This study uses a longitudinal design to examine the extent to which social support at work is protective against death and the degree to which it explains mortality differences between employed women and those not in paid employment. Women's total role responsibilities and community involvement, as an alternative source of social support and social integration, are also considered in the analysis. The outcome examined is mortality risk over a 15 year period. The 1140 women included in this study were randomly selected from among members of a large HMO and were part of a household interview conducted in 1970-71. Medical and vital records for 15 years post interview period are linked with the survey data. The results of this analysis suggest that social support at work is protective against mortality among employed women and contributes to mortality risk differences between employed and nonemployed women. While the relative hazard of death for nonemployed women who have some community involvement is greater than for employed women, the difference is not statistically significant. Community involvement may provide an alternative, albeit weaker, avenue for gaining some of the same advantages available in paid employment. Future research directions are discussed.