THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. Patron -H.M. THE KING. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. PART V: 1936. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE,LONDON,W.C.I. Octobey, 1936. Publications Commit tee, 1936-37. LEWIS EYNON (Chaivmarr), ROBERT H. PICKARD (President), JAMES BELL, HAROLD BURTON, G. R. CLEMO, ALBERT COULTHARD, W. M. CUIMMING, B. S. EVANS, A. E. EVEREST, ALEXANDER FINDLAY, A. E. FINDLEY, H. H. HODGSON, WILLIAM HONNEYMAN, D. JORDAN-LLOYD, PATRICK H. KIRgALDY (Hon. Tveasuvev), C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, J. R.NICHOLLS, T. F. E. RHEAD, ADAM TAIT, E.A. TYLER, ERNEST VANSTONE. 335 Editorial. Metric Reform.-This Part of the JOURNAL AND PROCEED-INGS contains an article by Mr. E. C. Barton, Chairman of the Decimal Association, appealing to chemists to support the effort which is now being made by the Association to secure metric reform. It is not to be taken as committing the Institute or the Council to any opinion on the subject, but is published with a view to eliciting the views of Fellows and Associates, to whom it is especially addressed. The Impact of Science on Society.-The meeting of the British Association serves a good purpose in providing publicity for science during that period of the year which is otherwise specially reserved by the Daily Press for the sea-serpent and the tall hollyhock.In the course of his presidential address, Sir Josiah Stamp suggested that “the training of the scientist included no aware- ness of the social consequences of his work.” It may be remarked, however, that the universities exist not only to maintain know- ledge, but to encourage its advancement, and it must be allowed that the chemist, in his training, learns something of the history of the application of his science and realises that research, although perhaps solely of scientific interest at first, may have far-reaching consequences in the future. Sir Josiah Stamp dealt with “the social implications of scientific impact,” and suggested that means should be found to minimise the waste of ability caused by the unemployment of highly trained labour, the waste of savings, skill and effort, and the scrapping of machines and factories, rendered obsolete owing to new discoveries. While science was a hobby, rather than a means of livelihood-a harmless pastime for the dilettanti philosophers, who dabbled in all branches of knowledge-this problem scarcely existed; but, from the printer’s press, and later the weaver’s loom, to the provision of public gas-supply, steam and electro-motive power, the production of synthetic dyes and artificial silk, and the invention of “wireless,” every important invention has affected labour and capital, in some cases at first adversely, yet, with increasing population and improved standards of living, ulti-mately with undoubted advantage.Judging by the views expressed in “leaders” and by the general comments appearing in the lay press, it might be supposed that those engaged in scientific work, notwithstanding all that they have done to discover the secrets of nature and to promote health and hygiene and the comforts of life, had little concern for the ultimate public welfare or for the problems of society arising from the introduction of new inventions and from the old order giving place to the new. Capital may be devoted to a new project to the disadvantage or ruin of an old one, and the number of men and women employed on the new venture may perhaps be less at first than that engaged in the old. Science is blamed for that. At the same time, discoveries and inventions are con- demned most often because they are misused; so that man is said to be passing from the tyranny of not knowing, to a tyranny of knowing too much :he is creating conditions and things beyond his power to control and, in the pursuit of science, has run past himself.Can a method be devised, contrary to all that is implied in the law of change and to the fact that “You can’t make omelettes without breaking eggs,” for ensuring that the capital and labour of new industry may be employed without injury to the capital and labour already devoted to established industry? The rate of change varies; no general rule can be framed for the scrapping of obsolete plant and processes. The inception of industry is often speculative and seldom spectacular; it is usually gradual and wisely so.The circum- stances and conditions vary with the demand for the innovation, and progress may be influenced by many considerations,-the business and technical ability of the management, finance, the availability of labour, raw materials and power, salesmanship, facilities for transport and distribution, home and foreign competi- tion, tariffs, and the incidence of trade disputes, war, civil commotion, or even of celebrations. Incidentally, has Rationalisation so far proved a blessing to all concerned? Has it promoted more employment, as well as cheaper and better products, and adequate return for invest- ment? Will it, in the long run, make for the greatest good of the greatest number? The impacts brought about by amal- gamations and combines are not inconsiderable.In developing his theme, Sir Josiah Stamp dealt with “the balance of innovation” and advanced good evidence to show that the share of scientific impact in causing unemployment was commonly exaggerated. At the same time, he had serious regard to the effects of unemployment on the character and happiness of the individual. He said: “Enormous potentialities are seen by scientists waiting for adoption for human benefit, under a form of society quicker to realise their advantage, readier to raise the capital required, readier to pay any price for dislocation, and to adjust the framework of society accordingly.” Such a form of society necessitates a change in human mentality and spirit, which might be accelerated by a revision of the education and the upbringing of the coming generation.The advance of science and discovery demands a higher order of good sense, so that invention may not dominate man. There must be no confusion of knowledge with intelligence. Those who have learning and no imagination are lacking in understanding. They may have trained minds, but be deficient in the exercise of independent thought. Intelligence and breadth of vision must not be sacrificed to specialised knowledge. The promotion of human welfare and happiness in modern civilisation should be the business of the Government. Sir Josiah Stamp said that “scientists see very clearly how, if politicians were more intelligent, if business men were more disinterested and had more” (sense of) “social responsibility, if governments were more fearless, far-sighted and flexible, our knowledge could be more fully and quickly used to the great advantage of the standard of life and health.” Mr.Elliott, Minister of Agriculture, also, in opening a recent conference on agricultural research, said that “it was for the scientists to give to the administrators, the chiefs of Government Departments, the head of steam necessary to work with.” The progress of science cannot be checked; it is, in fact, increasingly encouraged. None can deny that such encourage- ment has been justified by the results; but it is for governments 338 to insure that, where life, health and happiness are involved, the fullest advantage may be taken of the benefits that science has to confer, and that it be not directed to base or harmful purposes.Regarding this matter by and large, is the impact of science on society, even if it be unavoidable, so sudden or so disastrous? The problem of flight had been contemplated throughout the ages, and only became possible through the scientific discoveries of the nineteenth century. The development of aviation occu- pied inventors and experimenters for many years before it was achieved with a reasonable degree of safety. Gas was obtained from coal by the Rev. Dr. Clayton, Rector of Crofton, and brought to the notice of the Royal Society by Robert Boyle in 1688, but it was over a century before Murdoch employed coal gas for lighting purposes, and a further quarter- of-a-century before the introduction of a public gas supply.The evolution of the carriage without horses, towards the end of the nineteenth century, was at first very unpopular; tc those who have witnessed it, the growth of the motor industry can hardly be said to have been sudden. The production of artificial silk was predicted by Robert Hooke in the seventeenth century, and resulted from about 20 years’ patient and persistent research, two hundred years later, by Cross and Bevan. In this instance, also, the impact on other industries and on society was gradual and, as in the case of the motor industry, has been tempered by the growth of population and improved conditions of living.On the other hand, in the production of artificial indigo, resulting from over 30 years’ research, the impact was sudden,- over 400,000 acres of land in India being put out of cultivation in less than z years. With most innovations of any value, supply creates demand. How far it may be possible to moderate the pace and obviate the disadvantages arising from innovations may in some measure be learned from those whose experience has covered the growth of scientific ventures from the conception, to the research, the small scale experiment, the planning and con-struction of plant, and, finally, the building up of a successful industry. It has already been noted that the number of chemists who occupy positions as managers and directors is steadily in-creasing. It may reasonably be expected that men of science 339 who have regard to business and business men who appreciate the value of science willnot neglect to give due consideration to the problem and its implications. COMMENTS on the “Editorial” on “Vocational Suitability,” which was published in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part IV, 1936, p.281. A correspondent deals with the difficulty of the “academic man ” in adapting himself to industry,-especially, he suggests, in breaking down reserve and in making up his mind to participate freely in discussing problems with foremen and “the men on the job.” The academic man is too much inclined to tackle problems without first obtaining all the information which can readily be obtained from those on the works.The high speed of working in industry calls for an alert brain. The wear and tear of industry is stimulating, because it brings the chemist into direct touch with production; the problems are numerous and the need for their solution is urgent. The chemist must be keen to co-operate in the team spirit, to discuss, to record experience and decisions, and to prepare for future developments. Patience, humility and courage are necessary on the part of chemists who hope to be successful in industry. 340 Metric Reform By E. C. BARTON,F.R.G.S., M.I.E.E., Chirman of the Decimal Association. THEfollowing is an appeal to chemists to take a prominent part in the effort now being made by the Decimal Association to secure metric reform in Britain.The appeal is made to chemists because they have experience in the use of metric measures on a large scale in Britain. Being based on such experience their testimony is of the only kind to overcome insular prejudice and allay the fears of those who oppose change through dread of the unknown. The chief enemy of old-established prosperity is over-confi- dence in the methods by which it was originally attained. This is well illustrated by our loss of supremacy in the steel trade, the piano trade, the optical industry and in watch-making. Amongst the dangers now threatening British commerce abroad and industrial efficiency at home, one of the most serious is our rejection of metric reform, and the retention of that curious set of measures known as the “Imperial System.” A thousand years ago-when our weights and measures began to take on definite values-the pound, foot and gallon were in general use from the Atlantic to the Black Sea, and had therefore the great advantage of universality in European trade.Though there were no standards, they amply met the needs of a time when metals were little used and woodwork accuracy was limited by the axe-wielder’s skill. Only two hundred years ago did arithmetic reach the general public of this country. With it came a great improvement in accuracy of reckoning and of workmanship, but proper standards were not established until a hundred years ago.Just at that time metric reform was first mooted in Britain, but there was little urgency about the matter. Only a few countries had “gone metric.” Their inhabitants did not number a twentieth 341 part of the human race. British exports were chiefly to countries that still used the foot, gallon and pound. Thirty years ago, however, when Lord Belhaven’s Metric Bill was before the country, conditions had changed. Metric law had become almost universal throughout Europe and Spanish America. One third of the human race was committed to the metric system including more than half of Britain’s best cus- tomers. The need of metric reform had become urgent. Its success seemed imminent, when a most extraordinary campaign of falsehood was launched against it.The opponents of reform had for years been quoting the survival of inch and lb. in the industries of metric countries as proof of metric failure. That the metric system had “broken down” was, according to them, proved by this tolerance of inch measures in regard to cloth, and to pipes and bolts made to the old measures on machines of non-metric type. Yet these same opponents now proclaimed that a metric law in Britain would operate in quite a different manner, every manufacturer being compelled to scrap his machines and replace them with others made to metric dimensions. The most curious feature of this campaign was the ready acceptance of such prophecies inspite of evidence readily obtain- able from the continent.There practically no change had taken place in any factory during the first thirty years under metric law. In Switzerland, the engineers did not change over until 25 years after metric measures had been compulsory in buying and selling, while the watch trade waited 50 years. In each case the change was voluntary, as no metric law demanded it. In Germany, compulsion was applied in a peculiar form, it being enacted that no debt could be recovered in a Petty Debts Court for goods supplied unless the account had been rendered in terms cf the metric system. Another feature in the methods adopted abroad was the retention for many years of the old names-lb., oz., foot, inch, etc. This recognition of popular prejudice was found very effective in allaying it, although the lb.had been increased 10per cent. in order to make it exactly equal to a half kilogram, while the inch was decreased by I or a per cent. to make it exactly 29 centi-meters. The whole process worked wonderfully well and smoothly without destruction of any existing property. In Russia, as also in Japan, the commercial incentive was used by the Government for getting the new measures into use. Each 342 Government Department successively “went metric,” all tenders being called for in metric terms until merchants and manufacturers had, through familiarity with centimeters and kilograms, come to appreciate the advantage of reckoning with weights and measures designed on the same basis as that of ordinary counting .Unfortunately, evidence from a foreign country seldom appeals to the insular mind, most of our people being convinced of their needs being radically different from those of other nations, British experience alone being accepted as proof of real excellence. Hence the great value of testimony such as the chemist can bring forth owing to his long experience of metric methods on a com- mercial scale. The civil engineer who reckons largely in cubic feet may be driven to the use of decimals in order to avoid laborious divisions by 1728 and by 36,656,but he has never had the courage to change over completely to metric methods. Neither has the merchant had that courage although he may use ill-adapted decimal calculating machines for reckoning his money.The chemist alone has taken the longer view and thereby acquired an experience which should prove invaluable to the nation. If the chemists decide to join the metric crusade they will need to direct their efforts upwards to Governments as well as down- wards to the man in the street. They will find in regard to Governments that the Minister is easily approached in the usual way-by deputation-but that no result will be secured, unless the attack has been prepared by a preliminary barrage fire directed on the officials who will be in attendance as advisers to the Minister. At the interview the real reply will be given by these officials and the Minister’s speech will be a mere echo of their criticism.Fortunately their probable criticism may be studied from the record of previous interviews on the same subject. From these it will be seen that the stock arguments are now fairly well stereotyped. They date mostly from the sixties or from the time of Lord Belhaven’s Metric Bill in 1904. The most recent available report is that of a deputation from the Trades Union Council in 1927. In the appendix hereto willbe found some of the more frequently raised objections to metric reform. The rebuttal usually given by metric advocates in each case is also appended. 343 APPENDIX. Objection No. I.-That an alteration in weights and measures demands such a change in the mental habits of the people that it could not be effected in less than five years or may be ten.Dur-ing that long period, the chaos in trade, both retail and wholesale would be fatal to business. Re@Zy.-In most metric countries the Swiss plan was adopted and the bulk of the people were scarcely aware of any change being in operation. Under that plan the first proceeding was the alteration of quart, inch and Ib. to bring them to an exact metric value, This was done on the British precedent of 1826, when the Winchester gallon was altered without the public taking much notice of it. The quart was made exactly one litre, the inch became 25 millimeters and the lb. became half a kilogram. As these alterations were only 6 per cent., z per cent. and 10per cent. they did not approach the 20 per cent. by which our gallon had been changed and the process went through without disturbance.As a further example of the quiet reception of changes of value -provided names remain unaltered-may be quoted the fall of our fl sterling by 21 per cent. of its gold value on the zIst Sep-tember, 1931. To this day most of us are unaware of the fact unless we cross the Channel. Objection No. 2.-The fact of our foot being made up of 12 inches, and our lb. of 16 oz. is of such value (in dividing lengths and weight by 3 and 2 repeatedly) that measures based on 10 would be useless to our people, the only factors of 10 being 5 and 2. Re#y.-In actual practice neat foot lengths such as 5 ft. or 3 ft. seldom occur. Our engineers and carpenters have mostly to deal with such sizes as 3 ft.7 ins. or 5; ins., and the halving or quartering in these cases calls for some thought, whereas with metric measures of equal pretence to accuracy (1091 or 153 millimeters) the results (545&--272~-76&--38$-) may be written down instantly without hesitation. Divisions by 3 are not of the easiest in metric measures, nor in ours, except in carefully chosen cases, but they occur so rarely in practice as to be negligible. Outside of length measures the matter is not so simple on account of our mental attitude towards weight and bulk. We seldom say a quarter-foot, but the half and quarter lb. are much used. Instead of ‘r2 lbs. 4 oz.” we say ‘rz+lbs.” In regard to 344 money we say “Two and three pence” and never “2% shillings.” Our continental neighbours also have their own peculiar habits.They buy and sell in half or quarter kilograms and never think of 10 being “unquarterable.” Actually they talk of these weights as pounds and half pounds, although the weights used are 500 grams and 250 grams. Objection No. 3.-Millions worth of machinery in Britain will have to be scrapped and replaced by machines made to centimeters and turning out products to metric measures. RepZy.-No metric law has ever affected the use of non-metric machines. In metric countries all tools, patterns, jigs, gauges, etc., have remained in use until changed voluntarily, usually until a fresh generation came to be in chargesay 30 or 40 years. Objection No. 4.-O~r system grew to our needs and therefore is suited to our people.Re+Zy.-This assertion is based on the assumption of to-day’s needs being identical with those of a time when the whole nation was illiterate, few but the clergy being able to read or write. Arithmetic had not then been invented. Multiplication and division were impossible, as anyone may ascertain by multiplying 1839by 247 and then trying to do the same calculation, using the Roman figures MDCCCXXXVIIII and CCXLVII. Weights were little used in those days unless for the checking of coin values. Produce was sold by bulk and was subject to such curious anomalies as the “struck bushel” and the “bushel heaped,” while measures of length must have varied largely, as we find from old maps where many towns are shown as being further apart in recorded miles than at the present time.The keeping of accurate standards only dates from 1835. As to that oddity, the “hundred weight” of IIZ lbs., it is known to have been imposed on us at the request of Hansea merchants who had a monopoly of English trade for several centuries. Objection Nu. S.-Metric reform is of no value unless used in conjunction with decimal coinage. (Note.-This objection is usually made by persons who recognise that metric reform must come, but hope to delay its advent.) Refily.-The forty years of successful use of metric weights and measures by the chemists of Britain, if quoted by them, is a complete refutation of this objection. 345 Proceedings of the Council.Council Meeting, 16th October, 1936.-An intimation was received from Mr. Patrick H. Kirkaldy that, for reasons of health, he felt obliged to tender his resignation from the office of Honorary Treasurer, and requested that he might be relieved from the Chairmanship of the Finance and House and Benevolent Fund Committees, as well as from the Vice-chairmanship of the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee. Thereupon, the President moved the following resolution which was carried unanimously:- “The President and Council of the Institute have received with sincere regret the resignation of Mr. Patrick H. Kirkddy from the office of Honorary Treasurer of the Institute. “The President and Council record their grateful thanks and high appreciation of Mr.Kirkaldy’s valuable services to the Institute during the past 20 years:-1916-19, 1920-23:-6 years as a Member of Council; 1923-24:-1 year as a Vice-president ; 1924-36:-12 years as Honorary Treasurer; Chairman of the Finance and House Committee, and the Benevolent Fund Committee; Vice- Chairman of the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Com-mittee. “The President and Council are deeply conscious of the indebtedness of the Institute to Mr. Kirkaldy, not only for the thought, time and ability which he has so ungrudgingly given to its affairs, but also for his unfailing courtesy and kindliness by which he has retained, throughout his active participation in its work, the affectionate regard and esteem of all his colleagues.“The President and Council unite in expressing the hope that Mr. Kirkaldy’s health may steadily continue to improve, and that he will still be able, as a Member of Council, to give the Institute the privilege and benefit of his valued assistance.” Mr. Bernard F. Howard was elected Honorary Treasurer in the place of Mr. Patrick H. Kirkaldy, who was elected a Member of the Council in the place of Mr. Howard. 346 The thanks of the Council were accorded to Mr. H. Douglas Elkington, Vice-president, for services rendered during the illness of the Honorary Treasurer. Mr. H. J. Page having proceeded to an appointment in Malaya, and, having in consequence resigned from membership of the Council, Dr. James Brierley Firth, of Nottingham, was elected to the vacancy.Among other communications received by the Council were copies of a Draft British Standard Specification for Chemical Symbols and Abbreviations, prepared by a committee on which the Institute is represented by Dr. A. D. Mitchell. It was reported that copies of the Specification had been issued to a number of Fellows of the Institute who had been invited to forward their observations to the British Standards Institution direct. The Council received a letter of thanks from the International Commission for Uniform Methods of Sugar Analysis for use of rooms during the ninth session of the International Commission held in September. At the same time, the Benevolent Fund Committee of the Institute gratefully acknowledged a donation of LIO 10s.received from the British National Committee of the Commission. A letter was received from Dr. G. Malcolm Dyson, Fellow, suggesting that an attempt might be made to standardise labels used in chemical and allied laboratories,-for example, to differentiate by different colours substances coming within the Poisons Regulations, the Dangerous Drugs Act, etc. It was decided that Fellows and Associates be invited to contribute their observations on this suggestion. It was reported that the East Midlands Section and the South Yorkshire Section had agreed to the proposal that the Council should take steps to make provision for the election of a District Member of Council to be elected for the said Sections jointly.The Council had the pleasure to acknowledge, for the Library of the Institute, a gift of 34 bound volumes of the American Chemical Journal, 1895-1911, and 29 bound volumes of the Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1896-1912, from the Institute of Brewing, who also placed in the hands of the Institute a number of volumes of the Berichte for presentation to a college that may be in need of them. 347 Attention was directed to the Second Congress of the Inter- national Association for Testing Materials, to be held in London from 1gth-24th April, 1937, under the presidency of SirWilliam Bragg, O.M., K.B.E., F.R.S. Dr. G. Roche Lynch, O.B.E., was reappointed representative of the Council of the Institute, to serve as a member of the Poisons Board under the Pharmacy and Poisons Act, and received the thanks of the Council for his services since the appointment of the Board.Reports were received from the Standing Committees,- Finance and House, Benevolent Fund, Nominations, Examina- tions and Institutions, Publications, and Legal and Parlia-mentary; as well as from the Joint Committee of the Board of Education and the Institute on Examinations for National Certi- ficates in Chemistry, and from the Ministry of Education with regard to Examinations for National Certificates in Northern Ireland. The position of the Benevolent Fund showed a slight improve- ment,-although the known commitments to the end of the year amounted to about &zoo, while the balance on current account was less than E160.The Publications Committee reported that it was hoped to improve the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSby including critical reviews of new books, a more complete list of new books and new editions, including books other than those presented to the Library; and suitable matter under “Science in Parliament,” and “Legal.” Further, it was hoped to secure signed articles from Members of Council and others on subjects of professional interest. The Legal and Parliamentary Committee reported on the consideration of the Hydrogen Cyanide (Fumigation) Bill (see Page 390).The Council also gave consideration to the question of Air- Raid Precautions, a matter of interest to members in various parts of the country, of whom many have been consulted on the subject.The Publications Committee was requested to deal with it in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS.(See p. 391.) Mr. Bernard F. Howard, who has been elected Honorary Treasurer of the Institute, on the retirement of Mr. Patrick H. Kirkaldy from that office, is the son of the late Mr. David 348 Howard, who was Honorary Treasurer from 1885-1903, and subsequently President until 1906. Mr. Bernard Howard was educated at Marlborough College, and received his scientific training at Finsbury Technical College. He passed the Intermediate and Final Examinations of the Institute, was elected an Associate in 1904, and a Fellow in 1907. He joined his father’s firm-now Howards & Sons, Ltd.-of which he is Managing Director.He served as a Member oi Council of the Institute from 1gz7-1g30,as a Vice-president from 1930-1933,and was re-elected to the Council in March last. In 1930,he delivered the Streatfeild Memorial Lecture, which was published by the Institute as a separate monograph under the title of “Some Notes on the Cinchona Industry.” 349 Local Sections. [The Institute is not responsible for the vims expressed in papers read, or in speeches delivered during discussion.) Bristol and South-Western Counties.-Mr. F. E. Needs, F.I.C., presided over a meeting of the Section held on zznd October, when Dr. J. J. Fox, O.B.E., Government Chemist, a Vice-president of the Institute, gave a lecture on “Some Reminiscencesof an Old-established Laboratory.” Dr.Fox gave an account of the origin of the Government Laboratory and described the conditions which led to its establishment in 1842 under Mr. George Phillips at Somerset House. For some considerable period before 1842, spirits and wines were tested. Various instruments used for fiscal purposes in testing at those periods were described. It had been the custom early in the eighteenth century for the Excise authorities to consult prominent scientific men of the day, mainly through the agency of the Royal Society. Interesting developments in hydrometry arose in this way, The advice of prominent chemists and physicists was sought throughout the first half of the nineteenth century, and in 1833 an Excise Committee of the Royal Society was in existence, of which Faraday was a prominent member.While the Laboratory was under Phillips and during the early part of Dr. James Bell’s tenure of office, it became prominent in examination of foodstuffs and, in 1875, was appointed to its present position under the Food and Drugs (Adulteration) Act. Many investigations of importance are carried out in the Laboratory, which is consulted by practically all the Government Departments. In the ensuing discussion the Chairman, Prof. W. E. Gamer and Messrs. R. H. Ellis and F. O’Brien took part. A vote of thanks was accorded to the lecturer on the proposition of the Chairman. 350 Cape.-In the report of the proceedings of the Cape of Good Hope Section of the Institute, published in JOURNAL AND PRO-CEEDINGS~Part IV, page 302,the name of Mr.W. S. S. Ladell was given-as received from the Section-as Laddell. Mr. W. S. S. Ladell is the son of Mr. W. R. S. Ladell, Fellow. The Eleventh Annual General Meeting of the Cape Section was held in the Board Room of the Cape Argus, Cape Town, on 4th September,-Colonel J. G. Rose, Chairman of the Section, presiding. The Annual Reports of the Honorary Secretary and the Honorary Treasurer were received and adopted. The following were elected Officers and Committee for the ensuing year:--Colonel J. G. Rose, Chairman; Mr. R. J. Kruger, Honorary Treasurer; Messrs. G. Leslie and F. Sebba, Members of the Committee, Dr. I. Donen and Mr.B. Gershill, Honorary Auditors, and Dr. Pugh, Honorary Secretary. A brief discussion took place on the relations between the sections of the Institute and other chemical bodies within the Empire. Colonel Rose gave an address on (‘Water Softening in South Africa.” (A summary of the paper will be published in Part VI.) A vote of thanks was accorded the Chairman for his address on the motion of Professor Newbery, seconded by Mr. Crogham. East Midlands.-The first meeting of the session was held jointly with the Chemistry Section of the Leicester Literary and Philosophical Society, at the College of Technology, Leicester, on 7th October, when Dr. A. D. Mitchell gave a lecture on- ‘(Indicators.” The lecturer dealt with two types of indicators-oxidation- reduction and adsorption.The principles underlying their use were treated in fuller detail than in the lectures published by the Institute in 1934, and demonstrations were given as examples of the application of the two types. After a discussion, a vote of thanks was accorded to Dr. Mitchell on the motion of Dr. Hunter. 361 Edinhurgh and East of Scotland.-Members of the Section were the guests of the Anthraquinone Club, Scottish Dyes, Ltd., Grangemouth, at a meeting of the club on Monday, 5th October, when a lecture was given by Prof. W. N. Haworth, F.R.S., on-(( Cellulose and Related Carbohydrates.” Prof. Haworth gave a resum6 of the work and reasoning which had led him and his co-workers to propose the now generally accepted constitutions for glucose, cellulose, glycogen and related compounds.He commented on the exceedingly large differences between the molecular weights of these substances when determined by physical methods and chemical methods. His hypothesis was that the molecules of the carbohydrates apparently combined loosely with one another in some manner not yet determined, although he was of the opinion that the linkage was a valency one through adjacent -OH groups. He suggested that the fibrous nature of cellulose was possibly due to the association of molecules taking place in a more or less end-to-end position, although not by association at actual “end groups.” In conclusion, he suggested that the affinity of acetylated cellulose for certain direct dyes of, for example, the “diphenyl” types, might be due to the special (“wave”) distances between acetyl or hydroxyl groups in the cellulose compound being identical with such distances between active groups in the dyestuff.A discussion ensued, and a vote of thanks to the lecturer was proposed by the chairman of the Anthraquinone Club, Dr. Fraser Thomson, and carried with acclamation. Dr. Birkett Wylam, chairman of the Local Section of the Institute, moved a vote of thanks to Dr. Fraser Thomson and acknowledged the indebtedness of the members of the Institute to the members of the Anthraquinone Club for their hospitality. A meeting of the Section was held, jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, on 15th October, in the North British Station Hotel, Edinburgh,-Dr. Birkett Wylam presiding.A symposium was held on ‘* The Education of the Chemist” and the opening speakers were Drs. W. P. D. Wightman, D. Bain and W. G. Hiscock. 362 Dr. Wightman, Science Master at Edinburgh Academy, discussed the teaching of scientific subjects in secondary schools. He said that the object of the schools was not to train chemists but to fashion men and women in order that they might become good citizens of a modem democracy. The question had been asked, ‘I Why teach science? ” In his opinion, this was necessary for several reasons-the modern world is a product of scientific thought and action; the passage, in a secondary school, of pupils, from a state of general awareness and roving curiosity to directed effort, is best controlled by a training in some scientific subject, and, under present conditions, certain examinations have to be undertaken.While he did not agree that examinations were an evil (per se, he criticised the present day School Leaving Examinations, which, unfortunately, were based on the con-venient ‘‘ready-to-hand ’’ University Matriculation Examina-tions. To-day, it was worse than even a few years back, when it was alleged that “every child was being trained to be a school- master”; now, each child was being trained to be a University lecturer ! He maintained that the psychological approach to science teaching in schools was quite wrong, when it was based on the necessity of presenting the pupils for stereotyped examina- tions. No normal person wanted to know the percentage of chlorine in common salt or of water in epsom salts, but every child wanted to know why a frog jumped or how a rabbit ran.He suggested that the teaching of science should commence in the early stages of the child’s career by attempting to satisfy some of the child’s curiosity; this roving curiosity should be maintained by withholding part of the answer-as Nature does. Later the teaching should be directed to enable the child to distinguish between facts, hypotheses and lies. Later still, historical perspective should be introduced’ and, finally, a sense of humility might be induced by showing the lack of finality of any scientific theory.Dr. Bain, Lecturer in Technical Chemistry at Edinburgh University, outlined the normal course of studies for a degree in chemistry in a British University and suggested that the student was largely “spoon-fed” in the early years of such a course, but that, in the final year, even without specialisation, his investigat- ing faculty could be stimulated. He discussed the differences between the ‘‘fundamental” research chemist, the “Works’ processes” research chemist and the “works” chemist, and mentioned some of the many diverse duties of the latter. For 353 such “works” chemists there should be additions to the ordinary courses in mathematics, physics and chemistry ; these should include a course for the study of unit processes, heat transmission, etc., so-called “chemical engineering” ; a laboratory course in a laboratory fitted with small-scale plant ;the investigation of some technical problem, really “works research ”;a course in engineer- ing and drawing, and a course in business organisation and accounting. Generally, specialisation should be left to post- graduate courses, but if such work allowed scope for the develop- ment of the students’ research faculties it might be permitted in the last pre-graduation year.Dr. Hiscock, works manager, Scottish Dyes, Ltd., Grange- mouth, believed that the chemist’s education commenced in the cradle and ended when he retired. Dividing this long course of study into three periods-(I) parental and school education, (2)intensive chemical education, (3) industrial education during employment-he discussed each in turn.He criticised parents and school masters, but admitted that the “mass-production” pupil, complete with School Leaving Certificate, was unavoidable when the masses had to be educated. Any differences that existed at this stage between the “public” and “private” secondary school pupils were evened out and removed by the vital effect of the second period. He was strongly of the opinion that the intensive training should be carried out in day courses at University or College. He was firmly opposed to the “apprentice” or “assistant” method of working by day and studying by night, and remarked on the evils of such a system.The boredom of routine work, the difficulty of study, the suppres- sion of initiative and the lack of time for normal social intercourse too often produced a disgruntled citizen with a serious inferiority complex-a man who attained the status of “chemist” and little else. The present University curriculum required little criticism. He agreed with the previous speaker that specialisation should be left to post-graduate courses. Such continuation of studies was desirable but not essential for the graduate who desired to enter industry, as industry could usually complete the training while the man was usefully employed. Once the graduate was employed, his further education was dictated by his ambition. The ambitious chemist began to study the science of management, by an intelligent study of the methods used in his works and by daily mixing with workmen, foremen, engineers, accountants, discussing with them his problems and 354 &.iliculties.Complementary to this, he must keep au fad with the progress of his science by technical reading and technical discussions with his fellow chemists. The discussion was continued by Mr. R. Leslie Collett, Assistant Secretary of the Institute, Dr. Boyle, Inspector under the Scottish Education Department, Dr. Kermack, Professor Slater Price, Dr. Fraser Thomson, Dr. Normand, Dr. Mackenzie and Messrs. W. M. Ames, A. Tait and G. Elliott Dodds, and the symposium concluded by the initial three speakers replying to points raised by the various subsequent speakers, Glasgow and West of Scotland.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, on 16th October, when the following Office-Bearers were elected: Chairman: Dr.P. F. Gordon; Vice-chairman: Mr. J. W. Hawley; Committee: Mr. J. Armour, Dr. W. A. P. Challoner, Messrs. J. S. Grant, T. Gray, A. R. Jamieson, J. McLean, and J. A. McNair; Hon. Treasurer: Dr. T. S. Stevens; Hon. Secretary: Mr. J. G. Duncan; Hon. Asst. Secretary: Mr. H. G. A. Anderson. Following the Annual General Meeting, Dr. A. B. Crawford delivered a Refresher Lecture on “Analytical Chemistry,” a report of which will be published in due course. India.-At the Central College, Bangalore, on the 22nd August, at a joint meeting of the Indian Section of the Institute with the Society of Biological Chemists, Dr.Gilbert J. Fowler opened a discussion on the “ Moral responsibility of scientists in modern warfare.” He referred to what he termed the general assumptions on the subject, connoted by such expressions as the inevitabi5ty of wars, the unchangeability of human nature, and the responsibility of scientists for modern forms of warfare, etc. These, he said, were at best but half truths which confused the issues. His professional life had brought him into contact with chemists and engineers in all parts of the world, including Germany, Russia and Japan. He claimed, therefore, to be something of a citizen of the world, and had no desire to hate or destroy the good friends he had made.His experience was, no doubt, the same as that of many other scientists, and, as such, he thought scientists were pre-eminently fitted to be friends of all the world. The view had been gaining ground that the discoveries of scientists were largely the cause of modem warfare. Dr. Fowler himself had some part in evolving the Haber process, which enabled Germany to make nitric acid, and consequently ex- plosives, from nitrogen in the air, but he did not feel that he had any responsibility for the prolongation of the Great War. It was not the guns which killed, but the human agents behind them; nor was it true, as some people had said, that men of science were superior to “war suggestion.” He had not observed that men of science, as such, were less quarrelsome than other people.The study of chemistry in itself had not enabled him more easily to control his temper, or to suffer fools gladly. Another assumption was that peace and democracy were desirable things to which every human being had as much right as he had to the sun and the air. On the other hand, peace and democracy were the rewards of great and persistent effort. Peace was the reward of righteousness and democracy the reward of self-discipline. The root causes of war lay in the lust for power, prestige and position. As scientists they should start a campaign, not merely against scientific weapons used in warfare, but against wars themselves. He quoted The King-Emperor-“Humanity cries out for peace and the assurance of peace, and you will find in peace opportunities of duty and sewice as noble as any that bygone battlefields can show.” The intelligence which was capable of investigating the furthermost star or the smallest molecule and that had discovered means of communication which had annihilated space and time, could certainly produce some result, if it set itself to the study of the infernal forces which lay in the subconscious minds of men, and which needed to be rigorously controlled by some higher energy, if all the fair prospects of humanity were not to be obliterated in hideous ruin.Dr. Fowler moved the following resolution:- “That this meeting while pledging its support to every united effort which can be made to abolish methods of warfare, which are repugnant to the common instinct of humanity recognises that the more important objective is the abolition of war itself.To attain this end it would urge constant and strenuous activity on the part of thinkers and men of sciencd. In particular, it records that more attention should be given to the study of the new economic conditions which of necessity accompany the advance of scientific research. 366 Of equal or greater importance is fie study of means to control the evil effects of mass suggestion by the more powerful agency of widely disseminated right ideas.” Professor B. Venkatesachar said that because scientists were as human as other people-having the same virtues, vices and passions-there was no use blaming them for war.What was necessary for the abolition of wars was the institution of a scheme of education for the children of all countries planned so as to inculcate an abhorrence of war. Sir Martin Forster said that only the eradication of the jealous and aggressive spirit found in the Old Testament and its replace- ment with the sweet ideals of the New Testament could provide a solution. The resolution was adopted and the meeting terminated. The above report is reproduced muinlyfrom the “Madras Mail,” 24th August; The “Times of India,” 27th August; and “The Statesman,” 28th August, 1936. Irish Free State.-A meeting of the Section was held in University College, Dublin, on 21st October,-Mr. B.G. Fagan in the Chair. * Dr. R. G. Ault read a paper on ‘‘Micro-analytical Methods” of which he has kindly furnished the following notes:- Twenty-five years ago it was not possible to analyse a com- pound of which only a few mgms. could be obtained, and as a result, research, both academic and industrial, was often seriously delayed, or had to be abandoned altogether. The pressing need for a technique, by which a complete analysis of very small amounts of substances could be satisfactorily carried out, was realised by Pregl, who, shortly before the Great War, introduced his system of micro-analysis. The importance of his work is indicated by the marked supersession in recent years of the older macro-processes.The rapid progress which vitamin chemistry has made within the last 10 years is, in a large measure, due to the employment of micro-methods both in manipulation and analysis. The outstanding work of Koch on the isolation and identification of the growth-producing substances, Auxin A and B, was carried out on something like 25 mgms. of pure substance and involved a most accurate micro-technique. Other researches, such as those on the hormones, enzymes, animal and plant pigments, etc., have all received a stimulus from the introduction of micro-methods of analysis, and, indeed, it would be hard to find a sphere of research which has not benefited either directly or indirectly from this new technique. Many of Pregl’s micro-analytical estimations involve exactly the same chemical principles as those used in the corresponding macro-determinations, as is seen, for example, in the estimation of nitrogen by either the Dumas or Kjeldahl method, of carbon and hydrogen by the combustion method, and of methoxyl grouping by distillation with hydriodic acid.On the other hand entirely new methods have been introduced, as in the determina- tion of sulphur and the halogens. It should be emphasised that, particularly in the case of elementary analysis, each process has been tested under the most stringent conditions and with careful observance of detail. Indeed, this is a prominent feature of Pregl’s work. For example, in the determination of carbon and hydrogen, Pregl examined with infinite patience such effects as the absorption and subse- quent liberation of carbon dioxide by rubber tubing, the pressure and speed relations necessary for a complete oxidation of the organic material, the equivalence in drylng power of the absorp- tion train and drying apparatus, the avoidance of loss of carbon dioxide and water at the rubber connections, the preparation of a tube-filling suitable for the analysis of any type of organic compound and so on.In the estimation of halogens the problem of obtaining the necessary reagents free from traces of halogens was exhaustively investigated. In the Dumas method for nitrogen the dissociation of carbon dioxide into carbon monoxide and oxygen in the presence of metallic copper or copper oxide at high temperatures was carefully studied and the volume error introduced by the adhesion of potassium hydroxide to the walls of the azotometer tube estimated.As a result of this rigorous examination of all the factors concerned in an estimation, the methods can now be said to be standardised. Industrial chemists will, no doubt, be interested to learn that the determinations can be carried out by assistants having no specialised knowledge. In this case, the laboratory would require supervision by an experienced micro-analyst who could deal with any problems which might arise. It might be imagined, especially in industry, that the problem of sampling would exclude any analysis on a micro scale on the ground that 358 the small quantity abstracted for estimation might easily not constitute an average sample.However, investigations with mixtures of known compositions have convinced Pregl that the customary methods of preparing an average sample by grinding in a mortar yield accurate results. The most expensive item in equipping a micro-analytical laboratory is undoubtedly the balance, of which several types are now available, supplied by firms such as Kuhlmann (Germany) and Oertling (England), the prices ranging from k30 upwards. The cost of micro-analytical apparatus is approxim- ately the same as for the corresponding macro-type, and whereas formerly it was only possible to obtain it from the Continent, several English firms now specialise in its manufacture.More-over, semi-micro-analytical apparatus is also obtainable ,similar in design to that used in micro-analysis, its chief advantage being that a micro-balance is not needed, as estimations are carried out with 30-4omgms. of material. The strongest appeal of micro-methods of analysis to the average chemist lies in their elegance, speed and accuracy- probably their biggest practical advantage consists in this saving of time. Thus a determination of carbon and hydrogen can be completed in less than one hour, sulphur and the halogens are estimated in three hours, a Kjeldahl requires only 45 minutes, to mention a few examples. In addition the smallness and neatness of the apparatus results in a great economy of bench space-in fitting up any laboratory this consideration is of primary importance.There is no need, while pointing out the advantages of micro-analysis, to stress the economy in material-suffice to say that a complete analysis for carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulphur and halogen can be carried out on 15-20 mgms. of material. Unfortunately, a view has been widely held among chemists that macro-methods of analysis, by utilising more material, are therefore the more accurate; this is not so. On the contrary the accuracy obtaining in micro-methods is appreciably more than that in the corresponding macro-processes. Those who are inclined to question this should remember that, in estimating elements such as carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and sulphur, halogens, etc. , by micro-analysis, it is possible consistently to obtain results within 0.1 per cent.of the theoretical value. In the estimation of carbon and hydrogen, the modifications and refinements introduced by Pregl have been the subject of 359 much controversy. The author’s experience, however, was that provided his directions were strictly adhered to, the success of the analysis was assured. Particularly in the case of the micro- chemical balance it is necessary to observe all the precautions regarding its housing. For example, at Birmingham the temperature of the room was kept constant, no lighting or heating apparatus was permitted near the balance, which was mounted on a slate bench free from vibration. In this way the balance behaved perfectly and over a period 6-7 years the sensitivity remained unimpaired and no repairs of any kind were necessary.One other circumstance is worthy of note-the temperature of the balance room and the combustion room should be equal- at least the balance room ought never to be colder than the combustion room, as in this case the introduction of absorption tubes, micro-Gooch’s, etc., into a cooler atmosphere causes condensation of moisture, which is absorbed in the apparatus. Consequently the analytical results obtained are too high. In all micro-analytical work it is essential that the laboratory should be scrupulously clean and as far as possible free from dust. Dr. Ault then described in detail methods for the following estimations :-metals in organic salts, acetyl and methoxy groups, nitrogen (Dumas and Kjeldahl), halogens, sulphur, carbon and hydrogen.The lecturer expressed his thanks to Prof. W. N. Haworth who had lent him slides of the micro-apparatus to illustrate his lecture. The meeting concluded with a hearty vote of thanks to Dr. Ault for his interesting lecture. Manchester and District.-The opening meeting of the winter session was held on 8th October, in the Section’s new quarters, the Constitutional Club. The Chairman of the Section, Mr. C. J. T. Cronshaw, presided. A paper was read by Dr. P. Lewis-Dale on-(‘The Chemist and Transport.” Dr. Lewis-Dale has kindly supplied the following summary:-The chemist’s share in transport by land, sea and air was probably not fully appreciated.Last year Sir Harold Hartley, 360 and this year T. M. Herbert, had read papers dealing with the transport of food. The lecturer therefore did not propose to speak of that phase of the chemist’s work. The subject could be dealt with under three main branches, viz. (a) roads or permanent way, (b) vehicles, and (c) passengers and goods carried. Up to forty years ago, the chemist had little share in road making, but now the prevention of dust and the requirements for long wear in the modem road involved chemistry in no small measure, and there were many problems calling for chemical and physical research. On the permanent way of railroads the chemistry of creosote and creosoting was important, and the question whether the decay of wooden sleepers was due partly to chemical attack, which might be either a primary or a secon-dary cause, was discussed.Chemistry was concerned with the quality and nature of ballast, rails, chairs, etc., as well as with the painting of buildings and other works, and with the lubrication of points and signalling apparatus. Ships, aeroplanes and rolling-stock of all kinds required the services of the chemist. As illustrations, the chemist’s work on lubricants and lubrication was cited, and reference was made to the connexion between the chemical control of rubber manu- facture and transport in general. Other substances for investiga- tions by the chemist concerned with transport were paints, “dopes” and varnishes €or aeroplanes, ships and land vehicles, and the metals used in their construction.The chemist had played an essential part in the framing of regulations for the conveyance of dangerous goods by rail, sea and road, and would no doubt be required to advise in further regulations of the kind. If the transport of such goods by air became common, the chemist’s assistance would again be neces- sary if the avoidance of undue risk were to be achieved. Railway chemistry had perhaps been given special prominence in the paper: this was due to the fact that for many years there had been chemical establishments of considerable size on the railways. The first railway laboratory was installed as long ago as 1864. The Chairman, Mr. C.J. T. Cronshaw, in opening the dis- cussion, referred to the use of stainless steel containers for conveying corrosive substances, such as nitric acid, on the railways. He thought it gratifying to note that, owing to the 361 efforts of chemists in producing non-corrodible alloys, the railways could now convey dangerous chemicals. With regard to the preservation of wood by means of creosote oils, he was glad to hear from the lecturer that the naphthalene and anthracene present did not play much part, since the dyestuffs industry had much better uses for such products. Mr. F. Scholefield referred to the problem of laying the dust on roads, and stated that, in addition to the use of calcium chloride, he had noted with interest that the calcium sulphite and bisulphite liquors-by-products of the wood-pulp industry- had been used for this purpose in Sweden. Mr.G. W. Jones referred to the use of different oils for the lubrication of different parts of an engine, and stated that it remained now for the chemist to discover one single oil which would be suitable for lubrication, for lamps and for fuel of the oil engine. Mr. Paul discussed methods of road surfacing and tar spraying. He gave some interesting information on the early days of tar spraying. Mr. E. L. Rhead referred to the preservation of wood by means of creosote, and considered it most likely that the preserva- tion was due solely to the filling up of pores which rendered the wood impervious to moisture.The rotting of wood in all cases could be traced back to the presence of moisture, which favoured the action of bacteria. Mr. H. Hayhurst pointed out the part played by the chemist in preventing the development of algae in water troughs on railways. Dr. Maiden criticised the condition of railway carriages with regard to dust and general uncleanliness, and wondered whether chemists had been consulted on this important point. He en- quired why more of the external working parts of the engine and carriages were not covered in to prevent the grit thrown up by the wheels being mixed with the oil. Dr. H. A. Thomas suggested the possible use of certain active wetting agents, together with substances such as calcium chloride or other hygroscopic substances, in the laying of dust He referred to the important part played by chemists in the manufacture of fog signals on the railway, and also discussed the use of a suspen-sion of coal dust (40 per cent.) in oil (60 per cent.) as a fuel for marine engines.Three or four years ago it was stated in the 362 Press that this fuel had a very promising future, and yet it did not appear to be used very much at the present time. Dr. Lewis-Dale, in replying to the various questions raised, stated that a considerable amount of work had recently been conducted on fog signals. Referring to the use of suspensions of coal in oil, he understood that it was difficult to keep the coal dust in satisfactory suspension. He agreed to a certain extent with Mr.Rhead on the inodus operandi of creosote in the preservation of wood, although oil painted over the surface of timber was not a satisfactory preservative. This might be because it did not penetrate the pores of the timber satisfactorily. He stated that an excellent method of preserving wood, which was to be buried in soil, was to char it. With regard to the condition of carriages, he said that chemists had satisfactorily solved the problem of moth proofing. A vote of thanks, moved from the Chair, was accorded to the lecturer. The annual dinner and dance of the Manchester Section will take place at “The Manchester,” Ltd., on Thursday, 3rd De- cember, 1936. Manchester Chmical Club.-The Manchester Chemical Societies’ Joint Advisory Committee has issued a circular re- garding the formation of the “Manchester Chemical Club” to all the Societies represented on the local Joint Advisory Committee.Dr. Herbert Levinstein has been elected the first President of the Club; Messrs. G. A. Campbell, R. H. Clayton, W. H. Cowburn and C. J. T. Cronshaw, Professor I. M. Heilbron, Major J. H. Mandleberg, Dr. Robert H. Pickard, and Dr. A. Schedler have been elected Vice-presidents. The Club is to provide a centre for the holding of meetings which, for the present, will take place at the Constitutional Club, St. Ann’s Street, where also other Club facilities will be available to members for an annual subscription of flr per annum. The inauguration of the Club is expected to take place within the next few weeks.Particulars may be obtained from Dr. A. Coulthard, 136, Barlow Moor Road, West Didsbury, Manchester. Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast Section.-The eighteenth Annual General Meeting. of this Section was held 363 in the University Union, Newcastle upon Tyne, on 15th October, Dr. P. L. Robinson in the Chair. The meeting was preceded by an informal dinner. The Committee’s Report for the previous session was read and approved. It recorded the inauguration of a policy of hold- ing occasional meetings away from Newcastle :e.g. meetings were held at Stockton and Sunderland. The hope was expressed that members would support the Summer Meeting which had been arranged for the coming session and which was an innovation, so far as this Section was concerned.Dr. L. A. Sayce was elected to the Committee in place of Mr. E. W. Muddiman. The Chairman thanked Mr. Muddiman for his valuable services on the Committee during the past three years. Dr. P. L. Robinson, Dr. Sayce, Mr. F. H. Walker and the Hon. Secretary were elected as Interviewing Committee; Mr. Wikner and Dr. Patrick were elected Hon. Auditors. The Committee later elected Mr. F. H. Walker to the chair for the coming session. The retiring chairman said that he felt that no member had done more for the benefit of the Section than Mr. Walker who, since its inauguration in 1919,had served as member of committee and for long periods as Hon. Secretary and Hon. Treasurer. Dr.P. L. Robinson was elected Hon. Treasurer. Dr. J. L. Burn (Medical Officer of Health for Hebburn) then gave a talk on (( Air-Raid Precautions.” Dr. Burn referred to the recent Home Office publications and discussed the various types of gases which had been used and their physiological effects. He felt that history showed the extreme likelihood of international agreements regarding the non-use of gas in warfare being broken. While gases other than those used in the Great War might have been discovered since and were being kept secret, he thought that the fact that Italy had used mustard gas last year indicated that this gas was still regarded as being the most effective. The problem of pro- tection against gas was an extremely difficult one and a completely satisfactory solution was improbable.Dr. A. A. Hall (who for three years of the war was Chemical Adviser to an Army Corps in France) gave the meeting some first- hand information on poison-gas warfare. In particular he described the physiological effects and showed the scar of a 364 mustard gas blister received in investigating a “dud” bomb after the first enemy use of this gas. He believed phosgene had been the gas most feared. He emphasised the necessity for a high gas concentration before really heavy casualties resulted, citing the instance of a large scale gas-bombing attack, the information as to the results of which were later obtained from the enemy. Dr. J. H. Jones, Mr. F. H. Walker, Mr. B. Thomas and others took part in the discussion and many instances were given of the psychological aspect of the question. In answer to a question regarding the possibility of bacterial contamination of water supplies, etc., Dr.Bum stated that he thought there was little danger from this and that modem filters were efficient enough to guard against such a possibility. The Chairman thanked Dr. Burn for his most interesting paper. He thought that this was a subject that none of them would discuss from choice but he believed it to be a necessity. He announced that the Northumberland County Council had asked the Section Committee to co-operate with it in this matter and had invited the Committee to nominate a representative to the County Anti-Gas Services Committee to provide the necessary liaison.The Committee had nominated Dr. Hall. South Yorkshire.-A joint rally with the Huddersfield Section was held at Worksop on 11th July, when a visit was paid to Worksop Priory, followed by a tour of “The Dukeries,” a halt being made for tea at the Hop Pole Hotel at Ollerton. After visiting other beauty spots, an informal dinner was held at the Dukeries Hotel at Edwinstowe. The outing was enjoyed by all who participated, and the hope was expressed that the meeting would become an annual event. The arrangements were made by the Honorary Secretaries of the Sections concerned. The first meeting of the winter session was held under the chairmanship of Mr. B. W. Methley on 25th September, and consisted of a visit to the coking plant of the Grassmoor Colliery Co., Ltd., followed by a lecture by Mr.G. W. J. Bradley, on “Modern Coking Plant and Practice.” In 1935, approximately 17.5 million tons of cod were car- bonked in coke-ovens, whilst 20,474million c.ft. of gas were 365 sold to gas undertakings, and 6,326 million eft. were sold direct to industrial users. After a brief reference to the rise of the industry, Mr. Bradley showed how the varied aims pursued by early workers,-some seeking only gas, some only coke, others only tar and ammonia,- were now merged in the modern coking plant. The methods of examination and cleaning of the raw material, “coal slack,” were described. The more recent additions to coal cleaning,4edusting and slurry flocculation,-were dealt with in detail.The evaluation of the coking properties of coals was discussed in relation to practical working. The evolution of the modern oven was traced from the old trial and error type to present-day design based OR a knowledge of physical and chemical laws. Control methods were outlined and details given of the capability of a coke-oven plant to deal with market requirements. Methods of by-product recovery, including electrostatic tar precipitation, ammonia and benzole absorption, together with control tests, were reviewed. The methods of benzole refining were then mentioned, the difference between the pure products and motor spirit markets being explained. New problems arising from the desire to produce greater volumes of motor fuel were indicated, special attention being devoted to the removal of sulphur and gum-forming impurities.Finally, the important bearing of the by-product oven business as a fundamental basic industry was stressed. The lecturer, in conclusion, made the plea that, in view of the specialised technical nature of the industry and its national importance, it was worthy of greater standing than that of colliery plaything or the Cinderella of the iron industry. On the motion of Dr. H. A. Fells, seconded by Dr. V. H. Legg, a vote of thanks was accorded to the lecturer, both for his dis-course and for the arrangements made for the visit. 366 September Examinations, 1936. Abstract of the Report of the Board of Examiners.The following examination papers were set at the September, 1936, Examinations :-Examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry. MONDAY, 14th September, 1936, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Attempt FIVE questions only. Answer briefly and to the point. Give formulae and equations where possible.) 1. Write an account of the physical and chemical methods available for the determination of atomic weights. 2. Explain the objects of the Phase Rule and illustrate its use bydiscussing THREE systems in detail. 3. Give an account of EITHER (a) the oxyacids of sulphur, OR ’(b)catalysis in industry. 4. Write an essay on EITHER (a)the use of indicators in volumetric analysis, OR (b) the periodic class5cation of the elements with special reference to its historical development.6. Selecting TWO suitable examples in each case, explain the terms :-(a) Electro-valency, (b) non-polar bond, (c) molecular parachor, (d)dipole moment. Discuss the electronic structures you wouId assign to the following chemical compounds:-(a) NaCl, (b) Ni(C0)4,(c) Na,[Fe(CN),NO]. 6. Give a concise explanation of the following terms:- (a) Transport number, (b) hydrolysis constant of,& salt, (c) re-action of the second order, (b) van’t Hoff coefficient i.” 7. Indicate the advances in chemical science associated with the names of Berzelius, Moissan, Ramsay. 2 p.m. to 6 p.m. (Attempt FIVE questions only. Anezoer brie$y and to the point.Cfive formulae and equations where possible.) 1.What evidence is there for the existence of atoms (a) of equal weight but dissimilar properties, (b)of unequal weight but similar properties 4 Clearly explain how such results are reconciled with modern conceptions of atomic structure. 2. Write a concise essay on ONE of the following topics:- (a) The application of chemistry to agriculture, OR (b) The chemistry of the photographic plate, OR (c) The rare earths, 3. Discuss EITHBB (a) the stereo-chemistry of the metal-des, OR 367 (b) co-ordination compounds. 4. Explain what is meant by optical rotatory power and describe fully a method of measuring it for a dissolved substance. 5. Describe the preparation and properties of (a) lead dioxide, (b)sodium nitroprusside, (c) potassium dichromate, (d) sodium azide, (e) potaasium ferri-oxalate. 6.Outline the chief points of similarity and difference between EITHEB (a) phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, bismuth; OR (b) carbon, silicon, tin, lead. 7. Write an account of some original work in inorganic or physicalchemistry (not otherwise dealt with in your answers) which you have recently studied. TUESDAY, 15th September, 1936, 10 a.m. to 1p.m. (Attempt FIVE questions only. Answer briefly and to the point. Give formulae and eqwltiom where pomible.) 1. Write a short account of ONE of the following topics:- (a) The use of metals as catalysts in organic chemistry; (b) Tautomerism in the light of the electron theory; (c) The amino acids obtained from proteins.2. Indicate the stages in the preparation of the following compounds from benzene :-(a) Benzidine, (b) m-dibromobenzene, (c) bemophenone, (d)malachite green. 3. Write a short account of the researches which have resulted in the establishment of the constitution and in the synthesis of ONE of the following :-(a)Atropine, (b) lactoflavin, (c) indigo. 4. Describe briefly T~EEof the following:- (a) The aldol condensation, (b) Knoevenagel’s reaction, (c) the Diels-Alder diene synthesis, (d) Reformatsky’e reaction, (e) the Beck- mmn rearrangement. 5. Indicate briefly the relations between carbonic acid, urea, ortho- carbonic ester, guanidine, urethane and semicarbazide, giving methods of preparation of each compound. 6.“Molecular asymmetry gives rise to optical isomerism in organic 7. Describe briefly the commercial preparation of THREE of the compounds.” Discuss this statement. following:-(a)Methyl alcohol, (b) phenol, (c) lactic acid, (d)phthalic anhydride, (e) glycerol. 8. Compere and contrast the chemical behaviour of benzene and its simple derivatives with that of thiophene, furane and pyrrol and their corresponding derivatives. WEDNESDAY,16th September, 1936, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. (A) is a mixture of a basic and a neutral substance. Isolate purecrystallised specimens of each compound. Quantity as well as quality will be considered in judging the specimens. (p-tohidine + p-nitrotoluene.) 2. From the aldehyde (B), prepare pure crystallised specimens of about two grams of its oxime and phenylhydrazone.(m-nitro-benzalde-hyde.) Both ezercism may be completed to-morrow. THURSDAY, 17th September, 1936, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercises. 2. Identify the compound (C). 3. Report on the quality of the sample of methyl alcohol (D). (C = Sodium ammonium tartrate, OR potassium hydrogen phthalate, OR barium citrate. D containing about 16 per cent. water, and eome acetone.) FRIDAY, 18th September, 1936, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Identify the substance (F). The result muat be handed in by 1 p.m. in a separate notebook. 2. The solid (E) is a limestone. Estimate the calcium, magnesium and also iron and aluminium.The results should be returned aspercentageof CaCO,, MgCO,, and Fe,O, + 40,. The quantitative results need not be handed in until the end of the second day of this part of the examination, but all weighing, etc., must be entered in the examination book immediately they are made. This book must be delivered to the Examiners at the end of the ht day. (F = Hydroxylamine hydrochloride, OR hydrazine sulphate, OR sodium hydrosulphite [“hydrosulphite”: Na,S,O,]. SATURDAY, 19th September, 1936, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Complete the gravimetric determinations which were commenced yesterday. 2. Make a qualitative analysis of the inorganic mixture (H) which contains six radicals. (H = Magnesium carbonate, copper phosphate and zinc fluoride; OR nickel phosphate, magnesium borate and zinc sulphate; OR barium phos- phate, cobalt carbonate and aluminium borate.) Examination for the Fellowship.Branch A. Inorganic Chemistry. MONDAY, 2lst September, 1936, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Answer SIX questions only. Answer brieLfEy to the point.) 1. How is hydrogen prepared on a large scale ? What impurities are 2. Give a concise account of the reactions possible between carbon, 3. Outline a scheme for the analysis of a mineral containing alumin- 4. Describe briefly the technical production of one of thefollowing likely to be present and how can they be removed ? hydrogen and water. What commercial uses are made of these reactions ? ium, iron, sillcon, titanium and zirconium. 365 materials:-(a;) Sodium carbonate by the Solvay process, (b) ammonia bythe Haber-Bosch process, (c) caustic soda by the electrolytic process.Indicate the theoretical principles involved. 5. What general methods are employed in the analysis of gases? Describe, in detail, the method you would use for the analysis of a gaseous mixture containing hydrogen, carbon monoxide, methane and ethane. 6. Give a brief account of the sources, extraction, properties and uses of TWO of the following elements :-(u) Thorium, (b) zirconium, (c) tellurium, (d) selenium, and (e) phosphorus. 7. What ie bauxite? State the impurities that are likely to be present in this mineral. Give the essentials of 8 scheme for its completeanalysis. 8. Write an essay on the uses of organic reagents in inorganic analysis.2 p.m. to 6 p.m. (SIX question8 to be attempted. Awer briejEy and to the point.) 1. Give a brief account of the per-acids and per-salts. 2. Write a short essay on the mechanism of chemical changes, mole- cular and atomic. 3. What is understood by the Co-ordination Theory? How are ammonium chloride, sulphurous acid and sulphuric acid represented according to this theory, and how does the theory illustrate certain peculiar- ities of the complex metallic sulphites ? 4. Compare and contra& the properties of EITHER (a)germanium and silicon, OR (b) zirconium and hafnium. 6. In what way do chromium, molybdenum, tungsten and uranium resemble each other ? How does chromium differ from the other metallic members of Group VI ? 6.Discuss the relationship of the various sulphur acids to one 7. (a)How are the oxides of fluorine prepared? (b) Give a short 8. Give a concise account of the metallic carbonyls. What views are an0 ther . statement respecting chemical combination among the halogens. now held ooncerning their constitution ? TUESDAY, 22nd September-FRIDA Y, 25th September, 1936, 10 am.-5 p.m. each day. 1. Report on the composition of the sample of coke ash A. 2. Ascertain the nature and the amounts of the impurities in the sample of sodium carbonate B. (Containing sulphate, chloride and phosphate.) 3. Determine the percentages of the two chief constituents in the 4. As far aa time permits, make a complete analysis of the sample of sample C.(Lead Vanadate ore.) bauxite D. 370 Branch D. Biochemistry. MONDAY, 2lst September, 1936, 10 a.m. to 1 pm. (Only FOUR questions to be attempted.) 1. Write an essay on the vegetable proteins, referring to their import- ance in the baking industry. 2. Give an account of the metabolism of sulphur compounds in the animal organism. 3. Describe and discuss critically the methods suggested for the quantitative estimation of vitamin C (ascorbic acid). 4. Discuss recent work on the r61e of phosphates in alcoholic fer- mentation. 6. Write an essay on the sterols and their relationship to the sex hormones. 6. Give an account of the contributions to biochemistry of ONE of the following:-(a)0.Warburg. (b)H. D. Dakin. (c) A. J. Kluyver. 2 p.m. to 5 p.m. (OnlyTOUR questions to be attempted.) 1. Give an account of the work which has led to our present con- ceptions of the molecular constitution of starch. 2. Write an essay on the intermediate metabolism of the nucleo- proteins. 3. On what evidence does the accepted molecular constitution of any TWO of the following substances rest :-(a) Thyroxine. (b) Glutathione. (c) Methionine. 4. Write an essay on the vitamin B complex. 5. Give the essential details for the preparation of any THREE of the following substances:-(a) Cellobiose, (b) arabinose, (c) glucosaminehydrochloride, (d) carnosine nitrate, (e) proline. 6. Give an account of any industrial fermentation process other than the ethyl alcohol fermentation process. TUESDAY-FRIDAY, 22nd-25th September, 1936, 10 a.m.to 5 p.m.each day. 1. Identify the pure substances A, B and C. (A = Betaine hydro- 2. Prepare two crystalline derivatives of arginine from the hydrolysed chloride; B = Calcium gluconate; C = Sodium salt of glutsmic acid.) protein D provided. 3. Identify the enzyme E, and determine the optimum conditions for its action. 4. Solution F contains two substances of biochemical importance. You are required to identify them and estimate them as accurately aa possible. (Fcontains galactose and urea.) Branch E. The Chemistry including Microscopy of Food and Drugs, and of Water. MONDAY, 2lst September, 1936, 10 a.m. to 11.30 a.m.1. Describe and criticise the methods employed for the proximate determination of (a)fat in cream, and (b) lactose in milk. 371 2. Give a description for the various forms of refracfometer with which you are familar. By means of suitable diagrams indicate their essential construction and the physical laws involved in their use. Name the special applications of the various forms of instrument mentioned. 3. Water “improves” on storage. Explain the bio-chemical factom thus involved and discuss the changes to be expected in a service reservoir. 11.30 a.m. to 1p.m. (THREEquestim only to be answered.) 1. Describe the diagnostic microscopical features of (a)Thyroid, (b) rhubarb rhizome, (c) cinnamon bark, (d)dill fruit.2. Name three drugs which have been used for the purpose of procur- ing criminal abortion. Describe any legitimate uses of the drugs which you name, indicating the composition of the preparations which are used and stating their usual doses. Describe the legal requirements relating to the dispensing, sale and distribution of the three drugs which you select for description. 3. Describe the pharmacological actions of any three of the following: (a) Caffeine, (b) quinine, (c)sodium sulphate, (d) pilocarpine, (e)chloroform. 4. Write an account of the pharmacology and therapeutics of iron. Name the official preparations of iron, indicating their composition and stating the usual doses. 2 pm. to 5 pm. (FOUR qumtim only to be answered.) 1.Trace the course of the decomposition of cellulose in nature. Describe briefly any practical application of controlled fermentation of cellulosic material. 2. What do you consider to be the essential characteristics of (a)a complete “Infants’ Food,” and (b)milk-modifying tablets intended for use in Infant feeding? Outline a scheme for the analysis of one or other, showing how each of the components, which you consider of importance, could be detected and estimated. 3. Describe in detail the Reichert-Meissl-Polenske-Khchnerprocessfor the evaluation of butter-fat and explain clearly the theoretical basis of each operation and the effect of the presence of other fats upon the normal results obtained. 4. What do you understand by the following terms:-Black pepper,black sulphur, black mustard, black draught? Taking any two of these substances, what procedure would you adopt to ascertain whether they were “of the nature or of the substance or of the quality” of the article demanded 1 5.Write a brief essay upon the particular indebtedness which the “food and drug” chemist owea to the following:- Lewkowitsch, A. Dupr6, G. DenigBs, and L. W. Winkler. TUESDAY,22nd September, 1936, 10 a.m. to 6 pm. Analpe the Milk (A) and issue a report in accordance with the pro- visions of the Food & Drugs (Adulteration) Act, 1928, using the formal certificate provided. (f“ abnormal milk, or a normal milk adulterated with water, and contmmng either preservative (“Mystin”) or colouring matter.) 372 WEDNESDAY, 23rd September, 1936, 10 a.m.to 6 p.m. 1. As far aa time allows, exmine the sample of lard (B) and state, if possible, the nature of the adulterant (if any). 2. As the result of microscopical examination, state whether the “Coffee and Chicory” Mixture (C) is correctly described. (B a vegetable cooking fat consisting of hardened cottonseed oil and palm kernel oil; C coffee with EITHER cocoa-shellOR dandelion.) THURSDAY, 24th September, 1936, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. You are supplied with a sample of Water (D) and the “Total solid matters” (E)which is the residue obtained by the evaporation of 260 ml. of (D). (a) Without attempting to determine the yields of amroniacal and albuminoid nitrogen, examine the sample to throw some light, if possible, upon its history.(b) Proceed sdciently far with a “mineral” analysis aa will enable you, at the end of the day, to set out, along conventional lines, the probable composition of (E). (Note:-Fe. Al. Mn and K ions and SiO2 are absent.) FRIDAY, 26th September, 1936, 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. 1. Estimate the Iodoform in the antiseptic dresaing (E) provided. 2. Identify the two drugs (F)and (G). (Twoof the following :-Lithium salicylate, sulphonal, quinine hydro- bromide.) SATURDAY, 26th September, 1936, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Make a microscopical examination of the drug (A) and submit, for inspection, preparations to show the characteristic features. The samples (B), (C) and (D) have been offered as powders prepared from the drug (A).Examine them microscopically and report whether they are genuine or not. (Reports must be accompanied by annotated sketches.) 2. Make a qualitative and quantitative examination for a poison in the sweets (E),which are said to have been given with homicidal intent. (A = Stramonium leaf; B = genuine stramonium; C = belladonna;D = stramonium adulterated; E = containing strychnine.) Branch F. Agricultural Chemistry. MONDAY, 2lst September, 1936, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (SIX quatiom only to be attempted.) 1. Give a critical account of the method of making a mechanical analysis of a mineral soil containing a small amount of free calcium carbon- ate. How can the clay fraction be further fractionated? 2.Humus is now generally thought to be a complex of lim and 3. Give an account of the theories put forward to explain podsol protein. What are the chief item of evidence for this view? 373 formation and describe the evidence on which they rest. In what wap does a podsol differ from (1) an iron pan, and (2) a brown earth ? 4. Describe the principal changes that take place in the temperature of a British soil during the year. Discuss the effects of these temperature variations upon soil fertility. 6. Explain as fully aa you can, giving the evidence supporting the explanations, why partial sterilisation enhances the fertility of a soil while complete sterilisation renders a soil infertile. 6. Give an account of the constitution of clay (a)&g a crystalline colloid, (b) asan electrolyta.7. Discuse the influence upon soil fertility of elements other than nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and calcium. 8. Give a brief account of the changes in the composition of basic slag that have accompanied changes in the methods of steel manufacture during the last 25 years. Discuss critically the methods used for evaluating basic slag as a phosphatic fertiliser. 2 p.m. to 5 p.m. (SIXquestions only to be attempted.) 1. Give an account of Armsby's work on the determination of net energy values. 2. Make the necessary calculations to determine the adequacy of the following ration to meet the energy and protein requirements of a dairy cow of 1,000 lb. live weight giving 3gallons of milk daily, containing 3-5per cent.of fat :-42 lb. swedes 101b. meadow hay 61b. oat straw 6 lb. crushed oats 4Ib. linseed cake 4 lb. bean meal (Analytical data are provided.) 3. Describe the metabolism of carbohydrates in the animal body. What is the evidence that carbohydrate is a source of animal fat 4 4. Give an account of the mineral metabolism of dairy cows. 6. Discuss critically the methods used for detecting and estimating added water in milk. 6. Give an account of recent work on the value of pasture grass w a food and on the preservation of pasture graas for later use. 7. A 4 x 4 Latin square arrangement of plots is laid down to com- pare the effects of three different manurial treatments on the yield and quality of sugar beet.An unmanured plot is included as a control. Each plot is 1/40 acre. Describe how you would sample the beet on each plot, and give a brief account of the determinations you would make. 8. Give a brief account of the chemistry of :-(u) Bordeaux mixture for use a fungicide; (b) organic mercury compounds for useinseedtreatment. 374 TUESDAY and WEDNESDAY, 22nd and 23rd September, 1936, 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. each day. 1. Report upon the agricultural use and value of the Material A. (A = Fish Meal. ) 2. Investigate and report upon the lime status of the Soil B. THURSDAY and FRIDAY, 24th and 25th September, 1936, 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. each &y. 1. The material C produces symptoms of a mineral deficiency disease when fed to growing pigs.Investigate this and prescribe a mineral supplement. 2. Determine the oil and the crude and true protein in the feeding stuff D. Branch G. Industrial Chemistry. MONDAY, 2lst September, 1936, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. Paper taken by all candidates in Branch a[. (Answer SIX queatbm, of which No. I is obligatory.) 1. The “chemical engineer” has recently assumed an important part in industry. Write a short essay on his training and functions. 2. Describe with a diagram a potentiometer and explain from firat principles how such an instrument may be used for measuring temperature. 3. Dehe the following :-The Clapeyron-Clausius equation; Trouton’s Rule; Hildebrand’s function; Raoult’s law; Henry’s law. How may these be applied in distillation problems P 4.Write a short essay on “inhibitors” giving examples of their uses in various industries. 5. “The overall coefficient of heat transfer H is a function of the mass velocity of each fluid, the nature of the apparatus, the conductivity of the fluids and of the metal and of the condition of the heating surface.” Discuss this statement. 6. Calculate the volume of cooling water needed to condense and cool 1,000 gallons of kerosine (sp. gr. = -830) given:-Latent heat of vaporisation = 120B.Th.U. per lb. Average temperature = 450°F. Sp. heat .. . . = 0.55 Distillate to be co&d to 100”F. Cooling water enters at 80” F. and leaves at 120” F. 7. Review briefly the various methods whereby liquids may be raised from the ground floor of a factory to an upper floor.What limitations are imposed if the liquids are (a)very hot, (b)very volatile, (c) very corrosive to steelP 375 8. Describe fully the measurement of tensile qualities of (a)elastic,(b)non-elastic materials. 9. Describe briefly the technical production and the chief u888 of any FOUR of the following products :-Phenol, calcium hydroxide, white spirit, acetone, aluminium chloride, “dry ice,” glycerol. Branch G. Industrial Chemistry, with special reference to Rubber Technology. MONDAY, 2lst September, 1936, 2 p.m. to 5 p.m. (Sur queattions may be attempted: THREE from Section A and THREE frona Section B.) SECTIONA. 1. By reference to delayed-action-accelerators of published composi- tion, explain means recently adopted to restrain the initial activity of fast organic accelerators of vulcanisation.2. Give examples of substances added to rubber mixes to retard perishing and indicate their relative value in reducing the detrimental effects of heat, light and fatigue. Outline a suggested mechanism of antioxygenic activity. 3. Explain the terms “structure viscosity” and “thixotropy.” What do you consider their significance in regard to masticated rubber, rubber solutions and latex mixes? 4. In what ways has the heat of vulcanisation been investigated? How have the results contributed to knowledge of the process ? SECTIONB. 5. Suggest methods of compounding rubber for the following purposes (a) To facilitate extrusion and give a product which will not unduly deform during vulcanisation in open steam; (b)to give a pneumatic tyre inner tube which will have long life under abnormally high temperatures; (c)to produce a petrol-resistant rubber; (d) to produce a leather-likesolingmaterial. 6.Review the methods for the preparation and coagulation of compounded latices which are (a)heat-sensitive, and (b)subject to delayed gelation.. What commercial applications have been made of the processes ? 7. Compare and contrast the design of moulds for use in (a)a steam heated hydraulic platen press; (b)an open steam pan; and (c) an autoclave press. Illustrate your answer by referring to moulds employed for pro- ducing specific rubber articles. 8. Indicate the significance and method of measuring the following electrical characteristics of vulcanised rubber; dielectric strength; di-electric constant; insulation resistance ;power factor.376 MONDAY-THURSDAY, 14th.-17th September, 1936, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.each day. 1. Report on thecomposition of the given sample of vulcanised rubber. 2. Two samples of zinc oxides, labelled A and B, are provided.Compare their suitability aa rubber compounding ingredients with respect to the following:- (a) Reinforcement in vulcanised rubber accelerated with diphenylguanidine; (b) @lour in vulcanised rubber; (c). Effect on the rate of vulcanisation in the preeence of diphenyl- guamdme. Branch G. Industrial Chemistry, with special reference to Paper Technology.MONDAY, 21at September, 1936, 2 p.m. to 5 p.m. (FOUR questions to be answered, but questions 1 and 2 must be included.) 1. Write a short essay on the various products used in the sizing of paper, the specific properties imparted to the sheet, and the various methoda of determining the quantity fixed in the paper. 2. A bleached cellulose is submitted for the production of paperssuitable for permanent records. How would you examine the product to determine its suitability, and what, in your opinion, should be the essential factors of the hished sheet assuming that the basic cellulose is suitable P 3. In the manufacture of say a 5 to 7 lbs. D.C. high-class condenser tissue, what would you consider a most suitable furnish to use, the con- ditions and time of beating, and the essential requisites in the finished paper.4. Define pH value; how would you determine it in paper (a)colori-5. Discuss the nature of ultra violet light, and its application to 6. What is the approximate percentage of lignin in ground wood pulp, metrically, (b) electrometricdy. microscopy and paper technology generally. and bleached wood pulp respectively? Describe any one process for determining the yield of lignone, and give an approximate percentage composition of a paper made up from these two pulps which yields a Iignone content of 7-0 per cent. TUESDAY-FRIDAY, 22nd-25th September, 1936, 10 a.m. to 6 p.m.each day. 1. Examine and determine quantitatively the constituents in the given sample of paper.2. Make a microscopical examination of the paper marked “B,” and 3. Make an analysis of the sample of water, and give the proportions as far as possible give the percentage composition of its fibrous constituents. 377 of chemicals required per 1000 gallons to soften it for boiler feed purposes. State if you consider the water suitable for high grade papem, and, if not, how you would treat it to render it suitable. 4. Examine t3e sample of size, identify the ingredients if possible,and state the amount of the free and combined constituents. Branch G. Industrial Chemistry, with special reference ta Petroleum. MONDAY, 2lat September, 1936, 2 p.m. to 5 p.m. (Aneurer any SIX of the qwtwm.) 1.Describe the operation of the C.F.R. engine for the determination of octane value. Distinguish between the “Research” and the “Motor” methods. 2. Discuss briefly the various methods for desulphurising crude gasolines. Explain the mechanism of (a)the hypochlorite procesa, and (b)the plumbite process. 3. “Solvent extraction is destined to play a very important part in refining.” Write a short essay on this topic. 4. Write brief notes on the work of any SIX of the following petroleum technologists:-Fenske, Edeleanu, Ipatieff, Redwood, Haslam, Halloran, Egloff,de Brey, Bergius. 5. Discuss TWO methods of dewaxing petroleum distillates md indicate the u8es to which the separated wax may be put. 6. What is “re-forming”4 Give a diagrammatic representation of 8 re-forming unit and explain why it is needed in the modern refinery.7. Briefly describe pyrolysis,a polymerisation and dehydrogenation. What part do these processes play in the utilisation of petroleum gases ? TUESDAY-FRIDAY, 22nd-25th September, 1936, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.each day. 1. Report on the given crude oil. Determine its yield of gasoline, of kerosine and of gas oil. Show up samples of these products. Estimate the aromatic content of the gasoline fraction. Determine the distillation curve and the sulphur content of the kerosine fraction. Determine the aniline point of the gas oil fraction and assess ita value therefrom as a fuel for high speed diesel engines. 2. For the given sample of motor benzole determine:- (a) The saturated or “paraffin” content, (b) The content of aromatic hydrocarbons, (c) the actual gum content, (d) the freezing point. 3.Examine the given sample of lubricating oil. Determine its viscosity at a range of temperatures, its carbon residue and its acidity. 378 Branch G. Industrial Chemistry, with special reference to Cement. MONDAY, 12th October, 1936, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. Discuss the general features of the evolution and classification of hydraulic cements. 2. Discuss the thermo-chemistry of cement formation, and give an account of the constitution of Portland Cement clinker. 3. Discuss the fundamentals of the hydration, setting and hardening of Portland Cement, including the action of accelerators, retarders, and water-proofers.4. Give a general account of the physical and mechanical properties of Portland Cement and of their evaluation. 5. Discuss the resistance of concretes to chemical attack by organic and inorganic agents. 2 p.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Give an account of the composition and essential properties of the raw materials which may be used in the manufacture of Portland Cement, their proportioning in the raw mix, and the control of slurry composition. 2. Describe the types of plant which are used in modern processes for the manufacture of Portland Cement, giving a general flow sheet of the process. Specify the characteristics of the fuel used and of the lining of the kiln. 3. Give a general outline of the manufacture of aluminous cement; its constitution and distinction from Portland Cement; and its applications.4. Discuss the selection of aggregates and the proportioning of concrete mixtures. TUESDAY-FRIDAY, 13th-16th October, 1936, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. You are supplied with a sample of cement, sand and crushed stone which have proved unsatisfactory in use. What is the cause of failure, and how could it be overcome? 2. You are supplied with a specimen of concrete and samples of the aggregate employed in its composition. Determine the mix and identify the cement. 3. Examine the sample of water. Is it suitable for gauging, or 4. You are supplied with samples of clay and chalk. Report as to would it affect concrete ? their suitability for the manufacture of Portland Cement, and calculate proportions for the raw mix.5. You are supplied with a sample for identification. Report a8 to its probable composition. 379 THEExaminations were held as under:-No. No. Examined, PaS8ed. General Chemistry: at the Institute and at the Royal Technical College, Glasgow : 14tb19th September, 1936.. .. .. 46 18* Branch A. Inorganic Chemistry: at the Institute and at the Royal School of Mines, London: 218&25th September, 1936 .. .. .. 1 1 Branch C. Organic Chemistry with special reference to Oils, Fats and Waxes: at the Institute: 22nd-25th September, 1936 .. . 2 2 Branch D. Biochemistry: at the Institute and at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine: 218t25th September ..1 0 Branch E. The C;hemiatry, including Microscopy, of Food and Drugs and of Water: at the Institute: 218t26th September .. .. 8 4 Brunch P. Agricultural Chemistry: 8t the Univer- sity, Leeds: 218t25th September .. .. 1 0 Branch Q. Industrial Chemistry- With special reference to Oils, Fats and Waxes: at the Institute: 22nd-25th September . . 1 1 With special reference to Paper Technology: at the Institute and in the Laboratories of Mr. W. Bacon, F.I.C. : 2lst25th September .. .. .. .. .. 1 0 With special reference to Rubber Technology : at the Institute and at the Northern Poly- technic, London: 15tL18th and 2lst September . . .. .. .. .. 1 0 With special reference to Petroleum: at the Institute: 218t-25th September .... 1 0 63 26 *Eight candidates failed to satisfy the Examiners in part only of the Examination, 7 candidates completed the Examination by satisfying the Examiners in those parts of the Examination in which they had previously failed. 380 EXAMINATIONFOR THE ASSOCIATESHIPIN GENERAL CHEMISTRY. INORGANIC AND PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY.-Most candidates were able to attempt the required five questions on each paper, and although good answers were returned by a number of candidates, the general impression was that the quality of answer was not up to the average standard. It was very dis- concerting to find candidates answering the question on methods of determining atomic weights by citing the standard methods for the determination of molecular weights.Again, quite a number of candidates were under the impression that a reaction of the second order must involve two different substances. The practical work calls for little comment. Generally the qualitative exercises were quite well done, but the quantitative results did not reach the usual standard. ORGANICCHEMISTRY.-Many of the candidates shewed less than average ability. In the written paper there was still evidence that the training some candidates had received was antiquated. For example, when asked to discuss the statement "Molecular asymmetry gives rise to optical isomerism in organic compounds," many candidates mentioned nothing more than the special case of four different radicals attached to a carbon atom, being apparently quite unaware of the great advances in our knowledge of stereochemistry during the last twenty years.Relatively few candidates had any knowledge of the modern methods for the commercial preparation of methyl alcohol or phthalic an- hydride, and the accounts given of the Beckmann rearrangement were often those to be found in textbooks of 25 to 30 years ago. Some answers to the question on the use of metals as catalysts in organic chemistry were very poor, many candidates sup- plementing a very fragmentary knowledge by introducing metallic salts such as aluminium chloride or even iodine and sulphur. The organic practical work was often poorly done. In the examination of commercial methyl alcohol , tests were applied which were either, in themselves, unsuitable for detecting traces or the technique of applying them was not adapted to the conditions.The majority of the candidates reported that the sample contained only traces of water owing to relying on the anhydrous copper sulphate test; since it contained 16 per cent. of water they would have done little service to their firms had they accepted it as a satisfactory consignment of absolute methyl alcohol. The preparative work was also not very well done and a smaller percentage than usual of first class specimens were submitted. Though the work was seldom really bad, it was too mediocre to be satisfying. EXAMINATIONSFOR THE FELLOWSHIP. BRANCHE. The Chemistry( including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs, and of Water.In the written papers dealing with foods, etc., a satisfactory standard was attained, and candidates appeared to be well conversant with official analytical processes. In the practical work there is little to criticise as regards manipulative technique in straightforward analytical determinations. Many candidates, however, failed to detect colouring matter or preservative in the milk, and lack of practical experience led to some very erratic and contradictory results with regard to the water problem. An unhappy choice of method lead certain candidates to obtain very low results on the iodoform-gauze. The qualitative examination of drugs was done in a satisfactory manner. There was some gsod descriptive work in the microscopical examination of the coffee and chicory mixture.It behoves candidates to pay more attention to the methods of correct certification. On the whole, the standard throughout was not as high as might have been anticipated. THERAPEUTICS,PHARMACOLOGY AND MIcRoscoPY.--In the practical examination, exercises in vegetable histology were, on the whole, fairly well done. It appears necessary, however, to remind candidates again of the importance of clear vigorous sketches and of the necessity for good reasons for conclusions reported. All the candidates identified strychnine in the sweets, but in some instances very poor quantitative results were obtained. In the other branches of the Examination for the Fellowship an unusual weakness was shown in the practical work, although in most cases the candidates’ theoretical knowledge was satisfactory.382 PASS LIST. Examination in General Chemistry for the Associateship. Bridges, Clarence, College of Technology, Manchester ; Municipal Tech- nical College, Widnes; and City Technical College, Liverpool. Briggs, Harold, Technical College, Huddersfield. Dodicoat, Herbert, City Technical College, Liverpool. Deeley, Ernest Lancelot, Royal Technical College, Glasgow. Harris, Clifford, Merchant Venturers’ Technical College, Bristol. Keane, William, City Technical College, Liverpool. Knight, George Alfred, B.Sc. (Lond.), University College, Nottingham. Lewis, William Maurice, City Technical College, Liverpool.Mills, Gordon Stansfield, Municipal Technical College, Blackburn. Reed, Ronald Arthur, The Sir John Cass Technical Institute, London. Rimmer, John Graham, City Technical College, Liverpool. Russell, John Milner, B.Sc. (Lond.), Northern Polytechnic, London. Skelton, George Francis, B.Sc. (Lond.), Municipal Technical College, Hull. Sleigh, Sydney William, Central Technical College, Birmingham. Towler, Glynne Spencer, College of Technology, Leeds. Vickers, James Norman, B.Sc. (Lond.), The Sir John Cam Technical Institute, and Chelsea Polytechnic, London. Wark, John Jeffrey, Royal Technical College, Glasgow. Watson, Edward Henry, Chelsea Polytechnic, London. Examinations for the Fellowship. In Branch A :Inorganic Chemistry- Moses, Geoffrey, A.M.C.T.In Branch C :Organic Chemistry, with special reference to Oils, Fat8 and WWM Grindley, David Noel. Walley, Geoffrey, B.Sc. (Lond.). In Branch E :The Chemistry, including Microscopy, of Food and Drugs,and of Water Chanmugan, Walter Raju. Macnair, John Aitken. McKinlay, Robert Hay. Parkes, Hubert Alfred, B.Sc. (Birm.). In Branch G :Industrial Chemistry, with special reference to Oils and Pats and Soapmaking Jasperson, Harold, B.Sc. (Lond.). 383 National Certificates in Chemistry(England and Wales), 1936. THECOUNCILhas received the Report of the Joint Committee of the Board of Education and the Institute on the Examinations for National Certificates in Chemistry (England and Wales).Assessors.-Professor Sir Gilbert T. Morgan, O.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S., Professor T. Slater Price, O.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S., and Professor J. E. Coates, O.B.E., D.Sc. The following is an abstract of the Report. I. Introductory .-During the present session two schools have submitted candidates for the first time in the Senior grade. The number of entries in the Senior grade was 213,of whom 129passed. In 1935there were 196,of whom 91passed. In the Advanced grade there were 65 candidates, of whom 51 passed. In 1935 there were 82 candidates, of whom 59 passed. Of the 65 candidates, 53 had previously obtained the Ordinary Certificate, and of the 51 successful candidates 41had previously obtained the Ordinary Certificate. II. Inorganic and Physical Chemistry.-Senior.The standard of attainment reached by the candidates was fairly satisfactory, and was much the same as in previous years. There is a tendency to forget the elementary parts of the subject and concentrate on the more advanced, or on another branch like Physical Chemistry. It is noticeable throughout that where physical chemistry is one of the subjects as well as inorganic chemistry, the answers to the former are better than to the latter. This is especially the case where a paper contains questions in both subjects; the physico- chemical questions were often chosen in preference to the in- organic. It is suggested that all institutions should now have separate papers in the two subjects. The errors which occur are much the same as in previous years.They are often due to mere carelessness, but also, at times, to inaccuracy of knowledge. The confusion between electrolytic and electro-thermal (arc and resistance) processes still exists, and also confusion as to which is the anode and which the cathode in electrolytic processes. A compulsory question which appeared in many papers involved the composition of nitric oxide. It was, in general, badly answered. It is surprising how many candidates imagine that nitrogen and oxygen combine together with explosive violence when sparked in a eudiometer just as do hydrogen and oxygen. Others imagined that a few sparks completely split up nitric oxide into nitrogen and oxygen. This year Mendelejeff is given more credit than ever; one student made him responsible for-rare gases, atomic numbers, the law of octaves and atomic volumes ! It was again noticeable that the practical work of many candidates was on a much higher level than their theoretical knowledge.The practical work was generally very well done, especially in those institutions where the candidates are in works’ laboratories during the day time. It must again be emphasised that to find a wrong radical present (in qualitative analysis) is a serious error, and account of it is taken by the Examiners. At times it was a cause of wonder to the Assessors as to why certain subjects were studied by students taking the evening courses in applied chemistry. For example, it is difficult to understand why the work of Stock on the boranes should occupy their time at the expense of other subjects of more immediate application.Physical Chemistry.-As already mentioned, the scripts in physical chemistry were of a higher standard than those in inorganic chemistry. It is surprising that many candidates put down the formation of ammonia from its elements as an endo- thermic reaction. There is still confusion over such things as “solubility product” and “hydrolysis,” mere statements being given as explanations in the latter case. Practical work was well done in most cases, but the exercises set are often more suitable for an examination in Physics. IV. Organic Chemistry.-Senior. In those schools where in addition to organic chemistry the candidates are examined in various branches of technology, it was noticed not infrequently that candidates are very weak in the fundamental subjects.385 This prompts the question as to whether it is desirable, at the stage represented by the Ordinary Certificate, to divert the students’ energies into technological subjects before they have grasped the elementary principles of the main branches of pure chemistry. In many schools a compulsory question was set on the manu- facture and purification of benzene, and on the evidence in support of its cyclic structure. The impurities were given as pyridine, toluene and carbon disulphide, but thiophen was not always mentioned. Another compulsory question required a comparison of aliphatic and aromatic compounds, and asked for examples of the change from aliphatic to aromatic derivatives, and of the con- verse transformation.Although there were certainly some good answers, yet on the whole the comparison was defective largely because there was a lack of clarity about the differences between the two sub-groups of saturated and unsaturated aliphatic substances. Very few examples were given of the changes from one series to another, the polymerisation of acetylene to benzene and the dehydration of acetone to mesitylene served in the one case, whereas the catalytic oxidation of benzene to maleic anhydride was the usual example of the other change. The cracking of petroleum was cited as a case of changing from aromatic to aliphatic compounds.In answers dealing with synthetic processes among aromatic substances, there was confusion between the Wurtz-Fittig and Friedel-Crafts reactions. This led to answers in which alkyl iodides were used in the latter process. It was even stated repeatedly that the ethylation of aniline with ethyl iodide is facilitated by aluminium chloride or sodium. The methylation of aniline by methyl alcohol may be effectively catalysed under pressure by a small proportion of iodine. This variant was men- tioned by only one candidate. In view of the extensive industrial use of diphenyl it should be more generally known that this hydrocarbon is manufactured by the pyrogenic dehydrogenation of benzene at the temperature of molten lead.The nitration of aniline is in need of more elucidation. The statement is sometimes made that the reaction goes only with acetanilide, and not with the base itself. With due precautions, aniline can be nitrated in concentrated sulphuric acid when the main product is meta-nitro-aniline, although its two isomerides are also present. The reactions common to both aldehydes and ketones were sometimes confused with those peculiar to each of these two series. Inappropriate methods of preparation were sometimes indicated. Benzaldehyde was produced by calcium benzoate and formate. This is merely a mode of formation. Actually one well-known textbook gives seven preparations of benzaldehyde without mentioning this one. It was also stated that anhydrous formic acid could be prepared from methyl alcohol.This is possible, but not a good method. It is worthy of mention that in addition to the classical methods, methylamine is conveniently prepared by an interaction between aqueous formaldehyde and ammonium chloride. The process may also be varied so as to obtain di- and tri-methylamine. Advanced.-A compulsory question on catalytic hydrogena- tion brought forth many thoughtful answers on the application of nickel, palladium and platinum in such processes. Questions on the comparison between pyridine and benzene were less effectively answered. More attention should be paid to the processes of orientation, nitration and sulphonation of pyridine, as they afford interesting examples. Another compulsory question on the purine alkaloids often led to inconclusive answers.These bases were defined as alkaloids of the purine group, but only in a few cases was purine specified by its structural formula. Alkaloids as a class were sometimes defined as nitrogenous substances possessing physiological properties. In the higher grade, answers on the benzidine transformation should include a reference to the isomeric diphenyline which was not usually mentioned. Among the many methods now available for the preparation of aromatic carboxylic acids, the comparatively simple direct carboxylation of benzene under pressure in presence of aluminium chloride is noteworthy. A compulsory question on the production of triphenyl-methane dyes from aromatic bases through the several agencies of phosgene, nitrobenzene, cupric chloride and formaldehyde, was extremely well answered in the school where these reactions had been lectured on, but when this question was inserted by the Assessors into the examination papers of two other schools, the answers were less complete and rarely obtained more than half marks.It may be added at this point that the answers received in the Advanced stage frequently attain a very high standard, even when relating to highly recondite sections of organic chemistry, when these sections had been directly dealt with in the course. The candidates’ efforts on “unseens” are not always so happy. In the Senior Grade, lack of experience probably accounts for the small quantities (2or 3 ccs.) taken in titration experiments, which are not always made in duplicate.In one large school the identification of higher alcohols (n- and iso-propyl, n- and iso-butyl) was extremely well per- formed. Urethane derivatives and 3 : 5-dinitrobenzoates were prepared for characterisation. The results obtained for the Higher Certificate show a marked improvement in accuracy both in the qualitative and quantitative exercises. Some of the practical exercises indicate considerable forethought and ingenuity on the part of the Examiners. As, for example, the various volumetric estimations of formaldehyde, chlorimetric estimation of aqueous 9-phenylenediamine, and the applications of the diazo reaction to the determination of the equivalent weights of aromatic bases and amino-acids.V. Chemical Technology.-In metallurgy, answers to questions on fluxes showed closer acquaintance with the employment of these materials than with their chemical nature and function. A classification of refractory materials into acidic and basic groups was sometimes made without any chemical explanation. In a compulsory question on the blast furnace, the diagrams of this plant were not convincing and the chemical reactions occur- ring within the furnace were not fully given. A compulsory question on cotton dyeing asked how bulk samples of basic blue, sulphur blue and direct blue could be identified and applied to the fibre. The modes of application were fairly good, but the identification tests were not always relevant to the chemical differences existing between the three dyes.In producing blue on cotton, victoria blue was applied with katanol and also as a direct colour, immedial indone BBF with sodium sulphide, and caledon blue RC as a vat dye with alkaline sodium hydrosulphite, but in some cases this reducing agent was omitted and the vat dye was described as insoluble in water but forming, in aqueous alkali, a suspension or leuco-compound which dyes the fibre. There is probably some confusion with solubilised 388 vat dyes, for in other answers the use of soledon blue RC is indicated. Neolan dyes were discussed, but chromium was usually the only metallic constituent mentioned.As in previous years, there is still lack of knowledge regarding the constitution of dyes of the naphthol AS series. In some cases the chemical nature of such well known dyes as magenta, alizarin, resorcin green and congo red was wrongly stated. From several schools excellent answers were received to the questions on improving the fastness of dyed colours on the cotton fibre by various after treatments. In the subject of oils, fats and waxes, answers were received which showed that candidates had a satisfactory knowledge of the chemical nature of these substances. Practical Tests.-In all branches of chemical technology the returns made in the practical examinations were very satisfactory. In practical metallurgy variable results were obtained in the quantitative reduction of litharge to lead with wood charcoal.Better conclusions were drawn from the microscopical examina- tion of polished and etched brass. Dyed patterns were neatly presented and analyses of industrially important materials were performed with commend- able accuracy. VI. Physics and Mathematics.-Candidates from nine schools submitted physics and mathematics. The numbers of candidates were as follows:- Physics . . .. Ordinary .. 17 Higher .. 5 22 Mathematics . . OrdinaryHigher .. .. 4 I - 5 All 5 passed in mathematics; 14(i.e. 64%) passed in physics. In view of the small number of candidates (the maximum number from a single school was five) and the wide variation of performance, it is not easy to make useful general comments. It may, however, again this year be noted that Faraday’s Laws were rarely stated quite correctly, and the relation between chemical and electro-chemical equivalent was not understood.In one school the two candidates worked out correctly a calculation on Faraday’s Laws, but their accounts of what happens during electrolysis were very poor. Candidates usually knew the construction of the Daniel1 and Leclanchk cells, but seldom was an attempt made by these students of chemistry to explain the working of the cell. It may be concluded that in many cases they keep their knowledge of physics and of chemistry in separate compartments. Practical.-In marking the practical work due weight is given to accuracy.The importance of this must be insisted upon-no amount of neat description can compensate for inaccuracy. The instruction “all observations must be entered in the answer book at the time they are made and all calculations shown” should always be included in the rubric on the question paper. Several cases occurred in which actual observations were not recorded. The correct recording of an experiment is an important part of training in science. 390 Notes. Hydrogen Cyanide (Fumigation)Bill.-The Legal and Parliamentary Commit tee, having received communications and observations from a number of Fellows, and also from firms, having special experience in fumigation operations, found that it was generally agreed that a Bill to regulate fumigation and to protect persons from danger in connection with fumigation operations was urgently needed.The Council, on receiving a report from the Committee, considered it advisable to communicate its observations to the Home Secretary. Section I, clause I (a) of the Bill, which was introduced in “regulate the manner in which hydrogen cyanide is to be generated and require the admixture therewith of any substance.” It appears desirable to ensure that the power given to the Home Secretary to make regulations should include a reference to situation and design of fumigation plant; storage, and access to storage of fumigants; packing, labelling, and transport; and that mechanism should be provided whereby the Home Secretary could obtain advice from some Committee which might include persons experienced in fumigation operations, and in the manu- facture of hydrogen cyanide and other fumigants.Under Section I, clause I (b), relating to the persons respon- sible for fumigation, it appeared essential that the Secretary of State should be empowered to grant licences to, and withdraw licences from, persons authorised to supervise fumigation opera- tions, because it was difficult to see how regulations could be framed, specifying the evidence of training and experience required of such persons, without some form of revocable authority or licence. It should be stipulated too that no authority to undertake fumigation should be delegated to persons who are not authorised by the Secretary of State.The Council of the Institute does not suggest that any “qualification in chemistry” should be specified for those so authorised; but felt that it was desirable that the Secretary of State should be satisfied as to the character and temperament, as well as the experience and training of such persons; also that ‘‘experience and training ” should include training and ex-perience in rescue work. Section I, clause (2)of the Bill provides that regulations made under this Section (I) shall not apply to fumigation carried out “in the open air”; but the Council of the Institute felt that if such fumigation “in the open air” were entirely taken out of the scope of the Bill there would be a risk that inexperienced and unauthorised persons might fumigate articles, such as bedding, in the open air, and immediately afterwards bring them into dwelling houses without proper “clearance,” with dangerous results.It appeared, therefore, that the sub-section of clause (2) of Section I required closer definitions; and that “fumigation of rabbit warrens and fumigation carried out in the open air” should not be entirely excluded from the Bill. The Council also decided that the Home Secretary should be informed that, when the Bill becomes law, the Institute would be willing, if so desired, to offer observations with regard to the regulations to be framed in pursuance thereof. Air Raid Precautions.-It will be recalled that, in July, 1935,the Council of the Institute was asked to appoint represen ta- tives to attend a Conference held at the Air Raid Precautions Department of the Home Office, and that it was agreed that the Institute should help, as far as possible, in securing the services of personnel necessary for the detection of poisonous gases and in other ways rendering assistance.The representatives of the Institute on that occasion were Professor Jocelyn Thorpe (then President), Mr. W. J. A. Butterfield, Mr. Lewis Eynon, Professor Robert Robinson, and the Registrar, and there were also present representatives of other professional and scientific bodies. There was a general consensus of opinion that, in the event of war, qualified professional chemists, ordinarily engaged in industry or active practice apart from teaching, would be required for service in the production of war material and with the forces, but that those who were over military age and avail- able for part-time duties would be useful as “gas detectors,’’ attached to the constabulary.It was felt that many lecturers in technical schools and science masters in public and secondary schools would also be available as gas detectors. Chemists enrolled for this work would be given rank as inspectors or sergeants in the constabulary. Incidentally, it was mentioned that, in some cases, pharmacists would be available for this work, although a definite proportion of that profession would be reserved for service with the forces as dispensers, etc.In addition to appointing gas detectors, the Department would make arrangements with the municipal authorities for dealing with the decontamination of affected areas by Borough Surveyors, Sanitary Inspectors, Fire Brigades, etc., and the St. John Ambulance Brigade would co-operate. Since the Conference, the Air Raid Precautions Department has been informed from time to time of Fellows and Associates who had had experience or were keenly interested in the subject, and it is known that other members, in various parts of the country, have been approached by local authorities to assist in local organisation. Provision has been made for training of gas detectors and decontaminators, but, as indicated in the speech of Major-General Foulkes at the recent Reunion of members of the Special Brigade, it would appear that still more advantage might be taken of the knowledge and experience of those who served with the Brigade during the war.This suggestion had actually been communicated to the Department earlier in this year and acknowledged. It is suggested that Fellows and Associates, in their respective districts, should endeavour to attend meetings which axe held to consider the subject, in order that they may do what they can to assist the local authorities, and also to clarify the ideas which the public appears to possess of the dangers involved. The Second Edition of Air Raid Precautions Handbook No. 2, dealing with First Aid for Gas Casualties, is obtainable from H.M.Stationery Office,-4d. net. Chemical substances; war gases other than Blister Gases; Blister Gases; other poisonous substances; A.R.P. Casualties Organisation; First Aid. Appendix: Table of Gases. Air Raid Precautions Handbook No. 4, also obtainable from H.M. Stationery Office-6d. net, deals with Decontamination of Materials :-This booklet, which contains a list of the handbooks issued and projected, deals with the principles of decontamination, the 393 duties of decontamination services, the treatment of roads, buildings, vehicles, etc. ; equipment. BRIGADE,SPECIAL R.E.-The 14th Reunion Dinner of the Special Brigade was held at the Imperial Hotel, Birmingham, on 17th October, when 130 members gathered from all parts of the country and renewed acquaintances formed under less happy conditions 20 years ago.Major-General C. H. Foulkes, in the course of the only speech of the evening, expressed surprise that local authorities were not making more use of the knowledge of the services of men who had had practical experience of gas warfare to assist in gas defence schemes. The next Reunion Dinner will be held in London at the Bedford Head Hotel on 13th February, 1937. Toxic Gases in Industry.-The Association of British Chemical Manufacturers has issued the following memorandum on the detection of toxic gases in industry:-Under Regulation 7 of the Chemical Works Regulations, 1922, before any person is allowed to enter, without wearing an approved breathing appara- tus and life-belt, any vessel or place which it is thought may contain a dangerous gas or fume, it is necessary that the vessel or place be tested by a responsible person appointed by the occupier, who must certify, in writing, that it is free from dangerous gas or fume. In Factory Form 814, which deals with the cleaning of tar stills, the use of white mice is suggested for the purpose of this test.Though this method is effective in the case of carbon monoxide, experience has shown that it cannot always be relied upon for other important gases and vapours encountered in industry, and that there is a need for simple and rapid chemical or other methods for determining low concentrations of dangerous gases, such as may occur in various circumstances in chemical works.The matter was discussed by the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers with the Home Office, and as a result arrangements were eventually made by the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, at the request of the Home Office and with the financial and technical co-operation of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers, for a series of tests to be developed by the Chemical Defence Research Department. 394 In most cases, chemical methods involving colour changes have been adopted as best suited for the purpose. Although this series of tests has been worked out mainly from the point of view of the chemical industry, the gases and vapours in question are encountered in many other industries to which the tests should also be useful.The tests will also be applicable for making the necessary regular tests on the atmos- phere of workrooms, etc. Each test has been carefully stand- ardised in the laboratory and tested under practical conditions in actual works, and has been made as simple and straightforward as possible. The complete series of tests deals with the following gases and vapours :-aniline, arsine, benzene, carbon bisulphide, carbon monoxide, chlorine, hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen sulphide, nitrous fumes, organic halogen compounds, phosgene, sulphur dioxide. It must be remembered that each of the above tests will only indicate the presence or absence of the specific gas, and in cases where any other gas is liable to occur, the relevant test for it must be applied before the atmosphere is adjudged as safe to breathe.Further, none of the tests will indicate the danger which exists in cases where the oxygen content of a closed chamber is dangerously deficient. Publication of the tests is being undertaken by the Depart- ment of Scientific and Industrial Research as one of their series of pamphlets, through H.M. Stationery Office, and copies will be obtainable from the various branch offices of the latter, or through any bookseller. It is thought that these tests may be of interest to Fellows and Associates of the Institute, and the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers is endeavouring to form some idea of the probable demand for the tests from the members, who are, therefore, requested to communicate with the Association and in particular to give an indication of the number of copies of each test which they are likely to require.Such notification will not in any case be regarded as an order and is purely intended to assist the Stationery Office in assessing the probable demand. The actual publication of the tests will be announced in the technical press in due course. The cost of the pamphlets will be partly dependent upon this demand, but it is estimated that they will cost between 5s. 395 and 6s. per copy complete with one set of stains, and that spare charts of the standard stains, where required, will cost between IS. and 3s.each. The cost of No. I of the series, viz., Hydrogen Sulphide, for instance, will be 3s. 6d. for the pamphlet, plus 2s. for the chart of stains, giving 5s. 6d. in all. For full information, Fellows and Associates should apply to Mr. J. Davidson Pratt, O.B.E., M.A., F.I.C., General Manager, Assocation of British Chemical Manufacturers, 166, Piccadilly, London, W.I. Poisons.-The Home Office has published the following explantory memoranda, obtainable from H.M. Stationery Office, Adastral House, Kingsway, London, W.C.2, at the prices mentioned:-Poisons No. z (Wholesalers)-for the assistance of traders (other than shopkeepers) in ascertaining the requirements of the poisons laws affecting them-especially for wholesalers, manufacturers, etc.6d. net; 7d., post free. Poisons No. 3 (Practitioners and Hospitals)-for the attention of medical men, dentists and veterinary surgeons, dealing with the control of poisons in hospitals, dispensaries, etc. 3d. net; 4d., post free. Poisons No. 4 (Agriculture and Horticulture)-for the assist- ance of persons engaged in agriculture and horticulture in ascertaining the channels through which, and the means by which, they can lawfully obtain poisons which they require. zd. net; 3d., post free. Any Fellow or Associate who may intend to participate in the Semi-centennial Celebrations of the Engineering Institute of Canada,to be held in Canada during June, 1937, is requested to inform the Registrar, and to communicate also with the General Passenger Agent, The Canadian Pacific Railway, Trafalgar Square, S.W.I.396 Obituary. THOMASELLISS CLARKE died at Moston, Manchester, on 30th July, in his 22nd year. He was educated at the North Manchester High School, passed the Northern Universities Matriculation Examination in 1930, and continued his studies at King’s College, London, graduating BSc. with Honours in Chemistry in 1935, subsequently pursuing a post-graduate course. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1935. REGINALDDEACONEDWARD died on 29th August, at Eltham, Kent, in his 56th year. Educated at Sexey’s School, Bruton, Somerset, he gained a senior County Scholarship, and studied at Finsbury Technical College from 1898 until 1901, being awarded the diploma of the College.In 1902, after a short period spent in the laboratory of A. Chctston Chapman, he was appointed assistant chemist in the laboratory of the Explosives Committee of Woolwich Arsenal, later known as the Chemical Research ,Department, (1904), and the Research Department, in 1907. In 1911, he waa in charge of the high explosives work of the department, and in 1915 aa chemist in charge of the application of high explosives, he was intimately concerned with the introduction of new compositions of various types, especially of the important series known as amatols. For his services during the War, he was appointed an Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1918. BENJAMINJONES died while on a holiday in Switzerland, in August, at the age of 50 years.After five years at Ystalifera County School, he studied for one year at the University College of South Wales and Mon- mouthshire, Cardif€, then for four years at University College, Bangor, returning to Cardiff for another year (1912-13). He graduated B.Sc. (Wales) with Honours in Chemistry, and became chemistry master, first at Callington County School, and later at Mirfield Grammar School, until 1915, when he obtained a commkion in the Army. He served throughout the war and in 1919 was appointed chemistry master at Bude County School. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1921. WILLIAMRINTOIJLdied at Ardrossan, Ayrshire, on 24th August, in his 66th year.Educated at Hutcheson’s Grammar School, Glasgow, he was for six years an assistant in the laboratory of R. R. Tatlock, of Glasgow, at tho time studying at the Glasgow and West of Scotland-now the Royal- Technical College. Next, he was for two years with Wilkinson, Heywood and Clark, Ltd. at North Greenwich, under Dr. J. K. Crow, before he wtm appointed to the staff of the Royal Gunpowder Factory at Waltham Abbey in 1894, where 6 years later, he was placed in charge of the manufacture of nitro-glycerine, in which, in association with Sir Frederic Nathan and Mr. J. Milne Thomson, he effected valuable improvements, especially in relation to safety and economy of production. With Dr.-now Sir Robert -Robertson, he also devised an economic process for the recovery of acetone 397 and other volatile solvents employed in the manufacture of explosives.Having attained the position of chief chemist, he left Waltham in 1909 for the appointment of chief chemist on the staff of Nobel’s Explosives Co.,- since incorporated in Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd. Subsequently, he became research manager at Ardeer, aiid in that capacity was concerned with further inventions and patents. In 1918, he was appointed an Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire. During the past 10 years he was mainly engaged in London w the manager of the extensive research organisation of I.C.I., Ltd. He served on the Council of the Chemical Society and, at the time of his death, wm President of the Faraday Society.He was also a member of the Safety in Mines Research Board, of the Chemistry Research Board (D.S.I.R.) of the Science Museum Advisory Council, and of the Chemical Council. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1903, served as a Member of Council from 1917-1920, 1921-22, 1925-1928, and 1932-1935, and was a Vice-president, 1922-1923. He was also for several years (honorary)Assessor for the Institute in the scheme for the award of National Certi- ficates in Chemistry (Scotland). At his funeral the Institute was represented by Dr. John Weir, Member of council. JAMES SLATERCUMMING died at Leith on 17th September, in his 46th year. He was educated at Leith Academy andat Heriot-Watt College, where he studied from 1910 to 1914, and also during part of the summer session of 1015, gaining the Diploma of the College in Applied Chemistry.In 1916 and 1917 he was engaged as a works and research chemist with Messrs. Chance and Hunt, Oldbury, Birmingham. In 1918 he obtained an appointment on the staff of the Mond Nickel Co., at Clydach, near Swansea, which, however, he was obliged to relinquish through ill-health in 1921. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1918. ALTONEWARTCLARENCESMITH died at Norwich, on 16thSeptember, in his 50th year. Educated at a private school at Margate and at Leys School, Cambridge, he entered Christ’s College, Cambridge, in 1906, graduated in chemistry, physics and geology in 1908, and obtained first class honours in chemistry in Part I1of the Natural Sciences Tripos in 1911, later proceeding to M.A.In 1914 he was engaged as an electro-chemist with the Efandem Co., Ltd., Wolverhampton. From the outbreak of war he was on active service until 1917, when he was invalided out with the rank of Captain. He returned to the Efandem Co., and in addition to his regular work, carried out researches on the causes of deterioration of dry batteries in stock, and the possible increase in electrical output of ceIIs. In July, 1919, he was appointed to a lectureship in University College, Southampton, where he remained until his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1919. 398 Books and their Contents. The following books have recently been presented by the authors or publishers.Copies may be seen in the Library of the Institute :-ldAbsorptionfrom the Intestine. ” F. Verzh, assisted by E. J. McDougall. Pp. xii + 294. (London: Longmans, Green & Co.) 21s. net. General introduction; the sites of absorption; anatomy of the small intestine; methods of research on absorption; the forces of absorption; absorption of water; of alkali salts; of heavy metals; of carbohydrates; of fats; of lipoids and related substances; plant and animal pigments: of carotinoids and flavins, etc. ;of proteins; of purine bodies; of alcohol; of organic acids; of indole, skatole, etc. and bacterial toxins; absorp- tion of enzymes; of dyestuffs; of different substancm: saponin,glucosides, hormones ; of gases; of corpuscular elements.Conclusion; bibliography; index. B.D.H. Reagents for Spot’’ Tests. Fifth Edition. Pp. viii + 96. (London: British Drug Houses, Ltd.) 2s. 6d. The B.D.H. book of “spot” tests and delicate analysis, published in September, includes a description of four new reagents :-Benzylimido-di-(p-methoxy-pheny1)-methane reagent for elemental a sulphur4-Methyl-1: 2-dimercapto-benzene a reagent for tin. Quinaldinic acid a reagent for copper and zinc. 2: 4-Xylenol a reagent for nitrates. The monographs appearing in the earlier editions have been revised and amplified by references to the latest researches, and the bibliography has been considerably extended. Chemistry and Physics : A Handbook of.“ A Ready-Reference Book of Chemical and Physical Data.C. D. Hodgman, Editor in Chief. 21st Edition. Pp. xx + 2024. (Cleveland, Ohio : The Chemical Rubber Publishing Co.) Six dollars. Mathematical Tables; properties and physical constants ; generalchemical tables; specific gravity and properties of matter; heat; hygrometric and barometric tables ; sound; electricity and magnetism; light; quantities and units; miscellaneous ; index. City and Guilds College; Register of Students of the: 18861934. Compiled by John Walker, Assistant Registrar of the College. Pp. 572. This Register (the publication of which 399 was made possible by the Worshipful Company of Clothworkers), gives the Names, Courses and Sessions of past students arranged under the years in which they entered the College; details of their careers so far as they are known; records of developments and inventions; books and papers and special distinctions; with an alphabetical index of names.Mr. Arnold R. Tankard, FeZZow, has produced a brochure consisting of “ An Extended Survey of his List of Imports and Raw Materials,” which was drawn up for the guidance of the Hull Development Committee in 1930, in connection with a movement for the establishment of new industries in Hull. The List has been enlarged and revised, and the scheme expanded-on lines suggested by Professor F. G. Tryhorn, of the University College, Hull, in a Report to the Development Committee in February, 1936. Copies are obtainab1.e from the City of Hull Development Committee, Guildhall, 2s.6d. net. Inorganic Chemistry : A Survey of Modern Develop- ments. Sir Gilbert T. Morgan, O.B.E., F.R.S., and F. H. Burstall, of the Chemical Research Laboratory, Teddington (D.S.I.R.). Pp. x + 462. (Cambridge: W. Heffer & Sons Ltd.) 15s. net. This treatise is a substantial amplitication of the subject-matter of three lectures, embodying a survey of modern inorganic chemistry, delivered by Professor-now Sir-Gilbert Morgan, before the Institute in May, 1933. A review of this important work will be published in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part VI. Messrs. George Allen & Unwin, Ltd., have recently published Industrial Research Laboratories,-a list of such establish- ments, with particulars of their essential fields of work, compiled by the Association of Scientific Workers.3s. 6d. Many important Laboratories appear to have been overlooked. Messrs. Chapman and Hall, Ltd., direct attention to the following recent publications :-Chemistry of Natural Products related to Phenan- threne, by Professor L. F. Fieser. 32s. 6d. net., and Physical Aspects of Organic Chemistry, by Dr. W. A. Waters. 25s. net. 400 The Cambridge University Press announces the publication of Professor C. S. Gibson’s Essential Principles of Organic Chemistry, a text-book for those who are studying for science and medical degrees; also the forthcoming publication Relativity Theory of Protons and Electrons, by Sir A. S. Eddington, about 21s.net; An Introduction to Comparative Bio- chemistry, by Ernest Baldwin, about 15s. net; The Theory of Metals, by A. H. Wilson, about 21s. net; and Ions in Solution by R. W. Gurney, about 8s. 6d. Messrs. Leonard Hill, Ltd., announce the publication of The Manufacture of Lakes and Precipitated Pigments, by A. W. C. Harrison, 15s.net. The British Standards Institution has lately published the following:-No. 216/1936: Vulcanised Fibre (Natural Colour) for Elec- trical Purposes. No. 70511936: Determination of the Agglutinating Value of coal. The Report of the Advisory Committee on the Scientific Investigation of Crime, recently published by H.M. Stationery Office, zd. net., contains very little reference to the importance of chemistry in this connexion.The Committee appears to have confined its deliberations almost entirely to medical in-vestigations, and recommends the establishment of a National-Medico-Legal Institute, possibly to be associated with the Faculty of Medicine of the University of London. The importance of chemistry and physics in the investigation of crime has been almost overlooked, except for a casual reference to chemical and physical laboratories of the proposed Institute, “staffed on a scale commensurate with the fmctions which it should undertake.” Apart from the fact that many chemists, especially public analysts, are fully capable and experienced in toxicological analysis, the detection of blood stains and similar examinations, their services are often necessary in cases relating to the forgery of documents and of coins, in the exam- ination of dangerous drugs and in other matters alien to the training of the medical man and beyond his authority to control.401 The Register. At the meeting of Council held on 16th October, 1936, 2 new Fellows were elected, 13 Associates were elected to the Fellow- ship, 70 Associates were elected, and 24 Students were admitted. The Council records with regret the deaths of 4 Fellows and 4 Associates. New Fellows. Adam, Neil Kensington, M.A., Sc.D. (Cantab.), F.R.S., 23, Oakeshott Avenue, London, N.6. Ghosh, Sudhamoy, Professor of Chemistry, School of Tropical Medicine, Central Avenue, Calcutta, India. Associates elected to the Fellowship.Aakew, Henry Oscar, M.A. (N.Z.), Ph.D. (Lond.), D.I.C., c/o Cawthron Institute, Nelson, New Zealand. Chanmugam, Walter Raju, 69, Castletown Road, London, W.14. Howard, Herbert Leslie, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 58, Hyde Vale, London, S.E.10. Jasperson, Harold, B.Sc. (Lond.), 31, Bleasdale Road, Allerton Road, Liverpool, 18. Macnair, John Aitken, 39, Monksbridge Avenue, Glasgow, W.3. McKinlay, Robert Hay, 115, Woodstock Avenue, Shawlands, Glasgow. Moses, Geoffrey, A.M.C.T., Frensham, Chester Road, Hartford, Northwich, Cheshire. Parekh, Mukundrai Maneklal, M.Sc. (Bombay), Ph.D. (Lond.), Hazur Payga Road, Bhavnagar, India. Parkes, Hubert Alfred, B.Sc. (Birm.), 58, Eastbrook Road, London, S.E.3. Robinson, Robert Anthony, M.Sc., Ph.D.(Birm.), University College, Auckland, New Zealand. Stevens, Sidney George Edward, B.Sc. (Lond.), 128, Upland Road, London, S.E.22. Tansley, Leonard Beaumont, M.A. (Cantab.), M.Sc. (Lond.), Little Fields, Alderley Edge, near Manchester. Subramaniam, Vira, B.A. (Madras), Ph.D. (Mmc.), Custom House, Karachi, India. New Associates. Adamson, Donald Wallace, M.Sc.Tech. (Mane.), A.M.C.T., College of Technology, Manchester, 1. Bann,Bernard, B.Sc. (Mane.), 3, Wellington Grove, Stockport. Barrett, Jack Wheeler, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., Cherry Cottage, Mounts Road, Knockholt, Kent. Bmon, Lionel Fitzgerald, M.Sc. (Lond.), 27, RedclifTe Road, London, s.w.10. 402 Beckett, Thomas, B.Sc. (Lond.), Dovecote Street, Hathern, Leics.Bridges, Clarence, The Smithy, Little Leigh, near Northwich, Cheshire. Briggs, Harold, 36, Coniston Avenue, Dalton, Huddersfield. Broadbent, Ralph, B.Sc. (Lond.), Abbey Road, Shepley, near Huddersfield. Butcher, Herbert Charles, B.Sc. (Lond.), 45, North View Road, London, N.8. Cameron, Albert James, B.Sc. (Aberd.), Kinkell, Inverurie, Aberdeenshire. Case, Albert Cecil, B.Sc. (Lond.), 139, Western Avenue, London, W.3. Cavanagh, John Charles, B.Sc. (W.A.), c/o Australian Paper Manufac- turers, Ltd., Prince’s Bridge, Melbourne, Australia. Cox, Richard Gerald, B.Sc. (Cardiff), Rosemount, Llanharan, Pontyclun, Glam. Daniel, Norman Frank, B.Sc. (Lond.), 103, Capthorne Avenue, Rapers Lane, Harrow. Dedicoat, Herbert, 5, Saxonia Road, Walton, Liverpool, 4.Deeley, Ernest Lancelot, Prestwick Golf Clubhouse, Prestwick, Ayrshire. Dewing, Tom, M.Sc. (Lond.), “Fmnwold,” High Road, Wilmington, Dartford. Donnelly, Hugh Francis Edward, B.Sc. (Oxon.), Moorland House, South Street, St. Austell. Edwards, Miss Minnie, B.Sc. (Lond.), 15, Newborough Avenue, Liverpool, 15. Evans, Thomas Leslie, B.A. (Cantab.), 2, Glenmore Road, London, N.W.3. Fitzpatrick, Thomas, B.Sc. (Glas.), 99, Old Mill Road, Uddingston, Glasgow.Green, Leslie Frank, B.Sc. (Lond.), 59, Herbert Road, London, S.E.18. GrifFiths, John Bowen, M.Sc. (Wales), Hook, Treffgarne, Haverfordweat. Grove, Walter Patrick, BSc. (Lond.), 77, Surbiton Hill Park, Surbiton. Harris, Clifford, 32, Park Road, Keynsham, near Bristol.Harris, Ronald Herbert, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.S.M., 9, Briarfield Road, Sheffield. Harvey, Alfred Arthur Bernard, M.Sc. (Lond.), 36, Lennox Road, London, N.4. Harvey, Ralph John, B.Sc. (W.A.), c/o Department of Agriculture, St. George’s Terrace, Perth, W. Australia. Jadhav, Ganpatrao Vishramrao, B.A., M.Sc. (Bombay), 31, Hector Road, Longsight, Manchester, 13. Jennings, James Sowden, M.Sc. (Birm.), 16, Stafford Road, Handsworth, Birmingham, 21. Jones,Gordon Bamberton, M.Sc. (N.Z.), 22, Allendale Road, Mt. Albert, Auckland, S.W.2, New Zealand. Kassimoff, Abdul Hosein, B.Sc. (Lond.), 31, Howard Walk, Hampstead Garden Suburb, London, N.2. Keane, William, 50, Belper Street, Grassendale, Liverpool, 19. Kerfoot, Jack, B.Sc.(Lond.), 104, Bank Top, Blackburn. Kerlogue, Robert Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.), 12, Middle Lane, London, N.8. Kerr, John, B.Sc. (Glas.), 2, Orchard Street, Kilmarnock, Ayrshire. Knight, George Alfred, B.Sc. (Lond.), 39, St. Giles Road, Cavendish, Derby.Lea,Geoffrey Arthur, B.Sc. (Lond.), 29, Finsen Road, London, S.E.5. Leibbrandt, Frank Ernest Alban, M.A. (Cape), 14, St. John’s Road, Sea Point, Cape Town, South Africa. Lewis, William Maurice, 16, Bennett Street, Garston, Liverpool, 19. Lucas, John Waring, B.Sc. (Lond.), 39, Forest Road, Southport. Mills, Gordon Stansfield, 78, Stanifield Lane, Farington, Leyland, Lancs. Mills,Winton Gordon Boyce, B.Sc. (Lond.), 18, Meadway, Epsom. Moignard, Lionel Arthur, B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), Jesus College, Oxford.403 Nisbet, James Carey Goodwin, B.Sc. (Glas.), A.R.T.C., 8, Beech Road, Woodhey, Rock Ferry. Patel, Chhotabhai Vaghajibhai, M.Sc. (Leeds), Taluka, Anand District, Kaira, Bedwa, India. Peacocke, Hubert Swinburne, A.M.C.T., 25, Daresbury Road, Chorlton- cum-Hardy, Manchester. Podmore, Henry Levison, B.Sc. (Birm.), Consall Hall, Consall, Stoke-on- Trent. Poole, Horace Robert,B.Sc. (Lond.), 11,Hardwicke Road, London, N. 13. Pyrah, Alan Frederick, B.Sc. (Lond.), 6, Heatham Park, Crane Court, Twickenham, Middx. Ratclif€e, John, BSc. (Lond.), 695, Tonge Moor Road, Bolton. Rimmer, John Graham, 13, Chalfont Road, Allerton, Liverpool, 18. Russell, John Milner, B.Sc. (Lond.), 2, Marne Avenue, London, N.ll. Sauer, John Holmes, B.Sc.(Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., c/o Mrs. Ratcliffe, 75, Stenhills Crescent, Runcorn. Scott, John Arthur Roy, M.Sc. (Otago), 29, Goldsmith Road, Napier, New Zealand. Skelton, George Francis, B.Sc. (Lond.), 15, Newcomen Street, Holderness Road, Hull. Sleigh, Sydney William, Woodlands, Mancetter, Warwickshire. Sreenivasan, Arunachala, M.A. (Madras), Department of Biochemistry,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. Stocks, Miss Helen Margaret, B.Sc. (Lond.), 68, Montalt Road, Woodford Green. Tickle, William Hill Fletcher, B.Sc. (Glas.), 16, Battlefield Avenue, Glasgow, 5.2. Tomalin, Eric Frederick Joffre, B.Sc. (Lond.), 19, Gloucester Road, Hampton. Tonkin, James Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.), 70, King Street, South Bank, Middles- brough, Yorks.Topp, Norman Eric, B.Sc. (Lond.), 20, Birch Tree Way, Addiscombe. Towler, Glynn Spencer, 223, Stainbeck Road, Leeds, 7. Vickers, James Norman, B.Sc. (Lond.), 45, Maswell Park Crescent, Hounslow. Wark, John Jeffrey, 9, Recreation Road, Stowmarket. Watson, Edward Henry, 55, Winston Road, London, S.E.26. Watt, Miss Gertrude Annie, M.Sc. (Q.U.B.), 62, Crumlin Road, Belfast. Wight, Thomas Waldie, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Edin.), c/o Beveridge, 39, SothebyRoad, London, N.5. Wyatt, Leslie Mark, B.A. (Cantab.), Berry House, Waterbeach, Cambs. New Students. Bennett, Sidney Frank, 5, Dale Street, Nottingham. Brass, Harry Ritson, 89, Hambledon Road, Linthorpe, Middlesbrough. Burton, Edmund Arthur, 14, Hartland Road, London, N.W.6. Carnall, Reginald Garfield Roy, 17, Long Elmes, Harrow Weald, Harrow. Gascoigne,.Albert Eric, 80, Clyde Road, London, N.15. Goodale, Brian, 31, Springhld Gardens, London, N.W.9. Haddon, Ernest, 24, Harewood Road, Allestree, Derby. Hickman, Albert Charles Thomas, 49, Rothbury Road, London, E.9. Jones, Herbert, 24, Edward Road, West Bridgford, Notts. Jones, John Meigant, c/o Lyndhurst, 33, Sprotboro' Road, Doncaster. Leytham, John Michael, 14, Alan Road, Withington, Manchester. Mackay, Norman, c/o Young, 50, St. George's Road, Glasgow, C.3. Morris-Martin, Frank Hector, 43, Cranbrook Road, London, W.4. 404 Murray, Edward Duncan, Hawley House, Whitchurch, Hats. Payne, Stephen Henry Thomas, 5, Bordesley Green East, Birmingham, 9. Pennie, Archie Munro, 28, North Street, Elgin, Morayshire.Ritchie, David, 14, Lauriston Gardens, Edinburgh. Rogerson, Edward Arthur, 699, Beaufort Street, Mt. Lawley, W. Australia. Rowe, John,Rosebank, Annick Road, Irvine, Ayrshire.Soper, Henry Robert, 17, Mulgrave Street, The Hoe, Plymouth.Southwood, John, 156, Derby Road, Widnes. West, Kenneth William, 16, Lansdowne Road, London, S.W.8. Woodford, Geoffrey Charles, 14, Caenwood Road, Ashtead, Surrey. Yeoman, John, 7, Neville Road, Wallasey. DEATHS. Fellows. Edgar Reginald Deacon, O.B.E. Francis Grimshaw Martin, B.Sc. (Birm.). Gustaf Adolf Otto Schack-Sommer, Ph.D. (Heidelberg). William Rintoul, O.B.E. Associates. Thomrts Elliss Clarke, B.Sc. (Lond.). Benjamin Jones, B.Sc. (Lond. and Wales). James Cumming Slater.Alton Ewart Clarence Smith, M.A. (Cantab.). CHANGE OF NAME. Abdul Hosein Kassimoff, Associate, to Anthony Harmsworth Kaye. 405 Coming Events. 1936 November OF THE PLASTICS “Moulding Practice and INSTITUTE INDUSTRY: Costing Systems.” Mr. B. W. Steel, at the College of Technology Manchester. SOCIETY (London Section) :Joint Meeting OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY with the Institution of Petroleum Technologists. “The Manu- facture of Chemical Products derived from the Petroleum Industry.” Dr. A. E. Dunstan, at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. THECHEMICALCLUB: Annual General Meeting, 8 p.m. HULLCHEMICALAND ENQINEERINU “The Safeguarding SOCIETY: of Machinery, with special reference to Machine Tools.” Mr.A. B. Crawford, at the Hull Photographic Society’s Room, Grey Street, Park Street, Hull, at 7.45 p.m. MANCHESTER LITERARYAND PHILOSOPHICAL : “Soils.”SOCIETY Mrs. M. C. Wright, at 36, George Street, Manchester, at 5.30 p.m. SOCIETYOF DYERS AND COLOURISTS: Discussion on “Dyeing Fastness.” Opened by Mr. S. Shardt, at the College of Tech-nology, Leicester, at 7.30 p.m. OF PUBLIC CHEMISTS:SOCIETY ANALYSTSAND OTHERANALYTICAL Ordinary Meeting, at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. THECHEMICALSOCIETY:Ordinary Scientific Meeting, at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY:Gluckstein Memorial Lecture, Dr. Robert H. Pickard, F.R.S., President, at The London School of Hygieneand Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, Gower Street, London, W.C.l., at 8 p.m. SOCIETY (Bristol Section) :“High Pressure OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY Technique.” Mr.R. Taylor, in the Chemical Department of the University, Woodland Road, Bristol, at 7.30 p.m. OIL AND COLOURCHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION(Manchester Section) : Annual Dinner and Dance. “Manchester Limited.” OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERSTHE INSTITUTION : Extra General Meeting. Thomas Hawksley Lecture : “The Spectroscope and the Atom.” Professor Alfred Fowler, C.B.E., F.R.S., at Storey’s Gate, St. James’s Park, London, S.W.1. SOCIETY (Glasgow Section) :Joint Meeting OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY of the Chemical Engineering Group and the Glasgow Section. “Acid-Resisting Industrial Filters.” Dr.Felix Singer and Mr. W. E. Spiers, at Glasgow. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Birmingham and Midland Section): “Cacao Shell and its Use as an Accessory Fodder”: Mr. A. W. Knapp and Mr. A. Churchman; “Brewery By-products and Their Utilisation” : Professor R. H. Hopkins; “Utilisation of By-Products in the Meat Packing Industry”: Mr. Osman Jones, at University Buildings, Edxnund Street, Birmingham, at 6.45 p.m. 406 1936 November INSTITUTE10 ROYAL S~ARY : Benjamin Ward Richardson Lecture. “The Supervision of the Nation’s Food Supply.” Lt.-Col. Gerald Leighton, at 90, Buckingham Palace Road, S.W.l, at 5.30 p.m. Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain : “Industrial Toxicology of To-day”: Dr. Donald Hunter, at 17, Bloomsbury Square, London, W.C.l. 12 INSTITUTE INDUSTRY:OF THE PLASTICS “Non-Metallic Bearings from moulded and laminated Plastics.” Mr.G. R. Eyssen, at British Industries House Club, London. 13 SOCIETY Joint Meeting of the Chemical OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY: Engineering Group and the London Section. Jubilee Memorial Lecture: “Refractories.” Dr. J. W. Mellor, F.R.S., at London. OIL AND COLouR CHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION(Manchester Section) : “Shellac.” A. F. Suter, in Reynolds Hall, Manchester College of Technology, Sackville Street, Manchester. OIL AND COLOURCHEMISTS’ASSOCIATION(Scottish Section) : “Observations on the Use of Pigments and Dyes in Paper Manufacture.” Major J. Edington Aitken, at St. Enoch Hotel, Glasgow. THECHEMICALSOCIETY(Nottingham Section) :Joint Meeting with the Nottingham University College Physical and Chemical Society: “Resonance in Organic Chemistry.” Professor N.V. Sidgwick, C.B.E., F.R.S., in the Chemistry Theatre of the University College, University Park, Nottingham, at 5.30 p.m. SOCIETY (London Section) :Joint Meeting OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY with the Chemical Engineering Group and the Plastics Group. Jubilee Memorial Lecture : “Refractory Materials.” Dr. J. W. Mellor, F.R.S. and Mr. A. T. Green, at the Institution of Civil Engineers, at 6 p.m. 16 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (Leeds Area Section): Annual General Meeting: “The Selective Fermentation of Sugars by Yeast.” Professor R. H. Hopkins. OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRYINSTITUTION (Manchester Section) : “Some Applications of the Microscope to Rubber Technique.” Dr.D. Parkinson and Mr. J. S. Tidmus, at the Constitutional Club, Manchester, at 7 p.m. 17 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (Huddersfield Section) : “Modern Bio- chemical Problems.” Dr. M. W. Goldblatt. HULL CHEMICAL AND ENGINEERINGSOCIETY:“The Oil Engine and its relation to Modern Life.” Mr. W. S. Burn,in the Lecture Room (Room 57), Municipal Technical College, Park Street, Hull, at 7.45 p.m. AND PmosoPHIcAt SOCIETYMANCHESTERLITERARY : “Cotton Forms.” Miss Barbara Colson, at 36, George Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m. 18 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (London and South-Eastern Counties Section):Annual General Meeting. INSTITUTION TECHNOLOGISTSOF PETROLEUM (Manchester Section) : “Interesting Applications of Petroleum.” Mr.C. Chilvers, at the Constitutional Club, Manchester, at 7 p.m. 407 November 18 OFINSTITUTIONCHEMICAL ENGINEERS:“Chemical Engineering Problems in the Leather Industry.” Dr. C. H. Spiers, at the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 6 p.m. INSTITUTE (Bristol and South-Western Counties CHEMISTRY Fluorescence Analysis as an aid to the Chemist.” 0: Dr. J. Grant, in the Chemical Department of the University, Woodland Road, Bristol, at 5.30 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (East Midlands Section) : “Chemistryand Railways.” Dr. P. Lewis-Dale, at Derby, at the Technical College, 7.30 p.m. Informal Dinner, St. James’ Restaurant, 6.45 p.m. SOCIETY SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY, OF DYERSAND COLOUR-ISTS,AND MANCHESTERLITERARY SOCIETY:AND PHILOSOPHICAL “The Power of Money.” Dr.W. H. Coates, at the Constitutional Club, Manchester, at 7 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Edinburgh Section) : “Fused Silica and Silica Ware.” Dr. Burrows Moore, at the North British Station Hotel, Princes Street, Edinburgh, at 7.30 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (Manchester Section), jointly with other Societies: “The Power of Money.” Dr. W. H. Coates, at the Constitutional Club, St. Ann’s Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m. OF MINING AND METALLURGY,INSTITUTION at the Rooms of The Geological Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W. 1, at 5.30 p.m. THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY:Discussion on “Mesomerism in Organic Chemistry,” to be opened by Professor C.K. Ingold, F.R.S., at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY(Newcastle and Durham Section): “The Chemistry of Nutrition.” Professor J. C. Drummond, in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, Armstrong College, Newcastle upon Tyne, at 6.30 p.m. INSTITUTE (Liverpool and North-Western Section) :OF CHEMISTRY Joint Meeting wit!‘the Liverpool Section of the Society of Chemical Industry : The Use of X-rays in the IdentXcation and Estimation of Mixtures of Aliphatic Compounds.” Dr. S. H. Piper (Bristol University), to be held in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, Liverpool University, at 6 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY:South Wales (Swansea) Section :Annual General Meeting. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY: Streatfeild Memorial Lecture: “A Chapter on the Chemistry of Essential Oils.” Professor John Read, F.R.S., at 30,Russell Square,London, W.C.l., at 8 p.m.SOCIETY OF DYERS AND COLOURISTS(Manchester Section) : Symposium: “Should Fastness be Guaranteed.” At the Constitutional Club, Manchester, at 7 p.m. Section): 408 1936 November 20 INSTITUTE INDUSTRY:OF THE PLASTICS “Testing of Finished Mouldings.” Dr. Ing. Arthur P. Sommerfeld, at the Grand Hotel, Birmingham. OIL AND COLOUR CHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION(Scottish Section) : Second Annual Dinner and Dance. At the St. Enoch Hotel, Glrtsgow. INSTITUTEFUEL:“Household Coke and its Production.” OF H. Cerckel, at University College, Shakespeare Street, Notting- ham, at 7.30 p.m.24 THECHEMICALSOCIETY(Manchester Section) :Joint Meeting with the Manchester Section of the Society of Chemical Industry and the Manchester University Chemical Society: “ Chemical Detection of Artificially Produced Elements.” Professor F. Paneth, at the Constitutional Club, St. Ann’s Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m. 25 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Yorkshire Section) : Dinner Dance. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (Irish Free State Section): Annual General Meeting. At Trinity College, Dublin. LEICESTERLITERARYAND PHILOSOPHICALSOCIETY (Chemistry Section): “Antimony in Chemistry and Medicine.” Dr. G. M. Dyson, Presidential Address, at the College of Technology, Leicester, at 7.30 p.m. 26 THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY(Leeds Section) : “The Biological Break- down of Carbohydrates.” Dr.H. A. Krebs, in the Lecture Theatre of the new Chemistry Building of the University of Leeds, at 7 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (South Wales, Cardiff Section) : South Wales Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, Meeting : Dr. G. Roche Lynch, O.B.E. OF27 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Belfast and District Section) : “The Institute.” Dr. A. E. Everest, a Vice-president of the Institute, at the Physics Lecture Theatre of the Royal Belfast Academical Institution, at 7.30 p.m. AND PHILOSOPHICALMANCHESTERLITERARY SOCIETY(Chemical Section): “Motor Lubrication and Lubricants.” Mr. J. E. Haslam, at 36, George Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m. 28 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Belfast and DiStrict Section): Annual Dinner, at the Grand Central Hotel, Belfast.December RESEARCH ASSOCIATION 1 BRITISH LAUNDERERS’ : Opening of Extensions to Laboratories of the British Launderers’ Research Association. Luncheon at. the Brent Bridge Hotel, Hendon, at 12.45 for 1 p.m. Formal opening by Sir William Bragg, O.M., K.B.E., F.R.S., at 3 p.m. 409 1936 December 1 HULLCHEMICALAND ENGINEERING : “Cellulose Esters, SOCIETY with particular reference to Cellulose Acetate.” Dr. Ing. H. P. Staudinger, at the Hull Photographic Society’s Room, Grey Street, Park Street, Hull, at 7.45 p.m. MANCECESTER LITERARYAND PHILOSOPHICALSOCIETY:“Folk Museums for the British Isles.” Mr. I. C. Peate, at 36, GeorgeStreet, Manchester, at 5.30 p.m. 2 SOCIETYOF DYERSAND COLOVRISTS(Nottingham Section): Film and Lecture on “Slubbing.” Mr.E. Aisles, at UniversityCollege, Shakespeare Street, Nottingham, at 7.30 p.m. OF PUBLIC CHEMISTS:SOCIETY ANALYSTSAND OTHERANALYTICAL Ordinary Meeting, at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. 3 SOCIETY (Bristol Section): Joint Meeting OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY of the Chemical Engineering Group and the Bristol Section: “Electro-Osmosis.” Dr. R. Hoffmann, at Bristol. THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY: Ordinary Scientific Meeting, at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Manchester Section) : Annual Dinner and Dance. Mr. C. J. T. Cronshaw, in the Chair, at “The Manchester, Ltd.” 4 THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY(Sheffield Section) : “Molecular Structure of Strychnine.” Professor R.Robinson, F.R.S., in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of the University of Sheffield, at 5.30 p.m. INSTITUTECHEMISTRYOF : South Wales (Swansea) Section : “Defence against Gas for the Civil Population.” Mr. J. David-son Pratt, O.B.E. RAMSAYCHEMICALDINNER: Central Hotel, Glasgow ; Professor G. G. Henderson, F.R.S., in the Chair. SOCIETY (Manchester Section) : “RecentOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY Advances in Water Softening and Boiler Feed Water Condition- ing.” Mr. P. Hamer, at the Constitutional Club, Manchester, at 7 p.m. 7 SOCIETY (London Section): Joint Meeting OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY with the Food Group :“Modern Developments in Insecticides.” Dr. F. Tattersfield and Dr. J. T. Martin, at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.1, at 8 p.m.INSTITUTE INDUSTRYOF THE PLASTICS : “Moulding, Engineering Equipment.” Mr. W. Owen Griffiths, at the College of Tech- nology, Manchester. OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRYSOCIETY (Yorkshire Section) and the HULL CHEMICAL AND ENGINEERINGSOCIETY:York Meeting: “A Viscometer for Thixotropic Liquids.” A. A. Clark and H. J. Hodsman, M.B.E. 9 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (London and South-Eastern Counties Section):Visit to the Laboratories of Messrs. J. Lyons & Co., Ltd. 410 1936 December 9 INSTITUTEOF Cmmsmy (Irish Free State Section): “Natural Organic Halogen Compounds.” Professor T. J. Nolan, at University College, Dublin. INSTITUTE OF THE PLASTICS INDUSTRY: ‘‘What are the present limiting factors in the expansion of the Plastics Industry?” Mr.Rex Jones; followed by Mr. W. C. Waghorne: A Moulder’s Comments; Mr. J. J. Collings: A Mould Maker’s Comments; Mr. F. Heywood: A Material Manufacturer’s Comments. At British Industries House Club, London. 10 BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS:“The Relation of Works Chemist to Staff and Workers.” Mr. A. W. Knapp, at the Technical College, Derby, at 7.30 p.m. OFINSTITUTECHEMISTRY (East Midlands Section): “Heavy Hydrogen and its use in Chemistry.” Professor M. Polanyi,at Nottingham, at 7.30 p.m. Informal Dinner at 6.45 p.m. THECHEMICALSOCIETY:Sixth Liversidge Lecture entitled “Study of Transmutation in the Chemical Laboratory.” Professor F. Paneth, at the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Storey’s Gate, S.W.l, at 5.30 p.m.INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Huddersfield Section) :“The Chemistry of a Plant Virus.” Dr. J.C. Grainger. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Liverpool and North-Western Section) : Social Evening, with entertainment organised by Messrs. J. Hanley and H. Jasperson. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (South Wales, Cardiff Section): “The Decomposition of Solids.” Professor W. E. Garner, in the Chemistry and Physics Lecture Theatre, University College, Cathays Park, Cardiff, at 7.0 p.m. OIL AND COLOUR CHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION (London Section) : “Some Recent Work in Terpene Chemistry.” Professor J. L., Simonsen, F.R.S., at 30, Russell Square, London, W.C. 1. INSTITUTEOF THE PLASTICS INDUSTRY: “Hot Water Heating of Platens and Moulds.” Dr.Ing. Kruger, at the James Watt Memorial Institute, Birmingham. 11 OIL AND COLOURCHEMISTS’ (Manchester Section) :ASSOCIATION “Why do we use Synthetic Resin?” Dr. E. Fonrobert, at Reynolds Hall, Manchester, at 7 p.m. OIL AND COLOUR CHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION (Scottish Section) : “Some Applications of Glyptal Resins.” Mr. F. J. Siddle, at the St. Enoch Hotel, Glasgow. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(Edinburgh Section): Joint Meeting with Scottish Section of the Institute of Brewing, a Paper on a Biochemical Subject. Mr. H. Lloyd Hind. HULLCHEMICALAND ENGINEERINU :Presidential Address :SOCIETY “Tinplate.” Mr. A. T. Wakelin. 411 1936 December 15 MANCHESTERLITERARY SOCIETYAND PHILOSOPHICAL : “X-Ray Analysis of Aluminium Alloys.” Dr.A. J. Bradley, at 36, GeorgeStreet, Manchester, at 7 p.m. 16 THEINSTITUTION : Chemical Engineering OF CHEMICALENGINEERS in the Pulp and Paper Industries, with Special Reference to Esparto Mills. Dr. Julius Grant, at the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l., at 6 p.m. LEICESTERLITERARYAND PHILOSOPHICALSOCIETY(ChemistrySection): Students’ Evening, at the College of Technology,Leicester, at 7.30 p.m. 16 INSTITUTION TECHNOLOGISTSOF PETROLEUM (Manchester Section) : “High Performance Fuels.” Mr. H. C. Tett, at the Constitu- tional Club, Manchester, at 7 p.m. 17 THECHEMICALSOCIETY:Ordinary Scientific Meeting. At Burling-ton House, Piccadilly, London, W.1, at 8 p.m. INSTITUTIONOF MINING AND METALLURGY:At the Rooms of the Geological Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.1, at 5.30 p.m. 18 CHEMICAL SOCIETYAND SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY: “Electrochemical Combustion of Fuel.” Dr. H. J.T. Ellingham, at University College, Nottingham (Shakespeare Street), at 7.30 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North-East Coast Section) :Joint Meeting with Society of Chemical Industry: Address by Dr. J. T. Dunn. AND PHILOSOPHICAL CHEMICALMANCHESTERLITERARY SOCIETY, and SOCIETY SOCIETY OF DYERSAND COLOURISTS:Joint Meeting. 36, George Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m. OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL21 INSTITUTION AND SOCIETY INDUSTRY(Manchester Sections) : “Dental Plastics.” Mr. R. N. Johnson, at the Constitutional Club, Manchester, at 7 p.m.1937 January 4 INSTITUTE INDUSTRY:OF THE PLASTICS “Flow Testing Methods for Synthetic Resin Moulding Materials.” Mr. C. Wainwright,at the College of Technology, Manchester. SOCIETY (London Section) : Joint Meeting OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY with the Chemical Engineering Group. “The Zinc Industry.” Mr. S. Robson, at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.1, at 8 p.m. 5 HTJLL CHEMICAL AND ENGINEERINGSOCIETY: “Colours and Measurement of Colours.” Mr. John A. Stokes, at the Lecture Room (Room 57), Municipal Technical College, Park Street, Hull, at 7.45 p.m. OF THE PLASTICS “P1astics.” Mr. A. R. 8 INSTITUTE INDUSTRY: Dunton, at Manchester. 412 1937 January 8 THECHEMICALSOCIETY(Manchester Section): Joint Meeting with the Manchester Section of the Society of Chemical Industry and the Society of Dyers and Colourists. “Reaction of Diazo-sulphonates derived from -Napthol-Z-sulphonic Acid.” Professor F.M. Rowe, at the Constitutional Club, St. Ann’s Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m. OIL AND COLOUR CHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION(Scottish Section) : “Problems connected with the Modern Developments in Printing Inks.” H. A. Idle, at the St. Enoch Hotel, Glasgow. 9 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(South Wales, CardB Section) :Scientific Conversazione at the Assembly Hall of the Technical College, Cardiff, 4.0 to 10 p.m. LITERARYAND PHILOSOPHICALSOCIETY (Chemical Section) : Soiree, at 36, George Street, Manchester. 11 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North-East Coast Section): Joint Meeting with Institute of Metals.“Ship-yard Metals.” M. A. W. Brown. INSTITUTE INDUSTRY:OF THE PLASTICS “The Importance of the Plastics Industry to the Nation”:-(i) Brief synopsis of its raw materials and fields of manufacture; (ii) Its raw materials position in time of National Emergency; (iii) Some possible uses for its products in time of National Emergency; at British Industries House Club, London. 14 INSTITUTE (Liverpool and North- Western Section) :OF CHEMISTRY “Cupellation and the Detection of Platinum Metals in Bullion.” Prof. C. 0.Bannister (Liverpool University). INSTITUTE CHEMISTRY (Manchester Section) : “ScientificOF Identifications in Criminology.” Dr.Ainsworth Mitchell, at the Constitutional Club, Manchester, at 7 p.m. JOINTMEETINGOF THE SOCIETY OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY AND THE OFINSTITUTEFUEL:“Applications of Practical Thermo-dynamics.” Dr. J. s. Clarke, in the Chemical Department of the University, Woodland Road, Bristol, at 7.30 p.m. OIL AND COLOURCHEMISTS’ (London Section) :JointASSOCIATION Meeting with The Incorporated Institute of British Decorators. “Defects in Painting.” At 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.l. 15 OIL AND COLOURCHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION(Manchester Section) : “Zinc Oxide.” Mr. L. McNaughton, at Reynolds Hall, at 7 p.m. OF THE PLASTICS “Everyday Problems in INSTITUTE INDUSTRY: the Moulding Shop.” Mr. C. H. Cooper: (a)Urea Powders; Mr. N. W. Sabin: (b)Phenol Powders.At James Watt Memorial Institute, Birmingham. 18 INSTITUTION (Manchester Section) :OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY “An Informal Discourse on the Life of Rubber Goods.” Mr. Herbert Rogers, at the Constitutional Club, Manchester, at 7 p.m. 413 1937 January 18 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Leeds Area Section): “Properties of Dyestuffs in Relation to Fastness to Light and to Potting.” Dr. L. L. Lloyd, at Bradford Technical College. 19 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Belfast and District Section) : “Ancient Remedies and Cures for Farm Animals.” Mr. W. Kerr, at the Physics Lecture Theatre of the Royal Belfast Academical Institution, at 7.30 p.m. INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Huddersfield Section) : “ModernOF Advances in the Technology of Explosives Manufacture.” Mr. W.R. Moore. MANCHESTERLITERARYAND PHILOSOPHICAL : “ShortSOCIETY Communications,” by members, at 36, George Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m. HULL CECEMICAL AND ENGINEERING : “Modern Aero- SOCIETY dynamic Apparatus.” Dr. W. J. Duncan, at the Lecture Room (Room 57), Municipal Technical College, Park Street, Hull, at 7.45 p.m. 20 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(London and South-Eastern Counties Section): Lecture by Dr. C. Ainsworth Mitchell. OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRYSOCIETY : “Modern Detergents.” Prof. T. P. Hilditch, at Technical College, Derby, at 7.30 p.m. Informal Dinner, St. James’ Restaurant, 6.45 p.m. SOCIETYOF DYERSAND COLOURISTS: At the College of Technology, Leicester, at 7.30 p.m. INSTITUTION TECHNOLOGISTSOF PETROLZUM (Manchester Section) : “Kerosene : Its Glorious Past and Future Prospects.” Mr.J. Kewley, at the Constitutional Club, Manchester, at 7 p.m. THE INSTITUTION :OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERS“SuperphosphateManufacture.” Mr. Walter G. T. Packard, at the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 6 p.m. THEINSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(London and South-Eastern Counties Section):“Some Recent Advances in the Scientific Examination of Documents.” Dr. C. Ainsworth Mitchell, at 30, Russell Square, London, W.C., at 8 p.m. 21 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (Bristol and South-Western Counties Section): “Butter Fat.” Mr. E. B. Anderson, in the Chemical Department of the University, Woodland Road, Bristol, at 5.30 p.m. INSTITUTION at the Rooms of the OF MINING AND METALLURGY, Geological Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.1, at 5.30 p.m.THECHEMICAL SOCIETY:Ordinary Scientific Meeting. At Burling- ton House, Piccadilly, London, W.ly at 8 p.m. 414 1937 January 21 THECHEMICALSOCIETY(North Wales) : “The Quantitative Study of some Gas Reactions.” Professor M. W. Travers, F.R.S., to be held jointly with the University College Chemical Society in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of University College, Bangor, at 5.30 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Edinburgh Section) : “The Renaissance of Analysis.” Dr. A. D. Mitchell, at the North British Station Hotel, Princes Street, Edmburgh, at 7.30 p.m. 22 MANCHESTERLITERARY SOCIETY(ChemicalAND PHILOSOPHICAL Section): “Recent Progress in Rayon Manufacture.” Mr.R. Owen-Jones, at 36, George Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m. 27 LEICESTERLITERARY SOCIETY(ChemistryAND PHILOSOPHICAL Section): “Some Developments in the Tanning Industry.” L. B. Priestley, at the College of Technology, Leicester, at 7.30 p.m. OF28 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY(Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North-East Coast Section) :Joint Meeting with Society of Chemical Industry. “Colloids.” Prof. H. L. Riley, at Armstrong College, Newcastle- upon Tyne. THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY (Leeds Section) : “Silicates.” Prof. W. L. Bragg, O.B.E., F.R.S., in the Lecture Theatre of the new Chemistry Building of the University of Leeds, at 7 p.m. 29 THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY (Liverpool Section) : “SesquiterpeneKetones, their Structure and Synthesis.” Prof.J. L. Simonsen, F.R.S., in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of the University, Liverpool, at 6 p.m. CHEMICALSOCIETY: “Recent Progress in Inorganic Chemistry.” Dr. Wm. Wardlaw, at Swansea. INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Aberdeen and North of ScotlandOF Section): “Scientific Control in Papermaking.” Mr. Stephen R. H. Edge, in the Chemistry Department, Marischal College, Aberdeen, at 5.15 p.m. Juls 2-1 1 ACHEMAVIII : Chemical Engineering Exhibition, Frankfort -on-the-Main. 415 General Notices. Gluckstein Memorial Lecture .-Dr. Robert H. Pickard, F.R.S., President of the Institute, will give the Eighth Gluckstein Memorial Lecture at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, Gower Street, London, W.C.1, on Thursday, 5th November, at 8 p.m.Subject:-“An Experiment in Co-operative Research in the Cotton and Other Textile Industries.” Streatfeild Memorial Lecture.-Professor John Read, F.R.S., will give the Nineteenth Streatfeild Memorial Lecture at the Institute, 30, Russell Square, London, IV.C.1, on Friday, 20th November, at 8 p.m. Subject:-“A Chapter in the Chemistry of Essential Oils.” The Council regrets to report that Professor Eric K. Rideal has been obliged to undergo an operation, and will therefore be unable to give the lecture on “Recent Work on Films,” which he had undertaken to give before the Institute in December] but hopes that he may be able to give the first of two lectures on that subject in March or April, 1937, Examinations.-The arrangements for Fellowship and Associateship Examinations in 1937 will be as follows:- FORTHE FELLOWSHIP.Last Date for Entries. Period of Examinatiout.* Monday, 8th February, 1937. 12th to 17th April, 1937. (The list for Branch G and special subjects will close on 11th January, 1937.) Monday, 5th July, 1937. 13th to 18th September, 1937. (The list for Branch G and special subjects will close on 7th June, 1937.) FORTHE ASSOCIATESHIP. Last Date for Entries. Period of Examination.* 9th November] 1936. 4th to 9th January, 1937. 8th February, 1937. 5th to 10th April, 1937. 5th July, 1937. 13th to 18th September, 1937. * When the number of Candidates renders it necessary, Examinations may also be held during the succeeding week.Forms of Application and further particulars can be obtained from the Registrar. 416 Election of District Members of Council.-Fellows and Associates are reminded that, for the election of District Members of Council, to take office from 1st March, 1937, nominations should be received at the offices of the Institute on or before Monday, 14th December, 1936. I. In accordance with By-Law 30 (I),the Districts were defined by the Institute in General Meeting held on 7th March, 1921,and amended on 1st March, 1923 and on 1st March, 1935:-Birmingham and Midlands, including the Counties of Hereford, Salop, Stafford, Worcester, Warwick, Derby, Nottingham,Leicester, Lincoln, Rutland and Northampton.Bristol and South-Western Counties, including the Counties of Gloucester, Wilts, Dorset, Somerset, Devon and Cornwall. Liverpool and North-West Coast, including the Counties of Flint, Westmorland and Cumberland, and so much of the Counties of Chester and Lancaster as lies to the west of the line drawn through the centre of the postal district of Wigan and Warrington ; the towns of Wigan and Warrington and all towns on the line, of which the greater portion of the postal district lies to the west of the line. The Isle of Man. London and South-Eastern Counties, including the Counties of Middlesex, Kent, Sussex, Surrey, Berks, Oxford, Buckingham, Hertford, Essex, Bedford, Cambridge, Suffolk, Norfolk, Hunting- don, Hants, with the Isle of Wight and the Channel Islands.Manchester and District, including so much of the Counties of Lancaster and Chester as lies to the east of the line drawn through the postal districts of Wigan and Warrington as aforesaid. Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North-East Coast, including the Counties of Northumberland and Durham. Yorkshire. Edinburgh and East of Scotland, including the Counties of Perth, Fife, Kinross, Clackmannan, Stirling, Linlithgow, Edinburgh, Haddington, Berwick, Peebles, Selkirk and Roxburgh. Aberdeen and North of Scotland, including the Counties of Caithness, Sutherland, Ross and Cromarty, Nairn, Elgin, Banff, Aberdeen, Inverness, Kincardine, and Angus ( Forfar). Glasgow and West of Scotland, including the Counties of Argyll, Dumbarton, Renfrew, Lanark, Ayr, Wigtown, Kirkcudbright, and Dumfries.Wales (excluding the County of Flint, see iii). The County of Monmouth. Northern Ireland, as defined in the Government of Ireland Act, 1920, and subsequent enactments relating thereto. Irish Free State, as defined in the Government of Ireland Act, 1920, and subsequent enactments relating thereto. The Commonwealth of Australia, the Dominion of Canada, the Dominion of New Zealand, the Union of South Africa, the Empire of India, the Crown Colonies and elsewhere abroad. 417 The Council have adopted the following Rules for the election of District Members of Council. 11. (1) Any five Members whose registered addresses are within any one District, as defined and adopted by the Institute in General Meeting, may nominate one eligible Fellow as a candidate for election as a District Member of Council for that District, but no member shall nominate more than one such Fellow; except that the Committee of any Local Section constituted in accordance with By-Law 94 2(a)may, as such, nominate one candidate for such election, or if there be more than one Local Section in a District the Committees of all the Local Sections in that District shall sit jointly for the purpose of nominating one Candidate for such election.(2) Any nomination made under these Rules shall be delivered to the Secretary at the Offices of the Institute on or before the second Monday in December in the year preceding the date of election, and shall be in the following form :-“We, the undersigned, Members of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland, do hereby certify that A.B., of (registered address) , a Fellow of this Institute, is, in our estimation, a fit and proper person to be a District Member of the Council of the Institute, and we do hereby nominate him as a candidate for election as a District Member of Council.” (3) Any such nomination may consist of several documents in like form, each signed by one or more Members.Nominations for District XIV should be received not later than 31st August. 111.(1) On or before the Hth day of January in any year, the Council shall cause to be sent to every Member in each district in the manner prescribed by By-Law 81, a balloting list containing the names of the candidates nominated for election as District Members of Council for such District, and the balloting list shall indicate which, if any, of the candidates has been nominated by the Committee or Committees of the Local Section or Sections in the respective District; except that in the case of District (xiv) this rule shall read as if “September” (in the year previous) were substituted for “January.” (2) Each Member desirous of voting- (a) Shall record his vote for a District Member of the Council by making a cross against the name of the candidate for whose election he desires to vote, but no Member shall vote for more than one such candidate. (b) Shall deliver or transmit his balloting list in a sealed envelope bearing on the outside the signature of the Member, addressed to the Secretary, at the office of the Institute, so that it be received not later than by the first post on the third Monday in January in the year for which the election is being held.IV. (1) The envelopes containing the balloting list shall, on the Thursday next after the third Monday in January in the year in which the election is held, be opened by two Scrutineers, neither Members of the Council, nor candidates nominated for election as District Members of the Council, who shall be nominated by the Council in December of the year preceding the election at a meeting convened specially for that purpose.(2) The balloting list of any member who on the Thursday next after the third Monday in January is in arrear with any subscription or other sum payable by him to the Institute under the By-Laws shall be disallowed.418 (3) The Scrutineers shall present their Report to the Council at a meeting, on the Friday next of the third Monday in January, specially convened for that purpose. (4)The candidate receiving the greatest number of votes in each District respectively shall be elected and, in any case of an equality of votes, the Council shall decide the matter by ballot. (5) If at any time after the balloting lists have been sent to members, and before the dissolution of the Annual General Meeting, any candidate who would otherwise have been elected has died or has with- drawn his nomination or has in any way become ineligible for Membership of the Council, then the candidate having the next greatest number of votes shall be elected, or if there be no such candidate, the vacancy shall be filled as provided in Rule V.(6) The election of District Members of Council shall be notified to members when they are served with the balloting list for the election of General Members of Council at the Annual General Meeting. V. After the first election any vacancy among the District Members of the Council occurring between the Annual General Meetings, owing to death, resignation, removal or otherwise, shall be filled by the election by the Committee of the Local Section, in the respective District of one eligible Fellow; or if there be more than one Local Section in the District the Committees of all the Sections therein shall hold a joint meeting for the purpose of such election.Notice convening a meeting for this purpose shall be sent by the Secretary of the Institute to all the members of the Committee or Committees of the Section or Sections concerned at least fourteen days before the date of the meeting. If there be no Local Section within a District, a casual vacancy shall be filled by the election by the Council of one eligible Fellow from the Fellows resident in that District. If there be a casual vacancy in the case of the District Member of Council for District (xiv), such vacancy shall be filled by the Council by the election of one eligible Fellow.The Fellows whose names are given below are the present Members of Council for the Districts indicated. Dr. Vanstone, who has completed the period of three years’ service on the Council, will retire in accordance with By-Law 23. Birmingham and Midlands : William Alexander Skeen Calder. Bristol and South-Western Counties :Ernest Vanstone. D.Sc. Liverpool and North-West Coast : Albert Edward Findley,M.Eng., B.Sc. London and South-Eastern Counties : John Ralph Nichols, B.Sc. Manchester and District : Cecil John Turrell Cronshaw, B.Sc. Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast : Percy Lucock Robinson, D.Sc. Yorkshire : Harold Burton, D.Sc., Ph.D. Edinburgh and East of Scotland: Adam Tait. Aberdeen and North of Scotland : Alexander Findlay, D.Sc.Glasgow and West of Scotland : Forsyth James Wilson, Ph.D., D.Sc. Wales and the County of Monmouth: Ernest Albert Tyler, M.A. Northern Ireland : William Honneyman, B.Sc., Ph.D. Irish Free State: James Bell, M.A., M.D., Sc.D. The Overseas Dominions and elsewhere abroad : James Irvine Orme Masson, M.B.E., D.Sc. 419 The Meldola Medal (the gift of the Society of Maccabaeans) is normally awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise and is brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st Decem- ber prior to the award. The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work. The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person.The next award will be decided in January, 1937. The Council will be glad to have attention directed, before 31st December, 1936, to work of the character indicated. Beilby Memorial Awards.-From the interest derived from the invested capital of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, at intervals to be determined by the administrators representing the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry, and the Institute of Metals, awards are made to British investigators in science to mark appreciation of records of distinguished original work, preference being given to in- vestigations relating to the special interests of Sir George Beilby, including problems connected with fuel economy, chemical engineering and metallurgy.Awards are made, not on the result of any competition, but in recognition of continuous work of exceptional merit, bearing evidence of distinct advancement in knowledge and practice. The administrators of the Fund are the Presidents, the Honorary Treasurers, and the Secretaries of the three partici- pating Institutions, who will be glad to have their attention directed to outstanding work of the nature indicated. Corres-pondence on this subject should be addressed to the Convener, Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1. The administrators will meet towards the close of the year. Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize forRegistered Students.-A medal and prize (LIO 10s.) for the best essay, not exceeding 3,000 words, will be awarded in January, 1937, and will be presented at the next Annual General Meeting, or at a meeting of the Local Section to which the successful competitor is attached.420 Entries are limited to registered students who are less than 22 years of age at the time of forwarding the essay. The object of the essay is to induce Registered Students to develop a sense of professional public spirit and to devote thought to questions of professional interest and to the position of chemists in the life of the community-the essay to be on a subject of professional, rather than technical or purely chemical importance. Having due regard to the objects stated above, Registered Students are informed that the Council is prepared to consider an essay on any subject which has a bearing on chemistry or chemical work, provided that it does not deal with any purely chemical, technical, or historical subject.Each essay must be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the Local Section of the district in which the competitor resides (see list of Local Sections at the end of the JOURNAL) on or before the 31st December, 1936, and must be accompanied by a signed declaration that it is the independent work of the competitor. Essays will be valued partly for literary style and technique, but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein. The Committee of each Local Section will be asked to select, from those received, not more than three essays considered to be worthy of the award.The essays selected by the Local Sections will be referred to assessors appointed by the Coiincil. On the report of the assessors, the Council will decide whether, and to whom, an award be made. The award will not be made more than once to any individual competitor. Notice to Associates.-The Council desires to urge all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar.Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their 421 training for the Associateship, may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their professors. Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who axe without employ- ment, are required to pay 6s.6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period if necessary. The Institute also maintains a List of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students or Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The Library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations.The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is available, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10 a.m. to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.), except during August and the early part of September, when the hours are from 10a.m. to 5 p.m. Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted, at present, to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books. Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books.‘‘Pbtostat ” co$ies of Publications.-Arrangements exist for the “Photostat ” reproduction of material contained in the Library of the Chemical Society. Particulars were published in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part 111, 1936. 422 The Institute has entered into an arrangement with The Science Library, Science Museum, South Kensington, S.W.7, whereby books may be borrowed on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary of the Institute, In addition to its comprehensive sets of literature on cognate subjects, which are not available in specialised libraries, this Library contains an exceptionally extensive collection of works on chemistry. Nine thousand scientific and technical periodicals are received regularly in the Library.All publications added to the Library are recorded in its Weekly Bibliography of Pure and Applied Science, which has a wide circulation among research workers and institutions. Boots ' Booklovers Library.-Under the arrangements made on behalf of Fellows and Associates of the Institute, current subscriptions expired on 1st March. All who wish to continue the use of the Library, or to subscribe de novo, should obtain application forms from the Registrar of the Institute. Members who do not immediately renew their subscriptions to the Library should return to the most convenient branch Library any volume of the Library which they may have in their possession and also their membership tokens.Lewis 's Lending Library.-Any Fellow or Associate who is not already acquainted with this Library of Scientific and Technical books may obtain a copy of the Prospectus from the Registrar of the Institute. A copy of the Catalogue of the Library (revised to December, 1927,with Supplements 1928-30 and 1931-33) is available in the Library of the Institute. A Bi-monthly list of Additions is also issued. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers (IS. zd. each) for binding the Journal in annual volumes, are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required. Arrangements may be made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19,Bishop's Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSon the following terms: buckram cover, IS.zd.; binding, 2s. gd.; postage and packing, gd.; in all, 4s.8d. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A collection of slides, mainly of historical interest, is kept at the Institute for the use 423 of members who are giving lectures. Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As the slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration.The Profession of Chemistry’ ’ (Third Edition, 1g35), will be supplied gratis to any Fellow, Associate or Registered Student, on application to the Registrar. The Annual Chemical Dinner will be held in the Wharncliffe Rooms, Gieat Central Hotel, Marylebone, London, N.W.1, on Thursday, 19th November, 1936, at 7 p.m. for 7.30. Professor A. G. Green, MSc., F.R.S., will be in the chair, and the chief guest will be Sir Gilbert T. Morgan, O.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S. Dancing will follow dinner from about 9.30 p.m. until mid- night. Applications for tickets, with appropriate remittance, should be addressed to F. A. Greene, The Chemical Club, 2, Whitehall Court, London, S.W.1, not later than 14th November. Tickets:-12s.6d. each, for lady or gentleman-including gratuities, but not wines. Institute of Chemistry Benevolent Fund. Founded in rgzo as a memorial to Fellows, Associates and Students who died in the service of their country, 1914-18. Contributions may be forwarded to The Hon. Treasurer, BENEVOLENT OF CHEMISTRY,FUND,INSTITUTE 30, RUSSELLSQUARE,LONDON,W.C.I. LOCAL SECTIONS OF THE INSTITUTE SeCtWnS. Hon. Secr&rk. Aberdeen and North of R. Craven, B.Sc., A.R.C.S., F.I.C., 2, Scotland: Richmondhill Gardens, Aberdeen. Birmingham and Midlands : Garfield Thomas, M.Sc., A.I.C., 38, Kelmscott Road, Harborne, Birmingham. Bristol and South-Western F. P. Hornby, F.I.C., 4, Queen Square,Counties: Bristol, 1. Cape of Good Hope: Dr. William Pugh, B.Sc., F.I.C., The University, Cape Town.East Midlands : C. W. North, B.Sc., A.I.C., Bourne End, Cherry Tree Hill, Chaddesden, Derby. Edinburgh and East of G. Elliot Dodds, A.H.W.C., A.I.C., 30, Castle Scotland: Avenue, Corstorphine, Edinburgh, 12. Glasgow and West of Mr. J. G. Duncan, F.I.C., 10, Barrland Drive, Scotland: Giffnock, Glasgow. Huddersfield: Dr. E. H. Goodyear, A.I.C., Holme Royd, Kennedy Avenue, Fixby, Huddersfield. India : Dr. Edmondson Spencer, F.I.C., Messrs. Bird & Co., Research Dept., Clive Street, Calcutta, India. Ireland (Belfast) : C. S. McDowell, B.Sc., A.I.C., 19, Harberton Avenue, Belfast. ,, (Dublin): Dr. A. G. G. Leonard, F.I.C., 18, Belgrave Road, Dublin. Leeds Area: Dr. H. Burton, M.Sc., F.I.C., The University, Lee&.Liverpool and North- Glynne W. Beaumont, F.I.C., The Harbour- western : master’s Old House, Liverpool. London and South-Eastern R. F. Innes, F.I.C., British Leather Manu- Counties: facturers’ Research Association, 20, St. Thomas Street, London, S.E.l. Malaya : Dr. T. A. Buckley, F.I.C., AgriculturalDepartment, Kuala Lumpur, F.M.S. Manchester and District : Dr. Albert Coulthard, F.I.C., 136, Barlow Moor Road, West Didsbury, Manchester. Newcastle upon Tyne and Dr. W. E. Scott, M.Sc., A.I.C., Rossie House, North-East Coast : Canning Street, Hebburn-on-Tyne. New Zealand: Philip White, B.Sc., A.R.C.S., F.I.C., Dominion Laboratory, Wellington, C. 1, New Zealand. South Wales- Cardiff : Dr. W. Cule Davies, A.I.C., University College, Cardiff. Swansea: R.H. Jones, F.I.C., Glen View, Cae Bryn Avenue, Sketty Green, Swansea. South Yorkshire : Wm. Wall, B.Sc., A.I.C., Bramcote, Harstoft Avenue, Worksop, Notts. ~~ ADVERTISEMENTS. JOURNALAND PRocEED1Nas.-The terms for advertisements in the Journal and Proceedings of the Institute can be obtained on application to the Registrar. Advertisements are subject to the approval of the Publications Committee. No Commission is allowed to Agents.The circulation is over 7600-chiefly to analytical, consulting and technological chemists, professors and teachers of chemistry, and to University and Institution Libraries. The advertisement pages are offered especially to manufacturers of laboratory glassware, porcelain and silica ware, of filter paper, chemical and physical apparatus, balances, microscopes, and laboratory require- ments generally; also to publishers of scientific books and to booksellers.