JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRlTAfN AND IRELAND PROCEEDINGS OF THE COUNCIL Council Meeting 26th April 1946.-Professor H. Krall was appointed District Member of Council for the Overseas Dominions and Elsewhere Abroad for the ensuing twelve months in succession to Mr. J. C. Cowap, who was elected to the Council in this capacity in April 1943 and had thus completed the maximum period of continuous service. The thanks of the Council were expressed to Mr. E. Hinks for his past services on the Joint Committee with the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists on public health matters from which he had retired owing to ill health. @lr.Hinks has since died see pp. 153 158.1 Two of the vacancies among Honorary Corresponding Secretaries were filled by the appointment of Mr.A. F. B. Norwood for Western Australia and Dr. L. I?. McCallum (in place of Mr.A. Lucas deceased) for Egypt. No appointment is to be made in respect of the region formerly designated “Straits Settlements and the Far East” until more settled conditions exist in Malaya. [For list of Honorary Corresponding Secretaries see p. 128.1 Proposed changes in the Local Rules of the Bristol and South-Western Counties Section that had been adopted at a general meeting of the Section received general approval; but the view was expressed that putting the new Rules into effect should be deferred until general questions concerning Section Rules had been discussed at the forthcoming Annual Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections.It was agreed that the Annual Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections should be held on and June 1946,at 10a.m. The Report of the Finance and House Committee (15th April) was received and adopted. The report referred inter alia to:-accounts for payment; investments; staff matters; routine house matters; endowment of memorial lectures. The Council accepted with gratitude an offer by the donors of the Gluckstein Memorial Lecture Fund to increase the Fund by L300 and adopted a proposal that the lectures should be given at intervals of three years during the next 20 years and that thereafter the capital sum should be devoted to the Benevolent Fund of the Institute if the donors or their assigns were in agreement with this course of action in January 1966.It was further agreed that the choice of lecturers should be made by a small committee consisting of the President for the time being of the Institute a Member of the Council of the Institute and a representative of the donors. The Report of the Benevolent Fund Committee (15th April) was received and adopted. The Report referred to a comparison of receipts and expendi- ture to 31st March 1946 with the corresponding figures for 1945; a grant c 1211 for the education and welfare of two children of an Associate who was incapacitated by illness; and the progress of arrangements for enabling children of recipients of regular allowances to secure a summer holiday. The Report of the Nominations Examinations and Institution Committee (29th March) was received and adopted and the candidates recommended for election or re-election to the Associateship or to the Fellowship were duly elected to their respective grades.A suggestion from the Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section that all Associates applying for admission to the Fellowship other than by examination should be interviewed save in exceptional cases at the dis-cretion of the N.E. and I. Committee was referred for consideration to the N.E. and I. Committee. The President was authorised to write to the County Councils Association and the Association of Municipal Corporations drawing attention to the interest of the Institute in the remuneration and conditions of appointment of Public Analysts and referring to memoranda on this subject recently prepared by the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists.Questions raised in connexion with the implementation of the provisions of the White Paper on the Scientific Civil Service were referred to the Appointments and Economic Status Committee. The Report of the Publications and Library Committee (11th April) was received and adopted. The report dealt with future arrangements for the Henderson and Gluckstein Memorial Lectures; the publication of lectures and monographs; proposals relating to wider dissemination of “What Industry owes to Chemical Science”; and the preparation of JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part 11. A Special Committee was appointed to consult with the Ministry of Education (England and Wales) on the development of a proposed new scheme for National Certificates.Consideration of conditions for resumption of the award of the Meldola Medal and the application of the Sir Alexander Pedler Fund was referred to the Special Purposes Committee. From replies received to an enquiry as to the possibility of a branch of the Institute being formed in Germany for the benefit of chemists serving as technical officers with the Control Commission (JOURNAL AND PROCEED-INGS,1946 I 37) it was concluded that this was not practicable at present; the possibility was being borne in mind by the authorities of the Control Commission with a view to reconsideration when conditions improved. The Minutes of the Meeting of the Chemical Council held on 20th February and an abstract of Minutes of the Meeting held on 20th March were received.Professor Findlay was appointed as representative of the Institute on the British Management Council in succession to Dr. F. H. Carr. The Second Interim Report of the Departmental Committee concerned with revision of the Patents and Designs Act was received and the desirability of further consideration being given by the Institute’s Patents Committee to matters arising from the Report was referred to the Chairman of that Committee. Council Meeting 17th May 1946.-Approval was given to proposed alterations in the Rules of the Aberdeen and North of Scotland Section and of the South Wales Section so as to bring the termination of their financial years to 31st December.I1223 It was reported that Mr. A. Taylor had resigned as Honorary Secretary of the South Yorkshire Section owing to his having accepted an appoint- ment in another district and was being succeeded by Mr. G. Murfitt. The Council expressed its thanks to Mr. Taylor for his past services as Honorary Secretary. The Council received from Dr. Pedelty a draft of proposed Rules of the provisional Hull and District Section (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1945 IV 135) and having been informed by the Leeds Area Section and the South Yorkshire Section that their Committees had approved the proposed boundariesof the new Section the Council resolved that the Hull and District Section be formally constituted as a Local Section of the Institute with the boundaries specified in the draft Rules and that the draft Rules be provision- ally accepted subject to such minor modifications as might be agreed follow- ing the discussion of general questions concerning Section Rules at the forthcoming Annual Conference of Honorary Secretaries.Consideration was given to a memorandum by Dr. C. Forrester (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1946 11 93-94) on the re-organisation and development of the Indian Section. The scheme was generally approved on the under- standing that the Council would have an opportunity of examining detailed proposals for the reconstitution of the Indian Section in due course. The. thanks of the Council were expressed to Dr. Forrester for his work in prepar- ing the plans for the future of the Indian Section on lines discussed with the Council during his visit to England in 1945.The Council received from the Honorary Secretary of the Manchester and District Section a report of an analysis of the results of replies to a questionnaire circulated to members of the Section in September 1945 with the request that consideration should be given to the publication of the report and to circulating the questionnaire to other Sections. It was agreed that the report was of considerable interest and that the thanks of the Council be conveyed to the Manchester and District Section for taking the initiative in the matter and for the manner in which the resuIts had been analysed and presented. The report was referred to the Appoint- ments and Economic Status Committee and this Committee was asked to advise the Council on the desirability of publishing the report and of extending the scope of the questionnaire after having given due considera- tion to any discussion of the subject by the Annual Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections.The Report of the Finance and House Committee (17th May) was received and adopted. The report referred inter alia to:-accounts for payment; investments; receipt of a further E3oo from the donors of the Gluckstein Memorial Lecture Fund (see p. 121);staff matters; completion of the work of converting the meeting room at 30 Russell Square into offices; and the schedule of war damage to the Institute’s premises. The Report of the Benevolent Fund Committee (17th May) was received and adopted.The Report dealt with receipts and expenditure; review of two current cases and consideration of two possible new cases; progress of arrangements for summer holidays for children; and a suggestion from a Fellow on the possibility of providing improved accommodation in homes or hostels for old people who were able to make a moderate contribution towards expenses. The Report of the Nominations Examinations and Institutions Committee (26th April) was received and adopted and the candidates recommended for election or re-election to the Associateship or to the c 123 1 E’eilowship were duly elected to their respective grades. The Council also adopted a further Report of the Committee (17th May) submitting recom- mendations on the Report of the Board of Examiners; candidates who had passed the examination for the Associateship or for the Fellowship were duly elected to their respective grades.The Report of the Publications and Library Committee (9th May) was mainly concerned with lectures and monographs for publication; future arrangements for the holding of lectures and the publication of monographs; preliminary consideration of arrangements for the next issue of the Register of Fellows and Associates and of “Official Chemical Appointments” it was agreed that the publication of the Register should take precedence and that consideration be given at the next meeting to questions of the content and lay-out of the Register on which advance decisions were needed.The Report was adopted. The Council received a petition from the Glasgow and West of Scotland Section for approval of a suggestion to hold a Symposium on “Coal Petroleum and their Newer Products” at the University of St. Andrews in July 1947 following the International Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry. The petition was accepted and appreciation was expressed at the Glasgow and West of Scotland Section having taken the initial step in this matter. It was realised however that it would probably be desirable to organise the symposium under the joint auspices of the Scottish sections of the three Chartered Chemical Bodies and to coordinate the arrangements with those for the International Congress; on this broader basis the sym- posium would have a wider appeal to chemists from overseas many of whom would no doubt welcome an opportunity to visit Scotland.The Minutes of a Meeting of the Chemical Council held on 20th March were received and approval was given to the following resolution submitted by the Chemical Council to the Councils of the collaborating bodies:- “As since the agreement for the formation of the Chemical Council a joint subscription scheme for publications has been brought into operation it be resolved that only those societies participating in this scheme shall have a claim to benefit from the funds available for publications.” The Council received a statement on recent proceedings of the British National Committee for Chemistry from Professor J.W. Cook represent- ative of the Institute on the Committee. The statement referred mainly to steps taken to resuscitate the International Union for Chemistry and to arrangements for holding an International Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry in London immediately after the Centenary Celebrations of the Chemical Society which would take place on 15th-17th July 1947. The Council welcomed a suggestion from the Australian Chemical Institute that a meeting of representatives of the Royal Institute of Chemistry and of professional chemical institutes in the Dominions should be arranged in London at the time of the Empire Scientific Conference (June 1946)to consider means of achieving a greater amount of co-operation among them. It was agreed that arrangements should be made for the Officers of the Institute to meet those delegates to the Empire Scientific Conference who were members of the professional chemical institutes in Canada South Africa Australia and New Zealand.Mr. E. J. Vaughan was nominated to represent the Institute at the installation of the Chancellor of the University of Sheffield on 25th June. ACTIVITIES OF LOCAL SECTIONS Aberdeen and North of Scotland.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was heM on 26th April when the following office-bearers were re-elected Chairman. Dr. R. €3. Strathdee; Committee Messrs. 1. E. Bowen (District Member of Council), A. Dargie H. J. Gregson H. G. M. Hardie J. C. Robb and M. J. Robb; Hon. Auditor, Mr. M.J. Robb; Hon.Secretary and Treasurer Mr.D. W. Menzies. The meeting approved of an alteration in the Section Rules whereby the financial year will henceforth end at 31st December instead of 31st March. For a report of the joint meeting of the Scottish Sections at Aberdeen on 24th and 26th May see under “Scotland” below.] Birmingham and MidIands-On 20th March a Section Meeting was held at the Technical College Wolverbampton when a lecture entitled ‘!Nuclear Chemistry” was delivered by Professor M. L. €3. Oliphant F.R.S. About 400 people were present including the Mayor of Wolverhampton and Sir Charles Mander. The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at the University Edmund Street on 27th March and about 40 Members were present. In moving the adoption of the Committee’s Annual Report the Chairman (Mr.Arthur Churchman) referred to the wide scope of the programme which had just been completed. He said that the Committee was very grateful for the efforts of all those who had contributed to the year’s work. The Officers and Committee for 1946147 were elected as follows Chairman Mr. Garfield Thomas; Vice-chairman Dr. H. C. Smith; Treasurer Mr. G. H. Edwards; Secretary Mr. E. M.Joiner; Committee FelZows Mr. T. H. Gant (District Member of Council) Mr. A. Churchman Dr. S. R. Carter Dr. S. H. Jenkins Mr. George King Dr. Maurice Stacey; Assm~utes:Mr. J. H. Bennitt Mr. A. Freeman Mr. F. A. Oliver, Mr. C. W. Yearsley. The new Chairman (Mr. Garfield Thomas) proposed a cordial vote of thanks to Mr. A. Churchman and to the retiring Members of the Committee Dr.L.R. Bishop and Mr. A. W. Evans. Chemical Engineering Cowse 1946.-This Course was held at the University of Birmingham from the 6th to 13th April and was attended by 107 chemists from various parts of the country. About two-thirds of these were resident at University House and the remainder attended the lectures demonstrations and works visits on a daily basis. Lectures were given by Mr. E. Woollatt B.Sc.,A.M.I.Chem.E. A.R.I.C. and each member of the Course received a copy of the printed lecture notes. On Sunday morning a party of the resident members attended Edgbaston Parish Church where Canon S. Blofeld a Fellow of the Chemical Society preached a special sermon. In the afternoon parties visited Bournville the City Art Gallery and the Queen Elizabeth Hospital.A theatre party in the middle of the week helped to preserve the balance of the intellectual fare provided. During the week some of the party visited the Department of Oil Engineering and the Department of Mining in the University and each member of the Course Visited one of the following Works Brothertons Ltd.; W. and T.Avery Ltd.; City Gas Works; Midland Tar Distillers. The Committee desires to acknowledge the very willing and generous co-operation afforded them by all concerned in the arrangements for the Course. Bristol and South-Western Counties-The Section held their first post-war social function on 4th April. This took the form of an informal dinner held at the Grand Hotel Bhtol when Dr. T.Malkin presided over a gathering of 45.The principal guest wasDr. H. J. T. Ellingham who following the dinner gave an address on “Service to Chemistry and Chemists.” After a good discussion Dr. Vanstone proposed the vote of thanks. Cardiff and District.-The Eleventh Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at the Technical College Cardiff on loth May. The following Officers and Members of Committee were elected for the 1946147 session Chairman Mr. W. D. Williams; Hon. Secretary/Treasurer Mr. H. F. Ada-; Hon. Auditor Mr. D. Hicks; Committee,Mr. S. J. H. 0.Chard Dr. N. M.Cullinane Mr. R. G. Minor Mr. L. McGraghan Dr. K. Sames Dr. R. Williams and ex o@io Mr. R. H. Jones (District Member of Council) and Dr. J. H.Quastel F.R.S. (General Member of Council).On 17th May the Section held a joint meeting with the Microchemistry Group of the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists and with the Society of Chemical Industry. In the afternoon by permission of the Directors of Messrs. 11251 SpilIers a party visited the Roath Dock Flour Mills Cardiff and were afforded a most interesting tour of the silos and mills including the laboratory. At an evening meeting held later at University College Cardiff ,the following papers were read “Determination of Cyanide by the Picrate Method a Water-bath Rack for heating simultaneously many tubes of Reactants,’’ by Dr. J. G. A. Griffiths and Mr. J. K. Whitehead; “Some Observations on the Kjeldahl Method for the Determination of Nitrogen,” by Mr. A.E. Beet and “Methods for the Construction of Microchemical Apparatus,” by Mr. R. Belcher. The visiting Group was introduced by Mr. W. D. Williams who then invited Professor H. V. A. Briscoe to take the Chair. Dublin and District.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 27th March with Mr. J. W. Parkes in the Chair. The following were elected to serve as the Committee for the year Messrs. B. G. Fagan W. V.Griffiths A. O’Farrelly H. D. Thornton J. W. Tullo and A. E. Werner. Dr. Leonard’s retirement from the position of Honorary Secretary was accepted with regret and with expressions of appreciation of his long and valued services to the Section. Mr. H. D. Thornton was elected to succeed him. A warm vote of thanks was passed to Mr. J. W. Parkes for his earnest devotion to duty and unfailing courtesy during his term of office as Chairman of the Section.At a subsequent Meeting of the Committee Dr. Leonard was co-opted as member of the Committee and elected Chairman of the Section for the session. East Anglia.-The Section held its first Annual General Meeting since 1941 at the Great White Horse Hotel Ipswich on Saturday 13th April. At this meeting Mr. James Hendry of Ipswich was elected Chairman with no change in the Hon. Secretary- ship or Hon. Treasurership. Dr. F. Briers and Mr. G. H. Whyatt previously filling casual vacancies were re-elected to the Committee and new members elected were Mr. T. P. Dee (Ipswich) Mr. C. Hall (Stowmarket) Dr. G. Swann (Manningtree). The Section discussed a number of matters including the possibility of Cambridge members becoming associated with the East Anglia Section.East Midlands.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 4th April at Derby. The Committee to serve for 1946/47 was elected as follows:-Chairman Mr. S. W. Atherley; Hon. Treasurer Mr. E. M. Bavin; Hon. Secretary Dr. C. Whit- worth; members for DerbyshireMr. R. Davidson Mr. C. W. North Mr. W. Hunter; members for Leicester-Professor L. Hunter Mr. F. C. Bullock; member for Lincoln- Mr. D. A. Campbell; members for Nottingham- Mr. F. C. Ward Mr. E. M. Bavin, Dr. H. H. Barber; member for Loughborough-Dr. G. M. Dyson; co-opted member Mr. G. F. Hall; ex officio (as Members of Council)-Professor J. Masson Gulland Mr. R. W. Sutton. A resolution was passed by the meeting confirming the action of the Committee in agreeing to the alteration of the financial year so that it may terminate on 31st December instead of on 31st March as at present.After the business meeting a lzcture was given by Professor D. H. Hey on “Recent Developments in Endocrinology. [For summary see p. 131.1 Glasgow and West of Scotland.-A meeting of the Committee was held on 6th May in the Royal Technical College when consideration was given to the programme for the forthcoming session. After discussion it was decided to approach Council about the proposed Scottish Symposium suggested to be held in St. Andrews in the summer of 1947. If the Council endorsed the recommendations a committee would be set up under the convenership of Dr.David Traill to put the scheme into operation. [For a report of the joint meeting of the Scottish Section at Aberdeen on 24th and 25th May see under “Scotland” below.] London and South-Eastern Counties.-A Discussion on “Rheology in the Food Industry” was held at a joint meeting with the British Rheologists’ Club on 2nd April in the Royal Society of Arts W.C.2. Dr. E. C. Bate-Smith described the use of rheological methods in the examin.ation of meat; Mr. R. Barry Drew spoke on gelatin jellies; and Mr. J. E. Caffyn referred to and demonstrated many rheological problems arising in the dairy industry. A summary of this discussion has been published in Nature 1946 157 742. A lecture entitled “Recent Advances in Brewing Technology” was given by Dr.J. H. Oliver on 17th April in the Royal Institution W.l. Excellent coloured films were used [ 1261 to illustrate almost every stage and process involved from the reaping of barley to the bottling of beer. “Potash and Crop Production” was the subject of a lecture given by Dr. G. A. Cowie in the Royal Institution on 15th May. [A-summary will be published in the next issue of JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS.] Newcastle upon Tyne and N.E. Coast.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 8th May at King’s College Newcastle upon Tyne under the Chairmanship of Dr. J. H. Jones. The Annual Reports of the Committee and the Hon. Treasurer were received and adopted and Dr. P. L. Robinson and Mr. W. Lawson were reelected Hon. Auditors.The resignation of the Honorary Secretary. Mr. H. E. Blayden was received with regret and Mr.K. H. Jackwas unanimously elected in his place. Professor H. L. Riley Mr. J. Keaton and Mr. W. Marsden were elected to vacancies on the Committee which is constituted as follows for 1946-47:-Chairman Dr. J. H. Jones; Hon. Treasurer Dr. W.M.Madgin; Hon. Secretary Mr. K. H. Jack; Hon. Auditors Dr. P. L.Robinson and Mr. W. Lawson; Committee Mr. M. A. W. Brown Mr. H. E. Blayden (co-opted for one year) Mr. W. G. Carey (ex oficio District Member of Council) Dr. C. W. Gibby Mr. J. Keaton Mr. W. Marsden Professor H. L. Riley and Dr. C. W. Shacklock. The meeting agreed to a review and as appropriate an amendment of the Section Rules. Dr. H. j. T. Ellingham was obliged tapostpone his lecture on “Chemical Metallurgy” arranged for 8th May and Dr.J. H. Jones who had kindly volunteered at short notice to address the Section gave a talk on “The Coal Reserves of Northumberland and Durham” after the business of the Meeting. An animated discussion followed the address. Scotland.-A Joint Meeting of the Scottish Sections of the Royal Institute of Chem-istry the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry was held in Aberdeen on Friday and Saturday 24th and 25th May 1946. A representative company attended to the number of seventy-five. The proceedings opened in the Picture Gallery Marischal College when the company was entertained to tea through the hospitality of Professor H. W. Melville F.R.S. and the University Chemistry Department.Immediately thereafter in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre an address on “Present Trends in Chemical Research” was delivered by Professor E. K. Rideal F.R.S. of Cambridge In a lecture which appealed to a wide range of interests Professor Rideal discussed the ends to be pursued and the means to be employed in research and surveyed the present position in universities industry and Government service. Professor G. F. Marrian F.R.S. of Edinburgh University expressed the thanks of the audience. At the informal dinner in the University Union which followed Professor Melville made a brief speech of welcome and Dr. J. Monteath Robertson F.R.S. of the University of Glasgow replied on behalf of the visitors. On the Saturday morning the meeting divided into two groups for tours by motor coach.The first of these proceeded to the Torry Research Station and the Macaulay Institute for Soil Research while the second visited Stoneywood Paper Mills (hlessrs. Alex. Pine I!% Sons Ltd.) and the Rowett Research Institute. The directors of these establishments had generously made provision for the reception of the parties and for this co-operation the joint meeting owes a debt of gratitude. Following luncheon in the University Union the afternoon was spent in a tour by motor coach of Deeside and the brilliant weather added greatly to the enjoyment of this occasion. The party returned for tea in the Union and to bid farewell to their kindly hosts. It is hoped that such summer meetings will be a feature of the future activities of the societies in Scotland.South Wales.-A very successful meeting of the Section was held on 30th March in the Royal Ordnance Factory Pembrey by the kind invitation of the Superintendent Mr. R. 0. Bishop M.B.E. The meeting combined a visit to part of the Factory chemical plant with a discussion. The visit was arranged for the morning and the members and guests were then entertained at lunch by the Superintendent and his staff. In the afternoon Mr. J. Christie presided over a gathering of about 70 and a discussion on “Technology and its Relation to Labour and Management in Modern Industry” was opened by Mr. R. 0. Bishop. A number of members and guests includ-ing several prominent South Wales technologists participated in the discussion.Mr. D. C. Morgan proposed and Mr. R. B. Southall seconded a vote of thanks to Mr. Bishop for opening the discussion and for the very generous hospitality afforded to the 127 I members and visitors who attended. The success of the meeting has been manifested by the receipt of requests for further discussions on points which were raised. The 28th Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 30th April at the Mackworth Hotel Swansea Dr. L. E. Hinkel presiding. The Annual Report and Financial Statement from the Committee was received and adopted. Officers and Members of the Committee for the ensuing Session were elected as follows Chairman Mr. D. Luther Phillips; Honorary Secretary Mr. E. E. Ayling; Committee Professor J. E. Coates Dr.L. E. Hinkel Messrs. R. 0. Bishop D. C. Morgan J. 0. Samuel and E. Thornton. Messrs. J. W. Adye and M. L. Hughes were elected as Honorary Auditors. Mr. R. H. Jones District Member of Council spoke on Council activities referring especially to the report of the Committee on Revision of Charter and By-laws Scientific Courses National Certificates and the work of the Nominations Examinations and Institutions Committee. A Special General Meeting was held after the Annual Meeting in order to consider a proposed change in the Local Section Rules. It was unanimously decided “that December be substituted for March in rule 16” in order to meet the desire of the Council that Sections should agree on 31st December as a common date of ending their financial years.PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL COUNCIL Abstract of Minutes of the Meeting held on 15th May 1946. 1. It was reported that the Councils of the three Constituent Bodies had also approved the recommendation of the Council in connexion with a modification of the joint subscription arrangements to cover the recently instituted class of junior members of the Faraday Society. 2. The Council were informed that as a result of a further visit of the delegation to Germany a certain number of additional books had been discovered and that these would be incorporated in the list of German books published during the War to be issued by the Chemical Council. 3. Consideration was given to means for avoiding unnecessary clashes in the arrangement of meetings of the three Constituent Bodies and cognate Societies.4. The sum of f1337 12s. 3d. was granted to the Chemical Society towards the maintenance costs of the Library for 1945. 5. Council decided that the ratios for the determination of the proportions of the maintenance costs of the Library to be contributed by the Constituent Bodies should be reviewed this year. 6. Joint Student Facilities under the Joint Subscription Scheme were granted to four applicants. HONORARY CORRESPONDING SECRETARIES East Africa Professor W. D. Raymond BSc. Ph.D. F.R.I.C. Medical Laboratory Dar-es-Salaam Tanganyika. Union of South Africa- Cape Province ( Vucunl). Transvaal James Gray F.R.I.C. P.O. Box 5254 Johannesburg, Transvaal. Rhodesia A. W. Facer B.A, F.R.I.C.Government Analyst’s Laboratory P.O. Box 422 Salisbury Rhodesia. Commonwealthof Australia-New South Wales Thomas Cooksey DSc. Ph.D. F.A.C.I. F.R.I.C.. Board of Health Office Macquarie Street Sydney, S.S.W. I1281 Commonwealth of Australia- Queensland J. B Henderson O.B.E. F.R.I.C. Palardo Private Bag, Miles Queensland. $outh Australia W. A. Hargreaves M.A. B.C.E. DSc. F.R.I.C,. 39 Hackney Road Hackney South Australia. Victoria W. R. Jewell MSc. D.Met. F.R.I.C. State Laboratories Gisborne Street Melbourne C.2. Western Australia A. F. €3. Norwood M.A. BSc. A.R.S.M.. F.R.I.C. G.P.O. Box K.773,Perth. Dominion of Canada- ' British Columbia Robert Boyd B.Sc. A.R.T.C. F.R.I.C. c/o The British Columbia Sugar Refining Co.Ltd. Vancouver. Manitoba Professor M. A. Parker DSc. LL.D. F.K.I.C.. 365 Waverley Street Winnipeg. Nova Scotia W. C. Carter F.R.I.C. 84 Charlotte Street Sydney Nova Scotia. Quebec Bernard Collitt F.C.I.C. F.R.I.C. c/o Messrs. Jenkins Bros. Ltd. 617,St. Remi Street Montreal. Egypt L. F. McCallum F.R.I.C. Chemical Department, Egyptian Government Cairo. British Guiana Captain Howard Nobbs M.Sc. F.R.I.C. Queen's College Georgetown. Empire of India G. J. Fowler D.Sc. F.R.I.C. Central Hotel Bangalore India. Dominion of New Zealand B. C. Aston F.R.I.C. Box 40,G.P.O. Wellington C.1. Sir Thomas H. Easterfield M.A. Ph.D. F.R.I.C. Bronte Street Nelson. W. R. Mummery F.R.I.C. Dairy Research Institute (N.Z.) Box 367 Palmerston North. SUMMARIES OF LECTURES 'UNNITRATABLES' IN BENZOL AND TOLUOL By A.E. EVEREST Ph.D. DSc. F.R.I.C. [Leeds Area Section 11th February 1946.1 The products dealt with were first encountered in large quantity during the 1914-18 war when Borneo Petroleum was used as a source of Toluol. Soon after the outbreak of the second world war it was realised that use would have to be made of low gravity Toluol and Benzol to satisfy war requirements. Materials of this nature were directed to John W. Leitch & Co. Ltd. in order that the Benzol and Toluol content might become available. It was soon found and stressed that unless these fractions were well acid-washed they could not be made use of efficiently and satisfactorily. The problem of their separation in bulk was then tackled.There were found present three separate entities in addition to those removed by the acid wash namely (1)A product in the fraction between Benzol and Toluol which is almost certainly heptane b.p. 98/99' C.; (2) a product which distilled with Toluol even when the range was as close as go C. drop to dry. This product is almost certainly methyl- cyclopentane b.p. 117/120"C.; (3) a product distilling between Toluol and Xylol which has been identified as n-octane b.p. 125/127"C. Nos. 1 and 3 may be separated by systematic fractional distillation provided that fractions are classified by range and gravity and not only by range whilst with No. 2 it is ordinarily necessary to nitrate and then separate from the nitro-body by distillation. Various methods of determining the percentage of Toluol or Benzol left in these un- nitratable hydrocarbons had been introduced by various workers and the laboratories of John W.Leitch & Co. Ltd. have developed a graph which enabled percentage Toluol [ 1291 or Benzol content to be read directly from it on the basis of a specific gravity deter- mination. A small experimental still was used for preliminary fractionations prior to working up bulk. The Government Laboratory gave great assistance in checking results of laboratory and bulk work. An azeotropic method has been evolved by others which enables even the methyl- cyclopentane to be removed from Toluol without nitration (already described in the Journal of the3 Society of Chemical Iladustvy). This method however would probably prove too expensive in plant and materials for ordinary peace-time commercial opera- tion but only time wiIl prove whether this estimate was correct or not.No. 2 product was further stripped by distillation and partial return to the nitration cycle until out-going unnitratables contained under & per cent. Toluol. MICROCHEMJCAL METHODS By L. ELLIS, Ph.D. F.R.I.C. (South Wales Section 14th March 1946.) The great advance in microchemistry associated with Pregl and Emich was facili- tated by the development of the microbalance capable of bearing a maximum load of 20 grams and possessing a sensitivity of 0.001 of a milligram. The balance is extremely sensitive and must be situated with due regard to freedom from vibration and constancy of temperature and humidity.The temperature of the balance room should be controlled thermostatically. In the micro-determination of carbon and hydrogen in organic compounds. Pregl after considerable experiment developed for the combustion tube a filling consisting of a mixture of lead chromate copper oxide silver and Iead dioxide which has proved adequate for almost any substance. Absorption tubes filled with anhydrone for the absorption of water and with soda-asbestos and anhydrone for the absorption of carbon dioxide have proved satisfactory. In the micro-Dumas method for nitrogen the substance is burnt in admixture with copper oxide in a stream of air-free carbon dioxide. The greatest attention must be paid to the supply of carbon dioxide and an apparatus now tending to replace the older methods of obtaining carbon dioxide is a Thermos flask filled with solid carbon dioxide and fitted with a special valve allowing of the maintenance of the pressure at a constant level.In the micro-Kjeldahl method for the estimation of nitrogen in organic com- pounds the Parnas-Wagner apparatus provides a very neat and compact equipment for carrying out the steam-distillation. The micro-centrifuge is a necessary apparatus for general microchemical work and it is often possible to do a series of operations in a single centrifuge tube. The Kramer- Tisdall method for the estimation of calcium in blood-serum may be quoted in this connexion. In micro-gravimetric analysis an Emich fifter-stick is often employed.This is weighed together with a beaker with which it is always associated. The precipitation is carried out in the beaker the filtrate and washings drawn off by mild suction through the filter-stick and after drying the filter-stick and beaker with the retained precipi- tate may be weighed. Beaker filter-stick and precipitate may be dried in a Benedetti- Pichler drying apparatus which permits drying with rapidity and if necessary at a raised temperature. Much microchemical work can be done with a good microscope and crystal tests upon the microscope slide are often of considerable value in inorganic qualitative analysis. The microscope is also useful for the determination of melting-points using a heater stage. The Kofler melting-point stage may be mentioned in this connexion.The temperature is measured by a circular thermometer embedded in the groove of the heating table the crystals being viewed against a dark background by incident light. The Conway micro-diffusion unit has been successfully employed by its inventors for the micro-estimation of ammonia volatile amines urea chloride bromide and carbonate in biological fluids and has also been used for the micro-detection of acetone and alcohol. The unit consists of a circular container having an inner concentric chamber of lower height; the whole can be sealed by a square glass plate and a suitable fixative. The principle of the method is the formation of a volatile reaction product in the outer circular chamber and its subsequent diffusion into and reaction with the reagent in the inner circular chamber.Many quantitative micro-methods depend upon the comparison of a coloured solu- tion against a standard. The ordinary colorimeter which has held the field for so many years is now tending to be replaced by an instrument known as the Spekker [ 1303 Photoelectric Absorptiometer. The “Spekker ” consists essentially of a light source two photo-electric cells and a galvanometer. The two photo-cells are connected in opposition across the galvanometer so that when the photo-electric currents given by the cells are equal the galvanometer shows zero deflection. A complete measurement can be made in less than a minute and the result is independent of the visual judgment of the observer.Another considerable advantage is that there is no need to prepare a standard solution against which to compare every test solution. Standard solutions for a given test are prepared and measured on first use of the instrument and need be checked only after long intervals. A method of analysis which has come very much to the fore since the 1930’s is “chromatography” or chromatographic adsorption analysis. It is based on the discovery of Tswett who poured a solution containing plant pigments through a vertical tube packed with an adsorbent and found that certain constituents of the solution were adsorbed selectively forming horizontal bands down the column. By extruding the chromatogram from the tube and then separating the coloured zones with a knife and eluting with suitable solvents it was found possible to obtain each individual pigment in a separate solution ready for examination.Chromatography has now begun to be widely used in a diversity of fields and many different adsorbents solvents and eluents are available. The separation of the different zones creates some difficulties when the zones are colourless but various devices have been used to overcome this. Examination of the zones in ultraviolet light the use of streak reagents and empirical sectioning of the column may be used. Sometimes coloured derivatives of the solutes may be pre- pared and their solutions subsequently chromatographed. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY By D. H. HEY Ph.D. D.Sc. F.R.I.C. [East Midlands Section 4th April 1946.1 The chemist has made important and fundamental contributions to the develop- ment of the science of Endocrinology not only in the elucidation of the detailed structures of the hormones but also in investigations into their mode of action in the body and in providing synthetic and artificial compounds with hormone-like action for clinical use.Earlier workers centred their attentions on the adrenal and thyroid glands and the main features of the chemistry and physiological action of both adrenaline and thyroxine have been known for some years. More recent develop- ments in the treatment of Addison’s disease include the use of the synthetic compound desoxycorticosterone acetate either by injection or by the method of pellet implantation Hyperthyroidism may now be treated with thiourea thiouracil and similar sulphur compounds which appear to inhibit the formation of thyroxine by the gland.The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland has a variety of functions but the exact constitutions of the various active principles such as the gonadotrophic factor the thyrotrophic factor the growth hormone the adrenotrophic factor and the lactation hormone are not yet known. On the other hand the chemistry of the hormones associated with the gonads and the corpus luteum is known in some considerable detail due mainly to the work of Ruzicka Butenandt Doisy Marrian and others. These hormones which belong either to the cestrane androstane or pregnane series are closely related to the sterols which possess the same tetracyclic structure.The synthesis of testosterone progesterone and estradiol from one of the naturally occurr- ing sterols can be achieved by several alternative methods the first stage in all of these processes being an oxidation to effect the total or partial removal of the side chain attached to the C, carbon atom. Both testosterone and estradiol are generally used in medicine in the form of an ester by intramuscular injection. Testosterone progesterone and estradiol have little activity when administered orally but the synthetic compounds methyltestosterone ethinylandrostenolone and ethinylaestradiol which are androgenic progesterone-like and estrogenic respectively show considerable activity when used orally. In addition to their uses in human subjects many of these compounds also have valuable applications in animal husbandry for purposes of stock breeding and the treatment of sterility.Attempts to increase the yield of milk from cows by the administration of estrogens gave very variable results. The egg laying capacity of hens does not appear to be increased by the administration of cestrogens although a claim has been made that favourable results have been obtained by the use of stilbene. (Estrogenic activity appears to be much less specific than either androgenic or progesterone-like activity and it is therefore in the field of estrogenic compounds that the organic chemist has been most successful in producing synthetic compounds which I131 3 possess genuine hormonal activity.These investigations have been considerably facili- tated by the availability of a relatively simple and rapid method of biological assay. The classical work of Dodds and his collaborators led to stilboestrol hexoestrol and dienoestrol while other workers have produced highly active compounds in the triphenylethylene series. More recently Miescher has reported on some very active estrogenic agents which result from the action of alkali on oestrone at high temper- atures. One such compound to which the name dehydrodoisynolic acid has been given is claimed to be when applied orally the most active estrogen known at the present time. The question of the origin and fate of these sex hormones in the body is one about which comparatively little is known with certainty and the whole subject.abounds in what appear to be contradictions such as the use of estrogens both to suppress and stimulate lactation the occurrence of oestrone in the urine of the stallion and the presence of large quantities of pregnandiol in the urine of the bull.These are subjects which call for much further investigation. CHEMISTRY IN INDUSTRIAL FUEL CONTROL By J. BANKS, A.H.-W.C. A.R.I.C. M.1nst.F. [South Yorkshire Section 6th April 1946.1 The shortage of fuel has necessitated strict technical supervision of the use of all types of fuel. The following chemical and technological methods have been used to assist in efiecting economies in the Iron and Steel Industry. Chemical analysis and other tests have been used to select coals for specific purposes.Average results for all grades taken over 12 months were obtained with respect to moisture ash volatile matter sulphur calorific value B.S.I.swelling number ash fusion point and size analysis. The results were compared with the properties known to be best for various operations and the coals corresponding most closely to the ideal allocated to the respective plants. In this way the best possible use was made of available supplies for pulverised fuel furnaces under-feed stokers gas producers boilers and reheating furnaces. Opencast coals were first analysed and the plant best suited to burning them was then selected. Blending must be carefully controlled in order to obtain a satisfactory mix especially with regard to ash fusion point.Gas producer control is achieved largely by physical observations (e.g. blast satura- tion temperature) each bearing strongly on the chemicai reactions in the fuel bed; the quality of the gas is verified by the usual analysis. Waste gas analysis has been used to control both solid and gaseous fuel firing. Coal firing whether by hand or machine can be controlled to give 14-17 per cent. COf in the waste gases and an oxygen-free atmosphere can be produced without black smoke by using secondary air. Furnace atmospheres are adjusted to give conditions which minimise scaling by analysing samples in the Orsat apparatus under different air gas and damper settings until the best conditions are ascertained. Boiler combustion is controlled by the Orsat apparatus to give about 12 per cent.COz and feed water treatment is also subjected to close control. The methods used are very simple but have aided fuel economy and also improved the quality of the products. PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF VEGETABLE DEHYDRATION By W.J. MURPHY, BSc. A.R.I.C. [South Yorkshire Section 6th April 1946.1 During the war dehydrated vegetables served to supply the needs of the fighting services while at the same time economy in shipping space was effected. Vegetables are dehydrated with due regard to their freshness and variety. Root vegetables are prepared by peeling using the abrasion power-driven peeler. In the U.S.A. lye-peeling and radiant heat-peeling are also utilised. Leafy vegetables are trimmed to remove dirty damaged or diseased leaves.Cabbages have their cores removed by means of a coring machine. The prepared vegetables are then subdivided; root vegetables being either diced or stripped and leafy vegetables shredded. Spinach, however is generally dried in the whole state. The vegetables axe next blanched or scalded. This coasists in subjecting them to a temperature of 212O F. either by immersion in boiling water or exposure to a I 1323 copious supply of steam. Blanching arrests enzymic deterioration of the vegetables during subsequent drying. The blanched vegetables are placed on trays which are loaded into trolleys. The trolleys loaded with wet vegetables are introduced through a door at one end of the drying tunnels and the dried vegetables removed through a similar door at the other end.The drying period may vary from six to nine hours. The drying tunnels used are of the forced draught type. In this country steam is the main source of heat but in the USA. natural gas and oil are also used. In the dehydration of vegetables it is necessary to lower the moisture content far enough to ensure that the dried product will not undergo appreciable decomposition and spoilage under subsequent storage conditions. APPLICATIONS OF POLAROGRAPHY TO METAtLURGfCAL ANALYSIS By G. W.C. MILNER M.Sc. A.R.I.C. [South Yorkshire Section,5th April 1946.1 Polarography is a physical method of analysis having applications in many fields of analytical chemistry and it is now successfully applied to simplify methods of metallurgical analysis.It is a method of electrolysis in which the electrodes consist of mercury-the anode is generally a large unpolarised pool of mercury whilst the cathode consists of a slow stream of small droplets of mercury which can be easily ' polarised. The technique of the method is to apply a gradually increasing voltage across the electrodes to measure the small diffusion current flowing to the cathode corresponding to each voltage and then to plot a graph of current in microamperes against the applied voltage in volts. A sudden increase in current is obtained only when the applied voltage reaches a value at which some reducible substance in the solution reacts at the mercury cathode. The graph (polarogram) obtained for this substance under suitable conditions is an Sshaped curve the height of which is a function of the concentration of the reacting substance and the potential corresponding to the point of inflection of the curve (half wave potential) is characteristic of the nature of the reacting material.This is the basis of quantitative and qualitative poIarog,raphic analysis. Instruments are now available for recording these current-voltage curves auto- matically and a pen recording instrument hasbeen found very suitable forroutineanalysis. The following examples of determinations in metallurgical analysis to which the polarographic method has been applied with advantage show that a polarograph is now an essential part of the equipment of any modern metallurgical laboratory. (1) Copper and Lead in Steel.-The steel is dissolved in hydrochloric acid and the carbides taken into solution with a small amount of potassium chlorate.Ferric iron is reduced to the ferrous state by using hydrazine hydrochloride after buffering the solution with sodium formate. A single recording gives polarograms for the copper and lead in the steel with half wave potentials of -0.25 volts and -0.46 volts with respect to the mercury pool anode. (2) Copper Base Alloys: (a)Lead.-A sodium sulphite solution is added to the solution of the copper base alloy in nitric acid to help to reduce copper to the cuprous state and to remove dissolved oxygen. The polarographic interference of copper is removed by forming the stable cupro-cyanide complex. Addition of sodium hydroxide solution dissolves the lead sulphite and an excellent polarogram for lead is then obtained with a half wave potential of -0.2 volts against the mercury pool anode.This curve has been used for determining directly from 0-1per cent. to 25 per cent. of lead in brasses bronzes bearing metals etc. (b) Nickel.-Similarly nickel gives a well-defined polarogram in alkaline cyanide media with a half wave potential of -0.7 volts against the mercury pool anode. This curve has been used for the determination of nickel in aluminium bronzes cupro-nickels tin bronze and brasses. (3) Aluminium Alloys: (a)Led-The lead polarogram in a nitric acid medium in the presence of the aluminium is used after reducing iron to the ferrous state with hydroxylamine hydro- chloride and precipitating copper as cuprous thiocyanate.The method is extremely sensitive for traces of lead. (b) Zim-The zinc curve in sodium hydroxide solution is used in the presence of the aluminium. Copper iron and nickel are precipitated and removed by centrifuging and filtration during the procedure. (4) Zinc Die Cmting AIJoys.-Methods have now been developed for the rapid detarmination of traces of iron copper lead tin and cadmium in zinc base alloys. r 1333 ANNOUNCEMENTS Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize I946.-Registered Students are informed that the Council will be prepared to consider the award in January 1947 of a Medal and Prize (610 10s.) for the best essay not exceeding 3000 words contributed by a Registered Student of not more than 22 years of age at the time of fomarding the essay The essay may deal with any subject having a bearing on chemistry or chemical work provided that it does not deal with any purely chemical technical or historical subject.The object of the essay is to induce Students to develop a sense of professional public spirit and to devote thought to questions of professional interest and to the position of chemists in the life of the community. Essays will be valued partly for literary style and technique but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein. (See the comments of one of the Assessors for the 1945 competition p. 136.) Each essay must be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the Local Section in the area of which the competitor resides (ses list of Local Sections at the end of the Journal) not later than 31st December 1946 and must be accompanied by a signed declaration that it is the independent work of the contributor.The Committee of eachhcal Section will be asked to select from those received not more than three essays considered to be worthy of the award. The selected essays will be referred to Assessors appointed by the Council on whose report the Council will decide whether and to whom an award shall be made. The award will not be made more than once to any individual com- petitor. The Medal and Prize will be presented at the next Annual General Meeting or at a meeting of the Local Section to which the successful competitor is attached. “What Industry Owes to Chemical Science.”-The Third Edition of this book consisting of articles contributed by over fifty authors selected by the Publications Committee of the Institute and published at the beginning of the year (see JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1946 I 49 68),has been widely welcomed.A limited number of copies is still available and members are reminded that profits derived from the sale of the book will be devoted entirely to the Benevolent Fund. Orders accompanied by remittance for 18s. (by post 18s. 6d.) should be sent to the Publishers Messrs. W. Heffer & Sons,Ltd. 3-4 Petty Cury Cambridge and not to the Institute. Institute Courses in “Oils and Fats” and “Spectroscopy” at the University of Liverpool.-Applications for admission to these courses for which detailed arrange- ments have been made by the Liverpool and North-Western Section have been some- what in excess of the places available.Both courses will run from 9th to 13th July 1946 but it is particularly desired that all those to whom places have been allotted will attend the preliminary social meeting at 5.30 p.m. on 8th July when the programs of the courses will be explained and members can meet at dinner. Other Post-Graduate and Specialised Courses.-The Publications and Library Committee welcomes advance information on such courses that are being arranged in various parts of the country and will endeavour to publish announcements of them in AND PROCEEDINGS. the JOURNAL Particulars of the following courses have been received:-Post-graduate Lectwres on Chemistvy at Acton Technical College Three groups of 12 lectures each covering the following topics (1) 13th September to 29th November 1946-Modern Methods in Organic Chemistry; Some Aspects of Terpene Chemistry; The Organic Chemistry of Sulphur (2) 6th December 1946 to 7th March 1947-The Amino-acids; The Chemistry of Proteins and Enzymes; Steroid Hormones (3) 14th March to 6th June 1947-Some Recent Developments in Analytical Chemistry; Preparation and some Applications of Organo-Metallic Compounds; Modern Theories of Electrolytic Solutions.The three sections of the course can be taken separately. Particulars and registra- tion forms may be obtained from the Principal Acton Technical College High Street Acton London W.3. Post Graduate Lectures on Chemistvy at South-East Essex Technical College One to three lectures on each of the following topics 8th October to 10th Decemhr 1946- The Mechanisms of Enzyme Action; The Chemistry of Acetylenic Compounds; Some Modern Aspects of Structural Chemistry; Some Aspects of Surface Chemistry; The Use of Tracer Elements.14th January to 18th March 1947-Free Radicals; Mould Metabolic Products; Chemi-luminescence; Modern Methods in Analytical Chemistry. Particulars from the Clerk to the Governors South-East Essex Technical College tongbridge Road Dagenham Essax. 1134 J Summer School in X-ray Cvystallografihy at Cambridge In the Department of Mineralogy and Petrology and in the Cavendish Laboratory University of Cambridge from 2nd to 13th September 1946. Syllabuses and form of application for admission may be obtained from the Secretary Board of Extra-Mural Studies Stuart House, Cambridge to whom the completed application form should have been returned by 1st July 1946.Special Course on the Chemistry and Microscopy of Food Drugs and Water at Chetsea Polytechnic Lectures and practical work based on the syllabus of the examination for the F.R.I.C. Branch E extending over two complete sessions on Mondays and Thurs- days at 6-9 p.m. beginning Monday 23rd September 1946. Particulars from the Principal Chelsea Polytechnic Manresa Road London S.W.3. Congress of Industrial Chemistry Paris 1946.-The Congress has been arranged by the SociM de Chimie lndustrielle on 22nd-28th September 1946. British chemists contemplating submitting papers or attending the meetings may obtain further particulars from the ofices of the SociCt6 de Chimie Industrielle 28 Rue Saint- Dominique Paris 7e.Aberdeen Scientific Film Club A Correction.-In the article on Scientific Films and the work of the Scientific Film Association in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1946,II the address of the Secretary of the Aberdeen Scientific Film Club should have been given as 12. Irvine Place Aberdeen. NOTES Personal,-The first part of the Birthday Honours list contained the names of a number of Fellows and Associates as follows:- Knights Bachelor (Kt.)- William Thomas Griffiths D.Sc. F.Inst,P, Fellow. Harry Jephcott M.Sc. (Lond.) Fellow. Arthur John Griffiths Smout Fellow. Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (C3.E.)- William Aethelbert Damon BSc.M.I.Chem.E. Fellow. William Edward Garner D.Sc. F.R.S. Associate. Reginald Patrick Linstead M.A. D.Sc. A.R.C.S. D.I.C. F.R.S., Fetlow. Albert Parker D.Sc. M.I.Chem.E. Fellow. OBcer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (0.B.E.)-Military Division Wilfred John Copenhagen Fellow. Civil Division Charles Mills Cawley MSc. Ph.D, A.R.C.S. Fellow. Cyril Alexander Frank Hastilow M.Sc. B.Comm. FeElou~. Ernest Stephen Hawkins BSc, A.R.C.S. Fellow. Duncan MacDougall A.R.T.C. Fellow. William Harold Juggins Vernon Ph.D. DSc. Fellow. Com@anionof the Imperial Service Order (I.S.0.)-Leonard William Raymond B.A. BSc. A.R.C.S. Associate. Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (MJ3.E.)-David Nealy M.Sc.Associate. Professor Sir Robert Robinson P.R.S. Feltow is to receive the honorary degree of DSc. in the University of Sheffield at the installation of Lord Harewood as Chancellor of the University on 26th June. Dr G. M. Bennett Fellow Government Chemist has been selected as one of the members of the Royal Commission which has been set up under the chairmanship of Lord Justice Cohen to determine what awards should be paid to inventors in respect of the use of their inventions etc. by Government departments during the war. Dr. H. B. Nisbet Member of Council Lecturer in Fuel Technology in the Heriot- Watt College Edinburgh has been appointed to the Chair of Chemistry in the college. Mr. Harry Brindle Fellow at present Senior Lecturer in Pharmacy Manchester University has been appointed Professor of Pharmacy as from 29th September.L 135 1 Dr. C.I,.Wilson FeZZow has been appointed Professor of Chemistry at Notre Dame university Indiana U.S.A. He was formerly Lmturer in Chemistry at University College London and during the war held various industrial appointments. Dr. N. Booth FeZZow Principal Scientific Officer of the Gas Research Board has been appointed Research Manager to the British Oxygen Co. Ltd. Mr. R. J. Hannay Fellow has been appointed Dyestuffs Adviser to the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers as from 6th August 1946. Dr. E.A. Rudge FeZZow has been appointed Principal of the West Ham Municipal Technical College. Mr.P. H. Carpenter C.I.E. O.B.E. Fellow has retired from the post of Chief Scientific Officer to the Indian Tea Association which he has held for many years and has now returned to England from Assam. Mr. L. W. Raymond I.S.O. Associate has retired from the post of Government Chemist Zanzibar and has recently returned to England. Mr. A. C. Brooks Associate of the Department of Chemistry Singapore is now in Dublin after release from internment in the Far East. Mr. G. T. Foxlee Associate has recently returned to England from Tientsin China. Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize 1945.-The Medal and Prize for 1946 was awarded to Miss Freda Burton a Registered Student residing in the South Yorkshire Section. The competition attracted more interest among students than in recent years and ten essays dealing with a wide variety of subjects were submitted.The following comments by one of the Assessors are recorded for the guidance ofcandidates in future competitions. (See announceme‘nt on p. 134.) “I would call attention to the curious yet widespread belief that the writing of essays necessarily involves indulgence in rhetoric This is not so bad when the essay writer is a skilled rhetorician (or should it be rhetorist?). But in the hands of youthful writers it serves solely to give the impression of woolly thinking and muddy writing. When there is added to it as in some of these essays an inclination to use words of which the exact meaning is not known the writer is unlikely to qualify for a prize. One candidate for example twice uses the word ‘nonentity’ in the sense of ‘a thing of no importance.’ This may be current in the candidate’s area but it hasn’t the sanction of the O.D.Another writes ‘inaugeration,’ while from another we have ‘to whit.’ The last candidate also begins a sentence with the words ‘Is the chemist and his fellow scientists entitled . . If candidates would pay a little more attention to grammar and worry less (or not at all) about purple patches they might at least achieve clarity and to this virtue in writing almost every other is added without the taking of thought. “I cannot but fear that these young people are among the thousands of victims of over-specialisation in that their heads are so full of chemistry that they have no time for that kind of reading upon which alone a good style can be based and that can guarantee at least an inoffensive one.If they would read the books so often recalled to our minds by the editorials in ‘Chemistry and Industry’-the writings of Lamb, Hazlitt and Stevenson and ,particularly Swift among others-even without troubling to analyse the way in which the master handles English grammar and syntax they could absorb unconsciously into their own systems some of the mastery of these writers and they would make a better job of the Frankland essay.” The Chemical Society.-At the 105th Annual General Meethg of the Society held in Birmingham on 25th April the following were elected Officers for the ensuing year President Professor C. N. Hinshelwood M.A. Sc.D. F.R.S.;Hon.Treasurer Mr. F. P. Dunn B.Sc. F.R.I.C.; Hon. Secretaries Professor D. €3. *Hey D.Sc. F.R.I.C. Dr. J. L. Simonsen,F.R.I.C. F.R.S. and Professor W. Wardlaw D.Sc. F.R.I.C. At the Anniversary Luncheon of the Society on 25th April the Institute was represented by Dr. J. L. Simonsen F.R.S. Member of Council. Celebrations of the Centenary of the foundation of the Chemical Society postponed in 1941 will take place on 1Sth-l’lth July 1947. International Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry London 1947.-Arrange-ments are being made for the Congress which had to be postponed in 1941 to be held in Londonin July,1947 immediately following the Centenary Celebrations of the Chemicai Society. E 1361 British Industries fair I947.TF.e first post-war British Industries Fair is to be held in May 1947 in three sections at Earl’sCourt and Olympia London and at Castle Bromwich.Atomic Sclenclsts’ Assoclat1on.-A body to be called the Atomic Scientists’ Associa- tion has been formed in London to provide a forum for the discussion among scientists of the scientific social and international problems arising wt of the release of atomic energy. Storage of Penicillh-The Ministry of Supply has issued the folfodfig statmat The penicillin now produced in the United Kingdom is usually of such potency’ and of such other characteristics that it can be stored satisfactorily for 12 months under cool DRY conditions at a temperature not exceeding 15’ C. (60” Fahr.). A dry cellar is suitable for this purpose. If readily available refrigerated storage should still be generally used.Anhydrous preparations such as lozenges and ointments made with a greasy base may be stored in a similar manner and patients should be advised accordingly. Refrigerated storage is necessary for aqueous preparations such as creams. Patients should be advised to keep penicillin creams in a cool place under which conditions they may be regarded as effective for one week. Solutions for injection should be used within 48 hours of preparation and while awaiting use should be stored at a temperature not exceeding 4O C. (40’ Fahr.). BENEVOLENT FUND Payment of Annual Subscriptions under Deed of Covenant The Benevolent Fund Committee desires to draw attention to the arrangement whereby a contributor to a “charity” who is liable to United Kingdom Income Tax can give increased assistance to the charity by spreading his donations over seven years using the procedure for “covenanted” annual subscriptions.Under this arrangement the contributor signs a Deed of Covenant promising to pay to the Fund on or about a specified date in each of seven successive years- either A a specified sum Zess the income tax on that sum at the standard rate in force when that particular payment falls due; cw 6 a specified net sum. On receipt of each payment under the Deed the Hon. Secretary’ to the Fund sends to the contributor a copy of an Inland Revenue form (Certificate of deduction of Income Tax)for signature and return. On this authority the Benevolent Fund Committee is then enabled to recover from the Board of Inland Revenue an amount of tax such that the total extent to which the Fund benefits (Ax) as a result of an actual payment of 15y by the contributor at a time when the standard rate of income tax is t shillings in the L is given bG=r/(l -t/20).Under a o type A the gross amount (x) is specified in the Deed and is constant throughout the seven year period whilst the actual payment (y) to be made by the contributor in a given year depends on the standard rate of income tax at the time when that payment is due. Thus if t = lOs,y =x/2; but if t = 95 y = Ilx/20. Under a Deed of type B the actual annual payment (y)by the contributor is specified in the Deed and remains constant throughout the seven year period whilst % will change from year to year if there is any alteration in the standard rate of income tax.Thus, if t = lOs x = 2y; but if t = 9s x = 2Oy/ll. Forms for the two types of Deed marked A and B respectively are printed on op-posite sides of a leaflet so that each contributor may select the type that best suits his convenience. It should be noted that with type 6 where the actual annual payment remains constant irrespective of any changes in the standard rate of income tax the contributor may arrange for these payments to be made by Bankers’ Order. On the other hand it will be appreciated that execution of a Deed of type A ensures that the benefit to the Fund will be maintained in spite of any decrease that may occur in the standard rate of income tax.Unless the contributor states otherwise it will be assumed that payments made under Deed of Covenant are to be treated as subscriptions for current purposes and not as donations for Capital Account. Those who decide to contribute to the Fund under Deed of Covenant are reminded that they should amend appropriately any Bankers’ Order previously given in respect of annual payments. c 137 1 EXAMINATIONS MARCH I946 ABSTRACT OF THE REPORT OF THE BOARD OF EXAHINERS Examinations were held as under Entered. Passed. For the Associateship in General Chemistry. Examiners :Dr. G. M. Bennett and Professor William Wardlaw. The examination was held in the week commencing Monday 1st April at the Institute and in the Laboratories of the University of London South Kensington and at the University of Manchester ; some theoretical papers being taken in other centres .... .. .. .. .. 77 32* For the Fellowship. The examinations were held in the week commencing Monday 8th April at the Institute and in the Laboratories of the University of London South Kensington except where otherwise stated. Branch A :Inorganic Chemistry. With special reference to the Co-ordination Compounds of Metals and Inorganic Stereochemistry. Examiner Professor W. Wardlaw .. .. .. 1 1 With special reference to the Analysis of Steei ‘md Steelwork Materials including Refvactmies and Slags. Examiner Professor C. W. Dannatt. At The Royal School of Mines. .. .. .. .. .. 1 1 Branch B Physical Chemistry with special reference to Contact Catalysis.Examiner Professor R. G. W. Norrish assisted by Dr. F. S. Dainton. At the University Chemical Laboratory Cambridge .. .. 1 0 Brunch C Organic Chemistry. Examiner Dr. G. M.Bennett .. .. .. .. .. 6 3 With special reference to High Polymers. Examiners Dr. G. M.Bennett and Dr. E. H. Farmer .. 1 1 Branch E The Chemistry including Microscopy of Food and Drugs and of Water. Examiners Dr. H. E. Cox and Dr. C. H. Hampshire ,. .. 9 6t Branch G Industrial Chemistry. General Examiner Mr. €3. W. Cremer. With special reference to Coal Gas Manufacture. Examiner Mr. H. J. Hodsman. At the University of Leeds . . *. .. .. .. 1 1 With special ye ference to Industrial Water Treatment. Examiner Mr. G. W. Hewson.In the Laboratories of the London Power Co. Battersea Power Station ,. .. .. .. .. .. .. -1 1 -98 45 * Two candidates completed their examination by satisfying the Examiners in those parts in which they had previously failed. t Two candidates failed in part only of the examination and 1 completed the examination by satisfying the Examiners in those parts in which he had previously failed. EXAMINATION FOR THE ASSOCIATESHIP IN GENERAL CHEMISTRY MONDAY 1st APRIL 1946 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Answer FIVE qmstions only. Answer concisely and to the point. Give formula and equations where possible.) 1. Outline historically the development of our views on the nature of the atom and the molecule. 2. Discuss features of interest in the chemistry of the halogens.3. Give THREE examples of substances which show a transition point and in EACH case describe how this transition point may be determined experimentally. 4. Write a general account of concentration cells. Calculate the E.M.F. of a concentration cell containing N/100and N/1000solutions of thallous nitrate at 25O given that the activity coefficients of thallous nitrate in these solutions are respectively 0.92 and 0.98 and that the transport number of the nitrate ion is 0.483. (RTIF. In x at 25' = 0.059 log x.) 5. Give an account of the commoner complex cyanides indicating some of the practical applications of their properties. 6. Write an essay on the use of isotopic indicators in chemistry. 7. Describe the methods of preparation and the chemical properties of FOUR Of the following substances :-potassium cobaltinitrite sodium tetrathionate silicon tetrachloride sodium percarbonate uranyl nitrate hexamminocobaltic chloride.2 to 5 p.m. (Answer FIVE questions only. Answer concisely and to the point. Give formula and equatims where possibk.) 1. Give an account of the inert gases of the atmosphere mentioning their import- ance to chemical theory. 2. Describe methods by which the solubility product of a salt may be measured. Give examples of the utility of this concept in analytical chemistry. 3. Discuss the absorption of light from a chemical standpoint. 4. Compare the chemical behaviour of the more important compounds of sulphur, selenium and tellurium.5. Write an essay on the structures of co-ordination compounds containing a 4co-ordinated metal atom. 6. By reference to suitable examples discuss the phenomenon of thermal dissocia- tion. 4.5 grams of phosphorus pentachloride were completely vaporised at 250°C. and the vapour occupied 1.7 litres at 1 atmosphere pressure Calculate the degree Of dissociation of the pentachloride at this temperature. (P = 31.0; C1 = 35.5.) 7. Write notes on any TWO of the following:- (a) the addition reactions of carbon monoxide with metals (b) allotropic forms of elements (c) the element of atomic number One. TUESDAY 2nd APRIL 1946 10 a.m. to 1 9.m. (Answer FOUR questions only. Answer conciseZy and to the point.Give formula and equations where possibte.) I. How is acetone produced on an industrial scale ? Explain the reactions which acetone undergoes with each of the following substances indicating the necessary conditions and any other reagents required :-(a) benzaldehyde; (b) bromobenzene; (c) @-bromopropionicester; (d) acetylene; (e) acetone itself. 2. Indicate briefly by means of formulae and equations how the following substances may be conveniently prepared from phenol :-(a) chloropicrin; (&) p-hydroxyacetophenone; (c) pimelic acid (d) p-dmitrobenzene; (8) adipic acid; (f) aurin; (g) p-hydroxybenzene-sl;o-~phtbaIene. c 1391 3. Explain what is meant by the terms “prototropy,” “anionotropy” and “meso-merism,” giving examples.What experimental evidence makes it possible to decide which of these three phenomena a given substance displays? 4. Give a general account of the stereochemistry of the organic compounds of sulphur. 5. How can an aldohexose be converted into (a)its related mono- and di-carboxylic acids (b) a hexitol (c) a pentose (d)a heptose? Show how the configuration of glucose has been demonstrated. (You are not expected to discuss the nature of the oxide ring.) 6. Give the more important methods available for the synthesis of pyrrole and its derivatives. Describe the characteristic properties and behaviour of these compounds. In what respects do they show resemblances to aromatic substances? How can pyrrole be converted into (a) an open-chain compound (a) a pyridine derivative (c) a strong cyclic base? 7.Explain from both the practical and the theoretical points of view the special reactivity displayed by each of the following substances :-(a) 2 :4-dinitrochlorobenzene; (b) 2 :4-dinitrotoluene; (c) ethyl benzoylacetate; (6) quinaldine; (e) phthalimide; (f) 2 :3:4-trinitrotoluene. 2 to 3.30 p.m. Translation of French and German technical literature. WEDNESDAY 3rd APRIL 1946 10 a.m. to 4.30 P.m. (Lengthy descriptions of practical work we not required. Make concise notes of your experiments as they are made and wkre possible in tabular form. Stale your$nd con-ctzcsions clearly.) 1. Determine the number of grams of glucose present in 1 litre of solution (A).Pure sucrose and Fehling ’s or Benedict’s solutions are provided. 2. Identify the substance (B). [(B) = ethyl oxamate OR ethyl carbarnate.] THURSDAY 4th APRIL 1946 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. (Lengthy descriptions of practical work are .not required Make cortcise notes of your experiments as they are made and where possible in tabular form. State your final con-CEUSiOnS ckariy.) 1. Separate the two substances present in the mixture (C),make two derivatives of each and identify them. Leave specimens of the pure components and of all the derivatives each labelled with its name and m.p. or b.p. [(C) = o-cresol and p-chloroaniline; OR p-cresol and o-chloroaniline.] 2. Identify the substance (D). I‘D) = calcium citrate or sodium tartrate.] FRIDAY 6th APRIL.1946 10 a.m. to 4.30 P.m. 1. The solution (E) contains nickel and ammonium sulphates. Determine the weight of nickel gravimetrically by dimethylglyoxime and volumetrically by standard potassium cyanide solution. Express your resuits as grams of nickel per. fitre of solution (E). Decinormal silver nitrate solution is provided and approximately decinormal potassium cyanide solution. 2. Examine the solid (F)and ascertain its constituents. [(F)= carborundum and carbon.] These exercises must bc completed to-day. SATURDAY 6th APRIL 1046 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. The solution (G) contains potassium antimony tartrate. Using the pure potassium bromate provided prepare a decinormal solution and use it to determine the number of grams of antimony in one litre of solution (GI.Also estimate the antimony in solution (G) by means of the approximately decinormal solution of chloramine-T provided Solid arsenious oxide is available for the standardisation of the chloramine-T solution. 2. Identify the salt (H). [(H)= sodium hydrbsulphite (Hydros).] l1403 EXAMINATIONS FOR THE FELLOWSHIP Branch A Inorganic chemistry with special reference to the Analysis of Steel and Steelworks Materials including Refractories and Slags MONDAY 8th APRIL 1946 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Not move thm FOUR questions to be attempted.) I. Give a brief account of the effect ofslag composition in the refining of iron by the acid and basic open-hearth processes. 2. Discuss the problem of desulphurisation in open-hearth steel making with particular reference to the "manganese reaction." 3. Chemical reactions are governed by physico-chemical laws. What are your views on the application of such laws to the selection of an analytical procedure? 4. Discuss briefly the modern views respecting the structure of silicates. 5. How are the boron hydrides prepared? Give a brief account of their properti- and structures. 6. Give a short account of ONE of the following:- (a) Metallic carbonyls ; (b) The interaction of elemental fluorine with other elements (c) Atomic hydrogen atomic oxygen and atomic nitrogen. 7. Write a short essay on ONE of the following:- (a) Modern methods for the determination of atomic weights; (b) Co-ordination compounds; (c) Corrosion of metallic surfaces.2 to 6 p.m. (Not move than FOUR questions to be utkmpted.) 1. What is your opinion of the value of pohrographic methods in the analysis Of steel works materials? 2. Discuss criticallyD the methods which are commonly employed for the determina- tion of sulphur in various types of steel. 3. Outline in reasonable detail the method you would recommend for the complete analysis of a chrome-magnesia brick. 4. How would you propose to carry out a determination of ferrous iron in an open-hearth furnace slag and what degree of accuracy would you expect to attain? 5. Give a brief account of the procedure you would advise for the sampling and complete analysis of a small consignment of ferro-silicon.6. Discuss the possible applications of micro-chemical methods to steel works analysis. 7. How would you make a complete analysis of a bearing metal which is intended for the support of a heavy-duty roll? TUESDAY to FRIDAY 9th to 12th April 1946 10 a.m. to 6 P.m. each day. So far as time permits make complete analyses of the THREE samples (A) (B) (C). [(A) = ferro-vanadium; (B) = basic slag; (C) = alloy cast iron.] Determine the principal constituents of sample (D). [(D) = phosphor-bronze.] Branch A Inorganic Chemistry wlth special reference to the Co-ordination Compounds of Metals and Inorganic Stereochemistry MONDAY 8th APRIL 1946:. 10 a.m. to 1 P.m. (Answer FOUR questions only.) 1. Explain with illustrative examples the principles underlying the classical methods of determining atomic weights.How far is it possible to check and revise chemical atomic weights by purely physical methods ? 2. Give a general account of the electronic theory of valency and show how it has 3. Write an account of EITHER (a)basic salts OR (b)defect lattices. 4. Comment upon the use of the following substances as solvents in chemical elucidated dscult problems of constitution in the field of inorganic chemistry. L 141 1 reactions (a) hydrogen fluoride (b) liquid ammonia (c) liquid sulphur dioxide. 5. Describe and discuss the types of evidence employed in fixing the structure of compounds of 6-co-ordinated metals. 6. Write an essay on “CompIex formation in reIation to analytica1 chemistry.” 2 to 5 p.m.(Answer THREE questions onZy.) 1. Illustrate the applications of measurements of (a) dipole moments and of (b) magnetic susceptibilities to the elucidation of the structure of inorganic molecules. 2. Discuss the stereochemistry of 4-covalent metal atoms. 3. Write an account of the metallic carbonyls and related compounds. 4. Give some account of the chemistry and theorks of the structure of boron hydrides. 5. Write an essay on EITHER (a) disproportionation in inorganic compounds OR (b) nuclear chemistry. 6. Discuss the present status of the co-ordinate link. TUESDAY 9th APRIL 1946 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Investigate the reaction between ethylene thiourea and cuprk nitrate in accordance with the detailed scheme given to you.2. Make a qualitative examination of the inorganic compound (A) and report on it. [(A) = iodine trichloride.] These exercises must be completed to-day. WEDNESDA Y to FRIDAY 10th to 12th APRIL 1946 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Benzoinoxime is one of a number of organic reagents employed in the detection and estimation of metals. The copper derivative discovered by F. Feigl is a deep green amorphous compound insoluble in water and organic solvents to which the formula CHPh -0 \ was assigned. I /cu CPh =NO Prepare this substance and examine it experimentally to decide whether this view of its constitution is justified or not. In particular investigate its behaviour when dissolved in hot alcoholic hydrogen chtoride.2. Investigate the reaction between benzoinoxime and nickel sulphate and prepare a nickel co-ordination compound in as pure a state as possible. Examine the behaviour of this co-ordination compound when dissolved in carbon tetrachloride and suggest an explanation of the results. -3. Prepare any two co-ordination compounds containing 6-co-ordinated cobalt and estimate the percentage of cobalt in each of them by any two independent methods. Comment on the accuracy of the methods you employ. Branch B Physical Chemistry with special reference to Heterogeneous Reactions MONDAY 8th APRIL 1946 10 a.m. to 1g.m. (Answer FOUR questions.) 1. Give an account of the principal results which have followed from the study 2. Explain what is meant by the theory of complete ionisation and indicate in of the variation of the specific heats of gases with temperature.outline how expressions for the activity of an electrolyte may be derived. How have such expressions been tested ? 3. Discuss the part played by free radicals or atoms in homogeneous gas reactions 4. Give a general dewription of critical phenomena. in two dimensions 5. Deduce the Van't Hoff isotherm for a gaseous reaction and describe briefly [ 1423 other methods which are available for determining the free energy AG of a chemical reaction. When carbon dioxide and hydrogen were heated at 986' C. under a pressure of one atmosphere they yielded an equilibrium mixture containing 47-6 per cent. COZ 22.8 per cent.CO 22-8 per cent. H,O and 6 per cent. H,. Calculate the free energy of the change C02 + H2 = CO + H,O when the initial partial pressures of reactants and final partial pressures of resultants are all one atmosphere. (R= 1.99 cals per degree.) 6. Give an account of the properties which characterise a micelle. Illustrate your answer by referring to soaps proteins and hydrocarbons. MONDAY 8th APRIL 1946 2 to 5 p.m. (THREEquestions to be answered.) 1. Discuss the role of catalysts with special reference to mechanism in the poly- merisation of vinyl compounds. 2. Give a general account of the heterogeneous syntheses which can be achieved from (a)water gas (b)acetylene and indicate their importance in our national economy. 3. Discuss the role of surface in the combustion reactions of hydrogen and hydro- carbons.4. Discuss critically the conceptions of activated adsorption and of capillary condensation as applied respectively to (a)the sorption of hydrogen by carbon or by a metal and (b) the sorption of vapours by silica gel or by charcoal. 6. What do you understand by the term "overpotential"? What views have been expressed as to the origin of hydrogen overpotential? 6. What are the chief differences between ortho and para hydrogen? Discuss the methods by which the inter-conversion of the two forms can be achieved. TUESDAY to FRIDAY 9th to 12th APRIL 1946 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. With the high vacuum apparatus provided determine the adsorption isotherms of air on charcoal at 20" and at -80" C.2. Examine the rate of hydrogenation of ethylene on the nickel-thoria catalyst provided. Determine the initial rates of the reaction at room temperature for the following pressures :-Series A. Hydrogen constant at 100 mm. Ethylene at 20 40 60 80 100,150 and 200 mm. Series B. Ethylene constant at 100 mm. Hydrogen at 20 40 60 80 300 150 and 200 mm. Deduce the kinetic relationship governing the rate of reaction and draw what conclusions you can as to the adsorption of the reactants on the catalyst. 3. Measure the E.M.F. of the following cell with various concentrations of KCl in the right hand half-cell. Ag+l 0-O1N-AgNO Satd* KCl AgCl 1-Ag NH4NO3 From your results determine the solubility product S,of AgCI where S = {Ag+]:Cl-) in which (Ag+),{Cl-) are activities.Activity coefficients:-Ag+ in O.OlM-AgN0 = 0.90 C1- in O.lM 0*01M,0-001M-KCI = 0.79 0.92 and 0.98 respectively. 4. Determine the E.M.F. of the cell below with and without transport. Ag I AgCl HCI HCl AgCI I Ag C1 c2 There is no liquid junction potential when both half-cells are connected through saturated NH,NGs or KCI. c1 + CIC When the half-cells are connected through KC1 of concentration -the E.M.F. 2 is given by 2t~ In 5. Hence obtain a value for the transport number k of H+ C¶ in HCl. O-lN 0.01N,0-00.1N-HCI are provided. [ 143 3 Branch C Organic Chemirtr)r MONDAY 8th APRIL 1946 10 a.m. to 1 P.m. (TRRE~?questiOns to be answered.) 1. Give an account of the discovery of the ketens and of the present state of our knowledge of their chemistry.2. Describe the quantitative determination of carbon hydrogen and nitrogen by micro-analytical methods. 3. Distillation of the ketodicarboxylic acid CO(CH,.CH,.CH,.COOH) yields a substance C,H,,O, soluble in aqueous sodium carbonate with effervescence and deposited unchanged from the solution on acidification. This substance gives a violet coloration with ferric chloride. It reacts with hydroxylamine to give a compound C,H,O,Nt and with nitrous acid to produce a substance of the composition C,H,,O,N. When the latter is warmed with concentrated sulphuric acid and the mixture poured into cold water glutaric and succinic acids and ammonia are produced a Beckmann change having occurred. Give a detailed interpretation of these facts.4. Discuss the types of molecule which give rise to optical activity as a result of restricted rotation. 5. Give an account ofmodern work on the hydrolysis of aliphatic halides and related reactions. 6. Review in detail the evidence for the structure of EITHER camphene OR cocaine. MONDAY 8th APRIL 1946 2 to 6 P.m. (THREE qwstims to be amwcred.) 1. Describe the uses of the Friedel-Crafts reaction and related processes and discuss modem views as to the mode of action of the catalyst. 2. Explain the conception of the non-planar arrangement of the carbon atoms in large saturated carbon rings and review the experimental facts which support it. 3. Describe the way in which the structure of EITHER haernatoporphyrh OR pyrroporphyrin was established.4. Give a general account of EITHER the organic compounds of arsenic OR dyes derived from quinoline. 6. Discuss in detail the structure of any one disaccharide. 0. Write an essay on the occurrence and properties of free radicals. TUESDAY 9th APRIL 1946 10 a.m. to 6 P.m. 1. Determine the number of amino-groups present in the molecule of the primary aromatic aminocompound (A). [(A) =p-aminodiphenyl OR o-tolidbe.] 2. Examine the compound (B) with a view to its identification. [(B) = gluco-mine hydrochloride.] WEDNESDAY to FRIDA Y,10th to 12th APRIL 1946 10 4.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Separate the three components of the mixture (C) ;identify them and determine as accurately as possible the weight of each present in 1 litre of (C).Leave specimens of the three components and of any derivatives you may make each labelled with its name and m.p. or b.p. This exercise may be completed tomomow but a statement must be recorded on the first day of the experiments you propose to carry out later. ((H) = cydohexanone rr-hexyl alcohol and methylene dichloride; OR cycZopentanone, a-amyl alcohol and ethylene dichloride]. 2. From the p-nitrotoluene provided prepare specimens (of about 2-3 grams) of each of the following 2:$-dinitrotoluene 2 :4:6-trinitrotoluene p-nitrobenzoic acid and 2 :4-dinitrobenzaldehyde (dimethylaniline being provided). Leave specimens labelled with name and m.p. of all your preparations. 3. Examine the substance (D) with a view to its identification. ((D) = dimethyl-dihydroresorcinol.] 4 Identify the organic sobstance (32).[(E)= glyche OR alanhe.J P~I Branch C Organic Chemistry with special reference to High Polymen MONDAY,8th APRIL 1046 10 a.m. to 1 P.m. (See p. 144.) 2 to 6 p.m. (POURquestions only to be answered.) 1. Zsobutylene is capable of yielding polymeric elastomers of high molecular weight. Describe the physical and chemical nature of the polymeric materials the method of their industrial preparation and the basis and method of vulcanisation of the product known as Butyl rubber. 2. What is meant by condensatiow polymerisation? Describe as fully as possible one of the main groups of synthetic condensation polymers indicating the chief physical and structural characteristics the methods of synthesis the molecular magnitude and the industrial utility of the materials.3. Write a short essay on EITHER “The importance ofinterpolymer cross-links,” OR “The constitution of natural protein fibres.” 4. Discuss the role of peroxides in (a)the initiation of polymerisation and (b) the oxidative degradation of rnulti-unsaturated polymers. 5. Give a brief account of the chief physical and structural characteristics of FOUR of the following (a)polyvinyl chloride (b) silicones (c) urea-formaldehyde resins (a) polythene (e) cellulose acetate (f) glyptal resins. 6. Discuss the relationship which the constitution of simple olefinic substmcw bears to their polymerisability and interpolymerisability. TUESDAY to FRIDAY 9th to 12th APRIL 1946.(Seep. 144.) Branch E The Chemistry including Microscopy of Food and Drugs and of Water MONDAY 8th APRIL 1946 10 to 11.30 a.m. 1. What do you understand by British wine Port Style or Sherry Style and what standards are applicable to such products? 2. Discuss the application of ionic exchanges to the treatment or purification of water. 3. How may vitamin A be determined in say margarine? 11.30 a.m. to 1 p.m. (THREE questions only to be anmered.) 1. Describe the pharmacological actions of quinine and discuss its replacement in therapeutics by synthetic organic compounds. 2. Write a short account of the discovery of penicillin and its development as a therapeutic agent. 3. Give an account of the therapeutic uses of organic compounds of (a) mercury, (6)arsenic.Mention the principal preparations used and their modes of administration. 4. Describe the methods used for the examination of biological material in cases ofpoisoning by drugs of the barbiturate group. 2 to 5 p.m. 1. On what chemical and bacteriological data would you judge of the suitability ofa deep well water for public supply purposes? 2. Describe the principal requirements of the Labelling of Food Order. 3. What is meant by the biological value of a food 7 In what way may substances of low biological value be utilised or improved? 4. Formulate a phosphatic baking powder which you think would keep reasonably well and comply with current regulations. 5. What rules govern the sale of a phenolic disinfectant and how would you assay one such as Izal or Jeyes hid? TUESDAY,9th APRIL 1946 10 um.to 5 P.w. 1. Analyse and report upon the specimen of Milk Powder (A). 2. Determine the Vitamin €31 in the elixir (B). Express your results in terms of International Units per gram. These exwcises may k completed tomwow. 1 1415J WEDNESDAY 10th APRIL 1946 10 a.m. to 6 pm. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercises. 2. Determine the theobromine content of the cocoa material (C). This exercise may be completed tomnorvow. THURSDAY 11th APRIL 1946 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s Exercise 2. 2. Examine the salad oil (D) and report on its identity and suitability for such use. FRIDAY 12th APRIL 1946 10 a.m.to 5 p.m. I. Identify the specimens (E) (F),(G) (H) and (1). 2. Report upon the Self Raising Flour (J). SATURDAY 13th APRIL 1946 10 a.m. to 5 P.m. (Reports of microscopical examinations should be accompanied by annotated sketches.) 1. Make a complete microscopical examination of the drug (K). 2. Identify the vegetable powders (L) (M) (N) (0),(P). 3. Identify the alkaloidal poison in the stomach contents (Q) and examine the tablets (R) as a possible source of the poison. Branch G Industrial Chemistry with special reference to Coal Gas Manufacture(Town) MONDAY 8th APRIL 1946 10 a.m. to 1 9.m. (Answer Q. 1and any THREE of the other questions.) 1. Discuss the principles upon which the Chemical Works Regulations have been drafted.What specific responsibilities have supervisory staff with regard to these instructions ? 2. Give in outline the modern methods of water treatment and conditioning employed for providing (a)soft water for process purposes; (b) feed water for a high pressure steam boiler installation. 3. What type of constructional materials wouId you recommend for (a) the pump- ing and storage of brown oil of vitrioI; (b) ventilation ducts for warm wet air containing small quantities of hydrogen sulphide; (c) Iarge scale movement of water which must be kept iron-free; (d) storage bins for ammonium sulphate? Give reasons for your selections. 4. Give a concise account of modern methods for separating dusts fumes and mists from gases. Describe briefly the principles on which the appliances you mention are based.5. What is the nature of the information required in order to ascertain the economic practicability of a proposed manufacturing process? Indicate the form in which you would present your survey for consideration by a Board of Directors. 6. Write an essay on EITHER “Co-operation between the Industrial Chemist and the Engineering Section of a Chemical Works,” OR “The Application of Physical and Chemical Methods to the Control of Industrial Plant.” 2 to 6 p.m. (FIVE questions ONLY to be attempted.) 1. What tests would you use to ascertain the suitability of a coal for industrial use? Indicate the characteristics desirable in a gas coaI. In your answer indicate the character of the coals from different British coal areas.2. How is the composition of products of carbonisation influenced according as the coal is carbonised in (a) continuous vertical retorts and (b) in horizontal retorts? In your answer indicate the influence of the design and condition of operation of the plant. 3. Compare the character of gas works cokes of different origin. What do you 4. Describe how the plant for the purification of coal gas should be laid out to understand by the term veacfivity as applied to cokes? Discuss the steps which have been taken to modify reactivity. c 1461 secure efficient recovery of ammonia and satisfactory liquor effluent. 5. What is the composition of the prganic sulphur compounds present in purified coal gas? Describe how this has changed in the past thirty years and what further alterations may be expected.6. What is meant by the term “combustion characteristics” as applied to “coal gas” ? Indicate the significance of these properties in the distribution and utilisation of gas. 7. What do you know of the nature and formation of “gum” in town’s gas? Uescribe its effects on the processes of distribution and utilisation. What steps are taken to minimise these? 8. Comment on:- (a) The Heyworth Report on the British Gas Industry OR (b) The statement that coal carbonisation is an essential industry in modern warfare. TUESDAY to FRIDAY 9th to 12th APRIL 1946 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Determine the nitrogen in the given sample of coal by Kjeldahl’s standard method and by Whitaker’s variant and comment on any differences which these methods give.2. Examine and report on the sample of spent oxide supplied. 3. Examine the sample of tar supplied and give your opinion on the way it was made. 4. The flame of the burner supplied is aerated by injection. Examine the burner to ascertain how the degree of aeration depends on the gas pressure. REPORT Examination for the Associateship. Inorganic and Physical Chemistry. Most candidates who selected the questions involving calculations found considerable difficulty with the mathematical considerations. It appeared that as a general rule candidates could have devoted more attention to this section of chemical studies during their courses of instruction.Apart from this the questions on physical chemistry were done better on the whole than those dealing with the inorganic branch of chemistry. For example a large number of candidates were quite content to discuss the ferri- cyanides and the ferrocyanides as a complete answer to the question asking for an account of the commoner complex cyanides. Further many students preferred to give accounts of the important compounds of sulphur selenium and tellurium rather than to answer the question which asked for a cornpayison of their chemical behaviour. It was not infrequent to find the method described for the preparation of [Co(NH,),’]Cl as the method which is the standard one for the isolation of [Co(NH,),CI]Cl,. Although the structure of Na,S,O is well established many candidates gave wrong formulations for this substance.To sum up it was exceptional for the examiners to be able to award high marks to candidates for their work in physical and inorganic chemistry. In the practical work the standard attained in this part of the examination was very satisfactory. Both the qualitative and quantitative exercises were in general very well dealt with. Organic Chemistry. The general level of the work in organic chemistry was a little lower than usual in this examination. Adequate answers to question 3 on tautomerism and mesomerism and to question 4 on the stereochemistry of sulphur were given by very few candidates. The term “anionotropy ” was generally not understood. The condensation of acetylene with acetone in the form of its sodium compound should have been known since it has been used as the first step of a method for producing isoprene.In the question on the hexoses configuration and structure were once again confused by a number of candidates. In the last question on special reactivity the theoretical discussions were usually omitted or inadequate and candidates were not aware of the special mobility of the nitro group in pition 3 of 2:3:4trinitrotoluene which has considerable technical importance and has ah been used in research. r 147 3 Examination for the Fellowship Branch E. It was evident that some of the candidates lacked practical experience in considerable parts of the syllabus. There was still some weakness in microscopy but the general standard of attainment in therapeutics and pharmacology continued to be satisfactory.The toxicological exercise was fairly well done but some candidates wasted he owing to failure to follow the suggestions implied in the question. PASS LIST Examination in General Chemistry for the Associateship Adam William Henry College of Technology Belfast. Annison Ernest Frank S.E. Essex Technical College Dagenham. Archer Harold College of Technology Manchester; and Royal Technical College Salford. Atkinson Harold Holland Municipal Technical College Widnes. Austin George John S.E.Essex Technical College Dagenham. Beaver Stanley Royal Technical College Salford. Blunt Ronald City Technical College Liverpool. Boynton George Edward Municipal Technical College Hull.Brown Edward Gordon College of Technology Manchester; and Royal Technica College Salford. Calderwood John Alexander BSc. (Glas.) University of Glasgow. Coles Eric Lawrence B.Sc. (Lond.) City Technical College Liverpool. Cumming Harry Wyndham Lister B.Sc.(Lond.) Harris Institute Preston. Dickinson Thomas Bradley College of Technology Manchester. Donovan Barry Joseph City Technical College Liverpool. Doughty Thomas Joseph Municipal Technical College Widnes ;.and Denbighshke Technical Institute Wrexham. Godier Alec Leonard BSc. (Lond.) Northern Polytechnic London. Gollop Percy Lionel Merchant Venturers’ Technical College Bristol. Hall ClSord James Municipal Technical College Bolton ; College of Technology Manchester;and the Technical College Bradford.Jackson. Peter John B.Sc.(Lond.) University College Nottingham. Kaliski Charles Edward College of Technology Manchester. McGrath Louis Bernard B.S. (Lond.) Wigan and District Mining and Technical College. Monies Peter University of Birmingham. Nah John Syme Royal Technical College Glasgow. &Win Harry Godfrey B.A. (Oxon.) The University Oxford. Podmore Dennis Arthur Central Technical College Birmingham. Probee James Charles Rutherford College of Technology Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Rawhn Daniel City Technical College Liverpool. Smith George Eric Municipal Technical College Hull. Trower James,Woolwich Polytechnic and University College London. Waton John Howard B.A. (Cantab.) The University Cambridge. Weatherston Matthew Municipal Technical College Hull.Wrenn John Arthur B.Sc. (Lond.) King’s College London. Examinations for the Fellowship In Bvanth A Inorganic Chemistry wdh special reference to the Go-ordiNation Com#ounds of Metals and Irtovganic Steveochemistry Burkin Alfred Richard B.Sc. (Lond.). With special reference to tb Analysis of Steel and Steelwmks Maleriazs iM*dircg RefrcrcSmies afid Slags Selfe Francis Leslie. is Branch G Organic Chemistry Hayes Sydney Percival. Lane Edward Sydney B.Sc. (Lond.). Stephens Francis Frederick. With s$ecia4 rsfevence to High Polyonsrs Muaden Alick Robert B.Sc. (Birm.). I1W1 In Branch E The Chcmisrry dnctudhg Microscopy of Food ad Drugs and of Water Will Terence John. Cregeen William Allan.Dembrey Ivor B.Sc. (Bris.). Pollitt Raymond John Michael M.Sc. (Lond.). Wilson Andrew Cook. In Branch G Industrial Chemistry with special refereme to Coal Gas Manufacture Culshaw Gordon Wilson B.Sc. (Liv.). With special reference to Industrial Water Treatment Nellist George Rippon. BOOKS AND THEIR CONTENTS Richter-Antchutz The Chemistry of the Carbon Compounds. Third English edition based on the twelfth German edition Vol. 111-The Aromatic Compounds. Victor von Richter edited by the late Professor Richard Anschutz. (New York Elsevier Publishing Co. Inc. 1946.) Pp xviii+794. $15.00. Mononuclear aromatic compounds benzene derivatives; the mononuclear benzene hydrocarbons; halogen derivatives of the benzene hydrocarbons; nitrogen deriya- tives of benzene hydrocarbons; aromatic compounds of phosphorus arsemc antimony bismuth boron and silicon; phenyl metallic derivatives; the sulphonic acids; phenols; quinones; the phenylparaffin alcohols and their oxidation products; mononuclear aromatic compounds with unsaturated side-chains.Multinuclear aromatic compounds; phenyl-benzene group; polyphenylparaffins; condensed nuclei. Index. D.O.T. The Synthetic Insecticide. T. F. West and G. A. Campbell. Pp. 302, With 13 plates. (London Chapman & Hall Ltd. 1946.) 21s. net. History and development. The Basle researches; manufacture and chemistry; principles of formulation; toxic manifestations; DDT in paints and miscellaneous materials; DDT in textiles and paper; DDT miscellany. DDT against human lice; DDT against mosquitoes; DDT against household pests; DDT against other pests affecting men and animals; DDT against plant pests; miscellaneous uses of DDT; effect of DDT upon beneficial insects and phytotoxicity.Epilogue “The way ahead. Author and subject indexes. Standard Methods for Testirrg Petroleum and its Products.-The Institute of Petroleum. Pp. XI + 650. The seventh edition of this reference book (cf.notice of the sixth edition JOURNALAND PROCEEDINGS, 1945,111 108) includes several new methods and modifications of established procedures and these are specially listed for purposes of easy reference. The account ofthe determination of knock rating of Aviation Fuel has been completely re-written. The bromination method for determining tetraethyl lead in gasoline has been extensively altered so as to shorten the time involved.Endeavour. No. 18 of Volume 5 published in April contains an editorial on “The Social Functions of Science” and articles on:-”Britain’s Geological History,” by Dr. 0. M.B. Bulman F.R.S.; “The Royal Society of Edinburgh,” by Professor James Kendall F.R.S.; “Mineral Deficiencies in Plants,” by Professor T. Wallace M.C.; “Paludrine-a New Anti-malarial Drug,” by Dr. F.L. Rose; “Science in Society: the Fundamentals,” by Mr. E. F. Caldin; and “Cosmic Rays and their Origin,”by Dr. A. C. B. Lovell. c 1491 OBITUARY EDWARDARCHARD Information has been received that THEODORE has been posted by the Royal Air Force as “Missing presumed killed” on 4th May 1944.Born in 1911 he was educated at Wimbledon College and proceeded to the Royal College of Science London where he qualified in 1923 for the Associateship of that College and for the degree of BSc. with honours in chemistry and subsequently for the M.Sc. In 1933 he became works control and research chemist to J. & E. Sturge (Citric) Ltd. and in 1936 was appointed works chemist in charge of scientific control to Lincolnshire Canners Ltd. In 1941 he joined the Royal Air Force and became navigator of a Lancaster. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1934. JOHN GORDONAYERSdied on 27th March 1946 in his 32nd year. He was educated at Dartford Grammar School and received his professional training at the Sir John Cass Technical Institute London graduating B.Sc.with honours in chemistry in 1938. He had entered the Department of the Government Chemist in 1933 and was engaged on food analysis until 1938. He then resigned in order to act as manager of production and distribution of fruit vegetables and flowers at his father‘s nurseries at Swanley Kent where he found scope for applying scientific methods to various horticultural problems. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1940. FRANKBROWNE died on 26th March 1946 in his 81st year. He received his early training in the School of the Pharmaceutical Society whence he qualified asM.P.S. and Ph.C. in 1887. In the following year he was elected a research scholar at the School and for the next four years worked as demonstrator in the Society’s Laboratories.In 1893 he was appointed Assistant Government Analyst in Hong Kong and became Chief Analyst two years later. He was also Lecturer and Examiner in Chemistry to the Hong Kong Technical Institute and in 1912 Examiner in Chemistry to Hong Kong University. He came back to England in 1915 when he was appointed assistant chemist to the New Explosives Company at Stowmarket. Four years later he returned to the Pharmaceutical Society as supervisor of studies in the School of Pharmacy and in the following year became assistant lecturer in pharmaceutics and chemistry. He was appointed secretary of the ccmmittee dealing with the revision of the Codex and played an important part in the preparation of several editions of this work. He was the author of a number of scientific papers dealing with such varied subjects as “Chinese Opium,” “Sampling and Assay of Chinese Tin,” and “The British System of Weights and Measures.” He retired in 1934 but continued to take an active interest in the work of the Pharmaceutical Society and its branches.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1908. ALEXANDERBRUCEdied on 12th February 1946 in his 69th year. Educated at George Heriot’s School Edinburgh he entered the University of Edinburgh in 1897 and graduated B.Sc. in 1900 having previously worked as assistant to the late Professor A. P. Aitken at the Royal Veterinary College Edinburgh. After graduation he joined the staff of the Royal Arsenal Woolwich as a chemist but in 1902 proceeded to Ceylon to join the late Mr.Kelway Bamber who was then Con- sultant to the Ceylon Planters’ Association and Agricultural Analyst to the Government of Ceylon and with whom he afterwards entered into partnership. He undertook a number of investigations on the analysis of Ceylon soils and of local agricultural pro- ducts and in 1904 carried out an extensive survey of the Colombo milk supply which led to the adoption of local standards for milk which were later adopted throughout Ceylon. During the 1914-18 war he worked on the distillation of coconut charcoal and on the production of acetic acid and acetone from the products. He published a number of papers in agricultural and other journals and became a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. In spite of ill health in later years he remained at work and carried on the consulting practice on his own for the last four years.He was eIected an Associate of the Institute in 1919 and a Fellow in 1925. THOMAS HERBERT BUTCHERdied on 24th October 1945 in his 78th year. He was educated at Mason College Birmingham and proceeded to the Royal ScI~ool of Mines London in 1892 obtaining the diploma of Associateship of that College in Mining in 1896. He subsequently went to Durban Natal where he joined the firm of S. Butcher & Sons,and was engaged as a consulting mining engineer and metallurgist. Later lie established a practice in Pretoria and from 1906 practised in London. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1891 and a Fellow in 1898. c 1501 THOMAS CALLANdied on 27th March 1946 in his 6lst year.He entered Owens College (now The University) Manchester in 1903 graduating BSc. with honours in chemistry in 1006 and M.Sc. in 1908. In 1906 he became Assistant to the late Professor Campbell Brown at the University of Liverpool and proceeded in 1908 to the University of Heidelberg where he studied under Curtius and obtained the Ph.D. degree and the Victor Meyer Prize. Returning to England in 191 1 he was appointed Research Chemist in the Wellcome Chemical Research Laboratories where he investigated pfant products but in 1911 he joined the Bridge of Weir Leather Company. From 1913 to 1915 he practised as an Analytical Technical and Consulting Chemist in Paisley becoming Advisory Chemist and Analyst to several companies especially in relation to leather and textiIes.At the same time he had charge of the evening advanced classes in technical chemistry at Paisley Technical College and was Lecturer in Chemistry to the Kilbarchan and Houston School Board. In 1915 he was appointed Research Chemist to Levinstein Ltd. (later British Dyestuffs Corporation) and subsequently Departmental Head and Chief Analyst. For some years he was Departmental Manager of I.C.I. Ltd. Dyestuffs Division and was particularly concerned with pest control products. At the time of his death he was a director of I.C.I. (Pharmaceuticals) Ltd. He made many contributions to original research which were communicated to various scientific journals. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1924 and served as a Member of Council from 1934 to 1937.ARTHURJAMES COOPERdied on 6th December 1944 in his 79th year. Educated at King Edward VI Grammar School Birmingham he entered Mason College (now the University) Birmingham in 1881 and obtained the B.Sc. degree of the University of London with first class honours in chemistry in 1889. Subsequently he graduated B.A. at Trinity College Dublin whence he later obtained the LL.D. From I889 he was engaged in teaching and became successively headmaster of Bromyard School Principal of the Victoria Institute Worcester Principal of the Harris Institute Preston and Headmaster of Brewood School Staffordshire. While at Brewood he was ordained Deacon in 1901 and Priest in 1902 and then acted also as Curate of Brewood until his appointment to the Headmastership of Solihull School Warwick- shire in 1908.Owing to indifferent health he retired from the teaching profession in 1920 but in the following year was appointed Rector of Maxstoke Warwickshire. On resignation from this appointment in 1925 he became a research student in the Department of Chemistry at the University of Birmingham and continued to be associated with research in that University until 1939 when he retired to Malvern. Among his varied activities his enthusiasm for chemical research was sustained and he derived particular satisfaction from the exercise of his exceptional efficiency in the Iaboratory arts. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1897. WATSON CROSSLEYdied on 4th November 1945.in his 78th year. Trained at the Royal College of Science Dublin he obtained the Associateship of the College and passed the examination for the Associateship of the Institute in 1894. For 6 years he was chief chemist to the British Aluminium Co. Ltd. at Larne Harbour but for the remainder of his active life was in practice as an analytical and consulting chemist in London specialising in the examination of non-ferrous alloys and of Chinese egg products. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1894 and a Fellow in 1902. JOHN HOWARD died on 12th February 1946 in his 67th year. DAVIDSON He entered Owens College (nowthe University) Manchester in 1896 and obtained the degree of B.Sc. with honours in chemistry in 1899 and the M.Sc. in 1903.After working for a short time with the late Professor H. B. Dixon and D. L. Chapman on argon he was appointed chemist to J. H. Williamson (later Golden Hill Cobalt Company Ltd.) at Stoke-on-Trent in 1908 but soon transferred to Twyfords Ltd. Cliffe Vale Potteries at Hanley as chemist and technical expert. From 1909 to 1914 he was with this firm’s German factory at Dusseldorf. After a short period of work with the late Dr. J. W. Mellor at Stoke Technical School he was appointed lecturer and first assistant to Professor W. E. S. Turner in the newly formed Department of Glass Technology in the University of Sheffield. h few years later he returned to industry and was engaged by Wood Brothers Glass Co. Ltd. at Barnsley. He subsequently became chief chemist at C.E. Ramsden & Co. Ltd. Fenton a position which he held for 16 years until his retirement about a year ago. He was a Fellow of the Society of Glass [ 1511 TechnoIogy of which he had been a Vice-President. He had an exceptionally wide technical knowledge of both glass and the pottery industries and was for over 40 years a member of the Ceramic Society. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1918. GORDONWESTLAND died on 28th January 1946 in his 26th year. EDWARDS In 1935 he entered the laboratory of Messrs. Melling and Ardern in Manchester as an assistant analyst carrying out the duties of resident chemist at the Salford Corporation Sewage Works. He passed the examination for the Associateship of the Institute in 1943 having been trained at Manchester College of Technology.In that year he was appointed as a chemist to the War Department where he was engaged on confidential work of a general analytical and investigational character. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1943 and was about to take the examination for the Fellowship at the time of his death. JOHN ALFRED FOSTER died on 16th February 1946 in his 75th year. His first major appointment was as second assistant Admiralty chemist a post which he took up in 1892 and which he held for a number of years. Later he became Public Analyst for the East Riding of Yorkshire and the Boroughs of Grimsby Beverley and Louth with laboratories at Hull and was also Ofiicial Agricultural Analyst for Grimsby and Gas Examiner for the County of Lincolnshire.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1897 having passed the examination in therapeutics pharmacoIogy and microscopy and became a Fellow in 1900. THOMAS GRAY died on 6th May 1946 in his 47th year. He entered the Royal Technical College Glasgow in 1919 graduating B.Sc. in Applied Chemistry in 1922 and obtaining the diploma of the College. A year later he took an appointment with Messrs. James Nimmo & Co. Ltd. where he was engaged on metallurgical work as Assistant Works Manager. In 1927 he became a works control chemistin the chemical worksdepartment of the Glasgow Corporation where he remained until he retired owing to ill-health in 1945. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1925. Information has been received of the death since November 1945 of THOMAS JOHN GREENWAY, who was one of the oldest Fellows of the Institute.After holding an appointment for 9 years as chemist and metallurgist to the Sheffield Smelting Co. he proceeded to New South Wales where he was engaged for many years in mining and smelting operations. He was consulting engineer and metallurgist in cunnexion with the erection and management of a number of concentrating and smelting works especially on behaIf of the Broken Hill Proprietary Company New South Wales. He was also engaged in a similar capacity in South Australia and in the Argentine. He was a member of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy from 1898 to 1926. On his retirement from professional work in 1925 he left Austrdia and has since resided in British Columbia.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1878. Information has been received of the death of BIRAJMOHANGUPTAin 1946 in his 56th year. He received his scientific training in the Universities of Calcutta and Allahabad graduating B.Sc. (CaIcutta) in 1911 and MSc. (AlIahabad) in 1913. After a short time as demonstrator at Canning College Lucknow and Officiating Professor of Chemistry at the Christian College Lucknow he was appointed in 1914 Assistant Professor of Chemistry at Canning College. From 1920 to 1922 he was engaged in research work under Professor (later Sir) Jocelyn Thorpe at Imperial College London on which he pubIished papers in the Journal of the Chemical Society and obtained the degree of Ph.D.of the University of London. In 1922 he returned to India as Reader in Chemistry in the University of Lucknow and in the following year became also Deputy Public Analyst to the Government of the United Provinces. He held this latter appoint- ment until the time of his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1920. JAMES HART-SMITH died at Seaford on 28th March 1946 in his 69th year. Educated at Berkhamsted School he entered the Royal College of Science London in 1895 obtaining the Associateship of the College in 1898 and passing the Find Exami-nation for the Associateship of the Institute in 1899. He remained at the Royal College of Science as a demonstrator until 1900and was engaged on research work under the late Sir Martin Forster on the separation of wobornylamine and bornylamine.After ;[ 1623 holding an appointment as Science Master at Hinckley Grammar School he was appointed to the teaching staff of Battersea Polytechnic in 1902 where he carried out research with Mr. John Wilson. He was subsequently a teacher under the London County Council at Battersea and the Hmry Thornton School Clapham Common. He retired in 1938. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1899 and a Fellow in 1902. ROBERT ASHTONHILL died during internment as a prisoner-of-war in the Far East on 27th September 1944 in his 45th year. Educated at the Liverpool Collegiate School he entered the University of Liverpool in 1917 but joined the Forces in 1918. On demobilisation he returned to the University and graduated BSc.with honours in chemistry in 1921. He was appointed Assistant Chemist to the Silver Springs Bleaching and Dyeing 42.0.in 1923 and remained with this Company until 1928 when he accepted a post of Lecturer in Chemistry to the University of Hong Kong. He held this post until the Japanese invasion and was a member of the Hong Kong Volunteer Defence Corps when he was taken prisoner. He was eIected an Associate of the Institute in 1922. EDWARD HrNKs died on 25th May 1946 in his 67th year. Educated at the Whitgift Grammar School Croydon he proceeded to King’s College London in 1897 graduating B.Sc. with honours in 1901. In July of the same year he passed the Examination for the Associateship of the Institute in Organic Chemistry and.later the Fellowship Examination in the Chemistry of Food and Drugs and of Water. After some years at Guy’s Hospital under .the late Sir Thomas Stevenson he became Public Analyst for the County of Surrey (Ex-Metropolitan) and the Borough of Reigate and subsequently for the County Borough of Croydon and the Borough of Guildford. From 1915 to 1920 he served as an Inspecting Ordnance officer in the R.A.O.C. attaining the rank of Major and was subsequently appointed M.B.E. He was closely concerned with the affairs of the Institute and of the Society of Public Analysts throughout his active life and was President of the Society in 1928-29. He continued his work as Public Analyst and as consultant until a few weeks before his death.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1901 and a Fellow in 1904; serving as a member of Council from 1913 to 1916 and from 1926 to 1929; as a Vice-president from 1930 to 1933; as an Examiner for the Fellowship in the Chemistry of Food and Drugs etc. from 1921 to 1925; and on a number of special Committees including the joint committee with the Society of Public Analysts and other Analytical Chemists on public health matters. HERBERT INGLE died on 27th October 1946 in his 85th year. He received his scientific training at the Yorkshire College (subsequently the Uni- versity of Leeds) and then became a member of the staff of the college. Having been brought up on a farm he developed an early interest in agricultural chemistry and was appointed the first lecturer in this subject at Leeds.He obtained the B.Sc. degree in 1905. At the end of the Boer War when Lord Milner secured the appointment of a staff of experts for the administration of South Africa he was appointed Agricultural Chemist for the Transvaal. Following the changes that took place after the grant of self-government this appointment came to an end and he returned to this country. He then became concerned with the preparation of pure solid extracts of coffee and tea a process which he brought to a successful technical and commercial issue. Among his published works were a “Manual of Agricultural Chemistry,” first issued in 1902; “Elementary Agricultural Chemistry” (1$081 and in collaboration with his brother Harry Ingle “Fire and Fire Prevention.” He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888.JOHN ERNESTINKSTER died on 4th January 1946 in his 32nd year. Educated at Leigh Grammar School he studied at the Wigan Technical College and at the Royal Technical College,Salford obtaining the B.Sc.degree of the University of London in 1941. Since 1934 he had been Technical Assistant to the Leigh and Atherton Joint Sewerage Board and published work on Sewage Disposal problems. In November 1946 he was appointed research chemist to Messrs. Sutcliffe Speakman Ltd.,of Leigh Lancashire. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1943. [ 153 I HENRY PHILIP JONES died at Nevin Caernarvonshire on 16th January 1946 in his 84th year. Having qualified as a pharmacist in 1885 he turned his attention to analytical chemistry and after attending a three years’ course at University College (now the University) Liverpool passed the examination for the Associateship of the Institute in 1894.Later he became assistant to Professor Campbell Brown Public Analyst to the County of Lancashire and the City of Liverpool but when Professor Roberts was appointed to the City of Liverpool he joined his staff and eventually became senior assistant analyst a post which he held until his retirement in 1929. He was an authority on the Law relating to Poisons and was at one time lecturer on this subject at the Liverpool School of Pharmacy. He was an expert microscopist and contributed many papers on the microscopy of starches and spices including one on the identification of “Marble Arrowroot” as a common adulterant of Arrowroot.When his home at Birkenhead was damaged by enemy action in 1941 he went to live at Nevin where he became greatly interested in the Welsh League of Youth. He was engaged on a publication in connexion with this organisation up to within an hour of his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1894 and a Fellow in 1906. EDMUND RUDHALL died on 8th May 1946 in his 69th year. BRYDGES PRIDEAUX Educated at Auckland Grammar School New Zealand hs studied Chemistry at Canterbury College New Zealand where he graduated M.A. with first-class honours in chemistry and BSc. having presented a thesis on an investigation of Kauri resin and oils. In 1902 he came to England and worked on sandarac resin Queensland Copal etc.at the Imperial Institute. In the following year he was engaged on research under Sir William Ramsay at University College London and obtained the degree of D.Sc. London. From 1906 to 1909 he was Lecturer and Demonstrator in Chemistry at Heriot-Watt College Edinburgh and in 1909 proceeded to the University of Liverpool where he was engaged in study and research in the Muspratt Laboratory being ap- pointed in 1911 Assistant Lecturer in Education (Science). In 1913 he was appointed lecturer and demonstrator in chemistry at Battersea Polytechnic and in the following year to a similar position at University College Nottingham where he remained until 1945. In addition to publishing a large number of papers on the results of original investigations in the fields of physical and ana€yticaI chemistry he was the author of several books including “Problems of Physical Chemistry” and “The Theory and Use of Indicators.’’ He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1919.JAMES MCLEANTAYLOR died on 6th October 1945 in his 75th year. Trained at Rutherford College Newcastle upon Tyne he became a pupil under and later assistant to the late John Pattinson Public Analyst for Newcastle. In 1908 he feceived an appointment with the United Alkali Company Ltd. and subsequently became the Chief Analyst at their Central Laboratory where he was concerned in developing methods of analysis for raw materials intermediates and finished products and as an adviser on technical matters.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1918. GRIFFITHTHOMAS EVAN died on 15th March 1946 in his 58th year. Educated at Cardigan County School he received his scientific training at the University College of Wales Aberystwyth where he obtained the degree of M.Sc. From 1916 to 1943 he was with Nobel’s Explosives Co. Ltd. (now I.C.I. Explosives Group) at Ardeer where he was engaged in research. on and the manufacture of nitrocellulose. From 1929 to 1936 he was Superintendent and subsequently Chief Superintendent of the Nitro-body Department. In 1943 he became Manager of the Ministry of SuppIy Factory at Girvan Ayrshire where he was responsible for the manufacture of T.N.T. and of nitric and sulphuric acids but he returned to Ardeer in 1945 as Assistant Works Manager.Shortly before his death he was appointed Manager of the Penrhyndeudraeth Factory of Cooke’s Explosives and should have taken up that appointment on 1st April 1946. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1945. CHARLESHORNE died on 29th December 1945 at the age of 63. WARNER He received his scientific training at the School of the Pharmaceutical Society and at King’s College London whence he obtained the B.Sc. degree of the University of London. In 1908 he passed the final examination for the Associateship of the Institute in the Chemistry of Food Drugs etc. He was awarded the Diploma of Imperial College for original research in biochemistry and after a period as a teacher ofchemistry c 1541 physics and biology at the School of the Pharmaceutical Society he took up the study of medicine qualifying as M.B.B.S.. M.R.C.S. and L.R.C.P. and subsequently as M.D.(Lond.) and D.P.H. (Oxon.). During the 1914-18 war he served as Captain, R.A.M.C. and was in France with 42nd M.A.C. and the 61st London Field Ambulance. In the latter part of the war he was appointed Specialist Officer to carry out physiological investigations in connection with warfare. In 1919-20 he was Senior House Physician at the Middlesex Hospital but in 1920 took up residence in Nottingham where he became Medical Officer of Health of the Beestoa and Stapleford Urban District Council. Subsequently he moved to Southwell in Nottinghamshire where he was engaged in general practice in addition to his work as M.O.H.His publications included a paper on “Action of Dilute Nitric Acid on the Nitro-o- Xylenes” in 1912 and on “Formaldehyde as an Oxidation Product of Chlorophyll Extracts” in 1914. On the medical side he contributed a paper on “Ankylostomiasis in London” in 1919. He waselected an Associate of the Institute in 1908 and a Fellow in 1911. THE REGISTER New Fellows Jessop William John Edward MSc. (T.C.D.) M.D. D.P.H. F.R.C.P.I. Lowe Harry Marchanton MSc. (Manc.). Associates elected Allen Russell James Laurence B.Sc. (W.A.) M.Sc (Melbourne) Ph.D. (Can- tab.). Beard Herbert Greensmith. Bosrnan Louis Pierre B.A. M.B. Ch.B. (Cape) B.Sc.,Ph.D. (Edin.). Cahill Terence John. Cheesman Geoffrey Herbert B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.) A.R.C.S.D.I.C. Cregeen William Allan. Culshaw Gordon Wilson B.Sc. (Liv.). Dembrey Ivor. B.Sc. (Bris.). Dent James Harry B.Sc. (Lond.). Dhar Moti Lal M.Sc. (Punjab) Ph.D. (Lond.). Dykes Edward Mackenzie BSc. (Lond.). Edwards Wilfred Thomas. Evans John Trevor Ph.D. (Lond.), D.I.C. Ferguson John B.Sc. Ph.D. (Glas.), A.R.T.C. Fielder Frederic Henry Valentine B.Sc. (N.Z.),F.N.Z.I.C. Frewing Joseph John B.A. B.Sc. (Oxon.). Giles Charles Hugh B.Sc. Ph.D. (Leeds). Glen. William Lawrence B.Sc. Ph.D. (Glas.) D.Phil. (Oxon.) A.R.T.C. Green Arthur Frederick B:Sc. (Lond.). Greenwood john. Hanson Norman William B.Sc. Ph.D. (Wales). Hayes Sydney Percival. Hopkins Donald Percy BSc. (Lond.). Howes Edward Arthur B.Sc. (Lond.), A.M.1.Chem.E.Jones Frederick Elston D.Sc. (Wales). Kendall john David B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.) D.I.C. Young Frank George D.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.). to the Fellowship Lane Edward Sydney B.Sc. (Lond.). Levesley Alfred Stoyell MSc. (Lond.). McGeorge Walter B.Sc. (Glas.),A.R.T.C. Manchester Leslie George B.Sc. (Lond.). Marrison Frank Carlisle M.Sc. (Lond.). Matthews Thomas Henry B.Sc. (Dunelm). Mounfield James Denis M.Sc.Tech. Ph.D. (Manc.). Munden Alick Robert RSc. (Birm.). Murfitt George. Naidu Uevara Satyanarayana M.-4., M.Sc. (Calcutta) A. 1.1.S~. Ncllist George Rippon. Neppc Solly Louis M.Sc.Eng. (Wit-watersrand) A.M. I.Chem.E. Parry Reginald Ezra M.Sc. (Melbourne) M. 1.Chem.E. Paxon Francis James B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. D.I.C. Pennington John Herbert B.Sc.(Lond.). Preston William M.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.) M.1.Chem.E. Selfe Francis Leslie. Steele Samuel Douthart B.Sc. (Glas.), A.R.T.C. Stephens Francis Frederick. Thomson William Brown RSc. (Glas.). Tryhorn Profcssor Frederick Gerald DSc. (Liv.). Walkley Allan B.Sc. (Adelaide) B.A. (Cantab.) Ph.D. (Lond.). Whewell Charles Smalley B.Sc. Ph.D. (Leeds), Wilson Andrew Cook. Wilson Ernest Perry Bradley B.Sc. (Birm.) A.M.1.Chem.E. Adam William Henry. Ajmani Guranditta Ma) B.S. (Punjab), A.I.I.Sc. Allerton Frank William B.Sc. (Lond.). Anderson Alan Stuart BSc. (Lond.). Annable Edgar Neil B.Sc. (Lond.). Archer Harold. Archer Victor Alfred Alleyne B.S.A. (McGill) M.S.A. (Toronto) F.C.I.C. Atkinson Cyril Pearson.Atkinson Harold Holland. Austin George John. Barkworth Gordon Edward. Beaver Stanley. Bell Douglas Herbert B.Sc. (Lond.). Birchall Tom,BSc. (Lond.). Birse Eric Alexander Balfour B.Sc. Ph D. (Edin.). Bone Henry Thomas. Bose Asoke Nath B.Sc. (Calcutta), Dr-Ing. (Munich). Bretherick Leslie B.Sc. (Liv.). Broughton Harry John. Brown Edward Gordon. Buchanan James B.Sc.,Ph.D. (Edin.). Burr James Percival B.Sc. (Lond.). Bush George Henry B.Sc. (Lond.). Calderwood John Alexander B.Sc. (Glas.). Cannell John Seymour M.Sc. (Manc.), Ph.C. Cad Reginald Garfield Roy B.Sc. (Lond.). Carter Ronald James B.Sc. (Lond.). Casson Frank David. Charlton John Cecil B.Sc. (Wales). Christie Miss Margaret Isabella B.Sc.(Glas.) A.R.T.C. Clemow John,B.Sc. (Lond.). Coates Kenneth Bernard BSc. (Lond .). Collis,Clarence Barnes B. A. RSc. (Oxon.). Cook William James Mitchell. Crofts loseph Edward BSc. (Lond.). Crurnpltk Harold Roy B.Sc.. (Loid.), A.R.C.S. Cumming Harry Wyndham Lister BSc. (Lond.). Daly John Millar B.Sc. (Glas.). Davis Jack BSc. (Lond.). Deeks Arthur Sydney B.Sc. (Dunelm). Dickinson Thomas Bradley. Donovan Barry Joseph. Doughty Thomas Joseph. Dowse. George Herbert Victor. B.Sc. (Birm.). Eaborn. Colin B.Sc.[Waled. ~ Eaton John . Kenneth. B.Sc. (Wales), M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.) Ph.D. (Lond.). Elton George Alfred Hugh B.Sc. (Lond.). Elvey Norman B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. Garside James Eric M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), Ph.D. (Lond.).Ghosh Sailaja Prasad M.Sc. (Patna). Gibb William BSc. (Glas.) A.R.T.C. Gibson Neville Alian &Sc. (Sydney). Gill John Stuart Freeston B.Sc. (Lond.). Gillings David William ELSc. Ph.D. (Lond.). Godier Alec Leonard B.9. (Lond.). Gollop Percy Lionel. Greenhalgh Geoffrey Harvey BSc. (Lond.) A. R.C.S. Hall Clifford James. Halliday James Henry. Hawkins Edwin George Edward B.Sc. Ph.D. (Bris.). Heaton Edgar B.Sc. Ph.D. (Leeds). Hocknell William B.Sc. (Wales). Hodges William Samuel B.Sc. (Lond.), Ph.C. Humphreys William Eric. Hunt Eric Millman B.Sc (Leeds). Jackson Peter John B.Sc.(Lond.). Jennings Peter Philip B.Sc.(Lond.). Jones Islwyn M.Sc. Ph.D. (Wales). Kaliski Charles Edward. Kay John B.Sc.Tech. (Mane.). Kendall James Tyldesley M.A.(Cantab.).Kenny Alexander Donovan A.R.C.S. (vnd.). Knight Frederick Thomas. Lees Kenneth. Levy Anthony Lewis B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. Lewis Edward Joseph BSc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. Lockhart George Watson B.Sc. (Edin.). Lodge Michael Richard M.Sc. (N.U.I.). Lyons Fergus Barry B.Sc.(N.U.I.). MacBean Kenneth Forbes B.Sc. Ph-D. (Edin.). McDonald Roy Beresford. McGrath Louis Bernard BSc. (Lond.). Mackenzie Kenneth M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.) Ph.D. (Aberd.). Marsh Kenneth Edwin B.Sc. (Lond.). Mason Ronald George B.Sc. (Lond.). Mecklenburgh George Kevin B.Sc. (Wales). Milsom Philip Edward B.A. (Oxon.). Moon Sydney Edward Allan MSc. (Lond.). Mould Leonard Pearce A.M.1.Chem.E. Munday Atholl Claughton B.Sc. (Cape Town).Nairn John Syme. Narayanaswamy Bindiginavale Nara-simhaiyengen B.Sc. (Mysore) A.I. I.Sc. Nayudu Sadagopa Sankar. Neave Oswald. Nicholl Eric A.M.1.Chem.E. O'Flynn Denis Joseph B.Sc. (N.U.I.). Oswin Harry Godfrey B.A. (Oxon.). Parry Thomas Arthur BSc. (Wales). Paul Stanley BSc. Ph.D. (Liv.). Peck Dennis Raymond B.Sc. (Lond.). Peppiatt Edward George B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. Podmore Dennis Arthur. Prentice William Ross l3.S~. (Glas.). Probee James Charles. Rawlinson Daniel. Reed Hugh Wilma Boulton BSc. (Lond.) Keif Miss Maria Ida M.Sc. (Manc.). Rickson Joseph Brian B.Sc. (Lond.). Silk John Arthur B.Sc. (Lond.),A.R.C.S. Sims David William Daniel B.Sc. (Lond.). Sing Kenneth Stafford William B.Sc. (Lond.) .Smith Gordon Ernest B.Sc. (hnd.). Smith Kenneth Arnott BSc. (Lond.). Stephenson Richard John KSc. Ph.D. (Lond.). Stott Geoffrey B.Sc. (Wales). Sultanbawa Mohamed Uass Siddeek B.Sc. (Loncl.). Re-elected Hawes William Bernard BSc. Ph.D. (Lond.). Howarth Gilbert Rartle M.C. M.Sc. (Leeds). Swaddle Donald BSc. (Lond.). Taylor Duncan B.Sc. Ph.D. (Edin.). Uvarov Eugene Boris BSc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. D.I.C. Vickerstaff Thomas M.Sc. Ph.D. (Manc.). Vose Wilfred BSc. (Lond.). Voss Roland Cesar B.Sc. (Lond.). Waddams John Arthur B.Sc. (Lond.). Waite Miss Blodwen Hazel B.Sc. (Wales). Waton John Howard B.A. (Cantab.). Whalley Miss Margaret B.Sc. (Glas.). White Henry George BSc. (Leeds). Willcock Harold Gilbert BSc. (Lond.). Wilson George Alexander MSc.(Q.U.B.). Wilson Stanley B.Sc. (Lond.). Wray Anthony Tom B.Sc. (Lond.). Wrenn John Arthur BSc. (Lond.). Wright John B.A. B.Sc. (Oxon.). Associates Murray Henry BSc. (N.U.L) A.R.CSc.1. Rose Leslie. Varadhan Cattancoletore M.Sc. (Bom-bay)' New Students Baggott Eric Raymond. Baguley Maurice Edward. Bates Herbert Geoffrey Charles. Blackburn Frank. Bladon Peter. Blakeway John Murray. Bookey John Bernard. Brocklehurst Richard. Broomhead Frank. Brown Miss Mary Teresa. Brown Robert. Brownstone Alan Denis Carter Francis John. Cass Raymond Charles Chadwick Derek Bagnall. Clark Stanley Bartlett. Clements Dennis. Clements Henry. Connell Edwart Nathan. Corbett William Michael. Cowperthwaite James Joseph.Cruse Henry Dalziel Miss Mary Estelle. Davies Michael. Davis Stanley Joseph. Davy Vernon Peter. Dewhurst John.. Dickson Donald Harold Wanchope. Doggart James Russell. Elstow William Ernest. Faulkner Peter. Fenn,Edward Malcolm. Fenton Peter Ernest Bauglian. Foster William Bailey. Garratt William Charles. Goodyear Raymond John Arnold. Grant John. Gray Joseph Wylie. Hamilton Miss Lucy Garland. Hargreaves Colin. Harnden Maurice Harold. Hawes Bernard William Varney. Hawkins John Gilmour. Horspool John Michael. Houldershaw Harold Kenneth. Jackman Miss Mary Rosaleen. Jobson Harry Taylor. Knight John Frederick Leslie. Larson John Eric. Littler Albert. McAdam Ian Alexander. McConnell Alexander MacDonald .McDonnell Francis Robert Maxwell. hlcwilliam Anthony. Massie William Henry Simpson. Matthews Henry Alfred. Menary James Wilson. Metcalfe Fred. Morgan John William Woodhouse. Morrison Miss Joan. Myers John. Neill Desmond Williani. Newell John Alfred. Norcross Geoffrey. Payne Kenneth Richard. Phillips James Ivor. Price David. Proctor James Ernest. Ramsden Russell Weber. Reed Stuart Austin. Reid Thomas James. Rowbottom Jack. Russell James . Rutter Kenneth Derek. Saha Saileswar. Saunders James. I1671 Smith John Frederick. Waterhouse Keith Mason. Smith Rex. White Miss Florence Ada. Sumner Jack. Wilde Peter. Thompson John Sturgeon. Willcock Peter. Tyler Douglas Leslie.Wilson Raymond Ernest. Tyler Joseph Francis Charles. Woodward Albert William Thomas. Varley Roy Stewart. Young Peter John. Walder Miss Dilys Ann. Re-registered Student Hickson Charles Vivian. CHANGE OF NAME Eli Finklestone Fellow to Eliot Stone,-by Deed Poll. DEATHS Fellows John Addyman Gardner M.A. (Oxon.) Liverseege John Francis. James Hart-Smith A.R.C.S. Edmund Brydges Rudhall Prideaux, DSc. (Lond.). Edward Hinks M.B.E. BSc. (Lond.) M.A. B.Sc. (N.Z.) Associates Thomas Gray BSc. (Glas.). Francis Henry Trim B.Sc. (Lond.). Alfred Ivor jefiery BSc. (Lond.). COMING EVENTS I946 July 4 THE INSTITUTE (Belfast and District) Visit to Newforge Ltd. Malone Belfast. Meet at the Malone Factory at 3 p.m. 8 BRITISHASSOCXATIONFOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE Conference held in collaboration with the Royal Society and the Empire Scientific Conference on “The Dissemination of Scientific Information to the Public.” 11 and 12 SOCIETY INDUSTRY: OF CHEMICAL Annual Meeting.July 11 Meeting of Chairmen and Secretaries of Groups and Sections. July 12 Connaught Rooms, London W.C. 2. Annual General Meeting luncheon President’s address presentation of Messel Medal. 16 and 17 BRITISH PHARMACEUTICAL : CONFERENCEOpening Meeting at the Connaught Rooms Great Queen Street W.C.2 at 10 a.m. on first day. 20 BRITISHASSOCIATIONFOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE Annual Meeting. followed by the Presidential Address by Sir Richard Gregory Bart. F.R.S. in the Hall of the British Medical Association Tavistock Square London W.C.1. OF 25 BRITISHASSOCIATIONFOR THE ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE.Conference on “UNESCO and Universities.” Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers (2s.each) for binding the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS in annual volumes should notify the Assistant Secretary of their requirements indicating the years (1946 or earlier) required. GENERAL NOTICES (For Notius vetding to matters of immediah importance see “Announcements” on p. 134.) Notice to Associates-Regulations and forms of application for the Fellowship can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments or are desirous of extending their opportunities is kept at the offices of the Institute.For full information inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Libraries.-The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society Burlington House Piccadilly W.1 to the maintenance of which the Institute makes substantial con- tributions is available to Fellows Associates and Registered Students wishing to consult or borrow books from 10 a.m. to 9 p.m. on week-days [except Saturdays 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.). Books can also be borrowed by post. Books may be borrowed from the Science Library Science Museum South Kensing- ton S.W.7 on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Secretary of the Institute. The Library of the Institute is being reorganised but limited service is available to Fellows Associates and Registered Students from 10 a.m.to 6 p.m. on week-days (except Saturdays 10 a.m. to 1 pm.). Information regarding facilities afforded to members by Lewis’s Lending Library can also be obtained from the Registrar. Reports on German Industries.4opies of a number of Reports of the Combined Intelligence Objectives Sub-Committee (C.I.O.S.) and of the British Intelligence Sub- committee (B.I.O.S.) on industrial plants and processes in Germany published by H.M. Stationery Office have been received and are available for consultation in the Library of the Institute. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A list of slides of portraits of great chemists and other scientists throughout the ages can be obtained on application to the Secretary. As the slides are frequently in demand members are requested to notify their require- ments at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used.Joint Subscription Arrange men ts.-Fellows Associates and Registered Students who wish to participate in the arrangements whereby they can acquire on favourable terms membership of the Chemical Society the Society of Chemical Industry and the Faraday Society with substantial privileges as to publications (see special article JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1945 Part IV p. 148) can obtain further particulars and necessary forms from the Conjoint Chemical Office 9 and 10 Savile Row London W. 1. Benevolent Fund.-Contributions for 1946 may be sent to the Honorary Treasurer 30 Russell Square London W.C.l. Forms for Deeds of Covenant may be obtained from the Secretary (see p.137). Service with H.M. Forces.-Fellows Associates and Registered Students who are on service with the Navy Army and Air Force are requested to notify the Institute giving particulars as to their rank unit etc. Changes of Address.-Fellows Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give so far as possible their permanent addresses for registration. When writing from an address different from that previously given they are requested to state if the new address is to be used in future and whether the change aiTects the Appointments Register. All requests for changes should be addressed to the Registrar and not to the Honorary Secretaries of local Sections. In order to facilitate identification Fellows Associates and Registered Students are asked to give their full initials on communications addressed to the Institute.In the prevailing circumstances they are also asked not invariably to expect formal acknowledgments of communications addressed to the Institute unless replies are necessary. E 1591 PUBLKATIONS OF THE INSTITUTE Many of the pcblications are owt of pint and members are &vised not to send ckqws m mders with enquiries fm pwblications otkev thaoa those listed below of which limited supiblies are still available. LECTURZ~ “Copyright with special reference to Scientific Papers and Publications.” E. J. MacGillivray K.C. (1926.) 2s. net. “Fire Risks in Industry.” A. M.Cameron B.Sc. F.R.I.C. (1927.) 2s.net. “Chemists and Dividends.” S. M.Cluckstein. (1927.) 2s. net. “Lessons Learnt from Industrial Gases and Fumes.” Sir T. Legge C.B.E. M.D. (1930.) 2s. net. “The Nature of Simple Molecules and of Elementary Processes.” A. J. Allmand, M.C. D.Sc. F.R.I.C. F.R.S. (1932.) 2s. 6d. net. “The Chemist in the Far East.” A. Marcan F.R.I.C. (1933.) 2s. net. alchemists in Art and Literature.” Richard B. Pilcher O.B.E. F.C.I.S. (1935.) 2s. 6d. net. *“Beer.” H. F. E. Hulton F.R.I.C. (1934.) 2s. net. “Food and the Consumer.” G. W. Monier-Williams O.B.E. &LA. Ph.D. F.R.I.C. (1935.) 2s. net. “Protection against Toxic Gases in Industry.” J. Davidson Pratt O.B.E.,M.A., B.Sc. F.R.I.C. (1936.) 2s. net. “Our Money.” W. H. Coates Ph.D. LL.B. B.Sc. (1937.) 2s. net.“GasDefence from the Point of View of the Chemist.” J. Davidson Pratt O.B.E. M.A. B.Sc.,F.R.I.C. (1937.) 2s. net. “Oxidation-Reduction Potentials and their Applications.” S. Glasstone DSc. F.R.I.C. (1937.) 2s. net. *“Chemical Changes and Chances.” Sir Martin Forster D.Sc. F.R.I.C. F.R.S. (1937.) 2s. net. “Forensic Chemistry in the Criminal Court.” C. Ainsworth Mitchell M.A. DSc. F.R.I.C. (1938.) 2s. net. “The Development of the Chemistry of Commercial Synthetic Dyes (1866-1938) F. M. Rowe D.Sc. F.R.I.C. (1938.) 6s. net. §*“Opium.” J. R. Nicholls D.Sc.,F.R.I.C. (1938.) 2s. 6d. net. $t“Researchin the Iron and Steel Industry.” W.H. Hatfield D.Met. F.R.S. (1938.) 2s. 0d. net. “LudwigMond F.R.S. 1839-1909.” F. G. Donnan C.B.E. D.Sc. F.R.I.C. F.R.S.(1939.) 2s. net. §*“Magne~ite.~’A. W.Comber F.R.I.C. Assoc. Inst. M.M. (1939.) 2s. net. “Chromatographic Analysis.” A. H. Cook,Ph.D. D.I.C. F.R.I.C. (1941,) 2s. net. *“Precious Metals.” H. Gordon Dale F.R.I.C. (1941.) 2s. net. §“Further Advances in the Use of the Spekker Photo-Electric Absorptiometer.” E. J. Vaughn MSc. A.R.C.S.. F.R.I.C. (1942.) 2s. 6d. net. §“Rust- Acid- and Heat-Resisting Steels.” W.H. Hatfield D.Met. F.R.S. (1942.) 2s. 6d. net. §*“Notes on Water Treatment.” Russell G. Pelly F.R.I.C. (1942.) 2s. net. §“Leather.” D. Jordan-Lloyd M.A. D.Sc. F.R.I.C. (1943.) 2s. 6d. net. §Tement and Concrete.” F. M. Lea O.B.E. D.Sc. F.R.I.C. 2s. 6d. net. “Chemistry and Clothing.” First Dalton Lectecve. D. A. Clibbens. 2s. net. §**Industrial Non-Ferrous Alloys.” Harold Moore,C.B.E.D.Sc. F.R.I.C. 2s. 6d.net. REGULATIONS ASSOCIATES FOR THE ADMISSIONOF STUDENTS AND FELLOWS.Gratis. PAPERS. EXAMINATION Annual Sets. 1s. each post free. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. Six Partsannually. 2s. each net. THEPROPESSION OF CHEMISTRY.Richard B. Pilcher O.B.E. F.C.I.S. 4th Edition. (1938.) 2s. 6d. net. Gratis to Fellows Associates and Registered StWs. * Sfre&eikl Memorial L.ectwts. t Gluckstcin Memorial Lectwres. 3 I&stra&d. [ 160 3