THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. Patron -H.M. THE KING. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. PART VI: 1938. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secmtwy. 30, RUSSELL SQUARE, LONDON,W.C.1. December, 1938. Publications Committee, 1938139. W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD (Chairman), Sir ROBERT H.PICKARD (President), W. M. AMES, A. L. BACHARACH, JAMES BELL, HAROLD BURTON, ALBERT COULTHARD, H. E. COX, B.S. EVANS, A. E. EVEREST, A. E. FINDLEY, J. B. FIRTH, a.A. HALL, J. WeKAWLEY, H. H. HODGSON J. R. JOHNSON, EDGAR LEWIS, P. LEWIS-DALE, C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, J. R. NICHOLLS, G.S. ROBERTSON, E.A. TYLER 443 Editorial. REMUNERATION AND STATUS OF CHEMISTS. In November, a letter was sent to every Fellow and Associate of the Institute requesting him to'make a return of the total remuneration earned by him in the exercise of his profession. Up to the present, nearly 4,800 Fellows and Associates have returned the cards which were issued with the letter. Each member was asked merely to make a cross in the appropriate space on the card, thereby indicating his age and total earnings. The object of asking for this return is to render available as true and complete information as can be obtained on the general position and financial prospects of chemists. The Council earnestly requests all who have not yet done so to return their cards as soon as possible.When a similar request was made eight years ago, 3,828 members (out of a total which then stood at 5,800), made their returns. A few members, however, appeared to regard the matter as of little importance, and enquired what use could be made of the statistics when compiled. One answer to this question is that there has been so much demand for the part of the Journal (Part 111, 1931)in which the summary was published, that it is almost out of stock. The Officers have found the statistics of the greatest value in advising prospective employers as to the salaries which they should offer. On many occasions, too, members have referred to the statistics, which enable them to consider critically their positions in relation to those of others of the same age and standing.From time to time, attention is directed to public advertise- ments in which unsatisfactory terms are offered for chemical appointments. Such advertisements are doubtless irritating and damaging to the profession, but the view of the Council is that to give additional publicity to them is likely to aggravate the complaint. Neither the Institute nor any other organisa- tion has the power to prevent the publication of such advertise- ments, but much has been done, by co-operation between the 444 Institute and advertising managers of leading technical journals, to discourage their acceptance. The wider interests of the profession are of far greater impor- tance than the circumstance that a few-and only a few-employers appear to imagine that the services of a good chemist can be obtained for a workman’s wage.The Council, therefore, feels that it is well to publish established data indicating the actual remuneration earned by chemists, and that the results of the enquiry are more likely to be helpful to chemists than any policy of protesting that the services of the profession are not properly recognised. It is anticipated, moreover, that the data, which will be published when the returns have been received from abroad, will be found to compare favourably with those for other professions. PartIt was stated, in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, V, 1936, that the Council had received a report from the Appoint- ments Committee on the desirability of establishing more clearly the principles which should guide the Council in deciding the circumstances in which the Institute might be justified in intervening in matters relating to the status and remuneration attaching to appointments for chemists.The Council adhered to the principle that the Institute should not officially intervene in any question concerning the relations between an employed chemist and a private employer or an industrial concern “except where the public interest might be involved . . .” Some further explanation may be considered desirable as to what is meant by the phrase quoted. This is difficult to define, but it usually includes a general principle affecting the welfare of the public, either as a whole, or in some large measure.The Council has been urged to adopt a more forward and progressive policy in these matters, but those who advocate such a policy may not be aware of all that has been done. When some general principle is involved, the Institute can and does take action. For example, in matters relating to public appointments, it should be obvious that the employing authority has a public duty to ensure efficient service, and it is clearly inexpedient that the terms and conditions attaching to public appointments should be unattractive to men of suitably high attainments. Unsatisfactory conditions tend to limit the choice to the less well qualified and less fully experienced.445 Representations to local authorities have been made from time to time by the Institute, with very good effect, on such matters as the remuneration or conditions of employment of chemists. With regard to appointments in industry, it has to be assumed that both employer and employed are working primarily for gain. Few industries can exist for long unless they are found to be profitable. The employer has certain work to be done and he offers such terms as he thinks will secure for him, on an economic basis, the services of those who can do it. The question of remuneration depends then very much on the nature and responsibility of the position, as well as on "supply and demand." When should the Institute intervene in matters concerning industrial or private appointments? By way of example, it may be mentioned that Fellows and Associates occasionally seek the advice of the Officers of the Institute as to the line of action they should take in circumstances where they rightly have felt that they were being required by their employers to act contrary to the ethics of their profession, eg., to sophisticate products, to issue misleading reports, to conceal material informa- tion, etc.Chemists have also been asked to condone conditions in factories, laboratories or workshop which they knew to be dangerous to the safety or health of the workers. These examples are rare, but are clearly matters of public interest, and, in such circumstances, the Officers have been authorised to intervene and have taken such action as the occasion demanded.When, as a consequence, the Fellow or Associate has resigned his appointment, the Institute has helped him to obtain more suitable employment. It has been said that the Institute should intervene officially between employers and employed only in matters where the public interest is involved. The reason for this should be clear. The Institute, in common with other similar Chartered profes- sional bodies, was formed very largely in the public interest, and not solely in the interest of its members. It is, however, part of the business of the Institute to safeguard professional traditions, ideals, and status. Succeeding generations of Fellows and Associates must maintain the position which has already been attained and seek means to advance it.Each generation has to cope with its own problems and difficulties. It is, however, a legitimate and sound contention that the public interest requires that the members of a learned and useful profession 446 should be adequately remunerated for their services, for without reasonable financial reward, the profession would be unattractive, and the community would lack a very necessary service. In such circumstances, the profession might be followed by a few, in a spirit of altruism, or for love of science itself, but not many would attempt to adopt it as a means of livelihood. The standing of a profession is determined by the service rendered by its members.Its prestige depends on the character, personality and attainments of the individuals who practise it and, therefore, it is in the interests both of the public and of the the profession itself that a certain sturdy self-dependence should be encouraged among its members. The Council will continue to pursue the lines of policy and action which have been indicated, but will be ready, as in the past , to consider any definite proposals contributed by Fellows and Associates for the maintenance and promotion of their welfare. 447 Proceedings of the Council. Council Meeting, 18thNovember,1938.-Arising from the correspondence, the Council reappointed representatives of the Institute on the Joint Library Committee of the Chemical Society:-Professor H.V. A. Briscoe, Mr. H. W. Cremer, Dr. J. J. Fox and Dr. E. Vanstone. A letter was received from the Chemical Society thanking the Council of the Institute for the contribution of the Institute, for 1938, towards the maintenance of the Library,-L718. 5s. 4d. The Council also received a letter from the Chemical Society suggesting the possibility of joint action being taken by the Chemical Society, the Institute, and the Society of Chemical Industry, regarding the preparation of a register of chemists, who would be available in the event of a national emergency, and the registration of the personnel and equipment of the chemical laboratories of universities, colleges, research institutes, industrial research organisations, etc., with a view to their being available to the Government as complete units in the event of such emergency.The Council considered the matter, in conjunction with resolutions transmitted by the South Wales Section, and letters from the Birmingham and Midlands Section, and the Huddersfield Section, bearing on the same subject, which, it was intimated by representatives present , would also be supported by the Manchester Section, involving a suggestion that a supple-mentary list of chemists, other than Fellows and Associates of the Institute, should be prepared. The Council appointed a Special Committee to deal with the whole matter, and to present its report at an appropriate time:-The President, the Hon. Treasurer, with Dr. A. E. Everest, Dr.J. J. Fox, Mr. George King, Mr. D. W. Parkes, Professor R. Robinson, Dr. R. E. Slade and Professor J. F. Thorpe. The Council directed that the Society of Chemical Industry be notified, in order that mention of the appointment of the Committee might be made in Chemistry and Industry. 448 Correspondence was received from Fellows of the Institute directing attention to the proposal of the Metropolitan Water Board to seek powers by Act of Parliament to undertake the examination of water supplied by other public authorities, and also of sewage and sewage effluents. The Council directed the Registrar to investigate and report upon the matter. Reports of the Standing Committees were received. The Finance and House Committee reported on the preparation of a Trust Deed in connexion with the proposed Staff Insurance and Pensions Scheme, the consideration of which was postponed, in order that a prkcis of the document might be prepared for approval at the next meeting. The Committee also presented a further report on the consideration of the entrance fees and assess- ment fees payable by Associates applying for election to the Fellowship, and was requested to submit a definite recommenda- tion on the subject at the next meeting.The Report of the Appointments Committee was referred to the Publications Committee, with a view to its inclusion in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS.(See p. 452.) The President reported that the Proposed Supplemental Charter was still in the hands of the solicitors, who were of opinion that the draft should be revised.On the Report of the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee, the Council suggested that a Sub-committee should prepare, for issue in the JOURNAL AND PRO-CEEDINGS, or as separate leaff ets, statements containing particu- lars of unusual cases of accidents which occur in laboratories. Council Meeting, 16th December, 1938.-The Council received a report regarding the proposal of the Metropolit an Water Board to seek powers inter alia “to make and to charge for making examinations of and experiments on water or sewage or sewage effluent or trade effluent submitted to them by certain bodies, persons or authorities.” Letters had been received from many Fellows and Associates who were known to undertake practice in water analysis, and the analysis of sewage and sewage effluents, in London and neighbouring counties, expressing their unanimous desire that the Council of the Institute should oppose that part of the Bill in which it was proposed that the Board should seek to trespass upon the practice which they had hitherto enjoyed.It was felt that the Board had had 449 little regard to the existing rights of analytical and consulting chemists. Many Fellows and Associates derived substantial practice from such work for local authorities, and public analysts had an intimate knowledge of the water supplies within the areas of their local authorities. Such practitioners were specially favourably placed for giving competent advice on water problems.They were rate-and tax-payers who maintained their own laboratories, staffs and equipment, and would be very seriously damaged if they lost this work. There was no reason to suppose that the analysts who would be entrusted with the work in the laboratories of the Metropolitan Water Board were more skilled or had greater experience than those who had been in independent practice on their own responsibility for many years and had special knowledge of water supplies which had hitherto been entrusted to them for investigation. They contended, therefore, that there was no justification for any attempt on the part of the Metropolitan Water Board to interfere with existing practices.The Board was established for one specific purpose,-to give ,a good water supply to the Metropolitan area. The proposal to undertake analytical practice was not an extension of the original undertaking, but the foundation of a claim which might eventually constitute the Board as practically the only authority for analytical work of this kind. The Council also received letters from the Society of Public Analysts and other Analytical Chemists and from the Society of Chemical Industry on the matter, which was referred to a special committee consisting of the President, the Hon. Treasurer, with Dr. H. E. Cox, Dr. J. J. Fox, Mr. Edward Hinks, and Dr. G. Roche Lynch, with authority to confer with the Legal and Parliamentary Committee as and when it was deemed necessary.Further correspondence was received from the Chemical Society regarding the desirability of preparing a register of chemical laboratories, which might be utilised as complete units in a national emergency; but in view of correspondence which had passed between the Government and the Institute, it was not considered advisable at present to follow the suggestion made by the Council of the Society. The Committee appointed on 18th November was empowered to co-opt. A communication was received from the British Association for the Advancement of Science on the establishment of a Division for the Social and International Relations of Science, and asking for information as to any work done or contemplated by the 450 Institute in the field of the social relations of science.It was reported that the Association had been sent copies of articles and notes which had appeared in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSof the Institute, dealing with the effects of advances in science on communities and the effects of social conditions upon the progress of science. A letter was received from the British Management Council enquiring whether “Members of all other societies and institu tions” might be allowed to attend meetings concerned with any aspect of management, which might be held by the Institute, in return for reciprocal courtesies. The Council was informed that the attention of the British Management Council had been directed to the arrangements notified under Coming Events ” in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSof the Institute, including the arrangements for joint meetings of chemical societies and their Sections, The British Standards Institution directed attention to the proposed extension of the British Standard Conversion Tables, B.S. 350.The existing Tables give the complete conversion of inches to millimetres and millimetres to inches. The issue is suggested of complete authoritative tables of conversions from British to metric units for certain of the quantities commonly used in engineering,-such as pressures, stresses, and weights per unit length. The British Standards Institution invited suggestions as to those quantities for which Conversion Tables should be published. On a motion by Mr.J. R. Nicholls, Rule 5 of the General Rules for Local Sections of the Institute was amended to make it possible for a District Member of Council to be a member of the Committee of several Sections within his district. The Council was gratified to receive from the Society of Chemical Industry a communication advising the Institute that the Finance Committee of the Society had instructed the Adver- tisement Manager not to accept for publication in Chemistry and Industry advertisements offering facilities for professional consultative work. Resolutions were received from the South Wales and Cardiff and District Sections, the East Midlands and South Yorkshire Sections to the effect that they were unable to discuss or form an opinion on the Supplemental Charter until they had before them copies of the document in its final form.The President mentioned that the final draft was before Counsel and it was expected that it would be received shortly. A Report was received from the Administrators of the Beilby Memorial Fund (see p. 493). The President reported that the Harrison Memorial Selection Committee had given their Award for 1938 to Mr. Alexander King, of The Chemistry Department, Royal College of Science. On a Report from the Finance and House Committee, the Council approved the Superannuation and Pensions Scheme, and the Trust Deed and Regulations relating thereto, which will be the subject of a motion to be submitted to the Annual General Meeting, on 1st March, 1939, in accordance with By-Law 42.The Committee having further considered the subject of entrance fees and assessment fees for Associates applying for the Fellowship, recommended that no alteration be made in the amounts payable under the present Regulations. The Benevolent Fund Committee submitted a summary showing the receipts and expenditure for 1938 compared with those for 1937 at the same date, indicating, in the aggregate, a decrease in total receipts of L96 15s. Id., and an increase in total expenditure of L13913s. 3d. Five cases were reviewed, involving the distribution of A15 in grants, and additional allowances (pro tern.) of L3 a week to new cases. It was reported that an Associate of the Institute had kindly promised to present fowls to a number of widows at Christmas.Dr. F. D. Miles, FeZZow, was appointed to succeed Dr. N. Picton, Fellow, as Assessor for National Certificates in Chemistry (Scotland). Streatfeild Memorial Lecture.-Mr. Bernard F. Howard, Honorary Treasurer, presided at a meeting held at the Institute on 18th November, when Mr. John Ralph Nicholls, Member of Council, gave the zIst Streatfeild Memorial Lecture, taking for his subject bb Opium.” The lecture, with a report of the discussion thereon, has been issued to the Fellows and Associates. 452 At the close of the discussion, the Chairman handed Mr. Nicholls a photograph of Streatfeild, together with the Streatfeild Memorial Medal, kindly presented by the City and Guilds of London Institute.Gluckstein Memorial Lecture.-Dr. Leslie H. Laihpitt presided at a meeting held in the hall of the Institute, on Wednesday, 7th December, when Dr. W. H. Hatfield, F.R.S., delivered the Tenth Gluckstein Memorial lecture, in which he dealt with “Research in the Iron and Steel Industry.” The lecture will be published to Fellows, Associates and Registered Students in due course. Dr. Lampitt read a letter from the President, expressing his regret that he was unable to be present, adding that he felt sure that those who were able to attend would welcome the opportunity which Dr. Hatfield was giving them of learning how successfully had been developed the research connected with the important side of industry which he served so brilliantly. At the conclusion of the lecture a vote of thanks was accorded to the lecturer, on the motion of Sir Robert Robertson, who was Chairman of the London and South-Eastern Counties Section when the original lecture was delivered by Mr.S. M. Gluckstein, seconded by Dr. E. B. Hughes, who was at that time Honorary Secretary of the Section. Thus, with Dr. Lampitt, three Fellows of the Institute who were associated with the inauguration of the lecture in 1928,contributed to the proceedings of the evening. Both Sir Robert and Dr. Hughes expressed the opinion that though there had been many excellent lectures given under the scheme, that to which the members had listened on that evening was perhaps more closely on the lines originally intended than any of its forerunners.The lecture was illustrated by lantern slides and by the exhibition of a film in colours which was very much appreciated. Appointments Register.-Report on the working of the Appointments Register during the period 1st October, 1937,to 30th September, 1938. During the period a total of 1,056 vacancies have been notified as against 994 for the previous corresponding period. 453 The following table gives a rough analysis of the vacancies :-1937-38. 1936-37. Government Appointments .. .. . . 93 107 Universities .. .. .. .. .. 81 59 Schools .. .. .. .. .. .. 72 74 Research Associations and Institutions .. 54 37 Educational Authorities . . .. .. 4 6 Public Bodies .... .. .. .. 101 22 Industrial Appointments .. .. .. 432 512 Chemical Engineers .. .. .. .. 33 29 Salesmen .. .. .. .. .. 5 3 Junior Appointments .. .. .. 48 58 Temporary Appointments .. .. .. 16 16 Scholarships, Grants, etc. .. .. .. 17 8 Appointments for Women .. .. .. 100 63 -__ 1056 994 -Of these 64 were abroad as compared with 50 last year. Salaries.-The following figures indicate the salaries offered in connection with some of the above vacancies:- 1937-38. 1936-37. €200 per annum or under, including juniorvacancies .. .. .. .. 24 39 2200-2250 .. .. .. .. .. 69 54 €250-2500 .. .. .. .. .. 213 176 ;E5OO-;El,OOO .. .. .. .. . . 84 83 €1,000 and over .. .. .. .. 17 7 It will be seen that the table only accounts for 407 out of the I,056 vacancies notified.In the remainder, precise information as to the salaries offered was not given. At the date of the last Report (30th September, 1937), 336 Fellows and Associates, and 12 Registered Students, were using the Appointments Register. Since that date 384 indivi- duals, not included in the above, have made use of the service. It would appear from the above figures that 732 individuals have made use of the Register during some part of the year; although this figure may not be strictly accurate owing to inter- mittent use of the service by a few individuals. Of the 384 new “entries” during the year under considera- tion, 260 held paid appointments at the time of application, and 124 (including 18 Students) were unemployed. Of those who held posts- 36 obtained more suitable employment and 50 were removed through non-renewal.454 Of the unemployed- 52 notified the office that they had obtained employment during the year, and 4 were removed through non-renewal. At the date of this Report 59 Fellows, 287 Associates, and 15 Students were using the Appointments Register. g Fellows and 74 Associates had notified the office that they were without remunerative employment. Uncmptoyment.-The following table shows the numbers of members who had notified the Institute that they were un-employed at the times stated. The figures for the previous corresponding period are given in brackets. The numbers represent the average during each month.F.I.C. A.I.C. Totals. October, 1937 November .. .. .. .. 11 (16)11 69 (92) 69 80 (108) 80 December . .. 11 64 75 January, 1938 ., February . . March .. .. .. ,. .. 11 (12)10 9 66 (84) 64 56 67 (96) 64 65 AprilMayJune ., .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 7 (10)7 6 52 (65) 54 63 69 (75) 61 70 July .. .. August .. September .. .. *-.. 9;(lo) 71 (75) 73 74 79 (84) 82 83 The minimum number of unemployed, 55 was reached on 25th April, 1938. Of the total number of unemployed on 31st October, 1938,83: 1936-37. 30 have been unemployed for 3 months or leas .. .. .. .. .. (25)32 for, from 3 months to 1 year; and . . (23)21 for over one year .. .. .. (35) The ages of the members unemployed are as follows:-1037-38.1936-37. 1.21-29: yBem .. .. 15 27 25-30 ,, .. .. .. 21 12 30-33 9) -6 d* *. 8 11 35-40 ,, .' .. . . 11 5 40-45 ,, .. *. .. 11 8 45-50 ,, .. .. .. 6 3 50 and over .. .. . . 11 12 455 The number of members in the Section Areas who have informed the Institute that they are without remunerative employment are as follows:- Abercleen .. .. .. .. .. 1 Birmingham . . Northern Ireland BristoI . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ,. .. .. .. .. 5 1 3 Cardiff (S. Wales) Dublin (I.F.S.). . East Anglia .. East Midlands .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0 0 0 2 Edinburgh GlasgowHuddersfield .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 3 1 Leeds .. .. .... .. .. 7 Liverpool .. .. .. London and S.E. Counties Section .. .. .. .. 2 51 Manchester .. .. .. .. .. 3 Newcastle .. .. .. .. .. 0 Wales .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 Abroad .. .. Sheffield (S. Yorks.) .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. 0 1 I 83 - LIST OF LABORATORYAssIsTANTs.-There are 63 names on this list as against 39 last year. Of this number, 56 are living in the London area. Eighty-three vacancies have been issued as against 126 last year. During the period under review 48 laboratory assistants have notified the office that they have obtained employment. 456 Local Sections. [The Institute is not responsible for the views expressed in papers read, or in speeches delivered during discussion.] Aberdeen and North of Scotland.-A meeting of this Section was held in the Chemistry Department, Marischal College, on 28th October,-Dr.A. B. Stewart in the Chair. A paper was read by Dr. J. A. Lovern, entitled Some Recent Aspects of Vitamin A Research.” Dr. Lovern has kindly provided the following abstract. Pure Vitamin A has now been obtained in crystalline form and its characteristics determined, whilst the synthesis of impure vitamin A, starting from /3-ionone, has also been accomplished. There is evidence of a second vitamin A, present in fish (especially freshwater fish), but not in mammals or birds. This substance is probably the C, analogue of vitamin A, with an extra double bond. Its characteristics were described and it was indicated that it can apparently function in every way like the more usual vitamin. The distribution of vitamin A in animals was discussed, with particular reference to its storage in the muscular tissues of the eel and in the intestines of the halibut.It was pointed out that the vitamin is present mainly as esters rather than as the free alcohol, and probably some of it is also combined with protein. The great discrepancies between the amounts present in various species of fish, together with the apparent absence of the vitamin from zoo-plankton, suggest a synthetic, rather than a dietary origin for much of the vitamin present in certain species. The carotenoid astacene, widely distributed amongst aquatic life, is of interest in this respect.Diversity of function of vitamin A is evident. In addition to its role in the well-being of cells, it is specifically involved in the visual pigment cycle. Wald’s work on rhodopsin and porphyropsin in fishes was discussed, and the replacement of vitamin A by vitamin A, in freshwater fish was mentioned. 457 In some species, such as halibut, the presence of relatively enormous quantities of vitamin A suggests another grosser function. The distribution in the alimentary tract is suggestive, nearly all the vitamin being present in a certain layer of the mucosa of the absorptive portions of the intestine. Evidence was advanced to suggest that in such species the vitamin esters might conceivably assist in the transfer of fat through the intestinal wall.A meeting of the Section was held in the Chemistry Depart- ment, Marischal College, on 8th December,-Dr. A. B. Stewart in the Chair. Mr. T. Howard read a paper entitled b4 Bacon and its By-Products.” Mr. Howard gave an account of the extent and importance of the bacon industry to the country, and outlined possible developments. He referred to the size and organisation of the industry in Denmark, and expressed the opinion that, with proper organisation, there was no reason why the industry should not be equally prosperous to this country. He explained in detail the functions of a modern bacon factory operating in this country and the various processes of bacon curing. He then stated that the aim of curers should be, to have (I) the correct amount of salt present, (2) the colour good, (3) the bacon flavour developed, and (4) satisfactory keeping properties.He indicated what steps might be taken to further this achievement. Another method of curing was suggested, but, in its present form, it was not commercially practicable. Mr. Howard then discussed the different by-products and indicated their importance. He described how everything in the whole process was utilised so that, so far as possible, there was no wastage. Bristol and South-Western Counties.-The first meeting of the session was held on Thursday, 20th October, in the Chemical Department of the Bristol University,-Professor E. L. Hirst, F.R.S., in the Chair. 458 Mr.A. W. Knapp was to have lectured on “Vitamin D and Cacao Shell” but, owing to indisposition, he was unable to be present, and his place was taken by Mr. A. Churchman, who lectured from Mr. Knapp’s notes and subsequently provided the following account :-The growing knowledge of the importance of vitamins led to numerous investigations in the Bournville laboratories with regard to the vitamin D potency of chocolate products. The vitamin D potency of milk-chocolate in particular, not com-pletely accounted for by the vitamin D of the milk present, led to the discovery by Knapp and Coward of the fact that cacao nib has a vitamin D potency of I international unit per gram. This unusual vitamin D potency in a vegetable product evoked considerable interest and led to a closer study of the cacao bean.This was followed in 1934 by the publication of research by Coward and Knapp showing that cacao shell had at least one-quarter of the vitamin D content of cod-liver oil. Cacao shell, it should be explained, is the thin husk or shell surrounding the cacao nib, and averages about 12 per cent. of the cacao bean. The discovery of the valuable properties of this by-product of the cocoa and chocolate industry excited great interest and it became evident that cacao shell probably had an unusual value as a feeding-stuff for cows and other animals. On the grounds that this was a matter of public interest, tests were conducted at the National Institute for Research in Dairying at Reading where Kon and Henry found that the vitamin D in the cacao shell consumed by cows was largely conveyed to the butter. The feeding of 2 lb.of cacao shell per cow daily in winter not only led to the increase in vitamin D potency of the milk and butter from winter to summer level, but was accompanied by an increase in the fat content of the milk. This has been confirmed in the researches of Golding and Burr and in the large-scale farm feeding tests of Knapp and Churchman. The high vitamin D content of cacao shell came as a surprise to the scientific world, and further work, both in this country and on the Continent, fully confirmed the discovery. Achccnich, in particular, has carried out extensive tests and reports figures as high as 125 I.units of vitamin D per gram of cacao shell. 459 The origin of vitamin D in cacao shell has been investigated in a series of researches by Coward and Knapp, and thc conclusion was reached that it was improbable that either vitamin D or ergosterol was present in the fresh shell of the cacao bean. During tlic fermentation process, to which the cacao bean is submitted, yeast containing ergosterol develops in the pulp on the shell, and this, during the drying process in the tropical sun, is con- verted into vitamin D. Hence, vitamin D is absent from arti- ficially dried cocoa, whereas in the fermented and sun-dried cacao of commerce the vitamin D of the cacao shell is very high- twenty or thirty times as potent as in dairy butter.Negatii-e results in feeding tests with poultry confirm that the vitamiii D of cacao shell is similar to calciferol or irradiated ergosterol, and should be called vitamin D,. A meeting of the Bristol and South-M7estern Counties Section was held at Rristol Univcrsity on 24th November,-Dr. E. L. Hirst, F.R.S., in the Chair-when a lecture, accompanied by a demonstration, on bb Oxidation-Reduction Indicators ” was given by Dr. A. D. Mitchell, who has supplied the following summary :-After mentioning a few earlier uses of these indicators, the lecturer sketched the principles underlying their more recent and systematic application in analytical chemistry, and showed curves illustrating the change of oxidation-reduction potential with change in the ratio of, for example, ferric to ferrous iron.He then discussed the limitations to the application of the theoreti- cal considerations due to the fact that many of the reactions involved in oxidation titrations were not thermodynamically reversible. The advantages and disadvantages of various indicators were then explained, and the following titrations were carried out as examples of their use : ferrous iron by dichromate, using barium diphen ylamine-sulphona t c, phen ylan thranilic acid, or brucine ; ferrocyanide by perrnanganate or ceric sulphate, and quinol by ceric sulphate, all using diphenylamine ; zinc by ferrocyanide, using diphenylbenzidiiie ; ferrous iron by ceric sulphate, using xylem cyanol FF or tri-o-phenan throlinoferrous sulphate.460 Cardiff and District.-A joint meeting was held with the South Wales Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, in University College, Cardiff on and November, when Dr. W. R. Harrison, Director of the South Wales Forensic Science Labora- tory, gave a lecture on Lc The Examination of Questionable Documents ’’ Officers of the Cardiff City Police attended by invitatim. On 28th November, a joint meeting was held with the Chemical Society, when Professor W. Wardlaw delivered a lecture entitled Some Topics in Inorganic Chemistry ” The lecturer gave an entertaining and lucid account of modern aspects of the subject of atomic weight determination and of crystal structure and constitution ; a short discussion followed.Dr. W. Cule Davies, lately secretary of the Cardiff and District Section, has been awarded a Leverhulme Research Award and has proceeded to Cambridge University. Dublin.-Mr. B. G. Fagan presided at a meeting in University College, Dublin, on 12th October, when Dr. Janet Matthews delivered a lecture on bb Micro-analysis,” of which she has kindly supplied the following summary :-Microchemical technique marks an advance in methods of analytical chemistry comparable with the effect of the intro- duction of anaxthetics on the progress of surgery. There is no analytical laboratory where some of the micro-methods could not be introduced with advantage. The methods of organic analysis and the new spot-test methods of qualitative analysis are fairly well known, but it is not generally realised that inorganic quantitative micro-analysis is now sufficiently developed for its widespread adoption, not only in research but in industry.The methods are as accurate as those on the large scale and are more rapid and economical. The technique is easy for any trained analyst to acquire. Students are best taught gravimetric methods after some training in careful micro-qualitative work by the methods of Emich which improve their manipulative skill in general. Methods are being worked out for the application of inorganic micro-methods to the paper, glass and cement industries,-to mention only a few of those likely to benefit by the adoption of micro-methods. Dr.Matthews described the filterstick technique which is the central technique for all gravimetric analysis. Examples were given of its application in the determination of silica and of calcium, illustrated by lantern slides. For those unable to purchase a Pregl-Kuhlmann type of balance, the new rriodel of the Nernst-Donau torsion balance was recommended. As against the disadvantage of its small load capacity, this balance has the advantages of rapid weighing and increased accuracy. The Gorbach micro-extraction apparatus was described, in which 0.1gram of milk can be extracted with z C.C. of ether for a butter fat determination. A model of an electrically heated block for the microscope stage, used for micro-sublimation or for melting point determinations was described. The crystals to be observed are placed on a thin cover-slip lying on.a black polished background on the surface of the heating stage. This method of determination of mclting points under the microscope is superior in every way to the older method. The advantages of the use of illumination by ultra-violet light for the identification of fluorescent organic and biological products under the microscope were pointed out; also the use of ultra-violet photography, using light of differing wave-lengths. Slides" were shown of the cornea of the eye, stained, unstained, and photographed in different wave-lengths of ultra-violet light, which clearly demonstrated the value of the technique and the superiority to staining methods.In conclusion, four cinematograph films (the property of the Microchemical Club) were shown as follows :-I. Qualitative micro-analysis on a microscope slide. 2. Semi-quantitative analysis in micro-centrifuge tubes. 3. Micro-fractionation and boiling point determinations. 4. Microchemistry in Graz, featuring Professor Pregl, Professor Emich and Dr. Donau. Replying to a question, Dr. Matthews suggested that a person taking up micro-work might suitably commence with boiling point determinations, Kjeldahl estimations, and calcium deter- minations as oxalate, using a large filter stick. *Kindly lent by Mr. C. K. Johnson, of the Imperial college. 462 The Annual General Meeting was held on qrd November, in University College-Professor O’Farrelly presiding-when the following were elected to the Committee :-Mr.John Andrews, Dr. J. Bell, Mr. B. G. Fagan, Dr. G. Van Barneveld Gilmour, Dr. A. G. G. Leonard, Professor T. J. Nolan, Professor A. O’Farrelly and Mr. J. W. Parkes. On the 7th December, in Trinity College, Dublin, Mr. H. D. Thornton read a paper on “The Poulaphouca Scheme.” Mr. Thornton gave a brief historical sketch of the development of water supplies to Dublin and pointed out that increasing population, improvements in slum areas, and industrial develop- ment had increased the consumption of water to such a degree that the present supplies were only just sufficient to cope with the demand, which was about 20 million gallons per day.Con-sumption in future years would probably rise to 23 million gallons per day in 1940and reach 40 million by 1990. By the construction of a dam in the Poulaphouca Gorge a large area of land would be flooded by the Liffey, giving a reservoir of some 5,600 acres or about three times the area of the Phenix Park. Evcntually this reservoir woiild supply an addit ionnl 20 million gallons of water per day, so that thc citizens of Dublin are assured of ample water supplies for many years to come. The water being naturally peaty, would be submitted to treatment with aluminium sulphate and calcium carbonate, filtration through mechanical filters of the open gravity type, and sterilisation by chloramine. Samples of treated and untreated water were exhibited whereby the efficiency of the proposed treatment was markedly demonstrated.It was intended to install the chemical treatment and filtra- tion plant in units increasing in number in proportion to the demand, but to construct at once a conduit consisting of a grade aqueduct of concrete, 13 miles in length, having a carrying capacity of 20 million gallons per day. This aqucdxct w-0~1~1be continued by pressure pipe line of 10 million gallons per day capacity which would be duplicated when necessary. Slides were shown illustrating the type of plant to be used for chemical treatment and filtration, while numerous maps showed 463 the areas to be flooded and the route to befollowedbytheaqueduct to the city. The total estimated cost would be about fI1,270,000.East Anglia.-The Section held its second meeting of the session under the chairmanship of Mr. W. Lincolne Sutton, at the Central Public Library, Ipswich, on 8th November, when Mr. H. 13. Brown spoke on “War-time Chemical Problems.” He stressed the fact that whereas a material might be produced satisfactorily in peace conditions, in war-time the need for high output and strict economy of raw materials brought new and different problems. He illustrated this from his experience of the manufacture of the high explosive trinitrotoluene (T.N.T.). Before 1914 comparatively little T.N.T. was made in this country, whereas Germany could manufacture large quantities in association with her vigorous dyestuffs industry, her raw material being petroleum fractions rich in toluene, from the Borneo oilfields.At the outbreak of war this was abruptly changed, and the supply of toluene deflected to England. A quantity of toluene was also scrubbed out of town gas which was impoverished by this contribution. The other raw materials were Chile saltpetre and iron sulphide as the source of the required acids. It was not until the end of the war that ;1 factory was under construction for the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen on a large scale, so that throughout the war the carrying of saltpetre was a strain on freight space. After the outbreak of war, T.N.T. was accepted as a service explosive and it became the most important of the high ex-plosives. The resourccs of the iVar Department and later of the Ministry of Munitions were used to solve some difficult chemical problems, and to raise the output to some thousands of tons per month, and so to satisfy fully the shell-filling factories which had been undersupplied for a time.If another war had to be fought, we should not have to build up T.N.T. production in the same way, but the same type of essentially chemical problems would arise, and difficulties of factory personnel would not be less. The situation was unusual in that one had to train workers, such as farm hands, who had never seen a chemical factory, to operate a delicately balanced 464 chemical process which involved real hazards as to explosion and toxic effects. The guests of the evening included members of the local A.R.P.organisation and the St. John Ambulance Brigade. At the third meeting of the Session, held jointly with the Nonvich Medico-Chirurgical Society at the Norwich Technical College on zznd November, Mr. A. L. Bacharach delivered a lecture on ‘(Food and Medicine.” Dr. G. Maxted, of the Medico-Chirurgical Society, presided. As an introduction, Mr. Bacharach sketched the evolution of drugs. Tinctures and infusions were first mainly used; then impure forms of the active principles; later these principles were prepared in a chemically pure state. Mr. Bacharach indicated the methods by which chemists had made it possible to prepare purified compounds of extreme importance to medicine.For this purpose he chose some branches of vitamin and hormone research with which he person- ally had come into more particular contact. Cod-liver oil has been prescribed for many years for the treatment of rickets, but it was not until after the war that it was recognised that sunlight produced a therapeutic effect similar to that of cod-liver oil. During efforts to explain the action of sunlight, chemists found that irradiated cholesterol possessed anti-rachitic prop- erties. Cholesterol itself was not the precursor of vitamin D, however, as is proved by the fact that the pure sterol could not be activated by ultra-violet light. This led to the discovery, as a result of spectroscopic research, that the substance which was activated on irradiation possessed an absorption band in the ultra-violet region.Cholesterol had no such band, and ergosterol, found in rye and yeast and also widely in the vegetable kingdom, was ultimately found to be a precursor of vitamin D. The lecturer illustrated his story by slides showing the constitutional formulae of the sterols involved in the vitamin D story from cholesterol to ergosterol, right up to calciferol-pure vitamin D,. Vitamin D2was found, however, to differ from the vitamin of cod-liver oil (DJ, as shown by different relative potencies in the healing of rickets in rats and leg weakness in chickens. Whereas the same number of International Units of each vitamin would cure rats of rickets, leg weakness in chickens required much higher doses of D, to effect even a partial cure.The structural difference between vitamins D, and D, was explained, and from this Mr. Bacharach proceeded to show the striking similarity in structural formulae between the vitamins D and certain hormones, notably the oestrus-producing hormones. Another example of a readily recognisable ring structure being associated with important physiological properties was the pyrimidine nucleus, appearing in the purine bases, barbituric acid drugs, vitamin B, and lactoflavin. Mr. Bacharach then reviewed the chemical structure of those vitamins to which he had not referred earlier in his lecture, and in conclusion summarised the most important available facts concerning the distribution of various vitamins in a series of useful tables.East Midlands.-The opening meeting of the session was held jointly with the Chemistry Section of the Leicester Literary and Philosophical Society, on 12th October, at University College, Leicester, when Dr. L. Hunter presided, and Dr. G. Roche Lynch, Member of Council, gave a lecture on bb Some Medico-Legal Experiences.” Dr. Roche Lynch discussed the scientific investigation of a number of well-known cases. In particular, he explained the method of test whereby it was possible, in certain cases, to prove that a man, who was falsely accused of being the father of a certain child, could be exonerated. Most of the questions put to the lecturer related to the prop- erties of blood. A meeting of the Section was held at the County Hotel, Nottingham, on 3rd November.Dr. L. Hunter, the Chairman, presided, when Dr. Janet Matthews gave a lecture on (( Inorganic Microchemical Analysis.” The following synopsis has been supplied by Dr. Matthews. The address was preceded by four cinematograph films (the property of the Microchemical Club) illustrating micro-technique (Dr. Matthews gave explanatory comments). 466 The first three films illustrated the Emich methods of qualita- tive micro-analysis and showed how the methods can be taught to students. The first film demonstrated the micro-fractional distillation of a drop of a mixture of alcohol and water, followed by a boiling-point determinations of the four fractions obtained. The second and third films demonstrated the detection of sil\Ter, lead and mercury in a mixture of salts of the three metals, both on a microscope slide and in a micro-centrifuge tube.It was shown how the qualitative methods arc made semi-quanti- tative, which is often extremely useful in the subsequent quantitative analysis. The Em'ich qualitative techniq ie as shown in the films is most excellent training for accuracy in all analytical work. The last film showed the masters of microchemistry, Pro-fessors Emich and Pregl, at work in Graz, and also Dr. Donau demonstrating his improved model of the Kernst microbalance, which has the advantage of being considerably cheaper than the Pregl-Kuhlmann type, suitable for mxe rapid weighings(15 seconds) and less affected by temperature changes.The only disadvantage of the balance is that the maximum load capacity is only z grams so that specially light apparatus must be used. Dr. Matthews then gave her address. As the field of microanalysis covers all branches of analytical chemistry, only a few aspects were able to be discussed. The methods of inorganic quantitative gravimetric analy- 3es are becoming of increasing importance as tools in both industrial chemistry and research. The methods are very similar to the macro methods, but they avoid, when possible, a large number of separations ; precipitates are dried at low temperatures rather than ignited. The central technique of all the gravimetric methods is the Emich filterstick technique, which obviates transference of precipitates.This technique is also capable of application on the ordinary or macro scale, with saving of time and increase in accuracy. Various types of filtersticks, or immersion filters, were shown : the PorceZnin filterstick with filtering surface of unglazed porcelain, both macro, weighing 7 to 8 grams, and micro, weighing I to 1-5grams; also the original glass type with asbestos filtering pad, weighing about I gram, with the smallest model weighing only 10milligrams for analysis using the Nernst-Donau balance. A platinum filterstick with filtering surface of spongy platinum, the only one of its kind 467 known to be in use in this country, was also shown. This is valuable for any determination involving a fusion, and more especially so in the determination of silica, when glass or porcelain may not be present owing to the hydrofluoric acid treatment, An alternative to the platinum filterstick, but slightly less accurate, is the King filter with detachable paper filter pad. An account, illustrated by slides, was given of typical analyses by the filterstick method, this included the description of a new rapid drying apparatus* a modification of the Pichler drier.Some new apparatus and recently devised methods were briefly described, including a micro-extraction apparatus for 0.1 gram of material, and a useful form of micro-melting point block with circular inset thermometer which renders stem correction unnecessary. The application of fluorescence to microscopic examinations was also discussed. An interesting discussion followed in which the lecturer amplified many points relating to the methods which she had previously indicated, at the same time exhibiting some of the apparatus normally used.A meeting of the Section was held at the St. James Restaurant, Derby, on rst December,-the Chairman, Dr. L. Hunter, presiding. Professor A. J. Allmand addressed the Section on Some Aspects of Vapour Absorbing Charcoals.” Dr. Allmand explained that activated charcoals had been developed during and since the War. They had catalytic properties and could be used as decolourising charcoals, for solvent recovery, and, what at the present time was very impor- tant, for gas masks.They could be prepared from wood, nuts, coal, peat, and many carbonaceous substances, such as sugar; also from by-products of little value. The two main methods of preparation were:- (r) Carbonize or coke the material and then activate with (2) Dehydrate the naturally occurring materials by zinc a mild oxidising agent such as steam or carbon dioxide. chloride or phosphoric acid afterwards extracting the dehydrating agent. *Designedby Mr. W. F. Staphenson, A.I.C., Head of Chemistry Department, MedwaJr Technical College. 468 The product so ohtaiiied was aporous material of low packing density (0.06-0.6). Professor Allmand then described the mode of action of these materials stating that they adsorbed by reason of their free valencies giving a unimolecular layer or continuous film with sometimes a second layer and sometimes capillary condensation superposed. He illustrated the varying adsorptive properties of different charcoals by means of isothermals and isosteres showing that some samples although having a high adsorptive capacity had a low rate of adsorption while others had these properties reversed.The practical tests carried out were described and in particular the capacity and breakdown tests. Finally, the different types of isothermals obtained with steam and chemically prepared charcoals . were shown. This was shown to be due to the presence in the latter of zinc oxide which acted as a poison, its removal giving a product similar to the former. A very interesting discussion followed.Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-An ordinary meeting of the Section was held on 27th October,-Dr. A. M. Smith presiding. The business of the meeting consisted of a discussion on the subject: “ Should Chemical Research be Organised on a National Basis.” Dr. J. A. V. Butler, Mr. Henderson, Mr. A. P. Mieras and Mr. G. Elliot Dodds opened the discussion, which was subse- quently carried on by a large number of members. The consensus of opinion was that, with minor improvements, the present systems of conducting research work were probably as efficient as any system with complete State control. A meeting of the Section was held, jointly with the local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry and Edinburgh University Chemical Society, on 1st November.Prof. R. G. W. Norrish, F.R.S., gave a lecture on the subject: (‘Plastics and Polymerisation.” The constitution of the solvent soluble plastics and the insoluble ones, and their relation to open-chain and closed 469 structures were clearly explained. The lecturer gave a very complete summary of the theories advanced to explain the phenomenon of polymerisation. A series of interesting exhibits was shown. A meeting of the Section was held jointly with the local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry and the Royal Scottish Society of Arts, on 28th November. Mr. Stewart, president of the R.S.S.A., presided. Mr. A. R. Jamieson, Deputy City Analyst, Glasgow, lectured on the subject: “Chemistry in the Service of the Community.” The lecture, which was of a semi-popular character, comprised an outline of the work of the public analyst, particular stress being laid on how this work protected the health of the citizen.Among the matters dealt with in detail were food analysis, water analysis, air purification, sewage disposal, inspection of imports and the examination of milk and dairies. The lecture was illustrated with lantern slides and films. Through the courtesy of the Anthraquinone Club, Grange- mouth, members were invited to a lecture on 5th December, when Mr. A. Clark Doull gave a most interesting address on the subject : “British Beer-a resum6 of its Manufacture and some Observations concerning Fermentation, Fatigue, Food and Felicity .’ Glasgow and West of Scotland.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in the “Gordon” Restaurant, Gordon Street, Glasgow, on 27th October,-Dr. P. F. Gordon, Chairman of the Section, presided. The reports of the Honorary Treasurer and Honorary Secre- tary were discussed, received and adopted. The Secretary reported that the Section had held eleven meetings, seven of which were held jointly with other societies and had participated in three works visits. The membership of the Section now comprised 359 Fellows and Associates. Professor W. M. Curnming was elected Chairman for the ensuing year; Dr. J. McLean, Honorary Treasurer, and Dr. R. D. Blair and Messrs. J. B.McKean, J. R. M. Duncan, F. Rumford, and A. N. Harrow, members of the Committee. 470 An exhibit of talking films, which was shown after the meeting, was also attended by Fellows of the Chemical Society and members of the Society of Chemical Industry. The first two films were “Water in the Air” and “On the Ether,” from the Gaumont British Instructional Bureau. The subject of the former was the production of clouds, fog and rain from invisible water vapour, which was shown by means of simple laboratory experiments and by super-animated photographs of cloud formation and dispersal. The second film took the form of a talk by Sir Oliver Lodge, being a brief review of the varying theories on the nature of the ‘‘Ether ” propounded during his lifetime.The scientifrc sequence was broken by the third film which was one of the now famous Walt Disney’s Mickey Mouse films, “Mickey in Arabia.’] Although this was one of the earlier of Disney’s efforts, the welcome which it received showed abundantly the great hold which this cartoonist has on the public. After an interval for refreshments the programme continued with “Crystals,” another instructional film in which the cine- camera shows, in a most illuminating manner, the study of crystal growth in both mineral matter and in plant life. This was followed by “China Plate,” one of the earlier cartoon series, and by ‘‘Progress,” a Gaumont British Instructional film, which surveyed the development of the mechanical sciences during the reign of King George V.The display concluded with ‘‘Two Frightened Ladies,” a humorous production by the Commercial Gas Association, in which “Mr. Thenn” is introduced with musical accompaniment. On the proposal of Professor Cumming a vote of thanks was accorded to the Secretary for arranging the programme. The members were invited by the local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry to attend a lecture given in the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, on 4th November, by Dr. J. A. B. Smith, of the Hannah Dairy Research Institute, on “Fat Metabolism in the Animal Body.” Dr. Smith made a brief survey of the chemistry of fats, dealing with the fatty acids, the glycerides, the phosphatides and the cholesteryl esters. He then passed on to consider certain physiological aspects of the subject, tracing the course taken by the fats in the process of digestion.47 1 Fat transport, synthesis and deposition in the animal body were treated in turn and finally the theories connected with the oxidation of fats in the animal body were outlined. The lecture, which was fully illustrated by blackboard notes and lantern slides, provoked considerable discussion and was thoroughly enjoyed by the large audience present. On 18th November, members of the Section were present, by invitation, at a meeting of the Chemical Society held in the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, when Dr. J. A. V. Butler, of Edinburgh University, gave a lecture entitled bbHeavyWater and its Use as a Chemical Reagent.” The Chairman, Professor Patterson, stated at the outset that the meeting was deeply indebted to Dr.Butler for having agreed, at very short notice, to take the place of Dr. J. Monteath Robertson, who was to have spoken on “The Hydrogen Bond,” but who had unfortunately been taken suddenly ill. The lecture, which was illustrated by lantern slides, dealt mainly with the application of heavy water to the study of catalysis in such reactions as the inversion of sucrose, the decomposition of diazo acetic ester and the hydrolysis of methyl acetate. A discussion followed and at the close a vote of thanks was accorded to Dr. Butler both for his paper and for his kindness in coming forward so readily at such short notice. The Ramsay Chemical Dinner, under the joint auspices of chemical societies and organisations in Glasgow and the West of Scotland, took place in the Central Hotel, Glasgow, on 2nd December,--Mr.J. Davidson Pratt, Vice-president of the Chemical Society, in the Chair. The toast The Profession of Chemistry,” following the loyal I‘ toast and that of I‘ Thememory of Sir William Ramsay,” which was honoured in silence, was proposed by Sir John Boyd Orr, F.R.S., Director of Rowett Research Institute, who drew attention to the wide ramifications of chemistry, and the application of science in industry. After a reference to poison gas and high explosives, he said that he himself was chiefly concerned with biochemistry and its application to food, medicine, and soil fertilisers.In this branch the chemist’s discoveries had been mainly for the benefit of the human race and for its welfare. In conclusion, he remarked 472 that, although the names of Priestley, Ramsay and others were honoured, it must be remembered that the distinction associated with the great discoveries should be distributed among the hundreds of routine workers by whom the discoveries were made possible, and that the profession was deeply indebted to the great mass of the rank and file who had never risen to the position of Professor or had never been made Fellows of the Royal Society. The Chairman, replying to the toast, thanked Sir John for the emphasis he had laid on the value of the chemist and chemistry to the community. He declared that while in the past this country had been pre-eminent in engineering and our export trade had been great because we made things other people could not make, if we were ever to regain anything like our old position the chemist would require to take pride of place, since it was through his discoveries that future progress would be made.He drew attention to the fact that too many qualified chemists did not belong to any of the scientific or professional bodies devoted to their science. He made a strong appeal to all to join one or more of these bodies and so assist them to speak with one voice on matters affecting their profession. Other toasts were, “The Guests,’’ proposed by Mr. F. Rumford, to which Captain S.J. Graham, General Manager of the Empire Exhibition, replied, and “The Chairman,” proposed by Miss Andross, Convenor of the Dinner Committee. Although not included in the official toast list the health of the Convenor was toasted with enthusiasm, accompanied by the singing of the first four lines of ‘(Passing by.” After the dinner, there was dancing till 2 o’clock and the large number who were still present at that late hour to join in “Auld Lang Syne” testified to the great success of the evening. Huddersfie1d.-A joint meeting of the Section with the Huddersfield Section of the Society of Dyers and Colourists, was held on 8th November, in the Technical College, Huddersfield, when Dr. A. E. Everest, presiding, introduced Professor F.M. Rowe, D.Sc., F.I.C., who gave the Perkin Centenary lecture of the Society of Dyers and Colourists, entitled “The Life and Work of Sir William Henry Perkin.” A full account of the lecture will be published in the Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists at an early date. 473 At a meeting held on 21st November, in Fields’ Cafe, Huddersfield,-Dr. A. E. Everest in the Chair-Dr. C. Ainsworth Mitchell, Vice-president, gave a talk entitled ‘‘ Identifications in Criminology.” The following summary was supplied by the lecturer:- Dr. Mitchell introduced his subject, by showing that criminal investigation was largely concerned with the identification of persons or of objects directly or indirectly associated with a crime. The Bertillon anthropometric measurements had been supple- mented and to some extent superseded by the fingerprint method of personal identification.Although Herschel (in 1857) was the first to apply this method, he did not publish anything about it until it had been re-discovered by Faulds in 1880, and the credit of extending it to the investigation of unknown imprints was now generally given to Faulds. This was clearly brought out by Sheriff Wilton, K.C., in his book Finger prints (October, 1938). For many years the lecturer had used coloured dyestuffs for the mechanical development of latent prints, but the method had the drawback that the prints were readily smudged. To avoid this, H. A. Thomas had recently suggested the use of basic dyestuffs, such as Victoria Blue, B.S., for the purpose, the developed prints being fixed by exposure to acetic acid vapour and steam: this method of obtaining permanent prints on paper answered admirably. The lecturer also discussed the use of phosphorescent and fluorescent methods of developing latent prints, as suggested by Brose.For this purpose anthracene gave good results, except where the surface on which the print had been made also fluoresced. For the photography of fluorescent prints, the light- filter cell, devised by the lecturer and T. J. Ward, was a useful means of cutting out the reflected ultra-violet rays; the cell was charged with a I per cent. solution of cerium ammonium nitrate. The identification of objects that might be associated with a crime covered a very wide field, and involved the application of physical, microscopical, microchemical and photographic methods.Among the subjects to which increasing attention was being given was that of dust. A simple and effective device for extracting dust from clothing was to fit a fine silk diaphragm over one of the joints of an ordinary vacuum cleaner and to apply the metal nozzle to the garment. If necessary, the silk diaphragm 474 could be dried and weighed before and after the extraction. Dust particles collected on the silk could be easily removed for microscopical and microchemical examination. Among the substances that might be identified in dust were starches, particles of wood or of paint, and various fibres.The identification of a single hair of an animal was often difficult, except when the fibre had such a characteristic structure as that of the rabbit. The hairs of many young animals were very similar and might sometimes be mistaken for hairs of a human baby. In connexion with the examination of paper, Dr. Mitchell dealt with the question of erasures, and referred to a curious phenomenon that had recently been observed. A forged document from which writing had been bleached by means of a chlorine reagent showed the usual black stain when examined under the ultra-violet lamp. After some months, however, it no longer showed this negative fluorescence, and it was probable that this was due to a migration of chlorine ions into the sur- rounding paper, analogous to that which took place from ink writing, and on which Heess had based his test for judging the age of the ink.With reference to the identification of ink in writing Dr. Mitchell mentioned that since ink manufacturers were no longer allowed to import dyestuffs that could be made in this country, there was a greater similarity between different blue- black iron-gall inks than formerly, and one had to rely upon differences between other constituents for distinguishing tests. The lecture, which was profusely illustrated by lantern slides, was followed by a discussion in which, besides a number of members, representatives of the Criminal Investigation Depart- ment of the Borough Police Force, who were present by invitation, participated.Leeds Area.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on zIst November, at the University of Leeds,-Dr. H. Burton in the Chair. The Annual Report and Financial Statement were adopted. Mr. H. €3. Marston, Mr. A. Taylor, Professor D. T. A. Townend and Professor F. G. Tryhorn were elected to serve on the Committee and Messrs. J. T. Thompson and A. Woodmansey were re-appointed Hon. Auditors. 475 Dr. J. J. Fox, C.B., O.B.E., Government Chemist, a Vice-President of the Institute, then gave a lecture on ‘‘Some Infra-red Themes.”. Dr. Fox dealt with the application of infra-red spectroscopy to problems in molecular structure. After a brief statement describing the various regions of the infra-red and the instruments used in investigating them, he referred to the modern apparatus whereby it was possible to determine the rotational structure of infra-red bands.He demonstrated how, by applying appropriate “selection rules ” to the vibration-rotation bands, it was possible to arrive at the dimensions of some of the simpler molecules, such as hydrogen chloride and ammonia in their equilibrium positions. Modern developments in investigations of infra-red render it possible to detect the isotopes of chlorine, and he demonstrated how NH, and ND, had almost identical distances between the atoms, so that the same flat tetrahedra fitted the observations in both cases. He then passed from the simple molecules to more complicated organic substances where certain empirical rules had been formu- lated, and pointed out that in these compounds the investiga- tions of Raman spectra and the degree of polarisation of the various Raman lines were helpful in giving information on the symmetry of the molecule.It was shown how certain groups, such as CO, OH, NH and CH,, in general each gave its own vibration spectrum in the infra-red and that this spectrum persisted throughout whole groups of molecules. He then dealt with the question of hydrogen bands, and indi- cated how it was possible to show that in compounds where the chelate linkage was possible the characteristic OH vibration disappeared, as in the case of salicylaldehyde. He further pointed out that in nearly all hydroxy-compounds it was found that in addition to the sharp OH band which occurred in the region of 2.75,~there was another big band arising from the association of two or more molecules through the “hydrogen linkage.’’ In the case of dilute solutions of phenol in carbon tetrachloride it was possible to demonstrate that the association was bimolecular, although the possibility of more complicated association was not excluded.It was also shown how in the series benzyl alcohol, benzhydrol and triphenyl carbinol the association band diminished in that order, indicating that spatial 476 considerations become operative in restraining the close approach of single molecules. An illustration of the suppression of the characteristic OH vibration was furnished by the fatty acids where in the case of acetic acid the characteristic hydroxy-frequency had almost vanished when in the liquid or in solution, whereas when the vapour of the acetic acid was heated to a high temperature so as to break up the associated compound the characteristic OH appeared in strong intensity.Certain analytical applications of the infra-red were indicated. The Chemists’ Dinner-Dance, held annually under the joint auspices of the Leeds Area Section of the Institute and the Yorkshire Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, took place on the 30th November, at Powolny’s Rooms, Leeds. Mr. B. G. McLellan (Chairman of the Yorkshire Section of the Society of Chemical Industry) presided and was supported by Dr.H. Burton (Chairman of the Leeds Area Section of the Institute). The guests included MI. W. A. S. Calder (Vice-president of the Institute) and Messrs. G. Wright and John Bull (Chairman and Hon. Secretary respectively of the Hull Chemical and Engineering Society). The Chairman in’proposing the toast of “The Guests’’ paid tribute to the Hull Chemical and Engineering Society which, he said, was one of the first groups of people in this country to realise that the welding together of chemists and engineers was of first-rate importance. Mr. W. A. S. Calder, replying, expressed an ambition to see some day a federation of chemists who could really talk to the world and talk to the Government on behalf of members of the profession.Such a federation should include all practising chemists whatever their qualifications, and should have funds for literature as well as for the general well-being of members. A large gathering of members and guests thoroughly enjoyed a very pleasant evening. Liverpool and North-Western.-A Joint Meeting of the Liverpool Section of the Society of Chemical 1.idustry and the Liverpool and North-Western Section of tl e Iilstitute was held on 18th November, in the Chemistry Theatre of Liverpool University,-Mr. B. D. W. Luff in the Chair, Dr. B. A. Southgate, of the Water Pollution Research Section of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, read a paper on-“The Discharge of crude Sewage into the Estuary of the River Mersey.” He said that for many years there had been controversy amongst the local interests concerned, as to the possible effects of the construction of artificial works such as canals and docks and of the discharge of large volumes of untreated sewage on the deposition of solid matter in the estuary of the river Mersey.In 1933 the Pepartment of Scientific and Industrial Research was invited by bodies interested in the navigation of the estuary, to undertake an investigation of the effect of sewage on the amount and hardness of the deposits. The nature of the problem was explained with the aid of a map of the Mersey basin, and resolved itself mainly into an examination of the deposits in the upper estuary (especially the mud of the Stanlow Bank) and in Liverpool Bay, since the narrows, between the dock system of Liverpool and Birkenhead have a comparatively clean hard bed.The points of entry and volume of sewage and trade effluents were indicated and it was estimated that the average amount of organic matter discharged daily into the estuary was equivalent to IOO tons of organic carbon, of which sewage accounts for 70 tons. Reduction in the capacity of the upper estuary during the period 1906 to 1931, and the difficulties in dredging the main channels of Liverpool Bay were feared to be due to the deposition of glutinous mud through the action of sewage. Experiments were described showing that the rate of flow in the upper estuary was approximately the came at all depths, and that pollution is highest between Warrington and Widnes, owing to polluted streams, trade waste and sewage entering these narrow reaches.Sewage concentration had to be determined by calculation, based on salinity measurements, since direct analysis was impossible because of suspended mud. The concentration of polluting organic material at any state of the tide was less than the equivalent of 5 per cent. sewage. It took from one to three weeks for soluble or suspended matter to travel from the head of the estuary to Liverpool Bay. Chemical analyses of mud mainly from the Stanlow Bank were made and the relation between average concentration of silica and moisture, silica and organic matter and organic carbon and Kjeldahl nitrogen could be expressed by smooth curves.Sulphur in the form of sulphate, sulphide and elementary sulphur was present, the distribution between these forms being dependent mainly on whether the mud has been subject to aerobic or anzrobic conditions. Sdphide was present in muds from un- polluted localities and could not be taken as indication of the presence of sewage. The composition of the mud was also approxi- mately the same as that deposited between 1860 and 1890 and also the same as mud from the Irish Sea and Liverpool Bay. Again, it was similar in appearance, texture and composition tu mud from substantially unpolluted estuaries. Large numbers of experiments were described relative to sedimentation of mud in different depths of sea water, with and without sewage, and it was shown that in depths of 40 feet, sedimentation rate was unaffected by sewage.The condition of the mud determined very largely whether its settling rate was affected by sewage or not. The mud carried in suspension by the estuary water is in the form of large fragile aggregates whose deposition was not affected by sewage. Methods of sampling the water, avoiding destruction of these aggregates were described. Laboratory experiments indicated that the aggregates of mud settled more rapidly than the flocculated particles formed from the sewage, which remain in suspension at slack water and are carried out to sea at ebb tide. Resistance to erosion of Mersey muds was approximately the same as that of muds of similar chemical composition taken from unpolluted estuaries in Suffolk and Essex and was not appreciably affected by allowing it to settle from suspension in water containing 5 per cent.of crude sewage. An investiga- tion of extensive data collected by the Mersey Docks and Harbour Board since 1861 showed that muddy sand was more difficult to dredge than clean sand, but there was no evidence of increase in difficulty of dredging during the period 1909 to 1935. Reduction in capacity of the upper estuary was due to the building of shore works in the inter-tidal zone and to deposition of sand in the deeper parts of the estuary, not to deposition of mud at the higher levels. Summarising the results of the investigation, it had been shown that the composition and resistance to erosion of Mersey mud was practically the same as that of mud from unpolluted localities.New mud entering the upper estuary probably came 479 mainly from the bed of Liverpool Bay and the Irish Sea and has approximately the same composition as that of mud already deposited in the upper estuary. Under the conditions existing in the estuary, the rate of sedimentation of mud was not appreci- ably affected by sewage in the concentration present. In direct answer to the terms of reference, it was therefore concluded that the crude sewage discharged into the estuary of the River Mersey had no appreciable effect on the amount or hardness of the deposits of the estuary. In the discussion which followed, Mr.B. D. W. Luff enquired whether appreciable oxidation of the ferrous sulphide in the mud took place. Dr. Southgate replied that it appeared to be formed only below the surface under anaerobic conditions, while in answer to Mr. E. T. Williams he explained that the composition of the mud as far as organic constituents were concerned was much the same as ordinary soil. Mr. L. Birch, Borough Surveyor of Bebington asked whether consideration had been given to the effect on the navigable properties of the river of the points at which crude sewage was discharged, and also to the state of the tide when discharge took place : were there local irregularities due to these factors? Dr. Southgate said that the investigation was directed towards general properties of the deposits and while local variations probably occurred, these were outside the terms of reference.Professor W. H. Roberts, the City Analyst, referred to the fact that his investigations had shown that while approximately 30 per cent. of the Liverpool sewage was discharged in the vicinity of Canada Dock, the river bed there was clean sand with no mud. In his opinion the mud was not due to sewage, but arose from erosion intensified by the construction of revet- ments and training walls in the estuary. Messrs E. Gabriel Jones, C. A. B. Woodhead, L. E. Jones, A. R. Frazer, E. J. T. Rattray, W. Whiteside, and Drs. W. F. Higgins and R. L. Edwards also took part in the discussion. Mr. R. R. Butler, Chairman of the 1,iverpool and North- Western Section of the Institute, in proposing a vote of thanks to Dr.Southgate, pointed out that the change in the channels and deposits of the Mersey estuary had attracted attention previously, leading to observation of sinkage, sunken ruins at the Conway mouth and remains of a submerged forest on both banks of the Mersey. Congratulating the lecturer on his conduct of the investigation he said that the Mersey was a clean river 480 and suggested that Dr. Southgate should turn his attention to the Clyde. Mr. F. Robertson Dodd, who seconded the vote of thanks, referred to the magnificent summary given, and said what great pleasure it gave him to hear something of work, not usually made public, done by chemists, as representing one of the most impor- tant forces in the kingdom.In reply, Dr. Southgate thanked the meeting foi its cordial reception of his paper, and expressed his appreciation of the great help given him by the Mersey Docks and Harbour Board and local industrialists during the investigation. He also said that the Water Pollution Section were interested in the problem of the treatment of trade wastes and their effect on fisheries, though these points were not involved in the investigation described. The Annual Social Evening, to which guests, including ladies, were invited, was held at the Constitutional Club, Liver- pool, on 1st December. After dinner a variety entertainment, organised by Dr. Jasperson and Mr. H. Weatherall, was given, and the various items were enthusiastically received.The organisers were assisted by the following artistes:- Miss Alice Owen (Soprano), Mr. Selwyn Cash (Banjo), Mr. T. C. Williams (Violin), Mr. J. Murphy (’Cello), Dr. L. J. Burrage (Baritone) accompanied by Mrs. Burrage, Dr. H. M. Thompson (Monologue); accompanist, Mr. H. Weatherall. Two humorous sketches, written by Dr. R. W. H. O’Donnell, were also given, the players being Dr. H. M. Thompson, Mr. S. Paul, Mr. W. H. Pedelty, Dr. Jasperson and Dr. O’Donnell. Mr. B. D. W. Luff was the comph-e of the programme. London and South Eastern Counties.-The Annual Dance of the Section took place at the Prince’s Galleries, Piccadilly, on 28th October. This was thoroughly enjoyed by the members and their friends who participated. On the 16th November, the Annual General Meeting of the Section occurred at the Palace Hotel, Bloomsbury Street, W.C., under the Chairmanship of Dr. E.B. Hughes. The formal busi- ness included the election of the Officers and new mcmbers of the Committee :-Chairman, Dr. E. B. Hughes ;Vice-Chairmen, F. G. Edmed, R. F. Innes; Hon. Treasurer, C. A. Adams; Hon. Secre- tary, D. M. Freeland. Committee: FeZZows, E. Q. Laws, W. 0. K. 481 Wynn; Associates, M. P. Balfe, D. J. Saxby. Messrs. Rilham and Clarcmont were nominated and elected as Hon. Auditors. The Chairman thanked the retiring Officers and Members of Committee for their valuable assistance and reviewed the interesting programme arranged for the 1938-39 session.It may be recalled that in May the Section held a Golf Competition which was won by Mr. J. H. Heald. A cup pre- sented for this event by the Government Laboratory Staff Association, to be competed for annually, was formally presented to the winner, who was duly acclaimed, Then followed a Smoking Concert, including instrumental solos, songs and com- munity singing, recitations, monologues, conjuring and a series of cameo sketches, all performed by amateur talent drawn from members or their friends. On the 7th December, by the courtesy of the London Power Company, Ltd., a party of 40 members of the Section visited the Battersea Power Station. At the time of going to press an account of the visit has not come to hand.Malaya.-The Fourteenth Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at the College of Medicine, Singapore, on zznd April,-Mr. M. Jamieson in the Chair. The Annual Report and Statement of Accounts were received and adopted. The following Officers were elected:-Chairman, Mr. A. C. Brooks; Hon. Secretary and Treasurer, Mr. T. A. McCullagh; Assistant Hon. Secretary, Dr. K. C. Roberts; Committee, Mr. G. F. Clark, Mr. H. J. Page, Dr. I. A. Simpson, Dr. S.G. Willimott; Hon. Auditors, Mr. G. H. Clement and Mr. F. H. Geake. The Chairman, having welcomed new members to the Section, referred to the loss which it had sustained by the death of Mr. R. W. Blain, one of thc founders of the Section. During the past session, the Section had held five ordinary meetings, in addition to the Annual General Meeting.Members were reminded of the claims of the Benevolent Fund of the Institute. Vote of thanks were passed to the Principal of the College of Medicine, and to the retiring Officers and Members of the Com- mittee; also to the Directors of Ho Hong Oil Mills, Ltd., for their courtesy in arranging for the membeis to visit their refinery. Manchester and District.--A joint meeting of the Section, with Local Sections of the Society of Dyers and Colourists, Chemical Society and Society of Chemical Industry and the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, was held on 15th November, in the Manchester College of Technology. The meeting was arranged by the last named Society, whose Chairman, Mr.R. H. Clayton presided. Dr. H. D. Cott of Cambridge University gave a lecture entitled, “Camouflage in Nature and in War.” of which the following summary has been received. In the struggle for existence between animals of different species, visual perception plays a vital part. The coloration of many animals is such as greatly to reduce their visibility in nature. Concealing or deceptive coloration has been developed in relation to the two primary needs of the individual-food and safety; and its function is to facilitate the capture of prey, or escape from the pursuer. Owing largely to the recent develop- ments of aircraft for purposes of reconnaisance, photography and bombing, concealment and deception by camouflage have to-day become matters of essential importance.The problem of concealing coloration must be approached as a field study. Theoretically, visual concealment depends for its success upon the creation of optical illusions based upon fundamental principles of colour resemblance (the agreement in colour and tone between an object and the background against which it is seen); oblitera- tive shading (counter lightening and darkening which abolishes the appearance of roundness due to the effects of light and shade) ; disruptive coloration (a super-imposed configuration of con-trasted colours and tones serving to break up the surface and blur the outline); and shadow elimination (the screening or effacement of cast shadow by mientation or structural modifica- tions).The above effects which for optical reasons are those best calculated to diminish visibility, and to prevent or delay recognition, are those displayed in the cryptic colour schemes of various organisms; and they are, in the main, those on which every scheme of applied camouflage must be based. The lecture was illustrated by lantern slides. Newcastle and North-East Coast.-A Joint Meeting of this Section of the Institute with the Xorton Hall Scientific Society was held at Norton Hall, on 17th November. Dr. C. J. T. 4x3 Cronshaw, of the Imperial Chemical Industry Dyestuffs Group, Member of Council of the Institute, gave an address entitled bb In Quest of Colour.” The lecturer showed how the dyestuffs industry arose, how it prospered first in this country and afterwards in Germany, and how it ultimately drove out the natural colouring matters.The expansion of the textile industries called for a wider diversity of dyestuffs. Finally, he dealt with the great changes that came over the industry in this country during and after the Great War. The lecture was followed by a discussion in which many members took part: South Wales.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at Swansea, on 28th October, when Mr. E. Thornton was elected Chairman; Mr. E. E. Ayling, Hon. Secretary; and the following members of the Committee :-Professor J. E. Coates, Dr. W. A. Hayward, Dr. F. Heathcoat, Dr. I,. E. Hinkel, Mr. R. H. Jones and Mr. G. Madel.The meeting adopted resolutions in favour of the compilation by the Institute of a register of chemists, to be restricted to the present standard for the Associateship. The Section recog- nised, however, that it might also be necessary to consider the compilation of a Supplementary Register with less stringent qualifications. Members of the Section participated in a joint meeting arranged by the Chemical Society with the University College of Swansea Chemical Society, held on 10th November, in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, University College, Swansea,- Professor J. E. Coates in the Chair. A lecture was delivered by Professor J. W. Cook, F.R.S., on bb Chemical Carcinogenic Agents.” of which he has kindly supplied the following synopsis:- Cancer, similar to that found in man, may be produced experi- mentally in many organs of the animal body with a variety of synthetically prepared chemical compounds of known structure.The most widely studied of these have been polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons derived from I : a-benzanthracene or 3 : 4-benzphe-nmthrene, some of which are very potent in their carcinogenic 484 action. Other chemical cancer-producing agents include (a) a trypanocidal styryl quinoline derivative studied by C. H. Browning; (71) certain azo compounds mostly studied by Japanese workers; these compounds can produce cancer of the liver (4’-amino-a : 3’-azotoluene, P-dimethylaminoazobenzene) or of the urinary bladder (a : 3‘-azotoluene); (c) the virus-protein of the Shope rabbit papilloma.4’-Amino-2 :3’-azotoluene. 2:3‘-Azotoluene p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene. x :2-Benzanthracene. A survey of a series of compounds derived from I : a-benzanth-racene has shown that certain specific positions of substitution are favourable for the development of carcinogenic properties. This is especially so in the case of one of the meso positions (position IO),and a structural correlation between 3 :4-benzpyrene (a carcinogenic constituent of coal-tar) and methylcholanthrene (a compound prepared in the laboratory from cholesterol and the bile acids) is provided by the fact that these two potent cancer- producing hydrocarbons are both meso substituted derivatives of I : a-benzanthracene. The most active carcinogenic compound so far encountered is the benzanthracene hydrocarbon in which both meso positions are occupied by methyl groups.This compound gives tumours of the skin of mice which make their first appearance after 35 days under conditions which for methylcholanthrene require about 75 days, and for 3 : 4-benz-pyrene about IOO days. 3 : 4-Benzphenanthrene is the parent hydrocarbon of another group of cancer-producing agents and is itself slightly active. a-Methyl-3 :4-benzphenanthrene and I : z : 3 : 4-dibenzphenan-threne are both highlyactive, and a new series of 3 :4-benzphenan-threne derivatives synthesised by C. L. Hewett is now under test. In the discussion which followed the following took part: Dr. L. E. Hinkel, Mr. E.E. Ayling, Dr. A. F. Sladden, 485 Dr. E. Rees, Dr. H. R. Tighe, Prof. F. Mockeridge, and Mr. T. J. Wells. A meeting was held jointly with the Local Section of the Institute of Petroleum on 9th December, at the Hotel Metropole, Swansea,-Mr. W. C. Mitchell in the Chair. Professor D. M. Newitt, who kindly deputised at short notice for Professor A. C. G. Egerton, F.R.S., delivered a lecture entitled “Engine Knock and its Effect on Fuel Development.” ‘‘ Knock in an internal combustion engine is a phenomenon associated with the burning of the combustible-air mixture under turbulent conditions in a heated enclosure. During the time the flame is traversing the combustion chamber, the unburnt gases ahead of it are being subjected to radiation from the flame, adiabatic compression with consequent rise of temperature and heating by contact with the walls.A slow reaction is initiated and various intermediate products of combustion such as aldehydes, peroxides and peracids are formed. One or more of these substances by decomposition or further oxidation form centres from which a “branched ” chain reaction starts, resulting in a rapid rise of pressure and the setting up of compression waves in the gas. The association of “knock ” with a branched chain reaction explains why very small quantities of “anti-knock ” agents are able to produce a profound change in the combustion characteristics of a “knocking ” fuel. All the straight-chain paraffins, with the possible exception of methane, exhibit the phenomenon of “knock,” the tendency increasing with increasing length of chain.Branched chain paraffins, olefines and aromatic fuels have comparatively high ‘‘ knock ” ratings and recently certain ethers and ketones have been found to belong to the same class in respect of their combustion characteristics. Since “knock ” is determined by the reactivity of the unburnt gases ahead of the flame, there should be a relation between the “knock rating ” of a fuel and its ignition temperature. Townend has examined this question and has found that in all cases of “knocking” fuels there is a low temperature ignition region conditioned by the pressure, and he has shown that the “octane” numbers of a series of fuels fall into the same order as their critical ignition pressures.In the case of synthetic fuels as, for example, the petrols formed by the hydrogenation of coal, it has been found that the 486 proportions of straight-chain and branched paraffins, naphthenes and aromatic constituents can be varied by the use of specific catalysts, in such a way as to produce fuels of high octane number. The lecture gave rise to a keen discussion in which the following participated:-Professor J. E. Coates, Dr. Maxwell, Mr. E. S. Squire, Mr. E. Thornton, Mr. E. E. Ayling and Dr. W. S. Nathan. South Yorkshire.-On 27th October at the Technical College, Rotherham,-Dr. E. Gregory in the Chair-Dr. A. H. Jay, of The United Steel Companies, Ltd., gave a paper entitled “The Application of X-Rays to the Study of Refractory Mat er i a1 s.” The author treated the subject in a simple manner, attempting to bridge the gap between the scientific attitudes of the chemist, metallurgist and engineer on the one hand, and the X-ray physicist on the other.Solid matter may be regarded as being of two kinds, crystal- line (silica rock, magnesia, dolomite, etc.) and amorphous (fused silica, acid slag, etc.), though the terms are only relative, indicating the extent of regular ato.mic arrangement. X-rays, on encoun-tering matter, are scattered by individual atoms and thus a means is provided for determining the atomic arrangement of them. Each substance has its own X-ray pattern, a fact which makes identification possible, when examining unknown samples.X-ray methods which require single crystals of macroscopic size are not of general application. The method favoured is the powder method. Camera construction, preparation of specimen and recording of the X-ray photograph were discussed and illus- trated by slides. The use of larger cameras and/or radiation of longer wave-length as a means of separating line reflections on the photograph for the purpose of identifying constituents present, was discussed. The experimental procedure for estimating the degree of crystallinity of constituents was then described. Examples were taken from magnesia, silica and chromites, and correlation of X-ray data with other physical properties was dealt with. It was shown how results from X-ray analysis were becoming increasingly valuable in determining the quality of steelworks, refractory materials.487 Science and Leadership. (The opinions expressed in this article are those of the con-tributor, and not necessarily of the Council of the Institute.) It is generally acknowledged that all industry and every department of life are dependent, in some degree, upon science. If this be true, the responsibility of scientists is unique. It is confidently hoped that by accepting the implications of such responsibility, they will take their part in moulding public opinion, in directing policy and in bringing sanity into world affairs. If this hope is to be realised, two qualities are essential to scientist s-an objective outlook and administrative or executive ability.The first of these has long been considered a scientific attribute and it is the main reason for supposing that, in difficult fields where others have failed, scientists may succeed. The second quality, however, has not been commonly accorded to scientists, although the post-war years have seen an increasing number attain to executive positions. Nevertheless, leadership has largely been denied to them. There has been a general feeling that they do not desire it, or, in some indefinable way, are unsuited to it. This arises, in part no doubt, from the suppo- sition, which until comparatively recently was an established tradition, that the humanities provide the suitable training for leadership. It must be confessed, also, that few scientists have challenged the old tradition by taking up public service in a manner that would bring them before men as leaders.More than most other men they find their greatest interest in their profession and this has satisfied them to the exclusion of external affairs. Scientists have not sought office, and public opinion has not expected them to seek it. The door of opportunity is now open, however, and the chance for the technical man to help to shape policy was never so great as to-day. Scientists appear, for example, on the boards of progressive firms, and there is no evidence so far to prove that they are in any way inferior to their colleagues. There are then, men of science who possess administrative abilities combined with technical skill.They are not all Fellows 488 of the Royal Society or Doctors of Science-criteria by which scientists are usually judged-but they are, rather, men who, in addition to their scientific qualifications and technical skill, possess that further quality which we term leadership. It should occasion no surprise that scientists possess this quality. It cannot be restricted to men of one class of attainments. It is unreasonable to suppose that a man trained in the humanities will perforce possess it while a man trained in, say, physics or chemistry will not; yet hitherto the former has expected and received administrative responsibility and the latter has neither sought nor found it.Nevertheless, even making allowance for the lack of oppor-tunity, there seems to be less evidence of administrative ability among scientists than among lawyers, classicists, historians and the like. Is it possible that there is something in a scientific training that unfits a man for executive positions? The benefit of an objective outlook may be accompanied by a drawback. It seems likely that concentration on the sciences, the physical sciences in particular, with the stress they lay on quantitative factors, may dull the mind to considerations of quality; and it is the sense of quality that, more than anything else, makes an administrator. The aspect of his training that teaches the scientist to think exactly and precisely may perhaps rob him of his value as an administrator.In the realms of human relation- ships, finance, economics or politics, there are no blacks or whites but varying shades of grey. Generally speaking, perhaps, they cannot be assessed in the quantitative terms of the scientist, but must be examined qualitatively-in finance, for example, balancing, without exact knowledge, the value of goods received against money or credit expended. If this view of the drawbacks of a scientific education is correct, then future generations of scientists are likely to be worse off than those of the past; for science shows signs of becoming both increasingly mathematical and divorced from reality. The old-time organic chemist who could rhapsodise over the form and colour of crystals had, in some small degree, the sense of quality which opportunity could soon develop.A modern crystal is something to be measured, or to be examined for Smekal cracks, but not to be enjoyed for its own sake. Mathematics is doubtless necessary, but a large part of the beauty of the theory of valency is lost in the mathematical theory of the electron. 489 Even the vocabulary has been affected. What would once have been a beautiful piece of work has become a sound piece of mathematics. There were flights of imagination in the old days. Kekule was not afraid to dream on the top of a bus. To-day there is a passionless procession from one formula to the next. There is no longer even a concern for the physical signifi- cance of the formula.It is in itself the end, the successful end, of research. If, by its nature, science limits the appreciation of the quality of things, this is intensified by the recently acquired habit of youthful specialisation. Sir Charles Grant Robertson wrote that there was need for the humanising of the physical sciences. ''This latter is indeed" he said" a crying need to-day, with the increasing specialisation of young students within the narrow pen of a single branch of physical science and with the increasing danger of breeding a really illiterate and dehumanised race of specialised scientists who know-and, what is far worse, care-nothing for anything outside the narrow plot that they themselves have assiduously tilled." This early narrowing of the field is fatal to those who hope to become leaders.It may be a good thing, as a specialist, to know more and more about less and less, but it is a bad thing for an administrator, who must know more and more about-more and more. One of the most successful members of the chemical profession, a man who has achieved distinction as a scientist, an F.R.S., and an administrator in both the academic and the business worlds, revealed lately the kind of training that he had received. Educated as a chemist, he studied also physics and mathematics. He travelled and studied abroad. He also studied geology, botany and bacteriology and, more important perhaps than all these, in all his travels and technical training he studied men.Another well-known chemist, also an F.R.S., once admitted that he preferred the laboratory to the office because, in the former, he could predict what wodd happen. Naturally he could; he had spent thirty years of his life in it. Men cannot be studied in the laboratory or in the cloistered sequestration of the academic calm. The successful executive must know men as he knows the more technical sides of his subject. So far, the following points have been made. Scicrice-and from the point of view of this journal we may confile this to chemical science-may, by its very nature, tend to ritifit many of its students for administrative positions. Its recent tendencies towards mat hematical abstraction and premature specialisation may have immeasurably increased this handicap.It provides little scope for acquiring the knowledge of men that is so essential to the administrator. These drawbacks arise, partly from the time it exacts from its devotees before they become proficient, partly from the absorbing interest of the sub- ject itself and partly from the unreal and somewhat emasculated world in which scientists live so long as they confine themselves to their laboratories. Administrators there must be, and scientists should be among them, for they have peculiar gifts to bring to the task. How, then, are the handicaps to be surmounted? From the analysis given it seems reasonable to look to the early training. There must be no specialisation before entering the university, and this entry should not be at too early an age.The advantages of a broad basis of knowledge carried to an advanced stage cannot be overestimated. Concentration on a limited field immediately after matriculation is one of the most dangerous practices of modern education. Specialisation at school is bad in any subject but in training for a career in science it is suicidal. The chemistry course at the university needs to be lengthened. It has been stabilised at four years for many years, and during all that time the subject has been growing. Of course students specialise to-day. There is no longer time for the absorption of the whole subject or, what is perhaps more important, for the absorption of its philosophy. In four short years it is impossible to master the intricacies of advanced mathematics, the wave mechanical theory of matter, the electronic theories of valency, the views of Lennard-Jones, of Mott, of Hinshelwood, of Heitler and London, of Sidgwick, of Polanyi, of Ingold, of Rideal, of the Braggs and scores of others. Students need more time, so that these things can be attacked after a sound basis of fact has been established and a mature critical faculty developed. It cannot be denied that such a suggestion presents difficulties but they are not insurmountable.More time would have advantages in other directions too. It would allow of the adoption of an American custom that has much to recommend it, namely, the introduction of one or more subjects, not strictly necessary for the attainment of degree standard, and preferably unconnected with the degree work.Each student could choose for himself from a list of acceptable subjects those which gppealed most to him and it would be unnecessary to pursue these studies to the extent required for a degree. The object of these additional studies would be to provide, in training at least, that more extensive outlook on life that makes for a true appreciation of quality. More time, too, would allow science students to take a greater part in student activities than the demands of the present course permit, with its dual requircments of wide reading and laboratory attendance. There is need also for reform in the Ph.D. degree system.There are few who do not believe that in many universities this degree is now obtained with a minimum of benefit to the student, and some would go so far as to abolish the degree altogether. Why not improve its character by the introduction of advanced courses either in specialised sections of the subject or in its more speculative aspects as well as an elementary piece of research ? It is desirable, moreover, that students of science should travel. It is too expensive for all to participate in this, but on a limited scale the same end may be obtained by forbidding a man to take a Ph.D. degree in theuniversityin which hegraduated. Let him go elsewhere and see new men with new ideas, and let him realise that much of what his professors have told him is not a gospel, but a point of view.No student worth his salt, in any university worth the name, has any more to learn frcm his professors by the time he has graduated. This does not imply that he has learned all the chemistry they can teach him, but rather that, if he has been properly trained, he can get that from books and papers, and he is at a stage when a point of view is of more importance than a fact. For four yeais he has absorbed one viewpoint and it is high time that he realised that there are others; so let him proceed to another university. Good though this may be, it cannot be supposed that it is any- thing more than a substitute for foreign travel. For students who show the gleam of leadership, opportunities should be created to escape the rut by travel and study in a foreign land.Not only should students be forbidden to study for a Ph.D. degree in their Alma Mater, but the practice of giving them appointments within it must be condemned. The life blood of scientific faculties must be constantly renewed from outside for the sake of the universities and of the students within them. Let the students have contact even in their earliest days with a staff drawn from Manchester, London, Leeds, Edinburgh and as many others as can be afforded. More interchange and still 492 more interchange is necessary so that the student world may realise that the scientific world is more than the stagnant pool it too often appears to be in any single academic spot.Further, there might conceivably be advantages in insisting that no chemist be appointed to an academic post until after he had spent a suitable time in industry. Let him learn to handle his subject before he begins to teach it, and let him meet the problems that will later confront his students. The teaching of chemistry might thus gain much in virility-but this is a digression. What then has been done for the student ? Has he been made an administrator? No! Has he been taught to be an executive? No! But he has been given an opportunity. The obstacles that his chosen study would place in his path have been removed. Any disadvantageous influences of a scientific training have been counteracted. His ,future, however, is still his own.Only the germ of leadership within him can make him a leader. It cannot be implanted by his teachers but it may be suppressed as a result of his training. The wisdom of his superiors can, in his early years, so widen the student’s horizons that he may seek a knowledge of the world, and gather for himself the experience without which there never was a successful administrator. D.W.H. 493 Notes. Sir George Beilby Memorial Awards.-The Adminis-trators of the Beilby Memorial Fund-the Presidents, Treasurers and Secretaries of the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institute of Metals respectively-have announced awards of one hundred guineas each to Frank Philip Bowden, M.Sc. (Tasmania), Ph.D.(Cantab.), and Brynmor Jones, D.Sc. (Wales), F.I.C. Dr. Bowden was educated at the Hutchins School, Hobart, and at the University of Tasmania. He took his B.Sc. degree at this University in 1924 and began research work on electro-chemical problems with Professor A. L. McAulay. He was appointed Demonstrator in Physics and in 1926 took the MSc. degree with first class honours and was awarded the Overseas Studentship of the Exhibition of 1851. He went up to Cambridge in 1927, entered Gonville and Caius College and continued electrochemical work in the laboratory of physical chemistry with Professor E. K. Rideal and Professor T. M. Lowry. He took the Ph.D. degree and was awarded a Rockefeller International Research Fellowship and a Senior Studentship of the Exhibition of 1851.In 1931 he was elected to a Research Fellowship at Caius College and was appointed University Demonstrator in Chemistry. He was later elected to an Official Fellowship and appointed Director of Studies and College Lecturer. In 1937he was appointed to the Humphrey Owen Jones Lectureship in Physical Chemistry and took the Sc.D. degree. The results of the research of Dr. Bowden and his collaborators have been published in various scientific journals. His electro- chemical work has been mainly on overpotential and the mech- anism of electrodeposition. His other work on the physical properties of surfaces has an important bearing on the problems of friction, lubrication and wear. Some of this work, which has shown that the local temperature of sliding metals may be suffi-ciently high to cause surface melting, throws considerable light on the process of polishing and the mechanism of formation of the Reilby Layer.494 Dr. B. Jones, after the war, in which he served in the Royal Flying Corps and the Royal Air Force, studied metallurgy from 1919 to 1922 at the University College, Cardiff, under Professor A. E. Read, D.Met., F.I.C. He obtained the B.Sc. degree in 1922, and was then employed at the Dowlais Cardiff Steelworks of Guest, Keen and Nettlefolds, Ltd., where he was chiefly engaged in the Siemens open-hearth melting shop. Afterwards he joined the laboratory staff of Partington Steel and Iron Co., Ltd., Irlam, near Manchester, and was later appointed to the staff of G.Rudd Thompson and Partners, Ltd. of Newport, Mon., during which time he became an Associate of the Institute of Chemistry. From 1927 to 1929 he was attached to the Metal- lurgical Branch of the Research Department of Woolwich Arsenal, and subsequently was appointed lecturer in metallurgy at University College, Cardiff. He became a Fellow of the Institute of Chemistry in 1930, and received the degree of MSc. in the same year. He was awarded D.Sc. this year. Dr. Jones has devised many methods for metallurgical analyses. He contributed a chapter on the determination of gases in steel to “Recent Advances in Analytical Chemistry,” edited by Dr. C. Ainsworth Mitchell. His outstanding published work has been on the subject of the nitrogen-hardening and on the heat-treatment of steels, which has been appearing in the Transactions of the Iron and Steel Institute. In 1933 he was awarded the Carnegie Gold Medal of the Iron and Steel Institute for his paper on the nitriding properties of chromium and aust enit ic steels.At the Science Museum, South Kensington, an Exhibition- “Science in the Army”-will remain open for a period of three months from 18th November. The purpose of the Exhibi- tion is to illustrate the British Army’s working partnership with Science, how the modern army strives to keep abreast of scientific development and how it makes the fullest use of science through- out its complex organisation. (Open from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m.on Mondays, Tuesdays and Wednesdays; from 10a.m. to 8 p.m. on Thursdays, Fridays and Saturdays; 2.30 p.m. to 6.30 p.m. on Sundays.) An illustrated handbook, containing a commentary on the Exhibition by Mr. Anthony Amstrong, can be obtained at the Museum, or from H.M. Stationery Office, 6d. (by post 7d.). 495 A Scientific Club at York.-Although the majority of chemists will not have heard of it, there has been in existence for over thirteen years, a chemical club in York called the Graham Club. Since its foundation, in 1925, the Club has successfully fulfilled its original object of providing a focus of scientific and social interest for chemists. Attendance at meetings has hitherto been restricted to members and privileged guests, but the Club now offers a cordial invitation to chemists generally, to attend meetings, which will be announced in this journal from time to time, under “Coming Events.” Meetings are held at the Royal Station Hotel, York, at 8 p.m.Two of special interest may now be noted, uiz., the visit of Mr. H. W. Cremer, on Tuesday, 7th March, 1939, to speak on the subject-“New Chemists for Old,’’ and that of Dr. S. J. Gregg, who has chosen the title “From the Ponderable to the Impon- derable” for an address to be given on Tuesday, 28th March, 1939. Annual Chemical Dinner.-Professor F.G. Donnan, C.B.E., F.R.S., presided at the Annual Chemical Dinner and Dance, held at the Connaught Rocms, Great Queen Street, Kingsway, London, W.C.2, on aznd November, 1938, in which the Institute and other chemical organisations participated.Manchester Chemical Club.-The second Ivan Levinstein Memorial Lecture was delivered by Professor A. G. Green, F.R.S., at the Manchester Chemical Club, on 23rd November, -Dr. Herbert Levinstein, President of the Club, in the Chair. Professor Green spoke on “Manchester Chemistry and Chemists of the Nineties,” recalling prominent figures during the period 1894-1901, when he was Manager of the Clayton Aniline Company’s dyestuffs department. Dr. Edward Frankland Armstrong, F.R.S., FeZZow, has been appointed a Director of the South Suburban Gas Company, in place of the late Dr. Charles Carpenter. The recommendation of the Council of the Royal Society for the award of a Royal Medal to Dr.Francis William Aston, F.R.S., FeZZow, for his discovery of the isotopes of non-radio- active elements, has received the approval of H.M. The King. Professor George Earger, F.R.S., Fellow, has been awarded the Davy Medal of the Royal Society, in recognition of his researches on alkaloids and other natural products. 496 At a recent session of the Health Section of the League of Nations, Dr. Charles Herbert Hampshire, Fellow, was appointed Chairman of the International Commission to promote uniformity of standards for patent medicines. Mr. Ernest Brooks Naylor, FeZZuw, has retired, after 33 years’ service as head of the Chemistry Department of the Wigan and District Mining and Technical College. The title of Professor Emeritus of Chemistry in the University of London, has been conferred on Dr.Samuel Smiles, F.R.S., Fellow, on his retirement from the Daniel1 Chair of Chemistry, at King’s College. Professor Thomas Sherlock Wheeler, Fellow, Principal of the Royal Institute of Science, Bombay, has been appointed State Chemist, Eire. The Lord President of the Council has appointed Dr. G. Stafford Whitby, at present Director of the Division of Chemistry, National Research Council, Canada, and formerly Professor of Chemistry at McGill University, Montreal, to be Director of the Chemical Research Laboratory, Teddington, in succession to Sir Gilbert Morgan, F.R.S., Fellow, who retired on 30th September. Dr. Whitby is expected to take up his duties early in 1939.British Association for the Advancement of Science.-Professor E. K. Rideal, M.B.E., F.R.S., Fellow, will be the Presi- dent of the Chcmistry section at the Annual Meeting in 1939. Achema 1X.-The German Society for Chemical Engineering has announced that Achema IX-the Chemical Engineering Exhibition-will be held at Frankfurt a.M., from 28th June to 7th July, 1940, on the occasion of the General Meeting of German chemists and of the Second International Chemical Engineering Congress, which will be held at the same time. The Edison Swan Electric Ccmpany announce the permanent establishment of a collection of historic lamps, inaugurated by Professor A. P. M. Fleming, President of the Institution of Electrical Engineers, as a free public museu.m, at 155, Charing Cross Road, W.C.2.The exhibits ncmbering over 250 have been accumulated since Sir Joseph Swan made the first practical incandescent lamp in 1878. The museum is open from 9 a.m. to 5.30 p.m. on week-days, and 9 a.m. to 12 noon on Saturdays. 497 Obituary. WILLIAMPORTERDREAPERdied on the 2nd December at the age of 70 years. Born at Ilford, the son of Mr.J. S. Dreaper, he was educated at the City and Guilds of London Technical College, Finsbury, where he studied chemistry for three years under Professors Armstrong and Meldola. In 1888, he was appointed general chemist to illessrs. Grout & Co., Silk Crape Works, Ponders End, Middleses, where his work consisted of te:ting dyes, textile fabrics, etc., and the fitting up of new dyeing machinery and plant.In 1896, in conjunction with H. K. Tompkins, he developed the production of artificial filaments from zinc chloride solutions of cellulose, and later discovered the process of stretch-drying and a process for the electrolytic production of designs on copper rolls for embossing fabrics, etc. He was honorary consulting chemist to the Silk Association. During the War, ho was s-qerintendent of H.M. Factories at SGtton Oak and Elleamere Port. In 1920, he was appointed an OXcer of the Most Eucellent Order of the British Empire. He was founder and honorary secretary of the League of Science, and honorary secretary of the Central Agricultural and Scientific Bibliography, Science Museum.He edited a series of test-books, entitled “Tevt Books of Chernical Research and Engineering,” and was for a short time editor of the Chernical World. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1888, and a Fellow in 1892. In 1913, he gave a lecture before the Institute, on “The Research Chemist in Works, with special reference to the Textile Industry.” He served on the Council from 1911 to 1914. WILLIANSETTENGILLESdied on 2nd December at Braintree, at the age of 62 years. He was educated at the City and Guilds of London Institute, Central Technical College, where he studied chemistry for three years under Professor H. E. Armstrong, obtaining the Associateship of the College in chemistry in 1896. He subsequently spent two years there in research on terpenes,-one year as Leathersellers’ Company Research Fellow.In 1898, he obtained the post of research chemist to Messrs. Courtauld s Ltd., Braintres, and was engaged in chemical and technical investigations on raw and manufactured silk. The following year he was appointed assistant manager in the textile department of the same firm, and eventually held the position of consulting chemist at their silk factory at Bocking. He was elected an Associate in 1899, and a Fellow in 1902. 498 WJLLIAMHENRYMERRETTdied on the 29th October, in his 66th year. Born at Wallington, Surrey, he was educated at St. Olave’s School, and in 1891 entered the Royal School of Mines, where he studied metallurgy under the late Sir William Roberts-Austen, obtaining the diploma of Associate with first class honours in metallurgy three years later.In 1892, he was appointed research assistant at the Royal Mint, where he was engaged in research on physical metallurgy with the late Sir William Roberts-Austen, who held the dual post of professor of metallurgy at the Royal School of Mines and chemist and assayer of the Royal Mint. In conjunction with the late M. Osmond and Professor le Chatelier, Merrett constructed the first apparatus for recording the differential cooling of steel, giving to the industry valuable knowledge which allowed of the practical development of alloy steels and their manipulation. In 1901, he was appointed instructor in the metallurgy department of the Royal School of Mines, later becoming assistant professor, a post he held until his retirement in 1937.He was keenly interested in the Territorial Army. During the Tliar, he was in charge of various coast defence and anti-aircraft units and later was instructor in metallurgy, chemistry and explosives at the Ordnance College. He was awarded the Territorial Decoration and Long Service Medal. He was elected a Fellow in 1905, and served as an examiner in metal- lurgical chemistry from 1923-28, and in Branch A: Inorganic Chemistry, from 1936-38. At his funeral the Institute was represented by Mr. E. A. Wraight, C.I.E. HARRY died at Malvern on 11th December, in his 74th year. SILVESTER He was educated at the Bridge Trust School, Handsworth, and at Mason College, Birmingham, where he studied under Professor-later Sir-JYilliam Tilden, Dr. 17?.J. ,T. Nicol arid Professor Thomas Turner. He became assistant chemist to the 33rymbo Iron and Steel Company, where he remained for about eighteen months. In 1887, he was appointed chemist to Messrs. J. Kr. S. Roberts, West Bromwich, with whom he was engaged mainly in metallurgical analysis. A few years later he established a consulting practice in Birmingham, from which he retired only eighteen months ago. He was public analyst and official agricultural analyst for the Boroughs of Dudley and West Bromwich, and was also gas examiner for the latter Borough. He was elected an Associate in 1888 and a Fellow in 1891. He served as a Member of Council from 1917 to 1920 and from 1923 to 1!)26, and was also a member of the Public Appointnients Committee. At his funeral the Institute ,vas represented by Mr.J. R. Johnson, Member of Council, and Mr. 1’.C. Humphreys. Mr. FRANK Sculptor and Medal Engraver, died at Chiswick BOWCHER, on 6th December, after a short illness. Mr. Bowchsr executed the Frank- land Medal of the Institute, and the Meldola Medal, which the Society of Maccabaeans presents each year, on the awardof the Council of the Institute. Among other medals of interest to chemist,s and scient,ists, he produced the Horace Brown Medal for the Institute of Brewing, the Medal of Sir William Osler for Oxford University, and the Medal of William Whitaker, Geologist. 499 Books and their Contents.The following books have been kindly presented by the authors and publishers and may be seen in the Library of the Institute :-“Aluminium Bronze.” Pp. 52. (London: Copper Develop ment Association.) Introduction; general properties of aluminium bronze ; the alpha of cold working aluminium bronzes ; aluminium bronzes for hot working : for casting; corrosion resistance ; production and fabrication; industrial applications ; appendix ; bibliography ; specifications; and index. “Bessel Functions,” Introduction to. F. Bowman. Pp. x + 136. (London, New York and Toronto: Longmans, Green & Co.) 10s. 6d. net. Bessel functions of zero order; applications ; modified Bessel functions; definite integrals ; asymptotic expansions ; Bessel functions of any real order; applications ;index.“Cattle Fodder and Human Nutrition ; With special reference to Biological Nitrogen Fixation. Artturi I. Virtanen. Pp. vii + 108. (Cambridge University Press.) 7s. 6d. The inechariism of the biological N-fixation ; symbiosis of the leguminous plants with the legume bacteria; the production of vitamins in agricul- ture, with special reference t’o human nutrition ; the A.I.V. method for the preservation of fresh fodder and its importance in agriculture ; general survey ;index. “German Grammar for Chemists and Other Science Students ” ; with Simple Graded Readings based on Vocabu- lary and Syntax Frequency Studies. John T. Fotos and John L. Bray. Pp. viii + 324. (New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., and London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 11s.net. “Cellulose, An Introduction to the Chemistry of .” J. T. Marsh and F. C. Wood. Foreword by Sir Kenneth Lee. Pp. xxvi + 432. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 21s. net. Part I: The occurrence and general properties of cellulose; Part 11: dis- persed cellulose ; Part I11: modified cellulose ; Part IV : derivatives ; Part V : constitution and structure appendix; density tables; author index ; subject index ; list of patent specifications ; abbreviations fop reference to joiimals. 500 “Chemistry, Second Year College.” W. H. Chapin. 4th Edition, revised by W. H. Chapin and Luke E. Steiner. Pp. xvi + 408. (New York: John Wylie & Sons, Inc., London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) gs.6d. net. Structure of matter; gas laws; laws governing change of state; Avogadro’s law and molecular weights ;the quantitative laws and chemical combina- tion ; atomic hypothesis and atomic weights ; symbols, formulae, and equations ;chemical calculations; chemical valence ; classification of the elements ; periodic system; rays from vacuum tubes, radio activity ; atomic structure and valence ; atomic transmutations; solubility and super-saturation; concentration ; freezing points and boiling points of solutions ; osmotic pressure : Van’t Hofi’s generalisation; acids, bases and salts ;homogeneous equilibrium ;neutralisation indicators and acid- alkali titrations ; heterogeneous equilibrium ; colloids; electrochemistry ; table of logarithms; index.L‘Chemistry, Practical, €or Intermediate Students.” M. L. Sitaraman. Pp. vi + 134 (interleaved). (St. Joseph’s Industrial School Press, Trichinopoly.) Part I: Bunsen burner, etc., and construction of washbottle; balance; box of weights and measuring vessels; mixtures and compounds; laws of chemical combination ; oxygen ; vapour density of gases ; hydrogen ; water, hydrates and hydrogen peroxide ; equivalent weights ; halogens ; hydrogen halides ; oxygen compounds of the halogens ;sulphur ;nitrogen, ammonia, nitric acid and nitrous acid ; phosphorus ; carbon ; silicon and boron. Part 11: volumetric analysis. Part 111: qualitative analysis. “Organic and Bio-Chemistry.” R. H. A. Plimmer. 6th Edition. Pp. x + 624.(London: Longmans, Green & Co.) 21s. Definitions ; recognition of an organic compound ; isolation and prepara- tion of pure organic compounds; criteria of their purity; composition of organic compounds, identification of an organic compound ; hydro-carbons; halogen derivativos of the hydrocarbcns ; alcohols; esters : ethers; mercaptans and sulphides ; aldehydes ; ketones ; the fatty acids; halogen substitution derivatives of the fatty acids ; acid, or acyl, chlorides; acid anhydrides ; amides ; amines ; cyanogen compounds ; cyanic acid and urea; hydroxy-, lieto- and dibasic acids; unsaturated alcohols, aldehydes, and fatty acids ; the amino acids ; carbocyclic and heterocyclic compounds ; aromatic compounds ; benzene and its mono-substitutional derivatives ; disubstitution derivatives of benzene; tri -and tetra-substitution derivatives of benzene ; complex aromatic compounds ; pyridine and its derivatives.Quinoline and isoquinoline; furane, thiophene, pyrrole, and their derivatives; the polyhydric alcohols; fats and oils; waxes; lecit’hinos, or lipines; the carbohydrates ; estimation of carbohydrates ; higher amines, diamines, cholamine, choline, betaines ; guanidirie and its derivatives ; ureidos, glyoxaline and pyrimidine ; purines; nucleic acids; hydro-aromatic compounds ;indole and its derivatives; t’healkaloids; pigments; proteins; different groups of proteins ; general reactions of proteins ; proteins of eggs, muscle, and other animal tissues; proteins of plants; milk; fermenta- tion ; enzymes: digestion; the blood; analysis of lolood ; metabolism ; 501 composition of food stuffs; respiratory exchange; urine; colloids and colloidal solutions ; hydrogen-ion concentration ; tables ;list of reagents ; index.“Chemical Microscopy, Handbook of.” E. M. Chamot and C. W. Mason. Vol. I. Principles and Use of Microscopes and Accessories; Physical Methods for the Study of Chemical Problems. and Edition. Pp. xvi + 478. (New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ; London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 22s. Gd. The optical system of a microscope; microscopes for use in chemical laboratories;illumination of transparent objects ;light sources ;illumina-tion of opaque objects; methods for the preparation of materials for microscopical study; special methods for interpretation of appearances and observation of physical properties ; ultramicroscopy ; photomicro-graphy and microprojection; the study of doubly refracting materials by means of the polarising microscope ; chemical crystallography ; preparation of crystals for study; determination of refractive indices of liquids and solids ; microscopical measurements ; particle size deter- minations ; quantitative analyses of heterogeneous mixtures ; appendix.“Colloidal Solutions, The Physical Properties of .” E. F. Burton. 3rd Edition, prepared with the assistance of M. A. Smith. Pp. viii + 236. (London, New York and Toronto: Longmans, Green & Co.) 15s. Colloidal solutions defined ; historical background ; classification and preparation of colloidal solutions ; forces regulating the size of colloidal particles; the ultra-microscope ; the Brownian movement ; the distribu- tion of particles in a colloidal solution; macroscopic equilibrium and microscopic fluctuu tions ; determination of Avogadro’s Number ; the optical properties of colloidal solutions ; the size of colloidal particles ; electrokinetic phenomena; the coagulation of colloidal solutions, conclusion; subject Index; author index.“Gas Works Effluents and Ammonia.” Arthur Key. Pp. 152. (London : Institution of Gas Engineers.) 5s. Preface ; gas-works ammoniacnl liquor ; its nature and composition; recovery of ammonia, from amxnoniacal liquor ; composition and treat- ment of town sewage; discharge of gas-works liquors to sewers; the effect of gas-works liquors on sewage treatment ; other methods of disposal of gas-works waste liquors ; methods of improvement in liquor production at gas-works ;the fertilising properties of gas-works ammonia products; the recovery of ammonia as ammonium sulphate with the use of sulphuric acid; utilisation of ammonia for the purification of coal- gas ; the manufacture of ammonium bicarbonate ; the manufacture of concentrated gas liquor; appendices : methods of analysis of ammoniacal and spent liquors, and methods of analysis of concentrated gas liquor; methods of examination of sewage ;literature ;references ;subject index.1i Oil Shale and Cannel Coal.” Pp. xx + 476. (London :The Institute of Petroleum.) 30s. Report of the proceedings of a Conference held in Scotland, June, 1938, embodying a brief biography of James Young, and upwards of 30 papers relating to the industry.502 “Organic Chemistry, Laboratory Manual of Harry L. Fisher. 4th Edition. Pp. xxvi + 412. (New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; London: Chapman and Hall, Ltd.) 13s. 6d. Part I : Laboratory experiments ; Part I1: Organic combustions; deter- mination of carbon and hydrogen ;determination of nitrogen ;determina-tion of halogens, sulfur and phosphorus. “Pharmacognosy. A Text Book of.‘’ G. E. Trease, with contributions by R. Bienfang, WT. R. Heading, H. M. Hirst, H. 0. Meek, A. H. Ware. 3rd Edition. Pp. xii -/-740. (London: Baillikre, Tindall & Cox.) 21s.General principles; microscopy; drugs of vegetable origin ; drugs of animal origin ;physical and chemical methods of drug analysis ; maps; glossary of Latin words used in naming species, and index. “Pharmacopoeia, The Extra.” (W. H.) Martindale. 21st Edition. Vol 11. Pp. xxxvi + 1148. (London: ThePharma- ceutical Press.) 22s. 6d. Published by direction of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. “Chemical Composition of the Earth’s Crust in the East Indian Archipelago, Contributions to the Knowledge of .” I, The Spectrographic Determination of the Elements According to Arc Methods in the Range 3600-5000 A. 11, On the Occurrence of Rarer Elements in the Netherlands East Indies. W. van Tongeren. Pp. xii + 182.(Amsterdam: D. B. Centen’s Uitgevers-Maatschappij N.V.) 11s. Illustrations; introduction. Part I: the spectrographic determination of t’he elements according to arc methods in the range 3600-5000 A.; apparatus and other requirements ; operating technique; determination of the elements. Part 11: on the occurrence of rarer elements in the Netherlands East Indi es ; determination of a number of rarer elements in rocks and minerals of the East Indian archipelago; index. “Tar and its Products. Standard Methods €or Testing.” Standardisation of Tar Products Tests Committee. 2nd Edition. Pp. xiv + 434. (London: 166, Piccadilly, W.I.) 21s. General principles; crude tar, refined tar, includiiig road tar; crude benzole; light and middle oils ; refined lower boiling products ; carbolic and cresylic acids ; naphthalene; t,ar bases ; creosote oil ; crude anthra- cene; pitch; appendixes.“Wood Pulp.” Julius Grant. (Vol. I1 of a New Series of Plant Science Books.) Pp. xii + 210. (Leiden, Holland: Chronica Botanica Co.) 7pddm net. General introduction ; historical ; cellulose and the wood fibre ; identifi-cation and evaluation of pulping woods; the preparation of wood for 503 pulping; the mechanical or groundwood process; tho sulphite process, description and chemistry; the sulphite process, practical considerations and plant: the alkaline processes, theory, general description and chemistry ; the alkaline processes, practical consider&tions and plant ; the alkalino procosses, the soda recovory plant; the bleaching of wood pulp, theory; the blcaching of wood pulp in practice: the mechanical purification and dewatering of wood pulp; by-products of the wood pulping process ; testing methods, physical ; testjing methods, chemical tests, tests for rayon and similar pulps; the uses of wood pulp, the paper and board industries ; after-processes for paper, rayon ; miscellaneous other uses for wood pulp, the future of wood pulp; subject and author index.The British Management CounJil has published a brochure on “The Development of Scientific Management in Great Britain,”-a report prepared on behalf of the Council by Mr. Lynddl Urwick, embodying the history of the evolution in this country of various ideas and concepts constituting the general body of mDdern management practice. The British Standards Institution has forwarded a copy of No.813-1938 Chemical Symbols and Abbreviations, which has been produced by a technical committee of the Chemical DiI-isional Council. The Institute is asked to recommend Fellows and Associatcs to adopt this new British Standard whcrcver possible. Copies can be obtained from British Standards Jnstitution, Publications Department, 28 Victoria Street, S.W.r., price 3s. 6d. net, 3s. 8d. post Irec. The Ministry of Health hns recently published Lead in Food ” by Dr. G. W. Monier-Williams, being No. 88 of Reports on Public Kealtli and Mcdical Stlbjects. (H.M. Stationery Office, IS. net.) Mess1s. Macmillan & Co.have published ‘‘Logarithmic and other Tables for Use at Examinations” by Frank Castle. Gd. Messrs. Bayer of Leverkusen, Germany, have fonvarcled a brochure cntitlcd 9i“fty Years of Remedies” providing a short historical survey of the Bayer Laboratories during the past ha1 f-century. From the National Physical T,aboratory, the Institute has received a copy of the new edition of the pamphlet entitled “Tests on Volumetric Glassware” and a copy of the revised 504 schedule of fees for such tests. On the old schedule a discount of 33Q per cent. was allowed on batches of twelve or more vessels of the same type and capacity. The new fees are on a net basis and, generally speaking, are equivalent to less than the old fees less the 335 per cent.discount. The new schedule covers a considerably larger range of apparatus. The International Tin research and Development Council has forwarded a copy of No. 78: A study of the Mechanical Properties of Tin-Rich Antimony-Tin Alloys, by D. Hanson and W. T. Fell-Walpole. The Report of the Seventh International Management Congress held in Washington, from 19th to a3rd September, 1938, embodying the proceedings of the Congress-seven volumes -may be obtained from the British Management Council, Room 68, Armour House, St. Martins-le-Grand, London, E.C.I. 26s. The Indian Lac Cess Committee has forwarded a copy of a Report covering its activities for the twelve months ended 31st March, 1938, embodying a brief account of research carried out at the Indian Lac Research Institute and by the London Shellac Research Bureau, with a synopsis of the products studied by the New York Shellac Research Bureau of the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, and statistics of production, etc.505 The Register. At the meetings of Council held on 18th November, and 17th December, 1938, I new Fellow was elected, 10 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 63 new Associates were elected, 60 Students were admitted, and I Student was re-admitted. The Council regrets to record the deaths of 6 Fellows. New Fellow. Barger, Professor George, M.A. (Cantab.), D.Sc. (Lond.), LL.D. (Michigan), H0n.M.D. (Heid.), Hon.D.Pharm. (Lausanne), Hon.D.Sc. (Liv.),F.R.S., The University, Glasgow.Associates elected to the Fellowship. Barr, M5lliam Lyall, M.Sc. (N.Z.), The Laboratory, Shell Oil Co’s Installa-tion, Freeman’s Bay, Auckland, N.Z. Barton, Leonard Henry Greenwood, B.Sc. (Lond.), The Spinney, Lexton Gardens, London, 8.W.12. Blackie, William John, KSc. (N.Z.), Department of Agriculture, Suva, Fiji Islands. Brocklesby, Horace Kicholas, M.Sc. (Manitoba), Ph.D. (McGill), Fisheries Experimental Station, Prince Rupert, B.C., Canada. Gourlay, John Scott, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 29, Recreation Eoad, Stow- market. Yritchett, Eric George Kemp, B.Sc. (Lond.), 76, Sharmhns Cross Road, Solihull, Birmingham. Pullen, Alfred Norman Douglas, Ph.C., Alfriston, York Drivo, Grappenhall, Cheshire. Taylor, William, B.Sc. (Manc.), D.Sc.(Lond.), 342, Pickhurst Rise, West Wickham, Kent. Taylor-Austin, Edward, 40, Frederick Road, Wylde Green, Sutton Cold- field. Whitworth, Clifford, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Manc.), 20, Burleigh Drive, Forest Road, Loughborough. New Associates. Abbott, Arthur Horatio Alldridge, B.Sc. (Lond.), 49a, South Street, Park Lane, London, W.l. Ackroyd, Ronald, B.Sc. (Lond.), 45, Firthcliffe Parade, Liversedge, Yorks. Baxter, Albert William, B.Sc. (Lond.), c/o Anglo-Iranian Oil Co., Ltd., Abadan, Iran. Bell, Sydney Hector, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 25, MysoreR~oad, London, S. W. 1 1. 506 Blue, Alexander, B.Sc. (Glas.), 32, Forth Street, Grangemouth, Stirling- shire. Bolland, Robert William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 22, Lynnwood Terrace, Newcastle- on-Tyns, 4.Boyle, John Gerard, BSc. (Glas.), 7, Fothringham Road, Ayr. Breen, John, M.Sc., Ph.D. (N.U.I.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, W.C.I. Brockwell, Arthur John, B.Sc. (Lond.), Melville, Gresham Road, Staines, Middx. Bullough, William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 82, Newton Road, Lowton St. Mary's, Warrington, Lancs. Burns, Herman Morrison, M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), 12, Styal Grove, Gatley, Cheshire. Coleman, Richard Norton, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 1, North Parade, Lincoln. Conroy, Edward Patrick, R.Sc. (McGill), 50, Bonaventure Avenue, St. John's, Newfoundland. Druce, Solomon, B.Sc. (Manc.), 11, Ruskin Avenue, Cheetham, Xlanchester, 8. Dunlop, John Hunter Kenneth, B.Sc. (Glas.), 13, St. Leonards Road, Ayr.Dunn, Leonard Joseph, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 11, Buck-ingham Avenue, London, N.20. Edwardson, Joseph Norman, 15, Birch Gardens, St. Helens, Lancs. Forsyth, James Sneddon, B.Sc. (Glas.), Ogialrar, Station Road, Annbank, Ayrshire. Gospel, James Fred, BSc. (Lond.), 93, London Road, Newark, Notts. Hadley, William Henry, M.A. (Cantab.), 9, Whitefield Road, Stockton Heath, Warrington. Harrison, John, B.Sc. (Lond.), 24, Oakwood Avenue, London, N.14. Howard, Richard Skipworth, B.Sc. (Lond.), Eden Lodge, Elloughton,Brough, E. Yorks. Homat, David Dickie, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Glas.), 21, Dallas Place, Troon, Ayr- shire. Jameson, Herbert Robert, B.Sc. (Lond.), Brahamoor, Tonbridge Road, Wateringbury, Maidstone, Kent. Jenner, Roy Maurice, R.Sc.(Lond.), B.Pharm., Ph.C., 27, Sudbury Croft, Harrow Road, Wembley, Middx. Johnson, Reginald, B.Sc. (Lond.), 25, Aclderlcy Road, Clarendon Park, Leicester. Jones, Thomas Henry, B.,4., BSc. (T.C.D.), 11, Trinity College, Dublin, Eire. Kent, Francis George, BSc. (Lond.), Cot-Helan, Church Lane, Loughton, Essex. Kerman, Guy Malcolm, Elm House, St. Athan, Glam. Kressman, Theodore Roger Ernest, I3.s~.(Lond.), 43, Stockport Road, London, S.iV.16. Lawrence, Harry, B.Sc. (Lond.), 172, Stratliyre Avenue, London, S.W.16. Luciihurst, Kenneth John Charles, 13.S~. (Glus.), A.R.T.C., 2132, Great Western Road, Glasipow, W.3, Macwaltcr, Roy James, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 30, Woodhall Gate, Pinncr, Mid(lx. McIntosh, Alexander Bonjamin, B.Sc., Ph.D.(Clas.), A.R.T.C., 7, KayStreet, Glasgow, N. Meara, Melville Lear, E.Sc., Pi1.D. (Bris.), 31, Russian Drive, Stoneycroft, Liverpool, 13. Mellon, Charles i\'illiam, B.A. (T.C.D.), c/oll\.lossrs.J. F. Carmichacl & Co., Ltd., Tower Buildings, Liverpool. 507 Middleton, Bernard Alfred, B.Sc. (Lond.), c/o Messrs. Parsons Fletcher, Ltd., Gravel Lane, London, S.E.1. Moulds, Lawrence de \'ere, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Dunelm), 4, Albert Road, North Harrow, Middx. Oakley, Henry Brazenor, B.Sc. (Lond.), 39, Compton Road, London, N.21. Oswin, Charles Robert, B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), 120, Wellington Road, Bridgwater, Somerset. Pamely-Evans, Owen Goronwy, B.Sc. (Wales), 85, Somerset Road, New-port, Mon. Park, John, BSc. (Edin.), Rosebank, Terregles Street, Dunifrios.Pennington, John Herbert, B.Sc. (Lond.), 59, Melbury Avenue, Norwood Green, Southall, Middx. Pepper, Albert Cecil, BSc. (Lond.), 48, Niton Street, London, S.W.6. Popple, Robert Geoffrey, BSc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., Imperial College Field Station, Slough, Bucks. Rathbone, Russell James, B.Sc. (Lond.), 3, Sylvester Road, Wembley, Middx. Robinson, Anthony Melland, M.A. (Cantab.), St. Lawrence, Lindfield, Sussex. Samways, Err,est Kenneth, B.Sc. (Lond.), B.Pharm., The Homestead, Century Road, Ware, Herts. Simmons, Donald, B.Sc. (Lond.), 33, Lsngbourne Mansions, Hillway, London, N.6. Smith, John Oliver, B.Sc. (Lseds), Wyndhurst, Heymoor Common, Shepley, nr. Huddersfield. Smith, Laurence Michael, B.Sc.(Lond.), Jesus College, Oxford. Soesan, Joseph Maurice, B.Sc. (Lond.), 245, Ilford Lane, Ilford, Essex. Speight, George Edward, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.Met. (Sheff.), Braemoor, McIntyre Road, Stocksbridge, Sheffield. Stead, Donald Maurice, B.Sc. (Loeds), 9, Green Lane, Cookridge, Hors- forth, Leeds. Steiner, Eric Hubert, B.Sc. (Lond.), 24, Lankers Drive, North Harrow, Middx. Taylor, George Ernest, B.A., B.Sc. (T.C.D.), 9, Palmerston Park, Rath- mines, Dublin. Thirsk, Harold Reginald, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., Iiingsholm, York Road, Church Gresloy, Hurton-on-Trent. Thompson, Charles Kenyon, B.Sc. (Leeds), Highfield, Carleton, Pontefract. Tweed, William Thomas, &LA.(Cantab.),122, Becketts Park Drive, Leeds, 0. Urio, John Dunlop, B.Sc. (Glas.), 17, Winton Drive, Gh?gow, W.2.Ward, Terence, B.Sc. (Bris.), The Breach, Holt, Trowbridge, Wilts. Wood, Leslie James, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 13, Corringharn Court, Golders Green, London, X.W. 1 1. Young, George Oliver, B.Sc. (Lond.), 75, Askham Lane, Aeomb, York. New Students. Adamson, John Ernest, G, Westfield Road, Rnlaby Road, Hull. Aytoun, Ramsay, 3, Logan Street, Edinburgh 3. Barnes, Clifford Hainer, 119, Bury Road, Iiaslingden, Rossmdale, Lanes. Uest, Lancelot, 30, Rosebery Avenue, Soxth Shields, Co. Durham. Burnett, Robert McDonald, 21, Fourth Street, Newtongrange, Midlothian. Byrne, Landon Francis, Needler Hall, Cottingham, Hull. Bywater, William Geoffrey, 6, Bank Road, Netherton, Dudley, Worcs. Cockayne, Ernest Donald, 258, Broadway North, Walsall, Staffs.Combe, John Frank, Broich Cottage, Kippen, Stirlingshire. Copeland, Jack Rochford, 4, Northbrook Itoad, London, S.E.13. 508 Copsey, Edgar Ernest, 65, Brooklantls Road, Romford, Emex. Corbyn, Peter Thomas, 24, Camborne Avenue, London, Wr.13. Cunningham, Martin Neil, Lindale, Jack’s Road, Saltcoats, Ayrshire. Cutting, Cyril Pernon, 174, Centenary Road, Goole, Yorks. Dabin, John Walter Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.), 15, Azof Street, London, S.I3.10. Dent, John William, 8, Puckle Lane, Canterbury. Dixon, Leonard Thomas, 43, King’s Court, Forty Lane, Wernbley Park. Emtick, Bernard Charles Douglas, Old Lodge, Bridge Road, Maidenhead. Benton, Sidney, c/o 12, Trinity Street, Stoclkton-on-Tees, Co. Durham. Fletcher, John Warrington, Devonshirp Hall, Cumberland Road, Lceds 6.Foreman, Robert, 25, Acacia Grove, New Malden, Surrey. Godfrey, Alan Crofton, 14, Ladbroke Square, London, W.11. Hancock, Douglas Charles, 40, Church Road, Richmond, Surrey. Hayes, Sydney Percival, 61, Colebrooke Road, Liverpool 17. Hodgson, Joseph Sanderson, 35, Nene Parade, Wisbech. Hudson, John Anthony, 96, TVatkin Lane, Lostock Hall, nr. Preston. Hughes, Francis Derek, 35, Nightingale Lane, London, E.11. Jillings, Benjamin Vince, M.P.S., 66, Friern Watch Avenue, London, N.12. Jones, Norman Ralph, 18, St. Lawrence Terrace, London, Mi.10. King, Frederick William, 2, Lamlash Street, London, S.E.ll. Luggar, GeoErey Keith, 36, Paradisr Street, Coventry. Mather, William Ernest, AMet., 6, Swaddale Avenue, Birmington Road, Chesterfield.McCornbie, Trevor Frank, 46, Preston Road, London, E.ll. McGuigan, Henry, 102, Cainbridge Street, Glasgow, C.3. Melville, Frank Ramsay, 59, Ahiia Road, Headingley, Leeds 6. Milne, James, 11, Irongray Street, Glasgow, E. 1. Mitchell, John, Newholme, Risley, nr. Derby. Morris, John Vernon, 335, St. Margaret’s Road, East Twickenham, Middx. Nield, Edward William, 193, Parrs Wood Road North, Withington, Manchestcr. Northall-Laurie, Peter Dudley, 41, Lyncroft Gardens, London, N.W.6. Park, Geoffrey Sheard, 10, Eastinoor Road, Wakefield, Yorks. Peters, Raymond Harry, 38, Studley Drive, Ilford, Essex. Rape, Timothy Arrowsmith, 20, Watts Avenue, Rochester. Reid, Edward Francis, 6, Ferguson Avenue, Renfrew. Reid, James, 421, King Street, Coathridgo, Scotland.Robertson, IL’illiam Murdoch, 30, Kennedy Drive, Airdrie, Scotland. Scott, Ernest Ingram, 25, Victoria Avenue, Hull. Shennan, Robert Samuel, Catrine, Dunblane, Perthshire. Stowoll, Miss Marjorie Joyce, 144, Dale Street, Chatham. Tanner, James Roy, 53, Lyndhurst Grove, London, S.E.15. Thomson, John Archibald Marne, 6, Melville Street, Edinburgh. Touchin, Herbert Roy, 62, Sandringham Road, Bristlington, Bristol, 4. Wagner, Howard Ernest, 80, Norbiton Avenue, Kingston-on-Thames. Walker, Brian Yeoman, 40, Tynwald Hill, Stoneycroft, Liverpool. Watson, John Adam Cunningham, 13, Fernclale Road, Liverpool, 15. Whitely, Wilfred Arthur, 23, Oaklands Avenue, Harborne, Birmingham, 17.Williamson, David Lessels, 7, Nairn Street, Kirkcaldy, Fife. Wilmin, Basil John, L.M.S. Railway Research Department, London Road, Derby.Wymer, Peter Osborn, 46, Mortlake Road, Kew Gardens, Surrey. Young, William, Harbour Street, Stranrner. Re-admit ted Student. prlilligan, John Douglas, 23, Herriet Street, Pollokshields, Glasgow, S.1. 509 DEATHS. Fellows. William Barlow, A.R.C.Sc.1. William Porter Dreaper, O.B.E. William Setten Gilles, F.C.G.I. William Henry Msrrett, A.R.S.M. Harry Silvester, B.Sc. (Birm.). William Ellis Vinson. CHANGE OF NAME. Kenneth Sams, Associate, to Kenneth Sames. 610 Coming Events. 1939. January 3, 4 and 5. THE PHYSICALSOCIETY:Twonty-ninth Annual Exhibition of Scientific Instruments and Apparatus, at the Imperial Collego of Science and Technology, Imperial Institute Road, South Kensington, S.W.7.--2.30 to 9 p.m.on 3rd and 6th; 4 to 9 p.m.on 4th. 3 SOCIETYOF CHXMICAL (Road and Bidlding Materials INDUSTRY Group): “Problems in the Control of Road Materials.” Dr. W. II. Glanville, in the Rooms of the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W. 1, at 8 p.m. 4 INSTITUTE (Kewcastlo-upon-Tyne and North East OF CHEMISTRY Coast Section) and SoclErY OF CHEMICAL1NDUSTRY: “Glass.” Professor W. E. S. Turner, 0.B.E. OF PETROLEUM:5 INSTITUTE “Modern Methods Applied to the Manufacture of Lubricating Oils.” Mr. E. J. Dunstan, at the Engineers’ Club, Albort Square. Manchester, at 7.15 p.m. 6 INSTITUTEOF CHENTSTRY(South !Vales Section): BusinessMeeting,at the Mackworth Hotel, Swansoa, at 6.30 p.m.9 INSTITUTEOF BREWING(London Section): Two Short Papers on Hops, by a Grower and a Merchant, at the Horse Shoe Hotel, Tottenham Court Road, London, W.l, at G p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMTSTRY(Belfast and District Section) : “Absorp-tion of Gases.” Mr. ,4. H. 0. Johnson, in tho Physics Lecture Theatre, Royal Belfast Academical Institution, at 7.30 p.m. OF ELECTRICAL : “Plastics and Insula- INSTITVTION ENGINEERS tion.’¶ Dr. L. Hartshorn and Others, at Nowcastle-upon-Tyne. SOCIETYOF CHEnIICAL INDUSTRY (Chemicnl Engiiiooring Group ancl London Section): “Creep in Non-Ferrous hietds.” Dr. J. McKeown, at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.1. 10 SOCTETV INDUSTRYOF CHEMICAL (Plastics Group) : “Paper for Plastics.” Rlr. J. G. Abel, at Burlington House, Piccaililly, London, W.l, at 7.30 p.m. 12 INSTITUTEOF BREWING (North of England Secthn): “Chain Transmission.” Messrs. Hans Ronold, at the Midland Hotel, Manchester. INSTTTTJTE (Livei-pool and North-Western Srction) :OF CHEMISTRY “Chemical Warfare ancl the Civil Population.” Major General C. H. Foulkes, C.B., C.M.G., D.S.O. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (Manchester and District Section): ‘‘Some Aspects of Forestry Rosearch.” Mr. W. Q. Campbell, at the Constitutional Club, St. Ann Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m. January 12 SOCIETY INDUSTRYOF CEKEMICAL (Bristol Section): Moeting devoted to papers on current work.To be held in the Chemical Depart- ment of the University, Woodland Road, Bristol, at 7.30 p.m. 13 OIL AND COLOURCHEMISTS’ASSOCIATION(Manchester Section) : “Nitrocellulose Lacquers." Mr. C. Hall, at the Constitutional Club, St. Ann Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m. AND ENGINEERING17 HULLCHEMICAL SOCIETY:“Alchemy, Ancient and Modern.” Mr. E. H. Hall, in the Lecture Room (Room 51),Municipal Technical Colloge, Park Street, Hull, at 7.45 p.m. INsTITxJ’rE OF CHEMISTRY(Ea\st Anglian Section) : “Tasting TostS.” Mr. H. ill.Mason, at the Technical College, Norwich. INSTITVTE (Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North-East OF CHEMISTRY Coast Section) : ‘I The Rights and Wrongs of Modern Nationalism.” Professor J. L. Morrison. 18 INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties o:, CHEMISTRY Section): Chemical and Physical Factors Influencing the Distribution of Plants.” Professor E.J. Salisbury, F.R.S., at The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, W.C. 1. OF FUEL:“Developments in Oil Refineries.” Dr. A. E.INSTITUTE Dunstnn, in the Railway Iilstitute Lecture Hall, Derby, at 7.30 p.m. LEICESTER LITERARY AND PHILOSOPHICALSOCIETY (Chemistry PHARMACEUTICALSection) and LEICESTER SOCIETY.“ Pharma-ceutical Emulsions.” Mr. C. Gunn, at The Technical College, Leicester, at 8 p.m. 19 CHEMICALSOCIETY:Meeting for the reading of original papers, at Burliiigton House, Piccadilly, London, W. 1, at 8 p.m. INSTITUTEOF BREWING (Yorkshire and North -Eastern Section) : Annnal Meeting.“English Barleys of 1938.” Mr. G. P. Haworth. “Foreign Barleys of 1938.” Mr. S. K. Thoipe, at the Great Northern Hotel, Leeds. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(Birmingham and Midland Section): “The Determination of Carbon dioxide in Baking Powder and Self-rctising Flour.” Mr. R. S. Potter and Mr. H. H. Ragnall, in t,he Chamber of Commerce Buildings, New Street, Birmingham, at 7.30 p.m. SOCIETY (Nottingham Section) : “TrainingOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY the Industrial Chemist.” Dr. G. M. Dyson, at University Collego, Shakospeare Street, Nottingham, at 7.30 p.m. 20 INSTITUTE (Glasgow and West of Scotland Section): OF CHEMISTRY Refresher Lecture : ‘‘ Receiit Advances in Pharmaceutical Chemistry.” Mr. E. J. Schorn. SOCIETYOF CHEJTICAL (Food Group and LiverpoolINDUSTRY Section): “The Deterioration of Fat in Foods.” Dr.C. H. Lea, in tho Chemistry Department, Tho University, Liverpocl, at G p.m. OF CHEMTCALINDUSTRYSOCIETY (South Wales Section): Jubilee Memorial Lecture. “The Chemistry of Solid Carbon.” Professor H. L. Riley, at the University College, Cathays Park, Cardiff, at 7 p.m. 5.12 January 23 CHEMICAL CLUB: “Some Undeveloped Pictures.” Dr. 0. F. Bloch, in the Club Smoke Room, 2, Whitehall Court, London, S.W.l, at 8.16 p.m. CHEMICAL SOCIETY: “Recent Synthetic Studies in Immuno-chemistry.” Professor C. R. Harington, F.R.S., in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, Ths University, Edgbaston, at 5 p.m. OF2-1 INSTITUTEBREWISG (Scottish Section) : Annual General Meeting.“The Fuiictiori of Oxygen in tho Brewery.” Dr. Marc Van Laer, at the Ca1edo:iian Hotel, Edinburgh. OFINSTITTJTECHEMISTRY (Huddersfioltl Section): “X-rays,Nlectrons and the Structure of Metals.” Dr. A. G. Quarrell. OFINSTITTTTElki;~:“Tlle C’se of Anthracite Duff for Steam Generation.” Mr. K. B. Johnson, at tho Geological Society, Burlingtun House, Piccadilly. Londo~i, \I7.1, at (ip.ni. 25 INSTIT~TE<)I‘ C‘HEMISTRY (Birmingham and ilZitllaiitl Section) : Symposium of Papers on the History of Cheinicd Industry in the Midlands. Intrcducctl hy Mr. C,.King. SOCIETYOF DY~Smi) (’OLOI-RISTS (,\lidlands Section) : ”The Dyeing and Prol’erties of ilnim:clisec1 Flhres.” Jlr. G. (’. Grundy, at Leicester, at 7.43 p.m.26 BRITISH ASSOCIATIOX OF Ci<1>>11STS(Liverpool Scctioii): Lcclurette-by Members, at Liverpool T’uiversit?;, Brownlow Street En-trance, at 7.3) p.m. ~NSTITUTION OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERS and INSTITUTIONOF ENGINEERSSTRUCTURAL : “Floors for Industrial Purposes.”Jlr. R. Fitzmaurice and Dr. F. M. Lea, at 11 Upper Belgrave Street, London, S.W. 1, at 6.30 p.m. ~NSTITUTF OF CHEMISTRY(Bristol and South-Western Counties Section): “Recent Progress in Biochemical and Medical Research.” Mr. A. W. Broom, in the Cliemical Department of the University, Woodland Road, Bristol, at 5.30 p.m. 2: BEDSOP.; CLEB: “Tho Dinicusions of Some Organic ~~olecu~cs.” Dr. J. Afontcath Robertsovi, in the Chcniistry Lecture Thcatro, King’s Collegc, Nowcast Ic-upon-Tyne,at 6.33 p.m.OFCHEMICALSOCIETY,INSTITUTECHEMISTRY AND SOCIETYON CHEMICAL (Edinburgh and East of Scotland Sections) :IKDUSTKY “Carcinogenic Chemical Co~npounds.” Professor J. \Y. Cook, F.R.S., at the North British Station Hotel, Edinburgh, at ’7.30 p.m. CHEMICAL : Meeting for tho reading of original papers, inSOCIETY the Lecture Theatre of the new Chemistry Building, The University, Leeds, at 7 p.m. INsrITc-TIox OF THE 1Cbimsit INDUSTRY(Manchester Section) : Annual Dinner-Dance. AN i) PHILOSOPHICALMANCHESTERLITER~RY SOCIETY(ChernicnSection): ‘‘Some General Aspects of Paper Making.” Dr. H. A. Harrison, at 36. George Street, Manchestor, at 7 p.m. 30 CHEMICALSOCIETY: “The Structure of Sesqniterpenes and Their Derivatives.Professor J. L. Simonsen, F.R.S., in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, The University, Edgbaston, at 5 p.m. 613 January 31 HULLCHEMICALAND ENGINEERING : “Steam Trawlers.” SOCIETY Mr. A. Addy, in the Lecture Room (Room 51), Municipal Technical College, Park Street, Hull, at 7.45 p.m. February 1 SOCIETYOF PUBLICANALYSTS:Joint Meeting with the Food Group of tho Society of Chemical Tndustry, at the Rooms of the Chemical Socioty, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.1, at 8 p.m. INSTITUTE (Dublin Section): “What is Vinegar 1 ’’OF CHEMISTRY Mr. B. G. Fagan, at Trinity College, Dublin. 2 CHEMICALSOCIETY:Meeting for the reading of original papers, at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. AND SOCIETY (BristolCHEMICALSOCIETY OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY Section): “The Natural Organic Tauniiis.” Dr.33. Nierenstehi, in the Chemical Department of the T‘iiiversity, Woodland Road. Bristol, at 7.30 p.m. OFINSTITUTECHEMISTRY(East Midlands Section) : “Operations in Iran.” Dr. A. E. Dunstan, at The College, Loughborough. at, 7.15 p.m. Tea at the College at 6.45 p.m. 3 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Cardi€f and District Section) : “Methyla-tion-A Widespread Biocliemical Phenomenon.” Professor F. Challenger, at the Univorsity College, Cat’hays Park, Cardiff, at 7 p.m. :CHEMICAL SOCIETY “Reactions involving Proton Transfer.” Professor W. F. K. Wyrinc-Jones, in the Chemistry Lecture Theatro, University Collego, Swansea, at 6 p.m. SOCIETY OF CHEMICAL IXDUSTRY (Birmingham Section and Chemical Engineering Group) AND THE COVENTRYENGINEERING SOCIETY“Recent Developments in Bearing Metals.” Messrs.: H.L. Evans and S. T. Harrison, at Coventry. SOCIETY OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY (Manchester and LiverpoolSections): Jubilee Memorial Lecture: “The Chemistry of Solid Carbon.” Professor H. L. Riley, at the Constitutional Club, St. Ann Street, Manchester, at 6 p.m. 4 MIDLAND DINNER-DANCE,CHEMISTS’ Midland Hotel, Birmingham. (Tickets 10s. 6d. Limited number.) 3 CHEMICALSOCIETY: “Electrocapillarity, with special reference to Liquids of Low Ionic Content.” Mr. D. C. Henry, in tho Chemistry Lecture Theatre, tho University, Liverpool, at 6 p.m. 6 SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(London Section) : “Modern Applications of Luminescent Substances.” Dr. L.Levy and Mr. D. W. West, at Biirlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.1, at 8 p.m. 7 GRAHAMCLUB: “New Cbernists for Old.” Mr. H. W. Cremer, at tho Royal Station Hotel, York, at 8 p.m.SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDVSTRY(Chemical Engineering Group and Road and Building Xaterials Group): “Paint Research in Relation to Building.” Dr. L. A. Jordan and Mr. P. J. Gay,at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W. 1, 614 FebruarY 8 SOCIETYFOR THE STUDYOF ALCHEMYAND EARLY CHEMISTRY: “Chemical Apparatus and Operations in Arabic Treatises.” Dr. E. J. Holmyard. SOCIETY (Plastics Group) : “The Impact OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY of Flastics on Industry.” Dr. H. Levinstein, at Burlington HOUSO,Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 7.30 p.m.SOCIETY INDUSTRYOF CHEMICAL (Newcastlo-upon-Tyno Section) : Symposium : “Pibmcnt Manufactures, Fine Particles.” 9 INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY (Liverpool and North- Western Section) : “Quest for Colour.” Dr. C. J. T. Cronshaw. INSTITTTTE (Manchester and District Scction) ANDOF CHEMISTRY INSTITUTE “What happens to Motor Oil and OF PETROLEUM: what happens to tho Engines.” Mr. C. I. Kelly, at the Engineers’ Club, Manchoster, at 7.15 p.m. INSTITUTEOF Fui:~: “The Aero-dynamics of the Domestic Open Fireplace." Professor P. 0.Rosin, at the (>eological Society, Burlington HOUSO,Piccadilly, London, W. 1, at G p.m. 10 OIL AND COLOURCHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION(Manchester Section) : “Metal Treatment as a Means of Protection of Metals.” Ilr.F. C. B. Marshall, at the Constitutional Club, St. Ann Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m. 13 INSTITUTE (Lee& Area Scction) : “Tho Poisoning ofOF CHEMISTRY Catalysts.” Dr. E. B. Rlaxted, at Leeds. 14 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Belfast and District Section) : “Diffusion Mcthods of Quantitative Analysis.” Professor W. R. Fearon, in the Physics Lecturo Theatre, Royal Belfast Acadenlical Institution, Belfast, at 7.30 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(East Anglia Section): “A Survey of tho Plastics Industry.” Mr. E. G. Couzens, at the Central Public Library, Ipswich. INSTITUTEFGEL:Jointly with the South Wales Institute of OF Engineers and the Local Section of the hlechanical Engineers. “The Modern Portable Gas Producer.” Jlessrs.Bosworth Goldman and N. Clarke Jones, at the Royal Metal Exchange, Wind Street, Swansea, at G p.m. INSTITT’TEOF METALS: “Tin Recovery from Waste Materials.” Mr. A. 0. Thomas, at tho Y.M.C.A. Building, St. Hclens Road, Swansea, at 6.30 p.m. OF (London and South-Eastern Counties 15 INSTITCTECHEMISTRY Section): “The Viscosity of Liquids.’’ Professor E. N. da C. Andrade, at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Stroet, London, W.C.1. LEICESTER LITERARY AND PHILOSOPHICALSOCIETY (Chemistry Sect ion) : “Avtivated Carbon anti Its Uses.” Mr. W. E. Edwards at the Technical College, Leicester, at 7.30 p.m. 16 CHEMICALSOCIETY: Meeting for the Reading of original papers, at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m.INSTITUTE (Bristol and South- Western Counties OF CHEMISTRY Section): “Recent Advances in Rubber Technology.” Dr. T. J. Drakeley, in the Chemical Department of the University,Woodland Road, Bristol, at 5.30 p.m. 515 February 17 CHEMICALSOCIETY: Meeting for the reading of original papers at tho Royal Technical Collego, 204 George Street, Glasgow, at 7.30 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (Aberdeen and North of Scotland Soction) AND THE CHEMICALSOCIETY: “Ions and Isotopes.” Professor James Kendall, F.R.S., at the Chemistry Department, Itlarischall College, Aberdeen, at 6 p.m. INSTITUTIONCHEMICAL ENGINEERSOF : Seventeenth Annual Corporate Meeting, at the Hotel Victoria, Northumberland Avenue, London, VV.C.2, at 11 a.m.Business Session and President’s Address. Paper, by MI-.G. W. Hewson and Mr. R. L1. Rees, at 2.15 p.m. Annual Dinner at 7 for 7.30 p.m. OF MECHANICALENGINEERSINYTITVTION :Annual General Meeting, at 5.30 p.m. ‘‘Pttper Mill Plant.” Mr. W. H. Orr, at the Institution of Mechunical Engineers, Storey’s Gate, St. James Park, London, S.lV.1. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Nottingham Section) : “The Structure of Cellulose and other Polymers related to simple Sugars.” Professor W. N. Haworth, F.R.S., at University College, Shakespeare Street, Nottingham, at 7.30 p.m. SOCIETY OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (South Wales Section): “Tho Chemistry of Soils.” Mr. L. T. Lowe, at the University Colloge, Cathays Park, Cardiff, at 7 p.m. SOCIETYOF DYERSAND COLOERISTS(Manchester Section) : “The British Dyestuffs Industry.” Mr.J. Baddiley, in t’he Lecture Room of the Literary ant1 Philosophical Society, 36 GeorgeStreot, Alancliester, at 7 p.m. 20 INSTITUTIONOF THE RUBBERTNDUSTRY: “The Production of Decorative and Ornamental Rubher Goods.’’ Mcssrs. J. P. Crifiths and c‘. R. Pinnell, at the Engineers’ Club, Albert Square, iJZanctiester, at 7.30 p.m. 21 HULLCHEMICALAND ENGINEERING :“Nodern Oil Milling.” SOCIETY Mr. L. H. Downs, in the Lecture Room (Room 51), MunicipalTechnical College, Park Street, Hull, at 7.45 p.m. 23 BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS (Livorpool Section) : Section Meeting, Contra1 Hotol, Widnes, at 7.30 p.m. OFBRITISH ASSOCIATION CHEMISTS(Notts. and Derby Section) : Outing to Messrs.Taylors, Loughborough. CHEMICALSOCIETY: “Some Scientific and Technical Applications of Photography.” Dr. 0. F. Bloch, in the Chomistry Lecture Theatre, King’s College, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, at 6.30 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(Birmingham and Midland Section):“A new method of testing the durability of Bituminous Road Binders.” Messrs. D. W. Parkes and H. C. Bennett, in the Chamber of Commerce Buildings, New Street, Birmingham, at 7.30 p.m. OF CXEMISTRY24 INSTITUTE AND SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (Edinburgh and East of Scotland Sections): “Some Aspects of the Preservation of Fish as Food.” Dr. G. A. Reay, in the North British Station Hotel, Princes Street, Edinburgh, at 7.30 p.m, 516 February LITERARYAND PHILOSOPHICAL24 MANCHESTER SOCIETY (Chemical Section): “Starch : Its extraction, modifications and applica- tions.” Rlr.J. M. Faulds, at 36 George Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m. 27 CHEMICAL SOCIETY : “The Molecular Structure of Starch.” Professor E. L. Hirst, F.R.S., in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, the University, Edgbaston, Birmingham, at 5 p.m. OF28 INSTITUTE CHEMISTRY (Cardiff and District Section): “The Organisation of a Laboratory in a Commercial Firm.” Dr. L. H. Lampitt, at the University College, Cathays Park,Cardiff, at 7 p.m. LEEDS UNIVERSITY : Film : “The Prcductioil CHEMICALSOCIETY and Utilisation of Cod-Liver Oil,” with Conirnents byhlr. K. McLonnan. “The nlanufacture of I’ine Chemicals.“ Mr. L. Antlorson, at Leeds.March 1 INSTITUTE OF CHEXISTRY : ASNUAL GEXE12AL NEET-ING, AT 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, W.C. 1, AT 8 p.nx.LONDON, AND ENGINEERING : Laciias’ Evening, HULLCHEMICAL SOCIETY at Powolny’s, King Edward Street, Hull, at 7.45 p.m. 2 CHEMICALSOCIETY:hkoting for the reading of original papers, at the Colloge of Technology, Manchester, at 7 p.m. CHEMICAL SOCIETY : Discussion on “Microtechnique in Organic Chemistry.” To In0 opened by Professor I. M. EIeilbron, D.S.O., F.R.S., at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (Bristol Section) : Chairman’sINDUSTRY Address:-“ Air Pollution and some of Its Problems.” To be held in t>lmChemical Dopartmerit of the University, IYoodland Road, Bristol, at 7.30 p.m.3 INSTITUTION OFOF CHEMICALENGINEERS.INSTITUTEFUELAND OF CHEMICALINDUSTRYSOCIETY (Chemical Engineering Group and Rlanclioster Section) : Symposium on Gas Purifiratiou, in Manchester, at 2 p.m. (two sessions). SOCIETYOF PUBLIC : Annual General Meeting, at the ANALYSTS Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1, at 4.30p.m. “Biological Standardisation.” Sir Hmry Dale, F.R.S., at 6 p.m. 4 BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS(London Section): Dinner and Dance, Piccadilly Hotel, London, W. 1. 6 INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY AND SOCIETY OF CHJ3MICAL INDUSTRY (Edinburgh and East of Scotland Sections) : “Modern FoundryTechnique.” Rlr. It. L. Hunter, in th:. Scottish Dyes Recreation Hall, Grangemouth, at 7.30 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Leeds Area Section) : “The Chemistry of Commercial Anthraquinonoid Dyes.” Professor F.BI. ICowe, at Leeds. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(Food Group and London Section): “Trace Elements in Human and Animal Nutrition.” Mr. W. Godden, at I3urlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. 517 March 7 HULLCHEMICALAND ENGINEERINGSOCIETY: “Chemistry for Technical Students.” Mr. L. Balmforth, at the Builders’ Exchange, Metropole, West Street, Hull, at 7.45 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(Road and Building Materials Group): “Examination of Road Wear.” Mr. Harris Booth, in the Rooms of the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(London and South-Eastern Counties 8 Section): Visit to the British Launderers’ Research Association, Hendon.OFINSTITUTEMETALS: Annual Dinner, at Grosvenor House, Park Lane, London, W.l. SOCIETY INDUSTRYOF CHEMICAL (Newcastle-fipon-Tyne Section) : Chairman‘s Address :-“ Chemistry of Solid Carbon.” Professor H. L. ILiley. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(Plastics Group) : “Bitumen Plastics” :-(i) Raw Materials : The Story of Gilsonite; (ii).Development in Bitumen Plastics. (i) Mr. 3’. It. Jones, (ii) Mr. W. H. Cambden, at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.2, at 7.30 p.m. 9 JNSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(East Midlands Section) AND SOCIETY OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY (Nottingham Section) : “Patents and the Chemist.” Dr. Percy May, at St. James’ Restaurant, Derby, at 7.30 p.m.Informal Dinner at 6.30 p.m. INSTITUTE (Liverpool and North-Western Section) :OF CHEMISTRY “Soine Aspects of Chemical Dermatitis.” Dr. H. E. Cox. INSTITUTEPETROLEUMOF (Northern Branch) : Annual General Meeting. 10 OIL AND CocorR CHEMISTS’ (Manchester Section) :A~SOCIATION “Swelling and Permeability of Oil Films.” Dr. A. V. Blom, at the Reynolds’ Hall, College of Technology, Sackville Street, Mane hes tar. 13 INSTITUTEOF BREWING (London Section): “Various Aspects of Malting Barley Breeding.” Dr. H. Hunter, at the Horse Shoe Hotel, Tottenham Court) Road, London, W.l, at 6 p.m. 14 INSTITUTE (Huddersficld Section) : Annual General OF CHEMISTRY Meeting. INSTITUTION :OF CHEMICALENGINEERS“Problems of Com-pressors and Compressed Gases in Industry.” Mr.R. L. Quertier, in the Rooms of tho Geological Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.1, at 6 p.m. 618 General Notices. The Annual General Meeting of the Institute will be held at the Institute, on Wednesday, 1st March, 1939, at 8 p.m. Nomination of General Members of the Council.-Attention is directed to the By-laws relating to the nomination of General Members of Council:-By-law 26.-(I) Any twenty Members, not being Members of the Council, may nominate one eligible Fellow as a candidate for ulection as a General Member of the Council, but no Meiiiber shall nominate more than one such Fellow. (2) Any nomination made under this By-law shall be delivered to the Secretary six weeks at least before the Annual Geiieral Meeting, and shall be in the following form : “We, the undersigned, Members of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland, do hereby certify that A.R., of (registeredaddress) , a Fellow of this Institute, is, in our estimation, a fit and proper person to be a General Member of the Couiicil of the Institute, and we do hereby nominate him as a Candidate for election as a General Member of the Council.” (3) Any surh nomination may consist of several documonts in like form, each signed by one or more Members.(The name of every candidate nominated in accordance with By-law 26 xvill be included in the Balloting List.) By-lam 24-42) No person who has been elected as a District Member of the Council for any year of Office shall be eligible for election as a General RSember of the Coirncil for that yoar of Office, and if such person is elected as President, Vice-Presidont or Treasurer for that yoar of Office he shall vacate his Office as a District Member of tho Council and tho vacancy shall be filled up, as on a casual vacancy.The Officers and General Members of Council who retire at the next Annual General Meeting, 1st hlarch, 1939, in accordance with the By-laws and are ineligible for re-election are as follows:-President. Sir Robert Howson Pickard, D.Sc., F.R.S. Vice-Presidents. Arthur Ernest Everest, DSc.’ John Jacob Fox,O.B.E., D.Sc. Robert Robinson, N.A., D.Sc., LL.D., F.R.S. Jocelyn Field Thorp, C.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S. General Members of Council.Henry Vincent Aird Briscoe, D.Sc., A.R.C.S., D.T.C. Albert Coulthard, Ph.D. Bernard Scott Evans, M.B.E., M.C., D.Sc. Thomas Percy Hilditch, D.Sc. James Brierley Firth, D.Sc. Percy Lewis-Dale, Ph.D. Gerald Roche Lynch, O.B.E., M.B., B.S. Samuel Smiles, O.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S. Nominations for the new Council must be delivered at the Institute before 8 p.m. on 18th January, 1939. District Members of Council.-The District Members of Council will be as follows:- (i) Birmingham and Midlands : Deric William Parkes, M.C., B.A., B.Sc. (ii) Bristol and South-Western Counties: Edgar Lewis, M.I.Chem.E, (iii) Liverpool and North-West Coast : Raymond Renard Bulter. M.Sc. (iv) London and South-Eastern Counties :Mark Bogod, A.R.C.S.(v) Manchester and District: Joseph Henry Lester, M.Sc. (vi) Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast :Archibald Alexander Hall, M.Sc., Ph.D. (vii) Yorkshire: Henry Webster Moss, A.R.C.Sc.1. (viii) Edinburgh and East of Scotland: William Melville Ames, M.A., B.Sc. (ix) Aberdeen and North of Scotland: William Godden, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. (4 Glasgow and West of Scotland: John William Hawley, B.Sc., A.M.1.Chem.E. (xi) Wales and the County of Monmouth: Sidney Bevan Watkins, M.Sc. (xii) Northern Ireland : William Honneyman, B.Sc., Ph.D. (xiii) Irish Free State: Thomas Joseph Nolan, B.A., D.Sc. (xiv) Tho Overseas Dominions and elsewhere abroad :Harold Augusthe Tempany, C.B.E., D.Sc. Examinations,1939.-The entries for the January Examina-tions were completed on 7th November.Other Examinations for the Associateship, in 1939,will be arranged as follows-Period of Examination. Last date for entries. Last date for notebooks. 17t.h to 22nd April, 1939. 6th Feb., 1939. 24th Mar., 1939. 11th to 16th Sept., 1939. 10th July, 1939. 1st Sept., 1939. 520 Examinations for the Fellowship will be held as follows:- Period of Examination. Last date for entries. 24th to 29th April, 1939. 6th February, 1939. 18th to 23rd Sept., 1939. 10th July, 1939. If the number of candidates should render it necessary, Examinations may also be held during the succeeding week. From candidates for the Fellowship in Branch G, Industrial Chemistry, or from those desiring special examinations, applica- tions should be received before 6th January (for the April Examination) and 9th June (for the September Examination).Forms of Application and further particulars can be obtained from the Registrar. Notices to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists.Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute ror not less than six months and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship, may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute, provided that their applications for this privilege are endorsed by their professors. Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employment are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period if necessary.The Institute also maintains a List of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students or Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The Library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Ins ti tu te’s practical examinat ions.Under tlic Deed of Agreement between the Chemical Society, the Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry, dated July, 1935,the comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is available, for the use of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10a.m. to 9 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.), except during August and the early part of September, when the hours are from 10a.m. to 5 p.m. Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. The Institute has entered into an arrangement with The Science Library, Science Museum, South Kensington, S.W.7, whereby books may be borrowed on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary of the Institute. In addition to its comprehensive sets of literature on cognate subjects, which are not available in specialised libraries, this Library contains an exceptionally extensive collection of works on chemistry.Nine thousand scientific and technical periodicals are received regularly in the Library. All publications added to the Library are recorded in its Weekly Bibliography of Pure and Applied Science, which has a wide circulation among research workers and institutions. Boots’ Booklovers Library.-Under the arrangements made on behalf of Fellows and Associates of the Institute, subscriptions to Boots’ Booklovers Library expire on 622 1st March.Application forms can be obtained from the Registrar of the Institute. Lewis'8 Lending Library.-Any Fellow or Associate who is not already acquainted with this Library of Scientific and technical books may obtain a copy of the Prospectus from the Registrar of the Institute. A copy of the Catalogue of the Library (revised to December, 1927,with Supplements 1928-30 and ~931-33)is available in the Library of the Institute. A Bi-monthly list of Additions is also issued. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers (IS. 2d. each) for binding the Journal in annual volumes, are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required. Arrangements may be made with Messrs.A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19,Bishop's Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSon the following terms: buckram cover, IS. 2d.; binding, 2s. 9d.; postage and packing, gd. ; in all, 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who are giving lectures. Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As the slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permaztent addresses for registrntioiz.All requests for changes in the Registzr should be addressed to the Registrar, and not to the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. I' The Profession of Chemistry" (Fourth Edition, 1938) is now available. Copies will be supplied gratis to any Fellow, Associate or Registered Student, on application to the Registrar. 623 Errata.-In JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part V, 1938, page 399, in the third line under Tuesday, 20th September, for gZztcose read Lactose. In JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,part 14, 1938, page 419,line 5, for Miss E. M. Rich read Mr. E. M.Rich. 524 ATTENDANCES AT MEETINGS OF THE COUNCIL AND COMMITTEES, 1sT MARCH TO 16~~DECEMBER, 1938. Council in Council Committee Committees - Sir R.H. Pickard, Pres. .. 8 6 29 9 W. A. S. Calder, 8.-P. .. A. E. Everest, V.-P. . . .. .. 6 8 5 6 15 23 14 6 J.J. Fox, V.-P. . . .. .. 4 5 4 2 C. A. Mitchell, V.-P. .. .. 5 4 6 3 R. Robinson, V.-P. . . .. 6 0 4 0 J. F. Thorpe, V.-P. . . B. F. Howard, Hon. Treas. .. .. 4 8 0 8 15 16 3 15 W.M.Ames .. .. .. 3 1 5 1 A. L. Bacharach .. I. .. 7 6 4 0. J.Bell . . .. .. .. 2 0 4 0 0.L.Brady .. .. H. V. A. Briscoe . . .. .. .. 5 6 1 3 20 23 7 5 5 H. Burton .. .. .. 8 8 16 13 W. J. A. Butterfield .. .. 7 7 8 6 F. H. Carr .. .. .. 5 0 12 8 A. Coulthard .. .. .. 8 4 16 3 H. E. Cox .. .. .. .. 6 4 11 7 5 C. J. T. Cronshaw .... 0 0 0 0 W.A.Damon .. .. .. 3 2 12 6 1 G.M.Dyson . . .. F.G.Edmed .. .. .. .. 6 6 8 8 0 5 0 5 B.S.Evans .. .. .. 8 8 6 2 A. E. Findley .. .. J. B. Firth .. .. .. .. 7 7 8 7 4 4 0 2 A. G. Francis . . .. .. 5 5 2 0 1 W. Godden .. .. .. 6 1 0 0 P. F. Gordon .. .. .. 4 3 2 0 A. A. Hall .. .. .. 6 1 4 0 J. W. Hawley . . .. T. P. Hilditch . . .. .. .. 6 3 1 1 4 12 1 0 H. H. Hodgson . . .. J.R. Johnson .. .. .. .. 8 7 8 4 16 4 16 1 G.King .. .. .. E.Lewis . . .. .. .. .. 3 2 3 0 12 16 0 0 P. Lewis-Dale . . .. .. 6 6 6 3 G.R.Lynch .. .. B. G. McLellan . . .. .. .. 5 5 2 0 2 0 1 0 J. R. Nicholls .. .. .. 7 8 6 2 6 D. W. Parkes . . .. .. 6 3 4 4 W. S.Patterson .... .. 6 2 2 1 F. M. Potter .. .. .. 3 3 1 1 G.S. Robertson .. .. .. 0 0 4 0 R. E. Slade .. .. .. 3 1 16 2 S. Smiles . . .. .. .. 2 1 0 0 H. A. Tempany . . .. D.F.Twiss .. .. E. A. Tyler .. .. J.Weir .. .. ..B.Wyh ,, .. .. .. .. ...* 7 6 6 4 6 3 1 7 0 0 6 0 It3 2 0 2 0 7 0 0