THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. ~~ FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1930. PART V. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary . 30, RUSSELL LONDON,SQUARE, W.C. I. October, 1930. Publications Committee, 1930-31 LEWIS EYNON (Chairman), G. C. CLAYTON (President), H. B. BROWN, H. V. A. BRISCOE, W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD, A. M. CAMERON, A. J. CHAPMAN, F. D. CHATTAWAY, A. COULTHARD, W. R. FEARON, C. S. GIBSON, W. H.GIBSON, T. P. HILDITCH, L. E. HINKEL, J. G. KING, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (Hon. Treasurer), D. JORDAN LLOYD, H. M. MASON, C. A. MITCHELL, W. D. ROGERS, WILLIAM WARDLAW, F.J. WILSON, A. W. M. WINTLE. 245 Proceedings of the Council. SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER, 1930. Proposed Supplementary Charter.-The Council has under consideration a proposal to present a Petition, through the Lords of the Privy Council, to His Majesty the King for the grant of a Supplementary Charter for the Institute, with the object of securing a title to distinguish chemists, as represented by the Institute, from pharmacists,-the intention being to acquire a title such as has been granted to members of other professional bodies. Further information on this matter will be communi- cated to the Fellows and Associates in due course. Poisons and Pharmacy Acts.-Havingregard to the Report of the Departmental Committee on the Poisons and Pharmacy Acts and the Draft Bill attached thereto-to which reference was made in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part I1 (pp.97-99 ; 134-136) -the Council has made representations to the Home Secretary on the desirability of the Institute being represented on the Central Authority or Board for the preparation of the Poisons List and to assist the Secretary of State in making rules with respect to the sale, wholesale or retail, and the supply of poisons. The Council desires such representation, believing that it would be advantageous to all concerned and that the Institute should be so represented, having regard to clause 15, which provides for exemptions with respect to sales wholesaIe and sales to persons engaged in scientific education and research, and to persons who require to use poisons in their profession.The Council, moreover, believes it desirable and necessary that the Institute should be so represented in connection with the rules proposed to be made under clause 17 for requiring persons in control of the manufacture of pharmaceutical pre- parations containing poisons to be registered pharmacists or persons possessing the prescribed qualification in chemistry. 246 Clause 17directly affects many members of the Institute who are actually engaged as analysts, research chemists, works control chemists, and managers in the drug industry, and the Council feels that the Institute should be so represented, especially in connection with matters concerning the qualifications in chemistry required for the control of such manufacture.The Dyestuffs (Import Regulation) Act.-The Council has directed that a statement on the subject of the impending lapse of the Dyestuffs (Import Regulation) Act should be pub- lished, having regard to its influence on the education of British chemists and on the progress of research in industry generally. The statement, which is reproduced in this Part of the Journal (p. 277) has been issued to the members of both Houses of Parlia- ment and to the public press. Australian Chemical Institute.-Following the Further Observations communicated to the Privy Council, with regard to the Petition for a Royal Charter by the Australian Chemical Institute, a request was received that an opportunity should be afforded Dr.A. C. D. Rivett, representing the Australian Chemical Institute, to meet the Officers of the home Institute in order to discuss the whole matter. This was done, and as a result, Dr. Rivett was able to inform the Australian Chemical Institute more fully on the views of the home Institute, particularly on the importance of maintaining a high standard of qualification for membership of a chartered professional body. Later, a com- munication was received from Dr. Thomas Cooksey, Honorary General Secretary of the Australian Chemical Institute, assuring the Council of the home Institute that all the amendments suggested had been approved for incorporation in the draft Petition and draft Royal Charter.The home Institute was assured that it would have the whole-hearted co-operation and support of the Australian Chemical Institute in the desire to attain a standard of qualification equivalent to that of the home Institute. In these circumstances, the Council, on the advice of the Legal and Parliamentary Committee, has informed the Lords of the Privy Council, through the solicitors of the Institute, that it appears that the suggestions made in the observations on the draft Petition and draft Royal Charter have been substantially met. 247 Appointments Register.-The Council has received a report from the Special Committee on the working of the Ap- pointments Register during the period September, 1929, to September, 1930. Unemployment.-The following table shows the number of members who had informed the Institute that they were un- employed at the stated times:- F.I.C.A.I.C. Total. September, 1929 11 51 62 January, I930 I3 54 67 April,June, f, I2 I2 59 68 71 80 September, 1) I5 76 91 October 27th, ,, I4 80 94 Of the 94 at present unemployed, three are women. It will be seen that there has been a steady increase in un- employment throughout the period. Precise information is not available as to the period during which these members have re- mained without appointments, but it is estimated that of the 94 mentioned above, about 50 have been unemployed for three months or less. The total membership of the Institute is approximately 5,750; the unemployed are thus a little over 1.6 per cent.The committee does not regard the present position as unduly alarming, but in view of the prevailing industrial depression, considers that it is possible that the number of unemployed may rise further in the near future. The total number of members using the Appointments Register is now 309. Although the actual personnel has changed, this figure has remained nearly constant during the year. Registered Students in their last term of training for admission to the Associateship are also allowed the use of the Appointments Register if recommended for the privilege by their Professors ; this privilege is now being used by eighteen students. Lists are issued at least once and usually twice weekly.The total number of vacancies notified during the period was 746. 248 The following table gives a rough analysis of these vacancies : Academic appointments. Universities, colleges, schools, education authorities, etc. .. .. .. * * 159 Industrial appointments .. .. .. .. * * 378 Appointments under Government, or with other public bodies, Public Analysts, Research Associations, etc. 66 Junior appointments, scholarships and research grants . . 65 Unclassified .. .. .. .. .. .. *. 28 Appointments specifically for women .. .. .. 50 746 Of the above appointments, 78 were abroad. A noticeably large number of vacancies was notified for chemists required in the paint and varnish industry. Salaries.-Nearly all the academic vacancies referred to appointments where the Burnham scales are in operation.In many of the other vacancies prospective employers asked candidates to state the salary they required. Where the salaries offered were definitely mentioned, the terms may be summarised as follows:- Under g250per annum ** 49 Between ,&z50-500 per annum .. 1x7 ,, l5oo-~oooperannum .. 49 Over ~IOOOper annum .. 5 In some cases prospective employers enquired as to the salary they should offer. The committee considers that fuller informa- tion as to the salaries now being paid would be of great value, and in this connection the Council has decided to ask members to make another return of their remuneration (see p. 250). Difficulty has been experienced in several cases in obtaining suitable candidates for appointments-notably for public appointments in the East, and for chemists with experience in the edible-oil industry for Africa.On several occasions the Institute has been approached by the Ministry of Labour with a view to ascertaining whether men with particular experience were available, in cases where em- ployers were desirous of obtaining licences to engage alien chemists. In nearly all such cases the requirements are so 249 framed that they are only applicable to the selected alien, and therefore very difficult to meet. The usefulness of the Appointments Register, both to mem- bers and to prospective employers would obviously be increased if a larger number of members made use of it.Some members seem content to remain for too long a period in appointments where the remuneration and prospects are not commensurate with their abilities and experience. It seems probable that some are reluctant to make use of the Appointments Register lest the information that they were considering a change of appointment might reach their present employers. When members express the desire to use the Appointments Register, they are asked to complete a form giving full particulars of their training and experience, but unless they notify the Registrar that they are definitely without employment, neither their names nor particulars are disclosed without their consent. Where a vacancy is notified under a box number, they can make certain that an application will not be sent on to any specified firm by attaching a covering letter to the Registrar to that effect.During the year complaints were received from members of the Institute as to the quality of some of the applications sub- mitted. It was thought desirable to issue a notice reminding members that carelessness in applications seriously diminishes their prospects of obtaining appointments, and moreover does not add to the esteem in which the Institute and the profession are held. Prospective employers, in their anxiety to avoid disclosing the names of their firms, or to commit themselves as to the salary they are prepared to offer to a suitable candidate, are sometimes very sparing in the information they are prepared to give.A chemist who already holds an appointment is naturally reluctant to apply for a post which may turn out to carry with it terms and prospects inferior to those attaching to his present position. Register of Laboratory Assistants.-This is available for those who have matriculated, but who cannot proceed towards system- atic training for the Associateship until they have obtained paid positions. The number using this Register is now about 50, and the number of vacancies in this category issued during the period under review was 79. 250 Salary Statistics.-In 1919and 1920 the Council invited Fellows and Associates to send in returns with regard to the terms and conditions of their appointments. The information so obtained was found to be of great value and a similar request was made in 1927. To the request sent out in that year, how- ever, only 24 per cent.of the members replied, and it was, therefore, considered that the publication of a statement based on such incomplete returns would be liable to be misleading. The Council has now decided to make another attempt to obtain full and up-to-date information. It is thought that many members may have refrained from giving information because the questionnaire was too elaborate, and some may have feared that although they were not asked to sign their names, indications might be given, which they did not desire to disclose. The form for the contemplated return will be of the simplest possible kind; members will merely be asked to state their age and the total remuneration they receive in the exercise of their profession.All Fellows and Associates are strongly urged to make the return, not excepting those who are in good positions, as it is desired to obtain as true and complete information as possible as to the remuneration of chemists. 251 Local Sections. Aberdeen and North of Scotland.-At the opening meeting of the Session, held in Marischal College on 24th October, Dr. J. F. Tocher, Chairman of the Section, gave an address, entitled 4b What is Probable Error ? ” Dr. Tocher said that he was to confine his discussion of “Probable Error ” to the probable error of a mean when a large number of observations were carried out on a particular physical or chemical quantity.It was an obviously easy thing to give an exact answer to certain questions, such as the number of persons present at a meeting and the like. Their perceptive faculties enabled them to answer such questions. An observation was a percept. It was different when they considered, say, the mean number of persons present at a series of meetings or the mean value of a series of chemical determinations. The reason for this difference lay in the fact that the average or mean value of any quantity was a concept-a conceptual figure which, when multiplied by the number of cases considered, gave the sum of all the observations. Even in a carefully and properly conducted series of experiments, this conceptual figure was subject to error, depending upon the number of observations made on the particular quantity under consideration.Dr. Tocher proceeded to picture cases where several averages had been obtained, the same number of observations having been made for each average calculated by the observer. It was only in such cases that it was possible to speak of probable error, or to gauge the accuracy of an average. He proceeded to show that the observed values of means, obtained by drawing samples from a homogeneous population distributed with regard to the magnitude of the quantity according to De Moivre’s probability curve, were also distributed normally. It was also easy to show from theory that the means from samples of the same size should be so distributed.With regard to the variability of means and using statistical language, the variance of the means was N times less than the variance of the distribution containing N observations. Where the true value of a mean was a friori unknown-and 262 that was generally the case in chemical and physical problems -it could be shown that the best thing the observer could do was to take his observed result, and, knowing the number of observations carried out, make an attempt to state the odds in favour of the true value lying within certain specified limits. These odds were easily found, since the areas of the normal probability curve had been tabled for deviations from the mean value, so that the odds in favour of the true mean lying within the same specified value below and above the observed mean, meant finding the area within these bounds and com- paring this area with the areas of the “tails” of the curve- i.e.the areas beyond the negative and positive specified value. Dr. Tocher took as an example of the determination of “probable error,” the oxygen-hydrogen ratios as found by Dumas, Rayleigh, Dittmar and Henderson, Morley and others. He showed that the distribution of Dumas’ ratios did not conform to the normal probability law and that therefore it was unlikely that his mean ratio was the best possible value one could obtain from experiment-the distribution of values was in fact a heterogeneous distribution. He next showed that Lord Ray- leigh’s series of nineteen observations did conform to the normal probability law when Pearson’s “Goodness of Fit” test was applied-a probability test which did not exist in Rayleigh’s time but was now in general use.The probable error of Rayleigh’s series was in the neighbourhood of f007, which meant that there was an equal chance of the true value lying within the limits & 007 from the observed mean and outside these limits. Owing to the fact that the areas of the probability curve were now expressed in terms of the “standard deviation” (square root of mean square) the term “probable error” was falling into disuse. Variations in successive means were now more generally expressed in terms of the “standard error” -the measure of the standard deviation of sampling of means.Generally speaking, the accuracy of a mean depended upon the smallness of the standard error, and thus it was clear that Morley was more accurate than Rayleigh, and Rayleigh more accurate than Dumas, in finding the oxygen-hydrogen ratio. Proceeding to express the oxygen-hydrogen ratio in terms of Dalton’s atomic theory and Avogadro’s hypothesis, the lecturer showed how impossible it was to consider the final statements of the physicist and chemist as perceptions made by an observer. To illustrate that the conclusions were concepts and not percepts 253 he put this question: What was the size of the particle whose relative weight the scientist was supposed to determine? If the particle was the size of a golf ball, the average man would have a stature of over 330,000 miles,-a super-jupiter reaching from the earth to nearly IOO,OOO miles beyond the moon.Looking down on the plane of the ecliptic, that human giant could not hope to see the golf ball even if it were at rest. But the golf balls were moving about at great velocities. With that fact further to complicate his efforts, he had nevertheless been able to estimate the weight of the golf ball (oxygen) compared with a ball of another kind and of a similar size belonging to another group (hydrogen) moving also with great rapidity. Such a picture gave a rough idea of the magnitude of an atom and of the combination of the perceptual and conceptual in reaching a result accurately descriptive of the phenomena observed.The lecture was illustrated by numerous tables and diagrams. Prof. Findlay voiced the members’ hearty appreciation of Dr. Tocher’s interesting address. Birmingham and Midlands.-It is now some time since the change in the rules of the Section, whereby the Annual General Meeting takes place in March instead of October, was effected. This is the first full Session under the new rule. One beneficial result is already apparent : the programme is now prepared some months ahead of the commencement of the Session instead of, as formerly, after the General Meeting, which took place rather late in October. The Committee has made a special effort this year in order to encourage the maximum number of members to attend the various meetings, and a programme has been drawn up which embodies most of the recommendations made by members at the last Annual General Meeting.The Opening Social meeting, Concert and Dance took place in the Grosvenor Rooms, Grand Hotel, Birmingham, on ~2nd October, and proved to be a very popular event. Mr. A. F. Lerrigo arranged an excellent concert, at the conclusion of which a vote of thanks was accorded to the artistes and organisers, proposed by Mr. A. W. Knapp and seconded by Mr. E. C. Rossiter. Members of the Section have already received the programme for the Session. Further events have been provisionally fixed 254 as follows:-19th November-Prof. E. C. C. Baly, F.R.S., “On the Chemistry of Life”; 3rd December-Meeting at Derby.Prof. F. L. Pyman, F.R.S., “On Medicinal Chemicals”; 26th January- Annual Concert ; 7th February-Midland Chemists’ Annual Dinner; February-Address by Mr. H. H. Bagnall, City Analyst; March-Annual General Meeting. The Biochemical Society of the University of Birmingham has invited members of the Section to the lectures to be held during the Session at 5.30 p.m. in the New Biology Building, particulars of which will be notified in due course. The lectures will be preceded by tea in the Refectory at 4.45 p.m. Bristol and South Western Counties.-Future arrange-ments for the Section include a paper on “Some Thallium Compounds,” by Dr. R. C. Menzies, at Bristol university, on 17th November, at 7.30 p.m.; a joint meeting with Bristol University Chemical Society, at the University, on 20th January, at 5-15 Pam.; the Annual General Meeting and a smoking concert on 11th March, 1931.Cape.-A meeting of the Section was held on 1st August, in the Board Room of the General Estate and Orphan Chamber, Adderley Street, Cape Town, when Prof. Newbery read a paper on “Single Potentials.” After referring to Nernst’s conception of solution pressure, Professor Newbery went on to say that in order to determine the true normal potential of a metal, we require a chemically clean surface of the metal in contact with a known concentration of the ions of the metal. This ideal condition, he said, is rarely possible. In most cases, either the electrode surface is attacked by the electrolyte and rendered impure, or no solution containing known ionic concentrations can be obtained.Of the metals, only five, namely silver, zinc, cadmium, mercury and platinum, presented a chemically clean surface in contact with their solutions, while only hydrogen, and of the non-metals, the halogens, could be obtained in known ionic concentration. Professor Newbery instanced the uncertainty of the true electrode potentials of the metals of the iron group and expressed the opinion that the variable results obtained by different workers were due to the fouling of the clean metal surface by the electrolyte. He described the instantaneous method of determining electrode 255 potentials which he had devised himself.He had traced the variable results obtained in the case of copper to the formation of films of basic salts on the surface of the electrode: when pre- cautions were taken to remove this film, concordant values were obtained for the single potential. In the instantaneous method, this was done by clamping the electrode in a rotating holder which could be quickly lowered into the electrolyte and raised again for cleaning. The copper electrode and the subsidiary electrode were connected to the potentiometer, the circuit being closed by lowering the copper electrode into the electrolyte. After thorough cleaning, the copper electrode was lowered into the solution and the direction of deflection noted. The electrode was then raised, washed, dried and cleaned, while still rotating, and the process repeated after resetting the potentio- meter.By trial in this way, the point of no deflection might be obtained and this might be reproduced over and over again, provided that the electrode was washed, dried and cleaned im- mediately before immersion. Cleaning was done with fine emery cloth or with rough paper. The value obtained in this way was identical with that obtained with two phase copper amalgam. Similar work in the case of nickel had shown that the nature of the cleaning medium was important, because two limiting values were obtained with rough and fine polishing. To explain this, Professor Newbery assumed that solid nickel consisted of two allotropic modifications. Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-The opening meeting of the Section was held jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, in the Pharmaceutical Society’s Hall, 36, York Place, on 20th October.The Chairman of the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, Mr. G. F. Merson, delivered an address on Some Bye-ways of Chemistry and Industry.” In the course of his remarks he dealt with the minor and less known industries, both at home and in the various British Dominions overseas, and with the close interdependence of most of them in relation to chemical science and the chemist. He had had the opportunity, in the course of a business tour round the chief Dominions, of seeing at first-hand the progress which had been made, during recent years, in the way of scientific 256 application of the work of the trained chemist to the problems of everyday commercial manufactures.The highways of industry-our major manufactures-, he submitted, could absorb only a small percentage of the trained chemists who were sent out from the universities and technical colleges year by year. He suggested that many openings, well worth the attention of chemists, existed in the minor industrial world. Closer co-opera- tion of manufacturers with scientific workers should be aimed at in the minor industries as well as in the major. It would pay in the case of the former just as it has paid in the latter. He remarked that Edinburgh within its area had probably a wider range of minor industries than any other city in the Empire.Though many of them were not large, they were, in their way, of first-rate importance. After appreciative comments had been made by Prof. J. Kendall, Major R. Bruce, Messrs. W. A. Williams, A. M. Cameron, G. Elliot Dodds, and J. Rutherford Hill, a vote of thanks, moved by Mr. J. Adam Watson, and seconded by Mr. W. M. Ames, was accorded to Mr. Merson for his address. Dr. J. G. Mackay has been appointed Hon. Secretary of the Section in succession to Mr. J.W. Ingham, who has given excellent service in that office for the past four years. Huddersfie1d.-The tenth Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in Field's CafC on 14th October,-Dr. A. E. Everest presiding. In a brief resume of the past session's activities, the Chairman expressed his great pleasure that the meetings had received such excellent support.He considered that the informal type of meeting had been greatly appreciated and that the session had been one of the most successful in the history of the Section. Reports by the Hon. Secretary and Hon. Treasurer were submitted and approved. Dr. W. G. Hiscock and Mr. F. J. Corby were elected to the Committee in succession to Dr. F. I. Morley and Mr. C. E. Randolph, who retired by rule. Mr. H. W. Moss was re-elected Hon. Auditor. The arrangements for the winter session were discussed, and the Hon. Secretary intimated that five lectures would be held. Two of the lectures would be of a popular nature and the Com- mittee proposed to make these "Open" meetings.257 The subject of closer co-operation between the Society of Chemical Industry, the Chemical Society and the Institute of Chemistry was discussed. The meeting expressed its sympathy with the scheme, particularly with reference to joint sectional meetings. Huddersfield, however, required special consideration inasmuch as there was no local section of the Society of Chemical Industry with which direct co-operation could be established. Irish Free State.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section will be held on the 26th November in the Chemical Lecture Theatre of Trinity College, Dublin, at 4.30 p.m. Leeds Area.-Members of the Local Section of the Institute were invited to attend a joint meeting of the Yorkshire Section and the Fuel Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, held at the Hotel Metropole, Leeds, on the 27th October, when papers were communicated by Dr.W. H. Blackburn and Professor J. W. Cobb on “The Influence of Furnace Atmosphere upon the Scaling of Steel,” and by Dr. Arthur Key and Professor Cobb, on “The Determination of the Reactivity of a Coke to Steam and GO,.” The Annual General Meeting of the Section will be held on 21st November and will be followed by a Smoking Concert. Joint meetings have been arranged with the Society of Chemical Industry for 8th December, 19th January, 13th February, 23rd March, and 6th April, particulars of which will be announced in due course. Liverpool and North-Western.-The opening meeting of the session was held at St.George’s Restaurant, Redcross Street, Liverpool, on 9th October, when the Chairman, Mr. E. Gabriel Jones, read a paper on ‘*Food Fakes, Ancient and Modern,” in which he traced the history of the adulteration of food from early times. 258 Dr. Richard Thomas, Vice-chairman of the Section, con-gratulated the author on the excellence of the paper, which was much appreciated by the members present. With the con-currence of Mr. Gabriel Jones, the publication of the paper in full, or in a slightly abridged form, is under consideration. London and South-Eastern Counties.-At a meeting of the Section held at the Institute on the 15th October-Prof. J. C. Drummond in the chair-consideration was given to the subject of “Refrigeration.” Mr.J. W. Smith opened the discussion from the engineering aspect, and Mr. P. Bilham from the chemical aspect. Mr. Smith dealt with the applications of refrigeration which had developed so much in the last few years, and touched on such points as-the small domestic machine: the growth of the ice-cream trade in England ; the application of refrigeration in air conditioning; the use of solid carbon dioxide snow, and the development of ice skating rinks. In each case the compressor horse-power used had been multiplied in recent years as much as five times. The use of the small domestic machine in England had grown from practically none in 1924to many thousands at the present day.Conditioning of air was largely employed in restaurants, picture houses, and the newer theatres, and in such industries as the artificial silk, baking, and chocolate trades. The use of solid carbon dioxide was mainly an American development, but there was un-doubtedly a use for such a material in England, especially for the smallest type of non-returnable package : thousands of tons had been used in America during the past year. Mr. Smith sum- marised his paper by emphasising the growing use of refrigeration in its known applications, and the widening of the circle of industries using it. Mr. Bilham spoke of the lack of collaboration between the chemist and the refrigerating engineer, and placed the blame for this on the chemist.He illustrated his remarks by reference to his personal experiences with lubricating oils for small domestic refrigerators, to the application of the principle of cryohydrates, to the conservation of low temperatures in small cabinets, and to the analysis of samples of liquid sulphur dioxide. All these were chemical problems and had been left, in the past, to the 259 ingenuity of the engineer or to mere trial and error. He referred to the materials used as refrigerants, which are essentially chemicals, such as sulphur dioxide, ammonia, carbon dioxide, and pointed out that the refrigerating engineer must look to the chemist for supplies of these and of any new refrigerants. The new refrigerators based upon absorption were essentially physico-chemical in their principles and problems.These instances were used to show how chemical were the essentials of refrigeration. Quick-freezing and the improvements of the methods of freezing and cold storage of many organic and biological materials were also mentioned. Mr. Bilham indicated the vast field of research open to workers in biochemistry and in the chemistry of food materials in this connection. He summarised the object of the two papers, which was to arouse the interest of those present in the science of refrigeration. The subject had been neglected by chemists in the past and, although much good work was being carried out by the low temperature Research Station and the National Physical Laboratory, there was still scope for many more workers in this extremely interesting field.Malaya.-At a meeting held in Kuala Lumpur on the 15th June, Dr. H. A. Tempany read a paper entitled ‘‘ Chemistry and the Cane Sugar Industry.” After a brief historical survey of the growth of cane sugar cultivation, Dr. Tempany passed to the consideration of the botanical structure of the cane, and then described the different agricultural methods pursued in various countries to suit local conditions. In this connection, he discussed in some detail the selective breeding carried out in Java and in the West Indies, and the relative economic merits of cane and beet sugar. He described the methods employed in harvesting the cane and in conveying it to the factory, and the types of machinery used to crush the cane and extract the sugar.The high degree of efficiency in the recovery of sucrose by modern mills was emphasised. In certain modern mills in Hawaii, for instance, 98 per cent. of the sucrose is recovered. Dr. Tempany concluded his lecture with a description of the 260 research organisations in the cane sugar industry, and pointed out that the present high state of efficiency which characterised the Industry, both from an agricultural and manufacturing point of view, could not have been achieved without the assistance of chemistry, aided by generous financial grants and the formation of research and experimental stations. The paper was followed by a discussion, in which most members present took part.The meeting concluded with a hearty vote of thanks to the lecturer. At a meeting held in Kuala Lumpur on 7th September, Mr. V. R. Greenstreet read a paper on ‘‘ Tapioca.” The lecturer, who had been engaged in the study of this material for the last two years, at the Department of Agriculture, said that the investigation concerned two main aspects,-first, the agricultural question, dealing mainly with soil impoverish- ment, and; second, the manufacturing problem, the efficiency of starch recovery, and the utilisation of tapioca starch as a food material. Mr. Greenstreet said that the only people cultivating tapioca to any extent in Malaya were the Chinese, who planted it as a catchcrop in young rubber. One of the reasons why tapioca cultivation had not been more actively encouraged (in fact its cultivation is prohibited in the Federated Malay States) was the widespread belief that it very seriously impoverished the soil.This belief, Mr. Greenstreet said, was to a large extent untrue: tapioca was far more economical in its demands on the soil than wheat, rice or potatoes. The lecturer then described the characteristics of the so-called “sweet ” and “bitter” varieties of tapioca,-the latter possessing an appreciably higher content of hydrocyanic acid or cyanogenetic glucosides. While these were present in the “bitter” variety, both in the flesh and in the cortex, the “sweet” varieties con- tained the poisonous material only in the cortex. There would appear to be no vegetative characteristics to distinguish between these varieties, and in fact the nature of the tuber appeared to depend on the locality in which it was grown.The lecturer then passed on to a description of the commercial products of the tapioca plant and gave an interesting description of the methods used in the Chinese-owned factories, in Johore 261 and Kedah, which produced these products. The lecturer concluded by expressing the hope that tapioca would become more actively cultivated in Malaya, as, in his opinion, it was a very valuable source of carbohydrate food material. The lecture, which was illustrated with samples of tapioca products and with specimens of growing plants of both the “bitter” and the “sweet ” varieties, was followed by a discussion.The proceedings closed with a vote of thanks to Mr. Greenstreet. Manchester and District.-The first meeting of the session was held on 3rd October, in conjunction with the local sections of the Society of Chemical Industry, the British Association of Chemists, the Association of Scientific Workers, and the Institu- tion of the Rubber Industry, and was arranged by the last- mentioned body. Capt. F. J. S. Gray presided. A paper on “ Some aspects of Standardization ” was read by Mr. B. D. Porritt (Director of the Research Associa- tion of British Rubber Manufacturers). Before proceding with his paper, the lecturer paid a tribute to the late Prof. H. B. Dixon. (An abstract of the paper was published in Chemistry and Industry, 10th October, p.849.) Mr. J. D. Pratt, Mr. S.A. Brazier, Dr. R. H. Pickard, Dr. T. Callan, Capt. Gray, and several others took part in the ensuing discussion. A vote of thanks was accorded to the lecturer, on the proposal of Dr. Pickard, Chairman of the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, seconded by Mr. W. D. Rogers, Chairman of the Institute of Chemistry Section. The arrangements for forthcoming meetings include-7th November: “Problems of the Boundary State,” by Sir William Hardy, M.A., F.R.S., and 4th December: Annual Dinner and Dance. Studelzts’ Sectiion.-On 24th October, Mr. G. D. Elsdon, Member of Council, gave a lecture at St. George’s CafC, Manchester, before the Students’ Section, on “The Training, Status, and Duties of the Public Analyst.” 262 Mr.Elsdon introduced his subiect with an historical review of the practice of adulteration, showing by quotations from Mr. E. G. Clayton’s “Food Microscopy” how the appointment of public analysts became necessary. He dealt with the method of appointment of public analysts and mentioned the authorities who were concerned with the administration of the law against adulteration. At first the work was largely undertaken by medical officers owing to the difficulty of finding qualified chemists. In outlining the duties of the public analyst, Mr. Elsdon said that the appointment was frequently held jointly with that of official agricultural analyst, and mentioned that evidence of having passed the examination of the institute in the Chemistry of Food and Drugs was accepted as proof of “competent know- ledge, skill and experience.” In describing the necessary training, he showed that no one could be called an analyst who merely performed routine analytical operations: in his view, a good chemist might be a poor analyst, but a good analyst could not be a poor chemist.He referred to the relations between public analysts and medical officers of health, showing how the status of the former had been raised since 1860, and, in conclusion, said that its future lay in the hands of the present and coming generation of students. Following an interval for refreshments, numerous questions were put to the lecturer: Messrs.Bleasdale, Doyle, Legg, Sowerbutts and Stevenson contributed to the discussion. A vote of thanks was accorded Mr. Elsdon, on the motion of Mr. Allen, seconded by Mr. O’Brien. Future arrangements include-a social evening on 13th December; the annual general meeting on 6th January, 1931; a visit to the Manchester Guardian and Evening News Printing Offices on 27th February; an address by the Registrar of the Institute on 27th March; a visit to the Longdendale Waterworks of the Manchester Corporation on April 18th; and a summer excursion on 20th June; (Hon. Secretary, Frank Sowerbutts, B.Sc.Tech., 244, Wellington Road South, Stockport). Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North-East Coast.-The Section has held a discussion on ‘‘ The Amalgamation of Chemical Societies.” 263 This discussion, which was opened by Dr.P. L. Robinson on 6th December, 1929,was continued on 22nd January and 19th February, 1930. Dr. A. A. Hall, Chairman of the Local Section, presided at all meetings. Dr. Robinson said that the idea of amalgamation had been raised before, from time to time, and was no new one; while nothing had yet come of it, there was an increasing volume of opinion that the present state of affairs, with its multiplicity of meetings, publications, and particularly subscriptions, did not represent the best attainable. The Institute of Chemistry, the Chemical Society, and the Society of Chemical Industry, among the more important, together with a host of smaller societies, were all concerned with the advancement of chemistry, either profession- ally, scientifically, or technically, as their primary object, and to meet the needs of those concerned with specific iadustries.All present could testify as to the excellent work done by these various bodies. No one desired to approach this subject of amalgamation in any spirit of carping criticism of these existing institutions. He thought that the time had arrived when the question might be asked as to whether their various, and apparently diverse aims, could not be forwarded with greater economy of effort by union under one administration. After reviewing and examining in detail the particular functions of the Institute, the Chemical Society, and the Society of Chemical Industry, he referred to clubs which had been started in various parts of the country for the purpose of providing opportunities for social intercourse amongst those connected with chemistry. Such institutions, as witness the Newcastle Chemical In- dustry Club, whose hospitality they were then enjoying, had not been unmindful of one of the primary needs of all chemists, namely, free access to the chemical literature of the day, and had dipped deeply into their funds for the provision of libraries.He was not prepared to say that all these services, the professional institute, the publishing body, and the social club, could be incorporated with one great society, but he was convinced that the time was ripe for a thorough exploration of the problem, and he wished to focus their attention upon it.As a basis for discussion, he suggested that amalgamation might be possible on the following lines:-A Society might be 264 founded which would absorb the Institute and all the other societies. Its membership might be divided into three classes, namely, Fellows, Associates and Ordinary members, of which the Fellows and Associates would be admitted on the lines now adopted by the Institute of Chemistry, and would comply with the present professional restrictions. No more would be asked of the Ordinary members than is now required by the Chemical Society, or the Society of Chemical Industry. The proposed new Society, would have its centre in London, with its committee rooms, library and club accommodation, and in addition, local sections would serve to bring as many of these amenities into the provinces as possible.A central committee would control publication, and a certain degree of sectionalisation would permit of the control of the various activities by those best fitted for the purpose. Arrangements might be made so that those who wanted copies of complete papers in any particular branch should have them; others might find abstracts only of papers were sufficient. There seemed little doubt that expenses would be reduced under some such scheme. Members of the existing societies did not know one another well enough, and would be more encouraged to obtain the higher qualifications of membership under the new scheme.He would like to see the Institute taking a leading part in bringing about this unification into one great society, which would include all chemists, and would be in a very strong position to speak for all chemists, and to impress the importance of chemistry upon the public. He suggested further, that the matter should be re-considered by the Local Section committee, after the discussion by the members had taken place, to review all the points raised, and to make more precise recommendations, as to what action should be taken. The subject was one of the first importance and required long and careful study. Mr. Norman Dawson said he had taken an active part in all the societies mentioned, and considered there was a great waste of energy under the existing arrangements.We were supposed to be scientists, but our present use of available energy in the conduct of chemists affairs was most inefficient and unscientifics and he strongly advocated some process of simplification, as outlined by Dr. Robinson. There were far too many meeting, and lectures to attend, and the calls on one's time were becoming 265 intolerable. All the different bodies were competing with each other to draw members to various meetings and functions, and generally poor attendance under the circumstances was only to be expected. The small part which the provincial sections played in the present societies was another serious defect of the system. They did not get the best value for the large sums of money they paid in subscriptions to the various headquarters in London.Mr. T. Wallace said he did riot agree with Dr. Robinson, so far as the Institute was concerned, because its objects were so different from those of the other bodies. The social side ought also to be kept entirely apart. Some amalgamation of the other bodies might be possible and would reduce expenses, somewhat on the lines of the American Chemical Society. It was always difficult to prevent specialist bodies breaking away as the Chemical Engineers had done recently. It was a good thing for “pure ” chemists to attend the meetings of industrial chemists and vice-versa. He emphasised the fact that the Institute was a professional organisation, and had an entirely different basis from the other societies.Dr. A. A. Hall (Chairman) said he was in general agreement with the draft scheme put forward by Dr. Robinson. Whilst every chemist would be in the one Society, there would be a differentiation in grades; and he thought the difficulties of combining the Institute with the other societies could be over- come. There would be a greatly increased status if all were in one body as in the medical profession. He emphasised the importance of libraries, and said he would like to see secondary libraries spread about in the provincial towns. There would be many advantages in having a library common to all the societies. Mr. R. J. Munro, in a written communication, said that the following advantages should accrue from the amalgamation or “rationalisation ” of the various chemical societies.I. A centralisation of the office staffs with resultant economy. 2. The possibility of having a composite fee instead of the numerous separate subscriptions which most chemists are faced with at present. 3. The strengthening of the profession generally by present- ing a united front, and having a central organisation which could be recognised by the public. 266 The present status of the chemist in the eyes of the public was unsatisfactory in his opinion. He was not even blessed with a name which was not connected in the minds of the public with the sale of drugs, and toilet supplies. The relative ignorance and apathy of the public towards chemists and chemistry in general appeared to him to be largely due to the confusion of chemistry with pharmacy, and to the lack of a central organisation em- bracing all the branches of chemistry, pure and applied.Dr. C. €3. Marson, supporting the proposed scheme, thought that printing costs might be cut down considerably, and that the Journal of the Institute might well be incorporated with one of the other publications. South Wales.-At a joint meeting of the Local Section with the South Wales Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, held at Thomas’ CafC, Swansea, on 17th October, Mr. E. E. Ayling read a paper on “Some applications of the Electronic Theory in Organic Chemistry.” After a brief description of the types of valency usually associated with organic compounds, the activation of unsaturated compounds was discussed, together with the effect of substituents on the activation.In simple ethylenic derivatives, the influence of a substituent through its “inductive” effect is shown by the manner in which the sense of the polarisation is defined, as evidenced, for example, by the addition of hydrogen bromide, and also by the acceleration or retardation of the reaction between ethylene compounds and an addendum such as bromine. The “tautomeric” effect in unsaturated compounds was illus- trated by a description of the activation of typical conjugated systems. It was pointed out that the inductive effect differs from the tautomeric effect, in that the former gives a permanent polarisa- tion of the molecule, whereas the latter affects the polarisability of the molecule only according to the demands of a reaction.In benzene hydrogen substitution, the permanent polarisation may act either as an activating or deactivating influence, but the only tautomeric effect which is operative, is that which increases the electron availability of the nucleus. Orienting 267 substituents are classified into four main types, according to the appropriate combinations of the above effects, and the transmission of these effects was described in relation to the classification. The effect of nuclear substituents on aromatic side chain reactions depends on the type of reaction involved.These reactions are divided into two main classes, in which the reaction is facilitated either (a) by influx of electrons from the nucleus to the side chain, or (b) by recession of electrons from the side chain to the nucleus. The principles involved in these reactions were illustrated in the cases of the acidic hydrolysis of substituted benzyl chlorides, the alkaline hydrolysis of phthalides and the behaviour of aromatic aldehydes in the Hantzsch pyridine condensation. A discussion followed in which questions in relation to tautomerism were asked by the Chairman and Dr. Hartshorne. A vote of thanks was accorded to Mr. Ayling, on the motion of Prof. Coates, seconded by Mr. Grieb. 268 September Examinations, 1930, Abstract of the Report of the Board of Examiners.Examinations were held at the times and places mentioned ow; the numbers of candidates examined and of those who passed were :-NO. No. examined. passed.For the Associateship- At the Institute: 15th-20th Sept.: In General Chemistry. . .. .. .. .. 118 9 For the Fellowship At the Institute: 22nd-26th Sept. : Branch A : Inorganic Chemistry .. .. tl 0 At the Institute: 22nd-26th Sept. : Branch C: Organic Chemistry, with special refer- ence to Edible Oils and Fats .. .. tl 0 At the Institute, and in the Biochemical Dept., University College, London: 22nd-26th Sept.: Branch D : Bio. chemistry .. .. *. .. 1 0 At the Institute: 22nd-27th Sept. :Branch E : The Chemistry, including Microscopy, of Food and Drugs and of Water ..3 11 At the Institute: 22nd-26th Sept. :Branch G. Industrial Chemistry, with spacial refer-ence to Oils and Fats, Oil Extraction, Crude and Edible Oils (excludingMineral and Essential Oils) .. .. * Two candidates satisfied the Examiners in the practical work, but not in the written papers; one candidate satisfied the Examiners in inor- ganic chemistry, theoretical and practical, but not in organic chemistry nor in the translation of German technical literature. t These candidates satisfied the Examiners in the written papers, but not in the practical work. FOR THE ASSOCIATESHIPEXAMINATION IN GEKERALCHEMISTRY. INORGANIC AND PHYSICALCHEMISTRY.-The answers to the questions of a descriptive character were generally good, but the question dealing with the determination of mercury produced 269 inadequate replies.Candidates did not give a satisfactory account of the methods for determining traces of mercury. There were several questions dealing with the principles under- lying analytical procedure, and the conclusion to be drawn from the answers is that these principles are not appreciated. For example, in their essays on electrometric methods, candidates did not show knowledge of the fundamental principles under- lying the methods, despite the fact that they had obviously used the necessary apparatus. It seems to be difficult to convince examinees that good, short answers are more satisfying than discursive essays on irrelevant matter.Thus, in answer to the question on the Periodic Table, several candidates gave long accounts of the ridicule with which Newlands’ Theory of Octaves was received, but in only one case did the answer show an appreciation of the modem Table and its development. One candidate wrote an excellent essay on the determination of Avogadro’s constant, but the remainder did not appear to understand that the question dealt with the method of determination of the constant, and not with such matters as combining proportions, etc. It is satisfactory to note that the question on the “solubility product ” was well answered by nearly every candidate who attempted it. The practical work was fairly well done. The quantitative exercise was simple, and accuracy in working was, therefore, expected.The majority of the candidates obtained such ac- curacy for the determination of copper, but the results for zinc were not generally good, because steps were not taken to avoid loss of zinc in separating the copper. The qualitative exercise seemed to cause difficulty. About a third of the candidates reported potassium titani-fluoride contaminated with salt: several missed the fluoride, and even sodium was not detected by two candidates. On the other hand, only two candidates failed to detect titanium, despite the possible interference of the fluoride. ORGANICCHEMISTRY.-On the whole, the standard reached was not very satisfactory, and many candidates disclosed serious weakness in their knowledge of fundamental theory.Instances of a carelessness and misplaced ingenuity were far too frequent, and reactions were suggested which were quite impossible. In devising, or in attempting to reproduce syntheses, side 270 reactions were very often ignored. This error is prevalent among students of organic chemistry, but it should be realised that successful synthetical work depends on avoiding such pitfalls, and greater attention should be devoted to the relative reactivities of the groups present in the molecule. The candidates gave no evidence of having any knowledge of the mechanism of organic reactions, this being doubtless due to lack of interest in this aspect of the subject. The practical work in Organic Chemistry was fairly well carried out, but the results were not at all parallel with the theoretical: some of the students who were weakest in their written answers showed that they were good laboratory workers.The identification of a simple compound was frequently not tackled in a systematic manner. For example, hydrolysis was not undertaken by many candidates as a matter of routine, but merely by way of confirmation. Many candidates having taken melting points and consulted tables, became obsessed with some erroneous idea, and, as so frequently happens, showed a lack of critical faculty in dealing with supposed confirmatory data. TRANSLATION.-The French was satisfactory, but the German proved a stumbling block. It was interesting to note that those candidates who failed in German were precisely those who were weakest in their theoretical papers. EXAMINATIONTHE FELLOWSHIP.FOR BRANCHE.-The Chemistry, including Microscopy, of Food and Drugs, and of Water.The work of the successful candidates was on the whole very good. It showed that they had had considerable experience and were conversant with current work. The official certificates were well drawn up to comply with legal requirements. More general use should, however, be made of the microscope, and more careful qualitative examination of the samples should be made before quantitative work is commenced. The work in Therapeutics and Pharmacology also reached a very satisfactory standard, although there was some lack of accuracy in the practical work.Several candidates chose unsuitable methods, and, therefore, did not leave themselves sufficient time to complete their work. 27 1 The candidates taking Branches A, C, and D answered their written papers well, and showed a good knowledge of their respective subjects. They lacked experience, however, in dealing with problems in their practical work. PASS LIST. Ezamination in Genera2 Chemistry for the Associateship. BuggB, Erasmus Thomas, B.Sc. (Lond.), Birkbeck College, London. Doyle, Alfred Walter, A.M.C.T., College of Technology, Manchester. Fuller, Albert Henry, Technical College, Leeds. Gilson, George Richard, Municipal Technical College, Hull. Hayes, Thomas, Technical College, Leeds. Hudson, David Arnold, Technical College, Leeds. Huggett, Walter Edward, Municipal College, West Ham.Jeffery, George Harold, B.Sc. (Lond.), University College, Southampton. Spence, John Walker, Chelsea Polytechnic, London. Branch E : The Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs,and of Water. Bassett, Cecil Abell, B.Sc. (Birm.). Button, Donald Frank Harrington, A.R.C.S. Clark, James Frederick, M.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. Hawkins, Ernest Stephen, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. Houlbrooke, Albert, M.Sc. (Liv.). McNicol, Reginald Arthur, MSc. (Lond.). Money, Charles Percy, B.Sc. (Lond.). Needs, Francis Edwin. Ritchie, John Edwin, M.A., B.Sc. (Aberd.). Savage, Ronald Henry Maxwell. Waygood, William Arthur, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. Branch G : Industrial Chemistry : Smith, Lionel Hewgill.The following papers and exercises were set :-Examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry. MONDAY, 15th SEPTEMBER, 1930: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FOURquestions only to be answered.) 1. Describe the properties of the element tellurium, paying special attention to its position in the Periodic Table and its relation to the elements of its sub-group in the Table. 2. Write an account of the methods for the determination of mercury when present (a) in traces, and (b)in substantial proportion in a soluble salt. Give your reasons for preferring any one method in each case. 3. Trace the historical development of the Periodic Table of the 4. Construct a diagram illustrating the connection between the elements.phases of any pure substance, illustrating your answer by reference to a particular case, and explaining the significance of the different parts of your diagram. 272 5. Describe the preparation and properties of THREE of the following substances :-Ferrosilicon, silico-tungstic acid, potassium mercuric iodide, thionyl chloride, nitrosylsulphuric acid. 6. Describe THREE cases of the application of nephelometric methods to quantitative analysis. What are the advantages and limitations of this method of analysis 1 2 to 5 p.m. (FOURquestions only to be answered.) 1. What ores of zinc are available commercially ? How are the metal and its oxide prepared from the ore? 2. Write an essay on either (a) the molecular heat of gases OR (b) the determination of Avogadro’s constant.3. Give some account of the halogen derivatives of sulphurousand sulphuric acids. 4. Write a short essay on potentiometric and conductometric titrations, dealing especially with the advantage or disadvantage of each method in a particular case selected by you. 5. How is the electrolysis of fused salts conducted in practice? Illustrate your answer by TWO examples of the industrial preparation of metals by the process. 6. Derive the expression for the “solubility product” and apply it to the precipitation of cadmium sulphide from acidified aqueous solutions of cadmium salts. TUESDAY, 16th SEPTEMBER, 1930 : 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FOURquestions only to be answered.) 1. Describe the preparation and properties of acetylene and indicate the industrial applications of the substance as an intermediate.2. An aromatic hydrocarbon of the formula C,H,, could be con-verted into three isomeric nitro-derivatives, C,H1,.NO,. Devise a syn-thesis of the hydrocarbon such that the various stages should lead to the formation of homogeneous products of unambiguous constitution. 3. Give an account of the descriptive chemistry of the naturally occurring hexoses, excluding the topics of ring-structure and stereochemical configuration from your answer. 4. What are the essential practical details that must be observed in the performance of the following operations:- (a) Preparation of a solution of benzenediazonium chloride ; (b) Preparation of benzyl chloride from toluene; (c) Preparation of a solution of ethyl magnesium bromide? 6.How may the following transformations be effected:- (a) acetone to trimethylacetic acid; (b) acetic acid to isobutyricacid; (c) glycerol to ally1 alcohol; (d) benzene to mdichlorobenzene; (e) naphthalene to anthranilic acid? 6. Classify the chief groups of derivatives of anthraquinone with examples and indications of methods of formation of individual members in each group. 273 WEDNESDAY and THURSDAY, 17th and 18th SEPTEMBER, 1930: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. each day. 1. Identify the substance (A). (This exercise must be completed on the jrst day.) 2. The solution (B) contains oxalic acid, acetic acid and formio acid.Estimate each of these constituents. 3. Submit specimens of characteristic derivatives of the alcohol (C), the ketone (D), the phenol (E) and the acid (F). These substances need not be identified. (A=aceto-p-toluidide OT formanilide; C=n-butyl alcohol; D= methyl ethyl ketone; E=p-cresol; F=cinnamic acid.) FRIDAY, 19th SEPTEMBER, 1930: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Determine the proportions of copper and zinc in the acidified solutions of their sulphates (G). Express the results as grams of anhy- drous sulphate per litre at 60' F. The copper must be determined both gravimetrically and volumetrically, but the zinc may be determined by any one method. (This exercise may be completed to-morrow, but one result for copper must be given in to-day.) SATURDAY, 20th SEPTEMBER, 1930: 10 a.m.to 4.30 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday's exercise. 2. Compound (H) has been contaminated accidentally in store. Identify the compound and state the nature of the impurity. (H=potassium titani-fluoride+ sodium chloride). Examination for the Fellowship. Branch A. General Inorganic Chemistry. MONDAY, 22nd SEPTEMBER, 1930: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FOURquestions only to be answered.) 1. Give an account of the methods of recovery of salts of potassium from natural sources, with special reference to Stassfurt deposits. Describe fully the physico-chemical principles upon which the separation of the various salts depends. 2. Write an essay on the hydrides of the elements of group V (b) of the Periodic Table (N, etc.), dealing especially with their mode of formation and stability. 3.Describe generally the methods whereby the oxides of the metals Au, Pd, Ru, Pt and 0s have been prepared. Describe their properties, giving special attention to the tetroxides of Ru and 0s. 4. What are the common minerals of cobalt? How is the metal prepared from the ore ? Describe fully the methods of separation of cobalt from nickel (a) analytically, qualitative and quantitative and (b)industrially. 5. Write an essay on either (a) intermetallic compounds or (b) the application of electrochemical methods in the preparation of metals industrially and in the laboratory, 274 2 to 5 p.m. (FOURquestions only to be answered.) 1. What forms of isomerism of co-ordination compounds are known? Illustrate your answer by reference to cobalt compounds in purticular, giving the reasons for the presumed existence of isomers in the cases selected by you.2. Write an essay on one of the following subjects:- (a) Methods for determining atomic weights of elements employed by Richards and Guye. (b) The effect of intensive drying on the properties of compounds. (c) Methods for detecting isotopes. 3. Give an account of the sulphites, bisulphites and “pyrosulphites,” dealing especially with their structure. Two formulae have been proposed for sulphurous acid; discuss these and give the evidence in favour of either formula. 4. Describe the preparation of salts of the hypo-acids of the halogens, and of chlorates, bromates and iodates.How do you account for their stability? 5. In what manner has X-ray investigation been applied to the discovery of new elements. Illustrate your answer by reference to hafnium and rhenium. Describe briefly the properties of these elements. TUESDAY, 23rd SEPTEMBER, 1930: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Identify the two salts of one base in the mixture (A). (The quali- tative test must be completed by 11.30 a.m.). Proceed to determine the main constituent as well as the base. (A=80% ammonium persulphate+ 20% ammonium sdphate.) WEDNESDAY, 24th SEPTEMBER, 1930: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Identify the solid (B). 2. Substance (C) is impure sodium hydrosulphite. What is the impurity ? Determine the proportion of sodium hydrosulphite in (C).The qditative work on (B) and (C) must be given in by 2 p.m.(B=hydrazine hydrochloride; C= 90% sodium hydrosulphite and 10% silica.) THURSDAY and FRIDAY, 25th and 26th SEPTEMBER, 1930: 10 a.m. to 5 pm. each day. Samples (D) and (E) consist of technical and “pure” manganese borate. Make as complete a quantitative analysis of both samples as time permits, giving special attention to the proportions of NnO and BSO,. Branch C. Organic Chemistry, with Special Reference to Edible Oils and Fats. MONDAY, 22nd SEPTEMBER, 1930: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FIVEquestions only to be answered.) 1. What methods can be employed for the qualitative and quan- titative determination of the mode of combination of oxygen in organiccompounds ? 275 2.Outline the complete synthesis (i.e. from carbon) of glycerol by two methods. 3. Write a short account of the we of Grignard’s reagents for synthetic purposes. 4. Formulate those a-amino acids, resulting from the cleavageof proteins, which contain a homo- or hetero-cyclic nucleus and describe a synthesis of one of them. 5. Give an account of the preparation of phenyl hydrazine and discuss its importance in connexion with the sugars. 6. Describe the manufacture and technical uses of THREE of the following: salicylic acid, anthraquinone, pyridine, naphthionic acid. 7. Give a short account of the isolation and chemical properties of the anthocyanins and an outline of the methods employed for the synthesis of a typical anthocyanidin. 2 to 5 p.m.(FIVEquestions only to be answered.) 1. Give a short account of the occurrence of mixed glycerides in oils and fats, and describe some of the more recent work on this subject, explaining its bearing on the suitability of a fat for a particular purpose. 2. Explain how (a) iodine, (b) bromine, (c) thiocyanogen, and (d) ozone, may be used in determining the constitution of an oil or fat, giving an example in each case. 3. Describe in detail the extraction of an oil from vegetable seeds, comparing the various solvents available for the purpose. What by products are obtained? 4. What are the chief colouring matters found in oils and fats, and what do you know of their constitution and properties? Describe generally the principal methods for their removal.5. Discuss the influence of feeding stuffs on the composition end properties of butter and lard. 6. Describe fully the emulsification process in the manufacture of 7. What are the adulterants likely to be met with in cacao butter? 8. What do you know of the presence of vitamins in oils and fats? margarine, and discuss the theory of emulsification in connection therewith. How would you proceed in order to detect them? What chemical methods are available for their estimation ? TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 23rd to 26th SEPTEMBER, 1930: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Report on the genuineness of the sample of Olive oil. (Contains 2. Determine the composition of the sample of lard compound.3. Report upon the sample of Bakery fat, giving your opinion of 4. Determine the amount of moisture and impurities in the sample 5. What is the nature of the cacao butter substitute ? (Hydrogenated10% arachis oil.) (Cotton stearine, lard, oleostearine, and paraffin wax.) its composition. of acid oil. palm-kernel oil.) 276 Branch I). Biochemistry. MONDAY, 22nd SEPTEMBER, 1930: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FOURquestions only to be answered.) 1. Give an account of the development of modern views on biological oxidations. 2. What do you understand by the biological value of a protein? What evidence is there to show that the animal organism can synthesise certain of the naturally occurring amino-acids and not others? 3.What factors play an important part in the process of carbon assimilation by green plants ? Give a general account of modern views on this process. 4. Describe the more important chemical changes that are believed to occur in (a) the breakdown of sugars to carbon dioxide and alcohol by the action of yeast, and (b)the fermentation of carbohydrates to acetone and butyl alcohol. 5. Write a concise account of enzyme action. 6. What mechanisms are believed to play an important part in regulating the reaction of living tissues ? 2 to 5 p.m. (FOURquestions only to be answered.) 1. Give an account of the structure of the nucleic acids. By what stages are they believed to be degraded in the animal body 7 2.What are the four important pigments of the green leaf? Give a brief account of their composition and properties and state how you would identify any two of them. 3. What evidence is there to show that the composition of the fat of the body and milk may be influenced by the nature of the fat in the food ? How are fats metabolised in the animal body ? 4. \\‘hat is a hormone ? Give the chemical structure of two substances of this class. Describe the physiological r61e of one hormone. 5. Write a general account of the circulation of nitrogen in Nature. 6. What information is available to indicate the nature of the boundary between the living cell and its environment ? TUESDAY TO PRIDAY, 23rd to 26th SEPTEMBER, 1930: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.each day. 1. Ascertain the nature of the enzyme present in solution A and 2. Prepare a purified specimen of caseinogen from the sample of determine the optimum conditions for its action. (A= takadiastase.) milk B. 3. Report as fully as you can on the sample of milk C. 4. The emulsion D is stated to be a cod liver oil emulsion adulterated with palm oil. Give your opinion on this matter. Branch E. The Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs and of Water. MONDAY, 22nd SEPTEMBER, 1930: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. Give an account of the arsenic limit test of the British Pharma- copoeia. What special procedure is necessary in applying the test to (a) copper sulphate, (6) sublimed sulphur, (c) bismuth salicylate 9 277 2.How would you prepare a microscope slide in order to detect the following substances: (a)lignin, (b)cellulose, (c) cork tissue, (d)aleurone grains, (e) mucilage, (f)oil globules, (9)animal fibre? 3. What is meant by the term “energy value of a food” ? HOWis it determined? To what extent do you consider it a true index of the dietetic value of food? (Answer in a separate notebook.) 4. Mention six drugs (giving the approximate dose) which stimulate the heart’s action. Give a preparation of each of the drugs with com- position, strength and approximate dose. 5. Describe in detail how you would make a bacteriological examina- tion of a sample of water in order to ascertain whether it is fit for drinking purposes.What bacteriological standards of purity would you lay down for potability ? What directions would you give for the taking of the sample and the despatch to the laboratory? 6. Describe briefly the symptoms of chronic lead poisoning. What are the chief sources of the lead in such cases? What importance would you attach to the finding of minute traces of lead in the urine of a person, who was suspected of suffering from chronic lead poisoning ? 2 to 5 p.m. 1. Give a brief outline of the principle and working of a cryoscope.Explain how this instrument can be used to determine added water in milk. 2. How would you detect the presence of nitrates in a sample of milk ? What would you infer from their presence ? 3. What are the acetyl value, iodine value, and acid value of an oil ? How is each determined? 4.Describe briefly how you would chemically examine a sampleof water to determine its suitability for drinking purposes, indicating the significance of each constituent you determine. 5. Give a general summary of the process of cheese making. What is the approximate composition of a full cream cheese? What is the present legal definition of cheese? What alterations, if any, would you suggest ? TUESDAY, 23rd SEPTEMBER, 1930: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. The sample provided was sold as a perfect substitute for human milk. Investigate its claim to this description. (Dried milk, wheaten flour, sucrose.) WEDNESDAY, 24th SEPTEMBER, 1930: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Make as complete an analysis as you can of the sample of potted at, Write an official certificate on the form provided.(Potted meat, soya bean meal, with either sulphite OT boric acid.) THURSDAY, 25th SEPTEMBER, 1930: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Examine and, if possible, identify the sample of vegetable oil (Arachis oil.) 2. Examine microscopically the water deposit. 3. Examine microscopically the sample of powdered almonds. (Contained apricot kernels.) 278 FRIDAY, 26th SEPTEMBER, 1930: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Analyse and report on the sample of mercury ointment. 2. Examine microscopically the sample of milk and report on it in respect of the presence of dirt. 3. Identify the single substance (C). (Caffeine citrate, or phenazone.) SATURDAY, 27th SEPTEMBER, 1930: 10 a.m.to 5 p.m. 1. From the sample of normal blood (A) provided make a stained preparation to illustrate the essential structure of its cellular elements. Supplement your description by drawings. Prepare also a specimen of Haemochromogen. Leave both specimens on your bench labelled with your name. 2. Examine the sample of paper (B) in order to ascertain whether it is suitable for wrapping foodstuffs. 3. Examine the sample of porridge for a volatile hypnotic substance, and estimate the amount of any such substance that you may find. (Contained Chloral hydrate.) Branch G. Industrial Chemistry, with Special Reference to Oils and Fats, Oil Extraction, Crude and Edible Oils (excluding Mineral and Essential Oils). MONDAY, 22nd SEPTEMBER, 1930: 10 a.m.to 1 p.m. 1. Describe in outline the plant needed for the separation of a suspended solid from a liquid by filtration and by centrifugal action. In what, circumstances, and why, is one or other method to be preferred? 2. For what purposes may steam be needed in a chemical works? What kind of steam-raising plant would you instal according as the steam was needed for one or another or for all of these purposes? 3. What arrangements would you make for the extraction of a product from a raw material by a solvent, and for its subsequent isolation and purification ? 4. Why is it sometimes necessary to “soften” water for industrial purposes, and what means are adopted to do so ? Would the future use of the water-for raising steam or for chemical work-influence you in any way in choosing between the “permutit” and the “lime-soda’’ methods of softening ? 5.Give a, general description, accompanied by a diagram, and an explanation of the working, of a refrigerating plant. What liquids are commonly used in such plant, and what relative advantages and dis- advantages does each possess ? 2 to 5 p.m. The same as for Branch C, Organic Chemistry (p. 273). TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 23rd to 25th SEPTEMBER, 1930: 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. each day. For Practical Work, see Branch C, Organic Chemistry (p. 273). 279 THE DYESTUFFS (IMPORT REGULATION) ACT : Its Influence on the Education of British Chemists and on the Progress of Research in Industry. THEInstitute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland, which now includes over 5,750 members, has for its main object the maintenance of a high standard of scientific education and professional training among British chemists. With this aim in view the Council of the Institute regards with grave apprehension the impending lapse of the Dyestuffs (Import Regulation) Act, which has now for ten years encouraged and safeguarded the growth of a virile national industry for the production in this country of synthetic dyes and the requisite intermediates.In developing this highly technical industry to an extent unprecedented in Great Britain, our industrialists have enlisted the services of many British chemical students, thereby offering a new career to the scientifically trained alumni of our uni-versities and technical colleges.PRE-WARCONDITIONS.-In 1886, Professor Raphael Meldola, a past-president of the Institute, reviewed the foundation and scientific development of the coal-tar colour industry, and pointed out the national danger arising from the decline of the industry in this country. As the Institute is doing to-day, so Professor Meldola then pleaded for a proper recognition of the importance attaching to the teaching of applied science, and especially of organic chemistry. His warning, however, fell on deaf ears, and his suggestions were disregarded. The British dyestuffs industry remained severely restricted until 191j,when, amid the throes of a world war, British Dyes, Limited, was established 280 with Governmental assistance in order to make a belated attempt, not only to restore the coal-tar colour industry to this country, but to retain it permanently after the war.THE SAFEGUARDING ACT.-When hostilities ceased, it began to be revealed that the latter object could only be realised by safeguarding the renascent British industry from foreign com- petitors and, after some delay, the Dyestuffs (Import Regulation) Act became law on January 15th, 1921. This statute proved to be the turning point in British dyemaking, inasmuch as the very meritorious advances made by our manufacturers under its protection, have gone a long way towards placing our organic chemical industries on an independent footing. But the time has been too brief to make good the shortcomings of 70 years, and there are still many problems to be solved before this industry can be regarded as safely established.THE INSTITUTE’S ACTIONIN 1gz4.-There was a moment of pessimism even in 1924, when it was feared that an agreement might be made between the Interessen Gemeinschaft-the syndicate of German colour manufacturers-and the British Dyestuffs Corporation. On that occasion, the Council of the Institute intervened to urge the Government of that day not to concur in this proposed arrangement. The Council now feels that the educational aspect of the Dyestuffs Industry is as important to-day as it was six years ago. EDUCATIONALASPECT OF THE ORGANICCHEMICAL IN-DusTRIEs.-It should be realised that the great German colour works of the Interessen Gemeinschaft are not merely commercial undertakings concerned solely with the manufacture of dyes and intermediates, they are industrial universities in the most liberal sense of the term.They employ a large number of qualified chemists, who work under conditions as congenial to research as exist in the laboratories of their leading academic institutions. These chemists not only carry out researches on new intermediate coal- tar products and synthetic dyes, but they also investigate the scientific problems arising under the following headings :-(I) Chemotherapy, bacteriology. The study of therapeutic agents, antiseptics and disinfectants. (2) Photographic materials such as developers and sen-sitisers.(3) Artificial resins of all descriptions. (4) Synthesis of rubber and rubber substitutes. (5) Production of fuel and motor spirit. (6) High pressure chemistry in both inorganic and organic aspects. (7) Artificial fertilisers of all kinds. 281 All these important sections of scientific research in applied inorganic and organic chemistry have arisen as side lines during the development of the great German colour industry, which has served as the focus of these activities. A similar development of research in applied chemistry has been noticeable in Great Britain during the last ten years, and this growth has been undoubtedly fostered by the encourage- ment given to our chemical manufacturers by the Dyestuffs (Import Regulation) Act.THE DYESTUFFS ACT AND THE CHEMICAL PROFESSION.-The chemists who have entered the services of the British colour makers are thereby supplementing their academic training by practical experience of applied organic chemistry, and are thus becoming available for the manifold opportunities now arising for the scientific study and industrial development of the natural resources of the British Empire. It is to the mutual benefit of the constituent nations that this exploitation should be carried out by our chemists. Too often in the past such exploita- tion has been left to the chemists of other countries. An abundant supply of skilled chemists and technologists, and the maintenance of adequate facilities for instruction and research, are vital to our national prosperity and security.CONCLUSIONS.-I. The Dyestuffs (Import Regulation) Act has had a most beneficial effect in laying the foundation of a national industry for the manufacture of synthetic dyes and intermediates. 2. This important industrial development has had a favour- able reaction on the development of our schools of chemistry, and on the growth of other industries dealing with fine chemicals. 282 3. The number of well-trained chemists in the country is now greater than in any preceding period, and these scientific workers are available for our vital national needs. 4. Since these highly desirable tendencies have arisen largely during the short period of the duration of the Act, the Council of the Institute respectfully urges that on Kational and Imperial grounds the Act should remain in operation on similar lines for a further period.283 Notes. Report of the I‘ Carpenter ‘I Committee.-The Report of the Committee of the staffs of Government Sctentific Establish- ments, known as “The Carpenter Committee,” has now been issued. (H.M. Stationery Office, price 9d.). The Committee was appointed by the Treasury in I929 to examine the functions and organisation of certain establishments in the Civil Service, and to report on the method of recruitment and conditions of service of the civilian, scientific and technical officers employed therein. The report deals mainly with salary scales. The present scales have been criticised on the grounds that they ‘‘ do not bear a reasonable relation to normal requirements, when age of entry and of promotion, qualifications at entry, and the pay of other classes of State servants of comparable ability, qualifications and responsibilities, are considered.” In this connection, the Committee points out that many members of the scientific staffs have left their respective depart- ments for other employment, some of whom the departments would have liked to have retained. While not entirely depre- cating the interchange of staffs between the Government service and industry, etc., the Committee realises that the State has to compete for the service of research workers, and has come to the conclusion that the present scheme of grading and salary scales in the establishments under review are generally inadequate.Fellows and Associates who are particularly interested are advised to study the report in detail, but the following is a re- sum6 of the principal recommendations. The Committee suggests the division of the staffs of scientific establishments into officers” and “assistants.” The “officer ” grades to be mainly recruited, as heretofore, from those possessing the equivalent of a first or second class honours degree. With regard to superannuation, it is not suggested that there should be complete uniformity, either under the Federated 284 Superannuation system for universities, or by means of pensions under the Superannuation Acts.In general, each department should continue to work under the system which is in force at present. For “officers” under F.S.S.U. the following scales are proposed : Junior Scientific Officers : ,4200-15-260; (with present bonus : ,4292-,4356)* Scientific Officers: &300-15-350-20-550,with a strict efficiency bar at ,4450; (,4414-L476-,4704)* Senior Scientific Officers : &50-20-650 ; (,4704+824). Principal Scientific Officers : L700-25-850 ; (L87441041). The departments should have discretion to appoint Junior Scientific Officers at salaries above the minimum, and to enter Scientific Officers who are qualified to undertake research at a minimum of ,4350. For “ Officers” under the Superannuation Acts, the following scales are proposed :-Technical Officers, Chemists, etc.: ,~zoo-I~-~~o-zo-~~o,with an effective efficiency bar at ,4350,and opportunity for accelerated advancement to ,4350: (,4292-,4476-L598). Technical Officers, Chemists, etc. (on more responsible indi- vidual work) : ,4450-20-550 : (,4598-,4704). Senior Technical Officers, Senior Chemists, etc. : ,4550-20-650 : (,4704-,4824).Principal Technical Officers, Principal Chemists, etc. : ,4700-25-850 : (,4874-,41041). These scales are proposed for the Department of the Govern- ment Chemist, and it is recommended that they should be applied as far as is necessary to the chemical departments under the Admiralty and War Office. It is recommended that the present grade of “temporary Assistant Chemist” should be abolished, and that the work at present performed by this and the next higher grade should be re-allocated between a new grade of “Chemist” and a grade of ‘‘Assistant.’’ It is suggested that ancillary staffs should be divided as follows: (a) Laboratory Assistants, (b) Assistants 111, Assistants 11, Assistants I. 285 For Laboratory Assistants an inclusive weekly wage ranging from 30s.a week (at age 16)to 70s.a week, with an extension in a limited number of cases to 85s. a week. For Assistants the following scales are proposed :-Assistants I11: L85-74-100-10-150-10-220, with an efficiency bar at L150:(l140-316). Assistants I1 : &230-10-zgo: (L32g-L402).Assistants I : l300-15-400, with an extension to i450 for posts carrying exceptional responsibilities : (i414-i537). In the Chemical Departments, the qualifications for an Assistant 111,should be Intermediate Science Degree Examination or the National Certificate in Chemistry issued by the Institute in conjunction with the Board of Education. It should be noted that all the above figures show the “basic salaries,” with the Civil Service bonus (given in brackets) based upon the present cost-of-living index figure of 65. The Headmasters Employment Committee of the Ministry of Labour has recently published its annual report for the year 1929. The work of the Committee, of which the Registrar of the Institute is a member, is to advise and secure employment for secondary school boys in London and the home counties areas.A similar Committee of Headmistresses gives like assistance to girls. In both cases, however, help is also afforded to a considerable number of boys and girls from country schools. The officers of the Committee visit schools and give addresses on various careers. The Registrar and the Assistant Secretary have both given lectures to schools on “Science as a Career.” A series of pamphlets has been prepared and published under the title of “Choice of a Career Series” of which No. I is “Chemistry and Physics.” Arrangements have also been made for boys to visit engineering and other works. Of 1,527boys placed in posts during 1929,about 80 per cent.were in clerical work. Forty-eight boys were placed in chemical or other scientific occupations. The boys are expected to report on their own progress, and arrangements are made for them to see the officers of the Ministry during the early years of their employ- ment. Reunions of the boys placed by the committee are held from time to time. Boys who desire to follow chemistry, but whose parents are unable to afford to give them a full university 286 day-training are introduced to the Institute and assisted, by means of the Register of Laboratory Assistants ; similar arrange- ments have been made between the committee and other pro- fessional bodies. Detecting Mustard Gas.-The International Red Cross Committee at Geneva, announces that the international com- petition for the discovery of a reagent for the detection of mustard-gas in the air, which was started on July Ist, 1929, is to close on December 31st.The prize offered is 10,000Swiss francs (E4oo). The competition is the first step in a Red Cross campaign for the protection of civilians in the event of war. It is to be followed, if funds permit, by other international competitions to discover, among other things, the best civilian gas mask and the best means of purifying the air in subterranean places in which civilians might take shelter during air raids. Full particulars of the competition may be obtained on application to the International Red Cross Committee, I, Promenade du Pin, Geneva. Public Analysts.-In continuation of the Notes in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part V (p.257) and Part VI (321), 1929, on the question whether the certificate of a public analyst should be accepted as evidence when an assistant has performed the actual analysis, it has been suggested that reference should be made to the Legal Note on this subject, which was published in The Analyst, January, I930 (p. 39), and the Editor’s comment thereon, is here quoted:-“~OTE.-Bell, The Sale of Food and Drugs Acts, p. 53, writing on the question of Analysis by Deputy, says: ‘The analyst need not make the analysis, but may do so through his assistants. (Bakewell v. Davis, 1894, 1 Q.B., 296; 58 J.P., 228; L.J.M.C., 93; 69 L.T., 832.)’ The conclusion drawn by Bell from this judgment is not altogether warranted by the facts.The case was stated by the justices for the City of Birmingham, and was with regard to a sample of milk certified by the Public Analyst to be 22 per cent. deficient in fat. The Public Analyst, in his evidence, stated that the analysis was carried out under his super- vision; that he was not present during the progress of some of the pro- cesees, but that the weighing of the parts and other material operations had been done by him or in his presence; and he gave evidence as to the constituent parts of the sample of milk. 287 Among the points of law for the opinion of the Court was:- ‘Was the analysis properly and legally made by the Public Anelyyt within the meaning of the Sale of Food and Drugs Act, 1875? The Judges were of opinion that the conviction was right, and, therefore, upheld the contention of the justices that the Public Analyst had analysed the sample within the meaning of the Act.(Analysis by deputy is explicitly sanctioned under Sec. 13 of the Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Act, 1926.-E~.)” Register, 1930.-Attention is directed to the following Errata :-Page 110. Collie, Prof. John Norman-delete description of appointment,-(printer’s error). ,, 112. Davies, Harold-delete “Industrial.” ,, 179. Snow, Frederick Henry-appointment should read-Chemist, S.A. des Huileries du Congo Belge. ,, 225. Dawson, Thomas Theodore-for B.Sc. read M.Sc. ,, 231. Harley, David-add M.B., Ch.B. (Edin.). ,, 241.Fort, Morris-should be under Perth and not under Crieff. ,, 254. Hensman, J. C.-for Churches read Church, for 248 read 2218. 288 Books and their Contents. Since the publication of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part IV, the following books have been presented by the authors or publishers. Copies may be seen in the Library of the Institute. “Chemical Warfare.” An abridged report of papers read at an International Conference at Frankfurt am Main, 1929, called by the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom. (London : Williams and Norgate, Ltd.) 2s. net (paper covers). Part I: The character of modern warfare; gas poisoning; pathology of gas poisoning; transformation of warfare; effects of the first gas attack; effects of chemical warfare ; chemical industry and chemical warfare ; interdependence of the industries of war and peace.Part 11: The problems of protection: chemical warfare and international law; protective measures against poison-gas; collective and individual protection; conclusions. Appendices : Declaration of Professor Paul Langevin (France) ; Frank-furt Conference General Council; bibliography. “Davy, The Scientific Achievements of Sir Humphry.” Joshua C. Gregory. Pp. vii + 142. (London: Humphrey Milford, Oxford University Press.) 6s. net. Phosoxygen; nitrous oxide; electro-chemical successes; a period of per- plexities; undecomposed chlorine; the elements of chemical philosophy; eight years of research; Davy and Dalton; last days; index.“Enzymes.” J. B. S. Haldane. (Monographs on Biochemistry, edited by R. H. A. Plimmer and Sir F. G. Hopkins). Pp. 235. (London: Longmans, Green & Co.). 14s. Inhence of enzyme concentration and hydrogen ion concentration; union of the enzyme with its substrate and related compounds; in- fluence of temperature and radiation on enzyme action; course of enzymatic reactions and mathematical theory; specificity; co-enzymes, activators, kinases and complements; poisoning of enzymes; purifica- tion and chemical nature of enzymes; theories of enzyme action and classification of enzymes ; bibliography. 289 I‘ Hydrogen Ion Concentration, The Electrometric Determination of the, in the Latex of Hevea Brasiliensis and its Applicability to Technical Problems.” N.H. van Harpen. Pp. 460. (Medan: Varekamp & Co.) The theories of the coagulation phenomena in the latex of Hevea Brmiliensis, their evolution and modern aspects; the technique of measuring the hydrogen ion concentration in the latex of Hevea BrasiEi-ensis; an investigation into the coagulation phenomena of Hevea-latex ; coalescence in the flocculation stage; application of the measurement of hydrogen ion concentration to problems arising in rubber technology; general summary. “Life, The Materials of.” A Simple Presentation of the Science of Biochemistry. T. R. Parsons. Pp. xi +-288. (London: George Routledge & Sons, Ltd.) 10s. 6d. The value of biochemistry; sugar, starch and fat; food; energy; human machine; wear and tear; digestion; chemistry of muscular exercise; blood; health and vitamins; biochemist versus disease; cycle of nature.‘‘Physical and Inorganic Chemistry, Recent Advances in.” A. W. Stewart. Sixth edition. Pp. x + 387. (London: Longmans, Green & Co.). 18s. The older and the newer chemistry; line and X-ray spectra; atomic numbers; radioactivity; the disintegration theory and the radioactive series; radon, thoron and actinon; isotopes; isobares; the mass spectro- graph; the atomic nucleus and its artificial disruption; the outer sphere and the atom; recent stages in the roll-call of the elements; active hydrogen ; hydrides ; the Donnan equilibrium; some flame reactions ; emission spectra; Tesla-luminescence spectra. “Quantum Chemistry.” A Short Introduction in Four Non- Mathematical Lectures.A. Haas. Translated by Leo Codd. Pp. ix + 75. (London: Constable & Co., Ltd.) 6s. The arithmetic of chemical periodicity; quantum theory of valencyand chemical forces; electron grouping and the periodic system; quantum problems of molecular and nuclear structure. “Wood Preserving, A Century of.” Edited by Sir Harold Boulton. Pp. vi + 150. (London: Philip illlan & Co., Ltd.). 8s. 6d. A collection of three papers: “The Antiseptic Treatment of Timber” (1884). and “A Few Remarks upon Timber Preservation” (1909), by the Editor; “Later Developments in Wood Preservation” (1930), by H. Fergusson; with remarks by the Editor; appendices and patents; references, etc.290 Ministry of Health.-The Eleventh Report of the Ministry, 1929-30, has recently been published (Stationery Office, 4s. 6d. net). The report contains references to many matters of interest to chemists, among which the following may be mentioned:- Water Pollution Research Board.-The question of effluents from beet sugar factories has again attracted attention, and, as the result of experimental work, the Board now considers that it should be practicable to deal with the waste so as to avoid serious river pollution. Alkali, etc., Works Regulation Act.-Dr. Lewis Bailey, Chief Inspector under the Act, retired in November, 1929, after 26 years' service, and has been succeeded by Mr. W. A. Damon, whose report was noticed in Journal and Proceedings, Pt.IV, p. 231. Sale of Food and Drugs Acts.-133,584 samples of food and drugs were examined in England and Wales. The percentage of samples found to be adulterated was 5-4, as against 5.8 for 1928-29. The appointments of 35 public analysts have been approved by the Ministry. ArtiJicial Cream Act.-The Ministry mentions that this Act came into operation in June, 1929, and that its enforcement is in the hands of the Food and Drug Authorities, but no figures are given as to number of samples examined or as to cases in which the provisions of the Act may have been infringed. The Report of the Government Chemist on the Work of the Government Laboratory for the year ending 31st March, 1930, recently published (H.M. Stationery Office, gd.net), contains the annual survey of the comprehensive work under- taken by the laboratory. The total number of samples examined during the year was 545,422-an increase of 46,133 over the number for the previous year. 291 Obituary. WILLIAM EDWARD BRISE DE VEREMATHEWdied suddenly at Bexhill, on the 9th October, in his 78th year. In 1875 he entered the Royal College of Science, London, where he worked under Frankland and Guthrie, and in the course of time became assistant to Frankland in his own laboratory,where he was largely engaged in the analysis of the London water supply. He was for some time chemist to the Cetaldo Marble Co., and later, was for many years associated with the late Alfred Gordon Salamon, Honorary Treasurer of the Institute (1903-1918), on whose death he joined the staff of Mr.A. Chaston Chapman, F.R.S., with whom be remained for about a year, after which he retired. He was a Fellow of the Institute for 50 years, having been elected in 1880. HAROLDBAILY DIXON died suddenly at Lytham, on 18th September, at the age of 78 years. The second son of William Hepworth Dixon, Editor of The Athenaeum, he was educated at Westminster School and proceeded to Christ Church, Oxford, where he studied under A. G. Vernon Harcourt, and graduated with first-class honours in Natural Science in 1875. He continued at Oxford as research assistant to Vernon Harcourt, and in 1879 he was appointed Millard Lecturer at Trinity College, and in 1881 Bedford Lecturer at Balliol College, which appointments he held until 1886, in which year he was elected a Fellow of Balliol.He then succeeded Roscoe as Professor of Chemistry at Owens College-later the University-Manohester, where he remained until his retirement a5 Honorary Professor in 1922. While he occupied the chair in Chemistryin the University, he was also Chairman of the General Board of Studies, Dean of the Faculty of Science, and Pro-Vice-Chancellor. From 1891 to 1894 he served on the Royal Commission on Explosions of Coal Dust in Mines and, from 1902 to 1905, on the Royal Commission on Coal Supplies. From 1907 to 1909 and from 1923 to 1925 he waa President of the Manches- ter Literary and Philosophical Society. From 1911 to 1914 he was a Member of the Home Office Executive Committee on Explosions in Mines, and in 1915 was appointed Deputy Inspector of High Explosives for Manchester Area.In 1916 he was elected Chairman of the Royal Tech- nical Institute, Salford, and in 1919 Chairman of the Salford HigherEducation Committee. In 1918 he was a Member of the Alcohol Fuel Committee. In 1922 he was appointed Chairman of the Selective Com- mittee for the North-West District, under the Ministry of Labour, in connection with the award of grants to ex-service officers. While at Oxford, he began his investigations into the reaction of gases, and from that time conducted a long series of researches on the explosive combustion of gases, propagation of explosions and the velocity of the explosion wave, and the influence of water vapour upon gas reactions.His Bakerian lecture before the Royal Society in 1893 dealt with the subject of the rate of explosion in gases. 292 He wa8 elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1886; served on the Council of the Society from 1902 to 1904 and, in 1913, was awarded the Royal Medal. He served on the Council of the Chemical Society from 1892 to 1896, was a Vice-president for four periods, and President from 1909 to 1911. In 1894 he was President of the Chemical Section of the British Association meeting at Oxford. For his services during the War he was appointed a Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire. In addition to the degree of M.A. (Oxon.), he was awarded D.Sc.of the University of Manchester, and Honorary Ph.D. (Prague). He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1920. At the funeral service held at St. James’, Birch-in-Rusholme, Man- Chester, the Institute was represented by Dr. A. Coulthard (Hon. Secretary of the Manchester and District Section), Mr. G. D. Elsdon and Mr. W. D. Rogers (Chairman of the Section), Members of Council. Sir FRANOISWATTS died at Trinidad on 27th September, in his 71st year. The son of John Watts of Ilfracombe, he was educated privately and at Mason College-now the University-Birmingham. From 1889 to 1898 he was Government Chemist at Antigua, and from 1898 to 1899, Government Analyst for Jamaica. In 1899 he waa elected a member of the Executive Council for the Leeward Islands, and in the same year was appointed Government Chemist and Superintendent of Agriculturefor the Leeward Islands, which appointment he held until 1909.He was then appointed Imperial Commissioner for the West Indies and, from 1921 to 1924, was Principal of the West Indian Agriculture College, Trinidad, retiring in the later year with the title of Principal Emeritus. In 1929 he was appointed Commissioner to report on the Sugar Industry of Mauritius. He was awarded the Associateship of Mason College in 1888, the degree of B.Sc. (Birm.) in 1902, and later the degree of D.Sc. He was created C.M.G. in 1904 and K.C.M.G. in 1917. He was the author of an Introductory Manual for Sugar Growers, Nature Teaching for West Indies Schools, and, jointly with W.G. Freeman, Nature Teaching for EnglishSchools, in addition to many reports and papers of scientific interest chiefly connected with agricultural subjects. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1890, and was for manyyears an Honorary Corresponding Secretary. The Register. THEnames of the following members and students, elected at the Council meeting held on Friday, 20th June, 1930, should have been included in JOURNAL, Part IV. New Fellows. Denhasl, Henry George, M.A., M.Sc. (N.Z.), D.Sc. (Liv.), Ph.D. (Heid.), Canterbury College, Christchurch, N.Z. Royle, Frank Albert, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Manc.), Y Maes, Abbey Road, Llangollen, N. Wales. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Burr, Alfred Hamilton, M.A., B.Sc.(Aberd.), M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), 34, Park Road, Pendleton, Mancheater. Griffths-Jones, Ernest, M.Sc. (Manc.), Public Health Laboratory, Cairo, Egypt.Lucke, Douglas Thurlow, B.Sc. (Lond.), Moorgate Hall, London, E.C.2. Re-elected Associate. Sheavyn, Geoffrey William Ison, B.Sc. (Birm.), Moulscombe, Lutter- worth Road, Nuneaton. New Associates. Baldwin, Alfred William, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 1, Cambridge Street, Sale, nr. Manchester. Bate, Fritz Alfred, B.Sc. (Lond.), The Pingle, Downham Road, Ely. Bills, Edwin John, M.Sc. (Birm.), 41, Western Road, Wylde Green, nr. Birmingham.Black, Raphael, M.Sc.Tech. (Mano.), 21, Alexandra Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham.Croxford, John William, 66, LitcMeld Road, London, E.6. Daviee, Comer Glynne, M.Sc.(Liv.), Bryn, Pine Walks, Birkenhead. Gardner, William Frank, B.Sc. (Lond.), 94, The Rye, Peckham, London, S.E.15. Holman, Leslie John, B.Sc. (Liv.), The School House, Oswestry, Salop. Hunter, James Gilchrist, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.H-W.C., 108, Holland Road, Harlesden, London, N.W.10. Jack, John Will, B.Sc. (Lond.), Great Brak River, C.P., S. Africa. Leonard, Alfred William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 72, Hatherley Gardens, East Ham, London, E.6. Menn, Jason Thomaa William, B.So. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 10, Broomfield Road, Bexley Heath, Kent. 294 Parker, Thomas Wallace, M.Sc. (Dunelm), Whitehaven, The Crescent, Kings Road, Wallsend. Sellman, Miss Tillie, B.Sc. (Lond.), 27, Osbaldeston Road, London, N.16. Thomas, James Clifford, M.Sc.(Wales), A.I.D. Test House, R.A.F. Depbt, Kidbrooke, London, S.E.3. New Students. Eadsforth, Cyril, 129, Lower Seedley Road, Pendleton, Blanchester. Gibb, John Law, 6, Humbie, Kirknewton, Midlothian. Green, James William, 18, Croftdown Road, Harborne, Birmingham. Griffin, Frank James, 22, Benslow Lane, Hitchin, Herts. Harris, Ivan Walter Henry, 13, Hotel Street, Coalville, Leicester. Macoun, Miss Caroline Phyllis, B.Sc. (Q.U.B.), 28, Osborne Gardens, Belfast. McGill, Donald Arthur, 22, Heath Green Road, Birmingham. Parker, Harold Walter, 107, Corbyn Street, Finsbury Park, London, N.4. Pratt, Henry Clive, 88, Ealing Road, Wembley. Randle, Thomas Calvin, 244, West Bromwich Road, Walsall. Sexton, Thomas Arthur Frederick, 9, Studland Street, Ravenscourt Park, London, W.6.Sinclair, Alexander John, Faraday House, Rye, Sussex. Spence, Kenneth Llewellyn, 39, Forrest Road, Victoria Park, Cardiff. At the meeting of Council held on 17th October, 1930,14 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 59 new Associates were elected, z Associates were re-elected, and 21 Students were admitted. Since the issue of Part IV, two Fellows have died. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Bassett, Cecil Abell, B.Sc. (Birm.), 63, Bellevue Rod, Ealing, London, W.13. Button, Donald Frank Harrington, A.R.C.S., 12, Elms Avenue, London, N.lO. Garlick, Harvey Satchell, B.Sc. (Lond.), c/o Vacuum Oil Co., Ltd., Caxton House, Tothill Street, London, S.W.1. Hawkins, Ernest Stephen, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., City Laboratories, Mount Pleasant, Liverpool.Houlbrooke, Albert, M.Sc. (Liv.), City Analyst’s Dept., City Laboratories, Mount Pleasant, Liverpool. McNicol, Reginald Arthur, M.Sc. (Lond.), Applegarth, The Manor Way, Wallington.Mehta, Miss Maneck Merwanji, M.A., M.Sc. (Bombay), D.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), Fernville, Girgaum Back Road, Bombay, India. Money, Charles Percy, B.Sc. (Lond.), 7, Cleveland Avenue, Havre des Pas, Jersey, Channel Islands. Needs, Francis Edwin, 90, Cranbrook Road, Redland, Bristol. Saunders, Kenneth Herbert, M.A. (Cantab.), B.Sc. (Lond.), 27, NurseryAvenue, Hale, Altrincham. 29.5 Savage, Ronald Henry Maxwell, 19, Derwent Avenue, Mill Hill, London, XT TI, rnIY. vv .I. Smith, Lionel Hewgill, 32, Bessingby Road, Bridlington.Watson, Herbert Ben, D.Sc. (Wales), Wyddfa, Charlotte Square, Rhiwbina, Cardiff. Waygood, William Arthur, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 45, Northwick Avenue, Harrow. New Associates. Berry, Maurice, B.Sc. (Lond.), 36, Rosemount, Ripponden, Halifax. Blackie, William John, M.Sc. (N.Z.), Agricultural Department, Suva, Fiji.BuggB, Erasmus Thomas, B.Sc. (Lond.), The Woodlands, Shooters Hill, Welling, Kent. Cakebread, Sidney Harold, B.Sc. (Lond.), 35, Godstone Road, Purley. Cameron, Hugh Keith, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 33, Dornberg Road, London, S.E.3. Caws, Alfred, A.H-W.C., Hacienda Cartavio, Trujillo, Peru, S. America. Cleaton, Miss Dorothy, B.Sc. (Lond.), 12, Industrial Street, Derby. Coats, Hector William, A.H-W.C., Hollybank, Spylawbank Road, Colinton, Edinburgh.Cocuzzi, Leonidio, B.Sc. (Lond.), 515, Cambridge Road, London, E.2. Coke, Chauncey Eugene, M.Sc. (Manitoba), M.A. (Toronto), Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. Conolly, Edward John Venn, B.Sc. (Lond.), 36, Appleton Gate, Newark-on- Trent. Dippy, John Frederick James, B.Sc. (Wales), 129, Splott Road, Cardiff. Dixon, Joseph Keith, M.Sc. (N.Z.), 32, Ranfurly Street, St. Albans, Christchurch, N.Z. Dixon, Theodore Frederic, B.Sc. (Lond.), Muirton, North Road, Hythe. Doyle, Alfred Walter, A.M.C.T., Kimberley Mount, High Lea, New Mills, nr. Stockport.Evans, Thomas Watcyn, B.Sc. (Wales), 28, Portland Street, Aberystwyth. Flook, Harold Stanley, B.Sc. (Lond.), 26, King’s Road, Willesden Green, London, N.W.lO. Fuller, Albert Henry, 13, Park View, Beeston Hill, Leeds.Gilson, George Richard, No. 4, Regent Flats, Foot Terrace, Bridlington. Grindley, John, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Wales), 8, South Marine Terrace, Aberyst- wvth. Harfo;d, Miss Mary Beatrix, B.Sc. (Lond.), St. Margaret’s House, Old Road, Lee, London, S.E.13. Holland, Geoffrey, B.Sc. (Lond.), 4, Elin Road, Woodhey, Rock Ferry. Holt, Hammersley David George, M.A. (Cantab.), 24, Portland Plaae, London, W.1. Hudson, Harry, &LA. (Cantab.), 10, Emmanuel Road, Cambridge. Huggett, Walter Edward, 80, Brampton Road, East Ham, London, E.6. Humphreys, Frank Edmund, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 536, Caledonian Road, London, N.7. Hunter, Rodger, B.Sc. (Glas.), 9, Hampden Terrace, Glasgow, 5.2.Ingham, John, Holgate, Church Road, Rumney, Cardiff. Jackson, Joseph Gilbert, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Sheff.), hlichaelchurch, Kingsfield Avenue, Harrow. Javes, Archie Ronald, B.Sc. (Lond.), The Retreat, Reedsfield Road, Ashford, Middx. Jeffery, George Harold, B.Sc. (Lond.), Redbourne, Lordswood Avenue, Bassett, Southampton. 296 Jones, George Lawrence, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.S.M., 176, Watling Avenue, Burnt Oak, Edgware, Middx. Littlejohn, William Rowe, B.Sc. (Lond.), 29, Yorke Road, Reigate. Marler, Miss Elizabeth Esther Jessie, B.Sc. (Lond.), 4, Edith Road, London, W.14. Marrison, Frank Carlisle, B.Sc. (Lond.), 16, Larbert Road, London, S.W.16. McDowell, Arthur Keith Ralph, M.Sc. (N.Z.), Clark Street, Khandallah, Wellington, N.Z.McKean, John Bowie, B.Sc. (Glas.), 50, Southbrae Drive, Jordanhill, Glasgow.Meredith, John Sydney, B.Sc. (Lond.), 21, London Road, Maidstone. Neill, Clement Richardson, B.Sc. (St. Andrews), 12, Adelaide Place, Dundee. Newlove, Thomas Harland, B.A. (Cantab.), 16, Prince’s Avenue, Chester. Nixon, John, B.Sc. (Lond.), 11, Mead Place, W. Croydon.Norwood, Arthur Frederick Bernard, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.S.M., Minas de Rio Tinto, Provinca de Huelva, Spain. Ovenston, Temple Clifford John, B.Sc. (Lond.), Crantock, Newcombe Park, Mill Hill, London, N.W.7. Parris, Reginald William, B.Sc. (Lond.), Station House, Catford Bridge, London, S.E.6. Redman, John, B.Sc. (Mane.), 28, Stanley Avenue, Grappenhall, Warring- ton.Reid, Ebenezer Mayne, B.Sc. (Q.U.B.), Brookvale House, Cliftonville Avenue, Belfast. Roberts, Stephen John, B.Sc. (Birm.), 7, Waterloo Road, King’s Heath, Birmingham.Sastri, B. Nanjunda, B.Sc. (Mysore), M.Sc. (Bombay), Biochemical Divi- sion, Tea Research Institute of Ceylon, Nuwara Eliya, Ceylon. Shackleton, Leslie Robert Burgess, B.Sc. (Lond.), 135, Fawnbrake Avenue, Herne Hill, London, S.E.24. Speirs, Richard Killoch, B.Sc. (Glas.), 42, Dixon Avenue, Crosshill, Glasgow, s.2. Spence, John Walker, 4, Grenville Street, London, W.C.l. SDencer, Wilfrid Devonshire, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), Norton Hall, Norton- -on-Tees. Stevenson, Herbert Aubrey, B.Sc. (Lond.), 22, New Lawn Road, Ilkeston, Derbyshire.Stewart, Robert Douglas, B.Sc. (Glas.), 70, St.George’s Road, Glasgow, c.3. Wall, William, B.Sc. (Lond.), Bramcote, Harsloft Avenue, Worksop, Notts. Watson, Leslie Taylor, B.Sc. (Edin.), 67, Lochalsh Road, Inverness. Winterton, Reginald Joseph, B.Sc. (Lond.), 30, Austin Street, King’s Lynn, Norfolk. Wraight, Wilfrid Hatherley, B.So. (Lond.), A.R.S.M., Government Bungalow, Tatanagar, B.N. Railway, India. Yule, Robert, B.Sc. (Glas.), 14, Fairlie Park Drive, Glasgow, W.l. &-elected Associates. Pugh, Frank Henry, B.A. (Cantab.), B.Sc. (Lond.), c/o Bataafshe Petroleum Maatschappy, Le Hague, Holland. Soar, Reginald Herbert, B.Sc. (London), Colin Deep, Bromley Common, Kent. 297 New Students. Alexander, Thomas William, 65, Tassie Street, Shawlands, Glasgow. Atkinaon, Eamond Allan, 35, Cottenham Road, London, N.19.Baldwin, Ernest Eric, c/o Gibb, 21, Lady Lane, Paisley. Bourhill, Peter, Dykeneuk, Gorebridge, Midlothian. Browne, Kenneth Samuel, Woodfield, Butt Lane, Allesley, nr. Coventry.Cole, Basil Blundell, Glemsford, Arden Road, Acocks Green, Birmingham. Davey, William Frank Stewart, 15, Milton Court Road, London, S.E.14. Donaldson, Francis, 23, Knowsley Road, Wallasey. Ellam, Kenneth James, Green Lea, Marsden, nr. Huddersfield. Ferguson, William Hunter, 115, Bury Street, Stowmarket. Goldsmith, John Percy Elijah, 134, Tranmere Road, London, S.W.18. Hall, Charles Edward, 14, Langton Street, Seedley, Salford. Hughes, Harald Stuart, 1, St, Leonards Road, London, S.W.14. Ingham, Edward King, 37, Queen Street, Whalley, Blackburn.Johnson, Sidney Arthur, 30, Butts, Coventry. hlansell, Richard Ivor, 27, Osbaldeston Road, London, N.16. Moreton, Trevor Gardner, Danbury, Udney Park Road, Teddington, Middx. Newnham, Herbert Alan, 48, Northwold Road, Clapton, London, E.5. Reed, Miss Phyllis Joan, 16, Elm Way, Worcester Park. Thistlethwaite, William Pearson, 76, Franklin Road, Harrogate. Waterman, Harry, '79, Ethelred Street, London, S.E.11. DEATHS. Fellows. Harold Baily Dixon, C.B.E., M.A. (Oxon.), D.Sc. (Manc.). Ph.D. (Prague), F.R.S. William Edward Brise de Vere Mathew. 298 General Notices. The Streatfeild Memorial Lecture (1930) will be delivered by Mr. Bernard F. Howard, Vice-president, at the Institute, on Friday, the zIst November, at 8 p.m.Subject: “Some Notes on the Cinchona Industry.” The President, Dr. G. C. Clayton, C.B.E., will preside. The lecture will be open to Fellows, Associates and Registered Students of the Institute and former Students of Finsbury Technical College. Tickets of admission, gratis, may be obtained by persons other than members and students of the Institute on application to the Registrar. S.M. Gluckstein Memorial Lecture.-Dr. A. E. Dunstan, Member of Council, will deliver the second Gluckstein Memorial Lecture at the Institute, on Friday, the 19th December, at 8 p.m. Subject: ‘‘ The Transmutation of the Chemist.” The President will preside. The lecture will be open to Fellows, Associates and Registered Students of the Institute, and to others who may be interested.Tickets of admission, gratis, may be obtained, by persons other than members and students of the Institute, on application to the Registrar. Election of District Members of Council.-Fellows and Associates are reminded that for the election of District Members of Council, nominations should be received at the office of the Institute on or before Monday, 8th December, 1930. I. In accordance with By-Law 30 (I), the following Districts were defined by the Institute in General Meeting, held on 7th March, 1921, and amended on 1st March, 19~3:- (i) Birmingham and Midlands, including the Counties of Hereford,Salop, Stafford, Worcester, Warwick, Derby, Nottingham, Leicester, Lincoln, Rutland and Northampton.299 Bristol and South-Western Counties, including the Counties of Gloucester, Wilts, Dorset, Somerset, Devon and Cornwall. Liverpool and North-West Coast, including the Counties of Flint, Westmorland and Cumberland, and so much of the Counties of Chester and Lancaster as lies to the west of the line drawn through the centre of the postal district of Wiganand Warrington; the towns of Wigan and Warrington and all towns on the line, of which the greater portion of the postal district lies to the west of the line. The Isle of Man. London and South-Eastern Counties, including the Counties of Middlesex, Kent, Sussex, Surrey, Berks, Oxford, Bucking- ham, Hertford, Essex, Bedford, Cambridge, Suffolk, Norfolk, Huntingdon, Hants, with the Isle of Wight and the Channel Islands.Manchester and District, including so much of the Counties of Lancaster and Chester as lies to the east of the line drawn through the postal districts of Wigan and Warrington as aforesaid. North-East Coast and Yorkshire, including the Counties of Northumberland, Durham and York. Edinburgh and East of Scotland, including the Counties of Nairn, Elgin, Banff, Aberdeen, Kincardine, Forfar, Perth, Fife, Kinross, Clackmannan, Stirling, Linlithgow, Edinburgh, Haddington, Berwick, Peebles, Selkirk, and Roxburgh. Glasgow and West of Scotland, including the Counties of Caithness, Sutherland, Ross and Cromarty, Inverness, Argyll, Dumbarton, Renfrew, Lanark, Ayr, Wigtown, Kirkcudbright, and Dumfries.Wales (excluding the County of Flint, 6ee iii). The County of Monmouth. Northern Ireland, as defined in the Government of Ireland Act, 1920, and subsequent enactments relating thereto. Irish Free State, as defined in the Government of Ireland Act, 1920, and subsequent enactments relating thereto. The Commonwealth of Australia, the Dominion of Canada, the Dominion of New Zealand, the Union of South Africa, the Empire of India, the Crown Colonies, and elsewhere abroad. The Council have adopted the following Rules for the election of District Members of Council:-11. (1) Any five Members whose registered addresses are within any one District, as defined and adopted by the Institute in General Meeting, may nominate one eligible Fellow as a candidate for election as a District Member of Council for that District, but no member shall nominate more than one such Fellow; except that the Committee of any Local Section constituted in accordance with By-Law 94 2(a) may, as such, nominate one candidate for such election, or if there be more than one Local Section in a District the Committees of all the Local Sections in that District shall sit jointly for the purpose of nominating one Candidate for such election.300 (2) Any nomination made under these Rules shall be delivered to the Secretary at the Offices of the Institute on or before the second Mondayin December in the year preceding the date of election, and shall be in the following form :-“We, the undersigned, Members of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland, do hereby certify that A.B., of (registered address) , a Fellow of this Institute, is, in our estimation, a fit and proper person to be a District Member of the Council of the Institute, and we do hereby nominate him as a candidate for election as a District Member of Council.” (3) Any such nomination may consist of several documents in like form, each signed by one or more Members.Nominations for District XI1 should be received not later than 316t August. 111. (1) On or before the fifth day of January in any year, the Council shall cause to be sent to every Illember in each district in the manner prescribed by By-Law 81, a balloting list containing the names of the candidates nominated for election as District Members of Council for such District, and the balloting list shall indicate which, if any, of the candidates has been nominated by the Committee or Committees of the Local Section or Sections in the respective District; except that in the case of District (xii) this rule shall read as if “September” (in the year previous) were substituted for “January.” (2) Each Member desirous of voting-(a) Shall record his vote for a District Member of the Council by making a cross against the name of the candidate for whose election he desires to vote, but no Member shall vote for more than one such candidate.(b) Shall deliver or transmit his balloting list in a sealed envelope bearing on the outside the signature of the Member, addressed to the Secretary, at the office of the Institute, so that it be received not later than by the first post on the third Monday in January in the year for which the election is being held.IV. (1) The envelopes containing the balloting lists shall, on the third Thursday in January in the year in which the election is held, be opened by two Scrutineers, neither Members of the Council, nor candidates nominated for election as District Members of the Council, who shall be nominated by the Council in December of the year preceding the election at a meeting convened specially for that purpose. (2).The balloting list of any member who on the third Thursday in January IS in arrear with any subscription or other sum payable by him to the Institute under the By-Laws shall be disallowed. (3) The Scrutineers shall present their Report to the Council at a meeting, on the third Friday in January, specially convened for that purpose.(4) The candidate receiving the greatest number of votes in each District respectively shall be elected and, in any case of an equality of votes, the Council shall decide the matter by ballot. 301 (5) If at any time after the balloting lists have been sent bo members, and before the dissolution of the Annual General Meeting, any candidate who would otherwise have been elected has' died or has with-drawn his nomination or has in any way become ineligible for Membership of the Council, then the candidate having the next greatest number of votes shall be elected, or if there be no such candidate, the vacancy shall be filled as provided in Rule V.(6) The election of District Members of Council shall be notified to members when they are served with the balloting list for the election of General Members of Council at the Annual General Meeting. V. After the fist election any vacancy among the District Members of the Council occurring between the Annual General Meetings, owing to death, resignation, removal or otherwise, shall be filled by the election by the Committee of the Local Section, in the respective District of one eligible Fellow; or if there be more than one Local Section in the District the Committees of all the Sections therein shall hold a joint meeting for the purpose of such election.Notice convening a meeting for this purpose shall be sent by the Secretary of the Institute to all the members of the Committee or Committees of the Section or Sections concerned at least fourteen days before the date of the meeting. If there be no Local Section within a District, a casual vacancy shall be filled by the election by the Council of one eligible Fellow from the Fellows resident in that District. If there be a casual vacancy in the case of the District Member of Council for District (xii), such vacancy shall be filled by the Council by the election of one eligible Fellow. The Fellows whose names are given below are the present Members of Council for the Districts indicated. The names of those who have completed the period of three years' service on the Council and retire in accordance with By-Law 23 are marked asterisk (*).Birmingham and Midlands : William Wardlaw, D.Sc. Bristol and South-Western Counties : Albert Watkins Maggs Win&.* Liverpool and North-West Coast: Walter Ferguson Buist, B.Sc. London and South-Eastern Counties : George Stubbs, C.B.E. Manchester and District: William David Rogers, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. North-East Coast and Yorkshire: Harry Malkin Mason, M.Sc. Edinburgh and East of Scotland: Alec Munro Cameron, B.Sc. Glasgow and West of Scotland: Frederick William Harris. Wales and the County of Monmouth: Leonard Eric Hinkel, D.Sc. Northern Ireland: John Hawthorne, B.A., Ph.D. Irish Free State: William Robert Fearon, M.A., Sc.D.The Overseas Dominions and elsewhere abroad: SidneyWaterfield Bunker, D.S.O., B.Sc.* 302 Examinations in 1931.-The arrangements for examina- tions during 1931 will be as follows :-Dates of Examinations. Entries close. 5th to 9th January or 12th to 16th January. Monday, 10th November, 1930. 13th to 17th April or 20th to 24th April. Monday, 16th February, 1931. 14th to 18th September or zIst to 25th September. Monday, 20th July, 1931, Candidates for the Associateship will be examined in January April and September, and candidates for the Fellowship in April and September. Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize for Registered Students.-A medal and prize (4x0 10s.) for the best essay, not exceeding 3000 words, on ‘‘ Chemical Education, from the Student’s Point of View ” will be awarded in January, 1931, and presented at the next Annual General Meeting, or at a meeting of the Local Section to which the successful competitor is attached.Entries are limited to registered students who are less than 22 years of age at the time of forwarding the essay. Each essay must be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the Local Section of the district in which the com- petitor resides (see list of Local Sections at the end of this Part of the JOCTRSAL) on or before the 31st December, 1930, and must be accompanied by a signed declaration that it is the independent work of the competitor. Essays will be valued partly for literary style and technique, but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein.The Committee of each Local Section will be asked to select from among the essays received not more than three considered to be worthy of the award. The essays selected by the Local Sections will be referred to assessors appointed by the Council. On the report of the assessors, the Council will decide whether an award be made. The award will not be made more than once to any individual competitor. Enquiries on the subject of the Sir Edward Frankland Essays should be addressed to the Registrar. 303 The Meldola Medal (the gift of the Society of Maccabaans) is awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise and is brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st December prior to the award.The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work. The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person. In awarding the Medal for 1930 the adjudicators will, unless exceptional circumstances arise, give special consideration to work in inorganic or physical chemistry. The next award will be made in January, 1931. The Council will be glad to have attention directed, before 31st December, 1930, to work of the character indicated. Beilby Memorial Awards.-From the interest derived from the invested capital of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, at intervals to be determined by the administrators representing the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institute of Metals, awards will be made to British investigators in science to mark appreciation of records of distinguished original work, preference being given to in-vestigations relating to the special interests of Sir George Beilby, including problems connected with fuel economy, chemical engineering and metallurgy.Awards will not be made on the result of any competition, but in recognition of continuous work of exceptional merit, bearing evidence of distinct advancement in knowledge and practice. The administrators of the Fund are the Presidents, the Honorary Treasurers, and the Secretaries of the three partici- pating Institutions. Fellows and Associates who wish to direct attention to work of the character indicated are requested to communicate with the Registrar of the Institute.Pedler Research Scholarship.-Under the regulations for the award of the Pedler Scholarship, the scholar is required to undertake work on a problem or problems to be chosen by the Council, having special regard to the need for its investigation in the public interest. 304 The selected problem will be announced in due course, and the Pedler Fund Committee willinvite applications from candi- dates for the scholarship. The successful candidate will be informed of his or her appointment as soon as possible after the award. The scholarship is of the annual value of ;6300,payable monthly, and tenable for one year, but, at thediscretion of the Council, may be extended for any further period at the same rate.The work shall be conducted in a laboratory approved by the Council, and under the general direction of any person or persons, duly authorised by the Council for this purpose, who shall report to the Pedler Fund Committee from time to time as required. The Council will defray the expenses of the research out of the Pedler Fund, all such expenses being subject to the approval of the Council or of an officer duly authorised for this purpose. The results of the investigations undertaken by the scholar shall be the property of the Institute, and shall be published as the Council may direct. Any such publication, however, shall be in the name of the scholar solely.Notice to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship as soon as possible. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their professors.Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. 305 Members and Students who are without employment are required to pay 6s. 61. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period of six months, if necessary. The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assis- tants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations.Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students and Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute provides a collection of books primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations, but is open for the use of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students between the hours of 10 a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10 a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is avail- able, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute, wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10 a.m.to 9 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.), except during August and the early part of September, when the hours are from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted, at present, to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books. Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. The Science Museum, South Kensington.-The Director and Secretary of the Science Museum, South Kensington, has notified the Council of the Institute that arrangements have been made for the issue of books and periodicals on loan to scientific workers introduced by approved institutions.Books which can be obtained easily from other institutions are not ordinarily lent by the Science Library. The Science Library, however, contains some 360 periodicals specially devoted to chemical science, and arrangements have been made (by means of a form of requisition obtainable from the Registrar of the Institute) for borrowing any of these, and of the remainder of 306 the 8000 periodicals in the Library which may not be available in the Library of the Chemical Society or elsewhere. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers for binding the JOURNAL (IS. zd. each) are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which they are desirous of binding the JOURNAL.Arrangements have been made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19, Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGStheon following terms: buckram case, IS. zd. ; binding, 2s. gd.; postage and packing, gd.; in all, 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who wish to give lectures. The collection is constantly being augmented by the addition of new slides to meet the wishes of lecturers. As the slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their $ermanent addresses for registration.The Annual General Meeting of the Institute will be held on Monday, 2nd March, 1931.