is quite common.Practical Papers.-The instruction to candidates that all observations be entered directly in the answer-book at the time they are made and that all calculations be shown is still not always observed. The correct entry of laboratory notes is an essential part of a student’s training and it is important to inculcate the right principles at an early stage. It should also be borne in mind that physical measurements are worthless unless carried out with the utmost care and accuracy. (SCOTLAND) For the Ordinary Certificate there were 76 candidates of whom 52 passed and for the Higher Certificate there were 22 candidates of whom 15 passed.BOOKS AND THEIR CONTENTS Plastics The Metallization of. J. R. I. Hepburn. Pp. 72. (London Cleaver- Hume Press Ltd. 1947.) 6s. net. Introduction. Deposition of metallic coatings from solution; metal-spraying processes; cathode sputtering and vacuum evaporation processes; formation characteristics and testing of metallized deposits on plastics. Bibliographies. Plastics Fabric Reinforced. W. J. Brown. Pp. 148. (London Cleaver-Hume Press Ltd. 1947.) 7s. 6d. net. Introductory. Raw materials; manufacturing process; physical characteristics; factors influencingphysical characteristics; applications; methods of test. Appendix specifications. Plastics Cellulose. D. N. Buttrey. Pp. 128. (London Cleaver-Hume Press Ltd.1947.) 7s. 6d. net. Occurrence of cellulose; the constitution of cellulose; cellulose nitrate (nitrocellulose) ; cellulose organic esters; cellulose ethers. Bibliography. Author and subject indexes. Simple Glass-Blowing for Laboratories and Schools. William E. Park-Winder. Pp. 112. (London Crosby Lockwood & Son Ltd. 1947.) 6s. net. Preface. Preliminary suggestions; glass-blowing tools and equipment; the manu- facture and properties of glass and electrode sealing; bending joining sealing of tubes and bulb-blowing; construction and repair of apparatus with general hints. Appendix a course of training in glass-blowing. Index. Statistical Methods in Research and Production with Special Reference to the Chemical Industry. Edited by Owen L.Davies. Pp. xii + 292. (London and Edinburgh Oliver and Boyd for Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. l947.) 28s. net. Introduction. Frequency distributions; averages and measures of dispersion; tests of significance; analysis of variance; regression and correlation; frequency data and contingency tables; sampling; control charts; prediction and specification. Glossary of statistical terms. Typesetting of mathematical expressions. Mathe-matical signs. Conventions. Statistical and mathematical symbols. Tables of statistical functions. Nomogram. Index. THE REGISTER New Fe I lows Joshi Shridhar Sarvottam M.Sc. (Ben-Palit Santi Ranjan D.Sc. (Calcutta). ares) D.Sc. (Lond.). Todd Professor James Prior Ph.D. Kroch Falk Heinz Dr. Phil. (Berlin).(Glasgow) Ph.C. Lehmann Hermann M.D. (Bade) Ph.D. (Cantab.). Associates Elected to the Fellowship Chamberlin Miss Lilian Marjorie B.Sc. Pickthall Jack. (Lond.). Podmore Henry Levison B.Sc. (Birm.). Felstead Donald Robert William. Raymond Leonard William I.S.O. B.A. Kochhar Basheshar Dass D.Sc. (Punjab). B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. Pardoe Mrs. Grace Irene B.Sc. (Birm.). Williams Edward Arthur B.Sc. (Birm.). Parkes James. New Associates Bailey Ronald Frederick B.Sc. (Wales) Crofts Frank Edward B.Pharm. (Lond.) A.M. I.Chem.E. Ph.C. Behere Shrikrishna Narayan M.Sc. (Nag-Davies John Charles Wallace. PU') * Ellis Stuart Colin B.Sc. (Lond.). Campbell Hector Stanley BSc. (Lond.) Fairbairn James Wight B.Sc. Ph.D. A.R.C.S. (Lond.). Ph.C. Castle Victor B.Sc.(Lond.) A.T.I. Godby William Alfred. Chanmugam Samuel Manoranjan B.Sc. Jackson George Albert Douglas B.Sc. (Lond.). Ph.D. (Dunelm.). Couper James Stewart. Lincoln James B.A. (Oxon.). [ 2151 Lindley Stewart Vaughan B.Sc. (Liv.). Riesenfeld Franz Ph.D. Mag. Pharm. Majumdar Kamala Kanta M.Sc. (Cal-(Vienna). cutta). Russell Mark BSc. (Lond.). Marbach Werner Otto. Scott Raymond Peter William. Martin Alexander Lawson B.Sc. (Edin.). Seth Sewa Ram M.Sc. (Punjab). Miller Ronald Bruce M.Sc. (N.Z.). Smith Peter B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. Morris Douglas Sydney B.Sc. (Lond.) Snell Ronald Charles B.Sc. (Bris.). A.R.C.S. Trowell Frank. Morris Francis Norman B.Sc. (Lond.). Underhill Roger B.Sc. (Bris.). Newton David Anthony B.A. (Cantab.). Vale Corwyn Philip M.A.(Cantab.). Parry George Alwyn M.Sc. (Wales). Wernick Miss Dorothy BSc. (Birm.). Payne Louis. Wilson John Pierce B.Sc. (N.U.I.),M.Sc. Peers Charles Hargrave B.Sc. (Lond.). D.Phi1. (Oxon.). Redfern William B.Sc. (Sheffield). Wolforth Roy B.Sc. (Leeds). Richardson Ronald Wilfrid B.Sc. (Lond.) . Wood Edward. A.R.C.S. Wright Victor Barry BSc. (Lond.). Re-elected Associates Andrews Harry B.Sc. (Lond.). Hayward Lionel Alan Walter BSc. Bamf ord John Sherlock A. H .-W .C. (Lond.). De Mahendra Kumar M.Sc. (Dacca). Hambridge Roger Lambert B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.S.M. D.I.C. New Students Baker Paul Persky Miss Rose. Chard Maurice Edward. Quilter Miss Marie Norma. Damp Graham John. Robinson Brian. Davies Caleb Thomas. Rostron George Henry.Drewery George. Rutley Robert Osmund. Edwards Alan Charles. Sampson Roy Derrick. Franklin Alan Ernest. Scott Norman Marshall. Gaunt Eric Felton. Sykes Philip. Hullah Miss Jean Irene. Sykes Stanley. Lees Geoffrey Milsom Hall. Wells Frederick Herbert. Mitchell Brian Walter. Wray Kingsley Matterson. DEATHS Fellows Harry Thornton Calvert M.B.E. B.Sc. Frederick Alfred Mason M.A. (Oxon.), (Vict.) D.Sc. (Leeds) Ph.D. (Leipzig). Ph.D. (Munich). Walter Charles Carter. Albert Sherlock. George Thomas Byrne B.Sc. M.Sc. Roland Francis Young. (Manc.) Associates Frank Bourne. John Affleck Stevenson M.C. MA. Victor Lefebure O.B.E. B.Sc. (Lond.). B.Sc. (Edin.) OBITUARY HECTORROBERTADAMdied in January 1944 in his 60th year. He received his scientific training at the University of Aberdeen graduating B.Sc.with special distinction in chemistry in 1905. After spending a year in post-graduate work at the University he became Assistant Chemist to the West Riding of Yorkshire Rivers Board and in 1907 Chemist in the Dyeing Department of J. & P. Coats Ltd. Paisley. In 1910 he proceeded to South Africa where he held various positions with the New Kleinfontein Gold Mining Co. Ltd. Heyman’s Laboratories F. T. Mumford Mining Engineer and the Weijal Gold and Antimony Mining Co. Ltd. In 1913 he became Assistant Lecturer and later Lecturer in Metallurgy and Assaying at the South African School of Mines. In 1926 he was appointed Chief Chemist and Assistant Consulting Metallurgist in the Government Areas Laboratory in the Transvaal where he remained until his death.He passed the Examination for the Fellowship of the Institute in Metallurgical Chemistry in 1917. r 2167 ERNESTHOULDER BERTRAM died on 2.5 June 1947 in his 75th year. Educated at Southall High School he attended classes at Finsbury Technical College under Castell Evans Meldola and Streatfeild. In 1890 he entered the laboratory of W. Houlder Son and Co. was appointed Works Manager in 1897 and Senior Partner and Managing Director in 1916. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1918. VICTOR LEFEBURE died on 13 August 1947 in his 57th year. He was educated at the William Ellis School and proceeded to University College London in 1909 graduating B.Sc. in 1911.He remained at University College until 1915 and was awarded an 1851 Exhibition Scholarship for research and a Tufnell Research Scholarship. He then became lecturer in chemistry at Wye Agricultural College and in March 1915 was accepted for a Commission in the 3rd Essex Regiment. He was subsequently transferred to the Special Brigade R.E. until 1917 when he became Chemical Warfare Liaison Officer with the rank of Major. In this connection he was a member of the Inter-Allied Secretariat for Chemical Warfare and of the Chemical Committee of the Inter-Allied Munitions Council and Paris member of the Explosives Committee of that Council. He was appointed an O.B.E. and a Chevalier of the Legion of Honour for his services. After the cessation of hostilities in 1918 he was concerned with dyestuffs and later with cements and plasters.He recently formed a small development company Allied Building Chemical Research Ltd. He was joint author of papers with Ramsay and Caspari and author of “The Riddle of the Rhine.” He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1918. Mrs. LEONORE died on 23 July 1947 in her 57th year. PEARSON Educated at North Manchester High School and Pendleton High School she entered the University of Manchester in 1909 and graduated B.Sc. in 1912 and M.Sc. in 1913. After working for a year under Professor Lapworth as Schunck Research Assistant she was appointed Assistant Lecturer and Demonstrator in Chemistry at the University. For several years she had given up the practice of chemistry but had recently renewed her activities in this direction.She was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1918. PHILIPPERMAN EDGAR died on 27 May 1947 in his 82nd year. He studied under Sir William Ramsay at University College London and carried out an investigation on the densities of gases for which he was awarded thd D.Sc. of the University of London. In 1892 he became engaged in teaching and research at Uni-versity College Cardiff being appointed Assistant Professor in 1904. During the 1914-18 War he carried out research on amatol at Guy’s Hospital Medical School. He returned to Cardiff in 1919 and continued his university work there until his retirement in 1932. He was the author of numerous papers contributed to the Proceedings of the Royal Society the Transactions of the Chemical Society and other journals mainly on physico-chemical subjects.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1918. JOHNAFFLECKSTEVENSON died on 1 November 1945 in his 58th year. His scientific training was taken at the University of Edinburgh where he graduated M.A. and B.Sc. in 1912. He was appointed Science and Mathematics Master to Haverfordwest Grammar School in 1913 and Chemistry Master to Selhurst Grammar School Croydon in 1914. After service in the R.F.A. from December 1914 he was commissioned in the Royal Air Force in 1915 and was later awarded the Military Cross. On demobilisation in 1919 he returned to Selhurst Grammar School and in addition became teacher of chemistry at the Central Polytechnic Croydon remaining in these appointments until the time of his death.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1921. PAUL SYMONS HANNAY died at Hong Kong on 22 March 1946 in his 37th year. Educated at St. John’s College Johannesburg he graduated BSc. and later M.Sc. in the University of South Africa. In 1929 he was appointed Chemist in the Depart- ment of Biochemistry South African Institute for Medical Research and after a year as part-time research worker in the Department of Physiology of the University of the Witwatersrand was appointed Assistant Government Analyst in the Medical Depart- ment at Hong Kong. He came to England in 1942 and was gazetted Lieutenant in the R.A.M.C. and shortly afterwards Major and Specialist in Hygiene (Chemistry) and Officer Commanding No.4 Mobile Hygiene Laboratory. He returned to the East in 1945. He was the author of numerous papers published in the South African Journal for Medical Science and other journals. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1936 and a Fellow in 1944. c 217 3 GREATREX WOODS died in February 1947 in his 64th year. JOHNSON He received his scientific training at Auckland College University of New Zealand and was registered as a Pharmacist in 1907. For several years he was Assistant to the Government Analyst for Auckland and subsequently became Chief Analyst and Works Chemist with Burroughs Wellcome & Co. in Sydney. In 1917 he was selected for technical work in the Ministry of Munitions and was gazetted Captain in the Royal Air Force.He served as the representative of the Department of Aircraft Producton on several Committees and Panels. He remained in England for some years after the Armistice in 1918 and in 1926 returned to Sydney as General Manager of Allen & Hanburys (Australia) Ltd. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1919. ROLANDFRANCIS YOUNGdied on 5 March 1947 in his 66th year. He became a student at Finsbury Technical College in 1898 and in 1901 was appointed Chemist to the Wouldham Cement Co. and two years later Assistant Chemist to the Gas Light and Coke Company. In 1907 he went to West Africa where he held appointments as Cyanide Metallurgist and Assayer to the Taquah Mining and Explora- tion Co. the Abosso Gold Mining Co.and Tarkwa Banket West Gold Mining Co. He returned to England in 1916 and resumed his work with the Gas Light and Coke Com- pany becoming in 1916 Chief Analytical Chemist and later Chemist-in-Charge of the General Laboratory at the Product Works at Beckton. He retired in 1943. He served on Sub-committees of the British Standards Institution and as a Borough Councillor for St. Pancras. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1918 and a Fellow in 1934. COMING EVENTS The following list has been compiled from the latest information available. The Institute cannot hold itself responsible for its accuracy or for changes that may be made of which it may receive no notification. Meetings in the Birmingham area have been arranged by the Midland Chemists Committee on which the Chemical Society the Institute the Society of Chemical Industry the British Association of Chemists and the University of Birmingham Chemical Society are represented and have been listed under Midland Chemists Com- mittee followed where necessary by the name of the sponsoring body (in brackets); it is to be understood that members of the other co-operating bodies may attend.October 13 MANCHESTER AND PHILOSOPHICAL LITERARY SOCIETY:“New Antimalarial Drugs.” Dr. F. L. Rose at Reynolds Hall College of Technology Manchester at 5.30 p.m. 14 THEINSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) Discussion on Local Activities. “The Chemist in the Photographic Industry.” Dr. H. Baines at the County Technical College Essex Road Dartford at 7.16 p.m.ELECTRODEPOSITORS’ SOCIETY (Midlands Section) “German Electro- TECHNICAL Plating Practice with particular reference to Electrolytic Polishing Bright Deposits and Hard Chrome.’’ Mr. A. W. Wallbank at The Mappin Hall The University Sheffield at 6 p.m. 15 THE IEI,STITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) “Personnel Selec- tion. Mr. L. N. Coombs in the Town Hall High Holborn W.C.l at 6.30 p.m. METALLURGICAL MANCHESTER SOCIETY “Conduction of Electricity. ” Dr. L. C. Bannister at the Engineers’ Club Manchester at 6.30 p.m. ROYAL MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY Exhibition of Industrial Microscopy in the Great Hall B.M.A. House Tavistock Square London W.C.l 2.30-4.30 and 6.30-8.30 p.m. MIDLAND COMMITTEE CHEMISTS “Chemical Ciphering-a New System.” Messrs.M. Gordon C. E. Kendall and W. H. T. Davison at the University Edmund Street Birmingham at 7 p.m. r 2181 October OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY and the 15 SOCIETY OILAND COLOURCHEMISTS’ASSOCIATION RHEOLOGY CLUB Symposium on “Emulsions Dopes and Paints,” at King’s College Newcastle upon Tyne at 5.30 p.m. BRITISHASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS(Manchester Section) :“Economic Security in the Chemical Profession.” Mr. N. Sheldon in the Engineers’ Club Albert Square Manchester at 7 p.m. 16 THEINSTITUTE (Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section) joint meeting with the Chemical, Society and the Society of Chemical Industry “Modern Ideas of Valency. Professor W. Wardlaw in the North British Station Hotel Edin- burgh at 7.30 p.m.THE INSTITUTE (Liverpool and North-Western Section) Joint Meeting with the British Association of Chemists “Some Aspects of Industrial Administration.” Mr. R. R.Butler in the Lecture Theatre The University Liverpool at 7 p.m. SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Nottingham Section) “Some Aspects of Modern Analytical Chemistry.” Dr. W. F. Elvidge at Nottingham at 7 p.m. OF FUEL INSTITUTE Melchett Lecture. “Hydrogenation in the Fuel and Chemical Industries.” Major K. Gordon C.B.E. M.C. at Gas Industry House 1 Gros-venor Place London S.W.1 at 2.30 p.m. 17 The Institute Meldola Medal Lecture. “Some Applications of Acetylenic Com- pounds in Organic Synthesis.” Dr. A. W. Johnson Meldola Medallist in the Rooms of the Geological Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.1 at 6 p.m. BEDSONCLUB “Some Aspects of Solid Reactions.” Professor W. E. Garner C.B.E.. F.R.S. at King’s College Newcastle upon Tyne at 5.30 p.m. 20 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastem Counties Section) Films and Discus- sion on Water Treatment; organised by Mr. s. Stevens in the Lecture Hall Public Library Luton at 7.30 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry INDUSTRY (Chemical Engineering Group) Hull Chemical and Engineering Society and Leeds University Chemical and Engineering Society “Some Experiences in the Heavy Chemical Industry.” Dr. H. C. Millett at Leeds. 21 SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Agriculture Group) “Fertiliser Requirements of Wheat as Determined by Field Trials.” Dr.G. A. Cowie in the Chemistry Department Royal College of Science South Kensington London S.W.7 at 2.30 p.m. 22 THE INSTITUTE (Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast Section) “The Organic Chemist and Some Isotopes.” Professor G. R. Clemo F.R.S. at King’s College Newcastle upon Tyne at 6.30 p.m. IRISH ASSOCIATION: CHEMI~,AL Presidential Address “A New Aspect of Claisen Con- densation. Dr. T. s. Wheeler in the Chemical Dept. University College Dublin at 7.30 p.m. OF CHEMICAL (London Section) H. E. Armstrong Memorial SOCIETY INDUSTRY Lecture. “Some Aspects of the Work of H. E. Armstrong.” Sir Frederick Keeble C.B.E. F.R.S. at the Royal Institution Albemarle Street London W.l at 6.30 p.m. SOCIETYo~,DYERS AND COLOURISTS:“Steam Utilisation for the Dyeing Industry.Mr. J. ID. Cameron Ridley in Room 104 College of Technology Leicester at 7 p.m. 23 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastem Counties Section) Scientific Film Display followed by Discussion on Local Activities at Medway Technical College Gillingham Kent at 7.30 p.m. THEINSTITUTE (Hull and District Section) jointly with the Chemical Society and the University College Scientific Society “Addition Polymerisation. ” Professor D. H. Hey at the University College of Hull at 6 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (East Midlands Section) Meeting at the College of Technology Leicester at 7.15 p.m. [ 219 3 October 23 THE INSTITUTE (Bristol and South-Western Counties Section) jointly with the Chemical Society and Society of Chemical Industry “Physico-Chemical Methods with Special Reference to Spectroscopy and Polarography.” Mr.A. S. Nickelson at the University Chemical Department Woodland Road Bristol at 5.30 p.m. CHEMICAL Tilden Lecture “Crystallographic Technique and its Chemical SOCIETY Significance.” Professor E. G. Cox at Burlington House Piccadilly London W.l at 7.30 p.m. CHEMICAL BRADFORD SOCIETY “The Polarograph and its Application.” Mr. R. Gill at the Bradford Technical College Bradford at 7.15 p.m. 24 THE INSTITUTE (Glasgow and West of Scotland Section) Joint Meeting with the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry at the Royal Technical College Glasgow C. 1 at 7.15 p.m. CHEMICAL “Isotopes and Molecular Spectra.” Professor C.K. Ingold, SOCIETY F.R.S. Joint meeting with Southampton University College Chemical and Physical Societies in the Physics Department University College Southampton at 5 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Sheffield S. Yorkshire and North Midlands Section) jointly with the Sheffield Metallurgical Association “Chemical Metallurgy.” Dr. H. J. T. Ellingham at the Association’s premises 198 West Street Sheffield at 7 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Belfast and District Section) “Hormones and Sex in Plants.” Mr. J. H. Harrison in the Royal Academical Institution Belfast at 7.30 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (South Wales Section) “Penicillin-Its Preparation and Proper- ties.” Mr. A. L. Bacharach in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre University College Swansea at 6.30 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (East Anglian Section) jointly with the Food Group Society of Chemical Industry “The Herring and its Preservation.” At Norwich City College at 7.30 p.m.25 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) Dance in the Oak Restaurant 18 Kensington High Street W.8 at 7 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (East Anglian Section) jointly with the Food Group Society of Chemical Industry. Visit to Fisheries Laboratory Lowestoft. 27 MIDLAND CHEMISTS COMMITTEE (Birmingham University College Chemical Society) :“Newer Views on Multiple Bonds and their Reactions.” Dr. J. Sheridan at the University Edgbaston Birmingham 15 at 4.30 p.m. BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS:“Selling the B.A.C.” Mr. C. H. Price in the Moon Hotel Spondon Derby at 7.15 p.m. 28 THE INSTITUTE (Leeds Area Section) jointly with Leeds University Chemical Society “The English Oilfields.” Mr.R. K. Dickie in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre University of Leeds at 6.30 p.m. THEINSTITUTE (Huddersfield Section) “Plant Hormones with special reference to Selective Weed Killers.” Dr. E. Holmes. 29 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) :“The Examination of Questioned Documents.” Mr. J. G. N. Gaskin at Woolwich Polytechnic Woolwich S.E.18 at 7 p.m. 30 THE INSTITUTE (Manchester and District Section) “Beer.” Mr. A. J. C. Cosbie in the Engineers’ Club Albert Square Manchester at 7 p.m. CHEMICAL joint meeting with the University Chemical Society :Lecture by SOCIETY Professor G. R. Clemo; F.R.S. in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre University of Sheffield at 5.30 p.m.31 THEINSTITUTE (Cardiff and District Section) “Corrosion.” Dr. W. H. J. Vernon in the Physics Laboratory University of Cardiff at 7 p.m. CHEMICAL SOCIETY,joint meeting with the Alchemists’ Club and the Andersonian Chemical Society “From the Highest to the Lowest.” Professor H. Nicol in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre The University Glasgow at 3.45 p.m. BRITISHASSOCIATION (Scottish Section) Papers and discussion. St. OF CHEMISTS Enoch Station Hotel Glasgow at 7 p.m. [ 220 1 October OF (Industrial Spectroscopy Group) Annual General Meeting 31 INSTITUTEPHYSICS 6 p.m. “Raman Spectra.” Dr. A. C. Menzies at the Institute of Physics 47 Belgrave Square London S.W. 1 at 6.30 p.m.BIOCHEMICAL at St. Thomas’s Hospital Medical School. SOCIETY November 1 THEINSTITUTE (Liverpool and North-Western Section) “Our Present Knowledge of the Vitamin B Complex.” Dr. T. I?. Macrae at Wigan at 3 p.m. 3 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (London Section) “Recent Developments in INDUSTRY Seaweed Technology.” Dr. A. W. P. Black in the Chemical Society’s Rooms Burlington House Piccadilly London W. 1 at 6.30 p.m. OF CHEMISTS: 4 BRITISHASSOCIATION “Recent Developments in Glass.” Ur. K. E. Bastick in Room 104 College of Technology Leicester at 7 p.m. 8 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) Scientific Film Display at South-West Essex Technical College Forest Road Walthamstowe E.17 at 7.30 p.m. CHEMICALSOCIETY Scientific Meeting at Burlington House Piccadilly London W.l at 7.30 p.m.CHEMICALSOCIETY, jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry Bristol Section “The Oxidation of Phenols.” Professor R. D. Haworth F.R.S. in the Chemical Department of the University of Bristol Woodland Road Bristol at 5.30 p.m. CHEMICALSOCIETY “Some Contributions of the Organic Chemist to Biological Science.” Professor F. S. Spring in the Large Chemistry Lecture Theatre University College Nottingham at 6 p.m. OF INSTITUTIONTHE RUBBERINDUSTRY (Discussion Group) “Crude Rubber Technology.” At the College of Technology Leicester at 7.30 p.m. INSTITUTE WELDING (South London Branch) “Argon Arc Welding.” Mr. OF R. R. Sillifant at the Wandsworth Technical Institute at 6.30 p.m. 7 THEINSTITUTE (East Anglian Section) “Rheology and the Chemist.” Dr.G. W. Scott Blair at Ipswich. CHEMICALSOCIETY: “A Problem in Chemical Kinetics.” Professor C. N. Hinshel- wood F.R.S. in the University Chemical Laboratory Cambridge. SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Manchester Section) “Academic Research and the Chemical Industry.” Professor B. C. Dodds M.V.O. F.R.S. at the Engineers’ Club Manchester at 6.30 p.m. BEDSONCLUB “Pages from the Chemistry of Aluminium.” Professor H. Bassett at King’s College Newcastle upon Tyne at 5.30 p.m. OIL AND COLOURCHEMISTS’ (Manchester Section) Discussion on ASSOCIATION “Surface Activity,” at the Engineers’ Club Manchester at 6.30 p.m. OF 8 INSTITUTIONCHEMICALENGINEERS(North-Western Branch) “Modern Tar Distillation Plant.” Mr.A. L. Curtis at Reynolds Hall College of Technology, Manchester at 3 p.m. 10 THEINSTITUTE (Hull and District Section) “The Configuration and Polymorphism of Glycerides.” Dr. M. L. Meara at the Royal Station Hotel Hull at 7 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Leeds Area Section) Annual General Meeting in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre University of Leeds at 6.30 p.m. OILAND COLOURCHEMISTS’ “A Coaxial Cylinder Viscometer of Wide ASSOCIATION Utility” Dr. R. F. Bowles; “Brushability and the Empirical Flow Tests”; Mr. B. Saunders at Welfare Club Messrs. British Paints Portland Road Newcastle upon Tyne at 6.30 p.m. 11 THEINSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) jointly with Graves- end Engineering Society Films and Discussion on Water Treatment organised by Mr.S. Stevens at the Royal Clarendon Hotel Gravesend at 7.30 p.m. SOCIETY INDUSTRY “The OF CHEMICAL and SOCIETY OF GLASS TECHNOLOGISTS Use of Photography as a Research Tool.” Dr. Vickers at King’s College Newcastle upon Tyne at 6.30 p.m. [2211 November 12 THE INSTITUTE (Dublin Section) “Whiskey.” Mr. V. H. M. Bowers in the Chemical Department Trinity College Dublin at 7.30 p.m. INSTITUTEPETROLEUM OF “Rheological Investigation of Asphaltic Bitumen in Connexion with its Technical Applications.” Mr. R. N. J. Saal at Manson House 26 Portland Place London W.l at 5.30 p.m. 12-13 IRON Autumn Meeting at the Offices of the Institute AND STEELINSTITUTE 4 Grosvenor Gardens London S.W.l. Morning sessions at 10 a.m.; afternoon session (first day only) at 2.30 p.m.13 THE INSTITUTE (Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section) jointly with the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry “Diffusion in Biological Processes.” Dr. P. Eggleton in the North British Station Hotel Edinburgh at 7.30 p.m. THEINSTITUTE (Liverpool and North-Western Section) “The Properties of Coal in Relation to its Utilisation.” Dr. A. C. Dunningham at Widnes at 7 p.m. CHEMICAL SOCIETY:Meeting for the reading of short original communications in the Chemistry Department University of Manchester at 6.30 p.m. CHEMICALSOCIETY joint meeting with the University Chemical Society “The Hydrogen Bond in Organic Chemistry.” Professor L. Hunter in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre The University Sheffield at 5.30 p.m.14 CHEMICAL joint meeting with Southampton University College Chemical SOCIETY, Society “The Corrosion of Metals.” Dr. U. R. Evans in the Physics Dept. University College Southampton at 5 p.m. MIDLAND CHEMISTS COMMITTEE (Society of Chemical Industry Birmingham Section) Chance Memorial Lecture. Sir Hugh Chance in the Imperial Hotel Birmingham at 6.30 p.m. 18 SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Agriculture Group) “The Role of Chemistry in Recent Developments of Animal Insecticides.” Dr. R. S. Cahn in the Chemistry Department Royal College of Science South Kensington London S.W.7 at 2.30 p.m. 19 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) Annual General Meeting. Scientific Films. At the Wellcome Research Institution 183,Euston Road London N.W.1 at 6.30 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast Section) “Some Industrial Contacts.” Dr. L. H. Lampitt at King’s College Newcastle upon Tyne at 6.30 p.m. OF DYERSAND COLOURISTS SOCIETY :“Petroleum Chemistry as applied to Textiles. ’’ Dr. E. S. Paice at the Victoria Hotel Nottingham at 7 p.m. 20 CHEMICAL Scientific Meeting at Burlington House Piccadilly London SOCIETY W.l at 7.30 p.m. CHEMICAL joint meeting with Hull University College Scientific Society SOCIETY “The Structure of Proteins from the Viewpoint of the Chemist.” Professor A. C. Chibnall F.R.S. at University College Hull at 6.30 p.m. CHEMICAL “The Chemistry of Ethylenic Polymers.” Professor H.W. SOCIETY Melville F.R.S. in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre The University Liverpool at 4.30 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (Nottingham Section) “Partition Chroma-tography.” Dr. A. J. T. Martin at Nottingham at 7 p.m. BRITISH ASSOCIATION Chemists’ Dinner at St. James’s Restaurant OF CHEMISTS Derby at 7.15 p.m. 21 The Institute Thirtieth Streatfeild Memorial Lecture “The Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Act and some Analytical Implications.” Mr. George Taylor in the Rooms of the Geological Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.l at 6 p.m. CHEMICAL Original Papers in the Chemistry Department King’s College SOCIETY Newcastle upon Tyne at 5 p.m. SOCIETY CHEMICAL :“Electron Transfer Reactions.” Professor M. G. Evans F.R.S. at the Royal Technical College Glasgow at 7.15 p.m.[ 222 3 November OF DYERSAND COLOURISTS(Manchester Section) and TEXTILE 21 SOCIETY INSTITUTE “The Effect of Physical Preeatment on the Ease of Saponification of Cellulose Acetate Rayons and Films. Mr. C. P. Tattersfield at the Gas Department Showrooms Town Hall Extension Manchester at 7 p.m. 22 THEINSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) “The Examination of Questioned Documents.” Mr. J. G. N. Gaskin at Brighton Technical College Brighton at 5.45 p.m. for 6 p.m. OF (Discussion Group) “Vulcanisation 24 INSTITUTIONTHE RUBBERINDUSTRY Technology,’’ at the College of Technology Leicester at 7.30 p.m. 25 THE INSTITUTE (Belfast and District Section) Joint Annual Dinner with the Chemical Society and Society of Chemical Industry at the Royal Avenue Hotel Belfast.BRITISHASSOCIATIONOF CHEMISTS (Northern Section) “Atomic Energy.” Dr. H. L. Riley. ANALYSTSAND OTHER ANALYTICAL SOCIETYOF PUBLIC CHEMISTS (Physical Methods Group) :Annual General Meeting at 6 p.m. “The Electron Microscope.” Mr. B. S. Cooper in the Rooms of the Chemical Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W. 1 at 6.30 p.m. 25-26 INSTITUTIO~ Autumn Research Meeting. OF GASENGINEERS 26 IRISH and THE INSTITUTE CHEMICALASSOCIATION (Dublin Section) “The Experi- mental Approach to the Problem of Nuclear Forces.” Dr. T. E. Nevin in the Chemical Department University College Dublin at 7.30 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (Northern Ireland Section) Jubilee Memorial INDUSTRY Lecture “Water-a National Asset.” Mr.H. W. Cremer in the Agriculture Lecture Theatre Elmwood Avenue Belfast at 7.30 p.m. IRONAND STEELINSTITUTE (Engineers’ Group) “The Mechanical and Electrical Features of Primary Hot-Rolling-Mill Auxiliaries.” Messrs. W.,,W. Franklin and P. F. Grove at 10.30 a.m.; “Modern Small Rolling Mills. Mr. G. A. Phipps at 2 p.m. Meetings at the Offices of the Institute 4 Grosvenor Gardens London S.W.l. 27 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) “Some Aspects of Chemistry in Relation to Agriculture.” Dr. A. H. Lewis at Slough at 7.16 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Liverpool and North-Western Section) “Penicillin.” Mr. G. A. Glister at Liverpool at 7 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Manchester and District Section) Fourth Dalton Lecture.“Chemistry and Fuel.” Professor D. T. A. Townend in the Lecture Hall Albert Hall Peter Street Manchester. THE INSTITUTE (East Midlands Section) “Biology of Lactation.” Dr. S. J. Folley at the Technical College Shakespeare Street Nottingham at 7.15 p.m. BRITISH ASSOCIATION Lecturettes by Local Members in Room 104 OF CHEMISTS the College of Technology Leicester at 7 p.m. 28 THEINSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) “Scientific Problems in Feeding a Modem Army in the Field.” Mr. J. King O.B.E. at Isleworth County School Ridgeway Road Isleworth at 7 p.m. SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Newcastle Section) “Studies in Diazo Chemistry with a Criticism of the Free Radicle Hypothesis.” Dr.H. H. Hodgson at King’s College Newcastle upon Tyne at 6.30 p.m. BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS(Scottish Section) “Economic Security in the Chemical Profession.” Mr. N. Sheldon at St. Enoch Station Hotel Glasgow at 7 p.m. December 1 SOCIETY (London Section) “Partition Chromatography.’’ OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY Dr. A. J. P. Martin in the Chemical Society’s Rooms Burlington House Pic- cadilly London W. 1 at 6.30 p.m. THEINSTITUTE (Huddersfield Section) joint meeting with the Huddersfield Section of the Society of Dyers and Colourists “Modem Developments in Synthetic Detergents.” Dr. W. Baird. [ 2231 December 1 OIL AND COLOURCHEMISTS’ “Design and Operation of Dowthern ASSOCIATION Systems in Heat Treatment of Resins.” Mr.W. Garview at the Welfare Club Messrs. British Paints Portland Road Newcastle upon Tyne at 6.30 p.m. SOCIETY ROYALPHOTOGRAPHIC Traill-Taylor Memorial Lecture at 16 Princes Gate Kensington London S.W.7. OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY 3 INSTITUTION (Discussion Group) :“Rubber Technology,” at the College of Technology Leicester at 7.30 p.m. 4 CHEMICAL SOCIETY Pedler Lecture “Recent Developments in the Vitamin A Field.” Sir Ian Heilbron D.S.O. F.R.S. at Burlington House Piccadilly London W.l at 7.30 p.m. CHEMICAL SOCIETY Original Papers in the Large Chemistry Lecture Theatre University College Nottingham at 6 p.m. SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Bristol Section) “The Manufacture of Tetryl by Continuous Nitration.” Messrs. Forster Bishop and Simmons at the University of Bristol at 5.30 p.m.5 THEINSTITUTE (East Anglian Section) “The Electron Microscope.” Mr. N. P. D. Smith at Ipswich. THEINSTITUTE (Manchester and District Section) joint meeting with the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry. “The Generation of Useful Power from Atomic Energy.” Sir Wallace Akers C.B.E. in the Lecture Hall Albert Hall Peter Street Manchester. SOCIETY CHEMICAL Ramsay Chemical Dinner in Glasgow. (Provisional arrange- ment.) OF CHEMISTS BRITISH ASSOCIATION “The Education of the Chemist.” Discussion at the School of Arts and Crafts Green Lane Derby at 7.15 p.m. 6 THE INSTI,TUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) “The Atomic Nucleus. Professor E. A. Guggenheim F.R.S. at The University Reading at 3 p.m.BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS.Annual Meeting. 8 THEINSTITUTE (Hull and District Section) “Patents and the Chemical Literature.” Mr. Leonard E. Jones at the Royal Station Hotel Hull at 7 p.m. MIDLANDCHEMISTS (Chemical Society) “Mechanisms of Oxidation.” COMMITTEE Dr. W. A. Waters in the Main Chemistry Lecture Theatre The University Edgbaston Birmingham at 4.30 p.m. SOCIETY INDUSTRY, OF CHEMICAL jointly with the Plastics Group “The Mechanism of Polymerisation.” Professor M. G. Evans F.R.S. at Leeds. 9 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) “Luminescent Materials-their Properties and Uses,” with demonstrations. Mr. C. G. A. Hill and colleagues in the Material Research Laboratory Philips Lamps Ltd.New Road Mitcham Junction. Buffet tea 6.45 p.m. lecture 7.15 p.m. COMMITTEE 10 MIDLANDCHEMISTS “Bivalent Hydrogen.” Professor L. Hunter at the University of Birmingham Edmund Street Birmingham at 6.30 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Dublin Section) “Intra-molecular Transformation.” Dr. A. K. Mills in the Chemical Department University College Dublin at 7.30 p.m. INSTITUTEPETROLEUM OF “Examination of Used Engine Lubricating Oils.” Messrs. K. Hilfreich J. C. McNicol and L. Rosenfeld at Manson House 26 Portland Place London W.l at 5.30 p.m. BRITISH ASSOCIATION (Liverpool Section) Annual Social. OF CHEMISTS METALLURGICAL MANCHESTER SOCIETY “Controlled Atmospheres for Heat Treatment of Metals.” Mr. Ivor Jenkins at the Engineers’ Club at 6.30 p.m.OF CHEMISTS: BRITISH ASSOCIATION “Problems of a Public Analyst.” Mr. F. C. Bullock in Room 104 College of Technology Leicester at 7 p.m. (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) “The Chemist in the I 1 THEINSTITUTE Photographic Industry.” Dr. H. Baines at Acton Technical College High Street Acton W.3 at 7 for 7.30 p.m. [ 224 1 December 11 THE ~NSTITUTE (Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section) “Medico-legal Experi- ences.” Mr. G. Roche Lynch O.B.E. President of the Institute in the North British Station Hotel Edinburgh at 7.30 p.m. SOCIETY: CHEMICAL “Hormones and Enzyme Action.” Professor F. G. Young in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre The University Liverpool at 4.30 p.m. ROYALPHOTOGRAPHIC SOCIETY “Photography of Small Objects for Reproduc- tion.’ Mr.G. B. McAlpine at 16 Prince’s Gate London S.W.7 at 7 p.m. 12 THE INSTITUTE (Huddersfield Section). Dance at Collinson’s Caf6. INSTITUTE (Industrial Spectroscopy Group) jointly with Optical Group OF PHYSICS of the Physical Society “The Furth Microphotometer.” Dr. R. Furth and Mr. W. D. Oliphant at the Royal College of Science South Kensington London S.W.7 at 3.30 p.m. INSTITUTION (North-Western Branch) “The Electron and Other OF ELECTRONICS Constituents of Matter.” Professor R. E. Peierls C.B.E. F.R.S. at Reynolds Hall College of Technology Manchester at 6.30 p.m. PLASTICS “Silicone Resins.” Mr. H. R. Poole at the Engineers’ Club INSTITUTE Manchester at 6.45 p.m. 13 BIOCHEMICAL Symposium. London School of Hygiene and Tropical SOCIETY Medicine.INSTITUTIONCHEMICAL (North-Western Branch) “Heat Transfer OF ENGINEERS in Agitated Pans.” Mr. C. Toyne at Reynolds Hall College of Technology Manchester at 3 p.m. 15 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) Microchemical Exhibition and Demonstrations Organiser Mr. J. T. Stock at Norwood Technical Institute at 7 p.m. INSTITUTION (Manchester Section) “The Technology OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY of some New Condensation Rubbers.” Dr. D. A. Harper at the Engineers’ Club Manchester at 6.15 p.m. 16 TEXTILEINSTITUTE “Radio Frequency Heating and Infra-Red Drying.” Mr. L. L. Preston and Mrs. A. M. Thomas at the Textile Institute at 7 p.m. 17 BRITISH ASSOCIATION (Manchester Section) Scientific Film Show in OF CHEMISTS the Gas Showrooms Theatre Manchester at 7 p.m.18 THE INSTITUTE (East Midlands Section) at St. James’s Restaurant Derby at 7.15 p.m. 1948 January 2 THE INSTITUTE (Belfast and District Section) “A Chemical Christmas Tree.” Lecture and Demonstration for School Children. Dr. C. L. Wilson in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre Queen’s University Belfast at 3 p.m. 5 SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (London Section) “Some Scientific Aspects of Beer.” Mr. H. J. Bunker in the Chemical Society’s Rooms Burlington House Piccadilly London W. 1 at 6.30 p.m. 6 THE INSTITUTE (Huddersfield Section) “Recent Developments in Partition Chromatography on Paper.” Dr. R. R.Goodall. 8 CHEMICALSOCIETY Scientific Meeting at Burlington House Piccadilly London W.l at 7.30 p.m.SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (Manchester Section) the CHEMICAL INDUSTRY SOCIETY and the INSTITUTE: “Crystallisation of Fertilisers.” Dr. M. P. Applebey, M.B.E. in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre The University Manchester at 6.30 p.m. 9 OILAND COLOUR CHEMISTS’ ASSO~;ATION (Manchester Section) “Further Develop- ments in Styrene Co-polymers. Messrs. F. Armitage and J. J. Sleightholme, at the Engineers’ Club Manchester at 2 p.m. 12 THEINSTITUTE (Hull and District Section) Dr. F. G. Tryhorn at the Roya.1 Station Hotel Hull at 7 p.m. [ 225 1 uary THEINSTITUTE (Leeds Area Section) “Electrostatic Hazards in Chemical Industry.’ Professor E. G. Cox in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre University of Leeds at 6.30 p.m.OIL AND COLOUR CHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION “Some Chemical Aspects of Anti-Fouling Work’ Dr. H. Barnes; “Some Biological Aspects of Anti-Fouling Work” Mr. K. A. Pyefinch at the Welfare Club Messrs. British Paints Portland Road Newcastle upon Tyne at 6.30 p.m. 13 THE INSTITUTE (Belfast and District Section) “Food and the Chemist.” Dr. A. M. Maiden in the Agriculture Lecture Theatre Elmwood Avenue Belfast at 7.30 p.m. 14 THE INSTITUTE (Tees-side Section) “The Chemical and Biochemical Oxidation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons.” Professor J. W. Cook F.R.S. OF PETROLEUM: INSTITUTE “Polythene.” Mr. J. C. Swallow at Manson House 26 Portland Place London W.l at 5.30 p.m. 16 THE INSTITUTE (Bristol and South-Western Counties Section) “Recent Develop- ments in the Use of Organic Reagents in Chemical Analysis.” Mr.G. H. Osborn. ROYALPHOTOGRAPHIC SOCIETY “Some New Apparatus-A Critical Review.” Mr. J. L. French at 16 Prince’s Gate London S.W.7 at 7 p.m. 16 The Institute Meldola Medal Lecture. “The Role of Ion-Solvent Interactions in the Theory of Strong Electrolytes.” Mr. R. H. Stokes Meldola Medallist. (Provisional date.) INSTITUTE (Manchester and District Branch) “The Cloud Chamber.” OF PHYSICS Dr. J. G. Wilson in the New Physics Theatre University of Manchester at 7 p.m. 19 CHEMICAL SOCIETY:Joint meeting with University College of Swansea Students’ Chemical Society. “The Physical Chemistry of Some Vacuum Metallurgical Processes.” Dr. P. Gross at University College Swansea.INDUSTRY 20 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (Agriculture Group) “Recent Stuaies in the Composition of Milk.” Dr. S. J. Rowland in the Chemistry Department Royal College of Science South Kensington London S.W.7 at 2.30 p.m. 21 IRISHCHEMICAL THE CHEMICAL : ASSOCIATION SOCIETY and THE INSTITUTE “Santonin.” Professor W. Cocker in the Dept. of Chemistry Trinity College Dublin at 7.30 p.m. 22 CHEMICAL Tilden Lecture. “Acetylene and Acetylenic Compounds in SOCIETY Organic Synthesis.” Dr. E. R. H. Jones at Burlington House Piccadilly London W.l at 7.30 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section) joint meeting with Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry “Some Recent Develop- ments in Alkaloid Chemistry.” Dr.H. T. Openshaw in the North British Station Hotel Edinburgh at 7.30 p.m. (Liverpool and North-Western Section) Annual Social. Dinner THE INSTITUTE at 6 p.m. at Liverpool. CHEMICAL “Some Aspects of Aromatic Substitution.” Professor Bryn- SOCIETY moor Jones in the Chemical Lecture Theatre University College Nottingham at 6 p.m. 23 MIDLAND CHEMISTS COMMITTEE “Applications of Infra-red Spectroscopy.” Dr. H. W. Thompson at the University Edmund Street Birmingham at 6.30 p.m. LITERARY SOCIETY Joule Memorial Lecture. 26 MANCHESTER AND PHILOSOPHICAL “Determinism in the Physical World.” Sir George P. Thomson F.R.S. at Reynolds Hall College of Technology Manchester at 6.30 p.m. PLASTICS and INSTITUTION (Manchester INSTITUTE OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY Section) “Polymer Progress.” Messrs.N. J. L. Megson and G. L. Hammond at the Engineers’ Club Manchester at 6.45 p.m. 29 CHEMICAL SOCIETY,joint meeting with University College of N. Wales Chemical Society “Reactions of the Ethylene Bond.” Professor D. H. Hey in the Department of Chemistry University College of N. Wales Bangor at 5.30 p.m. [ 226 1 january 29 CHEMICAL joint meeting with University Chemical Society “Sterochemi-SOCIETY cal Regularities in Catalytic Reactions.” Dr. R. P. Linstead C.B.E. F.R.S. in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre The University Sheffield at 5.30 p.m. 30 THE INSTITUTE (Glasgow and West of Scotland Section) “Physical Chemistry of Milk Drying.” Dr. R. Waite at the Royal Technical College Glasgow C.1 at 7.15 p.m.THEINSTITUTE (Manchester and District Section) joint meeting with the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry “Nitration with Mixtures of Nitric and Sulphuric Acids.” Professor G. M. Bennett F.R.S. at the Engineers’ Club Albert Square Manchester at 7 p.m. MIDLANDCHEMISTS (Chemical Society) “Recent Developments in the COMMITTEE Application of Infra-Red Spectroscopy to Chemical Problems.” Dr. G. B. B. M. Sutherland in the Main Chemistry Lecture Theatre The University Edgbaston Birmingham at 4.30 p.m. CHEMICAL SOCIETY joint meeting with Hull Section Oil and Colour Chemists’ Association and the University College Scientific Society “Phthalocyanines and Related Recent Developments in Pigments.” Dr. R. P. Linstead C.B.E.F.R.S. at University College Hull at 6 p.m. CHEMICALSOCIETY, joint meeting with the University College of Wales Chemical Society “Some Recent Advances in the Theory of Polymerisation.” Professor D. H. Hey in the Department of Chemistry University College of Wales Aberystwyth at 5 p.m. BEDSON CLUB “Antibiotics.” Professor G. Chain F.R.S. at King’s College Newcastle upon Tyne at 5.30 p.m. February 2 SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (London Section) jointly with the Road and Building Materials Group “Recent Advances in Building Some Chemical Aspects.” Dr. T. W. Parker in the Chemical Society’s Rooms Burlington House Piccadilly London W.l at 6.30 p.m. 4 THE INSTITUTE (Dublin Section) “Blood Examination in Forensic Medicine.” Dr. J. McGrath in the Chemical Dept.Trinity College Dublin at 7.30 p.m. 5 THE INSTITUTE (Liverpool and North-Western Section) “Soqe Reflections of a Public Analyst.” Mr. H. Lowe at Chester at 7 p.m. CHEMICAL Scientific meeting at Burlington House Piccadilly London SOCIETY W.1 at 7.30p.m. CHEMICAL Lecture by Professor J. M. Gulland F.R.S. in the Chemistry SOCIETY Lecture Theatre The University Liverpool at 4.30 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Huddersfield Section). Dr. H. Baines. 9 THEINSTITUTE (Leeds Area Section) “The Mechanism of Oxidation-Reduction Reactions.” Professor M. G. Evans F.R.S. in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre The University Leeds at 6.30 p.m. 10 SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (Northern Ireland Section). Annual General Meeting. OF PETROLEUM 11 INSTITUTE “Aerial Photography and Exploration for Oil.” Dr.Ir. N. J. M. Taverne at Manson House 26 Portland Place London W.1 at 5.30 p.m. 12 THEINSTITUTE (Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section) joint meeting with the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry “The Chemistry of Rumination.” Dr. James Stewart at the North British Station Hotel Edin- burgh at 7.30 p.m. “The Formation of Ethylenic Polymers.” Professor H. W. CHEMICALSOCIETY Melville F. R.S. in the Chemical Department The University Woodland Road Bristol. BRITISHASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS(Liverpool Section) Scientific Film Show in the Gas Company’s Theatre Radiant House Liverpool at 7 p.m. ROYALPHOTOGRAPHIC SOCIETY “The Importance of Illumination in Photo-Micrography.” Mr.R. McV. Weston at 16 Prince’s Gate London S.W.7 at 7 p.m. c 227 1 February 18 CHEMICAL SOCIETY joint meeting with the University Chemical Society “The Factors Influencing Radicle Reactions in Solution.” Professor M. G. Evans F.R.S. in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre The University Sheffield at 5.30 p.m. 13 MIDLAND COMMITTEE CHEMISTS (The Institute Birmingham and Midlands Section) “The Tools of Paint Research.” Dr. S. H. Bell at the Technical College Wolverhampton at 6.30 p.m. 14 BIOCHEMICAL Symposium at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical SOCIETY Medicine. 16 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (London Section) Jubilee Memorial Lecture : INDUSTRY “Water-A National Asset.” Mr. H. W. Cremer at the Royal Institution Albemarle Street London W.l at 6.30 p.m.MIDLANDCHEMISTSCOMMITTEE (University of Birmingham Chemical Society) “The Chemist and the Textile Industries.” Mr. G. Waggett at the University Edgbaston Birmingham at 4.30 p.m. OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY 17 SOCIETY (Agriculture Group) “Methods of Determining Mineral Deficiencies in Plants.” Professor T. Wallace C.B.E. “Chemical Tissue tests for the Determination of Mineral Status of Plants.” Dr. D. J. D. Nicholas in the Chemistry Department Royal College of Science South Kensing- ton London S.W.7 at 2.30 p.m. ROYALPHOTOGRAPHIC (Scientific and Technical Group). SOCIETY 18 MIDLAND “Recent Advances in Building Research-Some CHEMISTS COMMITTEE Chemical Aspects.” Dr. W. T. Parker at the University Edmund Street Birmingham at 6.30 p.m.19 THE INSTITUTE (Liverpool and North-Western Section) “The Chemistry of Deterioration in Milk Powder.” Dr. C. H. Lea at Liverpool at 7 p.m. THEINSTITUTE (Hull and District Section) jointly with the Chemical Society and the University College Scientific Society “The Optical Properties of Molecules.” Professor E. G. Cox at University College Hull at 6 p.m. CHEMICALSOCIETY Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins Memorial Lecture. Sir Edward Mellanby K.C.B. F.R.S. in the Rooms of the Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.l at 7.30 p.m. CHEMICAL SOCIETY “Synthesis in the Vitamin A Field.” Professor E. R. H. Jones in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre University College Nottingham at 6 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY OF (Bristol Section) and INSTITUTE FUEL “Recent Developments in Combustion.” Dr.D. T. A. Townend at Bristol. 24 CHEMICALSOCIETY, joint meeting with the Edinburgh University Chemical Society Lecture by Professor W. F. K. Wynne-Jones in the Biochemistry Lecture Theatre University of Edinburgh Teviot Place Edinburgh at 7 p.m. BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS(Northern Section) Film Show. 25 IRISHCHEMICALASSOCIATION (Dublin Section) “Industrial and THE INSTITUTE Efficiency in the Sugar Industry.” Mr. J. L. Ginnell in the Chemical Depart- ment University College Dublin at 7.30 p.m. 26 THEINSTITUTE (Manchester and District Section) “Rubber.” Mr. J. H. Carring-ton in the Engineers’ Club Albert Square Manchester at 7 p.m. 27 THEINSTITUTE (Glasgow and West of Scotland Section) Annual General Meeting.Professor J. W. Cook F.R.S. Member of Council at the Royal Technical College Glasgow at 7.15 p.m. CHEMICAL Tilden Lecture. “Acetylene and Acetylenic Compounds in SOCIETY Organic Synthesis.” Dr. E. R H. Jones at Marischal College Aberdeen. 28-29 ROYALPHOTOGRAPHIC Regional Conference in Bristol. SOCIETY ANNOUNCEMENTS EXAMI NATlONS An Examination for the Associateship will be held in the week beginning Monday 19 January 1948 in London. Candidates who have not yet been accepted should obtain from the Registrar the prescribed form of application without delay so as to leave ample time to secure thereon the necessary signatures certifying that they have complied with the Regulations con- cerning their courses of training.The completed application forms must have reached the Institute not later than Monday 13 October. No application in respect of the January Examination will be considered if received later than that date. Entry forms will be sent as soon as they are ready to all candidates who have been previously accepted and to those whose applications have been received as above. The last date for the receipt of entry forms will be Monday 17 November after which no entry can be accepted. REGULATIONS The Council has decided that in future candidates will not be required to produce evidence of having taken a foreign language in the Preliminary Examination. The new Regulation on the subject reads :-EXAMINATION EDUCATION.PRELIMINARY IN SUBJECTS OF GENERAL Candidates for the Associateship must have passed an approved Preliminary Exam- ination (see below) before they can be registered as Students or admitted to the Examin- ations held by the Institute. The candidate is required to produce a certificate showing that he has passed one of the examinations mentioned on p. 7 [of the Regulations not reproduced herej and including the following subjects :-(a) English. (b) Elementary Mathematics. (c) Two or more of the following subjects :-Greek Latin French German Italian Russian Spanish Afrikaans Welsh (or any other language approved by the Council) Botany Chemistry Geology Higher Mathematics Mechanics Physics Zoology General Science Geography English History.(Candidates are warned that in the Examination for the Associateship they are required to translate with the aid of dictionaries technical literature from French and German into English. Another foreign language may be substituted for French with the approval of the Council.) In special cases the Council will consider other evidence of general education. INDIA AND PAKISTAN IMPENDING VISIT OF PROFESSOR FINDLAY Since the conclusion of hostilities the Council of the Institute has been much concerned with steps that might be taken to further the development of the profession of chemistry in India and various aspects of the matter have been under discussion following consultation with the Chairman of the Indian Section (Dr. Charles Forrester) and the Honorary Secretary of the Indian Advisory Committee (Dr.G. J. Fowler). At the Annual Meeting of the Indian Section held on 1 and 2 January 1947 (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1947 111 121) a scheme for a new constitution for the Section involving the formation of branches in important centres was outlined by the Chairman and generally approved and it was resolved that “In view of the large number of Fellows and Associates in India and the increasing importance of the Institute’s qualifications the Council be requested’ to arrange without further delay for the holding of such of the Institute’s Examinations in India as might be found practicable.” The Council readily agreed to arrange for an Examination for the Associateship in India and this is due to take place at Bangalore in March 1948.It was further concluded that a visit to India by a senior member of the Council would be particularly valuable at this juncture in eliciting and correlating opinions of teachers and practising chemists as to lines on which the education and training of chemists might be developed and the status of the profession advanced. It is a matter of great satisfaction to the Council that Professor Alexander Findlay the immediate Past President of the Institute has undertaken this important mission. [ 2291 Since this decision was reached the separate Dominions of India and Pakistan have been constituted but it is Professor Findlay’s intention to visit as many as possible of the important centres in both Dominions during the course of his tour.In the view of the Council these recent political changes make Professor Findlay’s visit still more important as a means of ensuring that due provision will continue to be made and on an increasing scale for students to receive proper training in the science of chemistry and for fuller recognition of the status of the profession. In the course of his tour Professor Findlay hopes to visit the Universities and Colleges in India and Pakistan at which considerable bodies of chemists are trained and to discuss with members of the Institute and other chemists the lines on which the profession may be more effectively organised. Invitations to lecture on scientific or professional topics have already reached Professor Findlay from a number of Universi- ties in various parts of the sub-continent and Professor Findlay hopes to be present at the meeting of the Indian Siience Congress and the Annual Meeting of the Indian Section of the Institute at Patna in January 1948 as well as at the Associateship Exami- nation at Bangalore.His programme also includes visits to research stations and industrial undertakings. In these times it is difficult to formulate in advance a precise programme but it is hoped that a passage to India will be secured in November so that Professor Findlay may arrive in that country at the beginning of December and will be able to spend nearly four months in India and Pakistan. The good wishes of members of the Institute at home and overseas will go with Professor Findlay and with Mrs.Findlay who is accompanying him on this important mission they have both been assured of a cordial welcome by chemists throughout India and Pakistan. On the return journey Professor and Mrs. Findlay propose to spend a short time in South Africa in response to a special request by the Cape Section of the Institute. INSTITUTE LECTURES Meldola Medal Lecture.-In accordance with a decision of Council to invite each future recipient of a Meldola Medal to give a lecture on a subject included in the field of work covered by papers submitted for the award invitations were sent to Dr. A. W. Johnson and Mr. R. H. Stokes the Meldola Medallists for 1946. The first Meldola Medal Lecture entitled “Some Applications of Acetylenic Com- pounds in Organic Synthesis,” will be delivered by Dr.A. W. Johnson in the Rooms of the Geological Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.l at 6 p.m. on Friday 17 October. Admission is restricted to Members and Registered Students of the Institute. Mr. Stokes is expected to arrive in England at the end of this year to take up an I.C.I. Fellowship at Cambridge and it is hoped that he will be able to give his Meldola Medal Lecture entitled “The Role of Ion-Solvent Interactions in the Theory of Strong Electrolytes,” early in 1948 probably on 16 January. Thirtieth Streatfeild Memorial Lecture.-The Council’s invitation to deliver the 30th Streatfeild Memorial Lecture has been accepted by Mr. George Taylor who will speak on “The Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Act and Some Analytical Implications,” in the Rooms of the Geological Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.l at 6 p.m.on Friday 21 November. Special Lecture.-Professor H. B. Nisbet will deliver a lecture on “Anathetics” under the auspices of the Institute on 19 March 1948. Further particulars will be announced later. MEDALS AND PRIZES The Meldola Medal.-This medal is the gift of the Society of Maccabzans and is normally awarded annually. The next award will be made early in 1948 to the chemist who being a British subject and under 30 years of age at 31 December 1947 shows the most promise as indicated by his or her published chemical work brought to the notice of the Council of the Royal Institute of Chemistry before 31 December 1947. No restrictions are placed upon the kind of chemical work or the place in which it is conducted.The merits of the work may be brought to the notice of the Council either by persons who desire to recommend the candidate or by the candidate himself by letter addressed to “The President Royal 1n::itute of Chernktry 30 Russell Square London W.C.l,” the envelope being marked Meldola Medal. Beilby Memorial Awards.-From the interest derived from the invested capital of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund at intervals to be determined by the administra- tors representing the Royal Institute of Chemistry the Society of Chemical Industry P301 and the Institute of Metals awards are made to British investigators in science to mark appreciation of records of distinguished work.Preference is given to investigations relating to the special interests of Sir George Beilby including problems connected with fuel economy chemical engineering and metallurgy and awards are made not on the result of any competition but in recognition of continuous work of exceptional merit bearing evidence of distinct advancement in science and practice. In general awards are not applicable to workers of established repute but are granted as an encouragement to younger men who have done original independent work of exceptional merit over a period of years. Owing to the war no awards from the Fund have been made since 1940 but it has now been agreed to revert to normal practice. The administrators of the Fund-the Presidents Honorary Treasurers and Secretaries of the three participating institutions- will therefore be glad to have their attention drawn to outstanding work of the nature indicated not later than 1 November 1947.All communications on this subject should be addressed to the Convener Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund Royal Institute of Chemistry 30 Russell Square London W.C. 1. Harrison Memorial Prize 1947.-In accordance with the Trust Deed governing the Harrison Memorial Fund the Selection Committee consisting of the Presidents of the Chemical Society the Royal Institute of Chemistry the Society of Chemical Industry and the Pharmaceutical Society will proceed to make an award of the Harrison Memorial Prize in December 1947 subject to the conditions that the Selection Committee shall be of opinion that there is a candidate of sufficient distinction to warrant an award of the Prize.The Prize not exceeding &50 will be awarded to the chemist of either sex being a natural born British subject and not at the time over thirty years of age who in the opinion of the Selection Committee shall during the previous five years have conducted the most meritorious and promising original investigations in Chemistry and published the results of those investigations in a scientific periodical or periodicals. Applications five copies of which must be submitted should contain the following information :-(a) Name (in full) ;(b)Age (Birth certificate must accompany application) ; (c) Degrees (name of University where obtained) ;(d)Other qualifications; (e) Experience; (f)Titles of published papers with authors’ names including full references to publica- tion; (g)Where research was carried out; (h)Testimonials and references; (i) Any other particulars bearing on the application.The Selection Committee is prepared to consider applications nominations or information as to candidates eligible for the Prize. Any such communication must be received by The President The Chemical Society Burlington House Piccadilly W. 1 not later than Monday 1 December 1947. Candidates must not have attained the age of 30 years at this date. Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize 1947.-Registered Students are informed that the Council will be prepared to consider the award in February 1948 of a Medal and Prize (QO 10s.) for the best essay not exceeding 3000 words contributed by a Registered Student of not more than 22 years of age at the time of forwarding the essay.The essay may deal with any subject having a bearing on chemistry or chemical work provided that it does not deal with any purely chemical technical or historical subject. The object of the essay is to induce Students to develop a sense of professional public spirit and to devote thought to questions of professional interest and to the position of chemists in the life of the community. Essays will be valued partly for literary style and technique but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein. (See the comments of one of the Assessors for the 1945 competition JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1946 111 136.) Each essay must be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the Local Section in the area of which the competitor resides (see list of Local Sections at the end of the Journal) not later than 31 December 1947 and must be accompanied by a signed declaration that it is the independent work of the contributor.The Committee of each Local Section will be asked to select from those received not more than three essays considered to be worthy of the award. The selected essays will be referred to Assessors appointed by the Council on whose report the Council will decide to whom an award shall be made. The award will not be made more than once to any individual competitor. The Medal and Prize will be presented at the next Annual General Meeting or at a meeting of the Local Section to which the successful competitor is attached.231 1 The Newton Chambers Prize Essay Competition 1947.-In 1945 Messrs. Newton Chambers & Co. Ltd. offered to the South Yorkshire Section (now the Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands Section) of the Institute a sum of &lo0 per annum for seven years for the award of an annual prize for contributions to the subject of Chemistry and Industrial Welfare. The whole objective of the award is to encourage young chemists to make greater use of their knowledge of chemistry and their facilities for experimental work to enhance the existing knowledge of Industrial Welfare. Applica-tions to compete for the Prize for 1947 are invited under the following conditions:- 1.The 1947 competition is open to every Fellow Associate or Registered Student of the Institute who had not reached his 36th birthday by I January 1947. 2. The 1947 Award is offered for an essay paper or papers published or unpublished embodying the candidate’s own observations or experimental work on some aspects of the application of chemistry to the promotion of Industrial Welfare. A critical examination of existing knowledge is admissible to the competition provided that the conclusions reached constitute an addition to the knowledge of the subject. It should be noted that the word “Welfare” is interpreted by the Adjudicating Committee in the widest possible sense. The subject may include for example the candidate’s own experience and observations on educative measures causes and alleviation of personal fatigue or methods for eliminating absenteeism and hazards to health.Moreover essays submitted need not contain an account of laboratory investigations. 3. Each candidate must transmit to the Hon. Secretary Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands Section Royal Institute of Chemistry (G. Murfitt F.R.I.C. William Jessop and Sons Ltd. Brightside Works Sheffield) to reach him on or before 31 December 1947 :(a)A formal letter of application to enter the competi- tion stating his name address date of birth and status (Fellow Associate or Registered Student) in the Institute ; (b) two copies of each essay or paper submitted together with a brief statement in duplicate indicating in what respect the essay or paper advances knowledge of the application of chemistry to the promotion of Industrial Welfare ; and (c) a declaration by the candidate that the work is his own or for joint papers a statement signed by the candidate and his collaborators as to the extent to which the results and conclusions are the work of the candidate.4. The decision of the Committee of the Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands Section on any matter connected with the award of the prize is final. The Committee may at its discretion divide the Prize between two or more candidates or may withhold the award if no entry of sufficient merit is received. 6. The Committee may require a candidate to attend for interview in connection with his application. 6. The Committee reserves the right to publish the successful essay or paper (if not already published) in whatever form it thinks desirable.SCIENTIFIC COURSES AND CONFERENCES Particulars of the following have been received:- Course of Lectures in Refractories their Production Properties and Uses at the Northampton Polytechnic.-A course of ten lectures on the above subject will be delivered by Mr. L. R. Barrett on Wednesday evenings at 7 p.m. beginning on 8 October 1947. Admission to the course is by personal enrolment at the Polytechnic Office St. John Street London E.C.l any day 10 a.m. to 7 p.m. The fee for the course is 12s. 6d. Courses on Special Branches and Applications of Chemistry at Chelsea Polytechnic London.-A short course of eight post-graduate lectures on “The Modern Chemistry of Oils and Fats ” by Dr.J. H. Skellon on Fridays at 7.30 p.m. from 24 October to 12 December 1947. A corresponding course of eight lectures on “The Modem Chemistry and Technology of Waxes” by Mr. L. Ivanovsky on Fridays at 7.30 p.m. from 16 January to 12 March 1948. Both these courses have been designed to meet the needs of chemists engaged in related industries research workers and postgraduate students. A course of twenty lectures on “Biochemistry” by Dr. G. A. D. Haslewood on Mondays at 6.15 p.m. from 6 October to 8 December 1947 (Part l) and from 12 April to 21 June 1948 (17 May excluded) (Part 2). The course meets the requirements of students who have a knowledge of Chemistry to degree standard and wish to acquire a knowledge of Biochemistry.[ 832 3 A course of six postgraduate lectures on “The Biochemistry of Proteins” by Dr. R. L. M. Synge on Tuesdays at 7.16 p.m. from 17 February to 24 March 1948. Further particulars of all these courses and forms of application can be obtained from the Principal of the Polytechnic Manresa Road London S.W.3. Courses of Lectures at Sir John Cass Technical Institute London.-A course of twelve lectures on “Industrial Law,”intended for men and women in executive and administrative positions in industry will be given by Mr. Eric Walker Barrister-at-Law on Tuesdays at 6 p.m. from 30 September 1947. Fee 10s. A course of nineteen lectures on “General Technology of Petroleum” and two visits will be held on Thursdays at 2.45 p.m.begining 2 October 1947. Dr. D. A. Howes and Messrs. L. W. G. Firmin J. B. Robinson and S. A. Hunn will be the lecturers. Fee fll 10s. A course of ten lectures on “X-ray Spectroscopy and its Applications” will be given by Mr. H. P. Rooksby on Mondays at 6.30 p.m. beginning 6 October 1947. Fee 20s. A course of lectures on Advanced Organic Chemistry (Part 11),intended for post- graduate students including those preparing for the F.R.I.C. examination in Organic Chemistry will be given by Mr. A. G. Lidstone on Wednesdays at 6 and 7.15 p.m. from 1 October 1947. Fee k2. Lecture and laboratory courses on special branches of Chemical Analysis Twelve lectures on Spectroscopic Analysis by Dr. S. Judd Lewis and Mr. D. W. Wilson on Fridays at 6 p.m.beginning 3 October followed by ten periods of laboratory work (limited number) on Fridays at 6 p.m. from 16 January 1948. Fee for the course of lectures kl. Ten lectures with demonstrations on Electrochemical Analysis by Dr. A. J. Lindsey and Mr. J. V. Westwood on Mondays at 6 p.m. beginning 12 January, 1948. Fee Q. Ten lecture-demonstrations on Microchemical Analysis by Mr. D. W. Wilson on Thursdays at 6 p.m. from 15 January 1948. Fee kl. In connection with the last two courses facilities will be offered during the Summer Term for laboratory work for a limited number of students. A course of eight lectures on “Patents and Industrial Design Protection” will be given by Mr. Eric Walker Barrister-at-Law on Tuesdays at 6 p.m. beginning 27 January 1948.Fee 10s. Fuller particulars of any of the above courses may be obtained from the Principal Sir John Cass Technical Institute Jewry Street Aldgate London E.C.3. Application for enrolment should be made to the Principal prior to the opening date of a course if possible. Special courses at the City Technical College Byrom Street Liverpoo1.-A course of lectures and demonstrations on Micro-analytical Technique will be given by Mr. J. G. Reynolds provided that a sufficient number of graduates enrol. These demonstrations will be held in the Chemical Laboratory on Tuesdays 6.30 to 8.30 p.m. Fee for the course L2. A course of ten lectures on the Recent Chemistry of Fats and Fatty Oils will be given by Professor T. P. Hilditch F.R.S. and Dr. M. L. Meara on Tuesdays 6.30 to 7.30 p.m.Fee for the course Ll. Special Courses at the College of Technology Sackville Street Manchester.-Chemistry of Synthetic Dyestuffs on Wednesdays at 6.15 p.m. Fee 3t;l Is. Physical and Chemical Bases of Fibre Technology Part 11. Recent Advances in the Application of Dyes to Textiles. Some Physical Methods in Pure and Applied Chemistry. The Chemistry of Acetylenic Compounds. Details of the above courses will be announced later. Evening lectures for Advanced and Post-Graduate students at The Municipal Technical College Gamble Institute St. Helens.-Recent Advances in Physical and Inorganic Chemistry on Thursdays at ‘7.15 p.m. Recent Advances in Organic Chemistry on Tuesdays at 7.15 p.m. Course of Post-Advanced Lectures on “Some Modern Laboratory Techniques,” at the Municipal Technical College Victoria Street Widnes.-The course includes X-ray Techniques U.V.Emission Spectra Infra-Red Polaroqraphy and Wcro-analysis. r 233 3 Oil and Colour Chemists’ Association.-A course of three post-graduate lectures entitled “A Review of Recent Advances in X-ray Analysis,” by Sir W. Lawrence Bragg O.B.E. M.C. F.R.S. will be held on Thursdays 2 9 and 16 October 1947 at 6.30 p.m., in the Lecture Theatre of the Royal Institution 21 Albemarle Street London W.l. Admission will be by ticket only price 10s. for the course. Further particulars and tickets may be obtained from Mr. H. C. Worsdall Hon. Secretary London Section O.C.C.A. c/o Plastanol Ltd. Crabtree Manorway Belvedere Kent.SURVEY OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL MANPOWER As previously reported (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1947 IV 195) the Institute is helping in the distribution of a questionnaire shortly to be issued at the request of the Advisory Council on Scientific Policy by the Appointments Department of the Ministry of Labour and National Service for the purpose of surveying Scientific and Technical Manpower. The President and Council of the Institute hope that all members will co-operate by furnishing the particulars required in this questionnaire. It will be appreciated that the Institute has not been concerned in drawing up this questionnaire but only in facilitating its distribution. The Officers of the Institute are not therefore in a position to advise members on how they should reply to the questions put forward.EDUCATION AND TRAINING OF LABORATORY TECHNICIANS At the meeting of the Committee on the Education and Training of Laboratory Technicians on 22 September it was agreed that a short interim statement should be issued so that the numerous organisations and individuals interested in the subject might be aware of the Committee’s activities. The Committee was set up by a Conference convened in 1946 by the Association of Scientific Workers the Association of University Teachers and the British Association of Chemists. Among the bodies now represented on it are the Institute of Physics the Royal Institute of Chemistry the Biological Council the Institute of Medical Laboratory Technology and the Science Masters’ Association in addition to the three Associations that convened the Conference; there are also several representatives of Industry and a number of senior laboratory technicians on the Committee and representatives of other organisations concerned with the problem including the Ministry of Education are being co-opted.The Chairman of the Committee is Professor F. R. Winton and the Hon. Secretary is now Dr. H. J. T. Ellingham (Secretary Royal Institute of Chemistry). Although it is recognised that better provision needs to be made for the education and training of assistants in industrial control laboratories and of technicians engaged in plant operation many technical colleges provide courses leading to National Certificates in such subjects as Chemistry Applied Physics and Engineering and to certificates of the City and Guilds of London Institute in various branches of technology and those who have the necessary keenness and ability can proceed to a professional qualification in a particular science or to an external degree.The attention of the Committee has therefore been directed essentially to that important class of technicians which includes laboratory stewards and at the highest level laboratory superintendents whose work is vital to the maintenance and operation of research laboratories in industrial organisa- tions research associations and academic institutions and of laboratories for the instruction of students in universities technical colleges and schools. Their work is very varied and involves experience of techniques derived from a number of branches of science and technology; most of them are to be regarded not as potential chemists physicists biologists etc.but as potential first-class laboratory technicians. So far however few courses have been provided for the training of technicians of this type nor is there any qualification in their own field to which they may aspire. To remedy this position the Committee is engaged in preparing syllabuses for the certificate and diploma stages of a general course of training for such laboratory technicians based on proposals put forward by a sub-committee consisting of the laboratory technician members of the Committee. The drafts of the certificate course are nearing completion and will then be circulated for comment to bodies represented on the Committee and to other organisations likely to be interested.It is hoped that progress may now be sufficiently rapid to enable a trial course to be started early in 1948. In the meantime it is understood that a representative group of laboratory technicians who have been associated with the work of the Committee are taking steps to constitute a professional qualifying body similar in many respects to the Institute of Medical Laboratory Technology. [ 234 1 MISCELLANEOUS The Chemical Society Research Fund.-A meeting of the Research Fund Committee will be held in November next. Applications for Grants to be made on forms obtainable from the General Secretary Burlington House Piccadilly London W.1 must be received on or before 1 November 1947. Applications from Fellows of the Society will receive prior consideration. Attention is drawn to the fact that the income arising from the Donation of the Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths is principally devoted to the encouragement of research in Inorganic and Metallurgical Chemistry and that the income from the Perkin Memorial Fund is to-be applied to investigations relating to problems connected with the Coal Tar and Allied Industries. Electron Jubilee Exhi bition.-In connection with the celebration arranged by the Institute of Physics and the Physical Society in association with the Institution of Electrical Engineers to mark the fiftieth anniversary of the discovery by Sir J. J. Thomson of the existence of the electron an Exhibition will be held at the Science Museum South Kensington from 27 September until the end of January 1948.A handbook describing the Exhibition may be obtained from the Institute of Physics 47 Belgrave Square London S.W.l price 1s. 2d. post free. Scientific Films.-The Scientific Film Association proposes to prepare a catalogue of research films. Any member of the Institute who has produced or has information about any such film is asked to communicate with the Hon. Secretary Scientific Film Association 34 Soh0 Square London W.1. The following information should be included if possible a short description of the experiment recorded; the date; the name of the research worker who made the film; the gauge and length; if copies of the original record are available; from whom the film is obtainable.In appropriate instances the Association will if necessary arrange for the duplication of films. Education in Chemistry.-The Education Committee of the British Association of Chemists under the Chairmanship of Mr. E. Leighton Holmes has published a Report on Education in Chemistry the Teaching of Chemistry in Schools and the Training of Chemists and Chemical Technicians for Industry. After a brief introductory chapter the Report deals with chemistry in schools chemistry at the university and technical college chemists and chemical technicians in industry and the recruitment and training of teachers of chemistry. A bibliography is appended. Copies of the Report may be obtained from the office of the Association 175 Piccadilly London W.l price 2s.236 ] GENERAL NOTICES (Fov notices relating to matters of immediate impwtance see “Announcements” on p. 229.) Notice to Associates.-Regulations and forms of application for the Fellowship can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments or are desirous of extending their opportunities is kept at the offices of the Institute. Prospective employers and Fellows and Associates who desire to make use of this service as a means of obtaining employment should communicate with the Registrar. Li braries.-The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society Burlington House Piccadilly W.l to the maintenance of which the Institute makes substantial con-tributions is available to Fellows Associates and Registered Students wishing to consult or borrow books from 10 a.m.to 9 p.m. on week-days (except Saturdays 10 a.m. to 6 p.m.). Books can also be borrowed by post. Books may be borrowed from the Science Library Science Museum South Kensing- ton S.W.7 on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Secretary of the Institute. The Library of the Institute is open to Fellows Associates and Registered Students from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. on week-days (not including Saturdays). Report on German Industries.-Copies of a number of Reports of the Combined Intelligence Objectives Sub-Committee (C.I.O.S.) and of the British Intelligence Sub- committee (B.I.O.S.) on industrial plants and processes in Germany published by H.M.Stationery Office have been received and are available for consultation in the Library of the Institute. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A list of slides of portraits of great chemists and other scientists throughout the ages can be obtained on application to the Secretary. As the slides are frequently in demand members are requested to notify their require- ments at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Joint Subscription Arrangements.-Fellows Associates and Registered Students who wish to participate in the arrangements whereby they can acquire on favourable terms membership of the Chemical Society the Society of Chemical Industry and the Faraday Society with substantial privileges as to publications (see special article JOURNAL 1946 Part IV p.lag) can obtain further particulars and AND PROCEEDINGS necessary forms from the Conjoint Chemical Office 9 and 10 Savile Row London W.I. Benevolent Fund.-Contributions for 1947 ma be sent to the Honorary Treasurer 30 Russell Square London W.C.I. Forms for beeds of Covenant may be obtained from the Secretary. Covers for the Journal.-Members who desire covers (2s. each) for binding the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS in annual volumes should notify the Assistant Secretary of their requirements indicating the years (1946 or earlier) required. Service with H.M. Forces.-Fellows Associates and Registered Students who are on service with the Navy Army and Air Force are requested to notify the Institute giving particulars as to their rank unit etc.Changes of Address.-Fellows Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give so far as possible their permanent addresses for registration. When writing from an address dserent from that previously given they are requested to state if the new address is to be used in future and whether the change affects the Appointments Register. All requests for changes should be addressed to the Registrar and not to the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. In order to facilitate identification Fellows Associates and Registered Students are asked to give their full initials on communications addressed to the Institute. In the prevailing circumstances they are also asked not invariably to expect formal acknowledgments of communications addressed to the Institute unless replies are necessary.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/RG9477100197

出版商:RSC    

年代:1947

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND PART 6 I947 PROCEEDINGS OF THE COUNCIL Council Meeting 17 October I947.-The Council received amended drafts of the Petition for and substance of a new Charter together with a statement by the Solicitors on certain specific points raised at the previous meeting of the Council. Further minor amendments were approved in the light of this statement and of Counsel’s opinion and it was agreed that these changes be reported to the Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections which would be considering the drafts on the following day (see p. 240). It was decided that revised drafts would then be prepared for consideration by the Council and by Committees of Local Sections with a view to arriving at a final form of the Petition and Charter for submission to a General Meeting.It was generally agreed that the terms of the Petition and of the new Charter were substantially non-controversial in that although additional powers in certain directions were being sought no obligation was thereby placed upon the Institute to exercise any of these powers nor could they be exercised without the amendment of By-Laws which would require the approval of a General Meeting. It had been decided to defer putting forward any proposals for the amendment of By-Laws until the new Charter had been granted for some of the alterations in the By-Laws that might be desired could not be made under the existing Charter and it would be unsatisfactory to deal piecemeal with such proposals.Consideration was given to the following resolution :-“The Committee of the Leeds Area Section consider that the Institute should be prepared to retain a legal expert to give free advice to members on contracts of service and request them to consider the possibility of adopting a similar procedure to that used by Chartered Accountants whereby the President for the time being is nominated by the signatory to a contract of service as being his assessor in all matters relating to the interpretation of such contract.” Although a proposal that the Institute should retain a solicitor to give advice to members on terms of contracts of service had recently been considered by the Appointments and Economic Status Committee and rejected it was agreed that the proposal should be re-examined by that Committee and that if it were still found unacceptable the reasons should be published.The second part of the resolution was also referred to the Appointments and Economic Status Committee and ordered to be brought also to the notice of the Joint Committee on Contracts of Service which had already given some consideration to this and related questions. Discussion took place also on the following resolution:- “The Committee of the Leeds Area Section realising that considerable concern exists among the members as to whether the present functions of [ 237 3 the Institute are adequate has carefully considered the Manchester Questionnaire. While agreeing that this method of obtaining the views of members of the Institute may not be ideal they feel that the matter should not rest as at present.They therefore ask that the matter be re-opened by Council with a view to re-drafting the Institute’s policy both locally and nationally so that the following objects would be strenuously pursued :-(a) To maintain high qualifications for the profession and to emwe that the value of these is publicly recognised. (b) To increase the value of chemistry to the community by improving the working conditions of chemists including salaries facilities for work responsibility of chemists and adequate representation by chemists on all bodies which have to deal with scientific matters as they affect the community.” This resolution was also referred to the Appointments and Economic Status Committee and section (a) ordered to be reported to the Membership Committee which was particularly concerned with the value placed on Institute qualifications in relation to the recruitment of new members.In the discussion emphasis was placed on the importance of giving as much information as possible on the work of the Institute in ensuring that the value of the qualifications was more widely appreciated and in maintaining and improving the economic position of its members. It was agreed that some information on the latter subject should be included in the Annual Report of the Council. An enquiry whether inhabitants of the Malayan Union were to be regarded as of British nationality in respect of eligibility for admission to the Institute was answered in the affirmative as the Malayan Union was a British Protectorate.This ruling did not apply however to the inhabitants of British Mandated Territories. An Interim Report of the newly constituted Membership Committee (11 October) was received and adopted. The Committee had surveyed the field of work and expected to be in a position to put forward specific recom- mendations at later meetings. A provisional programme of Anniversary Meetings of the Institute to be held in Birmingham on 15-16 April 1948,was approved (see p. 285) and the cordial thanks of the Council were ordered to be conveyed to the Birmingham and Midlands Section Committee for the proposals they had put forward.The Report of the Finance and House Committee (13 October) was received and adopted. Reference was made in the Report to the financial position to 30 September 1947; proposals for revising the accounting system entailing the appointment of Mr. D. Wright as Assistant to the Finance Officer; the funds available for publishing papers presented at the Scottish Symposium and in conjunction with the Irish Chemical Association at the Colloquium held in Dublin; the scale of fees payable to Examiners and Assistant Examiners; War Damage reinstatement; the purchase of an electrically operated adding machine. The Report of the Benevolent Fund Committee (13October) referred inter alia to statements of accounts; a bequest of 250 dollars to the Fund by the late Mr.W. Charles Carter FeZZow; a review of regular grants; consideration of current cases and one new case; a report that the Holidays for Children scheme in 1947 had applied to fourteen children representing r 2383 eight families and that the total sum disbursed had been L87 10s.; a report that the names of regular beneficiaries from the Fund had been given in confidence to the New Zealand Section of the Institute and the Toronto Section of the Chemical Institute of Canada in connection with generous offers by these two bodies to send food parcels to needy members or their dependents; the conditions under which funds might be raised for the provision of residential clubs for old people. The Report was received and adopted. The Report of the Nominations Examinations and Institutions Committee (24 July) and a Supplementary Report (16-17October) dealing with recommendations of the Board of Examiners were received and adopted and candidates recommended for election to the Fellowship or to the Associateship were duly elected to their respective grades.An Interim Report of the Regulations Sub-committee of the Nominations Examinations and Institutions Committee was received and the Sub- committee was instructed on various matters affecting its further action. The Chairman of the Joint Committee of the Institute and the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists reported briefly on the outcome of an interview which representatives of the Joint Committee had with the Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Health on 8 August.It was noted that a detailed report would be presented to the Joint Committee at a meeting to be held shortly (see p. 251). It was reported that a further meeting had been held on 3 October of the Joint Committee of the Institute the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers and the Standing Committee of Directors of Research Associations and that progress had been made in preparing a statement on terms of engagement of chemists to take the place of the previously published document “Suggested Clauses for Incorporation in Contracts of Service for Chemists” which it had been decided to withdraw. Reports of the Publications and Library Committee (11 September and g October) which were received and adopted referred inter alia to lectures and monographs for publication; future programme of lectures; issue of forms for the Register of Fellows and Associates; revision of the form to be completed by members in connection with a new issue of the Directory of Independent Consultants; completion of the re-organisation of the Institute’s Library.Progress in the work of the Committee on the Education and Training of Laboratory Technicians was reported (sse JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1947 v 234). Information was received on preliminary discussions that had taken place as to the desirability of constituting a Chemical-Biological Co-ordinat- ing Centre in this country on the lines of that already established in the United States. The Minutes of a Meeting of the Chemical Council held on 21 May 1947 were received (see JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1947 IV 163).Preliminary consideration was given to the representation of the Institute on the Chemical Council for the twelve months beginning I January 1948. It was reported that the Privy Council had approved the use of the letters F.R.I.C.S. and A.R.I.C.S. by Fellows and Professional Associates respectively of the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (cf. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1947,I 5). c 2393 REPORT OF THE SEVENTEENTH CONFERENCE OF HONORARY SECRETARIES OF LOCAL SECTIONS 18 October 1947 at 10 a.m. Present.-Mr. G. Roche Lynch President in the Chair; Professor A. Findlay Vice-President; Dr. D. W. Kent-Jones Honorary Treasurer; Mr.H. G. M. Hardie (Aberdeen and North of Scotland) ; Mr. C. S. McDowell (Belfast and District) ;Mr. E. 31. Joiner (Birmingham and Midlands) ; Mr. B. W. Minifie (Bristol and So~th-n~estern Counties) ; Mr. G. 31. Kerman (Cardiff and District) ; Mr. H. D. Thornton (Dublin and District) ; Dr. John Williams (East Anglia) ; Dr. C. Whitworth (East Midlands) ; hlr. G. Elliot L)odds (Edinburgh and East of Scotland) ; Mr. H. G. A. Anderson (Glasgow and West of Scotland); Dr. E. H. Goodyear (Huddersfield); Dr. W. €1. PedeIty (Hull and District) Mr. W. A. Wightman (Leeds Area) ; Mr. H. Weatherall (Liverpool and North- Western); Mr. T. McLachlan (London and South-Eastern Counties); Mr. A. Carroll (Manchester and District); Dr. J. 0. Harris (Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast); Mr.G. Murfitt (Sheffield S. Yorkshire and N. Midlands); Mr. E. E. Ayling (South Wales); Dr. A. R. Martin (Tees-side); the Secretary the Registrar the Deputy Executive Officer and the Assistant Secretary. The Honorary Secretaries and other representatives of Local Sections were welcomed by the President. CONSTl TUTl 0NA L MATTERS 1. Proposed application for a new Royal Charter.-The Conference had before it drafts of the Petition for and substance of the proposed new Royal Charter which had been circulated together with a statement by the Solicitors embodying Counsel’s opinion on certain outstanding points raised by the Council at its meeting in July. The drafts were substantially as submitted to the Council at its July meeting except that certain minor verbal amendments had been made.It was explained that the primary purpose in applying for a new Charter was to make it clear that the Institute was concerned with the whole of the profession of chemistry and not merely with “the profession of analytical and consulting chemistry” as implied by the terms of the original Charter. Other proposed changes were such as to ensure that adequate powers would be available to permit without further amendment of the Charter such develop- ments of the policy and activities of the Institute as might conceivably be required for the furtherance of the objects of the Institute over a number of years. It was emphasised however that the provision of such additional powers would in no way commit the Institute to exercise them nor could they be exercised without appropriate changes in the By-Laws for which the approval of a General Meeting would continue to be necessary.It was generally agreed that the proposals for the new Charter were on suitable lines and that the changes envisaged were essentially non-controversial. On the other hand it was recognised that if and when the new Charter had been granted careful consideration would need to be given to any subsequent proposals for amending the By-Laws as diverse opinions might well be hdd on such proposals. Discussion took place on a number of points in the draft Charter mostly in connection with removing any possible grounds for misunderstanding. It was agreed to recommend that the quorum of the Council should be eight in respect of its ordinary business including financial transactions as well as in respect of its special functions in the suspension or removal of members.It was agreed that a revised draft of the Petition acd substance of the proposed new Charter embodying amendments in accord- ance with legal opinions on questions raised by the Council and the Conference be circulated as soon as possible to Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections and that sufficient copies be provided to allow of full discussion by the Section Committees. 2. A reas and Boundaries of Local Sections.-Discussion took place on the desirability of changing the boundaries between certain Sections or of establishing new Sections in certain parts of the country so as to provide for the needs of groups of members in places at present remote from established centres in their Section or sometimes from any Section centre at all.Special reference was made to the interests of members in North Wales (at present attached to the South Wales Section) and in Southampton and surrounding district (at present attached to the London and South-Eastern Counties Section). It was reported that the South Wales Section was conducting enquiries into the wishes of members in Denbighshire and other parts of North Wales and would keep the Liverpool and North-Western Section informed about the progress of these enquiries. It was recognised that in the meantime members in L 2403 North Wales who found it convenient to attend meetings in Liverpool could receive notices of such meetings on request and that many had taken advantage of this possi- bility.It was further reported that the London and South-Eastern Counties Section and the Bristol and South-Western Counties Section had arranged a joint meeting in Southampton in order to discover the views of members in that area. This procedure was commended as a useful step towards the solution of problems of this kind. It had been recognised (Report of Sixteenth Conference para. 11 JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1947 111 114) that the formation of a new Local Section in a particular area often resulted in an influx of chemists in that area into the Institute and that the strength of such new Section could therefore not be predicted solely on the basis of the number of members in the area prior to the formation of the Section.It was agreed however that the new Register by showing the distribution of members throughout the country would give valuable information on the need for changing Section boundaries or for the formation of new Sections and that the whole position should be examined as soon as this information was available. AD M I NI ST RAT1 V E MATTERS 3. Agenda for Conferences of Hogaorary secretaries of Local Sections.-It was agreed that it would be desirable for provisional agenda of future Conferences to be issued at least a month before the date of the Conference so as to allow consideration by Section Committees. This would entail advancing the date at which requests for proposed items for discussion were issued to Honorary Secretaries and might not result in great advantages in connection with Conferences held in October.It was further agreed that Honorary Secretaries should give more details of subjects suggested for discussion at Conferences so that the Committees of other Local Sections might be able to consider more fully the questions raised. 4. Invitations to Lecturers at Local Section Meetings.-Consideration was given to possible means for standardising such invitations with a view to getting earlier replies and facilitating the preparation of annual programmes but it was agreed that these invitations must necessarily be of a personal nature and that any attempt to formalise them would be likely to defeat their object.5. Printed Matter issued by the Institute Ofice.-Appreciation was expressed of the work of the printing section of the office but enquiry was made as to the possibility of preparing notices of meetings in a form other than facsimile typewriting and of preparing attractive posters for display on notice boards. It was explained that at present printed matter other than facsimile typewriting had to be hand-set and therefore took a much longer time to produce. In order to set up notices of meetings in printer’s type a notable increase in staff machinery and space would lie necessary and it was doiibtful if the Institute should embark on such extension of its activities at the present time. It was agreed however that the position be examined with a view to seeing what could be done to improve the appearance of the printed matter issued from the office.In the meantime it was noted that a limited number of posters had been produced at the request of certain Sections and that some further work of this nature might be under- taken if due notice were given. Stress was laid on the need for drafts of Section notices to reach the Institute at least a fortnight before the date of the meeting concerned; when this was done every effort was made to distribute copies to members a week before the date of the meeting. Examples were shown of programmes of Section meetings that had been printed locally and it was agreed that arrangements be made for copies of such programmes to be sent to Honorary Secretaries of other Sections for their information.EDUCATIONAL MATTERS AND PUBLICATIONS 6. Courses in Technical Colleges.-Attention was drawn to the unfortunate results arising from the provision of courses in narrow technological subjects for junior workers in local industries in that young people taking such courses and their parents did not always realise that these courses did not serve as a step tow-ards obtaining a professional qualification as they did not cover subjects required in the necessary preliminary examinations. Although heads of technical colleges had in the past been advised of this limitation its importance was not always made clear to students. In some technical colleges however advisers in particular fields of study such as chemistry had been appointed to explain to students that if they had any intention to proceed ultimately to a professional qualification they should in the first instance fit themselves for taking the appropriate preliminary examination in subjects of general education particularly English.It was agreed that everything possible should be done to ensure that students realised their position in this matter and it was recommended that the question be r 241 1 referred to the Special Committee of the Institute on National Certificates. It was further agreed that Local Section Officers might do much informally to help by giving advice to local technical colleges. At the previous Conference (Report para. 3 JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1947 111 113) Honorary Secretaries were invited to ask their committees to consider the best ways in which Local Sections might give informal help and guidance in connection with the adequacy of technical college courses for training students to the A.R.I.C.standard and it was agreed that this matter be kept under review. The Registrar undertook to send to Honorary Secretaries of Sections on request particulars of technical colleges which had not so far been recognised by the Institute. 7. Higher National Certijicates and the A .R.I.C. Examination.-It was reported that the Joint Committee with the Scottish Education Department was considering whether it should adopt the scheme now agreed with the Ministry of Education (England and Wales) for separate National Certificates in Chemistry and in Applied Chemistry and that the Council had appointed a special Committee to consider how far National Certificates in Chemistry could be further recognised as a step towards the Associateship of the Institute.8. Examination Papers and Reports.-Consideration was given to the suggestion that publication of Examination Papers and extracts from the Report of the Board of Examiners in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS might be discontinued as the Examination Papers were already available as a separate annual publication. From the discussion it appeared however that early publication of the Papers in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS was desired not only by students but also by senior members and that there would be disadvantages in deferring unduly publication of the Report of the Board of Examiners.It was agreed therefore not to recommend any change in the present procedure. 9. Import of American Scientifcc Publications.-It was recommended that the possibility of securing some relaxation of the restrictions on import of American scien- tific publications be referred to the Chemical Council. It was agreed that any informa- tion obtained on this matter should be passed on to Honorary Secretaries of Sections. ECONOMIC MATTERS 10. Transferability of Superannuation benefits.-A request had been received from the Committee of the Tees-side Section for an enquiry to be made into the possibility of securing transferability of superannuation benefits in all branches of the profession of chemistry. It was reported that the Association of Scientific Workers had recently published a statement on this subject (“Superannuation and the Scientist”) and it was understood that many aspects of the matter had been examined by the Industrial Management Research Association.A major difficulty was that superannuation schemes of diverse types were provided by different employers or even by the same employer to meet the varied needs of members of their staffs and there was no simple general basis for transfer of benefits from one type of scheme to another although such arrangements were possible in particular instances if agreement were reached on the actuarial value of the benefits involved. It was understood that some employers had arranged for the inclusion in the rules of their superannuation schemes of clauses dealing with conditions for the transfer of benefits of employees proceeding to other employ- ment.Sometimes provision was made whereby the benefit transferred represented sub- stantially more than that derived from the employee’s personal contributions. A desirable provision would be that on change of employment a man should receive a paid-up deferred annuity of value equal to the sum of his own and his employer’s contributions to that date. The deferred annuity would become effective at the normal retiring age. Special reference was made to the position of the small employer who was unable to provide any satisfactory superannuation scheme for his own staff alone but might desire to join with other similar employers in a scheme covering a much larger number of persons.It was agreed that further enquiry be made into developments in these directions and that the whole subject be kept under review. M ISC ELLANE0US 11. Actions in Progress.-In reply to specific questions it was reported that (1) good progress was being made in the preparation of “Notes on Terms of Engagement of Chemists” to replace “Suggested Clauses for Incorporation in Contracts of Service for Chemists” (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1945 11 82) which was being withdrawn; (2) a memorandum was being prepared on the lines of Professor Findlay’s article (1944) on the Institute and the Profession of Chemistry setting forth the reasons why all suitably qualified chemists should support the profession by becoming members of the Institute; (3) the preparation of the first issue of the Handbook for Local Section Officers was proceeding and it was hoped that copies would be available shortly.[ 242 1 12. Arrangements for the next Conference.-It was ugyeed that the Eighteenth Conference be held on 17 April 1948 in Birmingham following the Annual General Meeting on the previous day. A draft of the programme of the Anniversary Meetings in Birmingham was presented (see page 285). The Conference adjourned for luncheon at 12.30 p.m. and resumed its sitting in the afternoon until 3.30 p.m. Mr. E. M. Joiner in proposing a vote of thanks to the President for presiding at the Conference and to the Honorary Treasurer and Professor Findlay for their attendance expressed the good wishes of members of the Conference to Professor Findlay for the success of his mission to India and Pakistan and asked that the greetings of Honorary Secretaries of Sections in the British Isles might be conveyed to the Secretaries of over- seas organisations.He also expressed appreciation of the work of the Executive Officers and of the good relations that had been established between them and the Officers of Local Sections. The vote of thanks was carried and the expressions of appreciation endorsed with acclamation. ACTIVITIES OF LOCAL SECTIONS Aberdeen and North of Scotland.-The first of the winter programme of meetings to be held jointly with the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry took place at Marischal College Aberdeen on 24 October under the chairmanship of Professor H.W. Melville F.R.S. The speaker was Mr. Ronald Relcher of the Chemistry Department University of Aberdeen and his subject “New Methods in Applied Organic Analysis.” Numerous questions were answered by the lecturer and the audience which was representative of both the academic and industrial fields accorded their thanks on the motion of Mr. J. E. Bowen. The second joint meeting was held in the Chemistry Department Marischal College Aberdeen on 14 November Dr. R. B. Strathdee in the Chair. Dr. David Traill of Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. gave an address on “Recent Developments in Synthetic Fibres.” The lecturer illustrated his subject by exhibiting specimens and after a discussion had taken place a vote of thanks was accorded on the motion of Dr.J. M. C. Thompson. Belfast and District.-A very interesting lecture on “Tuberculin” was given on 24 September by Mr. J. Lochiel McGirr Veterinary Research Division Stormont. This was enjoyed by a large number of members. Birmingham and Midlands.-The first joint meeting of the Session was held on 15 October when an audience of a bout one hundred listened to an original paper entitled “Chemical Ciphering-a New Systemisation of Chemical Species,” presented by Messrs. M. Gordon C. E. Kendall and W. H. T. Davison. The lecturer Mr. M. Gordon gave a full explanation of the rules and method of ciphering any non-polymeric chemical structure without reference to its spatial isomerism. The system was capable of a mathematical proof of uniqueness unambiguity and univer- sality for any conceivable structure which can be fully represented by atoms linked by bonds and by ionic charges.In answer to questions the other members of the team sketched briefly the extension of the system to stereo-isomers and polymers. During the discussion the point was made that the new system by giving a unique cipher for a compound having several hypo- thetical resonance structures was in accordance with present trends. The use of superscripts the absence of symbols for common groups the departure from traditional classificatory methods deciphering methods and conventions for tautomers were among the subjects raised in a very purposeful discussion. In according its warmest thanks to the authors for this important contribution to chemical systematics the meeting adopted a suggestion that the paper should be published.This motion has since been endorsed by the Section Committee. Mr. E. M. Joiner has resigned the position of Secretary of the Midland Chemists Committee and has been succeeded in that office by Dr. R. Gaddie. Bristol and South-Western Counties.-A meeting of the Section jointly with the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry was held on 23 October in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre University of Bristol. Dr. T. Malkin presided and a very interesting lecture on “Physico-Chemical Methods-with special reference to Spectroscopy and Polarography” was given by Mr. A. S. Nickelson. Mr. Nickelson outlined the basic principles of polarography and spectroscopy and [ 243 I gave a very lucid description of recent developments particularly with the cathode ray oscillograph and the direct reading spectrograph.After a discussion a vote of thanks was proposed by Mr. W.J. Carter. Cardiff and District.-On 1 October by kind permission of the Directors a party of members of the Institute and the Society of Chemical Industry visited the Margam Carbide Factory of British Industrial Solvents Ltd. where they were received by the Manager Mr. Newport. and enjoyed a most instructive tour under the guidance of Mr. Phillips and staff. The party was entertained to tea at the works and keen apprecia- tion of the visit was expressed to Mr. Newport Mr. Phillips and his staff by Dr.J. Grant seconded by Dr. D. P. Evans. A meeting of the Section was held jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry in the Physics Theatre University College Cathays Park Cardiff on 31 October when Dr. W. H. J. Vernon O.B.E. of the Chemical Research Laboratory D.S.I.R. Teddington delivered a lecture on “Recent Progress in Research on Corrosion and Microbiological Corrosion.” Mr. H. F. Adams was in the Chair and after a very lively discussion a vote of thanks was carried on the motion cf Mr. Chard seconded by Mr. Minton. East Anglia.-A joint meeting of the Section with the Food Group of the Society of Chemical Industry was held in the City College Norwich on 24 October and was followed by a visit to Lowestoft to inspect fishery interests on the following day.Dr. E. B. Hughes Chairman of the Food Group presided at Norwich when the lecturers were Mr. A. E. Mallet Secretary of the English Herring Catchers Association and Mr. G. T. Atkinson late District Fishery Officer Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries. Mr. Mallet dealt with “The Catching of Herrings” and discussed the historical aspects and the importance of the herring industry as well as the methods of catching. Mr. Atkinson dealt with “Curing Methods Applied to the Herring” and described the processes used for the production of bloaters red herrings kippers and other forms of cured herrings. General disapproval was expressed of the modern practice of kippering which involves artificial colouring with a reduced smoking time and consequent poorer keeping qualities.On the motion of Messrs. R. F. Innes and W. Lincolne Sutton a vote of thanks was accorded the lecturers. On the morning of 25 October the party inspected the Lowestoft Fishing U’harves where herrings and other fish were being landed and later saw various processes including freezing and kippering in operation. After lunch an instructive conversazione was held in the Fishery Laboratories when an account of the work carried out by the Department was given by Dr. Hodgson and his staff. Of particular interest were the methods used for the accurate forecasting of fishing prospects a year ahead. A vote of thanks to all concerned was proposed by Dr. J. W. Corran the Chairman of the Section who had also been responsible for the arrangements for the meeting.The hope was expressed that the survey of the Herring Industry begun at this meeting would be completed at a later date with contributions from chemists and bacteriologists. East Midlands.-The Committee has been altered and Dr. H. H. Barber is now the Section Chairman. Other representatives on the Committee are Messrs. C. F. Ward G. F. Hall and E. M. Bavin Nottingham; F. C. Bullock and L. P. Priestley Leicester; R. Davidson W. Hunter and C. W. North Derby; Dr. G. M. Dyson Loughborough; Mr. S. W. Atherley and Professor L. Hunter co-opted. Hon. Auditor Mr. S. W. Atherley ; Honorary Secretary Dr. C. Whitworth. The first meeting of the session was held at the St. James’s Restaurant Derby on 26 September when Dr. H. H. Hodgson delivered a lecture on Diazo Compounds.The room was packed to capacity and members were rewarded by hearing a most interesting lecture entertainingly given (for summary see p. 247). On 23 October the lecturer was Mr. Osman Jones and his subject “The Preservation of Meat by Curing Canning and Cold Storage. This meeting was held at the College of Technology Leicester. Although the attendance was not as good as might have been expected those who were present were privileged to hear a most interesting lecture. Glasgow and West of Scotland.-A joint meeting with the Ardeer Chemical Club (I.C.I. Explosives Division Stevenston) was held at Ardeer on 15 October. The Chairman Dr. James Taylor M.B.E. in introducing the speaker reminded the audience of the very valuable work which Sir Wallace A.Akers had carried out when in charge of the British side of atomic research during the war. Sir Wallace,;then delivered his address on “The Generation of Useful Power from Atomic Energy. (For summary see p. 248.) An interesting discussion followed and a vote of thanks was very eloquently proposed by Mr. A. R. Jamieson Chairman of the Glasgow Section. On 24 October a joint meeting under the auspices of the Section was held in the Royal Technical College Glasgow. In the unavoidable absence of the Section Chair- man the chair was taken by Professor J. W. Cook F.R.S. who introduced the speaker [ 244 1 Dr. B. C. Saunders of Cambridge University. Dr. Saunders gave a fascinating account of recent work on “Some Aspects of the Organic Chemistry of Fluorine.” A discussion followed in which Professor Cook Dr.J. McLean Messrs. J. M.Leitch and J. Duff amongst others took part. The vote of thanks was proposed by Dr. James C. Eaton and was carried enthusiastically. Huddersfield.-At a Special General Meeting held on 30 September in Fields Cafe Huddersfield under the Chairmanship of Mr. T. A. Simmons the amended Rules of the Section were unanimously approved on the motion of Dr. A. E. Everest seconded by Mr. A. S. White. Following the Special Meeting Professor E. L. Hirst F.R.S. gave a lecture entitled “Problems in the Chemistry of Starch and Glycogen,” in the course of which he dealt with recent work on starches and glycogen and indicated how the results were being applied industrially particularly in the textile industry.A discussion followed in which a number of members took part. At a meeting on 28 October in Fields Cafe attended by some fifty members and friends with Mr. T. A. Simmons in the Chair Dr. E. Holmes of Plant Protection Ltd. gave a lecture entitled “Plant Hormones with Special Reference to Selective Weed Killers” (for summary see p. 249). This most interesting lecture was illustrated by lantern slides and a film showing the mode of application of the hormone weed killers and the results obtained. It was followed by an excellent discussion. Hull and District.-The first meeting of the Session on 10November took the form of a joint meeting with the Chemical Society and the University College Scientific Society. Professor Brynmor Jones presided and welcomed Professor D.H. Hey who delivered a lecture entitled “Addition Polymerisation.” Professor Jones Dr. Pedelty and Messrs. Schollick Lammiman Weinberger Farmer Smith and Balmforth contributed to the discussion which followed. Thanks were expressed to the lecturer by Dr. Orr Mr. Pattison and Dr. Pedelty on behalf of their respective Societies. Mr. P. H. Cutting has accepted nomination as Section representative on the Yorkshire Council for Further Education in place of Mr. N. L. Holmes who has resigned owing to pressure of business. The Section Committee are very grateful to Mr. Holmes for representing the Section on the Yorkshire Council. Mr. T. E. H. O’Brien has resigned from the position of Section Auditor on leaving the district.Mr. L. Balmforth has been elected Chairman of the Section for the Session 1947-48. Mr. D. J. T. Bagnall the retiring Chairman becomes Vice-chairman. Leeds Area.-A joint meeting of the Section with the University Chemical Society was held at the University of Leeds on 28 October Mr. G. J. Denbigh Chairman of the Section presiding. A lecture on “The English Oilfields” was given by Mr. C. M. Adcock. The large audience was very interested in the facts revealed about oil produc- tion in this country and many points of interest were raised in the subsequent discussion (for summary see p. 249). Before the lecture under the Chairmanship of Mr. J. H. Baxendale President of the University Chemical Society the films “The English Oilfields” and “The A.B.C.of Oil” were shown by courtesy of the D’Arcy Exploration Co. Ltd. London and South-Eastern Counties.-A joint meeting with the North London Branch of the Institute of Welding was held on 17 September 1947 at Manson House 26 Portland Place W.l. The President of the North London Branch of the Institute of Welding Mr. S. P. Bennett expressed his pleasure at this the first joint meeting with the Royal Institute of Chemistry and handed over the charge of the meeting to Mr. L. C. Percival Chairman of the North London Branch of the Institute of Welding. Seventy-seven members and friends were present. Mr. W. K. B. Marshall read a paper on “Recent Advances in the Welding of Plant for the Chemical Industry.” Nine members of the audience took part in the discussion and Dr.J. G. A. Griffiths Chairman of the London Section of the Institute proposed and Dr. E. Sharratt Hon. Secretary of the North London Branch of the Institute of Welding seconded a vote of thanks to the speaker. A joint meeting with the Bristol and South-Western Counties Section was held at University College Southampton on 4 October 1947 61 members and visitors being present. Dr. J. G. A. Griffiths Chairman of the London and South-Eastern Counties Section took the Chair and was supported by Dr. T. Malkin Chairman of the Bristol Section. There was a lively discussion concerning the organisation of local chemists to which some sixteen members contributed and on the motion of Mr. Carlos seconded by Dr. Lyons it was decided to form a local committee consisting of two representatives from Portsmouth two from Southampton two from Bournemouth and Poole and one from Porton to investigate the formation of a Local Section of the Institute.The following were elected:-Dr C. G. Lyons. Mr. A. L Williams Mr. R W. Watridge E 245 a Mr. A. R. Burkin Mr. G. H. Osborne and Dr. T. C. J. Overston with one member from Porton to be co-opted. A very cordial vote of thanks to all those who had made the meeting such a success especially Mr. Watridge Dr. Chapman the catering manageress of the Senior Common Room and the College Authorities was proposed by the Hon. Secretary and seconded by Dr. Herd. Owing to the shortness of the time available only one film-”Damage Control Part I”-was exhibited. An ordinary meeting was held at the County Technical College Essex Road Dartford on 14 October 1947 62 members and \-isitors being present.Dr. J. G. A. Griffiths took the Chair and opened a discussion on the organisation of local chemists with particular reference to the County of Kent. Twelve members of the audience joined in the discussion and at the close Mr. H. E. Monk moved and Dr. Newman seconded a resolution that “a Committee be formed to further local activity in Kent,” which was carried unanimously. It was agreed to elect three representatives from the Dartford area to join with representatives from other areas to form a Kent Sub-committee with power to co-opt. The following were elected:-Messrs. J. R. Barr T. Dewing and -Hart. Dr. H. Baines District Member of Council then gave an address on “The Chemist in the Photographic Industry.” A hearty vote of thanks was proposed to Dr.Baines by Mr. Monk and seconded by Dr. Foster. A vote of thanks to Dr. Gyngell and Mr. Ban- was proposed by the Hon. Secretary and responded to by Mr. Barr. An ordinary meeting was held on 15 October 1947 at Holborn Town Hall London W.C.l 48 members and visitors being present. Dr. J. G. A. Griffiths Chairman was in the Chair and Mr. L. N. Coombs delivered an address on “Personnel Selection.” Ten members of the audience took part in the subsequent discussion and Mr. L. M. Miall proposed a hearty vote of thanks to the lecturer which was carried with acclama- tion. The Chairman proposed a cordial vote of thanks to the Mayor of Holborn for allowing the meeting to be held at the Town Hall.A joint meeting with the Luton Scientific Association was held on 20 October 1947 in the Lecture Hall Public Library Luton 68 members and visitors being present. Mr. V. W. Slater Vice-chairman of the Luton Scientific Association took the chair and welcomed the members of the Institute. The following films were then shown “Water” and “The Water Cycle.” Following the exhibition of the films Dr. J. G. A. Griffiths acted as Question Master for a Brains Trust organised by Mr. S. Stevens and consisting otherwise of Messrs. Edwards Emerson Jeffcoate Mclachlan and Mills. A vote of thanks was subsequently proposed to the London and South-Eastern Counties Section of the Institute and to the members of the Brains Trust by Mr.Wood. An ordinary meeting was held on 23 October 1947 at the Medway Technical College Gillingham 81 members and visitors being present. Dr. Stonehill welcomed the members of the Section and after apologising for the absence of the Principal handed over the meeting to Dr. J. G. A. Griffiths who took the Chair and opened a discussion on the organisation of local chemists with particular reference to the county of Kent. Ten members of the audience joined in the discussion at the conclusion of *which Dr. Stonehill Mr. Wiseman and Mr. Blackstone were elected to serve on a com-mittee representing the Kent area under the auspices of the parent committee of the Section. During the meeting tea was served and the following films were exhibited after an introduction by Mr.D. M. Freeland “Valley of Tennessee” and “Damage Control Part I.” A vote of thanks to the Chairman Hon. Secretary and members of the parent Committee was proposed by Dr. Stonehill and acknowledged by Dr. Herd who proposed a vote of thanks to the Principal Dr. Stonehill and the ladies who had served tea. Dr. Stonehill proposed a vote of thanks to Mr. Monk for organising the meeting. Manchester and District.-The opening meeting of the 1947-8 session was held on 25 September when Mr. A. L. Bacharach Vice-President gave a specially interesting lecture on “The Production and Uses of Laboratory Animals.” The lecture illustrated by numerous slides included examples of biological assay of the vitamins methods of statistical interpretation and the general organisation of a biochemical laboratory.A detailed account was presented of breeding methods designed to produce comparable results. The audience included a number of distinguished visitors from the Medical School of the University and on their behalf Professor Macdonald expressed appreciation to the lecturer. A number of newly-elected Associates were entertained by committee members at an informal meeting on 6 October. The publication of the Calendar of the Manchester Federation of Scientific Societies has given details of the activities of the 27 constituent societies including the Institute. One of the founder members Mr. J. T. Marsh, Fellow continues as Chairman of the Federation. 6 246 3 Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast.-A most informative and enjoyable lecture was delivered to the Section on 22 October in the Chemistry Department King’s College by Professor G.R. Clemo F.R.S.,on “The Organic Chemist and some Isotopes.” The work that has been done was described and the great potentialities of this field- if the material and apparatus are made available-were indicated. Dr. W. S. Patterson was in the Chair and a vote of thanks proposed by Dr. P. L. Robinson was carried in a hearty manner. Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands.-A meeting of the Section was held jointly with the Sheffield Metallurgical Association in the latter’s premises on 24 October when a lecture on “Chemical Metallurgy” was given by Dr. H. J. T. Ellingham. The lecturer showed how he had correlated data on the standard free energy of formation of a wide range of oxides and sulphides in such a manner as to explain and predict the probable behaviour at any temperature of many chemical and electrolytic reducing processes.The meeting which was well attended was keenly appreciative of the importance of the work and engaged in a discussion in which Dr. Ellingham established himself in the minds of those present as a metallurgist of some eminence. A vote of thanks was moved by Mr. E. J. Vaughan seconded and carried with acclamation. South Wales.-The opening meeting of the session was held on 24 October in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre University College Swansea when an audience of over 90 gathered to hear a very enjoyable lecture by Mr.A. L. Bacharach Vice-President on “Penicillin its Preparation and Properties.” Professor J. E. Coates O.B.E. presided, and Dr. J. Pearson proposed and Dr. I. Jones seconded the vote of thanks to Mr. Bacharach. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL COUNCIL Abstract of the Minutes of the Meeting held on 30 September 1947. 1. The Council were informed that much progress had been made in overcoming the difficulties in the supply of laboratory chemicals but that the question of the supply of laboratory apparatus was still under review. 2. The Executive Committee of the British Association of Chemists has accepted the Council’s offer to renew for a further period of one year to 30 June 1948 the arrangements whereby members of the British Association of Chemists may use the Library of the Chemical Society.3. An appreciation of the part played by the Council in connection with the introduction of the Joint Pension and Life Assurance Scheme for the members of the staffs of the Constituent Bodies and other kindred organisations was received from the Royal Institute of Chemistry. 4. Certain changes in price of publications for 1948 proposed by the Chemical Society and Society of Chemical Industry were approved for application under the Joint Subscription Scheme. 5. The thanks of the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry had 6. The Eleventh Report of the Council was considered and the draft accounts for 7. Leave of absence was granted to Professor Alexander Findlay in view of his been accorded to the Council for an additional grant towards the cost of publications.the year ended 31 December 1946 were adopted. impending journey to India and it was agreed that the appointment of a Deputy to act as Honorary Treasurer in his absence should be considered at the next meeting. 8. It was reported that the Council was represented at the International Conference on Documentation at Berne on 25 August 1947 by Miss M. Gosset Librarian of the Atomic Energy Establishment at Harwell. 9. Joint Student Facilities under the Joint Subscription Scheme were granted to five applicants. SUMMARIES OF LECTURES DIAZO-COMPOUNDS AND THE FREE RADICAL HYPOTHESIS BY HERBERTH. HODGSON, M.A. BSc. Ph.D. F.R.I.C. [East Midlands Section 26 September 1947.1 New methods of diazotisation have been forthcoming ever since the discovery of the diazo-compounds by Peter Griess in 1858 for each amine has its own individuality.Of the numerous methods extant that involving the addition of a glacial acetic acid c 247 1 solution of the amine to a solution of sodium nitrite in concentrated sulphuric acid appears to be the most versatile; by this method diamines may be tetrazotised. The method has been made still more useful by the precipitation of the solid diazonium sulphate from the diazotisation medium following addition of ether. Diazo-oxides whose formation was a stumbling block to the diazotisation of nitro- amines prior to the discovery of the above method were thought by Morgan to have an -N =N -0-chain structure whereas recent chemical and spectroscopic work has shown them to possess ionic quinonoid resonance structures i.e.The Sandmeyer reaction the interpretation of which remained obscure until 1940n has been shown to possess a mechanism involving a complex copper-halogeno-anion. Hantzsch’s geometrical hypothesis for the structure of the diazo-hydroxides. -sulphonates and -cyanides cannot explain the chemistry of the subject and recent conclusions from infra-red spectra and other physical properties which are claimed to reinstate the geometrical isomerism of Hantzsch are based on wrong analogies and inadequate checks. The structural viewpoint has not been disturbed by the above work while the evidence for the existence of cis-azobenzene is far from being unequivocal.The free radical hypothesis which has been proposed to explain the decompositions of diazo-compounds in aqueous solution such as the Gomberg reaction and was originally based on the invariability of ortho-para substitution in this and similar reactions is quite unnecessary since such reactions are readily explained on the older electronic theory. One of the inherent fallacies of the free radical hypothesis is the postulation of the simultaneous splitting of two bonds of greatly unequal strength in the diazo-compounds R N = N OH X when on the older electronic theory of diazo-decompositions only one bond required to be ruptured. THE GENERATION OF USEFUL POWER FROM ATOMIC ENERGY BY SIRWALLACEA. AKERS C.B.E. [Glasgow and West of Scotland Section 15 October 1947.1 The underlying principles of atomic fission can be applied to the development of atomic energy for destructive purposes and for useful energy.Only one isotope of uranium (235) is capable of nuclear fission and early investigation suggested that for use in a bomb it would be essential to separate this isotope from normal uranium in which it exists to the extent of less than one per cent. The necessary processes are difficult and tedious involving several thousand stages. The problem was simplified by the discovery that the common uranium 238 was converted by neutron bombard- ment into uranium 239 an unstable element which changed radioactively into a new element plutonium 239 which as had been prophesied was capable of nuclear fission.This element being chemically different from uranium is more easily separated from it than the isotope uranium 235. In the formation of plutonium a large amount of heat is generated and it was with the primary object of producing plutonium that the experiments were carried out which form the basis of the projected methods for the generation of useful energy. In the construction of atomic piles there are numerous physical chemical and engineering difficulties to be overcome. For example boron being a strong neutron absorber has to be rigorously excluded from all materials of construction. It can be stated that using the principles so far discovered uranium piles will only be practicable for the generation of power on a very large scale and the possibility of small “portable” atomic piles is very remote both on theoretical and practical grounds.As to the availability of raw materials it appears that ample supplies of uranium and thorium exist. Many common rocks (e.g. granite) contain a higher concentration of potentially fissile materials than the concentration of gold in some gold bearing strata which are profitably worked although the extraction is more difficult. Thorium as a raw material shows great possibilities. [ 248 3 PLANT HORMONES WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SELECTIVE WEEDKILLERS BY E. HOLMES, Ph.D. F.R.I.C. [Huddersfield Section 25 October 19471 Natural plant hormones or auxins more accurately called plant growth regulators were first isolated in the early 30’s following fifty years of observation of plant responses to light.Subsequently a number of simpler synthetic organic chemicals have been found with similar properties and a-naphthylacetic acid and its derivatives are now used to promote root development of cuttings to prevent pre-harvest drop of apples and pears and to stop premature sprouting of ware potatoes. Similarly j3-naphthoxy- acetic acid is used to induce parthenocarpic production of certain fruits which may be seedless. These compounds are active at concentrations of the order of 5 to 50 p.p.m. in water. In 1940 Templeman working at the Jealott’s Hill Agricultural Research Station observed differential effects of a-naphthylacetic acid on different plant species and collaboration with Sexton of I.C.I.Dyestuffs Division resulted in the development of 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (‘‘Methoxone”) and 2-4-di cholorophenoxyacetic acid (2.4.D.) as selective weedkillers. Subsequently and independently both Rotham- sted and American workers made similar observations on the latter. Dusts and liquids containing these active materials have been formulated for use through farm machines to eliminate competition due to such serious weeds as the charlocks poppies and thistles in cereal crops buttercups in pastures and by gardeners and sports clubs to kill plantains dandelions and docks in cultivated turf. The rates of application correspond to only a pound or so of active agent per acre. The new weedkillers do not kill all weeds but they are effective against a wide range of the worst weeds without damaging cereals and grasses.The benefits include greater crop yields which may be worth several times the cost of the treatment easier handling of cleaner crops and removal of alternative hosts for other crop pests. These chemicals must not be allowed to fall on beans cabbages and brassicas generally. THE ENGLISH OILFIELDS By C. M. ADCOCK, M.A. [Leeds Area Section 28 October 1947.1 Indications of oil in England date back into antiquity but the first concerted drilling campaign sponsored by the Government took place after the 1914-18 war. Of the eleven wells drilled only Hardstoft No. 1 in Derbyshire struck oil in any quantity and it has so far produced some 4,000 tons of good quality oil.After this effort there was no active exploration until the passing of the Petroleum Act in 1934 which vested in the Crown the ownership of all undiscovered mineral oil making it possible for companies to take out exploration licences and to carry out prospecting under attractive operating conditions. In the subsequent search for oil the D’Arcy Exploration Company has maintained its lead over other oil companies in the area over which it has prospected in the number of wells drilled and in having achieved the only major success of the campaign-the discovery of the Nottinghamshire oilfields. The wells drilled at the end of the 1914-18 war were mainly on the flanks of the Pennines the objective being the Carboniferous Limestone. After the passing of the 1934 Petroleum Act exploration was extended to a number of Cretaceous and Jurassic structures in the South of England Carboniferous structures in the East Midlands Permian structures in North-East Yorkshire and Carboniferous structures in the Midland Valley of Scotland.Drilling first started in 1936 at Portsdown near Portsmouth and then other anticlines in the south were tested without finding commercial oil. However in 1938 gas consisting largely of methane was found in the Carboniferous at Cousland south of Edinburgh and also in the Permian at Eskdale near Whitby. Here also beds of potash were found the first discovery of potash in quantity in England. The Millstone Grit structures where most of the oil is found are masked by younger horizontal beds and in the detection of these anticlines seismic surveys are of great assistance.The Nottinghamshire oilfields were located in this way the first well at Eakring being drilled in June 1939. Duke’s Wood to the south of Eakring and con- tinuous with it was discovered in 1941. Kelham Hills was also found in 1941 and Caunton in 1943. Another discovery of oil of less importance was at Formby in Lan- cashire in 1939 in wells drilled about 100 ft. deep. It is generally considered that the oil is migrating from some primary reservoir but efforts to find it have so far not been successful. t 2491 Mud flush is normally used in modern rotary drilling which is conditioned by bentonite so as to keep the walls of the well from caving and to provide sufficient viscosity to lift the cuttings to surface.The time taken to drill a 2,000 ft. well at the beginning of the war was some five weeks which was reduced to three weeks by 1942 another two weeks being required to move the drilling outfit to the next location. But the need for oil was urgent and four of the latest unitised drilling outfits which had been ordered from the U.S.A. arrived in the Spring of 1943 complete with their American crews and specialised transport reducing the time to drill a production well to five days and the time to move an outfit to a new site to less than 24 hours. At the surface the oil is pumped to the collecting station where it is separated from reservoir water and thence to the main storage at the railway siding where it is loaded into railway tank cars for transport to the refinery.Trouble is sometimes caused in wells by the deposition of paraffin wax in the tubing; this is removed by electrical heating using a motor generator developing a direct current of 600-800 amp at 50 volts. Since 1936 the drilling of nearly one million feet has been accomplished totalling over 400 wells. This includes some 300 production wells of which 240 are still producing. The peak production of some 325 tons of oil per day was reached in September 1943 and the total native production of crude oil is now over half-a-million tons. Some 300 million cubic feet of natural gas have been produced at Eakring and over 200,000 gallons of natural gasoline have been recovered since the installation of the charcoal adsorption plant in March 1943.NOTES PERSONAL Sir Robert Robinson P.R.S. Fellow has been awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry for 1947 “for his researches on important substances in plant biology especially alkaloids.” Sir William Griffiths Fellow Chairman and Managing Director of the Mond Nickel Co. Ltd. has been appointed by the Lord President of the Council to be a Member of the Advisory Council for Scientific and Industrial Research. Dr. P. C. C. Isherwood O.B.E.. Fellow has been elected President of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers and Sir Harry Jephcott Fellow Chairman of the Council of the Association. Mr. George Brearley Fellow has been appointed Managing Director of Brotherton & Co. Ltd. Mr. A. T. Green O.B.E.Member of Council Director of Research of the British Refractories Research Association and the British Pottery Research Association has been appointed to succeed the late Dr. J. W. Mellor as Hon. General Secretary of the British Ceramic Society. Dr. D. T. A. Townend Fellow has been designated Director-General of the British Coal Utilisation Research Association. Dr. W. S. Patterson Fellow Head of the Chemistry Department Sunderland Technical College has been appointed Senior Lecturer in Fuel Technology in the Chemical Engineering Department of the University of Durham and takes up his new duties at the beginning of next term. Dr. W. T. H. Williamson Fellow Director of the British Council’s Agricultural Department since its foundation in 1945 has been appointed Lecturer in charge of the newly created Department of Soil Science in the University of Aberdeen.Mr. S. B. Watkins Fellow formerly in charge of the Chemical Engineering Depart- ment of the School of Mines and Technology Treforest has assumed direction of the recently re-opened Post-Graduate Course in Chemical Engineering at King’s College London. Dr. C. J. 0. R. Morris Fellow has been appointed to the University Readership in Chemical Pathology tenable at London Iiospital Medical College. Mr. J. S. Jackson Fellow who was a Member of the Council of the Institute of Petroleum from 1930 and Vice-president from 1944 has retired from the petroleum industry. [ 2501 THE ANALYTICAL CHEMIST AND THE PUBLIC HEALTH LABORATORY SERVICE The Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Health accompanied by Dr.Charles Professor G. S. Wilson and Mr. Beek received a deputation representing the Royal Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists (Professor A. Findlay Dr. H. E. Cox Mr. W. Gordon Carey Dr. H. J. T. Ellingham) ton 8 August 1947 to discuss the place of the analytical chemist in relation to the Public Health Bacteriological Service. Professor Findlay after apologising for the absence of the President of the Royal Institute of Chemistry opened by reading out a prepared memorandum. It was one of the duties of the Royal Institute of Chemistry to advise Government Departments and Public Bodies on matters within its special competence and experience and the safeguarding of supplies of drinking water was one of these.For half a century men trained primarily as chemists had conducted bacteriological as well as chemical examinations of water and now the Ministry ignored their experience and advice. He stressed the three main points of his memorandum of 28 June 1945:-(i) The predominant part chemists had played in initiating and developing methods for safeguarding water supplies; (ii) The importance of not separating the bacteriological from the chemical examination of water. (This separation occurred now since the Emergency Public Health Laboratories by offering free bacteriological examination of water led Local Authorities to send samples to them instead of to analytical chemists who had previously examined them) ; (iii) The loss to the Public Health Service of the skill and experience of the chemist in the examination of water.He therefore asked the Minister to re-consider this aspect of Public Health policy. Dr. Cox supported this. He quoted specific instances where (he claimed) exami- nations of milk and water samples had been inadequately made by the Public Health Laboratory Service. He held that any directive to Local Authorities should indicate that where satisfactory arrangements for examination by analysts existed at present they should not be interfered with. Mr. Carey agreed. He said that chemists who also conducted bacteriological examinations obtained a complete picture of the water in all its aspects purification filtration sterilisation and so on.They visited the source of supply took samples and in general covered a wider field than those who were primarily bacteriologists. In any case the so-called bacteriological tests of water were different in technique from the examination of say diphtheria swabs; they were more akin to chemical tests. Mr. Edwards then asked the chemists to establish certain facts:- (i) What proportion of the examinations of water at the consumer end was done by analysts ? (ii) What qualifications should those conducting bacteriological examinations of water have ? On the first point Professor Findlay said it was easier to estimate the proportion before the War than now. Discussion showed disagreement between the chemists and Professor Wilson on the proportion of water examinations conducted by analysts before the War.On the subject of qualifications Dr. Cox said that an analyst was normally a Fellow of the Royal Institute of Chemistry with a certificate in Branch E. He would have taken a four years’ university course or equivalent for his Associateship of the Royal Institute of Chemistry following this with three years’ experience in a Public Analyst’s laboratory and a searching examination in the chemistry and microscopy of food water etc. The analyst’s competence was guaranteed by the Royal Institute of Chemistry. Professor Wilson said that a whole-time non-medical bacteriologist normally held a BSc. degree of Edinburgh or Bristol in bacteriology while the medical bacteriologist in addition to his medical qualification held the Diploma in Bacteriology of London or Manchester University.Professor Findlay pointed out however that the anaIyst did not compete with the whole-time bacteriologist over the whole field of bacteriology but only in the limited sphere of water examination. Professor Wilson describing the origin of the Emergency Public Health Laboratory Service claimed that many Counties and County Boroughs had established their own laboratories during the last 40 years and that in these laboratories bacteriological examination of water had been in the hands of a bacteriologist. The Emergency Public Health Laboratories were merely supplementing and extending a practice already in common use by Local Authorities. There was no intention of diverting work from analysts [ 261 1 The chemists argued that though there might be no intention to divert the free service offered by the Emergency Public Health Laboratories had in fact resulted in such a diversion and they pressed for a restoration to analysts of the work they had lost.Mr. Edwards said that though it was not the Minister’s policy for the work to be diverted if a Medical Officer of Health chose to send his work to a Public Health Laboratory the Minister would not discourage this. The Minister accepted the views of his Medical Research Council advisers i.e. ti) Materials requiring bacteriological examination for Public Health purposes should be dealt with by fully-trained medical bacteriologists; (ii) Bacteriological examinations of water samples should be undertaken by the same persons as are responsible for the many other bacteriological investiga- tions required in the control of epidemic diseases.The chemists had stressed the importance of keeping the connection between the chemical and bacteriological examinations of water but it was even more important to retain the connection between bacteriological examinations of water and the other bacteriological investigations necessary for the control of epidemic diseases; co-operation between the chemical analyst and the bacteriological examiner of water should be no more difficult to secure than the co-operation (which the chemists desired) between an analyst doing bacteriological examinations of water and the bacteriological investigation of other specimens.It was about the orientation of the Service rather than the qualifications and efficiency of those who carried out the examinations that the Minister’s view differed from the chemists’. The deputation considered that the position had been stated more clearly than heretofore but they still pressed for consideration of their suggestions and for a fuller working out in consultation with the Bodies they represented of the principles of co-operation between analysts and the Public Health Laboratory Service. Mr. Edwards made it clear that the Minister’s general policy could not be changed but promised that points of detail would be considered. FEDERAT10N OF B RlTlSH IN DUSTRl ES-S CIENTIFIC AN D TECHNICAL RESEARCH IN BRITISH INDUSTRIES The lndustrial Research Secretariat of the Federation of British Industries has recently completed a statistical survey of Scientific and Technical Research in British Industry.Copies of the pamphlet embodying the results of the survey may be obtained from the office of the F.B.I. 21 Tothill Street London S.W.1 price 1s. The F.B.I. Industrial Research Committee was appointed in 1944 under the Chairmanship of Sir W’illiam J. Larke K.B.E. “To stimulate national interest in research for industry and foster it in all appropriate ways.” Following are some conclusions drawn from the survey which was based on returns from 420 firms (each spending not less than Ll,OOO a year on research) covering it is estimated some 75 per cent.of British Industry’s total research effort. British industry is now spending about ~30,000,000a year on industrial scientific research. This research is carried out by a staff of some 45,000 of whom about 10,000 are qualified scientists and engineers. More than half the 420 firms are in direct contact with universities and technical colleges and 60 have end owed research scholarships or fellowships. Three firms out of every five doing research plan to expand their scientific facilities for which they require new laboratory buildings of more than 3,000,000 sq. ft. of floor space and additional qualified staff of the order of 2,500. The chief demand is for (a) chemists (b) engineers and (c) physicists. The greatest propcrtional increase in demand over present qualified staff is for (a) biologists and (b) physicists.Delay in delivery of scientific and testing instruments and equipment is impeding research progress. Most of the results of fundamental and basic industrial research carried out in industry are the subject of publication in the scientific and professional press. The following comments on the survey are made by the F.B.I. Industrial Research Committee. Qualified Stafl. During the period January 1946 to December 1947 British industry planned to increase its research staff by 25 per cent This however has been largely frustrated awing to the prevailing shortage of scientific manpower the effect of which has been intensified by the calling up to the services of substantial numbers of scientists and engineers graduating from the universities.I 252 1 Research Expe.Pzdituve. The more than ten-fold increase in the expenditure by industry on research during the last fifteen years shows how dependent industrial progress has become on scientific work and its application and demonstrates the necessity under the present more difficult conditions for the rapid expansion of scientific facilities within industry in the interest of increasing industrial production and export trade. It is encouraging that three firms out of every five doing research plan an expansion of their research activities. For comparison purposes present annual Government expenditure on or in aid of industrial research is &4,500,000,making a total expenditure for industrial research of &35,000,000.Government expenditure on defence research is L60,000,000. Laboratory Buildings. Recent evidence shows that building licences for about half the number of new laboratory expansions planned have been granted but shortage of materials and manpower are delaying completion. Although the Committee recognise that serious capital cuts are necessary the total cost and effort involved in the construction of the new research laboratories planned represent only a very small fraction of the total building programme. These laboratories are essential for the future industrial and economic life of the country and the return to the nation should be out of all proportion to the building effort involved. The Committee urge therefore that research laboratory schemes which would strengthen the country’s economic position should be given high priority.Research and the Countvy’s Economic Position. The value of industrial research as an instrument and technique to help us to overcome our present economic difficulties is emphasised by the fact that the major part of indus- trial research at present being carIied out in this country is directly related to manu- facturing pf ocess and production p1 oblems and so is steadily promoting industrial efficiency and competitive power. The importance of each firm of any size possessing a scientific staff commensurate with its technical needs must again be stressed; no firm is too small to have at least one individual charged with the responsibility of keeping constantly under review the application of scientific work to its activities.The immediate application to industry of knowledge already available is of first importance. The present economic crisis must mean changes in industrial production and practice as a result of modified export needs to suit new markets cuts in volume of imported raw materials and changes in their character where home-produced raw materials can be substituted for those previously imported. All these will call for greatly increased efforts from industry’s research staffs if as we must we are to maintain and improve the quality and volume of our products under these severely limiting conditions. MISCELLANEOUS Chemical Society.-Mr. J. R. Ruck Keene M.B.E.B.A. has been appointed General Secretary of the Chemical Society in succession to Wing-Commander L. R. Batten O.B.E. LL.B. B.Sc. Barrister-at-Law who has resigned to take up a business appoint- ment. Mr. Ruck Keene took up his duties on 1 November 1947. “British Science News.”-The Science Department of the British Council has started a new illustrated publication under the above title price 6d. The first number of this periodical which replaces “Monthly Science News,” contained a number of interesting articles in connection with the Centenary of the Chemical Society. British Management Council.-At the last meeting of the British Management Council on 22 September the necessary steps were taken to wind up the work of the Council as at 30 September and to transfer its representative and co-ordinative func- tions at both national and international levels to the newly-established British Institute of Management.British Standards Institution.-B.S. 1313:1947-Fraction-Defective Charts for Quality Control-has been prepared by the Committee on Statistical Methods and issued recently. Copies may be obtained from the offices of the Institution 28 Victoria Street London S.W.l price 6s. net. post free. Food Parcels from New Zealand and Canada.-The Council acknowledges with gratitude generous offers by the New Zealand Section of the Institute and by the Toronto Branch of the Chemical Institute of Canada to send food parcels during the coming winter for the benefit of members and their dependents who may be in special need of such help.As there appeared to be no practicable means of assessing the [ 253 1 relative needs of members in general it was decided to suggest to our overseas’ colleagues that they might like to send such parcels to those who are in receipt of regular grants from the Benevolent Fund. This proposal has been welcomed by the donors and food parcels which have already arrived have been greatly appreciated by the recipients. College of Technology Benares Hindu University-The College of Technology of the Benares Hindu University is celebrating its Silver Jubilee on 12 December] 1947. TheHonourable Shri B. G. Kher Premier of the Government of Bombay will inaugurate the ceremonies. The Department of Industrial Chemistry was opened in 1921 and became the College of Technology in December 1939.It was the first institution in India to provide a specialised course in industrial chemistry at the post-intermediate stage and has provided Indian industry with large numbers of trained technologists. Depart-ments of Pottery Porcelain and Metal Enamelling Glass Technology and Pharmaceutics have been established and extensions are under consideration. The late Pundit 31. M. Malaviya (former Rector of the University) and Sir S. Radhakrishnan (Vice-chancellor) have supported an appeal by the Principal of the College (Dr. N. N. Godbole) for funds to establish a comprehensive library of technology to commemorate the Silver Jubilee. Reports on Japanese Industry-Industrial Statistics.-A number of reports on technical intelligence from Japan containing information on processes etc.developed during the war years are being published in the B.I.O.S. series and given appropriate free distribution. Certain Japanese post-war industrial statistics are now becoming available from American sources and extracts are being published monthly under the following five headings :-Forestry and Mining Activities Heavy Industries Manufacturing Industries Textile Industries Imports and Exports. These reports may be purchased from H.M. Stationery Office. German Scientific and Technical Papers.-Arrangements have been completed for a photostat service to provide workers in Great Britain with the full text of papers appear- ing in current German scientific journals.A very full list of such journals is being sent regularly to the Bureau of Abstracts and other British abstracting bodies. Any British scientist who desires to consult the full text of a German article referred to in a British Abstraat publication should address his request to Research Branch ECOSC (Photostat Service) 77 H.Q.C.C.G. (B.E.) AVA-Gottingen B.A.O.R. Photostats are made in Germany and payment is made in sterling to the Director of Accounts Photo- stat Service Foreign Office (German Section) Norfolk House St. James’s Square London S.W.l. The charge is A1 1s. for ten pages 2s. 6d. per page thereafter. EWG~UWZ.-JOURNALPROCEEDINGS, AND 1947 V 201. In line 16 of paragraph 1 of the Lecture Summary “azo dyes” should read “azomethine dqes.” BOOKS AND THEIR CONTENTS Chemical Principles A Rational Approach to.J. A. Cranston. Pp. xii + 212. (London and Glasgow Blackie 62 Son Ltd. 1947.) 8s. 6d. net. Part I-The structure of matter the structure of the atom; the arrangement of the electrons. Part II-The states of matter the gaseous state; the liquid state; dilute solutions. Part III-Chemical combination mechanism of chemical combination; energy of chemical combination. Part IV-Electrically charged atoms the electro-chemical list; oxidation and reduction; electrolysis. Part V-Chemical equilibrium the law of mass action; influence of temperature and pressure; heterogeneous systems; ionic equilibrium. Answers to problems. Index. The Soil and the Plant. Ernest Vanstone. Pp. 72. (London Macmillan & Co.Ltd. 1947.) 4s. 6d. net. Basic principles of agricultural chemistry; the formation of soil; the fineness of soil particles; the food requirements of plants; the requirements of plants nitrogen; how the soil gains nitrogen the requirements of plants potassium phosphorus calcium; soil acidity elements of lesser importance soil analysis; the classification of soils; conclusion. Index. Fertilisers and Manures their Manufacture Composition and Uses. Ernest Vanstone. Pp. 80. (London Macmillan & Co. Ltd. 1947.) 4s. 6d. net. Nitrogenous fertilisers; effects of nitrogenous fertilisers on the plant and the soil; phosphatic fertilisers mineral phosphates and superphosphate; changes in super- phosphate by the soil; basic slag and bone manures potassic fertilisers; lime and [ 254 3 lime compounds; farmyard manure; substitutes for farmyard manure composts; organic manures and chemical fertilisers; compound or mixed fertilisers; fertilisers for agricultural crops; general principles of manuring agricultural crops ;fertilisers for horticultural crops; control and distribution of fertilisers (1944-6); Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Act 1926; experimental methods and conclusion.Index. Plastics Manual. H. R. Fleck. Pp. xxviii + 156. (London Temple Press Ltd. 1947.) 15s. net. Introduction; progress in the plastics industry; raw materials for the plastics industry; acrylic resins; ally1 resins; amino resins; cellulose plastics; miscellaneous resins; phenol resins; poly-ethylene plastics; poly-styrene plastics; vinyl plastics; synthetic cements and resins; densified wood; fillers; qualitative analysis of plastics; definitions of some terms; moulds; mechanical methods; table of plasticisers.EXAMINATIONS SEPTEMBER 1947 ABSTRACT OF THE REPORT OF THE BOARD OF EXAMINERS Examinations were held as under :-Entered Passed For the Associateship in General Chemistry. Examiners Dr. G. M. Bennett F.R.S. and Dr. T. G. Pearson. The examination was held in the Examinations Hall and Chemical Laboratory of the University of London South Kensington and at The Royal Technical College Glasgow theoretical papers being taken also at various local centres in the week beginning Monday 15 September 1947 .. .. .. .. .. 61 26* For the Fellowship. Examinations were held at the Institute and in the Chemical Laboratory of the University of London in the week beginning Monday 22 September 1947 unless otherwise stated.Branch C Organic Chemistry with special reference to High Polymers. Examiners Dr. G. M. Bennett F.R.S. and Dr. E. H. Farmer 1 0 Branch E The Chemistry including Microscopy of Food and Drugs and of Water. Examiners Mr. G. Taylor and Dr. C. H. Hampshire .. .. 6 3 Branch G Industrial Chemistry. General Examiner Mr. H. W. Cremer. With special reference to Petroleum. Examiner Professor F. H. Garner. -it the Department of Chemical Engineering University of Birmingham .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 1 It’ith special reference to Paper Manufactwe. Examiner Dr. H. A. Harrison. In the week commencing 29 September .... .. .. 1 1 With special reference to the Paint Industyy.t Examiner Professor H. V. A. Briscoe .. .. .. 1 1 Branch I U’ater Supply and the Treatment of Sewage and Trade Efluents. Examiners Mr. S. I<. Melling and Mr. C. Jepson. At the Rivers Department Manchester .. .. .. 1 0 Special Examination in Pharmaceutical A nalysis. Examiner Dr. C. H. Hampshire .. .. .. .. 1 1 73 33 * 6 candidates failed in part only of the examination and 1 candidate completed his examination by satisfying the Examiners in that part in which he had previously failed. t In addition to the General Paper the candidate was required to prepare “home papers” on the following subjects (1) Natural and Artificial Resins (2) The Chemistry of Pigments (3) Modern Work on the Thickening of Drying Oils (4) A Critical Surxrey of Sampling and Analvtical Methods in the Paint Industry.[ 255 ] EXAMINATION FOR THE ASSOCIATESHIP IN GENERAL CHEMISTRY MONDAY 15 SEPTEMBER 1947 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Answer FIVE questions only. Give formulae and equations where possible.) 1. Outline the chemistry of FOUR of the following elements:-(a) lithium (b) be’ryllium (c) cerium (d) thallium (e) gallium (f)bismuth. 2. Derive the Clausius-Clapeyron equation and also derive a simplified form of the equation applicable to liquid-vapour systems remote from the critical temperature. Calculate the latent heat of vaporisation of water from the following data expressing the result in calories per gram:- Temperature = 100°C.dPldT = 2.717 cm. Hg per degree. Density of water -0.962 g. per cc. Density of water vapour = 5.973 x 10-4g. per cc. Density of mercury = 13.59 g. per cc. Acceleration due to gravity = 981 cm. per sec2. 1 calorie = 4.185 x lo7ergs. 3. Assume that a volatile carbonyl COTe exists. Describe with essential experi-mental details how you would endeavour to prepare it and determine its chief physical properties. 4. The sketch below represents the phase equilibrium diagram for sulphur. Explain the diagram and discuss its implications. Apply the phase rule to the system in the conditions represented by each of the following:- (a)any point between A and B (b)the triple-point C (c) a point in the area FCD. r LMPERATUAE PHASE DIAGRAM EQUILIBRIUM OF SULPHUR (Di agrammatic) 5.Discuss ONE of the following topics:- (a) The nature of the co-ordinate linkage (b) Optical isomerism in 6-co-ordinate complex salts. 6. Explain fully the meaning of FIVE of the following terms:- (a) Standard electrode potential (b) transport number (c) iso-electric point, (d) zeta-potential (e) lyophobic sol (f) thixotropic gel (g) detergent. Illustrate your answer when possible by referring to examples of the application of the terms. [ 266 1 7. Enumerate the characteristic differences in physical and chemical properties of the metals and non-metals and of their respective chief compounds and explain these differences in terms of the structure of matter. 2 to 5 p.m. (Answer FIVE questions only.Give formulae and equations where possible.) 1. Discuss the factors affecting the solubility of gases and gaseous mixtures in water and in aqueous solutions. 2. Enumerate exemplify and account for the various methods that are used in the extraction of metals from their ores. 3. Deduce the relationship between the equilibrium constant and the standard free energy increment -AGO = RTlogeK Demonstrate the effect of reaction type on the extent of reaction at equilibrium by proceeding as follows:-For each of the reactions A + B = C and A + B = 2C, the standard free energy increment is + 3,000 cals. at 327" C. Start with an initially equimolar mixture of A and B and calculate for each reaction the molar fraction of A (or B) converted to C at equilibrium.4. Starting with nitric acid describe with essential experimental details how you would prepare pure specimens of the following substances :-(a) nitrosyl chloride (b) a hyponitrite (c) hydroxylamine (d) hydrazoic acid. 5. Discuss any TWO of the following photochemical reactions :- (i) The reaction between hydrogen and chlorine; (ii) the reaction between hydrogen and bromine; (iii) the decomposition of hydrogen iodide ; (iv) the decomposition of aldehydes and ketones; (v) the dimerisation of anthracene in solution. 6. Indicate the preparation and properties and discuss the structure of the peracids (or of the salts of the peracids) of ONE of the following elements:-(a) sulphur (b) carbon (c) chromium.7. EITHER(a) Outline and discuss the interpretation of heterogeneous reactions in terms of Langmuir's ideas on adsorption ; OR (b) Describe explain and discuss critically TWO methods of determining accurately the surface tension of a liquid. Indicate the applica- tions of the results of surface tension measurements. TUESDAY 16 SEPTEMBER 1947 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Answer FOUR questions only. Give formulae and equations where possible.) 1. A monobasic acid A found to contain C 33-2 per cent. H 5-0 per cent. and Rr 44-2 per cent. is converted by boiling aqueous potassium carbonate into an acid B free from halogen and containing C 50.8 per cent. H 8.5 per cent. Hot sulphuric acid acts on B to yield an acid C having C 60.0 per cent.and H 8-0 per cent. The acid C was also produced directly from A by the action of alcoholic potassium hydroxide and was reconverted into A by the action of hydrogen bromide. Oxidation of B in hot acid solution yields methylethylketone and carbon dioxide. Explain these reactions and write formulae for A B and C. 2. Compare the properties and reactions of acetaldehyde and benzaldehyde. How may the following be obtained from benzaldehyde :-(a) toluene (b) benzil (c) cc-naphthol (d) /3-phenylpropionic acid (e) benzhydrol ? 3. Describe the methods available for the preparation of aromatic sulphonic acids or their salts and review the properties of these substances. By what reactions are the following obtained from the sodium salt of a sulphonic acid:-(a) a phenol (b) the parent hydrocarbon (c) a thiophenol (d) a sulphinic acid (e) a diary1 sulphone ? 4.Give an account of the stereochemistry of 4-covalent nitrogen compounds 5. Review the methods available for the synthesis of quinoline and iso-quinoline illustrating your answer with specific examples. and their derivatives. What substances are formed by (a) oxidation and (b)reduction of these two bases ? r 267 I 6. Describe the evidence both analytical and synthetical for the structure of a-terpineol. Explain the chemical relationship of this substance to (a) dipentene (b) geranio€ and (c) cineole. 7. Write an essay on ONE of the following subjects:- (i) catalytic reduction; (ii) the methods used in determining the structures of the alkaloids; (iii) isomeric change.2 to 3.30 p,m. Translation of French and German technical literature. WEDIVESDAY 17 SEPTEMBER 1947 10 a.m. to 4.30p.m. 1. Solution (A) contains the sulphates of zinc and magnesium in dilute sulphuric acid solution. Determine the zinc content (in grams per litre) by a volumetric method using the standard solution of potassium ferrocyanide provided. (This determination must be completed to-day.) 3. Determine the magnesium content (in grams per litre) of solution (A) by proceeding as follows :-Take 25 ml. of the solution dilute it to a convenient bulk and precipitate the zinc as sulphide in neutral or slightly ammoniacal solution with hydrogen sulphide in the presence of a filter aid such as macerated paper.Filter off the zinc sulphide and determine the magnesium in the filtrate by a method involving the use of oxine (8-hydroxyquinoline) . (This determination may be completed to-morrow.) 3. Identify the substance (B). [(B) = silicon.] (This exercise must be completed to-day.) THURSDAY 18 SEPTEMBER 1947 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Complete yesterday’s exercise (2). 4. Determine the total iron content (in grams per litre) of solution (C)using standard potassium dichromate solution and an internal indicator. Use a 25-ml. portion for each determination. Solution (C) is approximately 0.1 N with respect to total iron. 5. Examine qualitatively the mixture (D) and report on its composition. [(D) = antimony oxalate ferric potassium oxalate and stannic ammonium chloride.] FRIDAY 19 SEPTEMBER 1947 10 a.m.to 4.30 p.m. P. The substance (E)contains 37 per cent. of chlorine. Determine its approximate molecular weight by Rast’s method and deduce the number of chlorine atoms in the molecule of (E). [(E) 2 5-dichloronitrobenzene or 3 4-dichioronitrobenzene.] 2. Examine (E) prepare derivatives assign it to its class and if possible identify it. Leave your specimens labelled with name and m.p. SATURDAY 20 SEPTEMBER 1947 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 3. Separate the two components of the mixture (F)and identify them. State the approximate composition of the mixture. Leave specimens of the pure components and of one derivative of each labelled with name and m.p. [(F)= acetophenone -$-p-bromobenzoic acid.] EXAMINATION FOR THE FELLOWSHIP Branch C Organic Chemistry with special reference to High Polymers MONDAY 22 SEPTEMBER 1947 10 a.m.to 1 p.m. (THREE questions to be answered.) 1. Give an account of the ways in which acetylene has been used for synthetic purposes. 2. Discuss the uses made of catalytic methods in organic chemistry. 3. Review the work which has been done on the stereoisomerism of allenes spiranes [ 268 I and related substances. 4. Discuss the manner in which groups substituted in the benzene ring influence the reactivity of other atoms or groups present in the molecule. 5. Give an account of the chemistry of EITHER atropine OR starch. 6. Discuss ONE of the following subjects:- (i) the pinacol-pinacolin and Wagner-Meerwein changes ; (ii) synthetic local anaesthetics; (iii) the mechanism of aromatic nitration.2 lo 5 P.”. (FOURquestions ONLY to be answered.) 1. Discuss the mechanism of action of ferrous salts on hydrogen peroxide as a means of promoting the chain-polymerisation of olefinic substances. Describe with suitable experimental details how the principle of this action may be applied to the emulsion-polymerisation of olefin monomers. 2. Describe current opinions regarding the following features of the phenol-formaldehyde reaction:-(a) the tendency for substitution to occur at o- m- and p-positions (respectively) of the phenolic nuclei (b) the participation or otherwise of phenolic hydroxyl groups in the condensation reactions and (c) the respective influences of acidic and alkaline condensing agents on the course of reaction.Give details of the chromane and methylene-quinone mechanisms for the linking of phenol-formaldehyde derivatives to olefinic substances. 3. Write a short essay on EITHER (a) Infra-red spectroscopy as an aid to the determination of the constitution of high-polymers OR (b)Structural variability (control- lable and/or uncontrollable) in synthetic and natural polymeric materials. 4. Describe with necessary structural details the group of polymeric silicon derivatives. For what industrial uses are the members of the group suited ? A. Write an account of the utilisation of styrene in the production of polymeric plastics and elastomers.6. Discuss the nature of the changes due to weathering in polymeric materials of different types. TUESDAY 23 SEPTEMBER 1947 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Determine the saponification number of the ester (A). [(A) = n-butyl phthalate.] 2. Hydrolyse (A) isolate both the acid and the alcohol and identify both preparing suitable derivatives. U’EDNE.7DA4Y to FRIIIA I-,24 to 26 SEPTEMBER 1947 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. each day. 1. Determine the proportion of aromatic component in the oil (B). 2. Nitrate (B) using conditions for mono-nitration separate the product from the paraffins present and prepare a quantity of 2 4-dinitrotoluene. Prepare specimens of 2 4 6-trinitrotoluene a nitro-aminotoluene 2 4-dinitro-benzaldehyde s-trinitrobenzene.3. Identify the substance (C). [(C) = ,9-phenylethylcarbinol.I 4. Identify the substance present in solution (D). [(D) = sodium urate.] Branch E The Chemistry including Microscopy of Food and Drugs and of Water MONDAY 22 SEPTEMBER 1947 10 to 11.30 a.m. (ALL questions to be answered.) 1. Give an account of the chemical composition and nutritive value of hens’ eggs. Discuss briefly the complementary nutritive values of egg and milk. [ 259 1 2. Describe the methods you would use in the examination of a foodstuff such as flour for the presence of “dirt,” moulds vermin excreta and insect infestation. 3. The analysis of a sample of sausage meat yields the following figures:- Water .. . . 58.4 per cent. Fat . . .. . . 10.5 , Nitrogen .. .. 1.6 ,, Ash . . .. . . 2.1 , Calculate the meat content stating the principles involved in the calculation. Write a report on the composition of this sausage meat. 11.30 a.m. to 1 p.nz. (THREEquestions ONLY to be answered.) 1. Give an account of the pharmacology and practical uses of the synthetic local anaesthetics. 2. Describe briefly a method for the determination in biological material such as blood or urine of (a) penicillin (b)a sulphonamide. 3. Define the following terms in relation to drugs and give examples:-(a) analgesic (b)expectorant (c) hypnotic (d) diuretic. 4. Write a short account of the pharmacological actions and therapeutic uses of :-(a)diamorphine hydrochloride (b)sodium sulphate (c) physostigmine salicylate (d) digitalis (e) nicotinamide.2 to 5 P.m. (FOUR questions to be answered.) 1. Outline the essential features of the Milk (Special Designations) Regulations 1936 to 1946 and the Heat-Treated Milk (Prescribed Tests) Order 1944. What are the fundamental principles involved in the prescribed tests ? 2. What is phytic acid? Discuss the suggestion that the proportion present in wheat flour affects the nutritive value of the flour. 3. Explain in general terms the tests you would apply to water from a fishing river for the purpose of answering a complaint that the fish are dying out. The river flows through a small industrial town. 4. Enumerate the standards laid down in the Food Standard Orders of the Ministry of Food for Self-Raising Flour Baking Powder Mustard Shredded Suet Liquid Coffee Essences and Salad Cream.For which of these articles are methods of analysis prescribed ? Can you suggest any reason why methods of analysis are given specifically for these articles and not for the other articles ? 5. What tests are available for determining whether a purchased sample of milk is pasteurised milk or milk reconstituted from dried milk powder? TUESDAY 23 SEPTEMBER 1947 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Analyse the sample of full cream dried milk (A) and report fully on its cornposi- tion and suitability for human consumption. [Slightly low in fat and the fat was rancid ; also poor solubility.] WEDNESDAY 24 SEPTEMBER 1947 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Determine the amount of shell in the cocoa powder (B). 2.Determine the boron in the milk (C). THURSDAY 25 SEPTEMBER 1947 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. The specimen of liquid (D) is taken from a town sewer and is suspected to be the cause of corrosion in the pumping machinery. Effluents from a number of chemical factories are discharged into this sewer. Analyse the sample and give your opinion as to the probable cause of the corrosion. [Contained hydrofluoric acid.] FRIDA Y 26 SEPTEMBER 1947 10 a.m.to 5 P.m. 1. Examine the lemonade powder (E)from the point of view of existing regulations [Prohibited colour picric acid.] 2. Identify the specimens (F),(G) (H) and(1). c 260 1 SATURDAY 27 SEPTEMBER 1947 10 a:m. to 5 p.m (Reports of micvoscopicai examhations should be accompaHied by amdated sketches.) 1.Identify by microscopical examination the powders (A) (B) (C) and (D). 2. Identify the microscopical preparations (E),(F),(G),(H) (I) and (J) (no sketches required). 3. Examine the solution for injection (K) and the powder (L) for narcotic drugs. Branch G Industrial Chemistry MONDAY 22 SEPTEMBER 1947 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Answer Question ONEand any THREE other questions.) 1. What materials would you advise for the construction of plant for the following duties:-(a) a sulphur burner; (b) the separation of a solution of organic acid extracted from its calcium salt with sulphuric acid ; (c) tanks pipes and valves for storage of caustic soda solution; (d) wet condensation with sea water of vapour contaminated with mineral acid? Discuss methods of fabrication in the case of ONE of the materials you mention.2. Discuss types of equipment available for the industrial separation of liquids from solids. 3. Discuss technical staffing in connection with any large scale industrial chemical process with which you are familiar. Draft advertisements for insertion in the Technical Press for :-(a) a laboratory assistant ; (b) chemical staff for shift control (c) a chemist to be in charge of a laboratory employing about 10 assistants. 4. Give some account of modern types of protective coatings with reference to the means of application available. 5. Give a short description with simple sketches of THREE of the following:- (a) bomb calorimeter; (b) jet condenser; (c) a pneumatically controlled steam valve; (d) a simple form of pyrometer.6. Write a short critical essay on the development and aims of EITHER The Society of Chemical Industry OR The Bureau of Abstracts. [The above paper was taken by all candidates in Bvaiich G Industrial Chemistvy.] Branch G Industrial Chemistry with special reference to Petroleum MONDAY 22 SEPTEMBER 1947 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. General Paper (see above). 2 to 6 p.m. (FOURquestions to be nnswered.) 1. Describe the principal chemical compounds other than hydrocarbons which are present in crude petroleums and give an account of their extraction from petroleum and of their commercial uses. 2. Give an account of the following processes :-polymerisation alkylation and 3.Write an essay on the manufacture of synthetic chemicals frQmpropyleae or isomerisation and of the part they play in the manufacture of aviation spirit. butylene. 4. Describe briefly the following methods of testing petroleum raducts together pith the use of the test in evaluating the particular petroleum profuct to which it is applied :-(u) smoke point (b) diesel index (c)demulsification number (d) penetration (e) cetane number I 261 3 5. Give an account of the application of catalysts in the cracking of petroleum products and describe in detail one commercial process used. Why do you think the use of these processes was largely developed in the recent war ? 6.Write a description of the various ways in which alkalies and alkaline reagents are used in petroleum refining and give equations for the processes employed. 7. Write an essay on EITHER (a) Knocking in spark ignition engines OR (b)Cetane number improvers in compression ignition engines TUESDAY to FRIDAY 23 to 26 SEPTEMBER 1947 10 a.m. to 5 p.nt. each day. 1. Evaluate the gas oil sample supplied with reference to its use as diesel fuel. 2. Make a full series of tests on the sample of crude petroleum including vacuum distillation in order to give a preliminary report on the value of the crude petroleum. Branch G Industrial Chemistry with special reference to Paper Making MONDAY 29 SEPTEMBER 1947 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. General Paper (see p. 261).2 to 5 p.na. (Not move than FOUR questions should be attem9ted.) 1. Give some account of recent developments in bleaching as applied to paper- making pulps indicating what in your view are the advantages and limitations of the processes you describe. 2. Wriic notes on THREE of the following:- (a) the differentiation of urea resin from melamine resin in wet-strength papers; (b) the use of organo-mercurial compounds for the suppression of paper mill slime ; (c) the chemistry- of satin white; (d) modern methods of applying casein-clay coatings to paper; (e) the colorimetric identification of traces of metallic radicles liable to be present in paper and board. 3. Discuss the fundamental and practical implications of methods which have been suggested for increasing the dry strength of paper by chemical treatment of the stock in the beater.4. EITHER (a)Write an essay on the measurement of the fastness to light of coloured papers indicating the difficulties which are encountered and the various means whereby they might be overcome; OR (b) Write a critical account of the various methods which have been proposed for measuring the gloss of paper. 5. Describe in detail with drawings the installation of a constant humidity room in a paper mill laboratory giving your recommendations as to the control equipment necessary. 6. Survey the applications of plastic materials in the manufacture of speciality papers giving some account of the process methods and of the essential characteristics of the finished products.TUESDAY to FRIDAY 30 SEPTEMBER to 3 OCTOBER 1947 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. (Where possible the evidence you obtain should be left i?a tlae fovnz of labelled speciijieizs.) 1. Determine the amount of DDT on the sample of one-side coated paper (A). Report your result in milligrams per square centimetre of surface area. 2. Report as fully as possible on the furnish of the speciality white paper (B). 3. Identify as far as possible and estimate the chemical ingredients of the impregnated silver-polishing paper (C). 4. Determine the moisture-vapour resistance of the surface-treated paper sample (D) (in the uncreased condition) at a relative humidity differential of 95 per cent. -5 per cent.and a temperature of 100"F. Report your result in grams per square metre per 24 hours. 5. Examine the nature of thc laminated product (E). c 262 I Branch I Water Supply and the Treatment of Sewage and Trade Effluents MONDAY 22 SEPTEMBER 1947 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Questions 1 2 5 and ONE other to be attempted.) 1. Give a full account of the various present-day methods of disinfection of water intended for general domestic use and deal particularly with their advantages and disadvantages. How do you distinguish between residual chlorine and residual chloramine in a treated supply ? 2. With regard to lead poisoning arising from a water supply what factors govern the mechanism of plumbo-solvency and what measures can be taken for the removal of traces of lead (a) from water under domestic conditions and (b) in the case of wash- waters from a galena mine ? Describe the method you use for its proximate determina- tion and criticise alternative methods of estimation.As a matter of public health what is the “limit of safety” adopted by your Authorities in respect of this contamination? 3. Define Break-Point Chlorination. In your experience in what directions is its use indicated in the conditioning of potable supply ? 4. Explain the meaning of the following terms :-“Water Bloom,” “Pollution Carpet,” Micro-strainer “Pipe-moss,” Langelier Index Parameters of self-purification. 5. To what difficulties do algae give rise in the conservation and treatment of a public water-supply ? How may their development be suppressed in the first instance and what remedial measures are available for their elimination and for the removal of their objectionable products ? 6.Explain the principles underlying Threshold Treatment in inhibiting chalk deposition in boiler-feed water. ~WONDA Y 22 SEPTEMBER 1947 2 to 6 p.m. (Qzdestions 1 2 3 and ONE other to be attempted.) 1. Write an essay on the theory of iron-corrosion of a water-pipe system and methods of prevention. In the course of your answer explain what is meant by Cslcium Carbonate Saturation Index and how it is determined. 2. Outline the salient points involved in any one well-known epidemic dbe to the ingress of sewage pollution into a public water supply. Deal fully with the precautions which should be taken regarding employees engaged in water undertakings.3. Give a critical account of the various methods used in the determination of the hardness of water. In treatment-plant (softening) “control” the Clark (soap) test is usually applied what are the disturbing factors encountered herein? 4. Give a method for the determination of fluorine in potable water. State what you know of the hygienic significance of fluorine and its permissible limit. 5. Contrast the physical properties of water drawn from a deep well with those associated with surface supplies. 6. Having determined the various ions show ckarlv how you calculate the mineral constitution of a water. TUESDAY 23 SEPTEMBER 1947 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Questions1 3 6 and ONE other to be attempted.) 1.In spite of pollution enactments many English rivers are still seriously abused and are incapable of supporting fish-life. Discuss this statement giving reasons and possible remedies and outline the precautions which should be taken before such waters are used as a source of public supply. 2. Give a concise account of the principles underlying the Activated Sludge Process and describe their application in practice. What units would you recommend for evaluating the performance of the plant and why ? 3. State briefly what you understand by the following terms:-(a) McGowan “Strength,” (b)Kessener “Brush,” (c) “Nordell Number,” (d) “Population Equivalent,” (e) “Sludge Index,” and (f) Townend’s “Strength Formula.” 4. Describe some recent applications of chemical methods to the treatment of sewage and sludge.5. Describe modern methods for the collection removal and disposal of detritus. 6. Compare and contrast the relative merits of digestion and heat-treatment (Porteous) as aids to sludge disposal. [ 2631 TUESDAY 23 SEPTEMBER 1947 2 to 5 p.wi.; WEDNESDAY 24 SEPTEMBER 1947 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. (see below) THURSDAY and FRIDAY 25 and 26 SEPTEMBER 1947 9.30 a.m. to 5.30p.m. each day. On Wednesday morning the candidate will be taken to inspect a bore-hode supply of a Water Undertaking and will subsequently be required to report upon its condition and fitness for drinking. 1. Examine and report upon the sample of Sulphate of Alumina (A) submitted as a precipitant for use in water purification.2. Ignoring Coliform organisms carry out a bacteriological examination of the sample of water (B) to afford presumptive evidence or otherwise of sewage pollution. 3. Determine the alkalinity and plumbo-solvency of the moor-land water (C). 4. The sample (D) was drawn from a relatively clean stream and contains metallic inhibitory bodies derived from factory effluents. Determine their nature and if time allows their amounts. Organic contaminants arsenic and antimony need not be considered. 5. Make such examination of the samples and specimens collected on Wednesday 24 September as is necessary in your judgment and complete your report on the problem. SPECIAL EXAMINATION FOR THE FELLOWSHIP IN PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS TUESDAY 23 SEPTEMBER 1947 10 a.m.to 1 p.m. (ALLthe questions to be answered.) 1. Explain the significance in relation to solutions for injection of the following tests:-(a) for sterility (b) for pyrogens (c) for alkalinity of glass. Outline the technique of each of these tests. 2. Describe the Pharmacopoeia1 methods for the determination of the alcohol content of galenicals and explain the underlying principles. 3. Describe a method for the quantitative microscopical examination of vegetable powders. 4. Describe in outline the assays of (a) thyroid (b)extract of malt (c) halibut-liver oil. Discuss in each instance the relation of the result of the assay to the medicinal uses. 5. Explain briefly the following terms:-(a) cross-over test (b) LD50 (c) Lo dose (d) adsorption indicator.TUESDAY 23 SEPTEMBER 1947 2 to 5 9.m. (Not more than THREE questions to be answered.) 1. Explain the general principles of chromatography. Discuss the uses of this process in pharmaceutical analysis mentioning any recent work with which you are acquainted. 2. Define the terms (a) vein islet number (b) stomata1 index (c) palisade ratio. Discuss the application of these measurements to the examination of drugs and indicate any possible future developments. 3. Give an account of the underlying principles of the biological assay of drugs and describe how they are applied to the assay of (a) diphtheria antitoxin (b) pituitary (posterior lobe) extract (c)insulin. 4. Explain the general principles of EITHER polarography OR spectrophotometry and indicate with examples and references to recent publications how the method you select is applied in the analysis of drugs.5. Describe and compare the methods available for the determination of mercury in its salts and preparations. WEDNESDAY 24 SEPTEMBER 1947 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Examine the Almond Oil (A) for compliance with the requirements of the British Pharmacopoeia. (This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) Identify the drug (B). THURSDAY 25 SEPTEMBER 1047 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Complete yesterday’s exercise (1). 1. Identify the drug (C) and examine it for compliance with the requirements of the British Pharmacopoeia. (The report on the identification must be handed in at 11.30 a.m.) 2.Determine the phenol in the Phenol Lozenges (D). FRIDAY 26 SEPTEMBER 1947 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Determine the aldehydes in the Oil of Lemon (E). Report also on the optical rotation and non-volatile residue. 2. Identify the drugs (F),(G) and (H). SATURDAY 27 SEPTEMBER 1947 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. (Reports of microscopical examinations should be accompanied by annotated sketches.) 1. Identify by microscopical examination the powders (A) (B) (C) and (D). 2. Identify the microscopical preparations (E) (F) (G) (H) (I) and (J) (no sketches required). 3. Examine the solution for injection (K) and the powder (L) for narcotic drugs. REPORT EXAMINATIONTHE ASSOCIATESHIP FOR Inorganic and Physical Chemistry. There were some excellent answers to Q.1 Q. 4 and Q. 5b Paper 1 but Q. 5a was unpopular. Most candidates derived the Clausius-Clapeyron equation called for in Q. 2 but careless arithmetical mistakes were made in calculating the latent heat of vaporisation of water. In answering Q. 3 a number of candidates gratuitously denied the possibility of COTe existing on the grounds that Group VI elements do not form carbonyls. This particular argument implied that the candidates had either forgotten or were un- acquainted with the existence of carbonyl sulphide and selenide. Most of the candidates who decided that the telluride would be volatile unstable and reactive towards oxygen and moisture were unfamiliar with well established methods of manipulating volatile substances in a vacuum.There were a surprising number of inadequate definitions of standard electrode potential zeta-potential and detergent in the answers to Q. 6. Most candidates clearly enumerated the differences in physical and chemical properties of metals and non-metals called for in Q. 7 but the explanations of these differences in terms of the structure of matter were less satisfactory. Few candidates attempted to account for such features as the basicity of metallic oxides the hydrolysis of non-metallic chlorides and the characteristic differences between metallic and non-metallic hydrides. In Paper 2 answers to Q. 1 were adequate and many of those to Q. 4 and Q. 6a were excellent. Q. 6b and Q. 6c were unpopular. Too many answers to Q. 2 consisted of a list of the elements with their respective methods of preparation attached.It was obviously necessary to treat the methods systematically in order to answer the question adequately in the time available. The book-work called for in Q. 3 was satisfactory but again there were many careless mistakes in solving the rider. The majority of candidates in deriving the equilibrium constant ignored the total number of molecules present. The answers to Q. 5 were generally good but there was a tendency to take for granted the selection of equations, from the many possible ones in accounting for the reaction between hydrogen and halogens. The interesting feature in the decomposition of ketones that the energy is absorbed in the carbonyl link and is transferred to another link before fission occurs was often omitted.The answers to Q. 7a tended to be diffuse although a few candidates attempted quantitative treatments. In answering Q. 7b some candidates were unable either to give accurately or to derive the relationship involved in the capillary rise method of determining surface tension. The precautions to be taken in making the measurements were rarely completely stated while the application of surface tension was generally restricted to its use in computing the Parachor. [ 266 3 In the practical examination the quantitative exercises and the qualitative analysis of the mixture were well done but the quantitative identification of the single substance silicon resulted in some remarkable conclusions including aluminium metal aluminium carbide and ferrosilicon.The conclusion that the substance was carborundum was more excusable. The results obtained in these exercises were a good example of the dangers of not taking heed of the indications of the preliminary tests Organic Chemistry. In view of the wide choice of questions allowed the standard of the majority of the answers given was not as high as might have been expected. The problem was attempted by most candidates but comparatively few of them made full use of all the chemical facts given particularly with reference to the mode of additions of hydrogen bromide to unsaturated acids and the characteristic decomposi- tion of a ketonic acid. Knowledge of sulphonic acids and their reactions was often inadequate many candidates being under the impression that the free acids can be reduced by the common reducing agents.In writing about the stereochemistry of nitrogen few candidates gave exact details of specific examples. The evidence of the structure of terpineol was generally well known though once again essential evidence as to the structure of degradation products was sometimes lacking and very few candidates gave correct answers concerning geraniol and cineole. The essays were on the whole satisfactory but in writing on isomeric change many candidates devoted too large a proportion of their time to tautomerism. The practical work was in general satisfactory but a number of candidates were misled by relying too much on a single melting-point observation as evidence in identifying a substance.EXAMINATION FOR THE FELLOWSHIP Branch E The Chemistry including Microscopy of Food and Drugs and of Water. The written work was generally satisfactory. The practical work of some of the candidates showed lack of experience outside the usual and conventional analytical methods. The identification of hydrofluoric acid in an effluent and of the prohibited colour (picric acid) in a food should not have presented any serious difficulty but did so. On the other hand the examination of a doubtfully edible specimen of dried milk powder was generally made in a thorough manner. The microscopical work was not very well done; all candidates should be able to identify the presence in cereal mixtures of such preparations as dried yeast and dried egg.PASS LIST Examination for the A ssociateship in General Chemistry Adamson Robert Ballantyne Heriot-Watt College Edinburgh and Royal Technical College Glasgow. Andrews Geoffrey Robert Central Technical College Birmingham. Boswall Desmond Arthur Municipal College Portsmouth. Boyd James Wennington Technical College Sunderland. Butcher George Alfred Central Technical College Birmingham. Diggins Arthur Cecil Municipal College Burnley. Fordham William Douglas BSc. (Lond.) University College Leicester. Garratt William Charles Technical College Derby. Hall Michael Lister B.Sc. (Lond.) Municipal Technical College Hull. Harrison Samuel City Technical College Liverpool. Harvey Frank Reid B.Sc. (Lond.) Municipal Technical College Bolton.Hogan John Edwin Technical College Coventry. Humphrey Crosby Walker Technical College Sunderland. Johnson Ronald City Technical College Liverpool. Long Alan Gibson Acton Technical College and The Polytechnic Regent Street London. Lowes Leonard Constantine Technical College Middlesbrough. Marshall Robert Pattison Technical College Chesterfield. McConnell Alexander McDonald Royal Technical College Glasgow. Mills Edmund Peter BSc. (Lond.) Technical College Coventry. Nicholson Dennis Clifford Northern Polytechnic London. Powell Ronald James City Technical College Liverpool. c 266 I Prescott John Roy Technical College Coventry. Thompson Raymond North Staffordshire Technical College Stoke-on-Trent and University College Nattingham.Waters David John Coventry Technical College. White Albert William B.Sc. (Lond.) Royal Technical College Salford. Wooding Norman Samuel. Technical College Coventry. Examination for the Fellowship In Branch E The Chemistry including Microscopy of Food and Drug nd of Water Alcock Arthur. Dalley Richard Arthur. Smart John Valentine. In Branch G Industrial Chemistry With special reference to Petroleum Harkess John Mackay A.H.-W.C. With special reference to Paper Manufacture McKenzie Miss Helen hlackay M.A. B.Sc. (Aberdeen). Tk’ith special reference to the Paint Industry Musgrave James B.Sc. (Dunelm). Special Examination in Pharmaceutical Analysis Shaw William Harold Cullen. THE REGISTER New Fellows Baum Gustav Dr.Techn.Sc.Dip. Eng. Halsbury Rt. Hon. the Earl of B.S Tech. Barrister (Vienna Austria). (Lond.). F.Inst.P. Cox Professor Ernest Gordon D.Sc. Thomas Harold Hirst B.Sc. (Leeds). (Bris.) F.1nst.P. Associates Elected to the Fellowship Badger Edward Henry Michael B.A. (Oxon.). Bailey,Eric,B.Sc. (Manc.),A.M.I.Chem.E. Bailey Ronald B.Sc. (Lond.). Banerjee Tarapada D.Sc. (Dacca). Barrett Jack Wheeler B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. D.I.C. Black William Aird Peden B.Sc. Ph.D. (Edin.). Blackburn Rudolph Isaac M.A. (Cantab.) B.Sc. (Lond.) F.C.I.P.A. Burkin Alfred Richard B.Sc. (Lond.). Campbell Duncan Arthur B.Sc. (Lond.) M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.) D.I.C. Cook Joseph B.Sc. (Liv.). Davis Frederick Victor BSc. (Lond.). Evans Thomas Watkin B.Sc.Ph.D. (Wales). Gerrard William DSc. Ph.D. (Lond.). Gough Cyril Maynard B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.). Graham Charles Aloysius. Graham Kenneth Lindley A.M.1.Chem.E. Greenstein Abraham Woolf B.Sc. (S.A.) A.M.I .Chem. E. Hardy Douglas Vernon Nelmar B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.). Harkess John Mackay A.H.-W.C. Hewer Alfred Walter. Holland Harold Cecil M.Sc. (N.Z. Ph.D. (Leeds). Howat George Robertson BSc. Ph.D. (Glas.). Ikin Gilbert. Kent Francis George B.Sc. (Lond.), M.1.Chem.E. Kenworthy Leslie M.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. Lawson Wilfrid M.Sc. (Liv.). Lea Arthur Chambers B.Sc. (Lond.). Lewis Cyril Jesse. Lewis Thomas Frank Leslie. Mahler Edgar Arthur John B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. D.I.C. Mandeville Desmond Christopher B.A. (Cantab.) A.M.1.Chem.E.McGowan John Carswell M.A. B.Sc. (Oxon.) B.Sc. (Lond.) D.I.C. Moir George Morrison M.Sc. (N.Z.), Ph. D . (Reading). MoIton Mathew B.Sc. (Glas.). Musgrave James B.Sc. (Dunelm). Nabar Parashuram Malhar B,A B.Sc. (Bombay) B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.). Norton Albert M.A. B.Sc. (Oxon.). Owen Geoffrey -4lbert B.Sc. (Lond.), A.K.C. Pearson David B.Sc. (Lond.). Piper Gordon Hobbs B.A. B.Sc. (Oxon.) Ph.D. (Lond.). Redman John B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.). Ryan Herbert Alan B.Sc. (Lond.). Sadasivan Ramasamy M.Sc. (Calcutta) M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.) . Saddington Kenneth B.Sc. (Lond.). Sen Sailesh Chanra M.Sc. (Calcutta). Shaw William Harold Cullen Ph.C. Shilling William Henry M.Sc. (Lond.). Simmons Norman Thomas. Simons Charles B.Sc.Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. D.I.C. Smart John Valentine. Sreerangachar Hemmige Biligiri Kan-gachar DSc. (Bombay) A.I.I.Sc. Stagg Harold Edgar B.Sc. (Lond.). Stock Douglas Alfred Irwin B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.). Stuart Robert Guy B.Sc. (Lond.). Subba Rao Nandury Venkata 11.S~. (Andhra). Tudor Richard Joseph MSc. (Liv.), Ph.D. (Lond.). Vyle Leonard Reginald MSc. (Lond.). Wickens Robert Louis. Wignall John Samue! B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.) . Williams Albert Frederick B.Sc. (Lond.) . New Associates Abichandani Chandiram Teumal M.Sc. Ph.D. (Bombay). Adamson Robert Ballantyne. Afridi Abdul Wahhab M.Sc. (Punjab). Agius Peter JosephVermont B.Sc. (Lond.). Anderson George de Winter BSc. (Q.U.B.). Anderson John Ragnar Augustus A.A.C.I.Andrews Geoffrey Robert. Ashton Charles Thomas BSc. (Manc.). Athavale. Vishnu Tryambak M.Sc. Ph.D. (Bombay). Baler Sydney Walter. Barman Jitendra Nath M.Sc. (Calcutta). Barnard Douglas BSc. (Leeds). Bayles Denis Alan B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. Beech Frederick Walter B.Sc. (Birm.). Betteridge Reuben B.Sc. (Birm.). Bhaskar Raj Pall M.Sc.Tech. (Benares). Bhatnagar Prem Prakash M.Sc. (Allaha-bad). Bhuvandram Ratnam B.Sc. (Lond.). Boswall Desmond Arthur. Boyd James Wennington. Burley Mrs. Elsa Anna Cesarina LicenciCe in Chem. (Ghent). Burnham William Ritchie M.Sc. Ph.D. (Dunelm). Butcher George Alfred. Cadwallader Charles John M.A. B.Sc. (Oxon.). Canning Sidney Edward B.Sc. (Lond.). Carter John Anthony B.Sc.(Lond.), A.R.C.S. Chadderton Albert Edward M.1nst.F. Chalmers Robert Keith B.Sc. (Birm.). Cooke Sidney John Harbron B.A. B.Sc. (Oxon.). Cooper Peter Dodd B.Sc. (Lond.). Crane John Rupert B.Sc. (Lond.). Cymerman John B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. D.I.C. Daglish Cyril B.Pharm. (Lond.) Ph.C. Diaper Dennis George Mayhew B.A. (Oxon.). Diggins Arthur Cecil. Dombrowski Max B.Sc. B.Pharm. (Lond.) Ph.C. Duraisamy Samuel Jayasothy B.Sc. (Ceylon). Eade Ronald Arthur M.Sc. (Sydney). Elias Peter Strefen. B.Sc. (Lond.). Fordham William Douglas B.Sc. (Lond.). Freytag Hailes Edward Lawrence B.Sc. (Lond.). Frohnsdorff Colin Herbert B.Sc. (Lond.). Garratt William Charles. Gillespie Ronald James B.Sc. (Lond.). Gordon Manfred M.Sc.(Lond.). Grange Clifford Norman B.Sc. (Birm.). Gruschka John B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.). Gwatkin Geoffrey Hugh Ross B.Sc. (Lond.). Hall Michael Lister B.Sc. (Lond.). Harrison Samuel. Hartley James B.Sc. (Liv.). Hogan John Edwin. Holland Ronald Alfred B.Sc. (Liv.). Iley Ralph B.Sc. (Dunelm). Jack Miss Kathleen Martin B.Sc. Ph.D. (Edin.). Jeffery Norman Howard B.Sc. (Lond.). Johnson Ronald. Kynch Richard Vincent Charles. Lambert John Douglas B.Sc. (Manc.). Levene Hyman Henry Lionel B.Sc. (Lond.). Light Harold Hudson BSc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. Long Alan Gibson. Lowes Leonard. Malcolm Thomas. Mamalis Patrick B.Sc. (Lond.). Marsh Harry B.Sc. (Dunelm). Marshall Robert Pattison. Martin Cyril Maxwell A.A.C.I. Mason Cecil George Willmot M.Sc.(N.Z.) A.M.1.Chem.E. McConnell Alexander McDonald. McDonald Kenneth. McGhie James Francis B.Sc. (Lond.). Miller Norman Robertson BSc.) St. Andrews). Mills Edmund Peter B.Sc. (Lond.). Mitchell Charles Donald B.Sc. (Birm.). Moitra Ganesh Chandra BSc. (Calcutta). Morris Owen BSc. (Birm.). Moyers Percy. Mulvey Joseph Enda M.Sc. Ph.D. (N.U.I.). Munro Frank James Lucien B.Sc. (Glas.). Nath Professor Madhab Chandra D.Sc. (Dacca). Neuhaus John William George A..\.C.I. Nicholson Dennis Clifford. Parekh Vrajlal Mulchand B.Sc.Tech. Ph.D.Tech. (Bombay). Peeling Eric Robert Alfred B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.). Perera Wahalathanthirige Hector B.Sc. (Ceylon). Pickup Arnold B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.). Powell Ronald James.Ramanchandran Bhikshandarkoil Vaidy- anatha MSc. (Madras). Robson Alec B.Sc. (Leeds). Ru sse 11-Eggitt Peter William B. Sc. (Birm.), Sastry Dindulury Subrahmanya BSc. (Benares). Silva Chandana Lucian de B.A .(Cantab.) BSc. (Lond.). Sington Edward Peter Campbell B.A. B.Sc. (Oxon.). Sitaraman. Professor Mayabaram Vesu-deva M.A. (Madras). Smart Jack B.Sc.. (Birm.). Smith George Eric. Srinivasan Kumbakonam Rangachari, M.A. (Madras). Stalley John Charles B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. Stephens William Arthur. Stewart Malcolm Gordon B.Sc. (Lond.). Stokes Robert Harold M.Sc. (N.Z.). Stubbs Frederick John B.Sc. (Wales). Sundara Rao Appadvedula Lakshmi. DSc. (Andhra). Tapadar Dinesh Chandra MSc. (Calcutta). Thatcher Thomas Frederick B.Sc.(Wales). Thompson Raymond. Thruston Mervyn Nisbet BSc. (Lond.). Tremaine John Frederick B.Sc. (Lond.). Udupa Handady Venkata Krishna M.A. M.Sc. (Madras). Vyas Arvindroy Savailal B.Sc.Tech. (Bombay). Waters David John. Welch Geoffrey Arthur B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. White Albert William B.Sc. (Lond.). Williams Miss Doreen Margaret B.Sc. (Lond.) . Williams Trevor Illtyd B.A. B.Sc. D.Phil. (Oxon.). Wilson Jack McCreath BSc. (Lond.). Wood Peter Alexander M.A. (Oxon.). Wray John Clifford. Re-elected Associates Black Munro David B.Sc. (Glas.). Martin Reginald Ernest Semple M.A. Gage John Charles B.Sc. (Lond.). (Oxon.) BSc. (Lond.). Southall Colin Lambert B.Sc. (Birm.) Allen Graham. Anderson Dennis.Baker Guy Houghton. Baker Miss Helen Nelson. Ballinger Philip John. Barber Edward George. Baxter Andrew. Beck Marten Gordon. Beckett Ronald George. Beecham Peter Thomas. Berry Ronald. Beswjck James William. Boden Donald. Booth Peter Rowson. Boyd William Ian. Bradley Gilbert. Broadribb Raymond Albert. Bromilow Geoffrey Taylor. Brooks Norman. Brown Gordon. Brown Miss Hilda Marjory. Bruce Miss Sheila Mary Alice. Bunce Bernard Ernest. Calvete Louis Gerald. Camm Frederick Allen. Carver Arthur Joseph. New Students Chamberlain Gordon Terry. Clarke Alfred Charles. Clayton John. Clegg Arthur Alan Johnstone. Collins John Samuel. Cork Frank. Cottrell Geoffrey. Culshaw Thomas Peter. Cuthbert Cyril.Davis Reginald Albert. Davis Robert Douglas. Dickinson Derek William. Dolphin Charles Victor. Dunsmuir James Henry. Fewster John Noel. Fielding Miss Marie Winifred. Fletcher John Bernard. Francis Albert Raymond. Frearson Donald. Frith Herbert Alan. Gardner Raymond George. Gibbins Robert. Giles Alan Frederick. Hackett Clarence Bertram. Hallas Dennis George. Harold William Henry. [ 269 1 Harvey John Ernest. Piper bliss Iris Evelyn. Heaton Robert. Pott Leslie. Henderson Kenneth Murray. Pruchnie Ellis. Herian Miss Barbara Joan. Randle John Noel. Hill Derek Alfred Wheeler. Raven Thomas William. Hinson Leyton William. Rimmer David Alan. Hislop John. Robbins Derek. Hogg Kenneth John. Saville Herbert Radley.Ison Ronald. Sheppard Malcolm Frederick. Jeffery Ernest Richard. Smith Cecil Raymond Humphrey. Jeffrey David. Stross Peter Sigmund. Jones Elwyn. Stubbings Leslie \f.’alter Frederick. Kitching John Metcalf. Thompson Miss Sybil Staveley. Laidler William Pattison. Toogood Kenneth Harrison. Leese Cecil Leslie. Twilley Ian Charles. Liggins Tom. Vidler William. MacDougall Alastair Stirling. Wain Brian Jack. Mallin James Henry. Wakefield Reginald. McKnight Roy Frank. Wall George. McNab John Crombie. IVeller Kenneth Douglas. Millar John Robert. Wells Miss Margaret Amy. Mitchell Roy Henry. \Tells Norman. Mockridge John. Whalley George Raymond. Morley Charles William. Whitehurst George. Noble John Arthur. \Ticker George Leonard.Osborn Eric Michael. Wilman William Gavin. Parker John Colin. Wyllie George. DEATHS Fellows Frederick Shelburne Bayley. William McDonnell Mackey. John Don M.A. (-4berd.) B.Sc. (Lond.). John William Pooley B.Sc. (Lond.). John Masson Gulland M.A.(Oxon.) D.Sc. Frank Sheddon B.Sc. (Lond.). (Edin.) Ph.D. (St. Andrews) F.R.S. Frederick Farey Shelley M.P.S. John Baker Cannington Kershaw. James Smith. Christopher Lamburne M.A. (Oxon.). Associates Henry Adams. Rarradale Whiddon Melhuish BSc. Arthur Handel Eastwood B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.) Ph.C. (Leeds). Kohitish Chandra Mukherji M.Sc. (Cal-Edgar Heaton B.Sc. Ph.D. (Leeds). cutta). Donald Helmsley Hewitt B.A. (Cantab.). Manickam Partha Sarathy. Herbert Inman. Nagendra Nath Sen -Gupta M.Sc. (Dunelm).Registered Student Harold Thomas Naughtin. OBITUARY HEKRYADAMSdied in January 1947 in his 47th year. He received his training at University College Nottingham and in 1918 was accepted for a commission in the Royal Artillery. On his release in 1919 he began studies in medicine and dentistry at University College Nottingham but was obliged to abandon these for family reasons. In 1928 he was appointed Assistant Chemist at the Colwick Factory of the British Sugar Corporation and in 1940 became an Experimental Assistant at the Royal Ordnance Factory at Nottingham. In 1944 he took up work with the Keighley Laboratories Ltd. and in the following year set up in private practice as a consultant. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1944.[ 2701 GEORGETHOMAS BYRNEdied during internment in Stanley Camp Hong Kong in his 59th year. He graduated BSc. with first class honours in the University of Manchester in 1908 and MSc. in 1911. After two years as research assistant to Dr. (now Sir) Robert Pickard at Blackburn he was appointed Science Master at St. Mary’s School Cairo where he remained for four years until 1914 when he proceeded to Jamaica to become Science Master first at Wolmer’s School and in 1917 at Munro College. In 1919 he was appointed to the Chair of Chemistry at the University of Hong Kong where he remained until the Japanese invasion. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1923 and a Fellow in 1930. HARRY CALVERT THORNTON died on 23 September 1947 in his 70th year.He received his professional training at the Yorkshire College (now the University of Leeds) and graduated in 1898. He was awarded an 1851 Exhibition and went to Leipzig to study under Ostwald and Drude being awarded the degree of Ph.D. in 1901. After a short period as Demonstrator at the University of Leeds he took up an appointment as Chemist to Reckitt & Sons Hull. In 1903 he became Chemist to the \Vest Hiding of Yorkshire Rivers Board and problems of water supply and sanitation were henceforth his chief interest. He was awarded the degree of D.Sc. of the University of Leeds in 1915. In 1920 Calvert was appointed Chemical Inspector to the Ministry of Health in London and in 1927 took on the additional task of directing water pollution research under the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research.In 1944 he received the Kenneth Allen award of the American Federation of Sewage Works Associations. From 1916 to 1919 he was with the Department of Explosives Supply of the Ministry of Munitions and was awarded the M.B.E. for his services. On the outbreak of war in 1939 he was seconded to the Ministry of Supply as Deputy Controller of Sulphuric Acid and continued in this post until he retired early in the present year. While with the Rivers Board he collaborated with Rlaclean Wilson in writing Trade Waste Waters Their Nature and Disposal. He became an Associate of the Institute in 1899 and a Fellow in 1904. WALTER CARTERdied on 27 July 1947 in his 80th year. CHARLES He received his early education at Merchant Taylors’ School and his professional training at Finsbury Technical College under the late Professor Meldola.In 1888 he entered the chemical manure and vitriol works of Richardson Bros. & Co. Belfast as a Chemist. He went to the McGill College Canada in 1902 and some time prior to 1905 became an analyst to the Dominion Iron & Steel Co. Ltd. (later the Dominion Steel & Coal Corporation Ltd.) Sydney Nova Scotia remaining there until his retirement in 1938. When the appointment of Honorary Local Secretaries (now Honorary Corresponding Secretaries) of the Institute was begun in 1909 Carter was appointed for Nova Scotia and he continued to serve in this capacity up to the time of his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1894 and a Fellow in 1897.ARTHURHANDELEASTWOOD died on 21 October 1947 in his 41st year. After receiving his early education at Holy Trinity School and Heath Grammar School Halifax he entered the University of Leeds in 1925 graduating B.Sc. with first class honours in Gas Engineering in 1928 and Ph.D. in 1931. From 1929 to 1931 he held the Gas Research Fellowship of the Institution of Gas Engineers at the Uni- versity. In the latter year he was appointed Research Assistant to the Liquor Effluents and Ammonia Committee of the Institution of Gas Engineers. In I936 he was transferred to the staff of the Joint Research Committee of the Institution of Gas Engineers and the University of Leeds and in 1944 succeeded Dr. A.Key in charge of this work and as Research Chemist to the Liquor Effluents and Ammonia Committee. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1938. JOHN MASSON GULLANDwas killed in a railway accident on 36 October 1947 in his 50th year. Educated at the Edinburgh Academy he served as Second Lieut.. R.E. 1917-19 and then entered the University of Edinburgh and graduated BSc. in 1921 and later D.Sc. He also carried out research in organic chemistry at the Universities of St. Andrews (Ph.D.) and at Manchester holding Carnegie Research Scholarships in 1922 and 1923. He was University demonstrator in chemistry in the University of Oxford from 1924 to 1931 and Lecturer in Chemistry at Balliol College 1926-31 being awarded the M.A. degree. In 1931 he became Senior Assistant in Biochemistry at the Lister Institute and in the following year Reader in Biochemistry in the University of London holding these appointments until 1936 when he succeeded F.S. Kipping as Sir Jesse 1271 1 Boot Professor and Head of the Department of Chemistry at University College Nottingham. During the recent war he acted as Senior Gas Adviser to the North Midland Region Ministry of Home Security 1939-43 and as Assistant Director of Chemical Research and Development Ministry of Supply 1943-44. In 1947 he was appointed Director of Research to the Institute of Brewing and was preparing to take up this work at the time of his death. His research work embodied in numerous papers published in scientific journals covered a wide field of organic chemistry and biochemistry and the importance of these contributions to the advancement of science was recognised by his election as a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1945.He had previously become a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His active interest in the affairs of scientific societies was shown by his service as Honorary Secretary of the Chemical Society 1933-36 and Honorary Secretary (1932-34) and Recorder (1935-37) of Section B (Chemistry) of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1939 and served as a member of Council from 1944 to 1946. EDGAR HEATONdied on 25 October 1947 in his 30th year. He received his early education at the Scarborough Boys’ High School and proceeded to the University of Leeds in 1935 graduating B.Sc.with first class honours in Gas Engineering in 1939 and Ph.D. in 1943. He remained at the University until 1944 firstly as Smithells Scholar and then as Research Assistant under the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. In 1944 he was appointed Research Assistant to the British Refractories Research Association and was engaged in the study of the behaviour of refractory materials in the carbonising industry. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1946. HERBERTINMAN died early in 1947 in his 69th year. Educated at Woodbridge Grammar School he received his scientific training at the City and Guilds Technical College Finsbury where he obtained the Diploma of the College.After two years as Works Chemist to the Associated Portland Cement Manufacturers he was appointed in 1905 to take charge of the London Laboratory of Robert W. Hunt & Co. In 1915 he proceeded to the Federated Malay States as Government Chemist in the Public Works Department. In 1917 he became Research Chemist to the Paya Besar Rubber Estate Malaya and in 1920 Chief Chemist to the Katni Cement and Industrial Co. Ltd. in India. He returned to Robert W. Hunt & Co. in 1924 as Chief Chemist in their Brussels Laboratory. He came back to England in 1928 and after a year as Chemist to the National Farmers’ Union was appointed Assistant to T. H. Reeks Consulting Chemist where he remained until the closing of the laboratory. In 1941 he was appointed Assistant in the laboratories of Frederick Boehm Ltd.at Beaconsfield. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1931. JOHN BAKER CANNINGTON died on 25 November 1943 in his 82nd year. KERSHAW He studied chemistry at Owens College-now the University-Manchester under Roscoe and Schorlemmer and subsequently took up an appointment at Sutton Lodge Chemical Works St. Helens where he remained for twelve years becoming Chief Chemist and Assistant Works Manager. After three years’ further study in this country and at Bonn he returned to London in 1895 as Research Chemist with S. Cowper Coles. Later he established a private practice in Liverpool specialising in fuel testing and devoting himself to advocating the more scientific use of fuel in works and factories.He retired in 1933. He contributed many articles on fuel to technical journals and was the author of the articles on Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrometallurgy in the Encyclopaedia Britannica (1922 edition) and with W. H. Booth of Fuel Economy and Smoke Prevention and The Recovery and Use of Industrial and Other Wastes. He passed the Examination for the Associateship of the Institute in 1887 and was elected a Fellow in 1895. WILLIAM MACKEY MCDONNELL died on 3 October 1947 in his 88th year. He received his training in chemistry at Anderson’s College-now the University- Glasgow and subsequently became engaged in metallurgical work with the Maryport Iron Works the Appleby Iron Works the Frodingham Iron Works and the Sutton Copper Works St.Helens before setting up in private practice as a consultant. He retired in 1937. Throughout his life he took a great interest in the profession of chemistry. He was one of the founders of the Leeds Area Section of the Institute and an original member (1891) of the Yorkshire Section of the Society of Chemical Industry. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888 and served as a Member of Council from 1922 to 1926. r 272 1 FREDERICK ALFRED MASON died on 19 September 1947 in his 60th year. Educated at the Merchant Taylors’ School he proceeded to St. John’s College Oxford as a Sir Thomas White Scholar in 1907 and graduated M.A. with first class honours in chemistry in 1909. He was Senior Scholar of the College from 1910 to 1914.In 1910 he went to the University of Munich and was awarded the degree of Ph.D. mugna cum laude in 1912. From 1912 to 1914 he carried out investigations under W. H. Perkin at the Universities of Manchester and Oxford. In 1914 he became Demonstrator in the Chemistry Department of the Royal College of Science London and while there he carried out numerous investigations for the Ministry of Munitions and other Government Departments and for the French Government. In 1916 he ’oined the research staff of British Dyes Ltd. (later the British Dyestuffs Corporation). krom 1926 to 1931 he was Lecturer in Dyestuffs and Tinctorial Chemistry at the College of Technology University of Manchester. He helped to edit the Colour Index of the Society of Dyers and Colourists in 1927 and was the author of articles in Thorpe’s Dictionary of Applied Chemistry and in scientific journals.Mason was appointed to the Inspectorate of the Ministry of Education in 1931 and was promoted to Staff Inspector of Chemistry in 1935. He served as H.M. Inspector in Yorkshire 1931-1938 and in Devonshire and Cornwall 1938-46 and during these periods was Chemistry Specialist Inspector for the North and North-Eastern Divisions and the South-West and Metropolitan Divisions respectively. At the time of his death he was the senior representative of the Ministry on the Joint Committee with the Institute on all matters concerning National Certificates in Chemistry. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1922. JOHN WILLIAM died in November 1945 in his 51st year.POOLEY He received his general education at Reigate Grammar School and his scientific training at King’s College London where he graduated B.Sc. in 1915. He then engaged on work for the High Explosives Committee of the Ministry of Munitions and in 1916 became Assistant Chemist at Kingsnorth Airship Station. After a few months as Oil Chemist to Alexander Duckham & Co. he was appointed in 1919 Temporary Assistant in the Government Laboratory. He was promoted to the permanent staff of the Labora- tory in 1921 and at the time of his death was one of the Senior Chemists and was in charge of the Ad Valorem Duties Section. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1919 and a Fellow in 1940. MANICKAMPARTHA is presumed to have lost his life by enemy action at sea SARATHY in 1941.He was in his 43rd year. He attended classes at Rutherford Technical College Newcastle upon Tyne for a short time while employed as a Junior Chemist at the Gateshead works of Sir W. G. Armstrong Whitworth 62 Co. Ltd. In 1923 he was appointed Senior Assistant Chemist to the Mysore Iron Works and in 1929 Senior Chemist to the North-Western Railway in the Punjab. In 1937 he returned to England on study leave and entered University College Nottingham where he remained until 1941. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1941. FRANK died on 29 September 1947 in his 71st year. SHEDDEN He received his training at Mason College-now the University of Birmingham- and graduated B.Sc. of the University of London.In 1899 he was appointed Research Chemist in the Wellcome Chemical Research Laboratories where he remained until 1905 when he became engaged in teaching. In 1910 he joined the staff of Courtaulds Ltd. becoming Senior Chemist. He retired in 1941. He passed the Examination for the Associateship of the Institute in 1900 and was elected a Fellow in 1905. FREDERICK SHELLEY FAREY died on 18 June 1947 in his 84th year. He received his training in Australia before coming to England to continue his studies at the Birkbeck Institute Finsbury Technical School the Sir John Cass Institute and King’s College London. He was for some years Assistant to the late William Chattaway at Apothecaries’ Hall and subsequently held the positions of Analyst to the Society of Apothecaries and Gas Examiner to the Boroughs of Chiswick Twickenham Acton and Hanwell.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1909. ALBERT SHERLOCK died on 21 September 1947 in his 54th year. In 1908 he entered the Laboratory of Pilkington Bros. St. Helens as an Analyst while attending courses at St. Helens Municipal Technical College and Widnes Technical t 273 1 College. He remained with Pilkington Rros. until the time of his death becoming successively Senior Analyst and Assistant to the Head Chemist Head Analyst and Manager of the Central Laboratory For many years he was a part-time Lecturer in inorganic and physical chemistry and the chemistry of glass manufacture at St. Helens Municipal Technical College and published papers on problems connected with glass manufacture.He was the joint owner with Pilkington Bros. of patents on the same subjects. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1945. COMING EVENTS The following list has been compiled from the latest information available. Thes Institute cannot hold itself responsible for its accuracy or for changes that may be made of which it may receive no notification. 1948 January 2 THE INSTITUTE (Belfast and District Section) “A Chemical Christmas Tree.” Lecture and Demonstration for School Children. Dr. C. L. Wilson in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre Queen’s University Belfast at 3 p.m. 5 SOCIETY (London Section) “Some Scientific Aspects of OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY Beer.” hir. H. J. Bunker in the Chemical Society’s Rooms Burlington House Piccadilly London W.1 at 6.30 p.m. 6 THE INSTITUTE (Huddersfield Section) “Recent Developments in Partition Chromatography on Paper.” Dr. R. R. Goodall. INSTITUTE (Manchester and District Branch) “Automatic Welding.” OF WELDING Mr. S. W.Carpenter in the Reynolds Hall Manchester College of Technology at 7 p.m. OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY INSTITUTION (Scottish Section) Mr. J. H. Carrington in the Chamber of Commerce Rooms 25 Charlotte Square Edinburgh at 7 p.m. ELECTRODEPOSITORS’ SOCIETY TECHNICAL (Midlands Centre) “Dyeing of Anodised Aluminium.” Mr. K. Langford at the James Watt Memorial Institute Great Charles Street Birmingham 3. 8 CHEMICAL Scientific Meeting in the Society’s Rooms Burlington House SOCIETY Piccadilly London W.l at 7.30 p.m.OF CHEMICALINDUSTKY SOCIETY SOCIETY (Manchester Section) the CHEMICAL and the INSTITUTE (Manchester and District Section) “Crystallisation of Fertilisers.” Dr. M. P. Applebey M.B.E. in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre The University Manchester at 6.30 p.m. INSTITUTE OF METALS “Silver.” 17r. I,. €3 Hunt at 4 Grosvenor Gardens London S.W.l at 7 p.m. 9 OILAND COLOUR ASSOCIATION CHEMISTS’ (Manchester Section) “Further Develop- ments in Styrene Co-polymers.” Messrs. F. Armitage and J. J. Sleightholme, at the Engineers’ Club Albert Square Manchester 2 at 2 p.m. INSTITUTE PLASTICS (North-Western Section) “Contact Resins.” Mr. J. M. V. Estevez at the Engineers’ Club Albert Square Manchester 2 at 6.45 p.m.INSTITUTION THE RUBBER INDUSTRY OF (Leicester Section) “Libraries and the Handling of Technical Information in the Rubber Industry.” Mr. G. A. Shires at the Bell Hotel Humberstone Gate Leicester at 7.30 p.m. 12 THE INSTITUTE (Hull and District Section) “Forensic Science.” Dr. F. G. Tryhorn at the Royal Station Hotel Hull at 7 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Leeds Area Section) ‘‘Electrostatic Hazards in Chemical Industry.” Professor E. G. Cox in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre University of Leeds at 6.30 p.m. ASSOCIATION OIL AND COLOURCHEMISTS’ “Some Chemical Aspects of Anti-Fouling Work” Ik. H. Barnes; “Some Biological Aspects of Anti-Fouling Work” hlr. K. -1.€’yefinch at the Welfare Club Messrs. British Paints Portland Road Newcastlc upon Tyne at 6.30 p.m.274 I lanuary OF PETROLEUM 12 INSTITUTE (Northern Branch) At the Engineers’ Club Albert Square Manchester 2 at 6 p.m. OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY INSTITUTION (Midland Section) “Man-made Fibres in Tyre Casings.” Dr. J. W. Illingworth at the James Watt Memorial Institute Great Charles Street Birmingham 3 at 7.15 p.m. (Belfast and District Section) “Food and the Chemist.” Dr. A. M. 13 THEINSTITUTE Maiden in the Agriculture Lecture Theatre Elmwood Avenue Belfast at 7.30 p.m. OF INSTRUMENT (North-West Section) “Some Impressions SOCIETY TECHNOLOGY of Modern American Instrumentation.” hlr. J. Young at the College of L\. Technology Manchester at 7.15 p.m. INSTITUTION CHEMICAL “Detergency.” Mr. B. Edginton. in the OF ENGINEERS Rooms of the Geological Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.1 at 6.30 p.m. 14 INSTITVTEPETROLEUM OF “Polythene.” Mr. J. C. Swallow at Manson House 26 Portland Place London W.1 at 5.30 p.m. OF ENCJKEERS INSTITUTIONSTRUCTURAL (Lancashire and Cheshire Branch) “Manufacture and Uses of Asbestos-Cement Materials.” Mr. T. S. Drinkwater at the College of Technology Manche<ter at 7 p.m. SOCIETYOF DYERSAND COLOURISTS (Xorthern Ireland Section) “The Hydro- sulphites-their Preparations Properties and Textile Applications.” Messrs. G. Brearley and J. Starkie in the Queen’s Hotel Belfast at 7.30 p.m. INSTITUTEFUEL(North-Western Section) Joint meeting with the National OF Smoke Abatement Society “Urmston District Heating Scheme.” Mr.Hancock in the Lower Albert Hall Peter Street Manchester at 2.30 p.m. INSTITUTION INDUSTRY OF THE RUBBER (West of England Section) at the George Hotel Trowbridge at 7.45 p.m. INSTITUTION OF THE RUBBER INDUSTRY (Southern Section) at the Polygon Hotel Southampton at 7.15 p.m. PLASTICS INSTITUTE (Western Section) “Plastics and Textiles.” Mr. E. V. Giles at Bristol at 6.30 p.m. 15 THE INSTITUTE (Bristol and South-\Vestern Counties Section) “Recent Develop- ments in the Use of Organic Reagents in Chemical Analysis.” Mr. G. H. Osborn in the Chemical Department The University Woodland Road Bristol at 5.30 p.m. ROYALPHOTOGRAPHIC SOCIETY(Scientific and Technical Group) “Some New Apparatus-A Critical Review.” Mr. J. L. French at 16 Prince’s Gate London S.W.7 at 7 p.m.PLASTICS (London and District Section) “Optical Plastics,” at the INSTITUTE Waldorf Hotel Aldwych London W.C.2. ~NSTITUTIONOF MININGAND METALLURGY: General nleeting in the Rooms of the Geological Society Burlington House Piccadilly London tl’.1 at 4.15 p.m. 16 The Institute Meldola Medal Lecture:,,“The Role of Ion-Solvent Interactions in the Theory of Strong Electrolytes. Mr. R. H. Stokes Meldola Medallist in the Rooms of the Chemical Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.l at 6 p.m. INSTITUTE (Manchester and District Branch) “The Cloud Chamber.” OF PHYSICS Dr. J. G. Wilson in the New Physics Theatre University of Manchester at 7 p.m. PAPER “Some Factors Affecting the Application of Dye- MAKERS’ASSOCIATION stuffsto Paper.” Mr.I;.North at the Engineers’ Club Rlanchester 2 at 7 p.m. 19 CHEMICAL SOCIETY:Joint meeting with University College of Swansea Students’ Chemical Society “The Physical Chemistry of Some Vacuum Metallurgical Processes.” Dr. P. Gross at University College Swansea. ELECTRODEPOSITORS’ SOCIETY TECHNICAL “Paints on Metallic Surfaces.” Mr. R. C. L. Eveleigh at the Northampton Polytechnic St. John Street Clerkenwell London E.C. 1. 20 THE INSTITUTE (Tees-side Section) “The Chemical and Biochemical Oxidation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons.” Professor J. W. Cook F.R.S. [ 3751 January 20 SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (Agriculture Group) “Recent Studies in the Composition of Milk.” Dr.S. J. Rowland in the Chemistry Department Royal College of Science South Kensington London S.W.7 at 2.30 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (Chemical Engineering Group) “Abrasion Erosion and Corrosion.” Professor C. H. Desch F.R.S. in the Rooms of the Geological Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W. 1 at 5.30 p.m. INSTITUTION OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY (Scottish Section) Joint meeting with the Society of Dyers and Colourists “The Colouring of Rubber.” Mr. J. Haworth at the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland Elmbank Crescent Glasgow at 7 p.m. IMPERIAL AND TECHNOLOGY: COLLEGEOF SCIENCE “The Properties and Applica- tions of Sintered-oxide Refractories” (open lecture). Professor A. L. Roberts in the Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry Prince Consort Road London S.W.7 at 4.30 p.m.21 IRISH CHEMICAL ASSOCIATION, THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY and THE INSTITUTE (Dublin Section) “Santonin.” Professor W. Cocker in the Department of Chemistry Trinity College Dublin at 7.30 p.m. SOCIETYOF DYERSAND COLOURISTS (Midlands Section) “Non-Textile Uses of Dyestuffs.” Mr. G. C. Grundy at the King’s Head Hotel Loughborough at 7 p.m. PLASTICS (Yorkshire Section) “Casein Plastics Past and Future.” INSTITUTE Mr. S. H. Pinner at St. Mark’s House 186 Woodhouse Lane Leeds. 22 THE INSTITUTE (Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section) Joint meeting with the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry “Some Recent Developments in Alkaloid Chemistry.” Dr. H. T. Openshaw in the North British Station Hotel Edinburgh at 7.30 p.m.THEINSTITUTE (East Midlands Section) “The Chemotherapy of Cancer.” Dr. E. Boyland at the College of Technology Leicester at 7.15 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Liverpool and North-Western Section) Annual Social. Dinner at 6 p.m. at Liverpool. CHEMICAL SOCIETY:Tilden Lecture “Acetylene and Acetylenic Compounds in Organic Synthesis.” Professor E. R. H. Jones in the Society’s Rooms Bur-lington House Piccadilly London W.l at 7.30 p.m. : CHEMICAL SOCIETY “Some Aspects of Aromatic Substitution.” Professor Brynmor Jones in the Chemical Lecture Theatre University College, Nottingham at 6 p.m. OF DYERSAND COLOURISTS SOCIETY (West Riding Section) “The Formation of Polymers in Wool.” Professor J.B. Speakman at the Great Northern Victoria Hotel Bradford at 7.15 p.m. 23 THE INSTITUTE (Aberdeen and North of Scotland Section) Demonstrations of Current Research Work in the Chemistry Department University of Aberdeen. MIDLAND CHEMISTS COMMITTEE “Applications of Infra-red Spectroscopy.” Dr. H. W. Thompson at the University Edmund Street Birmingham at 6.30 p.m. INSTITUTE METALS (jointly with Sheffield Society of Engineers and Metal- OF lurgists) “Some Metallurgical Problems in the Field of Atomic Energy.” Mr. E. W. Colbeck at the Royal Victoria Hotel Sheffield at 6.15 p.m. LITERARY SOCIETY 26 MANCHESTER AND PHILOSOPHICAL Joule Memorial Lecture. “Determinism in the Physical World.” Sir George P. Thomson F.R.S. at Reynolds Hall College of Technology Manchester at 5.30 p.m.INSTITUTE OF PLASTICS (North-Western Section) and INSTITUTION THE RUBBER INDUSTRY (Manchester Section) “Polymer Progress.” Messrs. N. J. L. Megson and G. L. Hammond at the Engineers’ Club Albert Square Manchester 2 at 6.45 p.m. 27 SOCIETYOF DYERSAND COLOURISTS (Scottish Section) “What Research has meant to the Practical Dyer and what it will mean.” Mr. J. Boulton at the St. Enoch Hotel Glasgow at 7 p.m. SOCIETY (Leeds Junior Branch) “Modern Methods in OF DYERSAND COLOURISTS Tar Distilling.” Mr. D. W. Milner in the Colour Chemistry Lecture Theatre The University Leeds at 4 p.m. [ 276 1 January 28 THE INSTITUTE (Cardiff and District and South Wales Sections) “Dithizone and Trace-metal Analysis.” Dr.H. M. L. Irving at the Mining and Technical Institute Bridgend at 6.15 p.m. SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Liverpool Section) “Water-A National Asset” (Jubilee Memorial Lecture). Mr. H. W. Cremer in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre University of Liverpool at 6.30 p.m. ROYAL SOCIETY OF ARTS “Recent Progress in the Making of Precision Instru- ments.” Mr. A. J. Philpot C.B.E. at the Royal Society of Arts John Adam Street Adelphi London W.C.2 at 2.30 p.m. MANCHESTERMETALLURGICAL “Some Metallurgical Aspects of Jointing SOCIETY Non-ferrous Materials.” Mr. E. Davis at the Engineers’ Club Manchester 2 at 6.30 p.m. LITERARY SOCIETY MANCHESTER AND PHILOSOPHICAL (Chemical Section) Meeting in the Portico Library 57 Mosley Street Manchester at 5.30 p.m.29 THE INSTITUTE (Manchester and District Section) Joint meeting with the Chemical Society and Society of Chemical Industry “Nitration by Mixtures of Nitric and Sulphuric Acids.“ Dr. G. M. Bennett F.R.S. at the Engineers’ Club Albert Square Manchester 2 at 7 p.m. CHEMICALSOCIETY: Joint meeting with University College of N. Wales Chemical Society “Reactions of the Ethylene Bond.” Professor D. H. Hey in the Department of Chemistry University College of N. Wales Bangor at 5.30 p.m. CHEMICAL SOCIETY:Joint meeting with the University Chemical Society “Stero- chemical Regularities in Catalytic Reactions.” Dr. R. P. Linstead C.B.E. F.R.S. in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre The University Western Bank Sheffield at 5.30 p.m. ANALYSTS CHEMISTS (Biological SOCIETYOF PUBLIC AND OTHER ANALYTICAL Methods Group jointly with Physical Methods Group) Symposium on Methods of Assaying Penicillin in Barnes Hall Royal Society of Medicine 1 Wimpole Street London W.1 at 2.30 p.m.OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY INSTITUTION (Leicester Section) Discussion Group in the Lecture Rooms College of Arts and Technology Leicester at 7.30 p.m. 30 THEINSTITUTE (Glasgow and West of Scotland Section) “Physical Chemistry of Milk Drying.” Dr. R. Waite at the Royal Technical College Glasgow C.l at 7.15 p.m. THEINSTITUTE (Sheffield Sqpth Yorkshire and North Midlands Section) “Science and the World Situation. Mr. N. S. Hubbard at the Royal Victoria Hotel Sheffield at 7 p.m. MIDLAND CHEMISTSCOMMITTEE(Chemical Society) “Recent Developments in the Application of Infra-Red Spectroscopy to Chemical Problems.” Dr.G. B. B. M. Sutherland in the Main Chemistry Lecture Theatre The University Edgbaston Birmingham at 4.30 p.m. CHEMICAL SOCIETY:Joint meeting with Hull Section Oil and Colour Chemists’ Association and the University College Scientific Society “Phthalocyanines and Related Recent Developments in Pigments.” Dr. R. P. Linstead C.B.E. F.R.S. at University College Hull at 6 p.m. CHEMICAL SOCIETY:Joint meeting with the University College of Wales Chemical Society “Some Recent Advances in the Theory of Polymerisation.” Professor D. H. Hey in the Department of Chemistry University College of Wales Aberystwyth at 5 p.m. BEDSONCLUB “Antibiotics.” Professor G.Chain F.K.S. at King’s College Newcastle upon Tyne at 5.30 p.m. STATISTICAL MANCHESTER SOCIETY (Industrial Group) “The Applications of Statistical Methods in Industrial Chemistry.” Mr. K. A. Brownlee at the Textile Institute St. Mary’s Parsonage Manchester at 6.45 p.m. February OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY 2 SOCIETY (London Section jointly with the Road and Building Materials Group) “Recent Advances in Building Some Chemical Aspects.” Dr. T. W. Parker in the Chemical Society’s Rooms Burlington House Piccadilly London W.l at 6.30 p.m. [ 277 1 February 2 THE INSTITUTE (Bristol and South-Western Counties Section) “The Elucidation of the Structure of Penicillin.” Professor W. Baker F.R.S. at Exeter. ROYALSOCIETY OF ARTS Cantor Lecture “The Metabolism of Fats.” Dr.A. C. Frazer at the Royal Society of Arts John Adam Street Adelphi London W.C.2 at 4.30 p.m. OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY 3 INSTITUTION (Scottish Section) at Edinburgh. TECHNICAL ELECTRODEPOSITORS’ SOCIETY (Midlands Centre) “The Electro-deposition of Speculum,” Dr. J. W. Cuthbertson; “Practical Aspects of Speculum Plating,” Mr. W. H. Sawyer at the James Watt Memorial Institute Great Charles Street Birmingham 3. 4 THE INSTITUTE (Dublin Section) “Blood Examination in Forensic Medicine.” Dr. J. McGrath in the Chemical Department Trinity College Dublin at 7.30p.m. 6 THE INSTITUTE (Liverpool and Korth-Western Section) “Some Reflections of a Public Analyst.” Mr. H. Lowe at Chester at 7 p.m. CHEMICAL Scientific meeting in the Society’s Rooms Burlington House SOCIETY Piccadilly London MT.1 at 7.30 p.m. INSTITUTEMETALS “Modern Developments in Hardenability Testing.” Dr. OF W. Steven at the James Watt Memorial Institute Great Charles Street Birmingham 3 at 6.30 p.m. 6 THE INSTITUTE (Huddersfield Section) Lecture. Dr. H. Baines. OF CHEMICAL (Chemical Engineering Group jointly with the SOCIETY INDUSTRY Glasgow Section) “The Manufacture of Explosive Substances.” Mr. A. G. White at Glasgow. INSTITUTION ENGINEERS OF CHEMICAL (North-Western Branch) Annual General Meeting. “Coal Utilisation.” Dr. D. T. A. Townend at the College of Technology Manchester at 3 p.m. SOCIETY (London Section) “Dry Cleaning Processes.” OF DYERSAND COLOURISTS Mr.S. C. Turner at the Rooms of the Chemical Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.l at 6 p.m. 7 SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (jointly with the Institution of Chemical Engineers and the Chemical Engineering Group) Lecture. Mr. E. J. Stephens at Liverpool. 9 THE INSTITUTE (Leeds Area Section) “The Mechanism of Oxidation-Reduction Reactions.” Professor M. G. Evans F.R.S. in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre The University Leeds at 6.30 p.m. CHEMICAL Joint meeting with University College of Swansea Chemical SOCIETY Scciety “Free Radical Reactions in Hydrocarbon Chemistry.” Dr. C. E. H Bawn at University College Swansea at 6 p.m. OF ARTS Cantor Lecture “Fats in the Life of the Xation.” Sir ROYALSOCIETY Jack Drummond at the Royal Society of Arts John Adam Street Adelphi London W.C.2 at 4.30 p.m.OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY INSTITUTION (Midland Section) Symposium “Colour in the Rubber Industry” “Physics and Measurement of Colour” (Miss M. D. Gauntlett); “Technology of Colour” (Mr. J. Haworth); “Use and Abuse of Colour” (Mr. T. E. H. Gray). At the James Watt Memorial Institute Great Charles Street Birmingham 3 at 7.15 p.m. 10 SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Northern Ireland Section). Annual General Meeting. 11 INSTITUTEPETROLEUM OF “Aerial Photography and Exploration for Oil.” Dr. Ir. N. J. M. Taverne at Manson House 26 Portland Place London W.l at 5.30 p.m. OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY INSTITUTION (West of England Section) At the George Hotel Trowbridge at 7.45 p.m. OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY INSTITUTION (Southern Section)..At the Polygon Hotel Southampton at 7.15 p.m. [ 278 ] Fcbruary 12 THEINSTITUTE (Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section) Joint meeting with the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry “The Chemistry of Rumination.” Dr. James Stewart at the North British Station Hotel Edin- burgh at 7.30 p.m. “The Formation of Ethylenic Polymers.” Professor H. W. CHEMICALSOCIETY Melville F.R.S. in the Chemical Department The University Woodland Road Bristol at 6.30 p.m. CHEMICAL SOCIETY Joint meeting with the University Chemical Society “The Factors Influencing Radical Reactions in Solution .” Professor M. G. Evans F.R.S. in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre The University Western Bank Sheffield at 5.30 p.m.BRITISHASSOCIATIONOF CHEMISTS (Liverpool Section) Scientific Film Show in the Gas Company’s Theatre Radiant House Bold Street Liverpool at 7 p.m. OF DYERSAND COLOURISTS SOCIETY (West Riding Section) “An Investigation into the Practical Aspects of the Absorption of Acid and Chrome Dyes by Wool.” Mr. G. H. Lister at the Great Northern Victoria Hotel Bradford at 7.15 p.m. ROYALPHOTOGRAPHIC (Scientific and Technical Group) “The Importance SOCIETY of Illumination in Photo-Micrography.” Mr. R. McV. Weston at 16 Prince’s Gate London S.W.7 at 7 p.m. OF : INSTITUTE METALS “Metallurgical Problems of Importance in Aircraft.” Dr. H. Sutton at 4 Grosvenor Gardens London S.W.l at 7 p.m. 13 MIDLANDCHEMISTS COMMITTEE(The Institute Birmingham and Midlands Section) “The Tools of Paint Research.” Dr.S. H. Bell at the Technical College Wolverhampton at 6.30 p.m. INSTITUTE PLASTICS (North-Western Section) “Expanded Plastics.” Mr. S. R. Turner at the Engineers’ Club Albert Square Manchester 2. INSTITUTION ENGINEERS, OF CHEMICAL jointly with the Low Temperature Group of the PHYSICAL Symposium “Developments in the Industrial Produc- SOCIETY tion and Use of Gaseous Oxygen.” In London (subject to confirmation). BIOCHEMICAL Meeting in Tlrestminster Hospital Medical School. SOCIETY 14 THE INSTITUTE (Tees-side Section) jointly with the Newcastle Section Society of Chemical Industry “The Photographic Latent Image.” Dr. H. Baines. OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY 16 SOCIETY (London Section) Jubilee Memorial Lecture “Water-A National Asset.” Mr.H. W.Cremer at the Royal Institution Albemarle Street London W.l at 6.30 p.m. COMMITTEE MIDLANDCHEMISTS (University of Birmingham Chemical Society) “The Chemist and the Textile Industries.” Mr. G. Waggett at the University Edgbaston Birmingham at 4.30p.m. TECHNICAL ELECTRODEPOSITORS’ SOCIETY:“The Production of Electro-formed Moulds for Plastics and Die-castings.” Mr. P. Spiro at the Northampton Polytechnic St. John Street Clerkenwell London E.C. 1. 17 SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Agricultural Group) “Methods of Determining Mineral Deficiencies in Plants,” Professor T. Wallace C.B.E.; “Chemical Tissue tests for the Determination of Mineral Status of Plants,” Dr. D. 1. D. Nicholas in the Chemistry Department Royal College of Science South Kensing- ton London S.W.7 at 2.30 p.m.OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY SOCIETY (Chemical Engineering Group) “Recent Develop- ments in Brewery Plant and Equipment in Scandinavia and USA.” Messrs. C. J. Virden and J. L. McCowen in the Rooms of the Geological Society Burling- ton House Piccadilly London W.1 at 5.30 p.m. SOCIETY OF DYERSAND COLOURISTS(Huddersfield Section) “Moisture Control in the Dyeing of Textiles.” Mr. K. S. Laurie in Field’s Cafe Westgate Hudders- field at 7.30 p.m. ROYALPHOTOGRAPHIC SOCIETY(Scientific and Technical Group). INSTITUTION OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY (London and District Section) Latex Symposium. At Caxton Hall Caxton Street London S.W.l. INSTITUTION OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY (Scottish Section) Meeting.At Glasgow. 279 1 February 17 ROYAL OF ARTS (Dominions and Colonies Section) :“Control of Insect-borne SOCIETY Diseases in the Colonies Some Recent Progress and Future Prospects.” Mr. C. B. Symes O.B.E. at the Royal Society of Arts John Adam Street Adelphi London W.C.2 at 2.30 p.m. PLASTICS (North-Eastern Section) “Resins for Paints and Varnishes.” INSTITUTE Mr. J. D. Morgan at Neville Hall Newcastle upon Tyne at 6.30 p.m. 18 MIDLANDCHEMISTSCOMMITTEE: “Recent Advances in Building Research-Some Chemical Aspects.” Dr. W. T. Parker at the University Edmund Street Birmingham at 6.30 p.m. PLASTICS (Western Section) “Adhesives.” Mr. H. A. Collinson at INSTITUTE Gloucester at 6.30 p.m. 19 THE INSTITUTE (Liverpool and North-Western Section) “The Chemistry of Deterioration in Milk Powder.” Dr.C. H. Lea in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre University of Liverpool at 7 p.m. THEINSTITUTE (Hull and District Section) jointly with the Chemical Society and the University College Scientific Society “The Optical Properties of Molecules.” Professor E. G. Cox at University College Hull at 6 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (East Midlands Section) “Chemical Engineering Aspects of Handling Sterile Medical Products.” Dr. B. Edgington at Loughborough at 7.15 p.m. CHEMICALSOCIETY Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins Memorial Lecture. Sir Edward Mellanby K.C.B. F.R.S. in the Rooms of the Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W. 1 at 7.30 p.m. CHEMICAL SOCIETY:“Synthesis in the Vitamin A Field.” Professor E.R. H. Jones in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre University College Nottingham at 6 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY OF .(Bristol Section) and INSTITUTE FUEL “Recent Developments in Combustion.” Dr. D. T. A. Townend in the Chemical Department The University Woodland Road Bristol at 5.30 p.m. OF MININGAND METALLURGY: INSTITUTION General Meeting. In the Rooms of the Geological Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W. 1 at 4.15 p.m. 20 CHEMICAL (Scottish Section) Annual General Meeting reading of original SOCIETY papers. At the Royal Technical College Glasgow at 7 p.m. PLASTICS INSTITUTE(Midlands Section) “Casein Products and Applications.” Mr. J. H. Collins at the James Watt Memorial Institute Great Charles Street Birmingham 3.INSTITUTEMETALS (Sheffield Section) “Powder Metallurgy.” In the Mining OF Lecture Theatre Department of Applied Science The University St. George’s Square Sheffield at 7.30 p.m. OF (North-Western Branch) “Water Treat- 21 INSTITUTIONCHEMICALENGINEERS ment.” Mr. P. Hamer at the College of Technology Manchester at 3 p.m. 23 INSTITUTIONTHE RUBBERINDUSTRY OF (Manchester and District Section) “Machinery and Layout in German Rubber Plants.” Mr. L. A. Oliver at the Engineers’ Club Albert Square Manchester 2 at 6.15 p.m. 24 CHEMICAL Joint meeting with the Edinburgh University Chemical Society SOCIETY Lecture by Professor W. F. K. Wynne-Jones in the Biochemistry Lecture Theatre University of Edinburgh Teviot Place Edinburgh at 7 p.m.BRITISHASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS (Northern Section) Film Show. SOCIETY OF DYERSAND COLOURISTS(Scottish Section) “All-over Pigment Coloura- tion of Textiles.” Mr. E. Marney at the St. Enoch Hotel Glasgow at 7 p.m. HULL CHEMICAL SOCIETY: AND ENGINEERING “Fire Equipment in Chemical Works.” At the Church Institute Albion Street Hull at 7.30 p.m. 25 IRISHCHEMICAL and THE INSTITUTE ASSOCIATION (Dublin Section) “Industrial Efficiency in the Sugar Industry.” Mr. J. L. Ginnell in the Chemical Depart- ment University College Dublin at 7.30 p.m. 26 THE INSTITUTE (Manchester and District Section) “Rubber.” Mr. J. H. Carrington in the Engineers’ Club Albert Square Manchester 2 at 7 p.m. [ 280 1 February OF (Leicester Section) Discussion Group 26 INSTITUTIONTHE RUBBERINDUSTRY in the Lecture Rooms College of Arts and Technology Leicester at 7.30 p.m.OF “The Metallurgy of Gold Silver and Platinum.” Mr. INSTITUTEMETALS C. A. H. John at the James Watt Memorial Institute Great Charles Street Birmingham 3 at 6.30 p.m. OF DYERSAND COLOURISTS SOCIETY (West Riding Section) “The Composition of Wool.” Dr. A. H. Gordon at the Great Northern Victoria Hotel Bradford at 7.15 p.m. 27 THEINSTITUTE (Glasgow and West of Scotland Section) :Annual General Meeting. Professor J. W. Cook F.R.S. “Chemistry in Post-war Germany,” at the Royal Technical College Glasgow at 7.15 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Aberdeen and North of Scotland Section) “Applications of Acetylenic Compounds in Organic Synthesis.” Dr.A. W. Johnson. THE INSTITUTE (Bristol and South-Western Counties Section) “Surface Films.” Professor N. K. Adam F.R.S. at Exeter. 28-29 ROYALPHOTOGRAPHIC :Regional Conference in Bristol. SOCIETY March 1 SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (London Section) jointly with the London Section of the Institute of Metals “The Manufacture and Usage of Magnesium and its Alloys.” Major C. J. P. Ball D.S.O. M.C. in the Chemical Society’s Rooms Burlington House Piccadilly London W.l at 6.30 p.m. MIDLANDCHEMISTS COMMITTEE (University of Birmingham Chemical Society) at the University Edgbaston Birmingham 15 at 4.30 p.m. 2 CHEMICAL jointly with University of Leeds Chemical Society Display SOCIETY of Scientific Films (5 p.m.). “The Protein Molecule and its Degradation by Enzymes.” Dr.J. A. V. Butler in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre The University Leeds at 6.30 p.m. CHEMICAL Pedler Lecture “Recent Developments in the Vitamin A SOCIETY Field.” Sir Ian Heilbron D.S.O. F.R.S. in Dublin. 4 CHEMICALSOCIETY: Hugo Miiller Lecture. Professor E. L. Hirst F.R.S. in the Kooms of the Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.l at 7.30 p.m. CHEMICAL “Crystallographic Technique and its Chemical Significance” SOCIETY (Tilden Lecture). Professor E. G. Cox in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre University of Liverpool at 4.30 p.m. CHEMICAL Pedler Lecture “Recent Developments in the Vitamin A SOCIETY Field.” Sir Ian Heilbron D.S.O. F.R.S. in the Chemical Lecture Theatre Queen’s University Belfast at 7.30 p.m.CHEMICALSOCIETY: Meeting for the reading of original papers. In the Chemistry Lecture Theatre University College Nottingham at 6 p.m. SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Bristol Section) Annual Meeting. Lecture. Dr. L. A. Jordan in the Chemical Department The University Woodland Road Bristol at 5.30 p.m. SOCIETY: 5 CHEMICAL Meeting for the reading of original papers. In the Chemistry Department King’s College Newcastle upon Tyne at 5 p.m. CHEMICALSOCIETY jointly with the University College of Swansea Students’ Chemical Society “The Antibacterial Compound Aspergillic Acid.” Professor F. S. Spring at University College Swansea at 6 p.m. OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY 8 INSTITUTION (Midland Section) :“Rubber Adhesives.” Mr.L. E. Puddefoot at Burton-on-Trent. 9 THE INSTITUTE (Liverpool and North-Western Section) “Technical Uses of Soap in Industry.” Mr. G. F. Reynolds at Wigan at 7 p.m. AND ENGINEERING HULL CHEMICAL SOCIETY:“The Story of Morphia.” Mr. G. Colman Green at the Church Institute Albion Street Hull at 7.30 p.m. OF CHEMICALENGINEERS INSTITUTION :“Rocket Propulsion A Restricted Survev.” Messrs. M7. H. Wheeler and J. E. C Topps in the Rooms of the Geological Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.l at 6.30p.m. lW1I March 10 THEINSTITUTE (Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast Section) “Chemical Metallurgy.” Dr. H. J. T. Ellingham at King’s College Newcastle upon Tyne at 6.30 p.m. OF CHEMICAL (Yorkshire Section) Annual General Meeting.SOCIETY INDUSTRY Jubilee Memorial Lecture “Water-A National Asset.” Mr. H. W. Cremer. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (Northern Ireland Section jointly with the Plastics Group) “Industrial Uses of Plastics.” Mr. H. V. Potter in the Central Hall Technical College Belfast at 7.30 p.m. INSTITUTIONTHE RUBBERINDUSTRY OF (West of England Section). At the George Hotel Trowbridge at 7.45 p.m. INSTITUTION OF THE RUBBER INDUSTRY (Southern Section) “Rubber in Railway Operation.” Mr. A. E. Moulton at the Polygon Hotel Southampton at 7.15 p.m. 12 CHEMICAL SOCIETY:“Some Problems in the Chemistry of Starch and Glycogen.” Professor E. L. Hirst F.R.S. in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre The University Glasgow at 7.15 p.m. CHEMICAL jointly with Southampton University College Chemical and SOCIETY Physical Societies Dr.G. B. €3. M. Sutherland in the Physics Department University College Southampton at 5 p.m. MIDLAND CHEMISTS’ COMMITTEE “Valency.” Professor W. Wardlaw at The University Edmund Street Birmingham at 6.30 p.m. 15 THEINSTITUTE (South Wales Section) “The Corrosion of Metals.” Dr. W. H. J. Vernon at the Mining and Technical Institute Llanelly. MIDLANDCHEMISTS’ (University of Birmingham Chemical Society) : COMMITTEE “Certain Aspects of the Chemistry of Rubber.” nr. Geoffrey Gee at The University Edgbaston Birmingham 15 at 4.30 p.m. OF DYERSAND COLOURISTS SOCIETY (Huddersfield Section Joint meeting with Huddersfield Textile Society) “Finishing Woollen and Worsted Fabrics.” Dr.C. S. Whewell at Technical College Huddersfield at 7.30 p.m. ELECTRODEPOSITORS’ SOCIETY TECHNICAL “Electropolishing.” Dr. S. Wernick at the Northampton Polytechnic St. John Street Clerkenwell London E.C. 1. 16 SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Chemical Engineering Group) “Heat Transfer.” Mr. A D. Davidson in the Rooms of the Geological Society Burlington House London W.l at 5.30 p.m. SOCLETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Agriculture Group) “Some Aspects of Vegetable Nutrition.” Mr. R. M. Woodman in the Chemistry Department Royal College of Science South Kensington London S.W.7 at 2.30 p.m. ROYALSOCIETY OF ARTS (Dominions and Colonies Section) “Co-ordination of Research in the Pacific.” Dr. E. Marsden C.M.G. C.B.E. M.C. F.R.S. at the Royal Society of Arts John Adam Street Adelphi London W.C.2 at 2.30 p.m.OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY INSTITUTION (London and District Section) “The Technology of some New Condensation Rubbers.” Dr. D. A. Harper at Caxton Hall Caxton Street London S.W.l. INSTITUTION (Scottish Section) Annual General Meet- OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY ing. In the Chamber of Commerce Rooms 25 Charlotte Square Edinburgh at 7 p.m. INSTITUTE PLASTICS (North-Eastern Section) “Silicone Plastics.” Mr. H. R. Poole in Neville Hall Newcastle upon Tyne at 6.30 p.m. 17 THE INSTITUTE (Huddersfield Section) Annual General Meeting. Lecture. Mr. G. Roche Lynch O.B.E. President. INSTITUTE PLASTICS (Southern Section) “Vinyl Paste Polymers.” Dr. S. J. Skinner at the Polygon Hotel Southampton at 7.30 p.m.17-18 INSTITUTE OF METALS Annual General Meeting. In London. 18 THE INSTITUTE (Aberdeen and North of Scotland Section) Dr. H. W. Thompson F.R.S. THEINSTITUTE (Bristol and South-Western Counties Section) Annual Meeting. “The Public Analyst Overseas.” Mr. J. F. Clark in the Chemical Department The University Woodland Road Bristol at 5.30 p.m. L 282 3 March 18 THE INSTITUTE (East Midlands Section) “Modern Industrial Development and Research in relation to the Scientific Department of the National Coal Board.” Professor Idris Jones at St. James’s Restaurant Derby at 7.15 p.m. THEINSTITUTE (Liverpool and North-Western Section). “Absorption Spectra as Chemical Tools.” Dr. A. E. Gillam at Widnes at 7 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Tees-side Section) “Chemicals from Petroleum.” Major K.Gordon C.B.E. M.C. CHEMICAL SOCIETY:107th Annual General Meeting. At Oxford. ROYALPHOTOGRAPHIC SOCIETY(Scientific and Technical Group) Symposium on “Photography in Nuclear Research.” At 16 Prince’s Gate London S.W.7. OF MININGAND METALLURGY INSTITUTION General Meeting. In the Rooms of the Geological Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W. 1 at 4.15 p.m. 19 THE INSTITUTE (Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands Section) Short Papers by Members. At the Royal Victoria Hotel Sheffield at 7 p.m. THEINSTITUTE (South Wales Section) jointly with the Institute of Petroleum Scientific Film Show. At Britannic House Nattonal Oil Refineries Llandarcy. I~STITUTE PLASTICS (Midlands Section) “Melamine Resins.” Dr.J. Hofton at the James Watt Memorial Institute Great Charles Street Birmingham 3. 20 INSTITUTIONCHEMICALENGINEERS OF (North-Western Branch) “Value of Statistics to the Chemical Engineer.” Mr. N. T. Gridgeman at the College of Technology Manchester. at 3 p.m. OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY 22 INSTITUTION (Manchester and District Section) Meeting. AND ENGINEERING 23 HULL CHEMICAL SOCIETY “Some Aspects of Modem Drying Practice.” Mr. H. D. MacMurray at the Church Institute Albion Street Hull at 7.30 p.m. 24 THEINSTITUTE (Aberdeen and North of Scotland Section) “Some Stereochemical Problems.” Professor E. E. Turner F.R.S. THEINSTITUTE (Belfast and District Section) Annual General Meeting. THE INSTITUTE (Dublin Section) Annual General Meeting In the Chemical Department University College Dublin at 7.30 p.m.SOCIETY (Midlands Section) “The Absorption of Acid OF DYERSAND COLOURISTS and Chrome Dyes by Wool.:’ Mr. G. H. Lister at the Victoria Station Hotel Nottingham at 7 p.m. 25 INSTITUTEMETALS “The Metallurgy of Alloy Steel Welding.” Mr. L. F. OF Denaro at the James Watt Memorial Institute Great Charles Street Birming- ham 3 at 6.30 p m. 26 INSTITUTION OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY (Leicester Section) Discussion Group. In the Lecture Rooms College of Arts and Technology Leicester at 7.30 p.m. 31 THE INSTITUTE (Birmingham and Midlands Section) Annual General Meeting. At The University Edmund Street Birmingham at 7 p.m. April 5-6 SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (London Section) Symposium “Detergents, Wetting and Emulsifying Agents.” At The Institution of Electrical Engineers Savoy Place Victoria Embankment London W.C.2. 6 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (Chemical Engineering Group) “Solventless INDUSTRY Cordite.” Dr. Aquila Forster in the Rooms of the Geological Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.1 at 6.30 p.m. 7 BRITISH ASSOCIATION Demonstration of Scientific Apparatus. In OF CHEMISTS the Nicholson Lecture Theatre University of Liverpool at 7 p.m. 8 INSTITUTEMETALS Annual General Meeting (6 p.m.). Open Discussion on OF “The Oxidation of Metals.” Professor N. F. Mott F.R.S. and Dr. J. H. Mitchell at 4 Grosvenor Gardens London S.W.l at 7 p.m. 12 THE INSTITUTE (Hull and District Section) “The Electrochemical Mechanism of Corrosion.” Dr.U.R. Evans at the Royal Station Hotel Hull at 7 p.m. [ 283 1 April 12 INSTITUTION INDUSTRY OF THE ~~UBBER (Nidland Section) :Experimental Evening “Demonstrations with Rubber.” Mr. E. F. Powell at the James Watt Memorial Institute Great Charles Street Birmingham 3 at 7.15 p.m. 14 THEINSTITUTE (Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands Section) Visit to Wood Bros. Glass Works Barnsley (2.30 p.m.) ; Lecture. Professor H. Moore at Barnsley Mining and Technical College at 6 p.m. INSTITUTE “Properties of Paraffin Wax as an Effect of Composi- OF PETROLEUM tion.” Rir. S. T. Minchin Mansion House 26 Portland Place London W.1. at 5.30 p.ni. 16 THE INSTITUTE (Liverpool and North-Western Section) Annual General Meeting.“X-ray Study of Glyceride Polymorphism.” Dr. T. Malkin in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre University of Liverpool at 7 p.m. INSTITUTION General Meeting. In the Rooms of the OF MININGAND METALLURGY Geological Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W. 1 at 4.15 p.m. 16-16 The Institute Anniversary Meetings including the Annual General Meeting on 16 April at 3.30 p.m. in Birmingham (see p. 285). ELECTRODEPOSITORS’ SOCIETY TECHNICAL Annual Conference. !n Birmingham. OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY 16 INSTITUTION (Leicester Section) Annual General Meet- ing. “The Past Present and Future of Rubber.” Mr. F. N. Pickett and Dr. H. J. Stern at the Bell Hotel Humberstone Gate Leicester at 7 p.m. INSTITUTION ENGINEERS OF CHEMICAL Annual Corporate Meeting.In London. INSTITUTE 19 PLASTICS (Midlands Section) :“Polystyrene.” Mr. A. A. K. Whitehouse at the James Watt Memorial Institute Great Charles Street Birmingham 3 20 SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Agriculture Group) “Carbohydrate Metabolism in Soil.” Dr. W. G. C. Forsyth in the Chemistry Department Royal College of Science South Kensington London S.W.7 at 2.30 p.m. ROYAL SOCIETY OF ARTS (Dominions and Colonies Section) “The New East African Ground Nuts Scheme.” Mr. A. J. Wakefield C.M.G. at the Royal Society of Arts John Adam Street Adelphi London W.C.2 at 2.30 p.m. HULL CHEMICAL SOCIETY AND ENGINEERING Annual General Meeting. At the Church Institute Albion Street Hull at 7.30 p.m. OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY INSTITUTION (London and District Section) Annual General Meeting and film evening.At Caxton Hall Caxton Street London S.W.I. SOCIETYOF DYERSAND COLOURISTS (Hud dersfield Section) “An Assessment of Commercial Mothproofing Agents.” Messrs. J. Barritt and R. S. Hartley, in Field’s Cafd Westgate Huddersfield at 7.30 p.m. SOCIETY (Scottish Section) :“An Investigation into the OF DYERSAND COLOURISTS Practical Aspects of the Absorption of Acid and Chrome Dyes by Wool.” Mr. G. H. Lister at the St. Enoch Hotel Glasgow at 7 p.m. 21 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (Newcastle Section) Annual General Meeting. INDUSTRY “Immunochemistry.” Professor M. Stacey at King’s College Newcastle upon Tyne at 6,30 p.m. MIDLAND COMMITTEE CHEMISTS (Society of Chemical Industry) Jubilee Memorial Lecture “Water-A National Asset.” Mr.H. W. Cremer at The University Edmund Street Birmingham at 6.30 p.m. OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY INSTITUTION (Southern Section) Annual General Meet- ing. At the Polygon Hotel Southampton at 7.15 p.m. INSTITUTE PLASTICS (Southern Section) “Protein Plastics. ” Mr. J. H. Collins at the Polygon Hotel Southampton at 7.30 p.m. 22 THE INSTITUTE (East Midlands Section) Annual General Meeting. Professor L. Hunter at The Technical College Nottingham at 7.15 p.m. CHEMICAL SOCIETY:Scientific Meeting. In the Rooms of the Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.l at 7.30 p.m. BRITISH OF CHEMISTS (Liverpool Section):Annual Section Meeting. ASSOCIATION At Bradford Hotel Tithebarn Street Liverpool at 7 p.m.c 284 1 April OF PLASTICS 22 INSTITUTE (London and District Section) “Alginates.” Mr. C. B. Bonnikson at the Waldorf Hotel ,Aldwych London W.C.2. 24 INSTITUTION ENGIKEERS OF CHEMICAL (North-\T7estern Branch) “Dust Explosions in Factories.” Mr. S. H. Wilkes at the College of Technology Manchester at 3 p.m. 26 INSTITUTIONTHE RUBBERINDUSTRY OF (Manchester and District Section) Annual General Meeting and Social Evening. OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY INSTITUTION (Midland Section) :Annual General Meet- ing. At the James Watt Memorial Institute Great Charles Street Birmingham 3 at 7.15 p.m. 28 THE INSTITUTE (Belfast and District Section) Visit to the Linen Research Institute Lambeg. 30 THEINSTITUTE (South Wales Section) :Annual General Meeting.ANNOUNCEMENTS EXAM1 NATIONS Examinations will be held in April 1948 as follows:- For the Associateship: In the week beginning Monday I2 April in London and in Leeds. Candidates who have not yet been accepted should obtain from the Registrar the prescribed form of application without delay so as to leave ample time to secure thereon the necessary signatures certifying that they have complied with the Regulations concerning their courses of training. The completed application forms must reach the Institute not later than Monday 2 February. No application in respect of the April Examination will be considered if received later than that date. Entry forms will be sent as soon as they are ready to all candidates who have been previously accepted and to those whose applications have been received as above.The list date for the receipt of entry forms will be Monday 16 February after which no entry can be accepted. As accommodation at both centres is limited intending candidates are advised to send in their entry forms as soon as possible as it might be necessary to close the list of entries at an earlier date in which event entries would be accepted in the order of their receipt at the Institute. For the Fellowship: In the week beginning Monday 19 April in London or elsewhere at the discretion of the Council. Last dates for application and for entry as for the Associateship. ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING 1948 The Annual General Meeting of the Institute will be held at 3.30 p.m.on Friday 16 April 1948 in Birmingham. Anniversary Meetings of the Institute 15-16 April 1948.-As previously reported (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1947 111 96) the Council has accepted an invitation from the Birmingham and Midlands Section to hold the Annual General Meeting 1948. in Birmingham. A provisiona‘i programme of the Anniversary Meetings suggested by the Committee of the Birmingham and Midlands Section has been approved by the Council and is as follows:-Thursday 15 April. Afternoon Exhibition to be opened by the President. Evening Lecture by Professor R. P. Linstead C.B.E. F.R.S. Friday 16 April. Morning Lecture by Professor M. Stacey. Luncheon. Afternoon Annual General Meeting. Evening Dance. Arrangements are being made for the Eighteenth Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections to be held in Birmingham on Saturday 17 April.Further details of these events will be announced in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1948 Part I. [286 3 THE COUNCIL 1948-49 NOMINATIONS Nomination of General Members of Council.-Attention is directed to the relevant By-laws which are as follows :-By-law 26.-(1) Any twenty Members not being Members of the Council may nominate one eligible Fellow as a candidate for election as a General Member of the Council but no Member shall nominate more than one such Fellow. (2) Any nomination made under this By-law shall be delivered to the Secretary not later than the first day of February next preceding the date at which the Annual General Meeting is to be held and shall be in the following form:- “We the undersigned Members of the Royal Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland do hereby certify that A.B.of (registered address) a Fellow of this Institute is in our estimation a fit and proper person to be a General Member of the Council of the Institute and we do hereby nominate him as a Candidate for election as a General Member of the Council. (3) Any such nomination may consist of several documents in like form each signed by one or more Members. (The name of every candidate nominated in accordance with By-law 26 will be included in the Balloting List.) By-law 24.-(2) No person who has been elected as a District Member of the CounciI for any year of Office shall be eligible for election as a General Member of the Council for that year of Office and if such person is elected as President Vice-president or Treasurer for that year of Office he shall vacate his Office as a District Member of the Council and the vacancy shall be filled up as on a casual vacancy.At the date of the Annual General Meeting 16 April 1948 the following will have served for three years as Vice-presidents and will therefore be ineligible for re-election to that office Alfred Louis Bacharach M.A.; William Cullen LL.D. M.1.Chem.E. The General Members of Council who retire at the Annual General Meeting in accordance with the By-laws and are ineligible for re-election as such are as follows:-Frederick Challenger Ph.D. D.Sc. Harry Julius Emeldus DSc.A.R.C.S. F.R.S. Arnold Trevor Green 0.B.E. F.1nst.P.. H0n.M. 1nst.Gas E. M.1.Chem.E. James Grieve King O.B.E. Ph.D. D.Sc. A.R.T.C. F.Inst.F. M.Inst.GasE. Guy Frederic Marrian D.Sc. F.R.S. Alexander Robertus Todd D.Phil. D.Sc. F.R.S. Harry Weatherall. Nominations for the new Council must be delivered at the Institute not later than I February 1948. District Members of Council.-The following have been nominated as District Members of Council to take office at the Annual General Meeting 1948:- Birmingham and Midlands Eric Millward Joiner B.Sc. A.C.I.S. Bristol and South-Western Counties Thomas Malkin. Ph.D.. D.Sc. East Midlands and South Yorkshire Ernest James Vaughan M.Sc. A.R.C.S. D.I.C. Liverpool and North-West Coast Leslie Victor Cocks.London and South-Eastern Counties and East Anglia Clifford Walter Herd B.Sc. Ph.D. Manchester and District John Thompson Marsh M.Sc. F.T.I. Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast (including Tees-side) Frank Ronald Williams B.Sc. Ph.D. Yorkshire (including Leeds Area and Huddersfield) Arthur Clarence Francis A.H.-W.C. Edinburgh and East of Scotland Hugh Bryan Nisbet Ph.D. D.Sc. A.H.-W.C. Aberdeen and North of Scotla nd Roy Brown Strathdee T.D ,M.A. B.Sc. Ph.D. Glasgow and West of Scotland David Traill B.Sc. Ph.D. Wales and the County of Monmouth William Dudley Williams BSc. A.M.I.Chem.E. M.Inst.Pet. Northern Ireland Cecil Leeburn Wilson M.Sc. Ph.D. Irish Free State Alfred Godfrey Gordon Leonard B.Sc. Ph.D. F.R.C.Sc.1. The Overseas Dominions and elsewhere abroad Hans Krall B.A.MSc. REGISTER OF FELLOWS AND ASSOCIATES AND REMUNERATION STATISTICS With reference to the announcement in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1947 V 191 cards were sent out to all Fellows and Associates with a covering letter in October. Any member who may not have received the cards should apply at once to the officeof the Institute for replacements. [ 286 1 Fellows and Associates who have not yet done so are asked to return the Register Cards with the least possible delay in order that the printing of the Register may be put in hand at an early date. Already over 8,000 members have returned Remuneration Statistics Cards so that a representative picture of remuneration is assured. The Council is anxious that the information to be obtained from these returns should be as complete as possible and Fellows and Associates (elected before October 1947) who may not have sent in their cards are urged to do so.Cards received after 31 December cannot be included in the report. THE REGULATIONS As doubt had been expressed as to the eligibility of naturalised British subjects for admission to any grade of membership of the Institute the Regulations have been amended so as to make it clear that evidence is required only of date of birth and of British Sationality at the date of application for admission. The relevant changes in the Regulations are as follows:- On p. 13 I. Admission by Examination by the Institute [A] sub-clause 1 is amended to read-“Evidence of age and of British Nationality.” On p.15 11. Admission by Other Qualifications sub-clause 1 is amended to read- “Evidence that he is a British Subject and has attained the age of 21 years.” INDIA AND PAKISTAN PROFESSOR FINDLAY’S TOUR In the last issue of JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS (Part V pp. 229-30) it was announced that Professor Alexander Findlay Past President had accepted the Council’s invitation to visit India and Pakistan on behalf of the Institute and the objects of his mission were described. The arrangements then in hand have now matured and Professor Findlay accompanied by Mrs. Findlay left England on 21 November on the Struthmore which is due to arrive at Bombay on 9 December. In these days it is difficult to plan in advance the details of an extended tour overseas and the programme so far mapped out must be regarded as provisional.In Bombay Professor Findlay will visit the University and has accepted an invitation to lecture to the Technological Association; arrangements are also being made for him to address members of the Institute and other chemists in Bombay on matters of interest to the Institute and to the profession of chemistry in India. From Bombay journeys will be made to Messrs. Tata’s chemical factory at Mithapur to the Royal Institute of Science Poona and to the Government Ammunition Factory at Kirkee at all of which Professor Findlay has undertaken to address groups of chemists. Leaving Bombay about 17 December Professor Findlay’s next engagement is at the Laxminarayan Institute at Nagpur where he is due to give two lectures and to address chemists on the profession of chemistry.Following an interval while univer- sities and colleges are in vacation-during which he hopes to spend some time in Darjeeling-he expects to arrive towards the end of the year at Dhanbad to meet Dr. For- rester Chairman of the Indian Section of the Institute and to proceed with him to Patna in order to be present at the Annual Meeting of the Section and to attend the meetings of the Indian Science Congress in the first week of January 1948. Professor Findlay has received an official invitation from the Indian Science Congress Association to attend these meetings and is looking forward to meeting many Indian chemists and other men of science during his stay in Patna.In the course of the remainder of his tour Professor Findlay hopes to visit Calcutta Dacca (in Pakistan) Benares Allahabad Agra Aligarh possibly Cawnpore and Luck- now Delhi Dehradun and if circumstances permit Lahore (in Pakistan). From Delhi he proposes to travel to Hyderabad and thence to Madras and to Bangalore where he will be present at the examination for the Associateship of the Institute which is due to begin on 8 March under the supervision of Dr. Fowler the Hon. Secretary of the Indian Advisory Committee. Professor Findlay expects to leave India about the middle of March for South Africa where he intends to spend some months before return- ing to England. In a letter to the Council written on the eve of his departure for India Professor Findlay expresses gratitude for the valuable help in making arrangements for his tour given by the Education Department of the Office of the High Commissioner for India in London by the Education Department of the Government of India and by the High Commissioner for Pakistan as well as by the Ministry of Commonwealth Relations.In concluding his letter he writes:- “I am very conscious of the responsibility resting on me in undertaking this mission on behalf of the Institute. I go forth however with great willingness and in good heart knowing that I have the good wishes of all members of the Council; and it is [ 287 3 my sincere hope that the mission may not only prove of value to the Institute but may also serve even in some small degree to strengthen the cordial relations which exist between Indian chemists and their fellow chemists in Great Britain and to encourage their continued co-operation in the advancement of the science and profession of chemistry.” INSTITUTE LECTURES Meldola Medal Lecture.-Mr.R. H. Stokes one of the Meldola Medallists for 1946 will give his Meldola hledal Lecture entitled “The Role of Ion-Solvent Interactions in the Theory of Strong Electrolytes,” on 16 January 1948 at 6 p.m. in the Rooms of the Chemical Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.1. Special Lectu re.-Professor H. B. Nisbet will deliver a lecture on “Anaesthetics” under the auspices of the Institute on 19 March 1948. Full particulars will be announced later. MEDALS AND PRIZES The Meldola Medal.-This medal is the gift of the Society of Maccabaans and is normally awarded annually.The next award will be made early in 1948 to the chemist who being a British subject and under 30 years of age at 31 December 1947 shows the most promise as indicated by his or her published chemical work brought to the notice of the Council of the Royal Institute of Chemistry before 3 I December 1947. No restrictions are placed upon the kind of chemical work or the place in which it is conducted. The merits of the work may be brought to the notice of the Council either by persons who desire to recommend the candidate or by the candidate himself by letter addressed to “The President Royal Institute of Chemistry 30 Russell Square London W.C.1,” the envelope being marked “Meldola Medal.” Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize 1947.-Registered Students are informed that the Council will be prepared to consider the award in February 1948 of a Medal and Prize (jJ0 10s.) for the best essay not exceeding 3,000 words contributed by a Registered Student of not more than 22 years of age at the time of forwarding the essay.The essay may deal with any subject having a bearing on chemistry or chemical work provided that it does not deal with any purely chemical technical or historical subject. The object of the essay is to induce Students to develop a sense of professional public spirit and to devote thought to questions of professional interest and to the position of chemists in the life of the community.Essays will be valued partly for literary style and technique but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein. (See the comments of one of the Assessors for the 1945 competition JOURNALAND PROCEEDINGS 1946 111 136.) Eazh essay must be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the Local Section in the area of which the competitor resides (see list of Local Sections at the end of the Journal) not later than 31 December 1947 and must be accompanied by a signed declaration that it is the independent work of the contributor. The Committee of each Local Section will be asked to select from those received not more than three essays considered to be worthy of the award. The selected essays will be referred to Assessors appointed by the Council on whose report the Council will decide to whom an award shall be made.‘The award will not be made more than once to any individual competitor. The Medal and Prize will be presented at the next Annual General Meeting or at a meeting of the Local Section to which the successful competitor is attached. The Newton Chambers Prize Essay Competition I947.-1n 1945 Messrs. Newton Chambers & Co. Ltd. offered to the South Yorkshire Section (now the Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands Section) of the Institute a sum of LlOO per annum for seven years for the award of an annual prize for contributions to the subject of Chemistry and Industrial W’elfare. The whole objective of the award is to encourage young chemists to make greater use of their knowledge of chemistry and their facilities for experimental work to enhance the existing knowledge of Industrial Welfare.Applica-tions to compete for the Prize for 1947 are invited under the following conditions:- 1. The 1947 competition is open to every Fellow Associate or Registered Student of the Institute who had not reached his 36th birthday by I January 1947. 8. The 1947 Award is offered for an essay paper or papers published or unpublished embodying the candidate’s own observations or experimental work on some aspects of the application of chemistry to the promotion of Industrial Welfare. A critical examination of existing knowledge is admissible to the competition provided that the conclusions reached constitute an addition to the knowledge of the subject. It should be noted that the word “Welfare” is interpreted by the Adjudicating Committee in the widest possible sense.The subject may include 6 388 1 for example the candidate’s own experience and observations on educative measures causes and alleviation of personal fatigue or methods for eliminating absenteeism and hazards to health. Moreover essays submitted need not contain an account of laboratory investigations. 3. Each candidate must transmit to the Hon. Secretary Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands Section Royal Institute of Chemistry (G. Murfitt F.R.I.C. William Jessop and Sons Ltd. Brightside Works Sheffield) to reach him on or before 3 I December 1947 (a)A formad letter of application to enter the competi- tion stating his name address date of birth and status (Fellow Associate or Registered Student) in the Institute ; (b) two copies of each essay or paper submitted together with a brief statement in duplicate indicating in what respect the essay or paper advances knowledge of the application of chemistry to the promotion of Industrial Welfare ; and (c) a declaration by the candidate that the work is his own or for joint papers a statement signed by the candidate and his collaborators as to the extent to which the results and conclusions are the work of the candidate.4. The decision of the Committee of the Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands Section on any matter connected with the award of the prize is final. The Committee may at its discretion divide the Prize between two or more candidates or may withhold the award if no entry of sufficient merit is received.5. The Committee may require a candidate to attend for interview in connection with his application. 6. The Committee reserves the right to publish the successful essay or paper (ifnot already published) in whatever form it thinks desirable. SCIENTIFIC COURSES AND CONFERENCES Particulars of the following have been received :-Courses on Special Branches and Applications of Chemistry at Chelsea Polytechnic London.-A short course of eight lectures on “The Modern Chemistry and Technology of Waxes” by Mr. L. Ivanovsky on Fridays at 7.30 p.m. from 16 January to 12 March 1948. The course has been designed to meet the needs of chemists engaged in related industries research workers and post-graduate students.Part 2 of a course of twenty lectures on “Biochemistry,” by Dr. G. A. D. Haslewood on Mondays at 6.15 p.m.. from 12 April to 21 June 1948 (17 May excluded). The course meets the requirements of students who have a knowledge of Chemistry to degree standard and wish to acquire a knowledge of Biochemistry. A course of six post-graduate lectures on “The Biochemistry of Proteins” by Dr. R. L. ill. Synge on Tuesdays at 7.15 p.m. from 17 February to 24 March 1948. Further particulars of all these courses and forms of application can be obtained from the Principal of the Polytechnic Manresa Road London S.W.3. Courses of Lectures at Sir John Cass Technical Institute London.-Lecture and laboratory courses on special branches of Chemical Analysis Ten lectures with demonstrations on Electrochemical Analysis by Dr.A. J. Lindsey and Mr. J. V. Westwood on Mondays at 6 p.m. beginning 12 January, 1948. Fee L1. Ten lecture-demonstrations on Microchemical Analysis by Mr. D. W. %%son on Thursdays at 6 p.m. from 15 January 1048. Fee Ll. In connection with these two courses facilities will be offered during the Summer Term for laboratory work for a limited number of students. A course of six lectures on “Quantum Chemistry” will be given by Professor H. S. W. Massey F.R.S. on Tuesdays at 6 p.m. beginning 3 February 1948. The course is intended for post-graduate and advanced students and will be addressed chiefly to those who do not possess the mathematical equipment which is necessary for the usual treatment of these problems.Fee for the Course 10s. A course of eight lectures on “Patents and Industrial Design Protection” will be given by Mr. Eric \Valker Barrister-at-Law on Tuesdays at 6 p.m. beginning 27 January 1948. Fee 10s. Fuller particulars of any of the above courses may be obtained from the Principal Sir John Cass Technical Institute Jewry Street Aldgate London E.C.3. Application for enrolment should be made to the Principal prior to the opening date of a course if possible. c 289 1 The Faraday Society. A General biscussion on “The Physical Chemistry of Process Metallurgy” will be held in the latter half of September 1948. It is intended that the discussion should be devoted to the thermodynamics and kinetics of the high temperature reactions involved in smelting and refining.It is proposed to exclude reactions occurring in mechanical working and heat treatment and also electrochemical processes in aqueous solutions. Thermodynamics will include thermochemical free energy and equilibrium studies and kinetics will include both chemical reactions and diffusion processes. Prospective contributors are invited to forward to the Secretary 6 Grays Inn Square London W.C.1 summaries of any papers they would like to submit indicating the subject matter and the method of treatment as early as possible and not later than 1 February 1948. Authors will be informed whether their proposed papers fit into the general plan of the conference by 1 March 1948 and if so will be asked to send in their complete papers by 1 July 1948.LA BO RAT0 RY P RECA UTI 0NS Origins and Prevention of Laboratory Accidents.-In view of the wide interest being taken in this important subject it has been proposed that the Institute should arrange for various aspects of it to be discussed at a meeting to be held in 1948. A whole-day meeting probably on a Saturday in May or June would seem to be desirable and several names of appropriate authors of papers have been suggested. Comments and suggestions from members will be welcomed. MI SCELLAN EO U S Survey of Scientific and Technical Manpower.-With reference to the notes published in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1947 IV 195 and V 234 the Ministry of Labour and National Service is anxious to make sure that no qualified chemist is omitted from the Technical and Scientific Register.Members of the Institute who for any reason may not have received the letter and accompanying questionnaire which were issued recently are advised to apply for these to the Technical and Scientific Register York House Kingsway W.C.2 or to any Regional Appointments Office of the Ministry and are asked to furnish as fully as possible the information which is sought. Shortage of Chemists and Chemical Engineers.-The following statement has been issued by the Ministry of Labour and National Service:- “A small number of experienced chemists in the older age groups have enrolled on the Technical and Scientific Register and solely because of age are finding difficulty in securing employment.The Register has also enrolled qualified chemists with or without industrial experience among the Poles enrolled in the Polish Resettlement Corps. Those without industrial experience entered the Polish Armed Forces immediately after graduating and they would be willing to enter industry as trainees. Several well-known industrialists in the chemical world are employing Polish technicians as chemists and chemical engineers and their experience shows that the Polish technician gives complete satisfaction. “Here then is perhaps one answer to those employers whose demands for young graduates cannot be met for some time. Employers are invited to call write or telephone to the Ministry of Labour and National Service Technical and Scientific Register (Temple Bar 8020) York House Kingsway London W.C.2 (Chemistry Section) where full information about the older and Polish chemists can be obtained.” Chemical Institute of Canada Protective Coatings Subject Division.-The Division which deals with all aspects of protective coatings of all types including causes of corrosion will be holding its regional meeting in Toronto on 16 February 1948.An enquiry has been received as to whether any members of the Royal Institute of Chemistry who are eminent in this field of work and expect to be in Canada at that time would be interested in addressing the meeting. Replies should be sent direct to the General Manager Chemical Institute of Canada 18 Rideau Street Ottawa Canada. Boots’ Booklovers Library.-Members are reminded that the current subscription arranged for Fellows and Associates will expire on I March 1948 and the necessity again arises for the completion of fresh application forms by those members who desire to continue for a further year’s service.The Library have announced that subscription rates were increased on 1 June 1947. The new rates at the expiration of the present subscription will be:- Class “A” 22s. 6d. per volume for 12 months (against 25s. to the general public). Class “B” 10s. 6d.per volume for 12 months (against 12s. 6d. to the general public). Members must renew their subscription or return the last volume and membership token to the local or most convenient branch of the Library on or before 1 March. Forms may be obtained from the Assistant Secretary.[ 290 1 GENERAL NOTICES (For notices relating to matters of immediate importance see “Announcements” on p. 285.) Notice to Associates.-Regulations and forms of application for the Fellowship can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments or are desirous of extending their opportunities is kept at the offices of the Institute. Prospective employers and Fellows and Associates who desire to make use of this service as a means of obtaining employment should communicate with the Registrar. Li braries.-The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society Burlington House Piccadilly W.1 to the maintenance of which the Institute makes substantial con-tributions is available to Fellows Associates and Registered Students wishing to consult or borrow books from 10 a.m.to 9 p.m. on week-days (except Saturdays 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.). Rooks can also be borrowed by post. Books may be borrowed from the Science Library Science Museum South Kensing- ton S.W.7 on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Secretary of the Institute. The Library of the Institute is open to Fellows Associates and Registered Students from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. on week-days (not including Saturdays). Reports on German Industries.-Copies of a number of Reports of the Combined Intelligence Objectives Sub-committee (C.I.O.S.) and of the British Intelligence Sub- Committee (B.I.O.S.) on industrial plants and processes in Germany published by H.M.Stationery Office have been received and are available for consultation in the Library of the Institute Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A list of slides of portraits of great chemists and other scientists throughout the ages can be obtained on application to the Secretary. As the slides are frequently in demand members are requested to notify their require- ments at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Joint Subscription Arrangements.-Fellows Associates and Registered Students who wish to participate in the arrangements whereby they can acquire on favourable terms membership of the Chemical Society the Society of Chemical Industry and the Faraday Society with substantial privileges as to publications (see special article JOURNAL 1945 Part IV p.148) can obtain further particulars and AND PROCEEDINGS necessary forms from the Conjoint Chemical Office 9 and 10 Savile Row London W.1. Benevolent Fund.-Contributions for 1947 may be sent to the Honorary Treasurer 30 Russell Square London W.C.I. Forms for Deeds of Covenant may be obtained from the Secretary. Covers for the Journal.-Members who desire covers (2s. each) for binding the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS in annual volumes should notify the Assistant Secretary of their requirements indicating the years (1946 or earlier) required. Service with H. M. Forces.-Fellows A4ssociates and Registered Students who are on service with the Navy Army and Air Force are requested to notify the Institute.giving particulars as to their rank unit etc. Changes of Address.-Fellows Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give so far as possible their permanent addresses for registration. When writing from an address different from that previously given they are requested to state if the new address is to be used in future and whether the change affects the Appointments Register. All requests for changes should be addressed to the Registrar and not to the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. In order to facilitate identification Fellows Associates and Registered Students are asked to give their full initials on communications addressed to the Institute. In the prevailing circumstances they are also asked not invariably to expect formal acknowledgments of communications addressed to the Institute unless replies are necessary.PUBLICATIONS OF THE INSTITUTE Many of the publications are out of print and members are advised not to send cheques or orders with enquiries for publicatzons other than those listed below of which limited supplies are still available. LECTURES “The Chemist in the Far East.” A. Marcan F.R.I.C. (1933.) 2s. net. “Alchemists in Art and Literature.” Richard B. Pilcher O.B.E. F.C.I.S. (1933.) 2s. 6d. net. *“Beer.” H. F. E. Hulton F.R.I.C. (1934.) 2s. net. “Food and the Consumer.” G. W. Monier-Williams O.B.E. M.A. Ph.D. F.R.I.C. (1935.) 2s. net. “Protection against Toxic Gases in Industry.” J.Davidson Pratt O.B.E. M.A. B.Sc. F.R.I.C. (1936.) 2s. net. “Our Money.” W. H. Coates Ph.D. LL.B. B.Sc. (1937.) 2s. net. “Gas Defence from the Point of View of the Chemist.” J. Davidson Pratt O.B.E. M.A. B.Sc. F.R.I.C. (1937.) 2s. net. “Oxidation-Reduction Potentials and their Applications.” S. Glasstone D.Sc. F.R.I.C. (1937.) 2s. net. *“Chemical Changes and Chances.” Sir Martin Forster D.Sc. F.K.I.C. F.R.S. (1937.) 2s. net. “The Development of the Chemistry of Commercial Synthetic Dyes (1856-1938).” F. M. Rowe D.Sc. F.II.1.C. (1938.) 5s. net. *“Opium.” J. R. Kicholls D.Sc. F.R.I.C. (1938.) 2s. 6d. net. ?“Research in the Iron and Steel Industry.” W. H. Hatfield L).Met. F.R.S. (1938.) 2s. 6d. net. “Ludwig Mond F.R.S. 1839-1909.” F. G. Donnan C.B.E.D.Sc. F.R.I.C. F.R.S. (1939.) 2s. net. *“Magnesite.” A. W. Comber F.R.I.C. Assoc..Inst. M.M. (1939.) 2s. net. *“Precious Metals.” H. Gordon Dale F.R.I.C. (1941.) 2s. net. *“Notes on W’ater Treatment.” Russell G. Pelly F.R.L.C. (1942.) 2s. net. “Leather.” D. Jordan;,Lloyd M.A. D.Sc. F.R.I.C. (1943.) 2s. 6d. net. “Cement and Concrete. F. M. Lea O.B.E. D.Sc. F.K.I.C. (1945.) 2s. 6d. net. §‘‘Chemistry and Clothing.” D. A. Clibbens. (1945.) 2s. net. “Industrial Non-Ferrous Alloys.” Harold Moore C.B.E. D.Sc. F.R.I.C. (1946.) 2s. 6d. net. “Microchemistry and its Applications.” Ronald Belcher F.R.I.C. (1946.) 4s. 6d. net. “Soil Metabolism.” J. H. Quastel D.Sc. Ph.D. A.R.C.S. F.R.I.C. F.R.S. (1946.) 2s. 6d. net. “A New Notation for Organic Chemistry and its Application to Library and Indexing Problems.” Lecture under the joint auspices of the Chemical Society the Royal Institute of Chemistry the Society of Chemical Industry and the Bureau of Abstracts.G. Malcolm Dyson M.A. Ph.D. M.l.Chem.E. F.Inst.Pet. F.R.I.C. (1946.) 2s. 6d. net. *“Tl‘ater and Public Health.” W. Gordon Carey F.R.I.C. (1946.) 2s. 6H. net. “The Life and Work of George Gerald Henderson.” First Henderson Menzorial Lecture. Sir Ian Heilbron D.S.O. D.Sc. Ph.D. LL.D. F.R.I.C. F.R.S. (1947.) 2s. 6d. net. $“Counting Calories.” Sir Jack Drummond D.Sc. F.R.I.C. F.R.S. (1947.) 3s. net. “Some Aspects of Nuclear Chemistry.” €1. J. Emelkus D.Sc. A.R.C.S. D.I.C. F.R.I.C. F.R.S. (1947.) 3s net. REGULATIONS OF STUDENTS AND FELLOWS.FOR THE ADMISSION ASSOCIATES Gratis. Six Parts annually. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. THE PROFESSIONCHEMISTRY. Richard IS. Pilcher O.B.E. F.C.I.S. 4th Edition. OF (1938.) Gratis. * Streatfeild Memorial Lectures. t Gluckstein Memorial Lecture. 3 Dalton Lectures. r 2921

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/RG9477100237

出版商:RSC    

年代:1947

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

Index 1947 [Figures in bold type refer to special articles OY to entries of $articular importance.] Academic Dress 76 96 Accounts Annual 49 63 101 Agricultural Advisory Service 21 “Agricultural Products The Industrial Utilisation of and of Seaweed,” 89 151 164 198. Agricultural Research Council 21 Albert Medal 137 American Scientific Publications 242 Anniversary Meetings of the Institute 38 88 285 Announcements 38 88 151 191 285 Annual General Meeting 38 88 95 101 285 Appointments and Economic Status Com- mittee 2 56 76 96 158 160 238 Appointments Register 52 57 67 115 Associateship Amendment of Regulations for Admission to 229 Association of British Chemical Manu-facturers 160 Association of Scientific Workers 94 Atomic Energy 21 166 209 248 Auditors 100 103 104 Australian Chemical Institute 2 Awards to Inventors Royal Commission on 137 Beilby Memorial Fund and Awards Sir George 160 192 230 Benares Hindu University 254 Benevolent Fund 1 3 53 71 72 75 93 101 103 115 158 159 160 197 238 Biochemical Society 97 Biological Journals 138 Birmingham Anniversary Meetings in 285 Books and their Contents 28 139 185 215 254 Boots’ Booklovers Library 290 British Association 20 90 153 205 British Association of Chemists Education Committee 235 British Industries Fair 19 British Management Council 253 British National Committee for Chemistry 97 198 “British Science News,” 253 British Standards Institution 2 5 18 77 95 97 137 161 253 By-Laws Amendment of 46 237 Cancer Research (Radioactive Substances) 22 Censors 3 75 Certificates Presentation of 114 Charter and By-Laws Revision of 46 93 159 197 237 240 Chemical Biological Centre 77 239 Chemical Council 2 10 62 77 95 97 122 158 161 163 239 247 Chemical Institute of Canada 253 290 Chemical Society 85 137 231 235 253 Chemical Society Centenary 20 62 89 152 161 198 202 Chemists in Public Life 113 “Coal Petroleum and their Newer De-rivatives,” Symposium on 5,19 89 102 Coal Utilisation 138 Colonial Office 158 209 Coming Events 34 85 150 218 274 Committees Constitution of 44 99 Commonwealth Scientists (Movement) 138 Consultants Directory of 57 102 Consulting Work by Scientists Code of Practice 56 Contracts of Service 2,56,76,160 198,237 Cotton Research 138 Council Annual Report of 41 93 102 Council Meetings Dates of 95 100 Council Membership and Nomination of 1 75 98 104 286 Council Proceedings of 1 75 93 157 197 537 Courses Scientific 5 17 38 61 68 91 153 194 232 289 Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 138 Czechoslovak Institute of Plastics Re-search 155 Deaths 31 145 188 216 270 Defence Research Policy Committee 22 208 Department of Scientific and Industrial Research 166 Deputy Executive Officer Appointment of 75 103 Dominion Chemical Institutes 62 102 Dublin Colloquium 89 102 151 164 198 238 Economic Status and Welfare Committee (see Appointments and Economic Status Committee) Education in Chemistry 235 Electrodepositors’ Technical Society 20 153 Electron Jubilee Celebrations 20 235 Errata 212 254 Estimates (Parliamentary) Third Report from the Select Committee on 208 Examinations 55 Examinations in India 94 Examinations Notices of 89 151 181 229 2 85 Examinations Papers and Reports 24 172 255 Examinations Pass Lists 27 i15 184,266 Examiners Board of 100 Explosive Mixture of Salts 19 137 Faraday Society 97 Federation of British Industries 252 Festival Year for Chemistry 1947.,4 202 r 293 1 Films Scientific 235 Finance and House Committee 1 3 76 93 157 169 197 238 Finance Officer Appointment of Assistant to 238 Findlay Professor A.Visit to India and Pakistan 229 287 Fog Disposal 22 Food Parcels from Canada and New Zealand 253 Forces Members and Registered Students Serving in 3 97 Foreign Scientists 22 Frankland Sir Edward Medal and Prize 62 97 192 231 Fuel Efficiency 23 210 German Industrial and Scientific Develop- ment 23 German Scientific 1300kS and Papers 19 254 Glasgow University of 91 Gluckstein Memorial Lecture 61 74 89 151 164 Government Scientific Policy (Advisory Council) 136 139 160 208 Harrison Memorial Prize 231 Henderson Memorial Lecture 18 61 74 103 136 Holidays for Children 238 Homes for Old People 54 103 115 239 Honours 18 163 Hull and District Section formation of 48 Incorporated Association of Headmasters 160 India Visit of Professor A.Findlay to 94 161 229 287 Industrial Diseases (Research) 23 Industrial Organisation Bill 210 Institute of Metals 161 165 Institute of Petroleum Cadman Medal 18 Institute of Physics 20 Institution of Mechanical Engineers 151 International Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry 2 20 62 90 152 203 International Electrodeposition Confer-ence 20 153 International Exhibition (1951) 5 77 International Management Congress 19 International Union of Chemistry 95 97 203 Ia ventors Royal Commission on Awards to 137 Investments 69 70 Irish Chemical Association 89 151 198 Japanese Industry Industrial Statistics 254 Joint Cornhittee with Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists 239 251 Joint Council of Professional Scientists 62 94 Joint Library Committee 2 Joint Subscription Arrangements 2 Laboratory Chemicals Supply of 76 94 97 137 Laboratory Precautions 19 137 290 Laboratory Technicians 67 198 234 239 Lectures Institute 57 Lectures Manuscripts of 118 Lectures Summaries of :-Acetylenes Recent Advances in the Chemistry of the 129 Atomic Energy the Generation of Useful Power from 248 Chemical Hazards in the Electrical Industry Some 124 Chromium The Potentiometric Proper- ties of 170 Coal The Utilisation of 14 Colour Photography in America 201 Condensation Resins 127 Diazo-Compounds and the Free Radical Hypothesis 247 Entropy A Simple Re-presentation 167 Fat Shortages and Fat Substitutes 16 Fractionation Laboratory 13 Hydrogen Bond in Organic Chemistry The 11 Infra-red Measurements Some Applica- tions of in Chemistry 16 Industrial Health in the Gas Industry 123 Metals in Chemical Industry Some Developments in the Use of 126 Monoinolecular Layers 168 Nitration in Sulphuric Acid Solution 84 Oilfields The English 249 Photography Chemical Progress in 15 Plant Hormones with special reference to Selective Weedkillers 249 Polarography Applications of to Metal- lurgical Analysis 82 Polarography.The Principles of 80. Science and Industry The Changing Relations of 12 Shetland Minerals for Refractory Pur- poses The Development and Use of 127 Size Grading The Industrial Control of 129 Sulphur New Aspects of the Bio-chemistry of with special reference to Seaweed 170 X-ray Work on Long-Chain Compounds 83 Leeds Area Section Resolutions 237 Legal Advice 237 Legal Profession The Organisation of 132 Library Institute Re-organisation 60 Local Sections Activities 5 79 116 161 198 243 Local Sections Annual Reports Inter-change of 114 Local Sections Areas and Boundaries of 2 40 Local Sections Finance 3 48 66 113 114 Local Sections Formation of New 114 2 46 Local Sections Hon.Secretaries Confer- ences of 47 96 112 157 240 285 294 1 Local Sections Officers Handbook 47 114 242 Local Sections Meetings 57 Local Sections Membership 88 Local Sections Rules 96 157 159 London and South-Eastern Counties Section Committee Resolutions on Interests of Students 76 97 Luncheon Anniversary 38 88 I35 Malayan Union 238 Manchester and District Section Ques- tionnaire 48 238 Meldola Fund 74 Meldola Medal 62 94 97 103 136 191 192 230 Membership Committee 159 238 Membership of the Institute 42 113 159 Membership of the Institute Grades of 105 Methyl Bromide Fumigation with 165 Ministry of Education 76 104 137 159 Ministry of Health 96 Ministry of Labour and National Service 136 160 195 290 Ministry of Supply 76 165 2 I0 National Certificates 61 76 102 104 112 159 21 3 242 Navy Estimates (Research Aspects) 166 Newton Chambers Prize Essay Competi- tion 193 232 Nominations Examinations and Institu- tions Committee 2 3 54 75 94 96 158 159 197 239 Notes 18 85 134 163 206 250 Notices General 39 155 195 236 291 Obituary 32 146 188 216 270 Oils and Fats Course at Liverpool 4 61 68 102 Organic Chemistry New Notation for 2 4 92 102 Paint and Allied Industries International Technical Congress of the 153 Pakistan Visit of Professor Findlay to India and 229 287 Parliament Science in 21 138 166 209 Parliamentary and Scientific Committee 19 62 Pasteur Exhibition 91 Patent Law Revision of 57 Pedler Sir Alexander Fund 4 53 61 73 Penicillin Bill 139 166 Pharmaceutical Society 231 Physical Society 20 Policy of the Institute 238 Princess Elzabeth Address of Congratula-tion to 95 Printing Facilities for at the Institute 241 Professional and Technical Training 21 1 24 1 Professional Civil Servants Institution of 94 160 Professional Classes Aid Council 197 Professions Organisation of other 133 Publications and Library Committee 60 76 94 158 160 198 239 Publications of the Institute List of 40 292 Public Health Laboratory Service 96 251 Questionnaire Manchester and District Section 48 238 Radioactive Substances Bill 166 Ramsay Memorial Fellowship Trust 92 Reception Institute to Officers and Over- seas Members of Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry 153 197 204 Register The 29 141 186 215 267 Register of Fellows and Associates 2 102 115 191 286 Regulations Amendment of 229 287 Regulations Sub-committee on 160 197 239 Remuneration Statistics 191 286 Representatives on Joint Committees 45 99 Representatives on other Bodies 45 100 Research Associations 160 Research Expenditure 166 253 Research Scientific and Technical 166 252 Resignation of Members Reasons for 96 Royal Society 137 Royal Society of Arts Albert Medal 137 Salaries of Chemists 160 191 School Certificate Examination External 160 Science Masters Secondary Schools 211 Scientific Advisory Council 136 139 160 166 208 Scientific Centre 158 Scientific Civil Service 76 158 160 165 209 212 Scientific Film Association 19 235 Scientific Societies Joint Pension and Life Assurance Scheme 3 52 197 Scientific and Technical Manpower 136 160 195 211 234 290 Scottish Local Sections Symposium 5 19 89 151 165 206 238 Scrutineers Report of 104 Society of Chemical Industry 153 205 231 Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists 96 97 158 251 South Africa Visit of Dr.Cullen to 77 94 South Africa Visit of Professor Findlay to 95 South African Chemical Institute 2 95 Special Purposes Committee 4 97 Staff Matters 50 52 238 Statistics Teaching of in Universities and University Colleges 138 Streatfeild Memorial Fund 74 Streatfeild Memorial Lecture 191 230 Streptomycin 23 Superannuation Benefits Transferability of 242 Superannuation Fund for Staff 62 105 University of London Turner and Newall Surveyors Royal Institution of Chartered Research Fellowships 38 6 239 University Students (Statistics) 24 Water Analysis Joint Committee on Technical Colleges 23 113 167 241 Methods of 5 62 Technical Education (Private Firms) 139 Water Engineers Institution of 6 62 Technical and Scientific Register 136 “What Industry Owes to Chemical Science,” 60 160 290 Treasurer 77 M7orid Power Conference 20 77 95 97 153 UNESCO 24 97 137 X-ray Tubes for Crystallographic Pur-Universities 139 poses Design and Production of 92 ~

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/RG9477100293

出版商:RSC    

年代:1947

数据来源: RSC