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JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND PART I. I946 REPORT OF THE COUNCIL 1945 To be submitted at the Sixty-eighth Annual General Meeting of the Institute to be held on Tuesday 12th March 1946. The year 1945will go down in history as marking the end of the second world war. The conclusion of hostilities in the West followed more rapidly than had seemed possible by the surrender of Japan brought relief from suffering to millions in all parts of the world and lightened the almost in-supportable burdens which humanity had borne for nearly six years. Once again mankind has turned to the repair of devastation and to the construction of a n’:w civilisation. In every phase of human interest and activity-in international and national affairs in public and private concerns-the break With pre-war ideas and practices had been such as to demand some- thing more than an attempt to restore what had been lost.Traditions that have stood the test of time should be preserved but it has become necessary to build anew upon them in the light of the lessons of recent experience if the visions of a better world that have emerged from suffering and destruc- tion are to be converted into realities. Against the vastness and complexity oi world affairs the concerns of the Royal Institute of Chemistry may seem relatively insigniscant and simple but the Council is conscious of the fact that within its own sphere its re-sponsibilities and duties are similar in kind to those which fall upon states-men and moreover that the contributions which the progressive develop- ment of bodies such as the Institute can make to the building of a new civilisation are out of all proportion to the magnitude of their corporate memberships.Incorporation by Royal Charter places upon the Institute special obligations to the community and in times like the present when a new era is opening it is of paramount importance that the Royal Institute of Chemistry should play its proper part by ensuring that advances in the science of chemistry are applied and the services of chemists utilised in the most effective manner for the common good. With these ideas in mind the Council has been concerned during the past year with reviewing almost every feature of the structure and work of the Institute to see where modifications and new developments are required in order to meet post-war needs.This survey has ranged- from purely domestic matters such as the constitution of the Council to questions involving relations with organisations of various kinds such as Government depart- ments local authorities and universities; from educational problems such as the status and scope of National Certificates in Chemistry and the organi- sation of scientific courses to issues affecting the status and welfare of chemists engaged in industry Government service or academic institutions [13 and questions arising from the National Service obligations of members; and from matters long under discussion such as the desirability of providing in some way for the affiliation to the Institute of persons not qualified for admission to the Associateship to new proposals such as the preparation of precise definitions of scientific terms and the issue of a directory of independent consultants.Some of these matters have lent themselves to immediate settlement by administrative action; some are being put into form for submission to a General Meeting; but several must await the further relaxation of restrictions on supplies of materials and services before they can be brought to fruition. Reference is made below to many of the major issues that have been before the Council dpring the year including some on which action has had to be deferred. It should be noted however that this Report unlike previous ones covers a calendar year; no attempt is made to include any record of events between 1st January 1946,and the date of the Annual General Meting for such a record must necessarily be incomplete.An approach towards this plan was made last year when membership statistics were re- ported to 31st December and were thus brought into line with the statements of accounts. In order to make this change without limiting the Report to a period less than twelve months some overlap with the content of the previous Report has been necessary; statistical data include figures for the early part of 1945,some of which were incorporated in the last Report but in each instance the period covered is twelve months and the figures are therefore reasonably comparable.In all the work on which the Council has been engaged during 1945the President has taken a leading part and in view of Professor Findlay’s iin-pending retirement from this office the Council desires to take this oppor- tunity of recording its gratitude to him for his unremitting concern with the details of every proposal that might bring benefits to the Institute andits members. Throughout his term of service as President he has guided .the proceedings of the Council with wisdom patience and enthusiasm and has devoted to the affairs of the Tnstitute a fuller measure of his time andenergy than any such organisation could reasonably expect from its principal honorary officer. Without this exceptional personal attention by Professor Findlay to the maintenance and development of the activities of the Institute it would hardly have been possible to surmount the difficulties arising out of the transition from war to peace and the break which occurred in the continuity of the administration of the Institute itself through the retirement of Mr,Pilcher at the end of March.At the end of the year the Council received with regret the resignation of Mr. White from the office of Treasurer which he has held throughout the war years and has expressed to him cordial thanks for the valuable services that he has rendered to the Institute during this difficult time. The Council has already expressed its gratitude to Mr.Pilcher for his unique services to the Institute over a period of fifty-three years (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1945,11 67) and has welcomed Dr.Ellingham to the office of Secretary and Mr. Collett in his new capacity as Registrar. Changing executive officers after such a long period of stability could hardy have been effected under any conditions without some disturbance of con-tinuity; as the transfer of responsibilities coincided with the turn over from war to peace the danger was much greater. That the essential services of the Institute have been maintained without interruption during the Ye= is largely due to the enthusiastic and efficient manner in which both the r.21 Secretary and the Registrar have h their respective fields and in C* operation handled the official business of the Institute as well as the in- numerable matters which are brought to their notice by individual members of the Institute.Their work would itself have been impossible but for the loyal support given by the staff,who have made up for gaps in their ranks by working long hours under conditions which have often been very difficd!. In paying a tribute to their efforts on behalf of the Institute the Councd dfsires to express its thanks particularly to Miss Cawstonwho with complelte &regard of any schedule of working hours or working days has ensured not only that the day to day business of the Institute has been done but also that the way has been prepared for new developments that are envisaged. The Council has viewed with satisfaction the increased activities of the Local Sections both at home and overseas.Full advantage has been taken of the improvement in conditions to arrange more extensive programmes of lectures discussions and other types of meetings. The Council desires to convey its congratulations and thanks to the Officers and members of the Committees of Local Sections whose concern with the interests and welfare of their members and students has been of vital importance in building up the prestige and usefulness ofthe Institute. Special thanks are accorded to the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections at home and overseas upon whom has fallen the heaviest burden and to Honorary Corresponding Secretaries h those various parts of the British Empire and Commonwealth where Local Sections have not been established who have played an important role in keeping in touch with members scattered over wide areas.It is with much pleasure that the Council has received messages of greeting and goodwill from the overseas Sections. Under war conditions it has not always been possible to maintain regular communication wifh members in more distant countries and special difficulties have arisen rn the identification and hence in the acknowledgment of subscription pay- ments made through banks in the Dominions. The Council trusts that those who have suffered apparent discourtesy or lack of attention in this connexion will be forbearing in their criticism and assures them that with the return ofmore normal conditions everything possible will be done to avoid such troubles in ths future.The Officers have been glad to welcome a number of members on their return to England after release from countries overrun by the enemy- from Malaya China and other parts of the Far East and from the Channel Islands and the Council desires to convey cordial good wishes to all who have returned from service overseas and especially to those who have been prisoners of war. On the day of the next Annual General Meeting it has been decided to hold an Anniversary Luncheon of the Institute-the first event of this kind to be held since the end of the war and the first since the title “Royal” was conferred upon the Institute. Arrangements were put in hand towards the end of the year and particulars wilt have been issued by the time this Report becomes available to members.MEMBERSHIP AND STUDENTSHIP From the date of the preparation of the Report for 1944-45to the end of 1945,theCouncilhasrecordedwithregretnoticeof thedeathof thefolIowing:- Fellows Edward Frankland Arxnstrong F.R.S. Francis William Aston F.R.S.-Nobel Laureate Robert William Barnett Marmaduke Barrowcliff M.B.E. George Edward PI Boizot Herbert Thomas Butcher William John Atkinson Butterfield Sir George Christopher Clayton C.B.F.-Past President James Kear colwell Rev. Arthur James Cooper Charles Edwin Corfield Watson Crossley George Davidson Elsdon Albert Lucas Entwistle John Evans,Sir Martin Onslow Forster F.R.S.,Richard Greenhalgh Henry George Harrison,Frederick Hudson-Cox Sydney Walter Hunt Herbert Ingle Ernest Gabriel Jones Charles Frederick Juritz Alfred Lucas O.B.E.George Madel Alexander Kenneth Miller Frederick Henry Newington M.B.E. Thomas Joseph Nolan Thomas Henry Norris Edwin James Read Frederick Edward Read john Sanderson, John Henry Stansbie James McLean Taylor James Fowler Tocher Crozier Fullerton Tofts,Archibald Walker D.L.,Roland Cecil Wild Jason Hall Worrall. Associates Margaret Elsie Snowden Appleyard Theodore Edward Archard William Barr, Carl Winston Cassini Ernest William Arthur Charlwood Richard Arthur Omerod Claudet Alfred Henry Clucas M.B.E.,William Murray Crone William Robert Cuth- bertson Biraj Mohan Gupta Arthur Barker Hatton Rev. Father Ernest Cormac Hoben Annie Clapham Holgate Walter Eric James Frank Milner Leighton Geoffrey Lord Frank Oates O.B.E.Charles Thomas James Owen Alan Percy Platt Arthur Edwin Rickinson Idris Cheer Roberts Robert Hutton Scott James Watson Sim, Robert Frederick Smith John Stafford John Boris Taylor Donald Vernon Tilston, John Yeoman. Registered Students William George Gregory Doughty William Vernon Jones,William Arthur Barber Lomax Andrew Ross,Bertram Eric Scott James RoyTanner George Hugh Underwood. Changes in membership and studentship in the twelve months ended 3rst December 1945,are recorded below together with the corresponding data for the previous twelve months for comparison. Twelve months ended 31sf Dec. 1944 1945 Additions and promotions New Fellows .. Fellows re-elected .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 28 -_ 28 3 Associates elected to Fellowship .* .... 324 261 New Associates.. .... .. .. .. 486 453 Associates re-elected .. .. .. .. .. 25 14 Students elected to Associateship *. .. .. 127 115 New Students .. .f .. .. .. .. 374 327 Students readmitted .. .. *. 1. .. 8 6 Deaths Fellows .... .. .. 1. .* .. 32 41 Associates .. .. .. .. .. .. 22 29 Students ........ .. .. .. 1 7 Resignations Fellows ........ .. .. .. - 1 Associates ...... .. .. .. 15 32 Students ........ .. .. .. 18 6 Removals Fellows .... .... .. .. .. 5 6 Associates .. Students .... .... .... .. .. .. .. .. .. 32 40 46 - The numbers of Fellows Associates and Students on the Register of the Institute at 31st December 1945 and at the same date in 1944,were as follows [*I At 31st December 1944 1945 3248 Fellows .... .. 3003 6393 Associates .. .... *. .. 6179 -9182 -Increase Fellows .. .. .. 246 Increase Associates .. .. 214 -Total increase Members .. .. 4s9 9641 -Students . . .. .. .. .. I206 1411 Increase Students .. .. 205 -I411 -The growth of the membership of the Institute during the war period is shown by the following figures:-*1939 *1940 *1941 *I942 *1943 t1944 t1945 Fellows .. .. 2239 2269 2326 2396 2693 3003 3248 Associates .. .. 5315 6506 5713 5835 6000 6179 6393 Total of Members .. 7554 7775 8039 8231 8693 9182 9641 __I--*At a date towards the end of January in the following year. +At 31st December of the specified year. THE COUNCIL AND COMMITTEES AND REPRESENTATIVES OF THE INSTITUTE ON OTHER BODIES During the year the Council has held II meetings.The Committees of the Council and of the Institute that have been active during the year are recorded below with the names of their Chairmen and the numbers of meetings held. Committees of Council Emergency Committee .. .. .. .. The President 1 Finance and House Committee .. .. .. The Treasurer 9 Nominations Examinations and Institutions Com- The President with Prof. 13 mittee I. M. Heilbron Vice-President as Vice-Chairman Publications and Library Committee .. .. Mr. F. P. Dunn Vice-9 President Standing Committees of the Institute Appointments Committee . . .. .. . . Dr. D. Jordan-Lloyd 1 Vice-President Benevolent Fund Committee .* .. . . The Treasurer 7 Economic Status and Welfare Committee .... The President -2 Publicity Committee .. .. .. .. .. Mr. A. L. Bacharach 1 Vice-President Ad hoc Committees of the Institute *Committee re Third Grade and Associates on the The President 2 Council f “Welfare” Committee .. .. .. .. The President Terminology Committee .. .. *. . . The President Committee on Revision of Charter and By-laws .. The President Committee on Directory of Consultants .. .. The President Anniversary Luncheon Committee .. .. .. The President KOW in abeyance. t Now replaced by the Economic Status and Welfare Committee (above). 151 The representatives of the Institute on Joint Committees that have been active during the year were as follows:-The Chemical Council Mr.A. L. Bacharach Dr. D. Jordan-Lloyd Sir Robert Pickard and the Treasurer. The Joint Council of Professional Scientists Professor A. Findlay Professor I. M. Heilbron Dr. G. Roche Lynch Dr. H. Moore Sir Robert Pickaxd and Dr. H. J. T. Ellingham. The Joint Library Committee Mr. A. L. BacharaLch Professor H.V. A. Briscoe, Mr. H.W. Cremer and Professor A. Findlay. The Joint Committee of the Institute and the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists The President with Mr. A. L. Bacharach Dr. F.H. Carr Mr. E. Hinks and Professor W. H. Roberts. The Joint Consultative Committee of the Institute and the British Association of Chemists The President with Mr. A. L.Bacharach Mi-.L.Eynon,Sir Robert Pickard and the Secretary. Joint Committees on National Certificates (a) with the Ministry of Education (England and Wales):The President with Dr.G. N. Burkhardt Mr. L. Eynon and Mr. H. N. Wilson. (b) with the Scottish Education Department The President with Professor J. W. Cook Mr. G. E. Dodds and Dr. J. Weir. (c) with the Ministry of Education (Northern Ireland) The President with Dr. M. H. Hall. The representatives of the Institute on other bodies have been as follows The Parliamentary and Scientific Committee Mr. A. L. Bacharach Professor A. Findlay and Dr. H. J. T. Ellingham. The Poisons Board (Pharmacy and Poisons Act 1933) Statutory Appointment Dr. G. Roche Lynch. The Advisory Committee appointed under the Therapeutic Substances Act 1925 the late Dr.J. F. Tocher succeeded by Professor D. H. Hey. The Headmasters’ Employment Committee of the Ministry of Labour Mr. R. L. CoIlett. The National Committee for Chemistry of the RoyaI Society Professor J. W. Cook. The Chemical Divisional Council of the British Standards Institution Professor H.V. A. Briscoe. The British Chemical Ware Manufacturers’ Committee dealing with Key Industries (Scientific Equipment and Materials) Dr. A. H. Cook. The Oils Fats and Waxes Advisory Committee of the City and Guilds of London Institute Mr. W. H. Simmons. The Chemical Trades Advisory Committee and the Chemical Trades Examination Board of the Union of Lancashire and Cheshire Institutes Mr. R. L. Collett. A number of Fellows and Associates have continued to serve on various Technical Committees of the British Standards Institution.Changes in representation have occurred as follows:-Technical Committee CLB/S Vitrified Ware Pipes-Mr. A. T. Green in place of Mr. W.Thomason; new Technical Committee on Methods for the Sampling and Analysis of FIue Gases-Mr. G. W.Hewson appointed. The sincere thanks of the Council are accorded to all those who have served on Committees or as representativesof the Institute on other bodies. It is appreciated that other calls on the time of members have made it increasingly difficult for them to give their services in this way and the Institute has been fortunate in the support it has received in carrying on its work. CONSTITUTIONAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE MATTERS Having concluded from the replies to the questionnaire that there was no justification for proceeding further with the suggestion that Associates should be eligible for service on the Council the Council took up agah proposals put forward in 1942 for altering the constitution of the Council in other respects particularly with a view to reducing the size of the Council [61 (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, INS I 39).These props& provided for a notable reduction in the number of General Members of Council but involved also in their original form a change in the basis of district representation on the Council which was not favourably received by the Annual Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1945 IV 141-para.10)and was opposed by a number of Local Sections in Committee or in General Meeting. These criticisms and various alternative suggestions were referred by the Council to the Committee on Revision of Charter and By-laws which had been set up early in the year to examine the provisions of the existing Charter and By-laws and to make recommendations regarding any changes that seemed necessary or desirable for maintaining and progressively developing the activities and services of the Institute. In December the Council adopted with minor amendments the recommendations submitted by the Committee on the principles of proposed changes in the By-laws affecting the constitution of the Council as well as a number of other matters most of which were of mainly administrative importance.A statement on the origins and objects of these revised proposals for amending the By-laws will be published in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS as soon as the relevant By-laws have been redrafted in a form suitable for putting before members of the Institute in General Meeting. The Committee on Revision of Charter and By-laws made considerable progress during the year also in establishing the basis on which an application for a new Royal Charter may be made and at the close of the year was in a position to draft the Petition for the new Charter and to specify provisions that it might contain. The Council hopes that these drafts in their final form may be put before a General Meeting at the same time asthe resohtions relating to amendment of the By-laws.On the suggestion of a Local Section the Council drew the attention of the Publications and Library Committee in May to the desirability of pro- viding as soon as conditions permit more information on the proceedings of the Council either by the extension of the existing reports or by the inclusion of special articles on questions of major interest. During the latter part of the year it has been possible to go some distance towards meeting this request in both of the ways suggested. Following a suggestion put forward at the Annual Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections (JOURNALAND PROCEEDINGS, 1945 IV 141-para. 8) steps have been taken by a majority of Local Sections to bring the end of their financial years to 31st December so as to coincide with that of the Institute itself.The Council has approved proposals by several Local Sections to amend their Rules in this connexion or in order to permit other modifications of their practice. In July the Council received a petition with supporting documents from members in the Hull area for permission to form a Local Section in that area. This petition was accepted subject to agreement being reached with neighbouring Local Sections regarding the boundaries of the area of the proposed new Section and to approval of Rules to be drawn up for its conduct. At the end of the year negotiations between the provisional Committee of members in the Hull area and the Committees of adjoining Local Sections were still in progress.The Council accepted a recornmen- dation by one of these Sections to ensure that no proposal involving detach- ment of territory from an existing Local Section should in future be approved by Council until that Section had been consulted. [71 FINANCE HOUSE AND STAFF MAITERS The Financial Statements for the year 1945 are attached to this Report (PP*v-30). At &1,163 13s. zd. the income shows an increase of ;6352 17s. od. over that for 1944,while expenditure (excluding sums placed to reserve) at ,618,85011s. 2d. rose by &649 3s. 6d.;the excess of income over expenditure (still excluding sums placed to reserve) having fallen from f1.4,6098s. 6d. to @,313 2s. od. In so far as the increased expenditure reflects improvement in or extension of the services that the Institute has been able to render to its members the position can be regarded as satisfactory for the war years have been abnormal in that expenditure on the maintenance as well as on the development of these services has been restricted in many ways and reserves that have been built up should be regarded largely as deferred expenditure.The largest item on the income side-subscriptions of Fellows Associates and Students-shows an increase of onIy jtl126 5s. od. over the previous year in spite of the fact that the number of Fellows increased by 245 of Associates by 214,and of Students by 205; subscriptions of Associates have actually decreased by L233 13s. 5d. Several factors have contributed to this appa- rently anomalous result.First in 1944,there had been a special drive for the collection of arrears of subscriptions and the success of this effort resulted in an abnormally high income under this heading during that year. Secondly although it was in 1944that the Council decided that Members and Students serving with H.M. Forces should not be asked to pay annual subscriptions many who did not immediately become aware of this provision made payments in respect of that year and did not report that they were serving; many such subscriptions were returned during 1945 and charged against the subscription income. Subscriptions covering several years have also been returned to members whose bankers continued to pay their sub- scriptions while they were prisoners in enemy hands.Thirdly owing to the step which had to be taken during the year of holding over reports of the Nominations Examinations and Institutions Committee to Council for a month a larger proportion of the new Associates was elected in the latter half of the year and thus became eligible for the reduced subscription. Having regard to these factors all of which are of a transitional nature the decrease in income from Associates’ subscriptions does not give cause for disquiet. On the expenditure side several items show increases. Repairs and maintenance have had to be cut down during the war and the increase over the low charge for 1944 represents mainly essential repairs to the lift. Salaries and wages are up by fl1,228 16s. 8d. but of this sum g675 represents two non-recurrent items covering payment of full salaries to both Mr.Pilcher and Dr. Ellingham during the first three months of the year and of a gratuity to members of the regular staff in recognition of their services during the war; the remainder of the rise is due to salary increments for four members of the staff and to increased rates and extended incidence of cost of living bonus. It should be noted however that although expenditure under this heading in 1945 includes substantial non-recurrent items no appreciable decrease can be expected in the future for it should soon be possible to make good staff shortages arising from the war and it will also be necessary to engage additional staff to help in meeting the needs of the growing membership and expanding activities of the Institute.Increases in other items of expenditure such as printing and stationery Council and Committee travelling expenses publications and examinations reflect increases in costs and development of activities; the larger payment in respect of the Conjoint Chemical Office arises from the larger numbers of Members and Students participating in the joint subscription arrangements. The apparent decrease in the grants to Local Sections is due to the fact that the figure for 194 was swollen by the addition of L262 previously deposited with the Sections against possible war emergencies ; this sum transferred to current purposes in 194,served to meet a substantial part of their needs for 1945. At the end of the year the Council on the recommendation of the Finance and House Committee decided again to put &I,OOO to reserve for intermittent publications bringing the total of the fund for this purpose to L6,100 17s.8d.; and to increase the amount placed to staff superannuation reserve from &IOO to fI500 bringing the total of this fund to LI,OOO. NO addition was made however to the War Contingencies Reserve Fund which now stands at ,65,000. Some explanation,may be required of the figures €or Income Tax which appear in the Income and Expenditure Account the Statement of Invest-ments and the Balance Sheet. The Institute is required to pay tax on its property (Schedule A) and on the income derived from its investments (Schedule D). Reference to the Statement of Investments shows that in addition to the tax deducted at source (f1629)a further sum is payable in respect of dividends from certain holdings; this amounts to fI247.On the other hand fI500 of the annual sum due to the Chemical Society Library is provided through a Deed of Covenant under which the Institute pays annually L500 less tax (fI250in 1945); the saving of L250 is therefore set against income tax payments by the Institute The Balance Sheet item is necessitated by the difference between the Calendar Year and the Fiscal Year and the time lag in the payment of tax to the Commissioners of Inland Revenue. During the year the Council authorised the conversion of the Meeting Room into three offices. It had long been recognised that the size of the Meeting Room was inadequate for its purpose whilst the need for increased office accommodation had become urgent.The work was put in hand in the autumn and after some delay was nearing completion at the end of the year. It was also recognised that the Laboratory which had suffered war damage would not again provide sufficient accommodation for the increased number of candidates taking the practical examinations for the Associateship and in any event its maintenance and use for this purpose would be un-economic. It was therefore decided to consider converting it into a Meeting Room at some future date when the necessary work of reconstruc-tion could be undertaken. In the meantime however the Council accepted an application from the British Leather Manufacturers’ Research Association for the temporary use of the laboratory while part of their own premises was out of action through war damage.Terms have been arranged for the lease of the laboratory to the Association until 30th June 1946 and thereafter on six months’ notice on either side. The Association undertook to rehabilitate the laboratory and by the end of the year the necessary work was almost completed. In the introduction to this Report a tribute was paid to the work of the staff and special reference was made to the services of Miss Cawston. During I91 the year increased responsibilities have been placed on Mr. b. A. Arnold as Cashier on Miss J. E. Brown as Clerk to the Registrar and on Miss A. M. Wilson as N.E.& I. Clerk and the Council records its appreciation of the manner in which they have undertaken and discharged these wider duties. BENEVOLENT FUND The Council has learnt with satisfaction that many more members have undertaken to make regular annual contributions to the Fund under Deed of Covenant. On the other hand it is disappointing to find from the Statements of Accounts which are attached to this Report (pp. 26-28) that other subscriptions and donations amount to less than in the previous year. In fact the total of subscriptions annual subscriptions and donation &,147 12s. II~.)falls short of the 1944figure by about E180. The Capital Account has benefited however to the extent of k382 6s. 6d. by bequests from the late Mr.H. E.Brothers Fellow and the late Mr. E. J. Read FeZZow. The item for tax recovered includes tax reclaimed for the years 1942,1943and 1944,and will not therefore be as high next year. The Benevolent Fund Committee gratefully acknowledges the support which many Fellows and Associates have given to the Fund either individu- ally or through “groups ” or Local Sections. The thanks of the Committee are also accorded to the Almoners and to several other Fellows who have given valuable help in dealing with individual cases. In recognition of the help provided by Reed’s School in the education of children of deceased members the Council gladly approved a recommendation of the Benevolent Fund Committee that the donation to the School be increased from E75 to Eroo.The disbursements grants and regular allow-ances together with the donation to Reed‘s School amounted in 1945 to ,$1,44719s .6d. compared with EI,I~~ 17s. od. in 1944,most of the increase being to augment regular allowances to meet the higher costs of living. The position of the Fund has substantidy improved during the year but more support is needed not only because it has been agreed that larger regular allowances and further benefits should be paid in 1946,but also as an insurance against probable future cab. The attention of all members is directed to the President’s appeal which accompanied JOURNAL AND PRO-CEEDINGS 1945,Part VI urging members to increase their support for the Fund as a thankoffering for the end of the war. NOMINATIONS EXAMINATIONS AND INSTITUTIONS The Nominations Examinations and Institutions Committee has had a particularIy active year and it has been necessary for several of its 13 meetings to begin on the Thursday afternoons and continue on the Friday mornings before the Council meetings.The Examinations Sub-committee has heId 22 meetings. The Committee has reported on 1664 (1590in 1944-45)applications for Studentship Examination Associateship and Fellowship and on numerous enquiries. The Committee and its Sub-committee have also begun to review the scope of fields of work covered by examinations for the Fellow- ship and are taking up the question of new branches in which examinations may become desirable. The Council acknowledges the valuable help of the Advisory Committee in India and of its Honorary Secretary Dr.G. J. Fowler for reports and advice on applications for membership and other matters. I 101 By the courtesy of the Universities of London and Manchester and of the Royal Technical College Glasgow it has again been possible to hold examinations in their laboratories in January April and September. Theoretical examinations were held at the Institute in the rooms of the University of London at South Kensington and in the laboratories of several Fellows. The thanks of the Council are accorded to the authorities of these institutions and to the Fellows concerned for the accommodation provided. The entries to examinations and the results are surnmarised below. Examined Passed A ssociateship: General Chemistry .... .. .. .. 198 114 FeZlowship: Branch A. Inorganic Chemistry .. .. .. 2 2 I. B. Physical Chemistry .. .. .. 1 1 C. Organic Chemistry .. .. .. .. 6 6 D. Biochemistry .. -E. Chemistry (including ‘Micrds‘copy *if FA and Drugs and of Water) . . .. 11 6 F Agricultural Chemistry .. .. .. -G. Industrid Chemistry .. .. 8 4 €3.General Analytical ChemisG 2 1 I. Water Supply and the Treatment &‘Sewag; and Trade Effluents . . .. .. 1 -0 229 133 In the period 1944-45,which overlaps the present period as regards the Associateship examinations in January 1945,the number of candidates examined for the Associateship was 170 of whom 86 passed; 41candidates were examined for the Fellowship of whom 28 passed. The total number of candidates was 211 of whom 114 passed.Of 158 candidates examined orally by the Sub-committee under the Chairmanship of Professor H. V. A. Briscoe with Dr. J. R. Nicholls and Members of Council 121satisfied the examiners; the remainder were referred for further study and further examination. The thanks of the Council are accorded to the Board of Examiners and to Sub-Committees and ako to Assessors who have reported on records of research submitted by candidates. As many Students have been unable to carry on their professional training through service in the Forces or engagement in other work of national im- portance the requirement to submit progress reports has been waived this year. Students have been reminded however that they should do their utmost to comply with the Regulations and to fit themselves for admission to the Associateship as soon as possible.The Rugby Technical College the Mid-Essex Technical College Chehs- ford and the University of Alberta Canada have been recognised as in-stitutions for the training of candidates for admission to the Associateship of the Institute. The award of the Meldola Medal has remained temporarily suspended. No award of the Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize was made in 1945. STATUS PRIVILEGES AND EMPLOYMENT OF MEMBERS Following acceptance in February of a report of the “Welfare” Com- mittee (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1945 I 80)setting forth the general principles on which further action in connexion with the economic welfare [ 111 of members might be based the Council set up a standing Committee on Economic Status and Welfare to act as an advisory body and to confer with employers and employees on questions of remuneration and conditions of service.Reference to the scope of the work of this Committee and to the difficulties involved in giving publicity to actions taken in this field was made at the Annual Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1945,IV 13-para. 4). It is too early yet to assess the influence that this Committee may be able to exercise but a beginning has been made that should lead to valuable results even if reports of such results can be only in general terms. In 194 arrangements had been made to set up a Joint Committee of representatives of the Institute the Association of British Chemical Manu- facturers and the Standing Committee of Directors of Research Associations to revise a document entitled “A Suggested Contract of Service for Chemists” which had been prepared by a joint committee of the first two bodies in 1931 but had not been published.The revised statement prepared by the joint committee and entitled “Suggested. Clauses for incorporation in Con- tracts of Service for Chemists,” was printed in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1945,.11 82 primarily to serve as a guide to smaller firms and younger chermsts as to the limits of what might fairly be included in a reasonably acceptable contract of service. Some criticism of this statement has been received due in part to the attachment of an unintended significance to the word “suggested” in the title.On the other hand several members who have been offered contracts containing clauses of a more restrictive character have found the publication of the statement an advantage in negotiation. The Institute collaborated with the Institute of Physics and other members of the Joint Council of Professional Scientists in preparing a state- ment on “Principles of a suggested Code of Practice in respect of Consulting Work carried out by Academic Scientists.” This statement having been approved by the Council and by the Board of the Institute of Physics was published at the end of the year (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1945,VI 226). The code of practice is not to be regarded as mandatory in any way €or the extent to which any class of employed scientist can participate in outside work isultimately a matter for his employer to decide.It is hoped however that the statement will come to be recognised as the carefully considered opinion of the professional bodies concerned on what is right and proper. During the year the Council decided to prepare a Director of Inde pendent Consultants which should include the names addresses and principal fields of work of businesses concerned primarily with scientific consulting work and having one or more Fellows or Associates of the Institute among their Principals. The intention is that copies of this Directory which will be revised at frequent intervals shall be made available to all enquirers for advice or assistance on relevant matters and that the existence of the Directory shall be widely publicised.For various reasons it has not been possible to complete the compilation and indexing of the first issue of the Directory by the end of the year but it is hoped that publication will not be much longer delayed. Throughout the year the Institute and the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists through their joint committee which has met on six occasions have continued to make representations to the Ministry of Health about the status and scope of work of the chemist in relation to the operation of Emergency Public Health Laboratories and latterly in the wider field of the future public health service of the country.Stress c 121 has been laid on the importance in the public interest of the fullest use being made of the chemist’s specialised knowledge and experience in connexion with the development of the public health service and in reference to the safeguarding of potable waters on the need for ensuring that the chemical and bacteriological examinations of water are not divorced from one another. The President led a deputation of members of the joint committee to the Chief Medical Officer of the Ministry of Health on these questions in June, and has since been actively concerned in endeavouring to secure wider recog- nition of the proper role of the chemist in public health matters. Attention has been given to the Government’s statement on conditions of employment in the Scientific Civil Service and the Council has offered the advice and assistance of the Institute to the Inter-departmental Panel which will be concerned with interpreting and applying the principles of the scheme.Following representations made by the Institute the Gas Committee of a municipal corporation decided to rescind their previous resolution to set up a chemical testing service for the benefit of those manufacturers who were not in a position to employ a chemist. The Council expressed its concurrence with a resolution of the Incor- porated Association of Headmasters regretting the continuance of the system of receiving articled pupils on payment of premiums. Further consideration of proposals to provide for the affiliation to the Institute of a “third grade’’ of chemists was deferred until the Government’s intention with regard to post-war registration of chemists had been declared.On the question of the training and certification of laboratory technicians the Council stated that it would look with favour on the formation of an association of technicians in science laboratories that would aim at raising the standard of work of laboratory technicians and thus secure for them a recognised status. The Institute of Physics supported this declaration through the Joint Council of Professional Scientists. Although the Appointments Committee has met only once during the year the business of the Institute’s Appointments Register has increased notably since the end of the war has enabled industry to begin to revert to peace-time production and has provided opportunities for chemists to seek new posts subject to the operation of the Control of Engagements Order.About 360 members who contemplated the possibility of change of appoint- ment were receiving the regular lists of vacancies at the end of the year. Of these 37 were treated for purposes of the Register as being without appointment but this number included many who had merely been informed that they would shortly become redundant in their present occupations. M EETl NGS During the year the following Lectures have been held under the auspices of the Institute as such “Industrial Non-Ferrous Alloys,” by Dr. Harold Moore C.B.E. “Soil Metabolism,” by Dr. J.H. Quastel F.R.S. “Water and Public Health” (28th Streatfeild Memorial Lecture) by Mr.W. Gordon Carey. The Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections have supplied the following records of their meetings many of which have been held jointly with or at the invitation of other bodies; references to Annual General Meetings and other General Meetings held only for the transaction of Section business have been omitted. L 131 ABERDEENAND NOR: OF SCOTLAND “oil Production and Refining in SECTION Iran,” by Mr. A. Reid; Vitamins,” by Mr. A. L. Bacharach; “Cyanine Dyes,” by Dr. R. €3. Strathdee; Chemical Contour,” by Dr. Robert Roger,,:‘ Effluents and Fish Ffe” by Marshall J. Robb; Two Christmas Lectures to Schools- Radioactivity” and Colloids,” by Dr.R. B. Strathdee. BELFASTAND DISTRICT “Cement,” by Mr. F. W. Warsap; “Food Stan-SEETION dards,” by Dr. H. K. Lawton; Chemical Fertilisers,” by Dr. E. Mayne Reid; discussion on “Recent Developments in the Organisatio? and Activities of the Royal Institute of Chemistry,” opened by Mr. G. Elliot Dodds; Thirty Years of Chemical Engineering,” by Mr. J. W. Parkes. BIRMINGHAM : AND MIDLANDSSECTION“Fire” and “Science in Antiquity,” bx Dr. J. A. Newton Friend; “Emulsions,” by Dr. J. H.Schulman; “Rubber Chemicals by Dr. W. J. Naunton; “Analytical Chemistry in an Industrial LaboratoT” by Mr. J. Haslam; “Me$ico-Legal Experiences,” by Dr. G. Roche Lynch O.B.E.; Foods as Colloid Systems by Dr. W. Clayton (at Cambridge) :“Colloids in Theory and Practice,” 5y Dr.E. H.Callow (at Cambridge); COLLOID SCIENCE COURSS (at Cambridge); Protein Fibres,” by Dr. D. Jordan Lloyd; discussion on,,‘‘Trends a:! Objectives in the Profeyon of Chemistry,” opened by the President; Polythene by Dr. J. C. Swallow; Applicationsof Nuclear PhysicsandNuclear Chemistry,” by Professor M. L. E. Oliphant F.R.S. BRISTOLAND SOUTH-WESTERN SECTION “Methane,” by Sir Alfred COUT~TIES Egerton F.R.S. and Dr. M. Pearce; Ditlracti2n Methods in Modern Structural Chemistry,” by Professor J. M;,Robertson F.R.S.; Modem Methods of Food Preserva- tion,” by Mr.Osman Jones; Chemical Studies on Insecticides,” by Dr. H. Martin; “The Preservation of Potatoes for Human Consumption,” by Mr. Theodore Rendle. CARDIFFAND DISTRICTSECTION Cocoa Chocolate and Confectionery,” by Mr.I‘ B. W. Minifie; “Chemotherapy and the Chemist,” by Professor W. H. Linnell; “Some Industrial Applications of X-ray Analysis,” by Mr. H. P. Rooksby; “The Nature and Significance of the Inorganic Substances in coal,” by Dr. H.,E. Crossley; “Statistical Methods and Industrial Efficiency,” by Dr. B. P. Dudding; Research on Coal Tar,” by Dr. E. A. Coulson and Mr. J. Idris Jones;Works Visit Ministry of Supply (I.C.X.), Dowlais; “Colchicine-its Chemistry and Some Biological Effects,” by Professor J. W. Cook,F.R.S. DUBLINAND DISTRICT,!~ECTION :‘‘Recent Investigations on the Chemistry of Sea-weed,” by Dr. V.3. Barry; Some Aspects of Scientific Control in the Canning Industry,” ; by Dr. J. Breen; “The Water Purification Plant at Po%ppuca,” by Mr.H. Clifton visit to Pollappuca Pu$ication Works; discussion on Cooperation with the Irish Chemical Association”; The Estimation of some of the Vitamins of the ‘B Group’,” by Mr. J. W. Stringer. EASTANGLIA SECTION “Protection from Poisons in Industry,” by Dr. Donald Matheson; “Colour in Photography,” by Dr. H. Baines. SECTION EASTMIDLANDS :*‘ Ardil,” by Dr. D. Trail1 ;“The Biochemistry of Iodine,” by Dr. C. R. Harington F.R.S.; “Moulds and Animals as Methylating Agents,” by Professor,?. Challenger; “Some Medico-Legal Experience?” by Dr. G. Roche Lynch; “D.D.T. by Professor I. M.:eilbron D.S.O. F.R.S. ; The Work of the Railway Chemist,” by Mr. G. E.Wilson; Some Recent Apppations of Chemistry to Medicine,” by Dr. Wayne; “Alchemists in Art and Literature by Mr.R. B. Pilcher O.B.E. AND EASTOF SCOTLAND EDINBURGH SECTION:“The Use of RaFoactive Tracer Atoms in Chemical and B!ological Research,” by Dr. F. Fairbrother; Non-benzenoid Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Pr?!essor Wilson Baker; “The Work of the Railway Chemist,” by Mr. G. E. Wilson; Protein Fibres,” by Dr. D. Jordan Lloyd; “Some Aspects of Brewing Research,” by Dr. A. I. Preece; “The Structure and Chemistry of Metallic Crystals,” by Professor G. D. Preston; “Shale Oil,” by Dr. G. H.Smith. GLASGOW SECTION: AND WESTOF SCOTLAND “Analytical Methods in an Industrial Laboratory,” by Mr. J. Haslam; “Development of Polish Industry and Description of the German Industries in Upper Silesia and Prussia,” by Mr. L. Zakrzewski; “Some AspectsIpf the Metabolism of the Steroid Hormones,” by Professor G.F. Marrian, F.R.S.; Some Uses of Blasting Explosives in Industry,” by Mr. J. Hancock M.B.E. ; ‘I The Structure and Synthesis of Vinyl Plastics,” by Pr:fessor 33.W.Melville F.R.S. ; “Molecu? Relations between Wool and the Plastics by Professor W. T. Astbury, F.R.S.; Professional Affairs,” by Sir Robert Pickard F.R.S.;discussion on “The Training of a Chemist,” opened by Dr. H.B. Nisbet; Polynucleotides and Nucleo- proteins,” by Professor J. M. Gulland F.R.S. I 141 HUDDERSFIELD ‘I Hpt Resisting Steels,” by Mr.L. F. Keeley ; ‘I Thenno-SECTION plastics,” by Dr. R. G.Heyes; The Chemotherapy of Bacterial Infections,” by Mr. S. EUingworth; I‘ The Application of Absorptionmetric to Microanalysis,” Mr.C. Whalley dep:tising for Mr.E. J. Vaughan; discussion on The Training of an Organic Chemist”; The Removal of Hydrogen Sulphide from Coal Gas,” by Mr. R. J. S. Thompson; discussion on The Proposed Changes in the By-laws concerning the Constitution of the Council ”;Visit to the Huddersfield Corporation Power Station. LEEDSAREASECTION: “The Compleat Analyst,” by Mr. R. C. Chirnside; “Wool Some RefFnt Investigations of t!,e Chemical and Physical Properties of a Natural High Polymer by Dr. H.Phillips; Some Medico-Legal Experiences,” by Dr. G. Roche Lynch O.B.E.;discussion on Institute affairs opened by the President. LXVERPOOL AND NORTH-WESTERN SECTION:‘‘khge by Sea,” by Mr. C. Gordon Smith; “Malaria,” by Dr. J. D. Fulton; “Paint-the Art and Scityce,” by Dr.L. A. Jordan; “The Useful Thermoplastics,” by Mr. H.W. Rowell; coals,Cokes and Chars,” by Professor H. L. Riley; “The Mechanism of Condensation Reactions,” by Dr. J. F.J. Dippy; “Benzene +xachloride-an Insecticide with Outstanding Proper- ties,” by Dr. R. E.Slade M.C. ; Gaseous Explosions,” by Frofessor R. G. W. Norsish F.R.S.;‘.?be Chemist as a Soldier-Story of the SpecialBrigade R.E.,” by Mr. P. N. Williams; Photography in Colour,” by Dr. H. Baines; j“Starting up a Chemical Factory,” by Mr. T.Wallace; “Absorption of Light,” by Mr. E. J. Bowen F.R.S.; The Structure of Boron Hydrides and Related Compounds,” by Mr. R. P. Bell F.R.S.; “Chemistry in Literature,” by Mr. B. W. D. Luff. LONDON COUNTIESSECTION AND SOUTH-EASTERN :?kcussion on “The Status of the Fellowship ” opened by the President; discussion on Chemical Edu:ation ”;“The Mechanism of Electrode Measurements,” by Professor H.T. S. Britton; Some Empire Vegetable Drying Oils,”by Mr. G.T.Bray; “The Theory and Practice of the Micro- biological Assay of the Vitamin-B Complex selected Amino-acids and Potassium” by Dr. E. C. Barton-Wright; visit to the Building Research Station Garston; visit to the Rothampstead Experimental Station Harpenden; “Recent Advances in Plastics::’ by Dr. J. M. Walter; discussion on “The Publicity of Science”; discussion on The Constitution of the Council,” opened by the President. MANCHESTERAND DISTRICT “Immuno-Chemistry,” by Dr. W. T. J. SECTION Morgan; ‘g3e Chemistry of Starch,” by Professor E.L. Hirst F.R.S.;“Reactions in Monolayers by Professor E.K. Ri*al M.B.E. F.R.S. ;discussion on “The Function of a Local Section”; discussion on 9e Economic Welfare of Chemists with Special Reference to ContracAs of Service”; Publications of the Three Chartered Bodies” by Mr. F. P. Dunn; Chemists 18921944,’’ by Mr. R. B.Pilcher O.B.E. UPON TYNEAND NORTH-EAST :“The Study of Industrial NEWCASTLE COASTSECTIO? Problems by X-rays,” by Dr. A. H. Jay; Discussion on Education in Chemistry,” introduced by Dr. W. S.Patterson; Symposium on Micro-Chemistry with contributions by Dr. Christina C. Miller Dr. G. H. Wyatt and Mr. C. Whalley; “The Choice of Photo- graphic Materials for Scientific Purposes,” by I?,’. H.Baines; “The Prevention of Poisoning in Industry,” by Mr. S. H. Wilkes; Some Chemical Aspects of Recent Work on Atomic Fission,” by Dr.H. J. EmeMus. WALESSECTION SOUTH :“Some Consequences of Hydrogen Bond Formation,” by ’Professor Wilson Fkker; “Chemotherapy and the Chemist,” by Professor W. H. Linnell; “The Treatment of Spent Pi+e,” by Mr. Norman Swindin; I‘ The Straining of Metals,” Dr. C. A. Edwards F.R.S.; The Past and Future of Crystal Chemistry,” by Professor J. D. Bernal F.%.S. ; “New Physical Methods in Examining P!troleum Products,” by Mr. F. Gill; Some Industrial Applications of Spectroscopy by Dr. w. c. Price. SECTION SOUTHYORKSHIRE “Development and Industrial Application of Wetting Agents,” by A. V. Billinghame; “The Future Aspects of Research for Industry,” by Dr. E. W.Smith C.B.E.; “The vples governing Corrosion Resistance in Metals and Alloys,” by Dr.U.R; Evans; Recent Developments in Petroleum Technology,” by Dr. A. E. Dunstan; Burner Flames,” by Professor D. T. A. Townend and Dr. J. E. Garside; Atomic Energy,” by Dr. J. G. Speakman. TEESJFIDE “A Simple Reversible Reaction,” by Professor J. P. Kendall, SECTION F.R.S.; Modern Views on Some Condensation Reactions,” by Dr. J. F. J. Dippy; “Some Aspects of Crop Feeding and the Fertiliser Indnstry,” by Mr. A. G. Pollard; I‘ Recent Investigations on Biological Methylation,” by ProfessorF. $hallenget; ‘‘Recent Developments in Vitamin Chemistry,” by Mr. A. L.Bacharach; Aspects of Recent Work on Atomic Fission,” by Dr. €3. J. Emelkus. I161 CAPESECTION: “Irrigation Research in the Punjab,” by Brig.E.McKenzie Taylor; “Some Drugs of Pharmaceutical Interest,” by Mr. H. Greeni,“The Toxicology of some some Inorganic Substances,” by Dr. P.R. v.d. R. Copeman; Some Industrial Catalyti- cal Recesses with special reference to tbe Production of Ethyl Alcohol and its Deriva-tbsDD; by Mr. A. W. Lategan; discussion on “The Political Duties of Scientist”; Some ToyFal Themes in Organic Chemistry,” by Dr. W. S. Rapson; Astronomical Chemistry by Dr. R H.Stoy. NEWZEALANDSECTION:“Co-operative Research,” by Mr. Philip White :Conference with New Zealand Institute of Chemistry. PUBLICATIONS AND LiSRARlES The JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSpublished in six parts during 1945, was and the following lectures have been published as separate monographs:- “Modem Methods of Food Preservation” (27th Streatfeild Memorial Lecture) by Mr.Osman Jones; “Cement and Concrete,” by Dr. F. M. Lea O.B.E.; “Chemistry and Clothing’’ (1st Dalton Lecture of the Manchester and District Section) by Dr. D. A. Clibbens; and “Industrial Non-Ferrous Alloys,” by Dr. Harold Moore C.B.E. Three other lectures which await printing are “Microchemistry and its Applications,” by Mr. Ronald Belcher; “Soil Metabolism,” by Dr. J. H. Quastel F.R.S.; and “Water and Public Health,” by Mr.W. Gordon Carey. It is also hoped to issue shortly a revised edition of Mr. G. S. W. Marlow’s “Notes on Contracts of Service,” originally pub- lished in 1925. The third edition of “What Industry Owes to Chemical Science” was published at the end of the year.Based on the scheme of the first and second editions by Mr. R. €3. Pilcher and Mr. F. Butler-Jones the book has been rewritten by over fifty contributors and issued by authority of the Institute. The contributors have kindly given their services without fee, and Mr. Pilcher has generously vested the copyright of the book in the Council of the Institute for the benefit of the Benevolent Fund. The Council has approved recommendations of the Publications and Library Committee for the reorganisation of the Library of the Institute in relation to the needs of students and members preparing for the Institute’s examinations and to the professional interests of members. Particulars of the future content and organisation of the Library will be issued as soon as the plans can be put into effect.Fellows Associates and Registered Students have continued to take advantage of the facilities afforded under the co-operation arrangements by the comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society. Facilities provided by the Science Library of the Science Museum South Kensington have also been widely used. OTHER EDUCATIONAL AND SCIENTIFIC MATTERS During the year a difference of view has arisen between the Ministry of Education and the Institute about the inclusion of so-called “technological subjects” in the scheme for Ordinary National Certificates. The principles involved were discussed at the Annual Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1945,IV 138-para. I). Since then further discussions have taken place with representatives of the Ministry but by the end of the year a final decision on the matter had not been reached.The Council had agreed however that in any event the Institute would continue to participate in the existing arrangements for such period as would enable students who had begun courses to complete them and to obtain certificates. CIS1 Following the organisation of a Chemical Engineering Course in Birming- ham in 194 the Birmingham and Midlands Section arranged a highly successfuI one-week course on Colloid Science in Cambridge in June 1945 the number of applications for admission being more than enough to justify repeating the course in the following week. The Council has expressed its appreciation of the initiative of the Birmingham and Midlands Section in this field of activity and its thanks to Mr.Joiner the Honorary Secretary of the Section who organised the project. From reports received from various quarters the Council concluded that the provision of postgraduate or “refresher” courses was a matter of such importance that it should become a major feature in the future development of the Institute’s activities. On the recommendation of a Scientific Courses Committee set up to examine the matter the Council agreed that in future such courses should be organised centrally by the Institute with the advice and assistance of Local Sections as to details. A number of suggestions has been received for subjects that might appropriately be covered by courses of this kind and it is hoped that in consultation with Local Sections suitable courses may be arranged in 1946.Early in the year the Council set up a Terminology Committee to examine a proposal to prepare an organised schedule of precise definitions of scientific terms. It was agreed that although the task would be difficult and pro-tracted the result should be of advantage not only in enabling such terms to be used with greater confidence in patent specifications and other legal documents but also in clarifying ideas as to the scope of scientific concepts and the relations between them. Arrangements were subsequently com- pleted for a conference of bodies primarily concerned with chemistry and physics to be held to consider the possibilities of the proposal with special reference in the first instance to terms employed in text books of chemistry and physics of Intermediate standard.The Council has received with gratitude a generous offer by Dr. David Spence a Fellow in Canada to endow a series of lectures in memory of Professor G. G. Henderson who was President of the Institute from 1924 to 1927. The intention is that the lectures shall be given at intervals of not less than three years and that the first Henderson Memorial Lecture will be delivered as soon as possible. During the year arrangements were made with the Scientific Film Association whereby all the information which they publish from time to time regarding the character and availability of scientific films can be brought to the notice of Local Sections.The services of the Central Film Library at the Imperial Institute South Kensington have already proved valuable to Honorary Secretaries in arrangingfilm shows at Section meetings. EXTERNAL RELATIONS AND PUBLICITY The Institute has maintained its links with the Chemical Society and the Society01 Chemical Industry through the Chemical Council and an increasing number of Fellows Associates and registered Students have taken advantage of the extended joint subscription arrangements for the three Chartered Chemical Bodies (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1945,IV 148). The number of “three-body’’ members has increased from 2,382on 31st December 194 to 2,719at the end of 1945. The Council of the Institute supported a proposal for the admission of the Faraday Society to the Chemical Council.This has since been approved and provision has been made for the privileges of membership of the Faraday Society to be available in future on advantageous terms to chemists who participate in the joint subscription arrangements. 1171 An increasing proportion of the meetings of Local Sections of the Institute has been arranged jointly with other societies and institutions. The Institute has continued to co-operate with the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists through their joint committee especially on public health matters. Close association has been maintained with the Institute of Physics through the Joint Council of Professional Scientists. Early in the year representations were made through the Joint Council to the British Broad-casting Corporation on the desirability of instituting it Scientific Committee to advise the Corporation.Other examples of joint action have been referred to above. Views have been exchanged with the Institution of Chemical Engineers on questions relating to the Directory of Independent Consultants and towards the end of the year the Council sent a message of congratulation and good wishes to the President and Council of the newly constituted Institution of Metallurgists. During the year additional contacts have been established with the Australian Institute of Chemistry and the New Zealand Institute of Chemistry through visits of officers of these organisations to this country.In the summer a very successful joint conference between the New Zealand Section of the Institute and the New Zealand Institute of Chemistry was held at Palmerston North. In Eire the Dublin and District Section of the Institute has co-operated with the Irish Chemical Association in drawing up a programme of meetings. The Council views with favour the establishment of these closer relations with Institutes of Chemistry in the Dominions and with cognate bodies in other parts of the British Commonwealth. During the year the Chemical Council has been concerned with means for securing improved publicity for meetings arranged by the three Chartered Chemical Bodies. A valuable survey of various aspects of publicity for science was provided by papers presented at a meeting of the London and South-Eastern Counties Section of the Institute in October (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1945,VI 216).Later in the year the Publicity Committee of the Institute resumed its activities but is not yet in a position to report. Looking to the future the Council has asked representatives of the Institute on the Chemical Council to watch the development of affairs in connection with the projected 1951 Exhibition with a view to ensufing that the preparation of exhibits relating to all branches and aspects of chemistry may be efficiently organised. The Council has also drawn the attention of the Chemical Councit to the desirability of ensuring that in any new chemical centre or general scientific centre that may be established in London accommodation shall be provided for the office of the Institute as well as for those of the publishing societies so that their activities and services on behalf of chemistry and chemists may be further co-ordinated and effectively developed.Representatives of the Institute on the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee have continued to watch the interests of chemists in relation to prospective legislation and to play a part in the discussion of scientific principles and methods applicable to improving the conditions of life of the community. FINANCIAL FOR THE YEAR 1945 REPORT OF THE AUDITORS We have examined the Balance Sheet at 31st December 1945,of the Royal Institute of Chemistry also the Statements of Accounts for the year ended 31st December 1945,with the books and vouchers.The values of the Lease and Premises of the Institute Furniture Library Apparatus and subscriptions in arrear are not included in the Balance Sheet. Subject to that remark we have obtained all the information and explanations we have required and in our opinion the Balance Sheet and Statements of Accounts are properly drawn up and are in accordance with the entries in the books. We certify that we have received from the Bank of England and the Westminster Bank Ltd. certificates that they hold on behalf of the Institute the Investments shown on the Statements of Investments. [A copy of this report signed by-J. Y. FINLAY,PEARSON & Co. Clzartered Accountants; C. L. CLAREMONTand E.Q. LAWS,Hon. Auditors 1945-46 will be available fm insfiectiolz by members at the Ann& GeneralMeeting.] INCOME AND EXPENDITURE ACCOUNT FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31st DECEMBER 1945 1944 EXPENDITURE 1946 1944 INCOME 1946 d s. d. To Premises-s. d. f; s. d. & s. d. is. d. By Subscriptions-is. d. & s. d. 300 0 0 Rent *. 300 0 0 4,921 5 7 Fellows . . .. .. .. .. ..5.238 14 0 600 7 4 Rates and Scheduk A Tax S53 15 10 9,594 11 8 Associates .. .. .* .. ..9;360 18 3 118 12 5 Insurance (including War RisG 136 1 8 536 5 0 Students .. .. .. .. .. 678 16 0 175 19 4 RepairsandMaintenance .. 307 0 1 16,178 73 1,296 17 7 15,052 2 3 1,194 19 1 Examination and Assessment Fees (including National $9 stafl-3,659 11 6 Certificates) .. .. .. .... .. 3,645 6 6 79 99 5,786 4 6 Salaries and Wages .. .. 7,016 1 2 1,554 10 5 Dividends and Interest (Gross) .. .. .. .. 1,755 4 6 39 328 0 0 Superannuation *. .* 398 0 0 211 0 0 Appointments Register . .. .. .. .. 289 6 6 99 100 0 0 n (Reserve) .. 600 0 0 101 8 9 Sale of Publications . . .. .. .. .. .. 63 3 8 '9 1. --Pension .. .. .. 662 10 0 660 Fees Forfeited .. .. .. .. .. 770 1. $9 8,475 11 2 7 110 Sundry Receipts . . .. .. .. 19 7 8 House and Office Expenses- 218 15 5 9) Australia and NewZealand Accoun& (Sterling)-see p. 23 214 0 1 H 26 17 0 Renewals of Equipment .. 14 3 0 289 12 0 Fuel Water and Light . . .. 274 4 0 31 14 5 Telephone .. 46 4 0 988 4 10 Printing and Sta&nei ' .. 1,213 9 7 599 3 6 Postage .. .... .. 680 16 7 20 0 8 Travelling Expenses .. .. 8 310 210 19 10 Advertisin .. .. .. 182 18 11 52 10 0 Audit0lS'~ees .. .. .. 52 10 0 26 5 0 NewSealExpenses .. .. --73 13 0 Miscellaneous .... .. 78 7 7 2,469 14 6 9,728 3 10 -12,232 3 3 n Council and CommitteeTravelling Expenses 873 3 5 13,106 6 8 $9 Fkblications-766 10 9 Journal .. .. .... 864 10 8 860 5 9 Postage . . ...... 369 11 7 1,224 2 3 1.000 0 0 Intermittent PublicationsReserve ....1,000 0 0 331 13 11 Lectures ............ 661 5 2 2.706 7 6 2,-10 s n Examinations Expenses (including National l,Borl I3 4 Certificates) .. .. .... 1,994 3 6 1. $3 Local Sections-917 13 7 Grants .. .......... 664 10 0 70 18 4 Conference of Section Secretaries .. .. 94 10 7 9au II I1 769 0 7 18 1 10 Y) Library ..631 10 11 n Chemical SocieG 'Libra;; . .. . .... 14 8 0 .... 734 16 0 64912 9 749 3 0 10 10 0 ..FranklandAward .... .... --$9 73 1 6 Donations ...... 64 11 6 -I 17 9 7 Chemistry Education Advisory Board .. --w Legal Ex nses (accrued) .. .. .. 62 10 0 627 0 3 n IncomeXx .. .. .. 626 11 6 94 2 0 w Supplemental C&er Eipemes .... H 161 1 4 ConjointChemicalOffice .... .. 213 17 1 1,000 0 0 w Reserve for War Contingencies .... --2,509 8 6 ..Excess of Income over Expnditure .... 813 2 0 d20.810 16 2 k21,163 13 2 l20,810 16 2 621,163 13 2 BALANCE SHEET as at 1st December L1944 LIABILITIES 1946 1944 ASSETS 1945 s. d. L s. d. k s. d. s. d. 210 1 3 Sundry Creditors .. .. .. 703 17 3 4,993 4 0 Balance at Bankers in London ..2,783 10 6 729 10 0 Income Tax .. .. . . .. 729 10 0 Balance at Bankers in Australia and 137 6 0 Subscriptions paid in advance . . 181 16 0 1.73'37 15 11 New Zealand (Sterling value) . . 367 16 7 157 10 0 Examination Fees paid in advanc 162 15 0 --Sundry Debtors- Application Fees- For Stock sold .. .. .. 1,000 7 8 21 0 0 Retained pending further applica- I72 6 0 Rates etc. paid in advance .. 323 4 9 1,095 12 0 tion .. .. .. .. 26 4 0 Investments at Cost (including 44,573 16 7 In abeyance waiting decision .. 1,329 18 0 Accumulated Redemption Fund tu Investment Fund .. .. .. 47,006 1 0 57,644 12 8 Premiums) . . .. .. 65,610 6 6 U 5,100 1Y 8 Reserve Accounts- 500 0 0 Intermittent Publications .. 6,100 17 8 6,000 0 0 Staff Superannuation .... 1,000 0 0 War Contingencies . . . .. 6,000 0 0 Income and Expenditure Account- Balance at Credit 1st January 4,512 16 7 1945 .. .. .. . . 7,022 6 1 Add Excess of Income over 2,509 8 6 Expenditure for 1946 . . 813 2 0 ,(64,547 18 7 k70,075 6 0 L64,547 18 Y k70,075 6 0 Subscriptions and Fees Paid in and Retained in Australia and New Zealand Receipts. Expedture. d s. d. s. d. d s. d. Balances-On Deposit 24.10.46 .. .. 2,165 18 4 Current Account 24.10.46 . . .. 666 2,172 4 10 Subscriptions-Fellows .. .* .. .. .. 60 8 0 Associates .. .. .. .. 109 16 7 160 4 7 Application Fees .. 63 0 0 Deposit Interest less Tax i942-45 ' .. 50 16 3 By Grant to New Zealand Section .. 10 0 0 1., Bank Charges . . .. .. 110 0 , Transfer to London .. .. 2,000 0 0 , Balances-On Deposit 31.12.46 .. .. 404 9 8 Current Account 31.10.45 .. .. 30 6 0 *434 15 8 -_c___ k2,446 6 8L2,446 5 8 -d- * Equivalent in Sterling A357 16s. 76. Statement of Subscriptions and Fees Received less Outgoings Subscriptions-Fellows .. .. .. .. .. .. .. f; 60 s. d. 8 0 s. d. Associates . . .. .. .. .. .. .. 109 16 7 160 4 7 Application Fees Deposit Interest. . . . .. .. .. .. .. v. .. .. .. .. .. 63 0 0 50 16 3 274 0 10 Less Grant . . .. .. .. .. .. .. 10 0 0 Bank Charges .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 10 0 -11 10 0 -262 10 10 Loss if converted to Sterling .. .. .. *. 48 10 9 Balance in Sterling taken to Income and Expenditure Account .... .. .. .. .. .. A214 0 1 c 23 3 Add Investments made during 1946- L3,OOO 3% Met. Water Board Stock “B” fl3,000,3% Savings Bonds 1966-75 L2,OOO 2+% Nat. War Bonds 1964-66‘ L7,OOO 3% Savings Bonds 1966-76 .. Redemption Fund Premium .. .. LPSS:Investments sold (at cost)-INVESTMENT FUND for the year ended 31st December 1945. s. d. ;t; s. d. Investments at Cost held at 1st January. 1945 .. .. 57,644 12 8 .. .. .. .. .... .... .. .. LlOO 3% Wolverhampton Corporation Stock (redeemed) LlOOO 2+% Nat. War Bonds 1946-47 .. .. .. ,42000 2+% Nat. War Bonds,1946-48 .. .. .. QOOO 2&% Nat. War Bonds,1949-61 .. .. .. 63000 2#% Nat. War Bonds 1949-61 .. .. . . Balance of Accumulated Fund 1st January 1946 Funds received for investment during year-Entrance Fees ...... ... .. .. Life Composition Fees .. .. .. .... Capital Appreciation on Investmentssold . .. Amount hvested in excess of Life Cumpition and En-trance Fees ............ 2,966 6 0 3,000 0 0 2,000 0 0 7,000 0 0 72,699 18 8 110 8 4 72,710 7 0 100 0 6 1,000 0 0 2,Ooo 0 0 1,Ooo 0 0 3,000 0 0 7,100 0 6 665.610 6 6 44,673 16 7 2,167 14 6 207 18 0 66 11 11 2,432 4 6 &47,006 1 0 18,604 6 6 666,610 6 6 9 9 0r9'997 0 SI 878% 9 tl 99LV 0 01 992'€97 9 11 19L'Z9Y 9 I1 8 -----.-9 11 8 0 0 OLO't 50 0 000'L OOO'L 0 0 000'2 50 0 OOO'G 000'2 9 11 I2 or 12 0 I 8) 0 01 ego'€ lo 0 000'E 000'I 0 0 99 00 9P 0 0 06 0 0 9P6'7 $0 9 996'2 000'E 0 0 91 00 ot 0 0 O& 0 0 Gl0" 0 0 CJoo'1 000'1 0 0 99 00 9P 0 0 06 @ 01 290'E 0 0 000% OOO'E 0 9 901 09 901 0 02.G12 0 0 zi88'8 0 0 009's 00'3'8 0 91 €01 0!3 €01 0 01 t0Z 0 01 P88'Y 0 0 OOE'S 006'8 0 01 LE 00 LE 0 0 CL --(*o 0 000%) OOO'E Pa.'!'c.M (*o 0 000'1~ 000'1 0 0 92 0 0 0s (*o 0 OOO'~! 000'6 -I P~.~!=Al (*o 0 000'1) 000'I 0 OIL 0 0 !?I 0 01 0Tct 0 0 ooli OOI' 0 0 08 0 0 0% 0 01 8b9'1 0 0 000'1 000'I 9 2 €1 0 E 9z 0 91 86L 9 61 8Et OC'L 0 0 99* 0 0 99P 0 0 99P'E 8 91 t99'f.T 000'EI OOE OOE 0 Ii1 001 9 9 001 00I 0 01 Lt 0 01 LI 0 0 % 0 0 990'1 0 8 9PO'I 000'1 921 9z1 052 (*9 0 001) 00I 0 01 L1 0 01 LI 0 0 9E 0 0 010'1 6 t EEO'T OOO'f 0 0 92 0 0 92 0 0 09 0 0 960'1 0 8 1f"T 000'1 0 0 99 0 0 99 0 0 OII 0 0 010'P t I; 986'8 000'f 0 0 92 0 0 92 0 0 09 0 01 LOT'l 2 9 PtI" 000'1 0 0 OP 0 0 ov 0 0 08 0 0 9e9'1 1 L'l €98'1 000'2 0 01 21 0 01 21 0 0 92 0 0 06P 0 0 €09 ooc 099 099 0 01 ZI 008 'P 'S 7 'P 'S 7 'P 'S 7 T Jsa.IaJu1 '%U!plOH EM I BENEVOLENT FUND ACCOUNT for the year ended 31st December 1945 Income Account 1944 Receipts.1945 1944 Paymlpfs 194S s. d. Balances-f s d. & s. d. d s. d. L s. d. 416 13 11 At Bankers 1st January 1945 .. 1,373 2 4 204 15 0 Grants .. .. 239 16 0 1,500 0 0 PostOfficeSavingsBank .. .. 1,600 0 0 914 2 0 RegularPayments" 1,108 4 6 1,106 10 0 Subscriptions .. .. .. 1,005 14 6 20 0 0 ]Loans granted during 1945 40 0 0 629 15 4 AnnualSubscnptions .. .. .. 662 11 9 Donation to London Or-257 4 0 Dividends and Interest (net) .... 183 17 3 75 0 0 phanSchoo1 .. .. loo 0 0 144 17 7 Income Tax Recovered (1942-45) .. 484 7 11 5 5 0 Audit Fee .. .. 550 43 10 0 LoansRepaid ,. .. .. .. 81 6 0 16 6 6 PrintingandPostage .. 21 15 7 10 0 0 Grant Repaid .. .. . . .. I-Balances-1,500 0 0 Post 05ceSavings Bank2,600 0 0 Balance at Credit 31st 1,373 2 4 December 1946 ..1,265 18 7 3,766 18 7 ?.@ 0 L4,lOS 10 10 L4,108 10 10 46,280 18 8 f Capital Account 1944 Recn'bts. 1946 1944 Paymmts. 1946 ;G s. d. s. d. i4 s. d. L s. d. d s. d. Balance Uninvested Capital 1st d--Invested-184 12 3 Tanuaw 1946 .. .. .. 175 8 5 3% Defence Bonds 600 00 590 16 2 Dckations .. .. .. .. 489 6 9 3% Savings Bonds IS& --Bequests .. .. .. .. 382 6 6 76 .. .. ..1,100 00 --Investments Sold ... . .. 1,100 0 0 _c.1,600 0 0 --Capital Appreciation on Stocks Sold ,. 5 7 2 600 0 0 PostOfficeSavingsBank .. Balance Uninvested Capital 175 8 5 at 31st December 1946 552 8 10 L775 8 5 i2,162 8 10 L775 8 5 ~2.162 a 10 Balance Sheet at 3Jst December 1945 1944 1945 1944 S. a. L s. a. 4 s. d. d s. d. 1946 s. d. 11,192 9 9 Capital Account accumulated balance 12,069 10 2 Investmentsat Cost-1,500 0 0 IncomeAccountReserveFund .. 2,500 0 0 11,017 'I 4 CapitalAccount ..11,517 1 4 Balance Income Account at 31st De-1,500 0 0 IncomeAccount .. 2,500 0 0 1,373 2 4 cember 1946 ,. .. .. .. 1,265 18 7 14,017 1 4 Balances at Banks-Post Office SavingsBank 85 17 2 Interest 1924-44 .. 85 17 2 62 13 7 Current Account .. 532 10 3 1,400 0 0 Deposit .... .. 1,200 0 0 1,818 'z 5 Q5,835 8 9 d14,065 12 1 ;616,835 8 9 Statement of Loans 1944 1945 1944 1945 s. d. s. d. s. d. L s. d. 2,921 6 0 Loans to31st December 1944.. .. 2,941 6 0 1,819 10 10 Loansrepaid to 31st December 1945 .. 1,900 15 10 20 0 0 Loansgrantedduring1945 .. .. 40 0 0 751 14 0 Loanswrittenoff .. .. .. 768 11 2 370 1 2 Loansoutstanding .. .. .. 311 19 0 L2,941 6 0 &2,981 6 0 L2,941 6 0 i2,981 6 0 * BENEVOLENT FUND Investments held and Dividends received 31st December 1945 Holding. Cost. Value. Interest. Tax deducted. Net. k s. d. s. d. f s. d. s. d. 4 s. d. 4% Consols .. .. .. .. .. 1,000 1,077 13 0 1,002 10 0 4000 2000 2000 34% War Loan .. .. 1,200 1,296 3 0 1,242 0 0 4200 --42 0 0 0 Port of London Authority Re&terid Stock 38 /OU65-75 ..600 616 17 11 516 0 0 17 10 0 8 16 0 8 16 0 3&% Commonwealth of Aistrai; 196c74 .. 400 398 10 7 401 0 0 1300 8100 6100 f. 5% New Zealand Loan .. .. 600 670 14 6 547 10 0 26 0 0 12 10 0 12 10 0 2*% Nat. War Bonds 1946-47 .. .. 600 (600 0 0*) --1210 0 6 6 0 6 6 0 2+% Nat. War Bonds 1946-48 .. .. 260 (260 0 9') --660 326 326 -2+% Nat. War Bonds 1949-51 .* .. 360 (360 0 0*) --8150 476 476 % 2&% Nat. War Bonds 195163 .. .. 4,260 4,260 0 0 4,297 0 0 106 5 0 53 2 6 63 2 6 U 24% Nat. War Bonds 1962-64 .. .. 200 200 0 0 202 0 0 600 --600 34% Conversion Stock .. 600 601 19 6 510 10 0 17 10 0 8 16 0 8 15 0 3% Corporation of London'Debenkres i967 + . 240 238 1 0 243 10 0 7 4 0 312 0 312 0 24% London Electric TransportFinance Corpora- tion Ltd.Debenture Stock 1950-66 .. 275 267 1 10 271 0 0 3% Savings Bonds 1965-76 .. 1,100 1,100 0 ot 1,119 5 0 Post Office Savings Bank (Capital'Accouni) .. 600 600 0 0 600 0 0 Post Office Savings Bank (Current Expenses Ac- count Reserve) . . .. .. .. 2,600 2,600 0 0 2,500 0 0 511 6 0 -----3% Defence Bonds .. .. .. .. 600 500 0 Ot -c Bank Deposit Interest .. .. .. .. -6 811 --6 811 Ll4,017 1 4 ,614,05210 0 fj314 6 7 fj130 8 4 k183 17 3 Sold 1946. t Purchased 1945. SIR ALEXANDER PEDLER SCHOLARSHIP ACCOUNT 31st December 1945 Receipts. Payments. fl s. d. s. d. To Balance 1st January 1946 ........ .. .. .. 169 4 7 ..Interest on Investments ........ .... .. 155 8 8 ,,Tax recovered(1942-46) .... .. .. 173 17 4 By Balance at Bankers 31st D'e'CemG 19k' .. .. .. .. 498 10 7 A498 10 7 j@98 10 7 - Statement of Investments held and Dividends Received 31% December 1945. Holding. yzd. 1Interest. Tax deducted. Net. L kc?d. L s. d. s. d. s. d. 6% Great Western Railway Consolidated Preference Stock ...... ........ 100 9400 11960 600 2100 2100 3*% War Loan 2,600 2,808 6 0 2,691 0 0 91 0 0 --91 00 3+% Port of Londo;l'Auth&y Rigisterid Stock l96di6 600 616 17 11 616 0 0 17 10 0 816 0 816 0 5% Southern Railway Redeemable Guaranteed Prefer- * ence Stock 1957 ........ 600 687 4 10 673 15 0 26 0 0 12 10 0 12 10 0 5% New Zealand Loan 1949 ........ 600 670 14 6 642 10 0 25 00 12 10 0 12 10 0 4% Consols ............300 323 1 0 327 16 0 12 00 600 600 26.x London Electric Transport Finance Corporation Debenture Stock 1960-55 ........ 525 508 16 6 608 b 0 13 2 4 6 11 2 6 11 2 24% Nat. War Bonds 1961-53 ...... 1,000 1,000 00 1,018 0 0 26 0 0 12 10 0 12 10 0 24% Nat. War Bonds 1962-64 ...... 260 250 0 0 262 10 0 650 326 326 &669 0 9;66,648 0 0 i219 17 4 i64 8 8kl66 8 8 STREATFEILD MEMORIAL FUND 3lst December 1945 4200 34% War Loan. VaIue k206 10s. Od. Balancelst January,1944 Dividends . .. fl s. d. .. 90 17 8 .. 7 0 0 & s. cember 1945 .. .. 97 17 Balance on Deposit 31st De- d. 8 ~ fI97 17 8 497 17 8 MELDOLA FUND 31rt December 1945 476 Government of Commonwealth of Australia 3)% Stock 1964-74. Value L76 6s. Od. s. d. d s.d. Balance 1st January 1946 .. ‘6 16 3 MeIdola Award 1946 (sus-Dividendsand Interest .. 1 4 6 pended) --Tax Recovered .. .. 3 13 6 Balance 31st D&exnb& 1946 * 10 14 3 610 14 3 f;lO 14 3 S. M. GLUCKSTEIN MEMORIAL LECTURE FUND 31st December 1945 L24034y0Conversion Loan. Value d266 10s. Od. s. d. s. d. Balance 1st January,1945 .. 33 14 8 Balance on Deposit 31st De-Dividendsand Interest (net)* 4 4 0 cember 1946 . . .. 37 18 8 d37 18 8 k37 18 8 Income Tax recoverable. PROCEEDINGS OF THE COUNCIL Council Meeting 21st December 1945.-A report of the Committee on Revision of Charter and By-Laws was received setting forth the principles of recommended changes in the By-laws relating to the constitution of the Council the date of the Annual General Meeting and the time-table of events leading thereto the election of the Censors and several miscellaneous matters.Regarding the proposals for reducing the size of the Council the new recommendations meet most if not all of the objections advanced by the Local Sections to the earlier scheme involving electoral “Regions” (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1945,I 39). It is now proposed that the existing fifteen Districts (including “Overseas”) be retained with their present boundaries and the established system whereby each elects one District Member of Council; to define the conditions under which any Local Section which at present forms only a part of a District or any new Locd Section that may subsequently be formed may become eligible to apply for recognition as a separate District; and to establish the principle that the area of any new District that may be constituted in future shall like that of existing Districts consist of the complete area of a Local Section or of the complete areas of two or more contiguous Local Sections and that the boundaries of any such District shall always follow Local Section boundaries precisely.The Council accepted the Report and instructed the Committee to pro-ceed with the re-drafting of the relevant By-laws on the basis of the principles set forth in the Report so that the proposed amendments together with a statement on their origins and implications might be fully considered by the Council and by the Local Sections before submission to a General Meeting of the Institute.The Committee was also instructed to examine the pro- visions of the Charter and to make recommendations on changes that seemed desirable with a view to preparing a draft of a new Charter for consideration at the same time as the amended By-laws. Consideration of ,anapplication by the East Midlands Section f9r recogni-tion as a separate District was deferred pending settlement of the conditions of eligibility for such recognition (see above). A report of a joint meeting of the Committees of the East Midlands Section and the South Yorkshire Section was received urging that in any alteration of the constitution of Council the representation of the Sections should be increased and that a representative for each Section should be appointed.Proposals by the Glasgow and West of Scotland Section and the Hudders- field Section for changing their Rules so as to bring the termination of their financial years to 31st December were approved. It was reported that the East Anglia Section was arranging for its financial year to terminate on 31st December and that the South Yorkshire Section proposed to do likewise but was deferring action in this matter and in putting into effect changes of Rules already approved pending completion of negotiations on boundaries with the provisional new Section centred on Hull (JOURN~LAND PROCEEDINGS, 1945 IV 135). Consideration of a request by the East Midlands Section for an early resumption of the practice of presenting Certificates at Local Section Meetings was deferred until after the Annual General Meeting.A proposal by the Birmingham and Midlands Section that Annual General Meetings of the Institute be sometimes held outside London [311 coupled with an invitation to hold the Annual General Meeting in Birming-ham in 1947 or 1948,wits deferred for consideration by the new Council in March. On a report that not more than one Fellow had been nominated for election as District Member of Count53 in any one District the Fellows so nominated were declared elected to serve from the date of the Annual General Meeting rg46. (A complete list of District Members of Council for 194647 was given in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1945,VI 240.) The Report of the Finance and House Committee of ~7th December which was received and adopted referred i&er aZia to accounts for payment ; recommendations on sums to be placed to reserve accounts; an official ruling that the Institute is allowed to hold on Benevolent Fund Account the maximum permissible holding of 3 per cent.Defence Bonds in addition to a like amount of these Bonds on its own account; further correspondence with Dr. D. Spence regarding his proposal to institute a Henderson Memorial Lecture Fund; a change of investments from short-dated 24% National War Bonds to 3% Savings Bonds 196575 ;the return of Mr.L. Winder from service overseas and the prospect of his .rejoining the Institute staff on 1st January 1946;derequisitioning of the basement of 30 Russell Square which had been taken over as a public air raid shelter in September 1939; acceptance by the British Leather Manufacturers’ Research Association of the Institute’s proposals regarding the tenancy of the Institute’s laboratory.A Report af the meeting of the Benevolent Fund Committee held on 17th December was received and adopted referring inter dia to :-accounts; changes of investments; a review of outstanding loans; consideration of two cases with reference to grants; a recommendation that regular grants be increased by 25 per cegt. as from 1st January; and Christmas presents to beneficiaries in receipt of regular allowances. A Report of the Nominations Examinations and Institutions Committee of 15th-16th November was received and adopted and candidates recom- mended for election or re-election to the Associateship or to the Fellowship were duly elected or re-elected to their respective grades.The Minutes of the Meeting of the Joint Council of Professional Scientists held on 6th November were received. The principal matters referred to in the Minutes were the status of 1abai.atox-y technicians; conditions applicable to paid outside work accepted by whole-time academic staff; salaries and conditions of service in the Scientific Civil Service. Actions arising in connexion with these matters had already been taken by the Council of the Institute. A letter was received from Sir Edward Appleton Chairman of the lnter- departmental Scientific Panel concerned with giving effect to the provisions of the white Paper (Cmd.6679) on the Scientific Civil Service (JOURNALAND PROCEEDINGS, 1945,VI 207)~expressing thanks for the Council’s offer of assistance in connexion with the work of the Panel and indicating the probability that the Panel would be glad to avail itself from time to time of the advice and assistance of the Institute. A question raised by the Liverpool and North-Western Section in connexion with fees charged to candidates for posts as Scientific Officers and Senior Scientific OBicers in Government departments was referred to the Joint Council of Professional Scientists. A Report of the Publications Committee referring to meetings held on 8th November and 13th December was received and adopted. The Com- mittee prepared Part VI of the JOURNAL;approved certain changes in the c321 lay-out of the cover pages of the JOURNAL and in the type used for headings; and reported further on proposals for the reorganisation of the Institute’s Library.A suggestion that the Science Masters’ Association might be invited to assist in the work of the proposed Conference on the preparation of precise definitions of scientific terms was accepted. On a report of a meeting of the Joint Consultative Committee of the Institute and the British Association of Chemists it was agreed that the Institute should not join with the Association of Scientific Workers and the B.A.C. in organising a proposed conference on the training of laboratory technicians but would send representatives to attepd the conference when it was held.Arising from a suggestion by the London and South-Eastern Counties Section the Institute’s representatives on the Chemical Council are being asked to watch developments in connexion with the proposed 1951 Exhibi- tion with a view to seeing that the interests of chemists are duly represented and co-ordinated. Mr. R. C. Chirnside was appointed a representativeof the Institute on the Chemical Council in place of Mr. A. L. Bacharach whose term of office was due to expire on 31st December 1945. Mr. A. L. Bacharach Professor H. V. A. Briscoe Mr. H. W. Cremer and Professor A. Findlay were re- appointed as representatives of the Institute on the Joint Library Com- mittee for 1946. Mr. A. T. Green accepted the Council’s invitation to serve as a representa-tive of the Institute on Technical Committee CLB/5 of the British Standards Institution dealing with Vitrified Ware Pipes.Dr. J. W. Corran was appointed a representative of the Institute on the newly-constituted Advisory Committee for Science of the Education Depart- ment of the County Borough of Ipswich. On a report that two senior Fellows of the Institute were already serving on a recently constituted Science Advisory Committee of the Municipal Technical College Blackburn it was decided not to appoint any direct representative of the Institute. Reports of meetings of the Chemical Council on 17th October arid 21st November were received referring inter dia to publicity; use of the library by the British Association of Chemists; redgnation of Dr.R. E. Slade as Honorary Secretary; the cost of publications supplied to joint members. The Chemical Council agreed that provision of office accommodation for the Institute in a Scientific Centre such as was envisaged in their Ninth Report (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1945 V 177) and the close geographical proximity of the Institute to the other two Chartered Bodies in this or any other alternative scheme was desirable. It was also reported that the three Chartered Bodies had agreed with the Chemical Council’s recommendations relating to the conditions of admission of the Faraday Society to the Chemical Council and to the inclusion of privileges of membership of the Faraday Society in the joint subscription arrangements (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1945’ VI 242).A message of congratulation and good wishes was sent to the President and Council of the newly-established Institution of Metallurgists with an assurance of the desire of the Institute for co-operation with the Institution on all matters of common interest. Council Meeting 18th January 1946.Notice of motion having been given it was unanimously resolved that Dr. D. W. Kent-Jones be elected Treasurer of the Institute until the next Annual General Meeting. (333 The Council received a further report from the Committee on Revision of Charter adBy-laws dealing with points arising out of the previous consideration of proposals for revising the By-laws; with a first draft of a petition for a new Charter; with recommendations on desirable modi-ficationsof the substance of the existing Charter.The report was accepted and the Committee was asked to proceed as rapidly as possible with the preparation of drafts of the proposed amendments to the By-laws and of the suggested form of the new Charter. It was agreed that in order to give adequate time for consideration of these drafts by the Council and by Local Sections no attempt should be made to put these matters before the forth- corning Annual General Meeting but that they should be held over for con- sideration by a Special General Meeting to be summoned for this purpose later in the year. A report of the Censors for 1945 was received and adopted. The Committee of the Tees-Side Section reported a decision to bring the end of the financial year of the Section to 31st December and to consider altering the Section Rules accordingly.Consideration was given to a suggestion by the Liverpool and North- Western Section that a new student on enrolment and on each subsequent occasion on which a receipt was posted to him should receive a slip of paper reminding him that he is eligible to attend the lectures arranged by his Local Section and that a list of such meetings can be had from the local Secretary. It was decided to refer this suggestion to the Annual Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Section as administrative difficulties would be entailed in applying it to an individual Section; also it was pointed out that a number of Local Sections have already arranged for their registered students to receive notices of meetings as issued and that an extension of this practice might be considered more effective in serving the interests of students.It was reported that the work of converting the meeting room at 30 Russell Square into three offices was nearing completion; also that the laboratory had been rehabilitated by the British Leather Manufacturers’ Research Association and a research group of the Association expected to occupy it early in February. The Report of the Nominations Examinations and Institutions Com-mittee of zrst December 1945,was received and adopted and the candidates recommended for election or re-election to the Associateship or to the Fellowship were duly elected to their respective grades. Following con-sideration by the N.E. & I. Committee of the status.of degrees in chemical engineering in relation to qualifications for admission to the Associateship an amendment of Section I1 3 (b) A. (iv) of the Regulations for the admission of Associates was approved (see p. 49). The Council sent messages of congratulation to a number of Fellows and Associates on whom public Honours had recently been bestowed (see P*50). A request was received from the Council of the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists for the setting up of a Standing Joint Com- mittee of the Institute and the Society to consider the status and remunera- tion of Public Analysts whole time and part-time with the object of taking whatever action was appropriate to put into effect principles laid down in memoranda on the subject prepared by the Council of the Society.After discussion in which stress was laid on the importance of considering condi- tions of employment of public analysts in relation tothose of other chemists [341 it was agreed that the Economic Status and Welfare Committee meeting with five representatives of the Society should constitute the proposed Standing Joint Committee. It was reported that the document on “Principles of a Suggested Code of Practice in respect of consulting and similar work accepted by members of whole-time Academic Staffs” (JOURNAL 1945~ AND PROCEEDINGS,VI 226) had been issued in pamphlet form by the Joint Council of Professional Scientists and was attracting a good deal of attention in various quarters.It was decided to write to the Secretary of the recently constituted “Committee on Future Scientific Policy,” set up by the Lord President of the Council offering the assistance of the Institute in any aspect of the work of the Committee and expressing willingness to give evidence on any matters affecting chemists that the Committee might refer to the Institute. (The constitution and terms of reference of the Committee-originally referred to as the Scientific Manpower and Resources Committee-are @en on Po 53:) Consideration was given to subjects that had been suggested for future post-graduate or “refresher” courses to be organised by the Institute. It was noted that the Birmingham and Midlands Section had made arrange- ments before the Scientific Courses Committee had reported for the Chemical Engineering Course previously given in Birmingham to be repeated there in April 1946.A suggestion by the Liverpool and North-Western Section that short courses on “Spectroscopy” and “Oilsand Fats” be held con-currently at Liverpool University in July was accepted on the under- standing that in accordance with a recent decision of the Council (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1945 VI ZO~),these courses be scheduled as being under the auspices of the Institute. Consideration of courses to be arranged after July 1946,was referred to the Scientific Courses Committee. A question raised by a Fellow in connexion with the importance to works chemists of securing qualifications in chemical engineering was referred to the Sub-committee of the N.E. &I. Committee that is considering the scope of Examinations for the Fellowship. It was reported that the new edition of “What Industry Owes to Chemical Science” had now been published (see pp. 49 58). Reports of meetings of the Chemical Council held on zrst November and 19th December 1945,were received referring inter dia to publicity (science and the Press honorary advisory service to the Press; statements on the subjects of lectures); the visit of a delegation to Germany to ascertain what books and periodicals were available from among those published during the war; and miscellaneous matters (see page 40). Council Meeting 1st February 1946.-A Report of the Finance and House Committee of 28th January was received and adopted; the report referred inter aZia to accounts for payment; investments; the Statement of Accounts for the year 1945;a statement on Finance House and Staff Matters prepared by the Committee for inclusion in the Report of the Council for 1945; various routine matters.On the recommendation of the Committee it was resolved that the Financial Statements for the year 1945be adopted and published in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS for submission to the Annual General Meeting. The Council received and adopted a Report of the Meeting of the Benevo- lent Fund Committee held on 28th January with accompanying Statement of Accounts for the year 1945 and draft statement on Benevolent Fund matters la51 prepared by the Committee for inclusion in the Report of Council for 1945.The Report of the Committee referred also to investments; a review of current cases; the preparation of new forms for subscription to the fund under Deed of Covenant. It was resolved that the Financial Statements be printed in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS for submission to the Annual General Meeting. The Council received and adopted the Report of the Publications and Library Committee of 23rd January referring inter alia to lectures; the Annual Report of the Council for 1945; the future of the JOURNAL; the publi- cation of lecture summaries; and correspondence with societies and publishing firms overseas. The possibility of focussing attention on new developments in the prevention of and first aid in laboratory accidents by means of lectures or publications is being explored.Consideration of a suggestion from Mr. Eliott Dodds that summaries of lectures delivered at joint meetings might be more expeditiously published in “Chemistry and Indus-tryJJwas deferred pending completion of negotiations on the possible development of “Chemistry and Industry” as a general weekly news journal for chemists; in the meantime it was considered desirable that summaries of lectures delivered at meetings wholly or partly sponsored by Local Sections of the Institute should continue to be published in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, as they provided items of considerable interest to members. Subject to minor amendments,. the Draft Report of the Council for 1945 prepared by the Publications and Library Committee with Sections submitted by the Finance and House Committee and the Benevolent Fund Committee was adopted and it was resolved that the Report be printed in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS for submission to the Annual General Meeting.A proposal by an ad hoc Committee was adopted that a sum of &zoo be made available annually as a personal and entertainment allowance for the President to be applied at his discretion in furthering the interests of the Institute and it was agreed that the allowance for 1946 should be available as from 1st January. Consideration was given to arrangements for the Annual General Meeting to be held on 12th March and it was agreed that there were no matters relating to “Special Business” to be included in the agenda for the meeting.The President reported on arrangements being made for the Anniversary Luncheon to be held at 12 noon for 12.30p.m. on 12th March at the Savoy Hotel. The Council then proceded with the nomination of Officers for election to- the new Council:-Dr. G. Roche Lynch wasunanimously nominated for election as President. The following w&e nominated for re-election as Vice-Presidents :-Mr. A. L. Bacharach and Dr. William Cullen. The following were also nomi- nated for election as Vice-Presidents:-Professor H. V. A. Briscoe Mr. G. Elliot Dodds Professor Alexander Findlay and Mr.A. J. Prince. Dr. D. W. Kent-Jones was nominated for election as Honorary Treasurer. Nominations of the following for election as General Members of Council under By-law 26 were received:-Dr.J. 0.Cutter Dr. T. F. Dixon Dr. H. €3. Hodgson Mr. S. J. Johnstone Mr. J. A. Oriel Dr. E. Vanstone and Mr. P. N. Williams. The- following were nominated for re-election as General Members of Council:-Professor F. Challenger Mr. R. C. Chirnside Dr. J. F. J. Dippy, Dr. H. J. Emeldus Mr. A. T. Green Professor J. M. Gulland Professor D. H. Hey Dr. J. G. King Professor G. F. Marrian Dr. J. H. Quastel Mr. F. t 36 3 Scholefield Professor A. R. Todd and Mr. Harry Weatherall. Ballot having been taken the following were also nominated for election as General Members of Council:-Professor J. W. Cook,Dr. C. J. T. Cronshaw Mr.M. B. Donald Dr. A. G. G. Leonard Mr. E. T. Osborne Dr.G. L. Riddell Pro- fessor E. K. =deal Dr. F. Roffey Professor J. L. Simonsen Mr. R. w. Sutton and Mr. George Taylor. The following were nominated from whom four shall be elected as Censors:-Mr. Lewis Eynon Professor Alexander Findlay Professor sir Ian. Heilbron Mr. Bernard F. Howard and Dr. Harold Moore. The Council was glad to receive a letter from the Registrar of the Austra- lian Chemical Institute offering co-operation in such matters as providing information about academic qualifications in Australia or on subjects which are of interest to chemists generally. A suggestion was received from an Associate that a branch of the Institute might be formed in Germany for the benefit of chemists serving as technical officers with the Control Commission Further enquiry is being made into this possibility.An enquiry from the Board of Trade Patents Committee 19+ in connexion with changes that might be desirable in the Patents and Designs Act and in matters arising therefrom but not already considered was referred to the Institute’s Patents Committee. A Report of a meeting of the Chemical Council of 19th December was received (see p. 40). Arrangements were made for the Council to be represented at a Health Congress to be organised by the Royal Sanitary Institute at Blackpool on 3rd-7th June 1946. ACTIVITIES OF LOCAL SECTfONS (The Institrde is not ves@wible for views expressed in papers OY in speeches made duving discussions.) Aberdeen and North of Scotland.-A lunch-time meeting was held in the University Union Aberdeen on 21st December 1945 Dr.R. B. Strathdee presiding over a very representative company of members and friends. After luncheon a paper on “Effluents and Fish Life” was read by Mr. Marshall J. Robb Aberdeen and a short discussion followed. The Section broke new ground on the 27th and 28th December 1945 by holding Christmas Lectures for Schools. The chairman of the Section Dr. R. B. Strathdee addressed senior pupils of the secondary schools on “Radioactivity” and “Colloids” in the Aberdeen University Chemistry Department. Attended as they were by large and appreciative audiences of young people the meetings were a marked success and it is hoped that the venture may be repeated in future Christmas seasons. On 25th January with Dr.Strathdee in the Chair,the Section met in Marischal College Abercben to hear Dr. D. N. McArthur Director of the Macaulay Institute for Soil Research speak on “Basic Slag-its Constitution and Utilisation.” The speaker illustratedhis subject by an unusually fineseries of lantern slides and after the lecture answered questions. Mr. H. J. Gregson proposed a vote of thanks. 6irmingham and Midlands.-The Christmas Lectures for school children in the Birmingham and district area inaugurated by the Birmingham and Midlands Section were given this year in Birmingham Town Hall on 7th and 8th January. The lecturer was Dr. S. €3. Jenkins chemist to the Birmingham Tame and Rea District Drainage Board and his subject was “Chemistry and Public Health.” Civic recognition was accorded by the presence of the Lady Mayoress of Birmingham who gave a short address to the 1,600 children present on the opening day.[ 87 1 The lecturer dealt With naturaI waters and showed how these were pur~ed and made safe to drink. He discussed chemical and bacteriological control and showed how the scienec method had been used to eliminate water-borne diseases like typhoid and dysentery. He explained the hardness of water and discussed the methods for softening it. The pollution of rivers by sewage and industrial effluents was dealt with and methods of purification were discussed in some detail. Finally Dr. Jenkins explained the method developed during the war by which sea water was rendered fit for drinking purposes. In proposing a cordial vote of thanks to the lecturer the chairman (Mr.Arthur Churchman) thanked the heads of schools and science teachers who had co-operated in the arrangements for the lectures and expressed appreciation of the services of Messrs. W. and J. George and Becker Ltd. who had staged the numerous demonstrations which were a feature of the lectures and also of the services of Mr. P. S. S. Dawson for his able work as demonstrator. Bristol and South-Western Countiet.4n 6th December 1946 a meeting was held in the Chemistry Department of the University of Bristol jointly with the Chemical Society and the Local Section and Chemical Engineering Group of the Society of Chemical Industry with Mr. M. B. Donald Chairman of the Chemical Engineering Group in the Chair.Mr. Stanley Robson delivered the First Robert Home Memorial Lecture of the Society of Chemical Industry entitled “Chemistry Metallurgy and Empire.” A vote of thanks was proposed by Mr. S. J. Tungay. At a meeting of the Section held jointly with the Institute of Fuel the Chemical Society and the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry on 10th January Dr. T. Malkin presided and Mr. F. A. Greene gave a lecture on “A Bye-way in Chemical Engineering,” in which he described problems in connexion with the construction of an underground factory. The lecture was illustrated by Iantern sIides. Mr. P. C. Pope proposed the vote of thanks. At a joint meeting with the Chemical Society and the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry in the Chemistry Department of the University of Bristol on 7th February Professor Wilson Baker gave a lecture on “The Chemistry of Penicillin.” Dr.C. E.H. Bawn local representative of the Chemical Society presided and after a good discussion a vote of thanks was proposed by Dr. T.Malkin. Cardiff and District.-On 3rd January a meeting was held jointly with the South WalesSection at the Mining and Technical Institute Bridgend when Dr. H. J. Emeldus gave an address on “Some Chemical Aspects of Recent Work on Atomic Fission.’’ Members and visitors from a wide area formed a most appreciative audience. Mr.W. D. Williams (Cardiff) was in the Chair and a vote of thanks was proposed by Professor J. E.Gates (Swansea),supported by Dr. W. P. Evans (Bridgend). East Anglia.-With Mr.Lincolne Sutton in the Chair the East Anglia Section held its first post-war meeting in Ipswich on 7th December 1945 the lecturer being Dr. H. Baines who spoke on the subject “Colour in Photography.” The Section had as guests a number of members of the Ipswich Photographic Society as well as others interested in photography; the attendance number being 60. Dr. Baines in describing the development of colour in photography illustrated his lecture copiously with numerous slides in colour and with photographs. A joint meeting with the Norwich and District branch of the Pharmaceutical Society took place on 18th January at the Norwich City College. Dr. G. Malcolm Dyson owing to a motor accident was unable to be present to give his lecture’ on “Some Recent Advances in the Chemistry of Drugs,”but in its place with the help of the Central Film Library a sound film show was arranged.There were five films dealing with “Lime,” “Potato Blight,” “The Story of DDT,” “Blood Trans- fusion,” and “The Conquest of Disease” (atribute to the workers on the sulphanilamide drugs). Members of the medid profession and nurses teachers and science students were invited. Altogether 100 people had a most enjoyable evening. At the conclusion Mr. Dewhurst Chairman of the Local Branch of the Pharmaceutical Socfety expressed gratitude to the Norwich Education Committee to Dr. F. Briers Principal of the Technical College and €0Mr. Reed Vice-Principal for providing the facilities (projector and room) for the meeting. Edinburgh and East of Scotland,-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in the North Brits& Station Hotel Edinburgh on 14th December 1946.Dr. E. G. V. Percival was elected Chairman and Mr. R. G. Thin vice-chairman of the Section. Mr. G. Elliot Dodds was re-elected Secretary-Treasurer and Mr. Bryce Douglas was elected to the new post of Recorder. Vacancies on the committee were filled by the election of Messrs. H. B.Nisbet H.Elder I. A. Preece A. M.Smith James Stewart and D. C.Wilson. [ 381 rhe meeting approved an alteration in the Section Rules making the financial year of the Section from 1st January to 31st December in place of from 1st October to 30th September. After the general meeting a joint meeting of the Section with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry and local members of,the Chemical Society was addressed by Dr.G. H. Smith who delivered a lecture on “Shale Oil.” An account of the lecture was published in Chemistry and Industry of 5th January 1946 p. 0. Glasgow and West of Scotland.-A joint meeting of chemical societies was held in the Royal Technical College Glasgow on 18th January presided over by Mr. J. W. Hawley Chairman Glasgow and West of Scotland Section. MI. A. L; Bacharach addressed a large audience on “Penicillin its Preparation and Properties.” A vote of thanks proposed by Mr. A. R. Jamieson was enthusiastically carried. Scientific Flms which included “The Story of Formica,” showing the development of a synthetic plastic were shown at a joint meeting of the Glasgow Scientific Film Society and the chemical societies in the Royal Technical College Glasgow on 25th January.Huddersfie1d.-At a joint meeting with the Huddersfield Section of the Society of Dyers and Colourists on 4th December Mr. Seddon presiding Dr. R. G. Heyes of I.C.I. Plastics Division gave a talk entitled “Some Aspects of Thermosetting Plastics.” The talk was illustrated by lantern slides and samples. On 8th January 1946 Mr. T. A. Simmons presided at a meeting of the Section held in Field’s Cafe when Mr. R. K. Dickie of the D’Arcy Exploration Co. Ltd. gave a lecture entitled “The English Oilfields” (for summary see p. 43). The lecture was illustrated by lantern slides and was followed by a good discussion. Leeds Area.-A meeting of the Section was held in the University of Leeds on 14th January Professor F.Challenger presiding. Dr. F. M. Lea of H.M. Building Research Station gave a lecture on “Research on Building and Its Materials” (for summary see p. 4-41which aroused great interest and gave rise to a prolonged discussion. Newcastle upon Tyne and N.E. Coast.-A meeting of the Section was held jointly with the Newcastle Section of the Society of Chemical Industry in King’s College on 12th December 1945 under the Chairmanship of Dr. J. €3. Jones. Dr. H. J. Emelkus gave a lecture on “Some Chemical Aspects of Recent Work on Atomic Fission” (for summary see p. 42). The lecture was exceptionally well attended and followed by a vigorous discussion. On the 17th December 1945 a Victory Dinner and Dance with Professor H.L. Riley presiding was held in the County Hall and the Old Assembly Rooms Newcastle under the joint auspices of the local Sections of the Institute the Chemical Society the Society of Chemical Industry the Oil and Colour Chemists’ Association the British Association of Chemists the Institute of the Plastics Industry and the Newcastle Chemical Industry Club. Dr. L. H. Lampitt was the principal guest and local civic officials were also present. The success of the evening was largely due to the efforts of Mr. 3. H. Robson (B.A.C.) who acted as Conjoint Secretary and Organiser to the joint Committee appointed for the occasion. South Wales.-On 3rd January a meeting was held jointly with the Cardiff and District Section at Bridgend; this is reported under the heading of the Cardiff and District Section (above).A meeting was held jointly with the Swansea Branch of the Association of Scientific Workers on 17th January in the Royal Institution of South Wales Swansea with Dr. L. E. Hinkel in the Chair. Mr. S H. Wilkes M.C. H.M. Senior Chemical Inspector Factory Department Ministry of Labour and National Service delivered a lecture on “Protection against Industrial Poisons” (for summary see Chrnistry and Industry 1946 p. 8). On 28th January members of the Section participated in a meeting arranged by the Chemical Society and the University College of Swansea Chemical Society which was held at University College Swansea Professor J. E. Coates O.B.E. presiding. A lecture on “The Separation of Isotopes and Thermal DiiTusion” was given by Professor J.Kendall F.R.S.,with experiments to illustrate Thermal DifEusion in a mixture of gases and in solution. South Yorhhire -The Section held its second Annual Joint Meeting with the Chem- ical Society on 20th October 1945 at which Professor D. T. A. Townend and Dr. J. E. Garside gave a joint paper on “Burner Flames,” accompanied by some very striking demonstrations. The pfper was presented in two parts Professor Townend dealing with “Quiescent Flames and Dr. Garside with ”Turbulent Flames.” l303 On 7th December 1946 a paper presented by Dr. J. C. Speakman entitled “Atomic Energy,” attracted a very large audience and provoked a lively discussion in which members of the Institute of Fuel took part.The audience included a number of Sixth Form Secondary School boys and girls who had many questionsto ask the lecturer. Tees-Side.-13th December 1946 a very successful meeting was held at the William Newton School Norton-on-Tees when before an audience of nearly four hundred members and guests Dr. H. J. Emelkus lectured on “Some Chemical Aspects of Recent Work on Nuclear Fission” (for summary see p. 42). After a stimulating discussion Dr. M.P. Applebey proposed the vote of thanks. Mr. A. J. Prince presided. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL COUNCIL Abstract of Minutes of the Meeting held on 19th December 1945. 1. It was reported that the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers had nominated Mr. W. F. Lutyens and Dr.G. M. Dyson as representatives in place of Dr. P. C. C. Isherwood and Dr. R. E. Slade. It was agreed to co-opt Mr.Lutyens and Dr. Dyson. 2. It was reported that a further contribution of t?O over a covenanted period of seven years had been received. 3. The report of the Bureau of Abstracts was received and Council expressed appreciation of the fact that the Bureau intended to make monthly reports of its meetings to the Chemical Council. 4. The report of the Joint Library Committee dated 12th December 1946 was received and Council concurred in the recommendations in the report regarding increases in salaries. The Chairman of the Joint Library Committee reported on the visit of the Delegation to Germany to ascertain what books and periodicals were available from among those published during the war.6. Joint Student Facilities under the Joint Subscription Scheme were granted to seven applicants. 6. It was agreed that the next meeting of the Council should be held on Wednesday, 16th January 1940. Abstract of Minutes of the Meeting held on 16th January 1946:-1. It was reported that the Constitution of the Council for the current year was as fObWS :-Repesentiw the Chemhd Society . . . . Dr. G. M. Bennett. Mr.F. P. Dunn (ex-oficio). Professor William Wardlaw. (One vacancy to be filled.) Repesentiptg the Royd Imtitute of Chemistry . . Mr. R. C. Cbimside. Dr. Dorothy Jordan-Lloyd. Dr. D. W.Kent-Jones (ex-officio). Sir Robert Pickard. RepestWing the Society of Chemical Indwtry . . Mr. A.L. Bacharach. Mr. C. S. Garland. Dr. L. H.Lampitt (ex-o@cio). Professor E. K. Rid&. Nomimated by the Faraday Society . . .. Professor W.E. Garner. Dr. R. E. Slade. Nominated by the Association of British Ckemi-Mr. Roger Duncalfe. cat Manuf acturers. Dr. G. M.Dyson. Mr. W.F. Lutyens. Mk. J. Davidson Pratt. 2. Honorary Officers for the current yea.r were elect4 as follows:-Professor E. K.Rideal re-appointed C * Mi. I?. P. Dunn v%zEs&n. ,) Sir Robert H. Pickard , Honorary Treasurer. Dr. G. M.Bennett appointed Honorary Secretary. 3. Joint Student Facilities under the Joint Subscription Scheme were granted to six appiicants. c 401 SUMMARIES OF LECTURES SOME INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF SPECTROSCOPY By W.C. PRICE, B.Sc.Ph.D. F.R.I.C. [South Wales Section jointly with the South Wales Branch of the Institute of Physics at Swansea 1st December 1945.1 Spectroscopy has been of enormous value to industry during the war years in providing rapid and accurate analyses where chemical methods are slow and laborious and in some instances where no chemical methods exist. While the decade 1930-40 saw the widespread application of emission spectroscopy to the analysis of metals and alloys the recent advances have been predominantly in the application of absorption methods in the infra-red and the ultra-violet. As the character of the absorption spectrum depends upon the constitution of the molecule it can be used to identify and estimate molecular constituents in a mixture.The factor which determines the character of absorption bands in the ultra-violet is the presence of certain electronic groupings usually conjugated in nature. Minor variations of the spectrum are produced by varying the substituents in a molecule while major changes arise from any alteration in the extent of the conjugation. Typical examples of analyses which can be carried out by ultra-violet methods are mixtures of aromatic hydrocarbons substances containing conjugated ethylenic and carbonyl linkages butadienes and phenols. Ultra-violet spectra have also helped considerably in the elucidation of the structure of vitamins and hormones and in their quantitative analysis as well. The absorption bands which appear in the infra-red are associated with the natural vibrations of the molecular framework and involve the atomic masses moving against the bond forces.They are usually much more numerous and characteristic than the corresponding ultra-violet bands and afford a “finger print” capable of distinguishing all molecules except optical enantiomorphs. Among the first successful applica- tions of infra-red spectroscopy was its use in the high octane fuel and synthetic rubber programmes. Both of these required a new accurate and fast analytical method for C compounds and infra-red methods provided the answer. Whenever mixtures of isomers have to be dealt with and each isomer has to be estimated individually as in the analysis of cresols xylenols nitroparaffins and hydrocarbons infra-red methods have been adequate to deal with the problems provided that the reference spectra of the pure isomers are available.Purity tests on analytical reagents pharmaceuticals and special chemical materials come within the scope of this technique. Successful infra- red work has also been camed out on substances of high molecular weights. For example mixtures of natural and synthetic rubber can be analysed and useful informa- tion has been obtained on plastics resins and even coal by infra-red methods. In fact there is no doubt that the field of application of infra-red spectroscopy to industrial problems will be considerably widened in the future. It is important to note that these industrial applidons of spectroscopy have followed upon improvements in instrumental technique which will have far-reaching effectsin the pure as well as the applied branches of the science.Photo-electric amplifi- cation of the thermocouple currents by factors of about 100,000enable an infra-red spectrum to be traced by a quick-acting pen recorder in a matter of minutes while the use of double beam instruments eliminates the effect of atmospheric absorption by water vapour and carbon dioxide. The use of bolometers in conjunction with “chopped” beams ipd A.C. amplification promises to supersede thermocouples because of the absence of drift in such systems. The production of large synthetic crystals of rock- salt potassium bromide fluorite and lithium fluoride which are the prism materials of infra-red spectrometers has contributed greatly to the more widespread availability of these instruments.In addition to the spectrometer type of instrument simpler types have been devised not incorporating prisms. The Baird Analyser is one of these and is capable of giving direct and instantaneous analyses of many substances like ammonia hydrochloric acid carbon monoxide and butanes in gaseous mixtures. Considerable development of this type of instrument is to be expected. In the ultra- violet both emission and absorption spectroscopy have benefited greatly from the development of photoelectron multipliers enclosed in ultra-violet transparent envelopes. These are photo-tubes which are very sensitive to low light levels and are therefore suitable for recording spectra directly. The photo-electric instruments incorporating these tubes threaten to supersede spectrometers using photographic recording because of both their greater speed and quantitative accuracy.[ 41 3 CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF RECENT WORK ON ATOMIC FISSION By H. J. EYEL~S, D.Sc. F.R.I.C. [Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast Section 12th December 1946; Tees-Side Section at Norton-on-Tees 13th December 1946; and joint meeting of the South Wales and Cardiff and District Sections at Bridgend, 3rd January 1946.1 The publication of the Smyth report makes it possible to review some of the more chemical aspects of the project which resulted in the production of the atomic bomb. The two substances required for this purpose are VtX5 and the new element plutonium hE@. The nuclei of these two elements break down under neutron bombardment into approximately equal fragments ranging from selenium (2= 34) to lanthanum (2= 67).These fragments are intensely radioactive and of comparatively short life. They mainly emit jl and y rays forming stable elements. In fission fresh neutrons are also produced together with a very large amount of energy equivalent to the mas.. disappearing. The neutrons formed in the fission process may escape may suffer non-fission capture by uranium or by impurities or may achieve fission capture. For a branching chain reaction the magnitude of the last process must exceed losses by the first three. Of the isotopes of uranium Uw is mainly responsible for fission capture and V8for non- fission capture Thus to produce an explosive reaction UBs must be separated as completely as pbssible from W"8 and the impurities some of which are highly efficient as neutron traps must be reduced to a very low figure.An alternative is to operate a system-the so-called pile-in which non-fission capture is favoured impurities being a minimum as before. Non-fission neutron capture yields the uranium isotope UNS which loses a fi particle forming neptunium Npi:@; this loses a second jlparticle formrng plutonium Pug@.The half decay periods are 23 minutes and 2.3 days respectively. When plutonium is thus formed it must be separated subsequently from a large excess of uranium which is chemically very similar. This separation is thus an alternative to the separation of the uranium isotopes mentioned above.The chief raw material is pitchblende. Extraction of uranium from this is well known. For less rich uranium-containing materials it is noteworthy that no specific reaction (such as the carbonyl reaction for nickel) is available. Flotation processes are not suitable for concentrating material in which uranium is present as uranyl derivatives. Final purification of all uranium compounds extracted is done by conversion to uranyl nitrate which is readily soluble in ether. Practically all the impurities remain in.the water layer. Traces of harmful impurities such as the rare earths are thus removed. The uranium isotopes are separated physically by the electro-magnetic process by gaseous diffusion and by thermal diffusion. Inthe first a volatile umium compound is prepared which is vaporised into an arc.The ions formed are accelerated in an electri-cal field and then deflected into circular paths by a magnetic field. In this latter field the paths for the two isotopes are Merent so that they may be separately collected. Both the efficiency of separation and the efficiency of utilisati01.1 of the charge are small. The first of these points means that the separation of Urn may have to be done in several stages. The second implies re-processing of the charge material which becomes contaminated in the separation plant. This involves operating in ordinary chemical plant with artially-enriched material and with the necessity for almost complete recovery. $he chemical problems involved have no parallel in ordinmy technical operations.In the di&sion process the readily volatile uranium hexafluoride is used. The lighter FFemolecules diffuse more readily than P8F6 and by employing a sufficiently large number of units the dif€using membranes of which are chemically resistant to attack by hexafluoride any desired degree of separation may be obtained. The hexa- fluoride cannot be prepared without the use of elementary fluorine but otherwise the main complications in this process appear to arise from attack of the plant and pumping system by the vapour. In producing plutonium in the pile two main reactions are in operation simultaneously namely capture by Us8 of medium velocity neutrons to form Urn which then loses two jl particles forming plutonium and fission of P(and to a less extent plutonium) by slow neutrons.The fissions maintain a chain reaction which is controlled by introducing into the system rods of a neutron-absorbing material. Much energy is evolved and must be removed by efficient cooling. In addition the fission neutrons are fast and must be slowed by a non-absorbing medium such as deuter- ium oxide or graphite. Rods of pure natural uranium are suitably spaced in such a medium and as the reaction proceeds. U*5 disappears and plutonium and fission t 423 products accumulate. The latter may function as neutron absorbers and so “poison” the pile so that after a time it is advantageous to remove the rods for chemical treat- ment and to replace them by fresh. The rods on removal are intensely radioactive (as is the pile itself) so that heavy screening and systemsof remote control are essential.These precautions are continued in the subsequent chemical separation of plutonium uranium and fission products which after dissolving the rods is done either by selective solvent extraction or by co-precipitation of the plutonium with a suitable insoluble material. The chief valencies of plutonium are 3,4,5,6 and the Pu is co-precipitated while in the quadrivalent state and subsequently freed from Carrier by oxidation to the hexavalent state. We may expect that in the next few years much effort will be devoted to obtaining useful energy from nuclear chain reactions. At present for example the pile although generating enormous amounts of energy cannot be used because the operating tempera- ture is comparatively low.In raising its temperature many new problems will arise, particularly those relating to heat transfer and corrosion. The intense flux of ionising radiation inside the pile might be used to bring about technically important reactions. Finally a variety of new radioactive materials will become available either directly from the pile or by using it as a neutron source for bombarding other elements. These materials open many new possibilities in chemical biological and medical work. THE ENGLISH OILFIELDS By R. K. DICKIE, B.A. [Huddersfield Section 8th January 1946.1 There are many indications of oil in England both at the surface in mines and in borings for coal and water. These indications led the Government towards the end of the 1914-18 war to carry out a drilling campaign.Eleven wells were drilled but only one Hardstoft No. 1 near Tibshelf in Derbyshire struck oil in any quantity. %me 4,000 tons of oil of good quality have been produced from this well but two further wells nearby failed to repeat the success of No. 1. Interest in oil was not extinguished however by the failure of the 1918 drilling campaign though there was no active ex- ploration on a large scale for some years. In 1934 the Petroleum Act was passed which nationalised the ownership of any oil yet undiscovered and embodied regulations controlling the exploration for oil and the exploitation of any fields discovered. This Act put the exploration for oil on an altogether different footing and encouraged a number of prominent oil companies to take up exploration licences.Between 1936 and 1939 a number of wells were drilled in the south of England and in Scotland and Yorkshire but evidence of only small amounts of oil was found. Late in 3937 gas was struck in a well near Dalkeith in Midlothian and in 1938 in a well in Eskdale near Whitby; in this latter well beds of potash salts were also proved-the first discovery of potash in quantity in England. In the meantime geophysical investigations were being carried out in the eastern Midlands. The most successful method was that of seismic refraction in which the velocity of transmission of the vibrations in the strata set up by firing a charge of explosive in a 6&100 ft.hole is measured and recorded. From these data it is possible to construct a picture of the structure in any especially hard formation which may be present. The first well located by means of geological and geophysical information was drilled near Eakringyillage 16 miles north of Newark and in June 1939 oil was struck at 1,912 ft. in the top of the millstone grit below the coal measures. This discovery was of major importance and almost all available effort was therefore concentrated at Eakring and promising similar structures in the East Midlands. In 1941 a further oiliield was discovered south of Eakring and two others Kelham Hills and Caunton followed. Many exploratory drillings were made in geophysically mapped structures but no further fields were found.In these operations rotaxy drilling was used in which the bit is rotated by a hollow drill stem through which mud is circulated. The function of the mud is to circulate the cuttings to the surface to control reservoir fluids by maintaining a pressure in the hole above formation pressure and to seal off formations to prevent the ingress of water which may cause caving of the walls. It is important to control the quality ofthe mud so that it can discharge these functions successfully and additions of colloidal material barytes or other heavy minerals must be made in suitable proportions and the mud must be kept alkaline by the addition of soda ash. Where it is desirable to obtain large pieces of geological formations for detailed examinatiin a.core bit is used which cuts an annular ring leaving a central core inside the drill stem.With the equipment initially available the time taken to drill a 2,000 ft. well was some five weeks and two 43 3 weeks or more were required to move an ouffit but using the latest type of equipment obtained from America in 1943 these times were reduced to five days and 24 hours, respectively. The peak production was 335 tons per day in September 1943 and oil production up to the end of 1946 totalled some 400,000tons. Of the 300 production wells drilled 238 are still producing. The routine method of production is by individual pumping unitspoweredby electric motors and the oil ispumped up 2in. tubing by aplunger pump. The oil has a high paraffin-wax content with the result that wax settles out in the well tubing.To remove this the pumping unit is disconnected and a low voltage current of 600-800 amps.is passed through the tubing and casing. Thisheats the tubing and melts the wax in about an hour; the wax is then pumped out. The crude oil from the wells passes through buried pipe lines to the collecting station where it is separated from water in steam-heated separators whence it is pumped to storage tanks and conveyed by tank car to the refinery. The quality ofthe crude oil obtained from the Eakring and adjacent fields is good, and compares in composition with the best Pennsylvanian crudes. Whilst the total production represents only a smallproportion of the requirements of this country the fields made a valuable contribution to the war effort and in peace-time it is considered that the wells can be worked on an economic basis.RESEARCH ON BUILDING AND ITS MATERIALS By F.M. LEA,O.B.E.,DSc. F.R.I.C. (Let& Area Section 14th January 1946.J Building research like many researches in broad fields of applied work is a "combined operation" involving the pure and applied sciences the engineer architect and builder and the acts,and crafts. Buildings exist to serve human needs to provide shelter comfortand convenience to house plant and machinery and so on. The study ofthese needs leads to a consideration of the properties required in buildings e.g. strength and durability degree of warmth and ventilation freedom from dampness freedom from noise lighting whether natural or artificial safety from fire and other risks hygiene, convenience of planning and equipment.There are also involved questions which have $0 fax been studied relatively little and which fall more in the field of sociology, such as hovy do people use their houses and how is that use related to the plahg and equipment. The examination of the meam by which the requirements of buildings can be met.raises problems of structural design and methods of constructio~,of the materials and the processes of building and of planning and equipment. Building research also overlaps into civil engineering for in many instances the problems of materials and methods are common to both. To chemists particular interest will attach to problems arising in the study of materials.Any estimate of the behaviour of materials in use is most surely founded on a study of their chemistry and physics and this leads back in greater or less degree to the manufacturing processes and the raw materials. The materials of building are in the main inorganic-cements hes plasters, natural stone and slate sandand ballast and various other aggregates bricks and other burnt clay products concrete and mortar metals asbestos-cement products. Others such as bitumen and tar plastics putties and mastics are in pad or whole organic while timber is a very important natural material. The study of materials involves many brawhes of science and a few examples mainly physico-chemical may be given. Microscopy and mineralogy supplemented by X-ray methods have many applica-tions.For example in the study of blast-furnace slag as an aggregate for concrete it was important to be able to detect and reject slags which undergo an expansion after cooling. This volume change is due to the presence of calcium orthosilicate which can exist in three enantiotropic forms the inversion of the j9 to the y form being acxom- panied by an expansion of some 10 per cent. Phase equilibrium studies have shown that in certain ranges of slag compositions this compound cannot occur but in others it may or may not be present. In such cases methods have been developed for its idenatation by microscopic examination of polished and selectively etched surfaces by reflected light. Many building materials are porous and involve problems of capiUary and surface chemistry.Application ofthe classical theory of capillarityas expressed in the Kelvin equation for lowering of vapour pressure of water held in capillaries and in calculations of the corresponding qegative pressure or tension under wbich the capillary water is held leadsto many anomalies and attention hasto be paid to the directiveaction of the solid-liquid interfacial forces and the existence of multi-molecular adsorbed layers at c443 solid surfaces. The study of the pore system in limestones of similar chemical com- position has served to distinguish both for Portland and Bath stone between materials of good and poor durability. Many porous inorganic materials show a change in dimensions with change in moisture Cofltetlt and though this movement is small it is relatively great in relation to their extensibility and the deformation they can with- stand without cracking.This behaviour is shown for example by concrete and by sand-lime bricks and is much greater when the binding agent is present in a.n amorphous or sub-microcrystalline form than when it is fully crystalline. The various theories put forward to explain this movement require further study and a greater knowledge of its fundamental causes is of much importance. Crystallisation of salts in capillary stems can play an important part in the decay of building materials and sometimes leads to interaction effects between different materials. Thus when limestones and sandstones are used in assocktion calcium sulphate formed by the action of atmospheric sulphur dioxide on the limestone may be drawn in solution into the sandstone and crystallising there cause its decay.The formation of solids within the pores of a material can produce disruptive pres- sures far higher than its tensile strength. Damage by the growth of crystals from a saturated solution in a not completely confined space is however rather more difficult to explain since it involves a growth in one direction against a growing pressure while there is not necessarily any hydrostatic pressure against the other faces. It can be shown theoretically that if a solid is immersed in its saturated solution and a longitudinal compressive force applied to its end faces without pressure on the liquid the solubility will be increased more at the compressed faces than at the free faces so that further deposition should occur at the unstressed places.To account for it growth against pressure we have in effect to assume a degree of supersaturation such as to nullify this effect or that the different faces of a crystal have solubilities sufficiently different to account for it. The hydration of a solid in sitM can however clearly occur against a stress and. this has been demonstrated experimentally with certain salts against pressures up to 1,000 lb. per sq. in. It is also a familiar practical observation inJ for instance the “blowing” of lime plasters containing unslaked particles of CaO, which hydrate after the bulk of the material has hardened. An example of the study of adhesion may be drawn from investigationson the paint- ing of plaster.It has been shown that on the denser plaster surfaces the adhesion seems to be primarily specific i.e. it is caused by the action of surface forces whereas on more porous surfaces it is partly mechanical i.e. caused by interlocking with surface irregulan- ties. The former usually leads toa higher tensile strength of the bond but one which is proportionately much more reduced when water gains access to the interface. Work of this type has formed a basis for recommendations as to the paint systems which can safely be applied to new plaster before a building has had time to dry. Another example of the force of adhesion and the tensile ‘strength of thin films is to be found in the cracking of asphalt mastic roofing arising from the application of paint treat-ments.All paints with a drying oil base or emulsions with appreciable contents of casein or similar stabiliser shrink as they age and the tensile forces developed are sufficient to open cracks in the asphalt. A study of this subject led to the formulation of surface treatments which can safely be applied to asphalt. The study of plasticity finds many applications both in connexion with materials which are required to exhibit plastic behaviourin use and with others which are manipu- lated and applied in a plastic stab and subsequently harden. With limes for example such work has aimed to relate objective quantitative measurements of properties such as thixotropy stress-defomatiob relations and cohesion to the subjective impressions of the plasterer and to link these again with other physical propertiesof the material.A haJ example physical rather than chemical illustrates the interdependence of different lines of approach to building problems. During the war it became necessary to study radiation as a major factor in causing the spread of building fires across streets and open spaces. From a combination of laboratory work and observation of the results of fires it became possible to define the conditions under which such spread would occur and the means required to obviate it. The results have peacetime applications to the lay-out of closely built-up city areas where spread of fire is a serious danger. Among other factors which have to be considered are the screening of daylight from one building by another and the intensity of the noise inside the buildings arising from street traffic.Both of these are susceptible to calculation and the conclusions to which each leads are not only very similar but also substantially the Same as those found desirable to minimise the hazard of fire spread. Both amenity and safety are thus served by certain forms of lay-out and prejudiced by other forms. This example serves as an indication of the comprehensiveness and unity required in building research for its results to be of maximum value. c 45 I EXAMINATIONS JANUARY 1946 EXAMINATION FOR THE ASSOCIATESHIP IN GENERAL CHEMlSTRY Abstract of the Report of the bard of Examiners E;raminers Dr.G. M. Bennett and Professor W. Wardlaw Entered Passed Held at the University of London South Kensington theoretical papers being taken in various local cenpes 14th-19th January inclusive .. .. .. .* .* .. .. .. 44 25. 131 -* One candidate failed in part only of the examination and 3 candidates satided the Examiners in those parts of the examination in which they had previously failed. The following papers and exercises were set :-MONDAY,14th JANUARY,1946 10 a.m. to 1p.m. (Answer FIVE questions ody. Answer conciseIy and to the point. Give forrnulae and equations where possible.) 1. Give an account of EITHER the acids of phosphorus OR the acids of sulphur (excluding sulphuric acid). 2. Discuss some of the conditions under which chemical reactions are believed to occur in inorganic chemistry.3. Write explanatory notes on FOUR of the following:-(a) lyophilic and lyophobic colloids (b) dialysis (c) cataphoresis (d) protective colloids (e) iso-electric point (f) thixotropy. 4. Critically review the definitions proposed for the terms acid and base with Special reference to the phenomenon of acid-base catalysis. 5. Give an account of the action of alkali hydroxides on FOUR of the following:- (a) sulphur (b) fluorine (c) phosphorus (d) carbon monoxide (e) boron hydrides (f) arsenious sulphide. 8. Write an essay on “Complex formation in relation to analytical chemistry.” 7. Select one of the following subjects for discussion:- (a) Isotopes and Isobars; (b) The directional properties of chemical bonds.2 to 6 p.m. (Answer FIVE questions only. Answer concisely and to the point. Give formulas and equatims where possible.) 1. Elucidate points of interest in connexion with FOUR of the following:- NaN, El, F%(CO), K,po(CN),] CaCO, K,PtCl,. 2. Derive the formula for the pH value of a solution of a salt of a weak acid and a strong base. The dissociation constant for acetic acid is 1.8 x 104 and the ionic product of water is 1 x 10-14. Calculate the pH value of a 0-01Nsolution of sodium acetate and the degree of hydrolysis. 3. Describe the manufacture properties and uses of any THREE of the f0hWing:- (a)Ported cement (b) sodium’cyanide (c) ammonium molybdate (d) monel metal (8) selenium. 4. Discuss any THREE of the following topics:- (a) The reaction between hydrogen and palladium; (b) The passive state; (c) The action of heat on mercurous chloride; (d) Isomorphism.6. Give an account of the chemistry of boron and its compounds. 6. Write an essay on EITHER (a) nuclear chemistry; OR (6) the conductivity of electrolytes. 7. Select ONE of the following topics for discussion:- (a) Photochemical reactions; (b) The mineral silicates; (c) The industrial application of liquefied gases and gas liquefaction processes. i461 TUESDAY 15th JANUARY 1946 10 am. to 1P.m. (Amswer FOUR questions only. Answer concisely and to the point. Give formube and equations whee possible.) 1. Describe giving the essential practical details how you would prepare diethyl malonate from chloroacetic acid and how you would use it to make a specimen of &phenylpropionic acid.2. Indicate briefly by meansof formulae and equations how each of the following substances may be prepared from nitrobenzene :-nitrosobenzene diphenyl phenacetin quinoline phenylhydrazine azoxybenzene Bismarck Brown p-amino&tophenone. 3. Describe how the constituent amino-acids have been isolated from proteins. Give threegeneral methods by which waminoacids may be synthesised. By what methods have polypeptides been prepared from amino acids? 4. Review the types of molecular structure which give rise to optical activity giving the formula of one actual example of each type.6. Discuss the evidence analytical and synthetical for the accepted structure of EITHER the anthocyanidins derived from the red and blue colourhg matters of flowers OR nicotine. 6. Give a concise statement demonstrating the structural formulae of glucose and fructose. CIassify the foIlowing carbohydrates and briefly indicate the main differences in their composition and structure :-sucrose maltose lactose raffinose glycogen inulin starch cellulose. -2 to 3.30 p.m. Translation of French and German technical literature. WEDNESDAY 16th JANUARY 1946 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Lengthy descriptions of practical work are not required. Make concise notes of your expeviments as they are made and where possible in tabular form. State your final conclu- sions clearly.1. Determine the proportion of benzyl chloride in specimen (A) which is a mixture of benzyI chloride and chlorotoluenes. 2. Examine the substance (B) and (C) with a view to their identification. Leave specimens of any derivatives you may make giving the melting or boiling point of each on the label. [(B) = ethyl oxalate 01ethyl succinate; (C)= p-toluenesulphonic acid sodium salt or benzenesulphonic acid calcium salt.] THURSDAY,17th JANUARY,1946 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Lengthy descriptions of eactical work are not required. Make concise notes of your experiments as they are made and where possible in tabular form. State your final con- clusions clearly. 1. (D) is a mixture of three organic substances one of which is a volatile solvent. Isolate a pure specimen ofeach and identify them.Leave specimens of the three cum- ponents and of any derivatives you may make recording the melting or boiling point of each on the label. State the approximate composition of the mixture (D). [(D) = j3-naphtho1 diphenyl acetone ; or a-naphthylamine diphenyl methyl alcohol.] FRIDAY 18th JANUARY 1946 10 a.m. Lo 4.30 p.m. 1. The solution (E) contains cupric chloride and barium chloride. Determine the barium gravimetrically and the copper both gravimetrically and volumetricdy. Ex-press your results as grams of barium and grams of Copper per litre of solution (E). (Decinormal sodium thiosulpbate solution is provided.) This exercise may be completed tomorrow. 2. Identify the substances (F)and (G). [(F)= Sodium hypophosphite NaH,PO,; (G) = Ammonium metavanadate.f c 473 SATURDAY,19th JANUARY 1946 10 a.m. to 4.30p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercise 1. 2. The did (H)is a mixture of common salt and calomel. Determine the weight of calomel in 100 grams of (H) by (a)dissolving out the sodium chloride (b) the use of standard potassium iodate solution. You are provided with M/40 KIOI. The reaction is represented by the equation:-2Hg,CI + KIO + 6HC1= IC1+ KC1 + 3-0 + 4HgCZ. 3. Report on the nature of substance (I) and substance (J). [(I)=.manganese chromate; (J) = cadmium sulphide and barium sulphate.] REPORT GenevaE.-The general conclusion from the written papers is that many candidates were taking the examination before their theoretical knowledge was sufficiently com-prehensive to allow them to do themselves justice in an examination at the level of the A.R.I.C.Inwgunic and Physid Chemistry Thwy.-The majority of the candidates found no difliculty in attempting the required number of questions in the two papers. However most of the written work can best be described as average in quality and few answers really reached a high standard. It was noteworthy that the calculation in Paper I1 although attempted by many candidates was seldom done correctly. Whilst most candidates could give reasonable answers to the questions dealing with thixotropy and cataphoresis few candidates could attempt with success the problem of describing the action of alltali hydroxides on sulphur or even carbon monoxide.Although it is a small point most candidates gave the formula for molybdenite as Moss-it is of course MoS,. The formulation of co-ordination compounds gave trouble to many candidates. For example the nickel derivative of dimethylglyoxime was frequently written as though the nickel had zero valency. PraCticuZ.-The standard here was very good indeed and the proportion of kst rate papers unusually high. This was a very satisfaictory feature of the examination. Ovganic Chemistry.-The answers to the first question about diethyl malonate showed that many of the candidates had not direct knowledge of the essential reactions. Few candidates who wrote about amino-acids mentioned Dakin’smethod depending on the use of butyl alcohol or the procedure necessary for the isolation of tryptophan nor was there any mention made of Bergmann’s method for the synthesis of poly-peptides.In the question on carbohydrates there was once more some confusion between structure and configuration. Rarely was any evidence given to prove the structure of fructose. The stereochemical question was fairly well answered but sometimes at too elemen-tary a level. PASS LIST Examimtim in Genevd Chemistry for the Associateshifi Brice,John Oliver Merchant Venturers’ Technical College Bristol. Bushnell Alexander Claud Merchant Venturers’ Technical College Bristol. Chancellor Stanley Frederick Central Technical College Birmingham. Clark Edward Eaymund I3.Phaa-m. (Wales), Technical College Cards. Collier Raymond Ernest,Woolwich Polytechnic and Bridgend Mining and Technical Institute.Hadgraft ohn William,Northern Pdytechnic London. Hughes dssMarion B.Pharm.(Wales) Technical College Cardiil. Jones Alun Angus B.Sc. (Liv.) Liverpool University and Denbighshire Technical Institute Wrexham. McCloskey Paul College of Technology Manchester. McGonnell James Rutherford College of Technology Newcastle upon Tyne. Onyon Peter Frederick Municipal Technical College Coventry; Wigan and District Mining and Technical College ;and Bridgend Mining and Technical Institute. Oughtred Robert Edward Rutherford College of Technology Newcastle upm Tyne. Parker Alwyn College of Technology Leeds. Paterson Alexander Brown BSc. (Land.) Royal Technical College Glasgow and Battersea Polytechnic London.Pickford,Arthur Edward College ofTechnology Manchester ;and Northern Polytechnic, London. L 48 1 Rea Allen Arthur Central Technical College Birmingham. Roberts Glyn University College Swansea. Robson John Norman Northern Polytechnic London. Sanderson James Roland Constantine Technical College Middlesbrough. Serin Peter Arthur College of Technology Leeds; Harris Institute Preston; and Widnes Municipal Technical College. Walker Eric Henry King’s College London. Watkins Ronald Charles Sir John Cass Technical Institute London. Wiggins Thomas Joseph Central Technical College Birmingham. Wilson Douglas Robert Wallace B.Sc. (Lond.) Portsmouth Municipal cullege; and University College Southampton. Yates Christopher Cavill Regent Street Polytechnic; SirJohnCass Technical Institute London; and Medway Technical College Gillingham.ANNOUNCEMENTS Election of Officers and Council.-The Balloting List for the election of Officers, Members of Council and Censors has been issued. Votes must be received at the office of the Institute not later than 3.15 p.m. on Monday 11th March. Anniversary Luncheon of the Institute 1946.-The Anniversary Luncheon will be held at the Savoy Hotel London on Tuesday 12th March at I2 noon for 12.30 p.m. Among those who have accepted invitations to be present as guests of the Institute are the Rt. Hon. Sir Stafford Cripps P.C. M.P. President of the Board oflTrade and the Rt. Hon. Viscount Samuel who has recently retired from the office ‘of President of the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee.Annual General Meeting of the Institute 1946.-The Annual General Meeting wilI take pIace in the Lecture Room of the Royal Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.l on Tuesday 12th March at 3.15 p.m. Institute Examinations.-Examinations for the Associateship and the Fellowship will be held in September as usual. The last dates for application and for entry will be notified in JOURNAL Part 11 but candidates are advised to send in AND PROCEEDINGS, their applications as early as possible. Regulations for the admission of Associates Amendment.-The Council has approved the amendment of Section 11 3 (b) A (iv) of the Regulations for the admission of Associates (Regulations 1945 p. 17) to read as follows:- “The final examination for a degree in Applied Chemistry or in Chemical Engineering with first or second class honours in any University in Great Britain or the Associateship of the following colleges provided that evidence is also produced that the candidate has passed the examinations of the University or College to Ordinary-Degree standard in inorganic organic and physical chemistry:- GLASGOW Royal Technical College-Associateship (A.R.T.C.) in Metallurgy.LONDON The Associateship of the Royal,School of Mines (A.R.S.M.) in Metallurgy with first or second class honours. The Benevolent Fund.-The Third Edition of “WHATINDUSTRY OWES TO CHEMICAL SCIENCE”has now been published (see p. 16). Based on the scheme of earlier editions by Mr. R. B. Pilcher and Mr.F. Butler-Jones the work has now been substantially re-written and consists of articles freely contributed by over fifty authors selected by the Publications Committee (see “Books and their Contents,” p. 68). As previously reported the sum of LlOO has already been received from the Publishers and this and subsequent profits derived from the sale of copies of the book will be devoted entirely to the Benevolent Fund. The book has been welI produced and there is good reason to believe that the Fund will benefit materially. Indeed it is understood that the limited number of copies of the edition that could be printed under present conditions will soon be exhausted but it is hoped that reprinting will be possible later. Orders accompanied by remittance for 18s.(by post 18s. M.),should be sent direct to the Publishers Messrs. Heffer & Sons Ltd. 3-4 Petty Cury,Cambridge and not to the Institute. r493 Scientific Courses at Liverpool July 1946.-See preliminary announcement on p. 66. Beit Fellowships for Scientific Research.-Notice has been given that the 28th election to Beit Fellowships for Scientific Research will take place on or about 6th July 1946. Not more than three Fellowships will be awarded and applications must be received on or before 6th April 1946. Application forms and mformation may be obtained from the Registrar Imperial College Prince Consort Road London S.W.7. Boots’ Booklovers Li brary.-Under the arrangements made on behalf of Fellows and Associates with Boots’ Booklovers Library the service for current subscriptions will expire on 1sT MARCH.Fresh application forms must be obtained by those who desire to receive the service.Members must renew their subscriptions or return the Iast volume and membership token to the local or most convenient branch of the Library on or before 1st March. Forms can be obtained from the Registrar. NOTES Personat.-The New Year Honours list contained the names of a number of Fellows and Associates as follows:-Knight Bachelov (Kt.)-Professor Ian Moms Heilbron D.S.O.,Ph.D. D.Sc. LL.D. F.R.S. Vice-Presidefit. Harold Augustine Tempany C.B.E. D.Sc. Fellow. Comfianim of the Most Distinguished Order of St. Michael and St. George (C.fl2.G.)-Professor Alexander Killen Macbeth M.A. D.Sc. Fellow.Companion of the Most Emineat Order of the Indiaa Empire (C.1.E.)- Percy Henry Carpenter Fellow. Comnzader of the Most Excellent Ovder of the British Empire (C.B.E.)- Gerald William Lacey B.Sc. Associate. James Davidson Pratt O.B.E. M.A. BSc. M.I.Chem.E. Fellow. Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Em$ire (0.B.E.)-Professor Ronald Gilbert Baskett MSc. A ssocidt. Captain Frederick John Edwin China B.Sc. Fellow. Professor William Murdoch Cumming D.Sc. M.I.Chem.E. Fellow. Arnold Trevor Green F.Inst.P. A.M.I.Chem.E. Member of Council. Membev of the Most Excellent Order of the British Em;Pire (A4.B.E.)-Gerrard Wollaston Baker FeZZow. Alfred Harry Bateman B.Sc. Associate. James Marchbanks Cooper AS.-W.C. Associafc. William Errington Scott M.Sc.Ph.D. Fellow. Harry Alan Taylor Fellow. Sir Ian M. Heilbron D.S.O.,F.R.S. has been awarded the Priestley Medal of the Am9rican Chemical Society. Dr. W.J. S. Naunton Fellow has been awarded the Colwyn Gold Medal of the Institution of the Rubber Industry for conspicuous services rendered to the rubber industry. Professor A. R. Todd F.R.S. Member of Cowtcil Professor of Organic Chemistry at Cambridge has been appointed to the Colonial Products Research Council from which Sir Robert Robinson has resigned. Mr. J. Davidson Pratt C.B.E. FeZlow who lately returned to his duties with the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers has recently been appointed by the Secretary to the Overseas Trade Department a member of a special committee to advise the Department on international exhibitions.Mr. G.N. Critchley Fellow who has been Director of Gas and Heat Supplies with the Ministry of Fuel and Power has been re-designated Director of Thermal Engineering. [ 501 Dr. H. W. Webb Fellow has been appointed by the President of the Board of Trade a member of the “working party” for the pottery industry. Mr. C. W.Dannatt Fellow has been appointed to the University Chair of Metallurgy tenable at the Imperial College from 1st October 1946. Dr. J. H. Birkinshaw Fellow has been appointed to the University Readership in Biochemistry tenable at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine from 1st January. Professor W. H. Roberts Vice-President whose appointment as Liverpoo! ci!y Analyst has been extended a further six months will complete fifty years as a scientist during the extension.Mr. A. N. Leather Fellow Deputy City Analyst of Manchester has been appointed City Analyst of Salford. Mr. James Ritchie FelZow has been appointed Director of the newly instituted S&th African Bureau of Standards. Mr. H. W. Cremer Fdlow has been appointed a joint Honorary Secretary of the Society of Chemical Industry as from 1st January. Dr. J. E. Driver FeZlow recently appointed Editor of the Chemical Society’s publica- tions took up his duties on 1st January 1946. The Senate of the University of Leeds has approved the award of the Institution Gas Research Fellowship 1945-46 to Mr. G. W. Culshaw B.Sc. Associate previously a senior chemist to the Liverpool Gas Company.Sir William Pope Memorial Fund.-Friends and admirers of the late Sir William Jackson Pope have contributed to a fund vested in the Royal Society of Arts to be known as the Pope Memorial Fund. It is desired that the interest on this fund be devoted in the first place to a memorial lecture commemorating the life and work of Sir William Pope and that subsequently lectures be given dealing with branches of science related to the many-sided work of Sir William Pope. Alternatively the interest at the discretion of the Council may be given as prizes or rewards for achievements in these fields or to encourage their prosecution as for example by the publication of pamphlets or the issue of reprints of classical papers. The first lecture will be given on Wednesday 15th May at 5 p.m.by Professor C. S. Gibson O.B.E. F.R.S. Joint Committee on Metallurgical Education.-A Joint Committee on Metallurecal Education hasbeen formedby the Councils of the Iron and Steel Institute the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy the Institute of British Foundrymen the Institute of Metals and the Institution of Metallurgists. The committee will advise and co-ordinate the policy of the Councils on all matters concerning education in metallurgy draw attention to the requirements of industry advise those responsible for teaching and assist parents and masters in guiding boys in the choice of future careers. Enquiries should be addre8sed to the Secretary at No. 4 Grosvenor Gardens London S.W.1. SCIENCE IN PARLIAMENT (Odober-Deuml~r 1946) Atomic Energy,-The Prime Minister,in reply to a quation by Mr.W.S.Morrison as to what steps were being taken to develop research on the use of atomic energy in this country (29th October):-In accorda.nce with a recommendation which has been received from the Advisory Committee on Atomic Energy of which the Ri ht Hon. Gentleman the Member for the Scottish Universlties (SirJ. Anderson) is the C%airman the Government have decided to set up a research and experimental establishment covering all aspects of the use of atomic energy. Accommodation is being provided for the establishment at Harwell sirfield near Didcot. I am advised that the danger to surrounding areas from the experimental station is negligible. It has further been decided that in view of the importance of this work to the Service Departments re- sponsibility for research on this subject which has hitherto rested with the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research should be transferred to the Ministry of Supply.The Tube Alloys Directorate (which is the name by which the technical organisation dealing with these matters has hitherto been known) will accordingly become a part of that Ministry. The Department of Scientific and Industrial Research will however be represented both on the Advisory Committee and on some of its technical sub-corn- dt&eS. [511 The Prime Minister in reply to a question by Mr Tolley on 29th November:-The contributions which this country has made to the discovery of the atomic bomb were the result of scientific research carried out in many different fields over a number of years It would be very difficult to give an estimate of the cost of this research.As regards future commitments the initial cost of the research station at Harwell is at present estimated at about ~1,000,000,and its running cost at about k600,OOO a year. There are other important developments on which substantial expenditure is likely to arise in -the future but no estimate can at present be given of the amounts involved. British Metalfiferous Resources.-The Minister of Fuel and Power (Mr. Shinwell) on 15th October in reply to a question by Commander Agnew referring to the report of the Technical Committee set up to inquire into the possibilities of mineral development in the Carn Brea area of Cornwall:-After considering the report of the committee of technical experts appointed by my predecessor to examine the special problem of the Cam Brea area I have come to the conclusion that the changed circumstances and economic conditions resulting from the war call for a comprehensive inquiry into our metalliferous resources in this country and the best way of developing them in the national interest.I therefore propose in the near future to appoint a committee with wide terms of reference to review this question as a whole. The scope of this Com-mittee’s investigations would of course extend to the Cornish tin mining industry and the report of the Technical Committee to which the hon. and gallant Member refers would be made available to them.German Scientists and Technicians.-The President of the Board of Trade (Sir Sword Cripps) in reply to a question by Captain Peart on 19th December:-It is the Government’s policy to secure from Germany a knowledge of scientific and technical developments that will be of benefit to this country and to make such knowledge available to those who can use it. This step seems desirable since although we were generally ahead there were certain fields in which the Germans held a temporary lead. As part of this policy it is proposed to recruit on the recommendation of the responsible Department a strictly limited number of German scientists and technicians of the highest grade for service in this country. Any Germans brought in under this scheme must be politically unobjectionable and they will be subject to strict supervision while they are here.They will be allowed to land in the first instance for a period of six months and any prolongation of this period will be made in consultation with my Right Hon. Friend the Secretary of State for Home Mairs. It is intended that in general these experts should work in Government establishments or for research associations spon-sored by the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research but in approved cases, their services may be made available to individual firms. In any case they will be servants of the State. In no case will a German be brought in to undertake work that could equally well be performed by a British subject.I have set up an Inter-depart- mental Panel under the chairmanship of SirCharles Darwin to eqmine the requirements of British Industry in this matter and to scrutinise the credentials of those whose names are put forward. I should add that our American and Russian Allies are pursuing a similar policy. Industrial Research Bifl.-T-rd Barnby in introducing the Bill in the House of Lords on 29th November and having referred to difficulties in raising money for collective industrial research by voluntary contributions from the industry :-The Bill aims to put into the hands of the Government powers whereby they may on appro-priate application from any industry which has shown or can show to the Government Department concerned a majority in favour of it impose a statutory levy involving a contribution by all units in that industry.The safeguards are in the Bill with an appropriate direction for minorities to ensure that they shall have the opportunity to put forward grounds for dissent. Lord Pakenham replying on behalf of the Government:-Some eighty or ninety industries have been asked for their views on the principle of a statutory levy to finance either technical research alone or technical research along with other desirable co-operative activities. There was it is true no active opposition to the principle of an enabling Bill but only about a dozen industries out of the eighty or ninety consulted indicated that they might take advantage of such legislation to finance any of the joint activities mentioned; and I may add that apart from the woo1 industry who are at present formulating their own scheme and the rayon industry no industry seemed to consider the .matter of great urgency.Notwithstanding this rather negative attitude of industry the Government remain of the opinion stated on behalf of the Coalition Government that in suitable cases where the majority of an industry want it a statutory levy forresearch and possibly for other purposes may be a c 5%I. good thing. The subject is important and it would undoubtedly be valuable to have the power to make such levies if it could be got without holding up equally important and more urgent parts of the legislative programme. During the war the number of research associations increased from 25 to 30; another eight industries are at present forming these associations and a further half dozen or so are considering following suit.During this time not one of the present associations so far as is known has been held up by financial considerations in expanding its activities. Contributions to research associations from industry have increased from L289,OOO in 1938 to L616,OOO in 1944, but it is estimated that the 1945contributions willamount to ~725,000. The Contribu- tion of the Government to the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research has increased more than proportionately; in 1938it wasL174,OOO and it is estimated that in 1945 it will reach L411,OOO. .. . I am asked to emphasise that the Government do appreciate that in some industries a statutory levy would give research associations the security of revenue necessary to allow them to plan useful long-term research and would have other advantages.That fact is fully recognised by the Government. Accordingly the Giwernment still have the matter much in mind along with the allied question of statutory levies to finance other desirable co-operative activities. The Government would have liked to be able to say this afternoon that facilities could be provided for Lord Barnby’s Bill although in their view even if this could have been done it would have been necessary to see what Amendments would have been required and in particular, to see whether the scope of the Bill would not have had to be widened. The Govern- ment certainly do not wish to discourage industries which have plans under considera- tion from proceeding to work them out in detail even if those plans will ultimately need Statutory power to give effect to them.Within the limits I have just mentioned, anything which the Government can do to further projects of this kind will most assuredly be done. The Bill was by leave withdrawn. Insecticides.-On 29th October Mi.Vernon Bartlett asked the Minister of Agricul-ture whether he was satisfied that the indiscriminate use for agricultural purposes of D.D.T. and gammexane would have no deleterious effects. Mr. T. Williams in reply:- My information is that there is no direct evidence that gammexane and products con- taining D.D.T. are likely to have harmful effects in this country. However I can assure the hon.Gentleman that further research is being carried out and it is hoped to remove any danger which may now exist. Russian Scientific Publications (Exchange).-The Lord President of the Council (Mr. Herbert Morrison) in reply to a question by SirW. Wakefield on 25th October:-A considerable number of Russian scientific publications reach this country under a system of exchanges between British scientific institutions on the one hand and the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Lenin Library on the other. Others are received by the British Council each quarter and distributed by them to scientific institutions or in- dividual scientists. A survey of Soviet scientific periodicals received in this country has been made by the Association of Special Libraries and Information Bureaux and is being kept up to date with the help of the British Council.The volume of these exchanges has been restricted during the war by difficulties of transport and suspensions and changes of publication. A former member of the British Council’s Science Department has now been attached to the staff of His Majesty’s Ambassador in Moscow and I hope that as a result the exchange of publications will be extended and supplemented where desirable by purchases. Scientific Civil Service.-In the course of debate on 11th October the Financial- Secretary to the Treasury (SirGleovil Hall) stated that the revised scale of salaries for members of the Scientific Civil Service would apply to existing members of the senrice as from 1st January 1946.Existing staff would on being brought into the new organisation be given sufficient credit for previous seMce to put them broadly on equal terms with new entrants of the same age and quality. Scientific Manpower and Resources Committee.-The Lord President of the Council (Mr. Herbert Morrison) in reply to Sir W.Wakefield on 29th November:-I have decided to appoint a committee of leading scientists and others to consider the policies which should govern the use and development of our scientific manpower and resources in the next ten years. Manpower is the most urgent problem and I am accordingly asking the committee to submit an interim report on very broad lines at an early date so as to facilitate forward planning in those fields which are dependent upon the use of scientific manpower.At a later date the committee will be asked to make recommenda- tions as to the establishment of permanent machinery for carrying out surveys as to the r 53 1 best use of our ScienMc resources in the national interest. The committee will consist of Sir Edward Appleton Sir Alan Barlow Professor Blackett Mr. GeoHrey Crowther Sir Alfred Egerton and Sir George Nelson. I am not yet in a position to announce the name of the Chairman but to save time the committee have been asked to start their inquiry at once under the temporary chairmanship of Sir Alan Barlow with a view to putting in hand asquickly as possible such preparatory work as they consider necessary. Surplus Scientific Equipment.-Mr. Leonard in reply to a question by Sir Ernest Graham-Little to the Minister of Supply and of Aircraft Production on 13th November :-Arrangements have already been made to give a general priority to educational estab- lishments in the acquisition of scientific equipment and apparatus from surplus Govern- ment stocks and specialattention will be given to those establishments whose needs are particularly urgent.It is not therefore considered necessary to make any special arrangements for loaning equipment pending a decision as to its final disposal as these requirements will be met as soon as Government surpluses are available. Science Students (Call-up and Release).-The Minister of Labour (Mr. Isaacs) in reply to Mr. Jennings on 9th October Under the present arrangements the following students are eligible for release in Class €3 (a) University Arts students of Scholarship standard.(b) Science students selected by their Universities as being either (1) students of First Class or high Second Class Honours standard selected as research students or third year students or (2) other students selected as of high promise who were called up before the end of their normal deferment and before they had had an opportunity of taking an Honours degree. (c) students Universities in medicine dentistry and veterinary surgery recommended by their or the appropriate Schools who either (1) gave up their reservation to join the Forces or (2) joined the Forces before the present conditions of reservation were in operation but would have been reserved if they had been in force.Only men in release groups 1-49 (i.e. with substantially three years’ service are eligible. In addition up to 1,600 theological students nominated by their Church authorities and having at least three years’ military service are being released in Class B. INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CO-OPERATION [Extracts from an article by Professor F. J. M. STRATTON,General Secretary of the International Council of Scientific Unions.J The gradual easing of restrictions on travel and on the general release of scientific discoveries has made it racticable once more to arrange international meetings of men of science. The generJAssembly of the International Council of Scientific Unions will meet in London on 22nd-24th July 1946.Meanwhile its Executive Committee has held a meeting in London attended by representatives of most of the International Unions adhering to the Council. In welcoming the Committee at its opening session Dr. A. V. Hill Foreign Secretary of the Royal Society pointed out that science in its own interest must remain an inter- national concern and that the future of civilisation itself depended upon the close co- operation of scientific men throughout the world. Taking as an example the field of medicine and the high ethical principles which had been developed therein he em- phasised the need for a common standard of ethical behaviour in science. “In standards of truthfulness and integrity in readiness to co-operate with other scientists of goodwill everywhere and in refusal to use the common knowledge prestige and power of science for base harmful and selfish ends scientists should feel themselves bound by an honour-able and unbreakable obligation.” The President of the Council Prof.C. Fabry had been compelled to resign on account of ill-health (he has since died) and Dr. H. R. Kruyt was elected President Dr. Elmer D. Meqll being elected Vice-president in his place. The International Council or rather its predecessor the International Research Council was created after the first World War and took as its main task the creation r 54 1 of the various international scientific unions. In the early days the council exercised a certain amount of control over these unions in such questions as membership and finances.As the individual unions became established and strong this control proved irksome and a change took place in the relative positions of the Council and the Unions largely the work of the then General Secretary of the Council the late Sir Henry Lyons. Now it would be fairer to say that the Unions control the Council the majority of the Members of the Executive Committee being the representatives of the Unions. The Officers and two members of the Executive Committee only are appointed by the General Assembly at which the national adhering organisations have a preponderating vote. The international unions meet in General Assembly as a rule once in three years for discussionson the field ofknowledge lying within their purview; by means of numerous committees of specialists work is camed on between the meetings and is reported on and discussed at the meetings of the General Assembly.Ninety-two such committees have been reported as working in the various international unions their activities covering a very wide field of knowledge. Each Union also appoints at its General Assembly a small Bureau of officers who are able to answer for the Union as a whole between meetings. Some of these have been badly broken up during the war years and are only now being rebuilt. In addition to the International Unions there are in existence a number of Inter- national Congresses which meet from time to time in different countries but have no contihuity of active existence between meetings.Broadly speaking it would be safe to say that those who have been actively concerned with these congresses and have pleasant recollections of their scientific discussions and fellowship do not desire to change them into international unions. The weakness of their position however is the lack of a body between meetings that can answer for the subject covered by the congress and that can nominate the most suitable members for co-operation with unions desiring their help. Borderline subjects needing international study are catered for by joint commissions between the various unions. It would be a help if an international congress would appoint a bureau to function between meetings to which the various requests for assistance or advice could be addressed.This is done in some cases already. In other cases union and congress both exist. The General Assembly of the Union meets at the same place as the Congress and within a day or two of the Congress meeting. Elasticity of organisation is desirable to meet the different needs and outlook of workers in different fields. Joint commissions of the Unions have been active for over twenty years in some cases; some are only planned as yet e.g. a commission on Ionospheric Research. Other joint commissions proposed at the recent executive committee of the Council are on Oceanography (Biology and Geodesy and Geophysics) Physico-Chemical Constants (Physics and Chemistry) ,Viscosity (Chemistry Biology Geodesy and Geophysics). In addition to joint commissions between the Unions which the Council may help to arrange the Council also appoints committees of its own such as the Committee on Solar and Terrestrial Relationship in which are members from the Unions of Astronomy and Geodesy and Geophysics.Another committee of the Council is one on Science and Social Relations (C.S.S.R.) appointed in 1937 to survey the most important results obtained and the directions of progress that are opening and of points of view brought forward in the physical cbemical and biological sciences with reference to their inter- connection the development of the scientific picture of the world and their practical application in the life of the community. In response to the inspiring and untiring energy of Prof.J. M.Burgers Secretary of this committee reports were being received from countries and unions in the years 1938-9 in readiness for collation and publication when the outbreak of war interrupted the work. Some of these reports such as one on the Social Aspects of Science in Estonia are now only of historical interest and the Committee has now been asked to prepare a survey of the published views of scientific bodies on the problems now arising in connection with researches into such matters as nuclear physics and drugs. Such a survey may enable the Council to make a reasoned pronouncement supported by the full weight of international science on the ethical problems which face scientific men in particular to-day-thus accepting the challenge offered by Dr.Hill to the Executive Committee in his address of welcome at their recent meeting. A valuable contribution to the work of the C.S.S.R. will be provided by the annual reports on the work of the various Unions which the Council hopes to receive in future and to distribute widely. The Council is linked by a convention to the International Organisation for In- tellectual Co-operation of the League of Nations; the convention defines the separate spheres of action of the two bodies and the various ways in which each can help the other. While the fate of the International Organisation of the League of Nations is [a51 uncertain at present there has come into existence the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation (U.N.E.S.C.O.).At the recent conference at which U.N.E.S.C.O. was formed a resolution was adopted on the proposal of the delegation from the United States asking the preparatory commission to invite its executive committee to examine with the International Council of Scientsc Unions such methods of collaboration as might be practicable to strengthen the programmes of the two organisations within the limits of their joint concern; the Executive Committee of the Council has appointed a committee to consult with representatives of U.N.E.S.C.O., and it is hoped that much may arise from their discussion to the mutual advantages of both bodies. The clause intrbducing this resolution may well be taken as defining the task now facing the International Council of Scientific Unions “I1 est urgent de reconstituer at de dkvelopper les moyens permettant aux savants de tous les pays d’khanger des renseignements et de travailler en commun au dC- veloppement de la science et A son utilisation au service de l’humanit6.” OBITUARY EDWARD ARMSTRONG FRANKLAND died on 14th December 1945 at the age of 67.Educated at St. Dunstan’s College Catford he proceeded to the Royal College of Science to study physics and biology and then to the Chemistry Department of the Central Technical College of the City and Guilds of London Institute where his Father was Professor. After graduation he went to Germany and carried out research work under Claisen van? Hoff and Emil Fischer at the Universities of Kiel and Berlin. Working with Fisher he became interested in sugar chemistry and enzyme action and obtained the Ph.D.degree of the University of Berlin for investigation in these fields. He also worked for a time in Copenhagen with Professor Hansen. Returning to England he was from 1902 to 1906 Salters’ Research Fellow at the Central Technical College and at the end of that period was appointed chief chemist and technical adviser to Messrs. Huntley and Palmer’s of Reading where he remained until 1913. He then took up the post of technical manager to Joseph Crosfield & Sons,Warrington,and in 1916 became their managing director an appointment which he retained until 1925. During this period he was also concerned with the affairs of Gossage & Sons,Widnes, and other associated companies. In 1926 his long association with the alkali,fat and soap industries was broken by his appointment as managing director of British Dye- stuffs Corporation (Manchester and Huddersfield) in succession to Sir William Alexander and he was much concerned during the ensuing three years with the organisation and deveIopment of the dyestuffs industry in relation to other chemical industries.In 1928 he returned to London and established a consulting practice largely in connexion with the problems of chemical industry which he maintained until the time of his death. He played an important part in the direction of a wide range of scientific and industrial &airs having been at various times a Director of the South Metropolitan Gas Company Chairman of the Soap Manufacturers’ Employment Federation and of the JointIndustrial Council for the Soap Trade Chairman of the Organising Committee of the International Congress of Scientific Management Vice-chairman of the British Management Council Treasurer of the Lawes Agricultural Trust Committee Chairman of the British Standards Institution and a Governor of the Imperial College of Science and Technology.During the second world war he was Chief Scientific Adviser to the Ministry of Home Security with special reference to air raid precautions. He also served on the Chemical Defence Committee and latterly was Scientific Adviser to the Ministry of Works on chemical aspects of building materials. He was particularly closely concerned with the affairs of the Royal Society of Arts of which he was Treasurer from 1938 to 1943 President from 1943 to 1946 and Chairman of Council at the time of his death; one of his last official acts was to present the Medal of the Society to Mr.Winston Churchill. He was a D.Sc. of the University of London and was awarded the LL.D. of St. Andrews the Fellowship of the City and Guilds of London Institute and the Fellowship of the Imperial College. He was elected F.R.S. in 1920 and was a Vice-president of the Royal Society in 1942-43. He was President of the Society of Chemical Industry in 1923-24. His book on Simple Carbohydrates and Ghcosides first published in 1910 became a standard monograph on the subject. He also published Chemistry in the Twentieth Century (1924) GZucosides (1931) Th Sea us u Storehouse (1944) and con- tributed a large number of original papers to scientific and technical journals.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1918 and served as a Member of Council from 1942 to 1946. [ 56 1 BUCHANAN JOHN LOUDON died on 28th October 1945 at the age of 73 years. Educated at the Hutcheson Grammar School Glasgow he entered in 1889 the laboratory of Tatlock Readman and Thomson City Analysts in Glasgow as a premium student. Here he obtained valuable experience of analytical work and after two years was taken on by the firm as an assistant in the commercial laboratory becoming later the director of the students’ department. In 1894 he took up a position as assistant to the chief chemist of Messrs. Lever Brothers Ltd. at Port Sunlight shortly after its incorporation as a public company.He soon made his mark first in the chemical laboratories and later asone of the chief technical advisers and executives. He became a Managing Director in 1911 and held that position until 1922; from 1922 to 1924 he was Chairman ofthe Associated Company John Knight Ltd. His subsequent activities included the manufacture of viscose products. He played an important part in the initiation and development of Lever Brothers’ manufactures both at home and abroad during a period of rapid expansion of the Company. His activities included the direc- tion of the company’s research work and he was concerned in the initiation of the lengthy investigations which culminated in the successful vitaminisation of margarine.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1923. WILLIAM HARPER died on 19th November 1945 in his 62nd year. He studied at University College Dundee and graduated B.Sc. (St. Andrews) with honours in chemistry in 1908. In that year he received an appointment as Works Manager with the Japan Dry Plate Co. Ltd. at Yokohama Japan and three years later on his return to England he entered the service of Lever Brothers Ltd. with whom he remained until his death. He was employed for three years in Japan and thereafter was for many years technical director of the Company in the Far East latterly with the China Soap Co.,Ltd. in Shanghai. He was in Malaya to superintend the erection of a new factory there at the outbreak of the war withJapan but succeeded in travelling to Canada and spent the following three years at the Company’s factory in Toronto.He returned to this country in August 1946 with retirement in view but undertook to proceed to Roumania for a short period to superintend the reorganisation of the factory there. He became an Associate of the Institute in 1919. WILFREDLEDBURY died on 23rd December in his 47th year. Educated at the County Secondary School Redditch he entered Birmingham University in 1916. His studies there were interrupted for a period during the war while he served in the Ministry of Munitions as Assistant Chemist on T.N.T.production at various factories but he returned to the University in 1919. He obtained the BSc. degree with honours in chemistry in 1921 being awarded the Frankland Medal for that year.Continuing with post graduate research under Professor Gilbert Morgan he obtained the M.Sc. degree in 1922. After a short period of further research work under the aegis of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research he was ap- pointed to the staff of the Royal Naval Cordite Factory Holton Heath Poole Dorset as a Chemist early in 1924. Promoted to the status of Chemist in Charge in 1932 he was seconded for duties concerned with the design and layout of a new Admiralty Explosives Factory early in 1939 and became the first Manager (Production) of that factory in 1940. He organised and controlled the manufacture of propellant throughout the whole of the war period and was actively concerned with this work and the tran- sition to peace-time conditions until within a fortnight of his death.He was elected an Associate in 1921 and a Fellow in 1928. ALFRED LUCAS died at Luxor on loth December 1945 at the age of 76. He received his scientific training at the Royal College of Science and in about 1890 was appointed an assistant in the Government Laboratory where he obtained a varied experience of analytical work. Some seven years later however persistent ill-health caused him to withdraw to the warmer climate of Egypt. He soon recovered sufficiently to join the Egyptian Government service and subsequently took charge of the Survey Department Laboratory which wasset up mainly for the analysis of minerals. Under his direction the Laboratory grew in size and importance and ultimately became the Chemical Department of the Ministry of Finance which included the Assay Office and later the Petroleum Refinery at Suez.Inaddition to the routine testing of materials he was concerned with the investigation of a number of special problems and during the war of 1914-1918 the resources of the Laboratory were put at the service of the military authorities. For his work during this period he was awarded the O.B.E. His book on Forensic Chemistry and Scientific Criminal Investigatim a report on TIMSoil Water of the Wadi Ticmilat Chemistry of the River Nile Notes on Hashish and Potable Sfiiritsin Egyfit are examples of the range of his activities and interests at this time. [573 A few years after the war he retired on pension but remained in Egypt and in- terested himself in Egyptology especially in connection with the identification of materials and the cleaning and preservation of antiquities.A stimulus was given ta these studies by his association with Dr. Howard Carter as official chemical adviser at the opening of the tomb of Tut-ankh-Amun. His contribution on “The Chemistry of the Tomb” in Carter’s book The Tomb of TutankA-Amufiare of outstanding interest and importance. His own books on Antiques Their Restmation adPr~sevvatsonand Ancient Egy#tian Materials ad Idwtvies are deservedly well known. He was also much concerned with the examination of fire-arms bullets handwriting and documents in connection with criminal proceedings. During the second world warhe was a member of a Scientific Advisory Committee at G.H.Q.Cairo where his experience as a chemist and his wide knowledge of local resources and products were of great value at a time when substitutes had to be found for materials that could no longer be imported. During this period he also delivered hundreds of lectures on archeology criminology and matters of local interest to British troops in Egypt. Though his health was never robust his output of work was equal to that of the strongest and was maintained until his death. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1906 and at the time of his death was Honorary Corresponding Secretary of the Institute in Egypt. BOOKS AND THEIR CONTENTS What Industry Owes to Chemical Science. Third Edition. Based on the scheme of the First and Second Editions by Richard B.Pilcher O.B.E. formerly Registrar and Secretary of the Royal Institute of Chemistry and Frank Butler-Jones. Much enlarged and re-written by over fifty contributors and issued by authority of the Council of the Royal Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland. Pp. Viii+ 372. 13 photographs. (Cambridge W. Heffer & Sons Ltd. 1946.) 18s. net. Introduction. Agriculture fertilisers; feedhg stuffs; tobacco. Food nutrition; flour milling; bread; milk and dairy products; edible oils and fats; sugar; starch; cocoa chocolate and confectiohery; canning cold storage; brewing alcohol wines and spirits. Water supplies and sanitation. Pharmaceutical products drugs; essential oils; cosmetics. Soaps waxes and glycerin; the laundry industry.Disinfectants antiseptics and preservatives; insecticides; fumigation. Technical and other chemicals. Dyestuffs; bleaching dyeing printing and finishing; ex- plosives. Textiles; cellulose celluloid and rayon. Pulp and paper; printing and stationery; inks; pencils. Synthetic resins and plastics; paints and varnishes. India rubber; leather; adhesives and glues. Photography. Coal and its products; other gases; mineral oils. Heavy chemicals. Minerals and metals; refractories. Building materials mortar cement; asphalt and bitumen; ceramics pottery porcelain and stoneware; glass; enamels. Transport shipbuilding and dockyards; railways; road transport. Index. Electron Optics and the Electron Microscope. V. K. Zworykin G.A. Morton, E. G. Ramberg J. Hillier and A. W. Vance. Pp. xii+766; illustrated. (New York John Wiley &Sons,Inc.; London Chapman &Hall Ltd. 1946.) $10.00. Part I. Practical Electron Optics and Electron Microscopy electron optics; applications of electron optics; electron microscopes; ,electron optics of high magnificaeon; the magnetic electron microscope; aberrations and tolerances in the electron microscope; electron microscope power supplies; manipulation of the electron microscope; the electron microscope as a research instrument. Part 11. Theoretical basis of Electron Optics and Electron Mkroscope theoretical basis of electron optics; determination of potential distribution; electron trajectory tracing; Gaussian dioptrics of electrostatic lenses; magnetic fields; electron motion in magnetic fields and magnetic lenses; aberrations of electron lenses; magnitude and correction of electron lens defects; high-voltage electron optics ion optics; image formation in the electron microscope.Appendix the problem of noise in amplification and in the scanning microscope; miscellaneous tables. Author and subject indexes. ~581 Organic Preparations. Conrad Weygand. Translated and Revised from the German Text. Pp. xiv+634. (New York Interscience Publishers Inc. 1945). $6.00. Publisher’s note; author’s preface to the German edition; introduction. Formation of carbon-hydrogen bonds; formation of carbon-halogen bonds; formation of carbon-oxygen bonds; cleavage of carbon-oxygen bonds; formation of organic derivatives of trivalent nitrogen; cleavage of carbon-nitrogen bonds; formation of carbon-pentavalent nitrogen linkages; carbon-divalent sulfur bonds; Cilrbon-hexavalent sulfur bonds; unsaturated carbon bonds; formation of carbon-carbon bonds by addition by replacement; fission of carbon-carbon bonds; rearrange- ments of carbon compounds with the exception of steric rearrangements.Index. Endeavour.Vo1. V,No. 17 (January 1946) contains an Editorial on “The Future of Man” and articles on:-“Species and Evolution,” by Dr. Julian S. Huxley F.R.S.; “William Curtis Founder of The Botanical Magazine,” by Dr. J. W. Hunkin O.B.E., M.C.; “Electric Lighting by Luminescence,” by Dr. C. C. Paterson O.B.E. F.R.S.; “Some As,qects of Dairy Bacteriology,” by Dr.A. T. R. Mattick; “A Cycle of Fern Anatomy by Professor C. W. Wardlaw; “The Metabolism of the Oestrogenic Hor- mone,” by Professor G. F.Marrian F.R.S. THE REGISTER New Fellows Andrews John Clark,M.Sc. Ph.D. (N.Z.). Sherlock Albert. Bowmaker Edward James Charles BSc. Taylor James Ph.D. D.Sc. (Dunelm), (Lond.) A.R.C.S. D.Sc. (Utrecht). Associates elected to the Fellowship Ahluwalia Gurcharan Singh M.Sc. (Pun- jab.). Anderson Henry George Alexander B.Sc. (Glas.) A.R.T.C. Bain Harold Graeme M.Sc. Ph.D. (Cape Town). Barraclough Edward M.Sc. (Vict.) Ph.D. (Lond.) D.I.C. Bolton Henry Leonard. Brandon Thomas William BSc. (Lond.). Bulcraig William Raymond B.Sc. Ph.D. (Leeds). Chamberlain Kenneth Alfred John B.Sc. Ph.D. (Birm.).Chorley Henry William Thomas MSc. (Wales). Christian Brian Crossley B.Sc. (Liv.), Ph.D. Corner Miss Mary BSc. (Lond.). Davies Cyril Gordon M.Sc. (Wales). Dean Harry FitzGibbon MSc. Ph.D. (Bris.). Dickson George Kenneth BSc. (Lond.) A.M.1.Chem.E. Dow,William Thornton A.H.W.C. Ellis,Stephen Robert Mercer M.Sc. (N.Z.) . Fisk Phillip Marcus B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.) D.I.C. A.C.G.I.,Dip.Ed. (Cantab.). Gibson Harry Baxter B.Sc. (Leeds), Ph.D. Hale,Reginald William B.Sc.(Birm.). Hardwick Percy John M.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.). Hutt Harold Hamilton. Jarman Maurice Bevan M.A. B.Sc. (Oxon.). Jeffery Ernest John B.Sc. (Lond.). Johnson William Charles. Kerr. Peter.M.A..B.Sc. (Edin.),A.H.W.C. Khuller Brij Lal; M.Sc. ‘(Punjab). Learmonth Eric Mitchell M.Sc.(Lond.). Little Andrew Harold BSc. (Lond.). Little Andrew James A.R.T.C. Long Charles William B.Sc. Ph.D. (Birm.) . Lyne Ralph Robert BSc. PhB. (Birm.). McCanlis Arthur William Hepburne, M.A. (Cantab.). MacCann Alexander B.Sc. (Glas.) . MacNulty Basil Joseph BSc. Ph.D. (Lond.). Malkin Thomas Ph.D. (Manc.) DSc. (Lond.), Mason,Albert Charles B.Sc. (Lond.). Morgan William McGillivray BSc. Ph.D. (Dunelm.). Murray Arthur George B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.). Parsons Herbert Leslie B.Sc. (Lond.), F.T.I. Paul David A.H.-W.C. Raman Gubbi Anantha B;Sc. (Mysore). Rapson! William Sage MSc. (N.Z.), D.Phd (Oxon.). Raynor Geoffrey Vincent M.A, B.Sc., D.Phil. (Oxon.). Reidy John William B.A.Com. (Manc.). Rutter Evan Guy B.Sc.(Lond.),A.R.C.S. Shuttleworth Ronald Gordon M.Sc., Ph.D. (CapeTown). Smout Arthur John Gfiths. Steele Andrew B.Sc. (Glas.), Waye Basil Edmund MA. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. Windridge Mark Edwin bugbD MA. B.Sc. (Oxon.). Wormell Robert Louis M.S. Ph.D. (Bh.). New Associates Apley Martin BSc. (hnd.). Bannister Sydney Hubert M.Sc. (Leeds). Baskerville Ralph John Tozer. Bates Eric B.Sc. (Lond.). Beaven Charles Ph.C, Bhat Rajarama Vyasaraya M.Sc.Tech. Ph.D. (Bombay). Billington Reginald B.Sc. (Lond.). Blamire John Roger B.%. (Edin.). Blunsden Archibald Beresford M.1.Chem.E. Bridger Herbert James B.Sc. (Lond.). Broadbank Robert William Clayson, B.Sc. (Lond,). Broughton Peter Maxwell Grayson B.Sc. (Lond.).Brown William Om BsSC. B-AdC. (Q.U.B.). Caldwell Albert Gordon B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. D.I.C. Caldwell Dennis B.Sc (Lond.). Carter Horace George Charles. ClitFe Percy B.%. (Wales). Cochrane Lewis. collie William Mac- B.Sc. (Liv.). Collings Norman Hixon BSc. (Lond.). Cooper Albert Charles B.Sc. (Wales). Cooper Arundel David B.Sc. (Lond.). Coulter Michael Oliver B.A. B.Sc. (Oxon,) D.I.C. Dagley Stanley B.A. (Oxon.). DavieS Rowland B.9. (Lond.). Davis Thomas Frederick M.A. (Cantab.). Deverell David B.Sc. (Lond.). Duff,David Job B.Sc. (Glas.). Eastland Edward Pierce B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. D.I.C. Elston Cyril Harry Richard M.Sc. (Leeds) Falconer Roderick B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.). Fones Norman B.Sc. (Liv.). Franklin Hugh Belgrove B.Sc.(Lond.) A.R.C.S. D.I.C. Gallacher Daniel B.Sc. (Glas.). Garrod MissMarjorie Ena B.A. (Cantab.). Garton Frederick William John B.Sc. (Lond.). Gill Ronald B.Sc.(Lond.). Gilliland Raymond Brian B.A. B.Sc. (T.C.D.). Graham Archibald Robert B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. Grassie Norman B.Sc. (Aberd.). Gregory Cecil Edward M.Sc. (Wales). Hares Frederick Wesley. Hargreaves Mrs. Barbara Mary Con-stance B.Sc. (Land.) A.R.C.S. Harris Isadore B.Sc. (Lond.) . Hartley Frank. Hay Ronald John B.Sc. (Aberd.). Henson Arthur Harold B.A. (Cantab.). Heslop Richard Beautyman B.Sc. (Dunelm.). Hiscox Norman Geoffrey M.Sc. (Lond.). Hodgson Harold Wright. Holker James Ronald B.Sc. (Manc.). Hughes Frederick William B.Sc.(Lond.).Hulme Ralph. Huson Brian Lewis B.A. BSc. (Oxon.). Jones CliBord B.Sc. (Liv.) Jones David Stephen M.Sc. {Wales). Kng Alan Roy A.R.C.S. D.I.C. Labrum Eric John Lawrie aton Andrew B.Sc.(Glas.). Lees,Stanley. Lloyd Robert Oliver Villiers 8.A.D M.Sc. (T.C.D.). Lynskey Peter John B.Sc. (Liv.). Macey Alan BSc. (Birm.). MacLeUan Andrew Barr B.Sc. (Glas.). Marshall James Herbert Evan B.A. (Cantab.). Marsh-Smith David Allen B.A. (Cantab.). Maynard Thomas Reginald Peter BSc (Lond.). McKenna James M.Sc. (N.U.I.). Mead Alfred B.Sc. Ph.D.. (Bris.). Meilkejohn Miss Abigad Munel Lena Samuel B.Sc.(Lond.). Mooney George B.Sc. (Glas.) Ph.C. Moore Kenneth Philip BSc. (Lond. & Reading). NichoUs John Jonas B.Sc. (Lond.). Nickels Kenneth Ernest B.Sc.(Lond.). Niven Robert James B.Sc. (Glas.). Nolan Niail M.Sc.(N.U.I.). Ogden Cyril Percy BSc. (Lond.). Oliver Arthur Ronald,M.A. (Cantab.). Page John Keith B.Sc. (Lond.). Pamplin Ernest James B.Sc. (Lond.). Pender Iain Allen Burnett B.Sc. (Glas.). Philpott Maurice Woodall MSc. (Lond.). Pressley Thomas Athol BSc. (N.Z.). Ramachandran Singanallur Ramaswamy B.A. M.Sc. (Madras),Ph.D. (Bornbay). Raynor Mrs. Emily Jean,B.A. (Oxon.). Read Frank Oliver B.Sc. (S.A.). Reed Firmin Preece BSc. Ph.D. (Liv.). Rehman Mohammad Azizul B.Sc.(Luck-now) M.Sc. Robb James Christie B.Sc. (Aberd.). Robins. Peter Alan. B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. Robinson Kenneth Lansdale B.Sc.Agr. (Q.V.B.). Rodmrs. George Alfred. Rowland Fred>rick. Sen Gupta Pratul Nath B.Sc.M.Sc. Waller JohnGeorge B.Sc. (Lond.). (Calcutta). Watson Gerald Hugh B.Sc. Ph.D. Shallcross John Ernest Robinson B.Sc. (Land.) A.R.C.S. D.I.C. (Lond.). Watson James Henry Edwin B.Sc. Smith Eric Brian Jeffcoat B.Sc. (Syd-{Lon&). ney)* Webb Maurice Stephen William Sowerby Harry B.Sc.(Manc.). B.Pharm. (Lond.) Ph.C. M.P.S. Staniforth Victor BSc. (Lond.). Wells John Edward B.Sc. (Lond.). Terrett Lawrence Edmund. Wesley Frank. Thorpe. Eric Frederick James BSc. Whamond Archibald Steele. (Lond.). Whyte Robert Bruce B.Sc. (Aberd.). Tomich Edward George B.Sc. (Lond.). Williams Charles Gilbert B.Sc. (Lond.). Walker Ronald Eric. Wilson Joseph John B.Sc. (Lond.). Re-elected Associates Case Albert Cecil B.Sc. (Lond.).Hill Kenneth Robson B.Sc. (Lond.), Doran William M.Sc. (Liv.). M.B. B.S. M.R.C.S. Lewis Kenneth Glyn MSc. (Wales). New Students Adams. William Norman. Jones Gordon Leslie. Aitchison Gordon Frank. Jones John. Amery Gerald Gordon. Kelbrick Kenneth Dean. Anderson Joseph. Kerridge John Charles. Amot Roger. Kidman Sidney Louis. Arscott Miss Jean Mary. Knight Percy Reginald. Baker Kenneth James. Lamond John James. Bannatyne John Anderson. Land John Robert. Bartram Alan. Lee Kenneth Orton. Beddow Derek Percy. Livock Peter. Bell Leonard. Marsh Frank Gerald. Bennett Albert Walter. Mason,Bernard Harold. Bickerton JamesRoy. McFarlane Brian Francis. Blades Alan Edward McGuire William Barrie. Bowen John Peter. Moore Miles. Cocking Doreen May.Morris Miss Eileen Myfanwy. Collis Alan Frederick. Musgrave Oliver Charles. Conway Brian Evan. Newton Arnold. Cooke Frederick. Newton Miss Mabel. Coulson Roland Edwin. Oates Miss Pauline. Crabtree Mary Dyllis. Orr Francis Joseph. Critchley Stuart Walter. Oster Miss Helen Myra. Davies Frank Paddock James Melvyn. Davies Kenneth Leslie. Pain Louis. Dickson Robert Henderson. Palfrey Walter- Downing Stanley. Palmer Kenneth Alfred. Duncan Robert Ian Heriot. Parker. Derek Brian Vdenthe. Dunn Michael Isidore. Parsons Roger. Duvall Ronald. Perkins Deryck James. Farthing Charles Peter. Picken. Stanley Thomas. Foxley Donald. Press William George. Fraser John. Priest Bernard. Fraser John Alexander. Price Stanley Carter. Fuller Eric Bertram.Rae James Ekveridge. Gillham Ronald Frederick Rice Edward Robert. Godier Alec Leonard. Redwood Roy. Grindlay John Watson. Reynolds Geoffrey Ernest John. Harrison Stanley. Robinson George. Hawksworth Audrey Elizabeth Robinson George Leonard. Heathcote Laurence Alfred. Rotheray Ronald. Hill Kenneth John. Rout Peter George. Hill Ronald Poppleton. Scott Charles Leiper. Jobson Leslie Robert Henry. Scott James. Jones Charles Rex Lloyd. Shelton Peter James. Jones Derek Atherley. Smith Raymond Frederick. C611 Stephenson Charles. Walker George William. Stubbs Robert Denison. Walker John. Sweeney Bernard. Watt Donald. Talbot Brian Edward. Woodgate Arthur John Finch. Tetley George James Squire. Woodham Anthony Arthur. Voice Eric Handley.Wooding Eric Roy. Waite Kathleen Mary. Wooding Norman Samuel. Wainwright Frank. Yates Hemy George. Re-registered Students Burne Oliver Ogilvie. Mackeazie Ian Farquhar Thomson. Dawson John Owen. Robertson Andrew Kinlwh. DEATHS Fellows John Loudon Buchanan. William Pollard M.A. (Cantab.) DSc. Herbert Firth. (Tubingen). Alfred Douglas Heywood. Kapilram Hardevram Vakil B.A. (Bom-Philip Henry Jones. bay) M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.) M.1.Chem.E. Wilfrid Ledbury M.Sc. (Birm.). Associates Theodore Edward Archard M.Sc. (Lond.) William Harper 13.S~.(St. Andrews). A.R.C.S. Robert Ashton Hill M.Sc. (Liv.). Gordon Westland Edwards. Registered Students John Berridge Fraser F/O.William Arthur Barber Lomax. William Vernon Jones. Roy William George Young.COMING EVENTS I 946 March 1 CHEMICAL SOCIETY:Meeting for the reading of original papers in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre King’s College Newcastlesn-Tyne. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (Manchester Section and Road and Building Materials Group) “Asbestos Cement and the Building Industry.” Dr. J. 0. cutter. 4 SOCIETY OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (LondonSection) “The Rare Earths.” Dc J. Newton Friend at the Chemical Society’s Rooms,Burlington House Piccaddly, London W.1 5 THEINSTITUTE (Huddedeld Section) Annual General Meeting. CHEMICAL SOCETY:Joint meeting with the Leeds University Chemical Society Display of Scientiiic Filmsat 5 p.m.;followed by Lecture at 6.30 p.m.on “Crystal Analysis as a Clue to Chemical Problems,” by Dr. Kathleen Lonsdale F.R.S.,in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of the University of Leeds.HULL AND ENGINEERING CHEMICAL SOCIETY:“Aspects of the Commercial Utilisa- tion of Electricity.” Mr.D. Bellamy O.B.E. in the Regal Room Regal Cinema Ferensway at 7.30 p.m. 6 BRITISH ASSOCIATION (Birmingham Section) :Scientific Films in the OF CHEMISTS Co-operative Hall High Street Birmingham at 6.30p.m. 7 THEINSTITUTE (Liverpool and North-Westem Section) :“Benzene Hexachloride as an Insecticide.” Dr. L. J. Burrage at the Municipal Technical College Widnes at 6.30p.m. THEINSTITUTE (South WalesSection):Joint meeting with the University College, Swansea Chemical Society Microchemical Methods.” Dr. L. Ellis at Uni- versity College Swansea at 6p.m. [621 I946 March 7 CHEMICAL SOCIETY Pedler Lecture “Synthesis in the Study of Nucleotides.” Professor A.R. Todd F.R.S. at Burlington House Piccadilly London W.l at 6 p.m. 8 SOCIETY ANALYSTSAND OTHERANALYTXCAL OF PUBLIC CHEMISTS Annual General Meeting at 5.15 p.m. followed by “Biochemistry of Soil,” by Dr. J. H. Quastel F.R.S. in the Chemical Society’s Rooms,Burlington House Piccadilly London W.1. CHEMICAL SOCIETY Joint Meeting with the South Yorkshire Section of the Institute and the University Chemical Society. “Some Aspects of the Chemistry of Mono- and Di-sulphide Links.” Professor F. Challenger in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of the University of Sheffield at 5. 30 p.m. SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Birmingham Section) :Jubilee Memorial Lecture “Science and Packaging,” Dr.G. L. Riddell in Birmingham. 9 THE INSTITUTE (Liverpool and North-Western Section) “Glass Technology.” Dr. H. Moore at the Mining and Technical Cullege Wigan at 3 p.m. 11 SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Yorkshire Section) “Senzene Hexachloride its Chemical and Insecticidal Properties.” Dr. L. J. Burrage in the chemistry Lecture Theatre University of Leeds at 6.46 p.m. Annual General Meeting at 6.46 p.m. (Note change of date.) OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY INSTITUTION (Midland Section) jointly with the Midland Section of the Institute of the Plastics Industry :“Synthetic Elastomers.” Mi. J. W. Davison at the James Watt Memorial Institute Great Charles Street Birmingham at 7 p.m. 12 THE INSTITUTE. Anniversary Luncheon at the Savoy Hotel Strand W.C.2 at 12 for 12.30 p.m.Annual General Meeting in the Lecture Room of the Royal Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.1. at 3.15 p.m. 13 THEINSTITUTE (Ca,rdSand District Section) :Jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry “Some Modern Trends in the Chemical and Allied Industries.” Mr. H . W. Cremer at the Technical College Newport at 6.46 p.m. INSTITUTE METALS Annual General Meeting; meeting for presentation of OF technical papers on 13th and 14th March at the Institution of Civil Engineers Great George Street London S.W.1. INSTITUTE “The Development of Fluid Catalytic Cracking.” OF PZTROLEUM Dr. J. F. Walter. INSTITUTE OF FUEL:“Inefficiency,” Mr. Oliver Lyle at the Institution of Mechani- cal Engineers Storey’s Gate London S.W.l,at 6 p.m.14 THE INSTITUTE (East Midlands Section) “Human Guinea Pigs.” Professor Krebs at Nottingham at 7.15 p.m. CHEMICALSOCIETY: Meeting for the reading of original papers in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of the University Manchester at 6 p.m. 16 THE INSTITUTE (Manchester and District Section) Discussion on “Contracts of Service.’’ NORTH SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY: LINCOLNSHIRE AND TECHNICAL 1st Annual Meeting and Film Show in the Technical School Cole Street Scunthorpe at 7.30 p.m. 16 INSTITUTION ENGINEERS OF CHEMICAL (North-Western Branch) :“Design Erection and Operation of Pilot Plant,” Messrs. C. Buck T. Hayes and R. R. Williams in The College of Technology Manchester at 3 p.m. OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY 18 INSTITUTION (Manchester and District Section) jointly with the Local Section of the Oil and Colour Chemists’ Association Mr.J. A. Morrison,at the Engineers’ Club Albert Square Manchester at 6.15 p.m. 19 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (Agriculture Group) “Insecticides Chemical INDUSTRY Constitution and Toxicity.” Dr. H.Martin at 2.30 p.m. HULLCHEMICALAND ENGrNEmzrNG SOCIETY :“Luminescence and Fluorescence.” Professor F. G. Tryhorn in the Regal Room Regal Cinema Ferensway at 7.30 p.m. 20 THEINSTITUTE (London and South-Eastem Counties Section) :Joint meeting with the London Branch Institute of Physics. Discussion on “Polar Molecules and Dielectric Problems” dielectric theory Dr. S. Whitehead; dielectric heating Mr. A. J. Maddock; constitution of plastics Mr.N. J. L.Megson; in the Lecture Theatre Royal Institution Albemarle Street London W.l at 2.30 p.m. [ 63 1 I946 March 20 THE INSTITUTE (Birmingham and Midlands Section) “Nuclear Chemistry.” Professor Oliphant F.R.S. at Wolverhampton. (Note change of date.) THE INSTITUTE (Dublin and District Section) “Recent Contributions to the Chemistry of Vitamins.” Mr. A. L.Bacharach at University College Dublin at 7.30 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (Food Group Microbiological hd Nutrition Panels) “Amino Acids and the Metabolism of the Cell.” Dr. W. E. Gaunt in London. 21 THEINSTITUTE (Belfast and District Section) Annual General Meeting. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (Road and Building Materials Group) “Bitu-INDUSTRY minous Protective Paints and Compounds.” Messrs.J. W. Craggs and R. Fraser at Gas Industry House 1 Grosvenor Gardens London S.W.1 at 6 p.m. BRITISHASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS:“Gaseous Explosives.” Professor R. G. W. Norrish F.R.S. in the School of Art Green Lane Derby. 22 THEINSTITUTE (Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section) Joint meeting with the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry “Trace Elements in Agriculture.” Dr. W. G. Ogg in the North British Station Hotel Edinburgh at 7.30 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (South Wales Sectip) jointly with the Cardiff INDUSTRY and District Section of the Institute “Plastics.” Mr. N. J. L. Megson at University College Cathays Park Cardiff at 7 p.m. SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Manchester and Liverpool Sections) :at Liverpool 27 THEINSTITUTE (Birmingham and Midlands Section) Annual General Meeting.THEINSTITUTE (Dublin and District Section) :Annual General Meeting at Trinity College Dublin at 7.30p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Manchester and District Section) Dalton Lecture “Chemistry and Food,” by Sir Jack Drummond F.R.S. INSTITUTE First Cadman Memorial Lecture Sir William Fraser OF PETROLEUM C.B.E. 27-28 FEDERATION Conference on Industry and Research OF BRITISHINDUSTRIES at the Kingsway Hall London W.C.l. 30 THEINSTITUTE (South Wales Section) :Discussion on “Technology and its Relation to Labour and Management in Modem Industry,” at Pembrey. April 1 SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (London Section) “A New Advance in Chemo-therapy.” Dr. L.P. Walls at the Chemid Society’s.Rooms Burlington House Piccadilly London W. 1. at 2 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) Jointly with the British Rheologists’ Club “Rheology in the Food Industry” (it is proposed to refer particularly to meat confectionery and dairy produce) at the Royal Society of Arts John Adam Street Adelphi Strand W.C.2 at 6.30 p.m. 3 BRITISHASSOCIATIONOF CHEMISTS (Birmingham Section) :Annual General Meeting followed by lecture on “The Chemist as a Trades Unionist,” by Mr. J. Stewart Cook at the Chamber of Commerce Birmingham at 6.30 p.m. 4 CHEMICAL :Discussion on some aspects of the Chemistry of Macromolecules. SOCIETY Opened by Professor H. W. Melville F.R.S. at Burlington House Piccadilly London W.l.6 THE INSTITUTE (South Yorkshire Section) Open Meeting Short papers will be presented by Members at the Sheffield Metallurgical Association 198 West Street Sheffield at 6.30 p.m. 6 INSTITUTION OF CHEMrCAL ENGINEERS (North Western Branch) “Liquid/Liquid Extraction :Removal of acetone and acetaldehyde from vinyl acetate with water in a packed column,” by Messrs. H. R. C. Pratt and S. T. Glover at the College of Technology Manchester at 3 p.m. 9 HULLCHEMICALAND ENGINEERING SOCIETY:Annual General Meeting in the Regal Room Regal Cinema Ferensway at 7.30 p.m. 11 THEINSTITUTE (East Midlands Section) :“Endocrinology.” Professor D. H. Hey, at the School of Art Green Lane Derby at 7.15 p.m. [Gal I 946 April 11 THE INSTITUTE (Liverpool and North-Western Section) “Van’t Hoff Arrhenius, Ostwald-Pioneers of Physical Chemistry.” Professor Alexander.Findlay in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre Liverpool University at 7.30 p.m. SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Road and Building Materials Group) jointly with the Institute of Petroleum “Adhesion in Relation to Bituminous Road Materials.” Dr. A. R. Lee L. Maddison and R. Slater at Gas Industry House 1 Grosvenor Place London S.W.1 at 6 p.m. 12 SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Birmingham Section) Annual General Meeting. “Studies in Baking Powder,” by Mr. R. €3. Potter. OF CHEMICAL (Manchester and Liverpool Sections) Annual SOCIETY INDUSTRY General Meeting followed by Chairman’s Address at the Engineers’ Club 17 Albert Square Manchester at 6.30 p.m.SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Microbiological Panel) joint Meeting with the Association of Applied Biologists “Recent Developments in the Microbiology of Retting,” Dr. L.A. Allen. OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY INSTITUTION (Leicester Section) “Synthetic Polymers in the War EBort.” Dr. S. J. Skinner at the Bell Hotel Humberstone Gate Leicester at 7.30 p.m. PHOTOGRAPHIC 16 ROYAL SOCIETY(Scientific and Technical Group) “Primary Colour Development.” By Mr. T. Thorne Baker at 16 Princes’ Gate London S.W.7 at 6 p.m. 17 THEINSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) :“Recent Advances in Brewing Technology,” Dr. J. €3. Oliver in the Royal Institution Albemarle Street Piccadilly W. 1 at 6.30 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Manchester and District Section) “Service to Chemistry and Chemists,” Dr.H. J. T. Ellingham. 18 INSTITUTE (East Midland Section) “Inefficiency,” Mr. Oliver Lyle in the OF FUEL Demonstration Theatre Gas Department Parliament Street Nottingham at 3 p.m. OF CHEEICALINDUSTRY 23 SOCIETY (Agriculture Group) “How Chemistry helps the Stock-breeder. 25 CHEMICAL SOCIETY Annual General Meeting and Presidential Address in Birmingham. 27 THEINSTITUTE (Birmingham and Midlands Section) Visit to Rothamsted Ex-perimental Station. 30 THEINSTITUTE (South Wales Section) Annual General Meeting. ROYALPHOTOGRAPHIC SOCIETY(Scientific and Technical Group) ; “New Optical Glasses and their possible influence on Photographic Lens Design.” Mr. €3. W. Lee at 16 Princes’ Gate London S.W.7 at 6 p.m.May 1 THE INSTITUTE (Belfast and District Section) Works visit to Newforge La., Belfast. INSTITUTE OF FUEL:Conference on Industrial “Waste Heat” Recovery (6th morning and afternoon sessions) in the Apartments of the Geological Society of London Burlington House Piccadilly London,W.1. INSTITUTE OF FUEL(Midland Section) “Refractories,” by Dr. J. W. Rees at the James Watt Memorial Institute Birmingham at 2.30 p-m. IRON AND STEELINSTITUTE: Annual General Meeting Presidential Address by Dr. C. H. Desch F.R.S. and discussions on “Fuel Economy,” “Supersonic Testing” and “Overheating of Steel.” On 1st and 2nd May at 4 Grosvenor Gardens London S.W. 1. 2 CHEMICAL Lecture by Professor J. M Gulland F.R.S. in the Chemistry SOCIETY Lecture Theatre of the University of Manchester at 6 p.m.3 CHEMXCAL SOCIETY Joint Meeting with the University of Sheffield Chemical Society “Vitamin A,” Professor R. A. Morton to be held in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of the University of Sheffield at 6.30p.m. ~651 1946 May 6 SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (London Section) “Penicillin.” Dr. E. Lester Smith,at the Chemical Society’s Rooms,Burlington House,Piccadilry London W.I. 10 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (Plastics Group jointly with the Birmingham INDUSTRY and Midlands Section of the Society) “Some Solubility Relations in Phenol Formaldehyde Resins,” Mr. D. W. Harbour at Birmingham. 15 THEINSTITUTE (Londonand South-Eastem Counties Section) “Potash and Crop Production,” Dr.G. A. Cowie in the Royal Institution Albemarle Street PiccadUy W.1 at 6.30p.m. OF ARTS Pope Memorial Lecture. Professor C. S. Gibson O.B.E., ROYALSOCIETY F.R.S.,at the Royal Society of Arts 6 John Adam Street London,W.C.2 (see p. 61). 16 CHEMICAL Scientific Meeting. SOCIETY SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (Road and Building Materials Group) :Annual General Meeting. “Food for Thought,” Mr. L. G. Gabriel at Gas Industry House 1 Grosvenor House London S.W.1 at 6p.m. INSTITUTE OF FUEL(East Midland Section) Annual GeneraI Meeting followed at 6 p.m. by a Joint Meeting with the National Smoke Abatement Society the Society of Chemical Industry and other technical bodies. “The Prevention of Industrial Smoke,“ by Mr. S. N. Duguid in the Demonstratioh Theatre Gas Department Parliament Street Nottingham.17 THE INSTITUTE (Cardiff and District Section) jointly with the Microchemistry Group of the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemistry and with the South WalesSection of the Society of Chemical Industry. Papers on Microchemistry at Cardiff. SOCIETY INDUSTRY (Birmingham Section) Lecture at the Chamber OF CHEMICAL ofCommerce Birmingham at 6.30p.m. Scientific Courses at Liverpool July 1946.-PreIimisary notice is given that arrangements are being made for two summer coursesto be held under the auspices of the Institute at the University of Liver1 from Tuesday 9th July to Saturday 13th July inclusive. One course will be on ‘‘ ils and Fats” under the direction of Professor T.P. Hilditch F.R.S.; the other on ‘aSpectroscopyDD under Professor R. A. Morton. As the two courses will be held concurrently it will not be possible for anyone to attend both Further particulars of these courses and of the procedure for enrolment will be announced in Part I1 of JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. This preliminary announcement is made solely so that Fellows and Associates who are interested may note the date. GENERAL NOTICES (Fur notices velating to matters of immediate importance see “Announcements” on.p. 49.) Notice to Associates.-Regulations and forms of application for the Fellowship can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments or are desirous of extending their opportunities is kept at the offices of the Institute.For full information inquiries should be addressed to the R.egistrar. Li braries.-The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society Burlington House Piccadilly W.1 to the maintenance of which the Institute makes substantial con- tributions is available to Fellows Associates and Registered Students wishing to consult or borrow books from 10 a.m. to 9 p.m. on week-days (except Saturdays 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.). Books can also be borrowed by post. Books may be borrowed from the Science Library Science Museum South Kensing- ton S.W.7,on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Secretary of the Institute. The Library of the Institute is being reorganised but limited service is available to Fellows Associates and Registered Students from 10 a.m.to 6 p.m. on week-days (except Saturdays 10 a.m. to 1 p.m.). Information regarding facilities afforded to members by Lewis’s Lending Library can also be obtained from the Registrar. Reports on German Industries.-Copies of a number of Reports of the Combined Intelligence Objectives Sub-committee (C.I.O.S.) and of the British Intelligence Sub- Committee (B.I.O.S.) on industrial plants and processes in Germany published by H.M.Stationery Office have been received and are available for consultation in the Library of the Institute. Lantern Slides for Lecturers-A list of slides of portraits of great chemists and other scientists throughout the ages can be obtained on application to the Secretary.As the slides are frequently in demand members are requested to notify their require- ments at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Joint Subscription Arrangements-Fellows Associates and Registered Students who wish to participate in the arrangements whereby they can acquire on favourable terms membership of the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry with substantial privileges as to publications (see special article JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1945 Part IV p. 148) can obtain further particulars and necessary forms from the Conjoint Chemical Office 9 and 10 Savile Row London W.1. Those who participate in these arrangements also have as from 1st January 1946 the option of including membership of the Faraday Society among the privileges obtainable on advantageous terms under an extension of the joint subscription arrangements.Benevolent Fund.-Contributions for 1946 may be sent to the Honorary Treasurer 30 Russell Square London W.C. I. Forms for Deeds of Covenant may be obtained from the Secretary. Service with H.M. Forces.-Fellows Associates and Registered Students who are on service with the Navy Army and Air Force are requested to notify the Institute giving particulars as to their rink unit etc. Changes of Add ress.-Fellows Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give so far as possible their permanent addresses for registration. When Writing from an address different from that previously given they are requested to state if the new address is to be used in future and whether the change affects the Appointments Register.All requests for changes should be addressed to the Registrar and not to the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. In order to facilitate identification Fellows Associates and Registered Students are asked to give their full initials on communications addressed to the Institute. In the prevailing circumstances they are also asked not invariably to expect formal acknowledgments of communications addressed to the Institute unless replies are necessary. PUBtlCATIONS OF THE INSTITUTE Limited supplies of the following are available LECTURES *‘Copyright with special reference to Scientific Papers and Publications.” E.J. MacGillivray K.C. (1926.) 2s. net. “Fire Risks in Industry.” A. M. Cameron B.Sc. F.R.I.C. (1927.) 2s. net. ‘iChemists and Dividends.” S. M. Gluckstein. (1927.) 2s. net. “Lessons Learnt from Industrial Gases and Fumes.” Sir T. Legge C.B.E. M.D. (1930.) 2s. net. “The Nature of Simple Molecules and of Elementary Processes.” A. J. Allmand, M.C. D.Sc.,F.R.I.C. F.R.S. (1932.) 2s. 6d. net. “The Chemist in the Far East.” A. Marcan F.R.I.C. (1933.) 2s. net. §“Alchemists in Art and Literature.” Richard €3. Pilcher O.B.E. Registrar and Secretary of the Institute. (1933.) 2s. 6d. net. *“Beer.” H. F. E. Hulton F.R.I.C. (1934.) 2s. net. “Food and the Consumer.” G. W.Monier-Williams O.B.E. M.A. Ph.D. F.R.I.C. (1935.) 2s. net. “Protection against Toxic Gases in Industry.” J.Davidson Pratt O.B.E. M.A.. B.Sc. F.R.I.C. (1936.) 2s. net. “Our Money.” W. H. hates Ph.D. LL.B. B.Sc. (1937.) 2s. net. “Gas Defence from the Point of View of the Chemist.” J. Davidson Pratt O.B.E., M.A. BSc. F.R.I.C. (1937.) 2s. net. “Oxidation-Reduction Potentials and their Applications.” S. Glasstone D.Sc. F.R.I.C. (1937.) 2s. net. *“Chemical Changes and Chances.” Sir Martin Forster D.Sc. F.R.I.C. F.R.S. (1037.) 2s. net. “Forensic Chemistry in the Criminal Court.” C. Ainsworth Mitchell M.A. D.Sc. F.R.I.C. (1938.) 2s. net. “The Development of the Chemistry of Commercial Synthetic Dyes (1866-1938).” F. M. Rowe DSc. F.R.I.C. (1938.) 5s. net. ~*“Opi~rn.~’ J. R. Nicholls D.Sc, F.R.I.C. (1918.) 2s. 6d. net. 3t“Research in the Iron and Steel Industry.” W.€3. Hatfield D.Met. F.R.S. (1938.) 2s. 6d. net. “Ludwig Mond F.R.S. 1839-1909.” F. G. Dounan C.B.E. D.sC., F.R.I.C. F.R.S (1939.) 2s. net. §*“Magnesite.” A. W.Comber F.R.I.C. Assoc. Inst. M.M. (1939.) 2s. net. “Chromatographic Analysis.” A. H. Cook Ph.D. D.I.C. F.R.I.C. (1941.) 2s net. *“Precious Metals.” H. Gordon Dale F.R.I.C. (1941.) 2s. net. §“Further Advances in the Use of the Spekker Photo-Electric Absorp tiometer.” E. 3. Vaughan MSc. A.R.C.S. F.R.I.C. (1942.) 2s. 6d. net. §‘‘Rust- Acid- and Heat-Resisting Steels.” W.H. Hatfield D-Met. F.R.S. (1942.) 2s. 6d. net. . §“Chemistry and the Petroleum Industry.” A. E. Dunstan D.Sc. F.R.I.C. (1942.) 5s. net. §*“Notes on Water Treatment.” Russell G. Pelly F.R.I.C.(1942.) 2s. net. §“Leather.” D. Jordan-Lloyd M.A. D-Sc. F.R.I.C. (1943.) 2s. 6d. net. §“Cement and Concrete.” F. M. Lea O.B.E.,D.Sc. F.R.I.C. 2s. 6d. net. “Chemistry and Clothing.” First Dalton Lecture. D. ,A. Clibbens. 2s. net. §“Industrial Non-FerrousAlloys.” Harold Moore C.B.E. D.Sc. F.R.I.C. 2s. 6d. net REGULATIONS ASSOCIATESAND FELLOWS.Gratis FOR THE ADNISSIONOF STUDENTS EXAMINATION PAPERS.Annual Sets. 1s. each post free. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. Six Parts annually. 2s. each net. THEPROFESSION OF CHEMISTRY. Richard B.Pilcher O.B.E. F.C.I.S. 4th Editim. (1938.) 2s. 6d. net. Gratis to Fellows Associata and Registered Studmts. * Streatf&id Mmorial Lectures. t Giucksteh Memorial Lectures. § Illwstrded. [ 681

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/RG9467000001

出版商:RSC    

年代:1946

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND PART 2. I946 PROCEEDINGS OF THE COUNCIL Council Meeting 15th February 1946.Mr. F. Scholefield had written regretting his inability to attend meetings of the Council regularly and offering his resignation as a Member of Council. As the balloting list had already been issued it was agreed that the matter be reported to the new Council at its first meeting. A Report of the Finance arid House Committee (nth February) was received referring inter dia to :-subscription to the British National Committee of the World Power Conference; completion of the Annual Accounts 1945;matters arising from the tenancy of the Institute’s labora- tory by the British Leather Manufacturers’ Research Association; income and expenditure of the Institute in relation to future policy.A Report of the Nominations Examinations and Institutions Committee (18th January and 1st February) was received and adopted and the candi- dates recommended for election or re-election to the Associateship or to the Fellowship were duly elected to their respective grades. A Report of a meeting of the Committee on 15th February was also received and adopted and candidates who had passed the examination for the Associateship were duly elected thereto and the admission of candidates to examination for the Associateship was approved. A Report of a meeting of the Publications and Library Committee (14th February) was received and adopted. The Report referred to pre- liminary consideration of means for permitting wider distribution of In-stitute lectures in other countries; matters arising from the publication of What Industry Owes to Chemical Science; and policy with regard to advertisements in Institute publications.A letter was received from Dr. David Spence suggesting conditions that should govern the administration of the Henderson Memorial Lecture Fund which he had agreed to endow (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1946 I 32). The Council expressed its satisfaction with the conditions proposed by Dr. Spence and its gratitude to him for his further generous offer to provide jtl125 immediately so that the first lecture in the series might take place as soon as possible (see p. 104). A proposal by the Cardiff and District Section that members of the Section should be asked to submit suggestions for additional subjects for scientific courses was welcomed but it was considered that the matter should first be referred to other Local Sections with a view to arranging for members throughout the country to have an opportunity of expressing their views.An abstract of Minutes of a meeting of the Chemical Council held on 16th January was received. re91 It was reported that Mr. S. E. Melling had agreed to attend the Health Congress at Blackpool as a representative of the Institute. Mr. B. A. Elliswas invited to represent the Institute on Sub-Committees of British Standards Institution Technical Committee CIS Scientific Glass- ware and Laboratory Ware in succession to Dr.A. G. Francis who had asked to be relieved from service on these Sub-Committees in view of his impending retirement from the office of Deputy Government Chemist. The Council reviewed the organisation of its business in relation to the constitution and terms of reference of the various Committees of Council and of the Institute and made a number of suggestions for re-organising the constitution and business of Committees for consideration by the new Council at its first meeting. Council Meeting 29th March 1946.-The election of Officers and Council for 1946-47 was reported (see p. 76) and the President welcomed the new Members of Council present. The Council accepted with regret the resignation of Mr. F. Scholefield as a General Member of Council (see p.69) and elected Mr. P. N. Williamsto fill the vacancy until the next Annual General Meeting. The dates of Council meetings up to and including January 1947,were fixed but it was agreed to defer consideration of dates after January 1947 as it was hoped that before the end of 1946 the By-laws referring to the date of the Annual General Meeting and the time table of related business would have been altered. It was agreed that invitations to attend meetings of the Council during 1946 be extended to Dr. Jordan-Lloyd and Sir Robert Pickard in View of their being representatives of the Institute on the Chemical Council. Consideration was given to a suggestion by the Birmingham and Midlands Section that the Annual General Meeting should be held from time to time outside London and to an invitation to hold the Annual General Meeting in Birmingham in 1947 or ~948.In view of the congestion of business immediately before the Annual General Meeting under the provisions of the existing By-laws it was decided to defer consideration of the general proposition until the position of these By-laws had been clarified but to inform the Birmingham and Midlands Section that although it would not be possible to accept their invitation for 1947 further consideration would be given to the proposal for 1948. The Council accepted some of the suggestions of the previous Council on the re-organisation of Committees namely ;-(a) that the Emergency Committee be discharged (b) that the Scientific Courses Committee and the Directory of Consultants Committee (so long as its continued separate existence is necessary) be associated with the Publications and Library Committee in a manner similar to that in which the Benevolent Fund Committee is associated with the Finance and House Committee (c) that the Appointments Committee and the Economic Status and Welfare Com- mittee be amalgamated under the title of the Appointments and Economic Status Committee and (d)that an additional Committee of Council,to be known as the Special Purposes Committee be constituted to examine and report to the Council on any matters that may be referred to it as being of interest to the Institute but not coming definitely within the purview of other established committees.Committees and their Chairmen for 1946-47 were then appointed (see p. 77). A request from the East Midlands Section for an early resumption of the c 701 practice of presenting certificates at meetings of Local Sections was referred to the Annual Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Locd Sections. A report of special meetings of the Finance and House Committee on 4th and 25th March comprising recommendations for a re-organisation of the office staff with revised salaries following incorporation of cost-of-living bonus with basic rates of pay was received and adopted. The report included a recommendation that Miss I. Cawston be appointed Assistant Secretary and that Mr. L. Winder and Mr. D. A. Arnold be designated Records Officer and Finance Officer respectively.Other matters in the Report included :-accounts for payment ;Anniversary Luncheon account; correspondence with Local Sections concerning the date of termination of their financial years ; recommendations for the purchase of additiond office equipment; report of the investment of f12,500. Attention wits drawn to an error in the statement of investments held and dividends received (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1946 I 25) which had arisen through a faulty correction of a printer’s error the value of LI,OOO holding of 3 per cent. Defence Bonds should have been given as &022 10s. (instead of 161,622 10s.) and the total at the foot of the column should have been L62,664 10s. (instead of 1663,264 10s.). It was pointed out that this error did not in any way affect the accounts themselves and regret was expressed that it should have escaped correction in the proof.Professor A. Findlay was appointed Acting Treasurer during the im-pending absence of Dr. Kent- Jones in America. A tenancy agreement with the British Leather Manufacturers Research Association in connexion with the use of the Institute’s laboratory by the Association was signed and sealed. A report of the Benevolent Fund Committee (25th March) was received and adopted referring inter alia to:-forms for subscription by Deed of Covenant; a report that in the announcement of the death of Mr. A. D. Heywood friends were invited to subscribe to the Institute’s Benevolent Fund instead of sending flowers and that the Fund had thereby benefited by over 1616 (seep.106);consideration of two current cases; consideration of a suggestion concerning provision of homes and hostels for aged members their Wives or widows; arrangements to enable children of persons in receipt of regular allowances to be given summer holidays. A report of the Nominations Examinations and Institutions Committee of 15th February was received and adopted and the candidates recommended for election or re-election to the Associateship or to the Fellowship were duly elected to their respective grades. The Wolverhampton and Staffordshire Technical College was added to the list of Institutions recognised for the training of candidates for admission to the Associateship. A report of a meeting (~2nd February) of a recently constituted Joint Committee consisting of representatives of the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists and the Economic Status and Welfare Committee of the Institute was received.Professor Findlay reported on correspondence and conversations which he had had with representatives of the Ministry of Education on National Certiiicates in Chemistry and on his motion the Council agreed that action on its decision of 23rd March 1945 (JOURNALAND PROCEEDINGS 1945,11, 58) be postponed so as to allow present negotiations to proceed. The Cound expressed its cordial thanks to Professor Findlay for the leading part that he had taken in pursuing these negotiations to the present stage at which [ 71 3 there was good hope of securing an agreement on the organisation of National Certificates in Chemistry acceptable both to the Ministry and the Institute.Recommendations of the Assessors for the award of National Certificates (Northern Ireland) were adopted. On the report of the Assessor the Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize for 1945 was awarded to Miss Freda Burton a Registered Student in the South Yorkshire Section. Arrangements willbe made for the presenta- tion of the Medal and Prize to take place at a meeting of the Section. It was reported that on 23rd February Dr. H. Baines and Dr. H. 3. T. Ellingham had attended the Conference on the Training of Laboratory Technicians arranged by the Association of Scientific Workers the British Association of Chemists and the Association of University Teachers.Minutes of a meeting of the Chemical Council on 16th January and abstract of Minutes of 20th February were received. The Council approved a recommendation for the co-option of representatives of the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists on to the Chemical Council. The Council also approved a proposal by the Chemical Council to extend the joint subscription arrangements in respect of the new class of junior members of the Faraday Society. SIXTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING TUESDAY 12th MARCH I946 The Sixty-eighth Annual General Meeting of the Royal Institute of Chemistry of GreatBritain and Ireland was held in the Meeting Room of the Royal Society,Burling-ton House Piccadilly London W.l,on Tuesday the 12th day of March 1946 at 3.15 p.m.Professor ALEXANDERFXNDLAY, M.A.,D.Sc. LL.D. President,in the Chair. The Secretary read the Notice convening the Meeting. MINUTES.-The Minutes of the 67th Annual General Meeting (JOURNAL AND PRO-CEEDXNGS 1946 11,69-66)were taken as read and were confirmed and signed. ANNUAL ACCOUNTS-In presenting the Financial Statements for 1946(JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS Hon. Treasurer said:- 1948 I 19-30),Dr. D. W.KENT-JONES, During the period under review the office of Hon. Treasurer was held by Mr. J. C. White and if any praise is due for the state of the accounts-and it may well be considered to be due-it should be accorded to my predecessor. We are greatly indebted to Mr. White for the way in which he conducted the financial affairs of the Institute for a matter of six years.He took over the office of Hon. Treasurer at a very difficult time-at the beginning of the war-and it may interest you to know that whereas the annual income of the Institute was then around L14,000,it is now about ,621,000. Moreover during his term of office the accumulated investments (at cost) grew from under L36,OOO to over @S,OOO. I wish to pay a tribute also to his able chairmanship of the Finance and House Committee and particularly to his kindliness and understanding as chairman of the Benevolent Fund Committee. With regard to the Accounts for 1946,the Finance and House Commitlee hopesthat most of the queries have been anticipated and dealt with in the appropriate section of the Report of Council.The excess of income over expenditure,although less than in previous years is still appreciable but with the anticipated increase in the activities of the Institute in the coming year we can no longer expect any such large balance. As far as the finances are concerned we are leaving the piping days of war and coming to the austerity of the peace. It will be my endeavour to spend our income wisely but reasonably fully in so far as any increased expenditure actually provides for a usefulexpansion of the activitiesof the Institute. The investment fundwill continue to grow in any event asentrance fees are specilically allocated to capital and not to income. It is considered that in the present accounts satisfactory reserves have been made, namely $1,000 for intermittent publications and &&OO for superannuation.It has not been thought necessaryto put anything further to reserve for war contingencies E723 I feel that the position of the other accounts calls for nospecial comment but would like to make some reference to the Benevolent Fund. Although in the past year there have been more subscribers the actual amount of money collected was rather less than in the previous year. There is great need for everybody to act as generously as they can with respect to the Fund for we are contemplating putting into operation a proposal by the President for enabling children who are helped by the Fund to have at least one good holiday a year. I therefore appeal to everyone to send if possible a further subscription or donation as a thank-offering for victory.I now beg to move- That the Financial Statements for 1945 be received and adopted and that the thanks of the Institute be accorded to the Hon. Auditors Mr. C. L. Claremont and Mr. E. 9.Laws and also to the professional Auditors Messrs. J. Y.Finlay Pearson G.Go. for their services. In seconding the motion Dr. L. H. LAMPITT said:-I should like tounderline a statement made by the Hon. Treasurer to the efiect that this Institute in common with other bodies in the scientific world has now passed its period of saving and has arrived at the time of spending. Personally I welcome the idea that has been put before us that we are to spend more money. The motion and the votes of thanks were carried unanimously.In thanking the meeting for the vote of thanks to the Hon. Auditors Mr. C. L. CLAREMONT said:-I should like to refer to a difficulty that has arisen this year in particular; there is not time between the 31st December and the date of this meeting to get the accounts completed with ease. There was considerable difficulty last year but this year was much worse partly because the professional auditor was ill. I understand that the Council have this matter under consideration but it does seem that with the growth of the Institute and the increased work involved in dealing with the accounts some provision should be made either to alter the date of this meeting or to close the accounts at an earlier date. REPORT OF THE COUNCIL FOR !%.-THE PRESIDENT said:-I propose this afternoon to vary slightly the procedure generally adopted in moving the adoption of the Report of the Council.You have had the Report in your hands and have I hope carefully studied it. I propose therefore to direct attention to only one or two points in it. After the adoption of the Report has been moved and seconded I shall put the motion to the meeting and any comments which members may wish to make can be brought forward. After the adoption of the Report I shall allow myself to put before you some reflections on the Royal Institute of Chemistry in post-war Britain. The first point to which I would direct your attention in the Report is the increase of our membership. The success of an organisation cannot be entirely judged by its growth in numbers but such growth is undoubtedly some indication of its health.The Sgures shown on p. 5 are certainly very gratifying and it is I think especially worthy of mention that whereas for the three years before 1943 the average annual increase in membership was about 230 the curve of increase shows between 1942 and 1943 a notable “break”; and during the past three years the average annual increase has been about 470. We can however be satisfied only when all properly qualified chemists regard it as a duty to become members of their professional body. Turning to the top of p. 12 I would draw your attention to the statement on “Prin-ciples of a suggested Code of Practice in respect of Consulting Work carried out by Academic Scientists,” issued with the approval of your Council by the ’joint Council of Professional Scientists.This statement has already been very favourably received. Another publication which will be issued in the near future by our own Council is a Directory of Independent Consultants. Since our members are not allowed to advertise themselves it became the duty of the Institute in the general interest to draw up this Directory so that all those who may require the services of consultants could readily find out to whom they might apply. The publication of this Directory is a valuable service rendered by the Institute. I would draw your attention to the fact referred to on p. 18 that the book What Industry Owes to Chemical Seience haq now been published.It has already met with a good sale and as the proceeds of the sale go to the Benevolent Fund I hope that all members will buy a copy of the book. On p. 17 you will see a reference to the setting up of a Terminology Committee. A conference has already been held and the initial steps have been taken to compile what I may call a Guide to Terminological Exactitude. The compilation of this guide will I hope in due course receive the active support of many of our members. On p. 18 you will observe that during the past year contacts were made with representatives of Overseas Sections of the Institute and with representatives of the c733 Australian and New Zealand Institutes of Chemistry The making of such contacts is always a pleasure to us,and the Council would gladly see the establishment of closer relations with Institutes of Chemistry and other chemical bodies in different parts of the British Commonwealth.In conclusion I should like to add my personal gratitude for the constant assistance which I have received from the Secretaryand the Registrar and indeed from allmembers of the administrative staff. It has made my work as President both easy and pleasant. I now have pleasure in moving-That th Report of the Council for 1946 be received and adbpted. Mr. L.EYNON said:-There is one feature in the Report which strikesme and that is the extraordinary growth of the Membership of the Institute. now 9841. When I became an Associate of the Institute many years ago I think the total membership was 1300.It speaks highly for the value of the Institute through all those years and is evidence of its continuing health and strength. I have much pleasure in seconding the adoption of the Report. Th6 motion was carried unanimozcsly. REPORT OF THE SCRUT1NEERS.-The Secretary read the fol1owing’Report:- The number of valid voting papers received for the election of Officers was 2221, and the following qualified for election:- President G. Roche Lynch (2207). Vice-Presidents A. 1;.Bacharach (2188) A. Fhdlay (21SS) H.V.A. Briscoe (2184), W.Cullen (2176) G. Elliot Dodds (2173) A. J. Prince (2169). Hon. Treasurer D.W. Kent-Jones(2211). The number of valid votes cast for General Members of Council was 2213 and the following qualified for election:-E. K.Rideal(1829),F.Challenger (1696) J. W. Cook (1686) A. R.Todd (1618) 3. M.Gulland (1689) €3. 3. Emelkus (1586). R. C. Chirnside 1673) G. F. Marrian (1668) A. T. Green (1837). F.Scholefield (1630) J. €3. Quastel t 1613) J. G. King (1477) D. H.Hey (1460) H.H.Hodgson (1448) J. F. J. Dippy (1441) H. Weatherall (1422) J. L.Simonsen (1407) M.B.Donald (1389) R. W.Sutton (1363) G. L. Riddell (1356) F. Roffey(1341). C. J. T.Cronshaw (1327) J. 0. Cutter (1262). E. Vanstone (1240). J. A. Oriel (1231) E. T. Osborne (1210) T. F. Dixon (1201). The number of valid votes cast for Censors was 2061 and the following quad for election:-A. Findlay (1863) Sir Ian Heilbron (1740) Lewis Eynon (1460) Harold Moore (1404). The following voting papers were disallowed according to the By-Laws:-ll from Fellows and Associates whose subscriptions were in wear 6 in unsigned envelopes 12 received after the close of the poll; 3 in respect of votes for Council; 1on account of signature.The President declared the Officers Members of ColcnciZ a& Censors whos6 names had been read out from the Report of th.6 Scrdineers duly de&d to their resjpGcrivs o@ces. A vote of thanks to the Scrutineevs Mr. B. A. Ellis and Mr. H. S. Rooke was pro- posed by Mr. T. H. GANTand seconded by Mr. J. w. PARKES. The vote of thanks was carried unanimousCy with acclamation. APPOINTMENT Of AUDITORS.-Mr. H. WEATHERALL proposed and Dr. A. D. MITCHELLseconded-That Mr. C. L. Claremont and Mr. E. Q. Laws be re-appointed Hon. Auditors for 1946-47. The motion was carried unanimously.In proposing the re-a$poilttmzenb of the professiional Auditors. Messrs. J. Y. Finlay, Pearson & Co. Chartered Accountants for the ensuing year at a fee of fifty guineas Dr. KENT-JONES(Hon. Treasurer) said that although this fee had remained unchanged for some time and had been agreed to for the coming year we could not expect it to remain unaltered in the future. Inreply to a suggestion by Mr. A. L. BACHARACH that in view of the obligations which we as a body of professional men and women had to other professions the Council should consider makmg an increase in fee to the Auditors retrospective to the current year Dr. Kent-Jones stated that the present fee had been accepted by the firm as satisfactory for 1946-47 on the understanding that it would be reconsidered for the following year.The motion was seconded by Mr. F. J. TRITTON, and cawied unanimously. VOTE OF THANKS TO THE RETIRING MEMBERS OF COUNCIL-In moving this vote of thanks Dr. G. MONIER-WILLIAMS said:-When we look at this Report of Council we realise what an immense amount of work is involved in the dutiesof an Officer. It used to be very great before the war but now with nearly ten thousand Members it is growing more and more. We realise too that 1743 it was very difficult for many of those Members to give up their time to attend all the meetings of the Council and Committees and we should like to express our gratitude to them for representing our interests so admirably. In particular I should like to express the thanks of all Members to our President for the untiring manner in which he has furthered the interests of the Institute in every possible way.I rather fancy that retiring Members will feel some sense of relief that their labours are at an end but I hope that they will also feel a lively sense of satisfaction with their work which has been thoroughly well done. 1 have great pleasure in proposing a vote of thanks to retiring Officers and Members of Council. Mr. R. C. FREDERICK said As Dr. Monier-Williams has stated we Members of the Institute owe a great deal to the Officers and Members of Council and I have therefore very much pleasure in seconding the vote of thanks to those who are about to retire- The vote of thanks was carried with acclamation.PRESl DENTIAL ADDRESS.-Professor Alexander Findlay then delivered his Presi- dential Address (see p. 79j. INDUCTION OF THE NEW PRESIDENT.-Professor FINDLAYsaid:-I now come to my last duty-a very pleasant one-as President that of inducting my successor Dr. Gerald Roche Lynch into the Office of President. Combining a training in medicine with a training in chemistry Dr. Roche Lynch has had a distin-guished career as Pathological Chemist and Analyst and is a recognised authority in Forensic Medicine and Toxicology. He has since 1927 held the very responsible office of Senior Official Analyst to the Home Office. Dr. Roche Lynch has rendered many services to the Institute as Examiner as a general Member of Council asa Vice- President and as a Censor.He is also the Representative of the Institute on the PoisonS Board. Few Members of Council have been more assiduous in their attendance at the meetings of the Council and of its Committees or have taken a more active part in their proceedings. Under him we may be confident the affairs of the Institute will be guided with wisdom and sound judgment. Projessor Findlay then vacated the Chair which was taken amid applause by the incoming President. THEPRESIDENT LYNCH): (Mr. G. ROCHE I should first like to thank you very much €or the honour you have conferred upon me by electing me President. It is an honour of which I am extremely proud and I can assure you that I will do everything in my power to further the interests of this Institute. To you Professor Findlay may I say thank you very much for the gracious way in which you have inducted me into this Chair.My first act as President is to move from this Chair a very hearty vote of thanks to you Professor Findlay for the work you have done so well. (AHZause.) I would stress that this is not a formal act on my part but a genuine attempt to record some appreciation of the excellent service rendered by Professor Findlay to the Institute. As you know he has a long and distinguished career in chemistry and has only recently left the University of Aberdeen of which he has been a member from student days. He was elected a Member of the Institute in 1911 he was an Examiner the same year and since that time he has been four times a Member of Council and also a Vice-president and Censor and finally the President.During a great deal of that time he has lived in Aberdeen so that his regular attendance at Council Meetings has incurred considerable sacrifice on account of the long journey. Personally I am very glad to know that we shall have him With us on the Council for three more years because I feel that in the duties I have to undertake he will be a tower of strength to me and to us all. Before formally moving a vote of thanks to Profesor Findlay I should like to add that we request that the magnificent address which he has just delivered should be printed in our journal. (Apfilause.) I therefore formally move a very hearty vote of thanks to our retiring President. (Carried with fiolmged afiplause.) Professor FINDLAY: I thank you very warmly for this vote of thanks.It is really quite undeserved although I would confess that I have endeavoured to do what I could for the interests and welfare of the Royal Institute of Chemistry. It has not been a task but a very great pleasure to have worked with the Members of Council during the past three years and I am very glad that f am stilI going to be aIlowed to work on the Council in the ensuing years. (Applause.) The proceedings then terminated. r 753 OFFICERS AND MEMBERS OF COUNCIL 194647 PRESIDENT GERALD ROCHE LYNCH O.B.E.,M.B. B.S. D.P.H. VICE-PRESl0ENTS ALFRED LOUIS BACHARACH M.A. HENRY VINCENT AIRD BRISCOE ,D.Sc. A.R.C.S. D.I.C. WILLIAM CWLLEN LLD. M.I.CHEM.E. GILBERT ELLIOT DODDS A.H.-W.C.ALEXANDER FINDLAY M.A. D.Sc. LL.D. ALFRED JOHN PRINCE M.Sc. M.I.CHEM.E. HON. TREASURER DOUGLAS WILLIAM KENT-JONES BSc. PH.D. MEMBERS OF COUNClL HARRY BAINES DSc. London and South-Eastem Counties and East Anglia. JAMES EMRYS BOWEN BSc. PH.D. Aberdeen and North of Scotland. WILLIAM GORDON CAREY Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North-East Coast (including Tees-side). FREDERICK CHALLENGER PH.D. D.Sc. Leeds. RALPH CLARK CHIRNSIDE London. LESLIE VICTOR COCKS Liverpool and North-West Coast. JAMES WILFRED COOK Pii.D. D.Sc. F.R.S. Glasgow. ALBERT COULTHARD B.Sc. PH.D. Manchester and District. JOHN CHESTER COWAP BSc. The Overseas Dominions and elsewhere abroad. CECIL JOHN TURRELL CRONSHAW DSc. M.1.ca~~f.E. London. JOHN OUTRAM CUTTER BSc.PEI.D. Munchester. JOHN FREDERICK JAMES DIPPY PH.D. D.Sc. London. THEODORE FREDERICK DIXON B.Sc. PH.D. :London. MAXWELL BRUCE DONALD MSc. A.R.C.S. M.I.CEIEM.E. London. HARRY JULIUS EMELEUS D.Sc. A.R.C.S. F.R.S. Cambridge. ARTHUR ERNEST EVEREST PH.D. D.Sc. Yorkshire (including Leeds Area and Huddersfield). THOMAS HAROLD GANT A.R.C.S. M.I.CHEM.E. Birmingham and Midlands. ARNOLD TREVOR GREEN O.B.E. F.INsT.P.,HON.M. INST, GASE.,M.I.CHEM.E. Ne wcastle-wnder-Lyme. JOHN MASSON GULLAND M.A. PH.D. DSc. F.R.S. Nottingham. MERVYN HECTOR HALL MSc. PH.D. Northern Ireland. DONALD HOLROYDE HEY PH.D.,DSc. London. HERBERT HENRY HODGSON M.A. BSc. PH.D. HuddevsfieZd. RONALD HENRY JONES Walesand the County of Monmonth. JOHN WILLIAM KERR BSc.Glasgow and West of Scotland. JAMES GRIEVE KING O.B.E. PH.D. D.Sc. A.R.T.C. London. GUY FREDERIC MARRIAN. DSc. F.R.S. Edinburgh. FRANK EDWIN NEEDS Bristol and South-Western Counties. HUGH BRYAN NISBET PH.D. D.Sc. A,H,-W.C. Edinburgh and East of Scotland. JOHN AUGUSTUS ORIEL M.C. M.A. BSc. M.I.CHEM.E. London. ERNEST THOMAS OSBORNE O.B.E. M.A. London. JOHN WILFRID PARKES MSc. Eire. JUDA HIRSCH QUASTEL PH.D. D.Sc. A.R.C.S. F.R.S. Cardiff. GEORGE LOW RIDDELL BSc. PH.D. London. ERIC KEIGHTLEY RIDEAL M.B.E. M.A.,PH.D. D.Sc. F.R.S. Cambridge. FRANK ROFFEY B.Sc. PH.D. London. JOHN LIONEL SIMONSEN DSC. F.R.s. ~ondcm. RICHARD WILLIAM SUTTON B.SC.TECH. Derby. ALEXANDER ROBERTUS TODD D.PHIL.,D.Sc. F.R.S. Cambridge. ERNEST VANSTONE DSc. Newton Abbot.ERNEST JAMES VAUGHAN M.Sc. A.R.C.S. D.I.C. East Midlands and South Yorkshire. HARRY WEATHERALL Liverpool. PERCY NOEL WILLIAMS 3.Sc. West Kirby. [Place names in italics refw to registered addresses of General Members of Cound; Roman lettering is zcsed to hdicate territories re9resented by District Members of Council.] [ 761 CENSORS 194647 THE PRESIDENT &PO-. LEWIS EYNON dSc. ALEXANDER ~IN'DLAY M.A D.SC LL.D. SIR IAN MORRIS HEILBKON,'~~S.O: D.s.; LL.D. F.R.S. HAROLD MOORE,C.B.E. PH.& D.Sc. COMMITTEES FOR 1946-I947 COMMIlTEES OF COUNCIL PINANCE AND HOUSE COMMITTEE THE PRESIDENT AND THE HONORARY TREASURER* WXTH C. J. T. CRONSHAW A. FINDLAY H.H. HODGSON J. G. KING J. A. ORIEL AND E.J. VAUGHAN. NOMINATIONS EXAMINATIONS AND INSTITUTIONS COMMITTEE THEPRESIDENP H.V. A. BRISCOE (VICE-CHAIRMAN); THE COUNCIL IN COMMITTEE- PUBLICATIONS AND LIBRARY COMMITTEE THEPRESIDENT WITH A. L. BACHARACH' W. G. CAREY F. CHALLENGER R. C. CHIRNSIDE J. F. J. DIPPY T. F. DIXON A. FINDLAY H. H. HODGSON J. H. QUASTEL E. VANSTONE AND H. WEATHERALL. LEGAL AND PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEE ~~ THEPRESIDENT' WITH A. L.BACHARACH H. BAINES G. E. DODDS A. FINDLAY T. H. GANT J-M GULLAND D. W. KENT-JONES AND J. A. ORIEL. SPECIAL PURPOSES COMMITTEE THEPRESIDENT* WITH A. L. BACHARACH H. BAINES F. CHALLENGER G. E. DODDS A. FINDLAY AND B. VANSTONE. STANDING COMMITTEES OF THE INSTITUTE APPOINTMENTS AND ECON OMlC STATUS COMMITTEE THEPRESIDENT WITHJ F J DIPPY T F DIXON A FINDLAY* L H LAMPITT F.E. NEEDS H. B. NISBE~,J. A. OR~E~, E. T. &BORNE SIR 'ROBERT PICKARD A. J. PRIN~E,F. ROFFEY E. VANSTONE AND W. WARDLAW. BENEVOLENT FUND COMMITTEE THEPRESIDENT AND THE HONORARY TREASURER* WITH THE FINANCE AND HOUSE COMMITTEE, J. G. A. GRIFFITHS AND E. M. HAWKINS. SCIENTlflC COURSES COMMITTEE F. CHALLENGER,* WITH THE PUBLICATIONS AND LIBRARY COMMITTEE E. M. JOINER AND H.B. NISBET. PUBLICITY COMMITTEE A. L BACHARACH * WITH L. V. COCKS J. W. CORRAN W. CULLEN G. E. DODDS L. EYNON s. 3. ~OHNSTONE J'.G. KING E. Q. LAWS AND H. WEATHERALL. AD HOC COMMllTEES OF THE tNSTlTUTE COMMITTEE ON REVlSlON OF CHARTER AND BY-LAWS THEPRESIDENT WZTH A L BACHARACH R C CHIRNSIDE G E DODDS A FINDLAY SIR IAN M. HEILBRON. 'D. w. KE~T-JONES..D.' JORDAN-LLOYD,'G s w. MA'R~OW,AND ~IR -ROBERT PICKARD. DIRECTORY OF CONSULTANTS C OMMll7EE A. FINDLAY,* WTE THE PUBLICATIONS AND LIBRARY COMMITTEE H. E. COX M.B. DONALD L. EYNON AND D. W. KENT-JONES. TERMINOLOGY COMMITTEE A. FINDLAY,* WITH A. L. BACHARACH G. M.BENNETT R. C. CHIRNSIDE F. P. DUNN H.J. T-ELLINGHAM J. G. FIFE AND D. H. HEY. PATENTS COMMITTEE D. H.HEY,* WITH W.H. BALLANTYNE W. CULLEN F. B. DEHN G.DRING j.G. FIFE AND SIR ROBERT PICKARD. Indicates Chairman REPRESENTATIVES OF THE INSTITUTE ON JOINT COMMITTEES The Chemical Council? R. C. CHIRNSIDE D. JORDAN-LLOYD SIR ROBERT PICKARD AND TIIB HONORARY TREASURER. The oint Council of Profesaionol Scienti.tr M. B. DONALD A. FINDLAY G. ROCHE LYNCH, dIR ROBERT PICKARD J. L. SIMONSEN AND TH& SECRETARY.The Joint Library Committee A. L. BACHARACH H. V. A. BRISCOE H. W. CREMER AND A. FINDLAY. The oint Committee of the Institute md the Society of Public Anolysb and Other AnaWal dhernilb on Public Health m-rr A. L.BACHARACH W. G. CAREY F. H. CARR A. FINDUY, ' F.E. NEEDS AND TIE SECRETARY. The Joint Consultative Committee of the Institute and the Brttfrh Aesoelation of Chemtrtrt THEPRESIDENT WITH A. L. BACHARACH L. EYNON SIR ROBERT PICKARD AND TEB SECRETARY. E771 Joint Committees on National Certificates (a)with the Ministry of Education (England and Wales) THE PRESIDENT WITH H. V. A. BRISCOE R. C. CHIRNSIDE A. FINDLAY J. A. ORIEL AND A. J. PRINCE. (b) with the Scottish Education Department THE PRESIDENT WITH J.W. COOIC G. E. DODDS AND J. WEIR. (c) with the Ministry of Education (Northern Ireland) THE PRESIDENT WITH M. H. HALL. REPRESENTATIVES OF THE INSTITUTE ON OTHER BODIES The Parliamentary and Scientific Committee A. L. BACHARACH A. FINDLAY AND H. J. T. ELLINGHAM. The Poisons Board (Pharmacy and Poisons Act 1933) Statutory [Appointment G. ROCHE LYNCH. The Advlsory Committee appainted under the Therapeutics Substances Act 1925 D. H.HEY. The Headmasters’ Employment Committee of the Ministry of labour R. L. COLLETT. The National Committee for Chemistry of the Royal Society J. W. COOK. The British Mlnagement Council A. FINDLAY. The Chemical Divisional Council of the British Standards Institution H. V. A. BRISCOE. The British Chemical Ware Manufacturers’ Committee dealing with Key Industries (Scientific Equipment and Materials) A.H. COOK. The Oils Fats and Waxes Advisory Committee of the City and Guilds of London Institute W. H. SIMMONS. The Chemical Trades Advisory Committee and the Chemical Trades Examination Board of the Union of Lancashire and Cheshire Institutes R. L. COLLEIT. BOARD OF EXAMINERS FOR THE ASSOCIATESHIP AND FELLOWSHIP 1946-47 Ckairman THEPRESIDENT. R@m.wniWivcs of the Nominations Exatninuti0n.s and InstituiionS Commit& H. V. A. BRISCOE, F. CHALLENGER R. C. CHIRNSIDE A. FINDLAY AND A. J. PRINCE. Examiners for tke Associafcshi9 G. M. BENNETT M.A. Sc.D. (CANTAB.),WILLIAM WARDLAW D.% (DUNELM). ExanrinCrs for &Fellowship Branch A.-INORGANIC CHEMISTRY WILLIAM WARDLAW D.Sc.(DUNELM). R. G. W. NORRISH M.A. Sc.D. (CANTAB.) Branch B.-PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY F.R.S. Branch C.~RGANIC G. M. BENNETT M.A. Sc.D.(CANTAB.). CHEMISTRY Branch D.-BIOCHEMISTRY R. A. MORTON PH.D. D.Sc. (LIv.). Branch E.-THE CHEMISTRY OF FOOD INCLUDING MICROSCOPY AND DRUGS,AND OF WATER H. E. cox, D.Sc. (LoND.). THERAPEUTICS AND C. H. HAMPSHIRE, PHARMACOLOGYMICROSCOPY M.B. B.S. B.Sc. (LoND.) M.R.C.S. L.R.C.P. Branch F.-AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY R. 0. DAVIES M.Sc. (WALES). Branch G.-~NDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL H. W. CREMER M.Sc. (LoND.) (GENERAL TECHNOLOGY) M.I.CHEM.E. Examiners in the special sections of Branch G will be appointed as required. Branch H.-GENERAL ANALYTICAL H. N. WILSON. CHEMISTRY Branch I.-WATER SUPPLY OF AND TRADEEFFLUENTS: AND THE TREATMENTSEWAGE S.E. MELLING AND E. ARDERN D.Sc. (MANc.). Oral Examkzthw H. V. A. BRISCOE D.Sc. (LoND.) Chuimn; J. R. NICHOLLS D.Sc. (LoND.). HON. AUDITORS 1946-47 CLAUDE LEOPOLD CLAREMONT B.Sc. (LoND.). EDWARD QUENTIN LAWS B.Sc. (LoND.). AUDITORS 194617 MESSRS.J. Y. FINLAY PEARSON & CO. Ckartmd Accow**. SOLICITORS MESSRS. MARKBY STEWART & WADESONS, 5 Bishopsgate London E.C.2. BAN KERS THE WESTMINSTER BANK LTD. Bloomsbury Branch 214 High Holborn London,W.C.l. SECRETARY HAROLD JOHANN THOMAS ELLINGHAM PH.D. (LoND.) A.R.C.S. F.R.1.C REGISTRAR RONALD LESLIE COLLETT M.A. (CANTAB.) F.R.I.C. ASSISTANT SECRETARY MISS I. CAWSTON. DATES OF COUNCIL MEETINGS FRIDAYS 26~~ MAY 21ST JUNE 19~~ OCTOBER 15~~ APRIL 17~~ JULY 18~~ NOVEMBER, 13~~ JANUARY 1947.DECEMBER 1946;17~~ [Dales of CourcCil Meetings lrftcr Jawy and of ths Annual Geueral Meeting 1947 will bc annorcwrllater.] ~781 THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY IN POST- WAR BRITAfN Presidential Address by Professor Alexander Findlay M.A . D.Sc. L.L.D. delivered at the Annual General Meeting of the Institute on 12th March 1948. For the first time in seven years we have assembled in General Meeting with minds free from the anxieties of war and grateful that the trials and sufferings of these years are now overpast. But the peoples of the world and not least our own people who at home endured with such high courage the fury of the enemy’s attack or who in many lands so nobly and valiantly fought their way to victory are now called upon to face the heavy tasks of reconstmction.The social structure of our civilisation the worfd in which those of us who are now past middle age grew up has been destroyed and a new world must be built more in harmony with the desires and aspirations of those who are to live in it. Everywhere we see going on around us a reconstitution of society and a demand is made for an improvement in men’s physical and material environment in which the moral and spiritual life of the people may and we must hope will attain to a fuller and freer growth. In the work of improving the- physical and material well-being of the community chemists through their manifold and varied activities must play an all-important part and the Royal Institute of Chemistry will have to bear an increased burden of responsibility in promoting the efficiency and usefulness of all those who engage in the teaching and practice of chemistry and in securing that such conditions are estabIished that the special knowledge and experience of chemists may be used to the best advantage of the community.Although some of the tasks which the Institute will be called upon to discharge can even now be foreseen there will certainly be others which are at present unknown or are only imperfectly apprehended. In order to prepare the Institute more fully for the discharge of the duties and re- sponsibilities which may be laid upon it members of successive Councils have during the years of war devoted time and thought to a study of the work and organisation of the Institute.The need for this became all the more pressing owing to the great changes which have taken place in the number of persons engaged in the advancement of chemistry and its applications since the year 1885 when the original Charter was granted. During that period also there has been a verygreat extension of the activities of chemists and this fact together with the increasing importance of the services which chemists render to the community has widened the responsibilities of the Institute in maintaining a high standard of competency and of professional integrity for those who practise the profession of chemistry. In view of the development in the importance and range of the applications of chemistry it is very desirable that the powers conferred on the Institute by the original Charter shouId be re-stated in terms which will indicate more clearly the present status and scope of the profession of chemistry and the priviIeges and obligations of the Institute in reIation to them.. I am afraid that in the past at least the status and authority of the Institute suffered somewhat from a misunderstanding of the words used in the originaI Charter. It is not always understood by those who are outside our organisation and perhaps not fully realised even by our own members that the description of the profession which the Institute was founded to promote as that of “analytical and consulting chemistry” was adopted because in 1885 it was the onIy one which could be accepted as being generally understood and which made it clear that there was no intention or desire to entrench on the duties and privileges of the Pharmaceutical Society.Membership of the Institute has of course never been restricted to those persons who practise the profession of analytical and consulting chemistry but is and has always been open to all competent and reputable persons of British nationality who practise the profession of chemistry in any of its many branches. This profession of chemistry embraces activities of far wider range and significance than those of an analytical and consulting chemist. Resides the analysts and consultants the profession includes chemists engaged in management and in scientific research and investigation in connection with a great variety of industries and manufactures; chemists engaged in the advancement and dissemination of a knowledge of chemistry in Universities Colleges and Schools; and chemists engaged in Government Departments and under local authorities and in Research Institutes.In view of the increased and increasing appreciation by the Government and the community of the importance of the achievements of chemists; in view of the great extension in the activities of chemists; and in view of the fact which we should always bear in mind that the majority of our members practise their profession in connection with industries and manufactures the Council has deemed it desirable to petition His c 79 3 Majesty for the grant of a new Charter.There are at present in active pre aration draftsof a petition and of a new Charter re-stating the aims and objects ofthe &stitu& and the privileges and responsibilities of the Institute in relation to the profession of chemistry the scope of which has already been indicated. These drafts together with a draft of revised By-Laws will soon,I hope be placed before members for their con-sideration. 1x1the past the Institute has done a very great work in creating a profession of chemistry in making it possible for those engaged in the various fields of chemical activity to work together in and through a single organisation for the advancement and welfare of their profession and in securing for the community chemists of high scientific competence and professional integrity.But other tasks lie ahead. In all matters of national interest on which the activities of chemists impinge and in which the knowledge and experience of its members give it a right to speak or act with authority, the Institute must be ready to give advice and guidance. It must be more ready than it has been in the past to take the initiative and not to wait on events. The Institute indeed must in the public interest be more active in undertaking the duties and responsibilities of leadership. These duties and responsibilities however it must seek to discharge in a spirit of service to the community for it is only by so doing that we as chemists shall be able to claim our rightful place in the esteem of our fellow men. In the wide field of chemical education there is.I think much work of importance for the Institute to do. In the Report of the Cnemistry Education Advisory Board condemnationis expressed of the too narrow and too intensive specialisation in the post- school certificate courses and a modification of the requirements of the Higher School Certificate is recommended. The Board also considers that exemption from attend- ance on the first year’s course at a university or the course leading to the Intermediate examination is undesirable and recommends that in order to secure continuity of study and to avoid undesirable overlapping of work there should be more frequent and effec- tive consultation between school and university teachers. Some advance has already been made towards a widening of university scholarship examinations and the time has now come I think for the Institute to call a conference of school and university teachers toconsider the recommendations of the Chemistry Education Advisory Board for a closer integration of school and university courses in chemistry.The Chemistry Education Advisory Board also recommended that the demands made on the time of the student in attending lecture and laboratory courses should be reduced so asto make it possible for science students to broaden their general intellectual interests and enlarge their outlook. This is in my opinion a matter of outstanding importance and I referred to it at some length in my remarks at the Annual General Meeting in 1944. It is for the Institute to take the initiative in arranging that this matter is in any case fully discussed by university teachers.The subject of technical education also is one of great importance for the future welfare and industrial prosperity of the country. Owing to the fact that chemical processes form part not only of the strictly chemical industries but also of almost every kind of industrial activity it is desirable that those who are engaged in these industries should have some knowledge of chemistry; and the place to be given in technical educa- tion to instruction in chemistry as well as the nature of that instruction is therefore a matter which calls for careful consideration. Since the Institute includes within its membership not only professors and lecturers in universities and technical colleges but also managers and directors of industries in which chemists are employed and directors of industrial research there is probably no body more competent to give guidance in the planning of technical education so far at least as chemistry is concerned.In these days moreover when the future of our educational system is under discussion and when industry is in need of better educated and more intelligent recruits it behoves the Institute not to be backward or hesitant either in offering advice or in urging acceptance of its views. It should indeed be very active in the matter for it cannot be indifierent to the quality and standard of chemical education and training of those who are to be engaged in industry and who may later seek to obtain its certificate of competency.With those whose general education ability and resources enable them to devote themselves to whole-time study in universities or technical colleges we need not at present concern ourselves; but it must be remarked that if the pupils of the newer technical schools are to be prepared for such higher study the quality of the teaching and the standard of intellectual attainment to be aimed at in these schools must not in any way be lower than in the Grammar Schools. The general cultural education of the students,ah must not be unduly sacrificed to so-called vocational training. The main problem with which the Institute at present has to deal arises perhaps in connection with the part-time education of those who for one reason or another have c $0 3 to leave school at the minimum leaving age to take up work as technicians in chemical laboratories or as operatives in works.With regard to these the wellconsidered recommendations of the Chemistry Education Advisory Board may be taken as a guide; and they have in fact been accepted by the Council of the Institute in maktng its decision regarding the National Certificate in Chemistry. The future of National Certificates in Chemistry is still under discussion but with discussions being carried out in a spirit of goodwill and in an atmosphere of understanding we may surely hope that decisions will be reached which will be for the benefit not only of those who are to be candidates for these certificates but also through them of industry.There are no doubt some who consider that those who at the minimum school leaving age enter industries in which some knowledge at least of chemistry is required should engage as soon as possible in studies directly connected with their daily work and that the part-time courses which they pursue should be such as to make them generally familiar with the processes and operations of their particular industry. It may indeed be necessary and desirable to provide such courses of instruction but it must be borne in mind that such specialised instruction fits the student for work only in one particular industry and may later act as a bar to his advancement. At the present time more- over as the Lord President of the Council has emphasised there is great need for mobility in the case of industrial workers and unduly early specialisation in technical education should therefore be avoided.In order that workers may be fitted and prepared to pass from one industry to another the aim of part-time technical instruction should be to ensure that as many of these part-time students as possible shall receive not so much instruction mainly of a descriptive character with regard to the operations of a particu-lar industry as instruction in the scientific principles which underlie the processes and operations in different industries. More and more industry requires workers who have received a training in the principles of chemical science so that they may understand the application of these principles to the operations in which they are engaged.Such workers even if not in all cases capable of rising to the stage of full qualification will be able to fill positions of responsibility as foremen and supervisors and will act as a link between the higher scientific research workers and the skilled operatives. In all cases it is most important that competent guidance and advice shall be available to the young worker at the-beginning of his part-time technical training and in giving such guidance and advice the Institute must be prepared to co-operate. Opportunity and suitable educational facilities moreover must be provided to make it possible for all young workers to attain the highest qualification to which they may aspire and for which they show themselves fitted.In another department of public service that of public health the Institute has an important part to play. In recent years more especially with the more widespread knowledge of the bacteria1 origin of many diseases and of the possibility of procuring immunisation by inoculation the belief has been fostered that public health is the care and responsibility solely of medical men. There is but little general knowledge or appreciation of the great services which chemists have rendered in the cause of public health during more than half a century. While it can be conceded that the study of the production by pathogenic organisms of infectious disease in human beings and of its transmission is primarily the concern of medically qualified men it must not be forgotten that the control and certification of the hygienic quality of materials especially of water and foods is mainly the concern of those who are primarily chemists.To ensure the hygienic purity of potable water and in order properly to safeguard the public health it is essential that the water should be submitted to regular and frequent chemical and bacteriological examination. Such examinations both chemical and bacteriological have been carried out for more than half a century by men trained primarily as chemists but qualified also in bacteriology. The first President of the Institute Sir Edward Frankland was one of the pioneers of this work. It was chemists who were the first to concern themselves with the bacteriological examination of water and it was they who for the most part developed the practice and technique of the bacteriological examination of water for public health purposes.In the future the demand for men competent both as chemists and bacteriologists to act aswater examhers will no doubt greatly increase if the suggested piped supplies of potable water in rural areas are realised. To prepare for this demand the Institute has already introduced a special examination for its Fellowship in “Water Supply and the Treatment of Sewage and Trade Effluents.” The work of the water examiner for public health purposes must not be restricted to thelaboratory; it must extend also into the field. The water examiner must be fa.miliar with the source or sources of supply;with the geology of the area from which the water derives;with the processes earned out by the undertakings engaged in purifying or WI treating the water at the source; with the structure and composition of the mains conveying the water from the source or intake tothe consumer and with any conditions natural artscial or industrial that may be a potential source of contamination of the water.He must be quick to observe any indication of contamination or defect in the supply and be able to advise the water engineer as to the methods for correcting the defect. In the examination of potable water for public health purposes it is of importance that however the service may be organised the bacteriological examination should be carried out in conjunction with the chemical otherwise no true or safe interpretation of the results of these examinations can be made.This principle must be insisted upon and a warning may be issued to the general public and to public authorities some of whom have diverted the bacteriological examinations of potable water away from those who are carrying out the chemical examinations and who have also for many years been carrying out the bacteriological examinations. Not only may this separation of the bacteriological from the chemical examination of water lead to false interpretations of the results and entail danger to thecommunity but it involves also the loss to the community of the expert skill and the experience of the water examiner competent both in the chemical and in the bacteriological examination of water.It deprives the community also of the benefit of his knowledge of the sources of supply and of the conditions artificial or industrial which may be potential sources of contamination of the water. Where special bacteriological laboratories have been established especially for epidemi- ological purposes these laboratories should not attempt to carry out the normal regular bacteriological examinations of potable water divorced from the chemical examinations carried out by the competent water examiners. Between these labora- tones and the water examiners who are conducting the regular chemical bacteriological and other examinations of water for public health purposes there should be the fullest and most willing co-operation without interference with each other’s responsibilities and functions.This co-operation if it is to be successful and of the greatest advantage to the community must be founded on mutual esteem and understanding and on a basis of complete equality of professional status. It may well be one of the most urgent duties of the Institute in the near future to take such steps as may be necessary to secure in the interests of the community adherence to the principles which I have mentioned. As you are all aware it has been decided quite properly that the Institute should concern itself actively with the remuneration and general conditions of. employment of its members and general principles have been formulated which are in consonance with its privileges as a Chartered Body and its responsibilities not only to its members but also to the community.Helpful guidance and advice have been given both to our members and to those who employ them and steps also have been taken to place the knowledge and experience of the Institute at the disposal of Government Departments and other bodies when questions relating to the remuneration of chemists and the con- ditions under which they carry on their activities are under consideration. Valuable service has in this way been rendered by the Institute. It is however not only questions of remuneration or of economic welfare which call at the present time for consideration by the Institute. To feel truly happy in his work a man must not only himself be convinced of the value of his work and feel confident that it is worth while; he must also feel assured that the value of his work is recognised and appreciated by others.The proper unfolding and development of his specialist abilities can take place only under the light and warmth of a general esteem and understanding. The enthusiasm of many of our younger colleagues I believe is unnecessarily damped through a feeling that their work or the work of chemists generally is insufficiently known or appreciated by their fellow citizens or through disappointment that fuller advantage is not taken of the contribution which chemists can make to the material welfare of the people. They have a resentful feeling that they are not granted their rightful position in the social structure.We are here brought face to face with a difficult and complex problem but one which I think the Institute should carefully study for it is a matter of some importance that the Institute in collaboration it may be with other bodies should exert itself in order to bring about in the minds of people generally a better understanding of the nature and importance of the work of chemists and so increase the esteem in which the profession of chemistry is held by the community. While it may be that some chemists are unduly sensitive to popular recognition or its absence and may be inclined to claim too prominent a position in the social structure there nevertheless do exist certain psychological factors which create a feeling too frequently referred to as one of frustration.In this connexion it is worthy of note that Sir Wave11 Wakefield Member of Parliament for St. Marylebone emphasised the importance of these factors in a speech delivered in the House of Commons a few months ago. Referring to the White Paper on the Scientific Civil Service Sir Wave11 expressed 1821 the view that it should be the aim of the Government to attract into the scientific branches of the Civil Service men and women not only of high but of the highest calibre and in order to do that one must not think only in terms of remuneration important as these may be but must also keep in mind the subtle psychological factors-prestige status and esteem. The Government he pointed out while expressing appreciation of the work of scientists left it clearly to be inferred that in the Civil Service at least, scientists were inferior in status to those in the administrative class.How could one expect men of the highest scientific and mental calibre to be attracted to a branch of the Civil Service in which they were definitely marked as being inferior in status and held in less esteem than their colleagues with whom they were in daily collaboration ? Recognition by the Government that the status and prestige of scientists are as high as of those who administer would Sir Wave11 considered not only remove that inhibiting sense of inferiority against which protests have been made but it would also have a powerful effect in attracting men and women of the highest qualifications into the scientific branch of the Civil Service.It would furthermore greatly help in bringing about an increase of the esteem in which men of science should be held by the com- munity at large. There is I think much truth in the argument put forward by Sir Wave11 Wakefield and the Royal Institute of Chemistry should do everything it can to foster a better understanding of the work done by chemists and of the debt which the community owes to them. If chemists or other scientists are most effectively to make their own essential and indispensable contribution to the solution of the many urgent problems of reconstruction and post-war prosperity they must without any thought of domina- tion on their part or of claiming to force decisions in matters which lie outside their special province be admitted to full and free collaboration with those who have the responsibility of framing policy and of administering the affairs of the country.Only in this way can there be achieved that mutual appreciation and respect that constant wholehearted and understanding co-operation between the scientist and the politician and administrator which are so important for the success of all our plans for the building of the post-war world. In seeking to foster a better and more appreciative understanding of the work done by chemists and other scientists the demand has been made and I think rightly made for the inclusion of Natural Science in the school curriculum of those who do not intend to adopt a scientific career. To make such courses of instruction successful is not easy but the planning of these courses has been under consideration by the Science Masters’ Association and one may look forward to the future with some confidence.While one must not withhold from pupils engaged mainly in humanistic studies and who may later become leaders in administration and in the Civil Service some knowledge of the great achievements of science and of the influence of these on the develop- ment of our present-day civilisation one must beware of over-emphasising the purely utilitarian value of science. To pupils interested mainly in ideas appreciation and understanding of general principles in values rather than in facts one must seek to present the intellectual achievements and idealism of science and one must seek toimbue them with a passion for truth and for “veracity of thought and action,’’ as Huxley put it and with the spirit of co-operation of tolerance of charity and of unselfishness which are the true spirit of scientific endeavour.It has been my great privilege during my tenure of office as President to make contact with many of my younger colleagues throughout the country and it has been a matter of profound interest to me to learn something of their outlook and of the spirit in which they are facing the great problems of the future. May I be allowed to address one word to them? If we are to secure that fuller and freer and more understanding collaboration and co-operation which are so desirable and necessary between scientists and those who frame the policies of governments the scientist on his part must prepare himself to understand the mind and outlook of the administrator and the problems of human nature with which he is faced.If the scientist is to gain that place in the social structure or in the councils of government to which he is justified in aspiring he must widen the basis of general culture on which he seeks to build his intellectual life must recognise and cultivate the human values not only of science but of art and religion and must build into his personality the qualities not only of truth but of beauty and goodness. Only thus can he give his service most effectively to the community and only thus can he gain for himself that inner harmony that heaven upon earth when in the words of Bacon “the mind movcs in charity trusts in Providence and turns upon the poles of truth.” c 83 3 ANNIVERSARY LUNCHEON 1946 The Anniversary Luncheon at the Savoy Hotel London on 12th March was the first social event arranged by the Institute as a corporate body since the title “Royal” had been conferred upon it and since the conclusion of hostilities in the second world war.The occasion was therefore appropriate for celebration and although conditions of austerity may have limited jubilation a spirit of general happiness prevailed. The President Professor Alcxander Findlay was in the Chair and about 200 members were present ranging from Dr. Bernard Dyer who had just celebrated his ninetieth birthday to some of the most recently elected Associates and including a few who had returned from service overseas and from captivity in eneniy hands.The principal guests were the Rt. Hon. Sir Stafford Cripps P.C. K.C. M.P. President of the Board of Trade and the Rt. Hon. the Viscount Samuel P.C. G.C.B. G.B.E. immediate Past President of the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee. Specially bound copies of What Industvy Owes to Chemical Science were presented to them at the beginning of the luncheon as a souvenir of the occasion and similar copies were handed also to Professor Findlay and Mr. Yilcher in recognition of their active concern in the preparation of this new edition of the book. Among the other guests were Sir Edward Appleton (Secretary of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research) Professor A.V. Hill (Foreign Secretary of the Royal Society) Mr. F. Bray (Ministry of Education) Mr. W. E. Purnell (Hon. General Secre- tary Australian Chemical Institute) Jlr. R. B. Pilcher (Past Registrar and Secretary) and official representatives of the following cognate institutions:-the Chemical Society (Professor F. G. Donnan Past President) the Society of Chemical Industry (Professor E. K. Rideal President) the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers (Mr. L. P. O’Brien Chairman) the Institute of Physics (Sir Frank Smith President and Dr. H. R. Lang Secretary) the Institution of Chemical Engineers (hlr. H. Griffiths President) the Institution of Gas Engineers (Mr. S. E. Whitehead Past President) the Institution of Metallurgists (Dr.H. Moore President) the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists (Dr. G. Monier-Williams President) the Society of Dyers and Colourists (Dr. C. J. T. Cronshaw President) the Electrodepositors’ Technical Society (Dr. S. Wernick President). In proposing the toast of “HIS MAJESTY’SMINISTERS,”Professor Findlay first extended a cordial welcome to all the guests and thanked them for “the honour and comfort of their presence.” He said that he felt sure that the services chemists had rendered to the country in time of war-which were generally recognised as having made an important contribution to victory-could be no less valuable in the difficult days of reconstruction. In many of the problems that faced His Majesty’s Ministers such as those connected with education public health and industry chemists could help through their special knowledge and experience; the assistance of members of the Royal Institute of Chemistry the largest chemical organisation in the country was available to the Government.But if chemists were to make the most effective contribution to the welfare of the people and in meeting the needs of industry they must be brought out of the “back room,” in which they had been working during the war into the council chambers of the Government. Without any thought of domination or of compelling decisions on matters outside their province they wanted to be brought into full col-laboration with those who had the direction of affairs. Only in this way could mutual understanding and appreciation be established between the scientist and the adminis- trator and their co-operation in constructing the post-war world be assured.On the other hand it was realised that the chartered professional body of chemists could be of little assistance as such in much of the work of Government where reconciliation of human difficulties was a dominant issue; they could only pray that strength and wisdom be granted to His Majesty’s Ministers in dealing with the heavy tasks that faced them. Coupling the toast with the name of Sir Stafford Cripps Professor Findlay concluded by wishing him God-speed in his approaching mission to India. In the course of his reply Sir Stafford Cripps said:-It gives me peculiar pleasure as once a humble student of chemistry myself to have this opportunity of addressing the members of the Royal Institute of Chemistry.Chemistry is one of the sciences in which Britishers have excelled since the earliest days and many of the great industries which now turn out vast quantities of materials for the benefit of mankind axe based upon the early research that was carried out in this country. Before the war of 1914-18 we suffered not from a lack of ingenuity or research in the chemical field but from a failure to apply in our own industry the results of our scientists’ work. Since that time I am glad to say that we have shown a great dea.1 of 1841 improvement in the encouragement that we have given to the development ofchemical manufactures of all kinds. How wide is the influence of chemistry upon our industries is well brought out in that very interesting and useful volume What Industry Owes to Chemical Science of which a new third edition has recently been produced by the authority of the Council of your Institute.Reading through the titles to the various sections one realises that there is hardly an industry of importance which does not to-day look to chemical science for some important factor in its production. During the war-that forcing time for the progress of applied science of all kinds- great and important new steps forward have been achieved in the chemical field. These are perhaps not so spectacular in their public appeal as the electrical or engineering achievements but they are nevertheless of the utmost importance not merely for war use but for future peace-time uses as well.They have still further extended the scope of our chemical industry and have I hope established this country for all time as one of the leading chemical manufacturers of the world. In the course of my work in the Coalition Government during the war I came across many of these new chemical products whicb were of the utmost value to our war effort. Some of them like Perspex and Yolythene are now well-known and almost household words. These two products of British research were absolutely indispensable to our aircraft and Radar programmes-without them we should certainly have been at a grave disadvantage and we should not have been able to say-as we can say-that we produced the finest combatant aircraft in the world.Then there was D.D.T. which performed such a tremendous life-saving task during the war in the tropics. Another interesting line of development has been with new adhesive materials which give joints between metals or metal and wood stronger than rivetted or spot-welded joints. One could go on with such a list of new developments emanating from our chemical research and proving the high quality of our chemists and the vigour of our research. In this connexion it might be of interest to you if I were to give you a few figures relating to our chemical industry in this country. It is indeed difficult to-day to isolate the chemical industry for the science of chemistry is as I have said all-pervasive through- out our industrial life.Virtually all our industry is dependent to a greater or lesser extent upon the chemical industry. The metal industries. for instance are becoming increasingly dependent upon chemical and electrochemical processes whereas in the great textile industries the use of chemicals as dyestuffs for sizing materials and so on is always extending. Even in agriculture the fertiliser industry is of course a section of the chemical industry. Some of the newer industries such as plastics are wholly dependent upon chemical science and are to-day only at the beginning of their development. It is almost certain that the importance of the chemical industries will grow rapidly with the development of new processes based upon the active chemical research that is now proceeding.Of course when one speaks in compendious terms of the chemical industry one is in fact covering a whole range of industries. Heavy chemicals which at one time represented almost the whole of British chemical manufacture fine chemicals dyestuffs industrial alcohol and solvents explosives coal tar products plastic raw materials and disinfectants and insecticides are all separate branches of this one great industry. It is an interesting fact that despite its great importance to our industrial production the chemical industry has a comparatively small labour force. If we take the figures of 1935-the total for employment for the chemical and allied trades in the census of production was only about 200,000 persons of whom something like 120.000 could be attributed to the chemical industry as I have defined it.This compares with for instance over a million in textiles and over half a million in iron and steel and in clothing. Immediately before the war this figure of 120,000 had risen to about 160,000 and then of course came the war-time expansion on specialised products for war purposes which brought the figure up to just short of half a million. Since the peak in 1942 there has been a continual decrease until in November 1945,the figure stood at about 240,000. That figure is still decreasing but I hope that it wiil be stabilised at a level a good deaI higher than pre-war figures. Though the numbers employed are comparatively small the value of output per employee is extremely high. In 1935,the nett output per man employed (that is the excess of selling value over cost of materials and fuel-including wages) was as follows in some of the principal industries.Textiles i149; clothing L151; iron and steel i216; food drink and tobacco i387;and chemicals dyestuffs and drugs &471. The tendency in the previous decade had been for the nett value of output to fall in most of the principal industries but in the chemical industries it had climbed from i369 in 1024 to k410 in 1930 and to i456 in 1935. Though these figures are not absolutely [ 86 3 comparable owing to the methods of their compilation they certainly show that the chemical industry is more productive in terms of manpower than other industries and that its productiveness has been constantly and rapidly increasing.This no doubt arises from the volume of research that has been carried on both for improvement of standard processes and the development and application of new processes and new maiiufacture. It means that this is a peculiarly profitable industry for us in the export field because the conversion value is high. It is therefore encouraging to know that our exports are increasing. The gross value of output in our chemical industry proper in 1935 was &36 million of which we exported about LlS.6 millions. In 1945 this was one of the few industries that exported as great a volume of goods as pre-war. In 1945 the exports of “chemical drugs dyes and colours” were worth k37.4 million and in January 1946 they amounted to A443 million compared to the monthly average of L1.8 million in 1938.We hope that as more labour becomes available for the non-munitions side of the indus- try this figure will increase and that we shall achieve a target of at least 75 per cent. by volume greater than pre-war. I have troubled you with these figures because I was anxious to demonstrate how valuable a national asset was the chemical industry based as it is entirely upon constant research and discovery. Although we know that in one or two outstanding instances there are very fine private research establishments in industry there is still the pos- sibility of a great deal of development of research. Now that we have as a nation become fully conscious of the growing value of this industry we must see that British scientific developments are translated into British industrial production as rapidly and as efficiently as possible.Amongst scientists in this country chemists are the most numerous class. There are probably not less than 15,000 persons who hold honours degrees in chemistry or the Fellowship or Associateship of the Institute. This is a goodly number but I doubt whether it is sufficient to man all the many posts available in Government and municipal employment here and abroad and in addition provide the needs of industry education and research. I forget which German scientist it was who remarked in the latter part of the last century that chemistry was at such a low ebb in England that the pharmacists were all called chemists. Certainly to-day that criticism would be completely without founda- tion but we can still afford to give more credit and recognition to our scientists in this country.I remember during the last war when I was supervising the work of a large number of chemists I protested against their wholly inadequate salaries of k125 per annum and was told that when they were worth more they would be paid more. Well those standards have certainly been improved upon but the scientist has not yet received the recognition as a partner in industry that he deserves. He is still in many cases looked upon as a sort of glorified laboratory assistant to be called in where there is a jam but otherwise relegated to the routine work of the laboratory. I believe the scientist has just asimportant a part to play in industry as the admin- istrator and that he should have an equal chance to influence and to advise as any other category of person.It is not a question of decorating the upper circles of industry by some outstanding scientific names but of integrating the scientific side in the general organisation in such a way that the scientist can make his full contribution to the whole development and progress of industrial production. We are in a scientific age in which our future prosperity will depend very largely upon the new ideas and methods that we can develop in our laboratories. Just as we recog- nise that this last war was largely a competition of scientific achievement between the warring nations so we must recognise that in the competition of peace-time industries our success will predominantly depend upon what we can achieve in the scientific field.The Royal Institute of Chemistry therefore has a great part to play as the inspirational centre of our efforts in chemical science whether in fundamental research at our univer- sities in education or in applied chemistry in our industries. I trust that you will go forward in full consciousness of that responsibility both to your members and to the people of our country with an evergrowing influence for good in our national life. The toast of “THEROYALINSTITUTE was then proposed by Lord OF CHEMISTRY” Samuel:-I have the honour to propose the toast of The Royal Institute of Chemistry. Your great organisation now with nearly 10,000 members is one outstanding example of the great network of voluntary institutions wholly independent of the State which helps so powerfully to knit together the social structure of this country.Further new insti- tutions are evolved to meet the changing needs of the times. If I have been chosen to have the honour of proposing this toast it is perhaps because I have had the privilege [SeI for the last four years of having been the President of one such institution-The Parlia-mentary and Scientific Committee. It was found that a closer link was needed between the scientists the Legislature and the Government; and that Committee was formed now numbering some 200 members of both Houses of Parliament and over sixty professional and industrial institutions dealing with various branches of applied science.I would express the thanks of the Committee to your own Institute for the leading part which it has taken in its activities. We in Britain have now to live on our wits. We can no longer depend upon the wealth of our coalfields; or the flying start in international competition which this country attained after the industrial revolution; or the annual subsidy which was derived from the interest on our great accumulation of investments abroad. We cannot say as the famous Lord Chesterfield of the 18th century is reported to have said in a speech in the House of Lords “Thank Heaven my Lords we here have something better than our brains to depend upon.” It is a commonplace that we are living in an age of transition.I suppose we always have been. I remember that Dean Inge once wrote-and he being a clergyman ought to know about these things “When our first parents left Paradise it is believed that Adam said to Eve My dear we are living in an age of transition.’ ” But it is probably true to say that never has the speed of transition been more rapid than to-day. Particularly is that likely to be so after the epoch-making discovery of the structure of the atom. In that province of science where chemistry and physics overlap and co-operate there may soon be revolutionary developments. It is a great misfortune that the practical application of nuclear energy should have first come about in the terrible form of the atomic bomb. This fact should not blind us to the possibilities that its later uses in providing an abundant and universal source of heat and motive power may prove to be of immeasurable benefit to the future generations of mankind.All through the ages it is toil which has been man’s oppressor. The machine is his liberator; with every increase in the availability of mechanical power the more fully will the burdens of brute labour be lightened. This discovery and its first application for the purposes of war has presented an ethical problem which is giving rise to widespread discussion. I had the advantage recently of attending a deeply interesting three-days’ Conference organised by the Association of Scientific Workers on the subject of “Science and the Welfare of Man-kind,” in which this was one of the principal matters of debate.I well remember walking one day more than twenty years ago on the hills near Jerusalem with Albert Einstein who was then my guest discussing some of these subjects when he said to me “The present troubles of the world are due to the fact that Science has advanced faster than Morals. When Morals catch up with Science then those troubles may pass.’’ The discussion arising out of the atomic bomb has largely turned upon the question of the degree of responsibility that rests upon scientists. My own view is that the scientist has his share of responsibility as a citizen but not any special responsibility as technician. Natural science as such deals with means and methods not with ends. It is not the province of the physicist or the chemist to declare to what uses his discoveries and inventions should be put.In a case such as this that is the business of the Government acting under the control of Parliament which in turn is under the control of the citizens. It is not a-matter for the conscience of the individual scientist to say whether or not any particular explosive should be used at all and if used on what occasion and with what object. And the ends to be sought in international politics or domestic politics or in economics are rather the province of philosophy and of religion. Perhaps I may also venture to address you in another capacity having had the honour of occupying the Presidency for a number of years of the British Institute of Philosophy. I know that the influence of philosophy in the modern world is not great and indeed that philosophy is much discredited in the eyes of the ordinary man.Partly that is due to the abstruseness and remoteness of much of its work and to the obscurity of presentation of which many past and contemporary writers on philosophy have been guilty. Partly also because very much philosophy consists of nothing more than the speculations and assertions of individual thinkers unsupported by proof. Mankind in general feels that it has been led by a priori systems of metaphysics and ethics down a blind alley. As a consequence there has been what has been called a “retreat from reason,” and a recourse to emotion and intuition as the ultimate guides. Hence the philosophy of Nietzsche Spengler Keyserling Rosenberg and the like in which Nazism had its roots and of which the flower was Hitler’s intuitions.I recall a declaration in one of Hitler’s speeches “I tread the path on which providence has set me with all the confident assurance of the somnambulist.” It was a path of blood and slaughter leading to the agonies of millions to the ruin of his country and to his own miserable death It is not along those lines that politics and economics should move c 87 3 but under the direction of the moral law founded upon a sound system of ethics. That in turn can only be the outcome of the co-operation of philosophy religion and science. The scientist must look to philosophy and religion to declare the ends that he should pursue. The philosopher must find in science his starting-point and the provision of means and method and in religion a spiritual and emotional inspiration.And unless the men of religion are steeped in science and in philosophy they are likely to be of little help to the modern world. It has become manifest that our civilisation will not be able to save its body unless it first finds the way to save its soul. It is that trinity of philosophy religion and science which will alone be able to lead us out of the present phase of moral and intellectual confusion into a civilisation that shall be tranquil satisfying and stable. Mr. President your guests are grateful for the invitation with which they have been honoured and will join your members in wishing growing strength and ever-increasing usefulness for The Royal Institute of Chemistry.Replying to the toast of The Institute Sir Robert Pickard thanked Lord Samuel for his address and expressed the hope that the practical wisdom which he had expounded would be of lasting benefit to mankind. The phenomenal growth of the Institute during the war period was not unrelated to the work of the retiring President Professor Findlay or to that of the former Registrar and Secretary Mr. R. B. PiIcher whom we were all pleased to see among us again. In endeavouring to develop the Institute in the best interests of the community successive Councils had aimed at securing that all members should not onIy possess a satisfactory knowledge of chemistry and its applica- tions but should also be willing to conform to a high standard of professional ethics.They had never stood for a closed profession for they felt that by a voluntary association of chemists in pursuit of the ideals of the Institute a stronger and better organisation could be built up for service to the public. MEMBERSHIP OF LOCAL SECTIONS The approximate number of members at present attached to each Local Section is given below. Section. No. of members. Aberdeen and North of Scotland . . .. .. .. 84 Belfast and District .. .. .. .. .. .. 62 Birmingham and Midlands .. Bristol and South-Westem Cointies .. Cardiff and District ...... Dublin and District .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ...**. 636 360 160 80 East Anglia East Midlands . . .. .. .. .. .. .-.. .. .. I. .. 98 366 Edinburgh and Eut of Scotlaid Glasgow and West of Scotland Huddersfield .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 246 488 120 Leeds Area .. *. .. .. . I 360 Liverpool and Nokh-Wekern Counties London and South-Eastern Counties .. .. .. .. *. .. 770 3461 Manchester and District .. .. .. .. 816 Newcastle and North-East CoGt South Wales (Swansea) .. South Yorkshire *. .. .. .. .. ,. .. .I .. .. .. .. .. .. 144 200 190 Tees-Side . .... Cape of Good Hope .. India .. .. .. ..*. .* .. .. .. .. ,. .. .. .. .. .. .. ** 165 68 356 New Zealand ,. .. a. .. a. .. .. 77 ACTlVlTJES OF LOCAl SECTIONS Aberdeen and North of Scotland.-On 22nd February with Dr. R. B. Strathdee in the Chair a meeting was addressed in the Chemistry Department of the University of Aberdeen by Dr.H. J. Barber of Messrs. Nay & Baker Ltd. DagEnham. The subject of Dr. Barber’s lecture was “Chernotherapy-Old Tactics and New. Following the discussion which ensued Jlr. J. E. Rowen expressed the appreciation of the audience which included guests irom the Aberdeen Pharmaceutical hssociation. Dr. R. B. Strathdee presided over a meeting on 27th March at which Professor S. Sugden F.R.S., zf University College London gave a lecture on “The Chemistry of the Hare Earths. A vote of thanks to the lecturer was proposed by Professor H. W. Melville F.R.S. Arrangements are being made for a joint meeting of Scottish Sections of the three Chartered Chemical Bodies to be held in Aberdeen on 24th and 25th May (see p. 119). Belfast and District.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in the Carlton Belfast on 29th March with Dr.E. hf. Reid in the Chair. The Financial Statement and Annual Report were received and adopted. The following office bearers were elected for next Session:-Chairman Dr. E. M. Reid; Hon. Treasurer Dr. W. Honneyman; Hon. Secretary Mr. C. S. McDowell; Committee Dr. T. Caughey Mr. P. Faichney. Mr. S. McConaghy and Dr. T.C. Shaw. Bristol and South-Western Counties.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in the Chemistry Department of the University of Bristol on 14thMarch Dr. T. Malkin Chairman of the Section presiding. The =on. Secretary presented his report for 1945-46 and the financial statement to 31st December 1945 and on the motion of Blr. W. H. Simmons seconded by Mr.F. E. Needs these Rere adopted. Mr. H. S. Howes and Dr. H. J. Willavoys were elected Hon. Auditors for 1946-47 The Chairman then announced that no nominations having been received from the Section the Committee had nominated him (being available for re-election) and Mr. B. W‘.E. Minifie FeZZow to fill the vacancies on the Committee and had also elected Mr. W. J. Carter Associate to fill a casual vacancy caused by the removal of Mr. A. J. Balfour to another Section. Mr. F. P. Hornby was reelected as Hon. Secretary and Treasurer. In addition to the four members here mentioned the Section Committee for 1946-47 includes Dr. H. Martin Mr. F. E. Needs and Mr. W. H. Simmons. A vote of thanks to the University of Bristol for allowing the Section to hold its meetings in the Chemistry Department was proposed by the Chairman and carried with acclamation.The meeting then proceeded to a discussion of the amended Rules of the Section suggested by the Committee. These were adopted for submission to the Council for approval. Cardiff and District.-A meeting of the Section was held jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry and the Chemical Society at University College Cardiff on 22nd February when Ur. J. H. Quastel F.R.S. i7lember of Council gave an address on “New Investigations in Soil Biochemistry.” The Chairman Mr. W.D. Williams welcomed the return of Dr. Quastel to Cardiff where his work on soil metabolism is to be continued. A meeting was held jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry at the Technical College Newport on 13th March when Mr.H. W.Cremer lectured on “Some Modem Trends in the Chemical and Allied Industries” (for summary see p. 101). A meeting of the Society of Chemical Industry was held jointly with the Section in Cardiff on 22nd March. Mr. N. J. L. Meg;son gave an address on “Production and Application of Plastics in the War Effort. Rlr. A. Webster took the Chair. Dublin and District.-Dr. A. G. G. Leonard has relinquished office as Hon. Secretary of the Section after over a quarter of a century of devoted service in this capacity. At the Annual General Meeting of the Section held on 27th March Mr. H. D. Thornton was appointed as his successor. Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-Since the last report three meetingsof the Section have been held jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry and local members of the Chemical Society.I89J On 24th January Dr. L. H. Lamyitt spoke on “Science and Pood,” A short summary of his address was published in Chemistry and Industry of 2nd March 1946 p. 99. On 22nd February Prof. E. L. Hirst F.R.S. spoke on “Some Problems of Poly- saccharide Chemistry.” An account of this lecture will be found in Chemistry and Industry of 9th March 1946 p. 110. Dr. W. G. Ogg Director of the Rothamsted Experimental Station lectured on 22nd March on the subject “Trace Elements in Agriculture.” An account of this lecture is shortly to be published in Chemistry and Industry. Thislast lecture brought to a close what has proved to be a most successful session the average attendance of members having been considerably in excess of 100.Glasgow and West of Scotland.-A meeting of the Section Committee was held on 15th March when plans were discussed for the forthcoming Session. Consequent upon the alteration in the financial year now closing on 31st December the Annual General Meeting of the Section will not be held until the spring of 1947. It is hoped however to hold a private meeting for members in October 1946 and other meetings suggested included the Ramsay Chemical Dinner (see p. 106) the Tatlock Memorial Lecture and a refresher lecture. It is hoped that support will be given to the joint summer meeting in Aberdeen in May (see p. 119). It is also hoped to arrange works visits for members of the Section during the coming months.Huddersfie1d.-At a meeting on 5th February under the Chairmanship of Mr. T. A. Simmons Dr. A. G. J. Lipscomb of John Mackintosh Ltd. Halifax gave a talk entitled “Statistics and the Chemist” (for summary see p. 100). The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 19th March Mr. T. A. Simmons presiding. The reports of the Hon. Secretary and Hon. Treasurer were read and approved. Mr. H. S. Pink and Mr. D. Hanson were elected to the vacancies on Committee occasioned by the retirement of Mr. H. S. Peacocke and Mr. C. Lumb. The Officers and Committee for the current session are as follows:-Chairman Mr. T. A. Simmons; Hon. Treasurer Dr. H. H. Goldthorpe; Hon. Secretary Dr. E. €3. Goodyear; Committee Mr.L. G. Cratchley Mr. H. S. Pink Mr. D. Hanson Dr. A. E. Everest (Memberof Council) Dr. H. H. Hodgson (Member of Council). Follo.wing the business meeting members and lady guests were entertained to a show of scientific films provided by the Ministry of Inf:;mation including “The Story of D.D.T.,” “Penicillin” and “Factors of Soil Fertility. Leeds Area.-A meeting of the Section was held at the University of Leeds on 11th February Professor F. Challenger presiding. The Section learned with great regret of the illness of the Chairman Mr. H. M. Mason and recorded an expression of sympathy and good wishes for his speedy recovery. Dr. A. E. Everest lectured on “Problems of Un-nitratable Products in Benzol and Toluol.” The subject which was concerned with the processing of a very important -war material aroused great interest and a lengthy discussion followed.Liverpool and North-Western.-The policy of joint meetings between the Liverpool Sections of the Royal Institute of Chemistry the Society of Chemical Industry the Chemical Society and the British Association of Chemists has been continued and has resulted in good total attendances although it is difficult to assess the relative attendances from the separate societies. On Saturday afternoon 3rd November the Society of Chemical Industry arranged a meeting in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre University of Liverpool with the North- Western Branch of the Institution of Chemical Engineers at which Mr. T. Wallace read a paper entitled “Starting up a New Chemical Factory.” The postponed Annual General Meeting of the Liverpool Section preceded the paper; officers and committee were declared elected and prizes in the gift of the Section distributed.A discussion followed the paper to which Messrs. McKillop E. T. Williams Briggs Bott Talbot and others contributed whilst Mr. A. Rees-Jones proposed and Dr. L. j.Burrage seconded a vote of thanks to Mr. Wallace. The Chemical Society in conjunction with the University of Liverpool Chemical Society arranged a meeting on 15th November in the Muspratt Lecture Theatre University of Liverpool. Prof. \Y.C. AT. Lewis F.K.S. was in the Chair. Mr. R. P. Bell F.R.S. of the University of Oxford discussed “The Structure of the Boron Hydrides and Related Compounds.” Dr.A. K. Holiday proposed and Mr. Mills on behalf of the University Chemical Society seconded a vote of thanks to the lecturer. [903 A meeting organised by the British Association of Chemists was heId on 18th January in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre University of Liverpool; Mr. H. Hutt was Chairman in the absence of Mr. V. Biske. A demonstration under the title “Molecular- Orientation of Fibres” was given by Mr. J. M. Preston of the Manchester College of Technology. Elastic properties due to local crystalization or orientation were shown in severaI fibres under appropriate conditions and models representing the structure of fibres were demonstrated. Messrs. Hutt Williams Wild Barker and Myer contributed to a discussion and Mr. Elwes on behalf of the Institute proposed and Mr.Barker seconded the vote of thanks to Mr. Preston. The annual social event was held on 10th January in Reece’s Restaurant Parker Street Liverpool. Dinner commenced at 6 p.m. and a photograph was taken of the assembled company (87). An entertainment arranged by Mr. H. Weatherall followed and consisted mainly of items by members of the Institute; a major contribution was a puppet or marionette show staged by Nr. and Mrs. J. Loudon. A meeting in Wigan was arranged by Mr. A. Cooksey on Saturday afternoon 3rd November in the Mining and Technical CoIlege Library Street. Mr. E. J. Bowen, F.R.S. lectured on “Absorption of Light.’’ Similarly Dr. J. Chatt arranged a meeting in Widnes on 13th December in the Municipal Technical College Victoria Street.The Principal welcomed the Institute to Widnes and Mr. B. D. W. Luff gave an entertaining but sometimes serious lecture entitled “Chemistry in Literature.’’ Dr. Gregory proposed and Dr. Chatt seconded the vote of thanks. London and South-Eastern Counties.-At a joint meeting with the London Branches of the Association of Scientific Workers and the British Association of Chemists on 16th January in the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine W.C.1 Dr. L. Ivanovszky editor of Petroleum gave a stimulating lecture on “The Present and Future Roles of the Technical Press,” in which he analysed the present position and indicated possible methods of effecting improvements. At Cambridge on 8th February a joint meeting with the East Anglia Section and the Cambridge University Chemical Society was addressed by the President Professor Alexander Findlay on “The Organisation of Chemists.” The President gave an interesting account of the origin and development of the Chemical Society the Royal Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry culminating in the forma- tion of the Chemical Council.The appreciation of the large audience was emphasised by the wide variety of questions and comments which followed the discourse. At the Pharmaceutical Society W.C.1 on 20th February Dr. H. J-T. Ellingham received a warm welcome on the occasion of his first lectnre to any Section of the Institute since his appointment as Secretary. Dr. Ellinghain gave a lucid exposition of thermodynamics applied to chemical problems under the title “Chemical Affinity Data and their Industrial Applications.” An appreciative audience contributed to a brisk discussion.At the annual joint meeting with the London and Home Counties Branch of the Institute of Physics on 20th March at the Royal Institution W.l a discussion was held to provide an opportunity for chemists and physicists to exchange views on “Polar Molecules and Dielectric Problems.” Dr. S. Whitehead (Institute of Physics) intro- duced the discussion with an account of the theoretical ideas associated with the behaviour of dipoles in electric fields;. He was followed by Mr. A. J. Maddock (Institute of Physics) who described and demonstrated the heating effects produced in dielectrics by high frequency electrical stresses.Mr. N J. L. Megson (Royal Institute of Chemistry) then outlined the relationships between properties and constitution of plastics. A vigorous and profitable discussion ensued. Manchester and District-A Ladies’ Evening was organised on 29th November 1945 at the Engineers’ Club Manchester. Mr. Arthur Carroll gave a lecture on “Chemistry and Cosmetics.” This was followed by light refreshments and an exhibition of newer plastic materials for use in the home. Although the rooms were somewhat overcrowded all appeared to enjoy themselves. The Secretary had had regret-fulIy to inform some 200 members that their applications for admittance had arrived too late. A joint meeting with the Chemical Society was held on 7th December 1945 when Professor J.M. Robertson F.R.S. gave a paper on “The Principles of Crystal Analysis.” At a further joint meeting with the Chemical Society on 24th January 1946 Dr. W. A. Waters gave a paper on “Some Aspects of the Chemistry of Free Radicals.” The returns to the questionnaire which was circulated to members during September 1945 were presented by Dr. D. A. Harper and Dr. E. Isaacs at a meeting held on 7th c911 February at the Engineers Club with Mr. J. T.Marsh in the Chair. Some 150 members were present and a lively discussion ensued. The following resolutions were passed unanimously (u) That a report on the result should be sent to Council and to all Sections of the Institute (b) That Council be requested to repeat the Manchester questionnaire (with the exception of the questions on families) to the whole country.It is hoped that it will shortly be possible to publish a full report on the results of the questionnaire in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. At a joint meeting with the Society of Chemical Industry and the Chemical Society held on 27th February Dr. C. J. T. Cronshaw a Director of Imperial Chemical Industries Limited gave a paper on “What Industry expects from the Chemist.” Mr. J. T. Marsh Chairman of the Manchester Section presided and some 130 members were present. An interesting discussion took place. A vote of thanks was proposed by Dr. Withers representing the Chemical Society and was seconded by Dr. Gysin, representing the Society of Chemical Industry.On 16th March at the Central Reference Library Manchester the Second Dalton Lecture was given by Sir Jack Drummond F.R.S. on “Chemistry and Food.” Mr. J. T. Marsh was in the Chair and some 250-300 members attended. A vote of thanks proposed by Dr. Wilkinson and seconded by Dr. Gillam was carried with acclamation. South Wales.4n Ist February members of the Section participated in a joint meeting arranged by the South Wales Section of the Society of Chemical Industry which was held in the Royal Institution of South Wales Swansea Mr. R. B. Southall presiding. Dr. R. T. Colgate lectured on “Technics of Tins.” On 9th March members attended by invitation of the Swansea and District Metallurgical Society a meeting held in the Guildhall Swansea when Fofessor Sir Lawrence Bragg F.R.S.lectured on “Some Problems of the Metallic State. Capt. H. Leighton Davies presided. A meeting was held jointly with the University College of Swansea Chemical Society on 14th March at the University College Swansea with Dr. L. E. Hinkel in the Chair. Dr. L. Ellis delivered a lecture on “Microchemical Methods.” The lecture wasillustrated by exhibits of micro-apparatus and demonstrations of spot tests precipitation on a microscope slide and chromatographic analysis. Tees-Side.-The first joint meeting of the three Chartered bodies on Tees-Side took place on 9th February when Dr. G. M.Bennett the Government Chemist lectured and demonstrated on “Liquid Crystals.” A large audience loudly acclaimed the demonstrations which were particularly striking and the thanks of the Local Section are due to Mr.Harries and Dr. Vickers of I.C.I. (Billingham Division) for their help in making the demonstrations possible. The Meeting which was presided over by Mr. A. J. Prince was held in Norton Hall by courtesy of the Directors of I.C.I. (Billing- ham Division). Dr. Christie (Chemical Society) and Mr. Myers (S.C.I.) proposed and seconded the vote of thanks. On 7th March Mr. B. S. Cooper of the Research Laboratories The General Electric Company lectured on “Electron Microscopy” (for summary see p. 100). This Meeting took place at the Illilliarn Newton School Norton-on-Tees. Mr. Cooper’s lecture was followed by a demonstration of some of the experimental technique used in the preparation of samples.Cape of Good Hope.-The arrangements for the holding of joint meetings by the three chemical societies in the Cape namely the Cape Chemical and Technological Society the Western Province branch of the South African Chemical Institute and the Cape Section of the Institute are working smoothly. At a meeting held in Cape Town on 3rd August 1946 under the auspices of the Cape Chemical and Technological Society Mr. Bowen of Cable and Plastics Ltd. spoke on “Plastics Insulation for Cables.” On 23rd of August 1946 a meeting arranged by the South African Chemical Institute was held in the drawing office of the Cape Explosive Works Ltd. Somerset West. Mr. J. Bergman gave a lecture on “Acid Resisting Cements.” Two meetings were held in September 1946.The first was in the Chemistry Department University of Cape Town Rondebosch on 7th September Mr. F. E. A. Leibbrandt presiding. The speaker was Dr.H. Coblans who gave a most informative and interestin address on “The Organisation of Scientific Literature with more special reference to &emistry.” The second meeting was arranged by the South Alrican F921 Chemical Institute and was held at Somerset West on 12th September. Dr.C. B.0. Mohr gave a very lucid and entertaining lecture on “Atomic Fission.” A large auqience braved the inclement weather to listen to this topical subject A meeting organised by the South African Chemical Institute was held at the University of Cape Town on 10th October 1046. Dr. R. J. Nel Government Ento-mologist spoke on “Some New and Interesting Insecticides,” covering a wide field giving a classification of the various insect poisons and methods of application and dealing at some length with D.D.T.and Gammexane. The lecture was followed by a lengthy and interesting discussion. On 2nd November 1945 members of the Cape Section of the Institute were invited to attend a “Founder’s Evening” held by the Cape Chemical and Technological Society. The speaker of the evening was Professor B. de St. J. van der Riet who discussed “The Problems arising from a Study of Plant Products especially Essential Oils in the Western Province of the Cape. A highly successful meeting was held under the auspices of the Cape Section of the Institute on 23rd November 1945 in the Chemistry Department University of Cape Town.The speaker was Mr. J. E. Worsdale whose subject was “Some Peculiarities of Sand.” The lecture which was illustrated by a number of novel experiments provoked a lively discussion. The final meeting of the year was arranged by the South African Chemical Institute and was held at Somerset West on 7th December 1945. Dr. P. C. Carman spoke on “Plastics.” India.-The Annual Meeting of the Section was held at Bangalore on 3rd January during the session of the Indian Science Congress. In the absence of the Chairman Dr. C. Forrester and the Hon. Secretary Mr. K. B. Sen the Chair was taken by Dr. G. J. Fowler Hon.Corresponding Secretary of the Institute in India and Hon. Secretary of the Institute’s Indian Advisory Committee.In a printed memorandum which had previously been circulated to members and was read at the meeting Dr. Forrester referred to discussions that he had had with the officers and members of Council of the Institute during his visit to London in 1945 and put forward his views on the future of the Indian Section in the following terms:- “There should be a strong central Sectional Committee for India with several Local Representatives acting as Local Branch Secretaries authorised to organise meetings of Fellows and Associates for social purposes and to discuss technical papers such meetings to be held as far as possible consistent with our constitution in conjunction with other related societies (Indian Chemical Society Institution of Chemists Society of Soil Chemists and also other societies not having branches in India).This is of course in accordance with decisions already come to at previous Annual Meetings. For some time to come there can probably be only one Section in India-at least until we have had time to settle down after the war and the Honorary Secretary can classify geographically the members whose particulars have just arrived from London. There will I imagine be many movements of members due to the curtailment of war activities and I put forward the suggestion that it may take say two years before a more or less permanent peace- time re-settlement has taken place and we can with confidence judge whether more than one Section can function efficiently under the Constitution of the Institute.“If that view is acceptable to members then the Section’s office bearers might for the present consist of the Chairman the Local Branch Representatives selected this year on a geographicaI basis after scrutiny of the card index and the Honorary Secretary. This proposal would not of course preclude the election of any particular Fellow or Associate to the Central Committee. The method of selection of Branch Representa- tives is difficult to define at present I suggest that the Secretary and the Chairman along with the Chairman of the Indian Advisory Committee might address two or three senior Fellows in each area where there are sufficient members to justify formation of a Branch (asdistinct from a Section) asking them to call a meeting of the members resident within their area for the purpose of electing the Local Representative.“Members of the Indian Section of the Institute can by frequent Branch meetings (especially in co-operation with sister societies) do much to make better known to their fellow chemists the status of the Institute as the supreme qualifying body for the profession of chemistry. “They can also by example (a) aid in looking after the interests of the chemical profession in India (b) maintain a high standard of quality of work and of integrity and collectively as a Section,act asa liaison body of professional chemists in their relations with governments and pubfic authorities. In discussing this point in London I was reminded that the Institute must not be regarded as in any sense of the term a Trade r 93J Union.It can by dignified approach to governments and to industrial associations do much to establish proper recognition of the value (including of course the monetary value) of its members to the country. And there is nothing to prevent the Honorary Secretary from making appropriate representations on behalf of the profession. Among other activities the Honorary Secretary could with adequate staff maintain an Appoint- ments Register and also a Directory of Consultants. “The social side of the Institute’s activities must be kept well to the front for it is largely as a result of social contacts between fellow scientists that the spirit of scientific and technical enquiry and research is fostered. We in India have as a rule too few opportunities for meeting each other.“I discussed the matter of holding the Institute’s examination in India. Even in Britain this is a matter of the strictest investigation by the Council and it is by no means an easy matter for an educational institution to be allowed to hold examinations or even to train men for them. I think the majority of candidates for election to the Associateship would prefer ultimately to be able to say that they had obtained the qualifiation by examination and I think that examination is preferable to the present system. By more frequent meetings with each other we should learn much more of each other’s institutions and better judge their potential ability to train and even examine for the Institute’s examinations.” Dr.Fowler gave explanatory comments on certain aspects of the memorandum especially with regard to conditions of admission to the Associateship and the Fellowship and to the status of these qualifications and a useful discussion ensued. The Hon. Secretary’s report for the previous year was received and adopted. This report contained the following provisional classification of members of the Section on a geographical basis :-Bombay 82; Madras 71; Punjab (including Delhi) 51; Bengal 48; United Provinces 41; Bikar 16; Assam 7; Ceylon 2; other regions (including Central India) 19; making a total of 337. The recently received up-to-date list of members of the Institute in India from which this classification has been made should make possible an attempt to organise a strong Local Section for India with branches at various important centres as envisaged by Dr.Forrester. Dr. C. Forrester was appointed Chairman and Dr. K. B. Sen Hon. Secretary of the Section for 1926 with power to co-opt one or two members at their discretion to form a Section Committee. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL COUNCIL Abstract of Minutes of the Meeting held on 20th February 1946. 1. The Chemical Society has appointed Professor C. N. Hinshelwood to serve on the Council in place of Dr. M. P. Applebey and Dr. D. W. Kent- Jones as Honorary Treasurer of the Royal Institute of Chemistry becomes an ex-oj’icio member of the Council in place of Mr. J. C. White. 2. It was reported that the Chemical Society were unable to accede to the Council’s request for the publication in the Proceedings of the Chemical Society of alist of books prepared by the Librarian from German Publishers Lists of German chemical literature published since 1939 owing to paper restrictions but that a list would be available in the Library in due course for consultation.3. The annual report of the Joint Library Committee and the Report of. the Joint 4. Joint Student Facilities under the Joint Suscription Scheme were granted to Library Committee of the 13th February were received. thirteen applicants. Abstract of Minutes of the Meeting on 20th March 1946:-The Council received from Dr. Hamilton McCombie a list of those German books published during the war dealing with chemistry in its widest sense which he had prepared with the assistance of the Librarian of the Chemical Society.It was agreed that copies of the list should be printed by the Council. The Council discussed among other things matters relating to a scientific centre for Chemistry the Joint Subscription Scheme and publicity for Chemistry. Joint Student Facilities under the Joint Subscription Scheme were granted to five applicants . SUMMARIES OF LECTURES THE CHOICE OF PHOTOGRAPHIC MATERIALS FOR SCIENTIFIC PURPOSES By H. BAINES, D.Sc. F.R.I.C. F.K.P.S. [Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast Sections 12th October 1945.1 The beh,rt;viour of a photographic material is normally represented by the “Character- istic Curve. This is obtained by plotting the density (i.e.the logarithm of the recipro- cal of the transmission) against the logarithm of the exposure (i.e. the product of intensity of illumination and time of exposure). The characteristic curve is not however characteristic of the material alone; it depends upon the conditions of exposure pro- cessing and drying and also upon the particular way in which the density is measured. The effects of variation in duration and temperature of development and in the com- position of the developer are fairly well known; but it is not generally realised that exposure factors such as the colour and intensity of the light source profoundly affect the characteristic curve according to the colour sensitivity reciprocity failure and other characteristics of the photographic material.The colour may not only affect the position of the curve on the log. exposure axis but the photographic contrast may be changed in a manner dependent on the relative colour sensitivities of the different constituents of the emulsion and by the relative diffusion and absorption of light of different wave-lengths by the emulsion. The manufacture of variable-contrast papers utilises some of these factors. For many years the available photographic emulsions were sensitive only to the blue and ultra-violet spectral regions a property which whilst sometimes of value to the scientific worker gave false rendering of colour in monochrome and difficulty in recording clouds in landscape negatives. Vogel, in 1873,remedied this deficiency by bathing ordinary plates in a solution of “corallin” to give “orthochromatic” plates sensitive also to green light.Modern emulsions are sensitised by the addition of cyanine dyes giving “panchromatic” materials sensitive to all visible radiation and plates are made which are sensitive to infra-red radiation down to a wavelength of 12,000A. With this extensive range of colour sensitivity it is now possible to utilise effectively colour filters for the adjustment of colour sensitivity to give correct tone reproduction of colours to accentuate colour contrast or to emphasise details of some chosen colour in the object photographed. This technique is of considerable service in photomicrography as for example of stained specimens. In choosing colour sensitive material for such purposes it should be remembered that the conveniently made wedge spectrogram of the material gives relative and not absolute indications of the spectral sensitivity.The absorption of ultra-violet radiation by gelatin which is substantially opaque below 2,30OA assumes great importance in the photography of the ultra-violet as for example in the spectrographic analysis of metals. Below 3,100A the image is confined to the surface and its gumma (the slope of the linear portion of the characteristic curve) is low and approximately constant but towards the longer wave-length region the gumma &es until it reaches its white light value. Sensitivity of the emulsion for radiation below wavelength 2,300A is attained only by eliminating the gelatin (Schumann plates) or by the use of a fluorescent coating.Gelatin and silver salts are comparatively transparent to X-rays and X-ray films are normally coated on both sides to increase their speed and contrast increased speed may be attained by using contact fluorescent screens in order to utilise the sensitivity of the emulsion to blue light. In recent years colour films have become available and their importance and convenience for record purposes e.g. with medical subjects should not be overlooked. Their speed is comparable with that of normal film. The intensity level of the light also affects the shape and position of the character- istic curve. An ideal photographic material will obey the Bunsen-Roscoe Law of Photochemical Equivalence and give a constant density when processed under constant conditions for similar exposures made by brief exposure to high intensity radiation or long exposure at low intensity.Most commercial photographic materials however show “reciprocity failure” at high and at low intensities with an optimal intensity at which the photographic effect proceeds at maximum efficiency; the optimal intensity r 95 3 fortunately approximates to that utilised in outdoor exposures. These features com-plicate photographic photometry and exposure calculations and they are important in the photographic integration of low intensities as in stellar photography and Raman spectrography. The effects of reciprocity failure may be large and not always related to the speed of the sensitive material for this reason the prospective user should in- variably test the material under the proposed exposure conditions.Other features of the characteristic curve which requires consideration in a proper application of the sensitive material are contrast speed maximum density and fog. Contrast is often measured by gamma:the actual contrast of a negative depends also on its average density and it thus varies with exposure. The interpretation of emulsion speed from the characteristic curve has been and is still largely controversiaI for normal outdoor photography it is now generalIy agreed that it should be measured by the minimum exposure required to produce a “perfect print.” Because photographic emulsions are suspensions of silver halide of various particle sizes in a getatine medium diffusion of the image can occur to an extent which is influenced by the sideways scatter and absorption of light.The image diffusion is not always undesirable; it is utilised for example in well-established methods of stellar photometry based on measurements of the relative diameters of photographic images of stars. The resolution given by the emulsion may be greatly increased by addition of a yellow dye in certain applications. In microphotometry of the developed photographic image the disturbing effects of light scatter granularity and the resolving power of the photometer are of importance and it is essential that the limitations imposed by the photometer as distinct from those of the photographic material should be adequately appreciated.Graininess of the negative may be reduced within limits by choice of developer but generally at the expense of contrast and speed. The resistance of the emulsion layer to swelling or “melting” by the action of aqueous soIutions at normal or relatively high temperatures-a property termed “hardness” in the photographic industry-is an important feature of emulsions. It influences the tendency of the emulsion to “reticulation” caused by drastic temperature or concentra- tion changes during processing and to the slight local displacements of the gelatin described as “creep.” The former defect is readily avoided by proper processing; the latter which js normally unimportant has to be considered in for example astronomical measurements. The various types of plastics and paper sheet which are the conventional bases or supports for photographic emulsions are all subject to some form of slight distortion according to the manner in which the material is used.Uniform dimensional changes resulting from processing are not usually of great importance because they may readily be corrected in reproduction or accurate allowance can be made for them as in crystalIographic analysis. Differential distortion involving unequal changes in different directions in the material requires special consideration. For maximum precision of reproduction it is preferable to use rigid base materials such as glass or metal as exemplified in modern techniques of template reproduction or map-making from aerial photographs.DETERGENTS By T. W. BREADEN, M.Sc. A.R.I.C. [Dublin and District Section 23rd January 1946 ] The precise mechanism of detergent activity is not yet completely understood. Detergents are surface-active substances which possess the properties primarily of wetting emulsifying and dispersing “dirt.” They are characterised by the presence in the molecule of a hydrophobic group which is normally of a long chain paraffin nature and a hydrophilic group which may or may not be polar in nature. The position of the hydrophilic group and the relative number of hydrophobic and hydro- philic groups are determining factors for the activity of the substance as a detergent. Detergents and wetting agents may be divided into three main classes. The first class which is the most important for ordinary detergent purposes is the anion-active type of molecule.This class includes soaps and sulphated and sulphonated materials. If the polar group is a carboxyl salt as in soaps then the product is soluble only in neutral or alkaline media and the calcium and magnesium salts are insoluble. If on the other hand the hydrophilic group is the sodium salt of a sulphuric acid ester. then the calcium and magnesium salts are soluble and the detergent is effective in hard waters. Modern detergents of the sulphated alcohol type have been developed from the old “Turkey Red” type of wetting agent and from Cochenhausen’s discovery of the sulphuric acid esters of cetyl and ceryl alcohol in 1897. r 96 I In view of the world shortage of fats the production of synthetic detergents from by-products of the petroleum industry is of importance.These petroleum sulphated alcohols are described as having the structure \CHOSOSNa with the solubilising RJ group intermediate between two paraffin chains An important type of wetting agent are the long chain esters of the monosulphonic acid salt of succinic acid. The second main class of detergents and wetting agents is the cation-active type. This class is not of paramount importance for ordinary detergent purposes. owing chiefly to the sign of the charge but substances ofthis type are of importance medicinally as antiseptics and bactericides. They are of three main types structurally:- (a) Quaternary ammonium salts such as cetyltrimethylammonium bromide.(b) Derivatives of pentavalent cyclic nitrogenous bases such as cetylpyridinium chloride. Substances of the latter type are of interest as finishing agents for textiles. (c) Derivatives of heterocylic bases such as iminazoles. The third class of detergents and wetting agents is the non-ionogenic type and the most important are the products obtained by condensing long chain alcohols with ethylene oxide. Products of this type are very flexible in preparation as the ratio of solubilising group to hydrophobic group may be 1-aried at wi1L Amongst some unusual applications of synthetic detergents may be mentioned the use of sodium laurylsulphate in the treatment of peptic ulcers; and the use of a wetting agent of this type in the manufacture of concrete roads.THE CHEMISTRY OF PENICILLIN By WILSON MA.,DSc. F.R.I.C.,F.R.S. BAKER [Bristol and South-Western Counties Section 7th February 19461 The history of penicillin dates from 1929 when Sir Alexander Fleming observed that the growth of the mould PeniciZZium notaturn produced an anti-bacterial culture fluid which was not more toxic than the original culture medium. The anti-bacterial properties were ascribed to the presence of a chemical compound which was termed penicillin. In 1932 it was shown that penicillin could be produced in a purely synthetic medium and that it was a very labile acid which could be extracted with ether from an acidified aqueous solution. A number of years later an intensive study of the produc- tion isolation and purification of penicillin was begun in the Sir William Dunn School ofPathology at Oxford and the chemical investigation was carried out there and in the Dyson Perrins Laboratory.Subsequently many university and technical laboratories both in this country and in the United States of America took up the chemical investiga- tion,of penicillin and the story of this great co-operative effort has recently been told in Nature. The investigation of the chemistry of this chemically as well as biologically remark- able compound was made difficult in the early stages of the work because there was no means of knowing the purity ofthe material. The penicillin salts then available were all amorphous; the crystalline salts were prepared only much later when the main features of the molecule had been established.It was soon proved that penicillin contained nitrogen and later the presence of sulphur in the molecule was proved. A number of different natural penicillins are now known which differ in the nature of one particular grouping in the molecule. Penicillin-I (I; K = C,Hg) prepared by surface culture is a mocobasic acid con- taining two non-basic nitrogen atoms and one atom of sulphur. It is isomerised by treatment with cold dilute acid into the well crystalline penillic acid (11; R = C,H,), CJIm0,N,S the molecular formula of which is therefore also that of penicillin. Hydro-lysis with hot dilute acid gives one molecule of carbon dioxide one molecule of peni-cUamhe which is d-/3 p-dimethylcysteine (CH,),C(SH) .CH(NH2).C02H and one molecule of penilloaldeh y de AB-n-hexenoylaminoacet aldehyde CH,.CH,.CH :CH.C&.CO.NH.CH,.CHO.The carbon dioxide derives from penaldic acid the a-carboxy derivative of penilloalde-hyde CH,.CH,.CH CH.CH,.CO.NH.CH(CHO) .CO,H and the penicillamine carboxyl has been established as the free-carboxyl group of penicillin. Penillic acid contains a fused thiazolidine and dihydroiminazole system and behaves like penicillin on hydrolysis ; pedlarnine derived from it by decarboxylation with mercuric chloride is an iminazole containing a free thiol poup (III; R = GH,) and is not bydrolysed by boilin with acid. Treatment of penicillin with alkali gives a dicarboxylic acid, pnic&oic acid formed by hydrolysls of the &lactam linkage and the same type of lQ71 reaction occurs when salts of penicillin are treated with methyl alcohol and benzyhmine.Most of these degradation and transformation products of penicillin have been pre-pared synthetically. The various penicillins differ in the nature of the radical R in the penaldic acids R.CO.NH.CH(CH0).CO,H. For example in penicillin-I R is C,H ; in penicillin-11 R is benzyl; in penicillin-111 R is p-hydroxybenzyl. As a result of a long series of researches carried out both in this country and in the U.S.A. the structure of the penicillins has been established as the fused thiazolidine &lactam ring system (I). Its ready isomerisation in presence of acids to give periillic acid (11) involves a novel intramolecular change for which there is no analogy in chemical literature.Me,C-CH-CO,H Me,G-CH-CO,H Me,G--CH-CO,H II I s\ /N\ \CH ?O ZH 'C-R d~ 'GR 'id I Much valuable information about the detailed structure of the penicillins has come irom purely physical studies and an outstanding contribution has been made by the X-ray crystallographical analysis of salts of penicillin-11 which has finally established the correctness of the jl-lactam structure (1). PENlClLLlN By J. B. M. COPPOCK BSc. Ph.D. F.R.I.C. [East Midlands Section at Derby 10th January 1946.1 The mould Peniciltitcm notalum grows aerobically and produces penicillin over a wide range of oxygen pressures. The temperature range of optimum growth is 2046°C. depending on the mould strain. Penicillin production is greatly influenced by the constitution of the medium and its hydrogen ion concentration being a maximum at about pH 7.Early work on media was directed towards modifying the Czapek-Dox medium to increase its penicillin producing properties and casein hydrolysate was found to contain growth stimulating factors. Synthetic media containing this hydro- lysate yielded titres of 40 Oxford u1iitslc.c. On replacing the hydrolysate by corn steep liquor a by-product of the starch industry Coghill and Moyer doubled and even quadrupled the titres obtained with a synthetic medium. Successful growth requires the maintenance of sterility an adequate sugar source (preferably lactose) a nitrogen source growth stimulating factors a suitable strain of Penicillizcm notatum and carefully controlled temperature; given these conditions penicillin production is primarily a function of surface area of the medium per unit volume and of composition the growth cycle depending on these two factors.Certain substances can under suitable conditions further enhance the beneficial effect of corn steep liquor examples of such stimulants being phenylacetic acid and p-phenylethyla- mine. There are no chemical methods for the detection and assay of penicillin but several bacteriological methods have been developed such as the Oxford cup or ring plate method. The operations involved in the commercial production of penicillin by the surface culture method are as follows:-(1) Preparation of the medium and filling into bottles; (2) bottle sterilisation cooling and transport into incubators; (3) inoculation and incuba- tion; (4) harvesting and bottle washing; (5) extraction of penicillin concentrate as the sodium or calcium salt from the harvest liquor; (6)preparation of the dry sterile salt incorporating sterile filtration and freeze drying.In a factory producing about 10,000 mega units (1 mega unit = lo6 Oxford units) of penicillin per month about 70,000 quart milk bottles each containing 200-250 C.C. of medium are filled per day. The medium is prepared in large stirred vessels fed into mechanical bottle-filling machines which discharge the correct volume of medium into 8 clean quart milk bottles simultaneously. After filling the bottles are placed in crates and forwarded to the sterilisers during which time each bottle is plugged with cotton wool.80 crates are stacked in each steriliser and are heated by live steam under 1983 a pressure of 10 ib. sq. in. for 30 minutes. The pressure is then slowly released and the crates removed to a cooling area covered with cloths impregnated with disinfectant and allowed to cool for 16 hours; they are then transferred to incubators. Precautions are taken during transference and subsequent bottle stacking to prevent bacterial contamin- ation. Before inoculation the bottIes are allowed to attain thc appropriate incubator temperature and the whole area adjacent is sprayed with antiseptic. Spray inoculation is then carried out by operatives wearing sterile clothing and taking the most rigid aseptic precautions.The spores used for inoculation are stored in sterile containers and are connected to sterile spray guns operated by compressed air. Each bottle of medium receives about 0.5 C.C. of spore suspension containing 3-5 x 108 spores/c.c. introduced during the momentary removal of the sterile cotton wool plug. The incubators are maintained at constant temperature and suitable humidity by the use of an air con- ditioning plant. Growth then proceeds the mycelium after 9 or 10 days comprising a corrugated felt showing blue-grey spores on the upper surface while the metabolic fluid has a yellow-brown colour. During this growth period regular bacterial examina- tion of the air and fittings of the incubator is made together with inspection of the bottles for the presence of contaminants.When growth is complete the bottles are removed and the contents harvested. The felt is burned and the bottles are re-cycled through the washing machines. The culture fluid is pumped into enamel-lined cast iron jacketed vessels and rapidly cooled to just above freezing point. The fluid is then clarified by mixing with a smaU amount of kieselguhr and pumped through a filter press thus rendering it suitable for the extraction process. There are two main methods of extraction (1)solvent extraction at an acid pH using for example amyl acetate followed by vacuum concentration and transference into sodium bicarbonate and (2) charcoal adsorption at a suitable pH followed by elution with aqueous acetone butanol etc.transference into chloroform at an acid pH and re-extraction into sodium bicarbonate. Concentration of the acetone eluate in the latter method is optional but facilitates solvent recovery. In the adsorption process the clarified filtrate is stirred with 1.5 per cent. wlv charcoal at pH 5. The charcoal is then eluted with aqueous acetone a total volume of about 216th~ the original culture filtrate being used and the pH adjusted to just over neutrality. The slurry so obtained is then filter-pressed with the help of a filter-aid and transferred to extraction vessels. The bright filtrate is adjusted to pH 2.6 with phos- phoric acid and extracted with half a volume of pre-cooled chloroform. Rapidity of working and cooling is essential at this stage to avoid acid inactivation of the penicillin.The mixing time is as short as possible and the mixture is immediately separated in centrifuges. The separated chloroform solution is then stirred vigorously with about 1/5th its volume of water and 4 per cent. w/v aqueous sodium bicarbonate is added until the pH is approximately neutral. The two phases are again separated as before and the chloroform is subsequently recovered by distillation. Considerable reductions in volume have occurred at each stage and the “sodium penicillin” solution finally pro- duced is further purified by a second transference under acid conditions into chloroform with subsequent removal by an aqueous suspension of calcium carbonate yielding “calcium penicillin,” or dilute caustic soda is added almost to neutrality yielding the sodium salt.After concentration of the resulting solutions at low temperature and under vacuum in a film evaporator aqueous concentrates are obtained containing about 30,000 Oxford units/c.c. which after sterile filtration through Seitz filters are then freeze- dried under sterile conditions. The solid isolated has a potency varying from 300-800 unitslmgm. largely depending on the titre of the culture broth employed. The material is then examined analytically and tested for potency sterility toxicity and the absence of pyrogens and if satisfactory the appropriate salt is issued for use either in ampoules or as sterile tablets for preparing injectable solutions or as a dusting powder often diluted with sulphathiazole for topical application to wounds.The sterile powder may also be compounded with sterile creams prepared in the form of tablets for use in oral infections and suspended in arachis oil or beeswax mixture for intramuscular injection. More recently administration by mouth has shown some promise vehicles examined including inorganic buffers egg white the oily suspensions just mentioned and aluminium hydroxide gels. Unhardened gelatine capsules have also been used with success. All these systems have been designed to overcome the possible inactivation of penicillin by the acid in the stomach. Rectal administration cannot be seriously considered until a method is found of protecting penicillin from the action of the destructive enzyme penicilIinase produced by the bacteria in the lower bowel.IQQI Penicillin differs from many chemical antiseptics in not being a protoplasmic poison, and its action though sometimes bactericidal is usually bacteriostatic i.e. interfering with the normal morphological changes necessary for the growth of bacteria. In addition its low toxicity and high therapeutic activity are outstanding in the whole field of chemotherapy. STATISTICS AND THE CHEMIST By A. G. J. LIPSCOMB, B.Sc. Yh.D. F.R.I.C. [Huddersfield Section 5th February 1946.1 Contrary to popular ideas statistics are not merely collections of figures relating to populations of human beings or to economic and political facts. The term statistics covers a scientific method which can be applied to all kinds of collected data that are subject to uncontrolled variation as .for example the results of replicate chemical analyses.It is difficult to give a satisfactory definition of statistics. There are over a hundred on record. Perhaps the best is that due to Kendall (Advanced Theory of Statistics) “Statistics is the branch of scientific method which deals with the data obtained by counting or measuring the properties of populations of natural phenomena.” The comparative neglect of statistical methods by the chemist is probably due in part to the fact that the various factors influencing chemical reactions are susceptible of close control whereas in the biometric sciences the observer has to make use of data subject to uncontrolled variations.It is also perhaps partly due to fear of the mathematics involved. Statistical methods can be applied in analytical work to eliminate random errors and to enable the analyst to decide whether to accept the mean of duplicate estimations or whether it is necessary to make further tests. The methods can also be applied in the factory to decide for example the relative merits of different processes or machines (analysis of variance) and by theuse of charts based on accumulated data the quality of repetition work can be controlled. Factorial experimentation originally devised for agronomic studies is also capable of application in chemical process work and leads to improved efficiency in the experiments with reduction in cost and gives a wider basis on which conclusions can be founded than does classical experimentation.The x2 test is of value both in the laboratory and the factory when we wish to find out whether the frequency with which a given event has occurred is significantly different from the frequency which would have been expected on some hypothesis. The methods of regression and correlation are also of value to the chemist in measur- ing the association between two variables. The methods do not prove that the variables are causally related but they are of value as confirmatory evidence of causality. The chemist will also find statistical methods of use in connection with samples and sampling. They can be applied to ascertaining the reliability of a given sampling procedure and given sufficient data to establishing the economic size of sample.The uninformed criticism of statistical metliods which finds its expression in the slogan “lies damned lies and statistics” is attributed to lack of common sense in the application of these methods and the failure of the observer to make sure that his data are a random sample of the population being studied. Statistical methods will not make up for defective methods of chemical analysis or slipshod technique nor will they enable us to convert an uncertain result into an exact one. They are however powerful tools when properly applied to the study and reduction of variable data. ELECTRON MICROSCOPY By B. S. COOPER,B.Sc. F.1nst.P. [Tees-side Section 7th March 19461 About seventy years ago Abbe demonstrated that the ability of an optical micro- scope to produce resolved images of structures depends on the wavelength of the light used and on the numerical aperture (i.e.the light collecting property) of the microscope lens system. Using visible light and the best design of immersion lenses this limit of resolution is about one-half the wavelength of the light used. The employment of ultra-violet radiation and quartz lenses approximately halves this limit but further improvement by this means does not appear possible An electron beam can have an equivalent wavelength many thousands of times shorter than that of visible light. Since in addition such a beam can be focussed by I~OOI magnetic or electrostatic fields and can produce visible or photographic pictures it fulfils the requirements of a radiation suitable for very high resolution microscopy.One important proviso is that the entire electron optical path in the microscope must be in vacuo. Development of the electron microscope has proceeded in this country as well as in the USA. Germany and France. It has now become a most valuable research tool in such fields as chemistry biology physics metallurgy. The most usual design employs magnetic lenses and the specimen is examined by transmitted radiation. The electron beam accelerated by a high potential of 50 k.V. has an equivalent wavelength of about 0.05 A which gives a practical resolving limit of less than 100A. The resolv- ing power is thus improved about one hundred fold compared with that of the optical microscope.The gain would be greater but for the extremely low numerical aperture of the magnetic lenses whose aberrations are relatively great. One advantage of this low numerical aperture however is the great depth of focus obtained ; this makes it possible to obtain stereoscopic pairs of pictures which are valuable in the study of spatial disposition of specimens. A useful magnification of up to 100,000 times can be obtained with the electron microscope. The electron beam will not penetrate thicknesses of matter much in excess of 0.1~. The specimen must therefore be self-supporting or be mounted on a very thin film relatively transparent to the electron beam. Suitable films about 200A thick may be made from collodion gelatin or certain varnishes.The film is made by casting on water by dipping or by stripping from a coated surface. The specimen and film are carried on a fine metal grid which is held in the specimen stage of the microscope. Specimens of finely divided material may be deposited directly on to the film or dis- persed in a suitable medium before applying to the film. For biological specimens micrographs of improved quality are obtained by impreg- nating the specimen with heavy metal compounds (e.g. of osmium or tungsten) or by applying a directional deposit of chromium or gold using a vacuum evaporation techni- que. This latter method shows up the specimen in high relief and enables its thickness to be assessed from the length of the “shadow.” The surface of solid specimens (e.g.etched metals) may be studied on the transmission electron microscope by the use of a very fine replica A single stage process uses a varnish such as polyvinyl formal; a thin film is applied to the etched metal surface and stripped when dry. This is then examined by the normal transmission technique. A two-stage process in which a negative cast is made in one material and a positive replica taken from it can also be employed. The most recent method uses polystyrene for obtaining the first cast and evaporated silica for the positive replica. The polystyrene is removed by dissolving in ethyl bromide leaving the silica for examination. A number of possible image defects have to be taken into account when interpreting micrographs. Some are associated with instrumental difficulties whilst others can arise from electron diffraction effects.SOME MODERN TRENDS IN THE CHEMICAL AND ALLIED INDUSTRIES By H. W. CREMER,MSc. F.K.I.C.,M.1.Chem.E. [Cardiff & District Section at Newport 13th March 19463 Until recently general development in the field of applied chemistry has been hindered in some respects by the artificial barriers which have grown up not only between academic science and industry but also between the various sub-divisions of science itself. The need for modification in the training of recruits for industry to avoid this sub-division into isolated compartments and to break down these barriers has been very great. The chemist and the chemical engineer between them are re-sponsible for the full development of many industrial processes but to bring these to maturity co-operation between all branches of science is essential.Such co-operation exists in the many State-organised research institutions. With regard to the development of the appliances whereby actual production is achieved the erroneous notion of development by relatively small increases in their linear scale has been replaced by functional analysis of the operation of the various units comprising the whole plant. Plant is now worked far more intensively than would have been thought possible 20.years ago and design operation and control have been helped by the use of continuaus processes. It must not however be thought that the continuous process is a final solution to all manufacture; this depends entirely on the scale envisaged.A small-scale output for example of *pharmaceutical chemicals can often be more cheaply made on the batch scale and economy in these circumstances is r 101 3 achieved by the use of small mobile and interchangeable plants units. Plant manu- facturers now appreciate the value of being able to offer complete equipment for specific industries instead of isolated plant items. The need for changing the role of the chemi- cal works operator to that of a skilled process supervisor (so that adequate supplies of labour may be forthcoming) is very keenly felt in the chemical industry and has brought about many changes in design. Such changes are also developing as the result of the use of extreme conditions of temperature and pressure and the resulting problems arising therefrom have to receive the immediate attention of the chemist.As a specific example of this the conditioning of water for high pressure boiler work may be considered. The use of new materials of construction such as the synthetic resins the large- scale use of glass polyvinyl chloride plastics impregnated carbon and the like has on the whole eased the burden of the chemist and the maintenance engineer. It seems however that far too much reliance is still placed on the results of laboratory corrosion tests. On the whole the greatest development has been in the field of protective coatings. With decreasing supplies of labour to carry out the arduous and often unpleasant tasks associated with the chemical industry more attention has been given to cutting down manual operations by increasing instrumentation and mechanical control and these have to receive additional consideration also when greater ranges of physical conditions are in use.Such conditions call for the addition to a factory staff of a highly skilled applied physicist or physical chemist who can guide the activities of the instrument mechanics. Such work appears to be a new outlet for the activities of the industrially-minded physicist or chemist. In spite of the atmosphere of danger and unrest through which the country has recently passed there have been many brilliant contributions to the development of industrial processes during the war period. Amongst these should be mentioned freeze- drying the use of infra-red and induction heating and the industrial application of the high-vacuum short-path still.Fluid catalysts used in suspension in the reacting medium have brought about many developments in the oil refining industry. Much more attention is now being paid to the purification of water for industrial purposes and in this connexion the process for the extraction of salt from sea water for the emergency production of drinking water is worthy of special mention. Consideration of the economic factors affecting the chemical industry indicate that far more attention than in the past has to be given to the legislative control of industry. As in other directions control has increased to an extent where the support of the legislature is essential before the first steps in industrial development can be taken; thus the selection of a location for an industrial operation has to-day to be viewed almost entirely in the national interests with regard to the supply of labour.It is doubtful if the human race has yet gained sufficient wisdom to ensure that even the worst type of anomaly which has been created in the past can now be avoided. Especially have doubts arisen as to whether efforts are being made to maintain a proper balance between the natural and artificial for example between natural and synthetic rubber and between synthetic textiles and cotton and wool. Such problems should receive careful consideration by all chemists who are themselves responsible for the initial creation of the circumstances in which the problems arise.The chemist should not suffer in silence the academic economics of the politician. Academic and industrial scientists alike trained as they are to appreciate both sides of the question should make it their duty to permeate public and administrative life far more than in the past. RECENT ADVANCES IN THE BIOCHEMISTRY OF VITAMINS By A. L. BACHARACH, M.A. F.R.I.C. [Dublin and District Section 20th March 1946; Belfast and District Section 21st March 19461 A definition of vitamins in terms of chemical constitution or of physiological action is ruled out by the great diversity of their molecular structures and the highly varied and specific metabolic functions that they fulfil in the animal body. Some species of animal do not need dietary supplies of certain vitamins of which other species must obtain from their food the quantities necessary for normal health.Only man monkeys and guinea-pigs certainly need exogenous ascorbic acid (vitamin C) :the rat is independent of dietary nicotinic acid. The extent to which some vertebrates are able themselves to synthesise vitamins or depend for supplies on the synthetic action of their intestinal bacterial flora is by no means completely established. At any rate we know that man needs no preformed vitamin A provided he has access to the pro-vitamin carotenoids and vitamin D is elaborated in the skin of mammals and birds by ultra-violet irradiation c LO2 3 (natural or artificial) of the pro-vitamin 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin:this is afmost certainly synthesised by the animal organism along with cholesterol.Further it id now established that man’s alimentary allotment-his intestinal flora-supplements the produce of his kitchen garden and that his unicellular symbiotes provide part Of his aneurine riboflavine and nicotinic acid though how much is not known. Such considerations render nugatory the game but ineffective attempts of workers like Rosenberg (Chemistry and Physiology of the Vitamins,Interscience Publishers Inc. New York 1942) to devise a definition of vitamins that shall be both inclusive and exclusive. The occurrence of the phrase *‘as a rule” in Rosenberg’s definition is an admission of its logical inadequacy. It is best to regard the group of vitamins as connected simply by the development of biological chemical and medical science during the first half of the twentieth century and having as a common characteristic methods of investigation depending basically on dietary experiments with laboratory animals and restricted diets.Our knowledge of detailed intercellular vitamin biochemistry is almost entirely con- fined to the water-soluble vitamins of the “vitamin B complex” and vitamin B (aneurine thiamin). The latter as its pyrophosphate is the co-enzyme of the holo-enzyme carboxylase nicotinamide is part of the co-dehydrogenase molecules riboflavine phosphate constitutes the prosthetic group of a number of flavo-protein enzymes. All of these are essential to normal carbohydrate metabolism that is to the step-wise con- trolled oxidation of glucose which may perhaps be regarded as the fundamental essential “vital process.” Recent work implicates the vitamin B group (pyridoxine pyridoxamine and pyridoxal) in the deamination of several amino-acids and there is evidence to suggest that ascorbic acid may be involved in the metabolism of the phenolic amino-acids tyrosine and phenylalanine.The conclusive demonstration that certain vitamins are essential to cellular chemical reactions constitutes the first link in a long chain of reactions that expresses itself in the ultimate changes characteristic of the various vitamin deficiency diseases and in the absence of these symptoms from animals and men receiving optimal diets. Further links in this chain remain to be forged by the co-operative researches of chemists biologists pathologists clinicians and many other practitioners in science and medicine.Knowledge of the biochemical processes in which fat-soluble vitamins play an essential part is very slight. Though we know that carotenoids containing a fi-ionone ring can be converted in the mammalian or avian body to vitamin A we do not know how or where. Statements that this occurs in the liver are surmise without experimental backing implication of an enzyme “carotenase” is faith rather than science for this enzyme has never been found in animal or vegetable tissues-only in the pages of journals and text-books. The implication of vitamin A in the retinal mechanism for “dark-adaptation” is however certain and the matter has been clinched by Morton’s elegant spectrophotometric identification of retinene with vitamin A aldehyde.We have no idea how 2-methylnaphthoquinone and its naturally occurring de- rivatives vitamins K and K, stimulate the production of prothrombin a protein that is almost certainly produced in the liver prior to its circulation in the plasma and participation in the mechanism of normal blood-clotting. Nor do we know why the chick fails to respond to calciferol which is active on man the rat the bovine the pig and other quadrupeds requiring for the prevention of “leg-weakness,” which is chicken rickets the closely related substance vitamin D, effective alike on birds and mammals. The difference between these two steroid derivatives lies entirely in the side-chains on the cyclopentene ring.It could be established with certainty by biochemists only after weeks of arduous labour :the chicken can detect it in a few days. The existence of a dietary substance other than ascorbic acid affecting the resist- ance of the capillaries which become abnormally fragile in its absence is indicated by work on guinea-pigs and by the clinical studies of Scarborough. Though hesperidin and possibly hesperidin chalkone iso-epicatechin and rutin may be shown to possess a certain degree of this so-called “vitamin P activity,” none of these substances can be re-sponsible for the very high potency found in certain water-soluble concentrates prepared from citrous fruits or black-currants. Justifiable satisfaction at the extensive systematic and thorough investigation made during the last three decades in the field first clearly opened by the work of Hopkins and his classical paper published in 1912 must not lessen our awareness of the vast territory still to be explored,-in particular those gaps between our embryonic knowledge of cellular vitamin biochemistry and its nutritional expression as health disease or death.ANNOUNCEMENTS Examinations-Examinations will be held in September 1946 as follows-For the Associateship-during the week commencing 16th September in London and in Glasgow. Candidates who have not yet been accepted must forward their applications to be received not later than Monday 10th June and should do so earlier if possible.Entry forms will be issued in due course to all candidates who have been accepted or whose applications are under consideration. These should be returned together with the examination fee as soon as possible thereafter and in any event not later than Monday 8th July. No entry can be accepted if received after that date. For the Fellowship-during the week commencing Monday 23rd September. Last dates for application and entry are as for the Associateship i.e. Monday 10th June and Monday 8th July respectively. Scientific Courses at the University of Liverpool July 1946.-In accordance with AND PROCEEDINGS, a preliminary announcement (JOURNAL 1946 I 66) two summer courses under the auspices of the Royal Institute of Chemistry have been arranged at the above University by the Liverpool and North-Western Section of the Institute and will be held from Tuesday 9th July to Saturday 13th July inclusive.The courses will be as follows:-Oils and Fats.-On topics selected from recent advances in Fat Chemistry under the direction of Professor T. P. Hilditch F.R.S. Spectroscopy-excluding Infra-Red Spectra under the direction of Professor R. A. Morton. Although the two courses will be held concurrently they are separate and nobody can attend both. Some spectroscopy will be included however in the Oils and Fats course. Residents’ fee for either course .. .. .. .. .. k7 0s. Od. Non-residents’ fee for either course .. .. .. .. k3 10s. Od. These fees cover the cost of works visits and social events which may be arranged in connection with the courses.Applications for admission to either of these courses (indicating which and whether resident or non-resident) must be sent to the Secretary Royal Institute of Chemistry, 30 Russell Square London W.C.1 so as to reach him not later than Friday 24th May. Applications received by that date will be treated on an equal footing for allocation Of places except that if the number of applications for either course exceeds the number of vacancies preference will be given to Members of the Institute and particularly to those who wish to enrol as “residents.” No money should be sent until the applicant is offered a place. Places will be allotted as soon as possible after 24th May and appropriate directions and further information will then be available.Henderson Memorial Lecture.-Professor Sir Ian Heilbron D.S.O. D.Sc. LLB. F.R.S. has accepted the Council’s invitation to give the first Henderson Memorial Lecture (see p. 69). Further particulars will be announced later. Benevolent Fund Contributions under Deed of Covenant.-In response to requests by several members an alternative type of Deed has now been prepared under which the sum to be paid annually by the subscriber over the period of seven years does not vary with alteration in the standard rate of income tax as it does under the existing type of Deed. Particulars of both types of Deed and the appropriate forms may be obtained on application to the Secretary. It may be noted that the recent statement by the Chancellor of the Exchequer in his Budget speech does not alter the conditions under which charities benefit by recovery of income tax on subscriptions under Deeds of Covenant; only the additional advantage enjoyed by a contributor who is a sur-tax payer has now been withdrawn.NOTES Personal.-The Kew Year Honours List contained the names of the following members in addition to those previously reported (JOURNALAND PROCEEDINGS 1946 r 50):-Oficer of the Mosk ExcelZent Order of the British E41ipire (0.B-E.)-Ernest Thomas Osborne M.A. JIember of Coulicil. Member of the Most Excellent Ordev of the British Empire (M.B.E.)-Edwin Retief Orchard B.Sc.Agric. Ph.D. Associate. The following have been elected to the Fellowship of the Royal Society-F.R.S.:- V7ilson Baker Ph.D.D.Sc. Fellow. Frank Dickens M.A. Ph.D. DSc. Fellow. Harry Julius Emeleus DSc. A.R.C.S. D.I.C. Member of Cozcncil. The University of Manchester will confer the honorary degree of LL-D. on Sir Robert Robinson P.R.S. Fellow on 15th May. The Senate of Dublin University has decided to confer the degree of Sc.D. honoris causa on Professor Eric K. Rideal JI.H.1<. F.R S. ,Ve,t!bev of Council. Dr. W. M. Ames Fellow has been elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Professor Alexander Findlay Past Preszdent has been elected a Vice-president of the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee. Mr-H. W. Cremer Fellow has accepted the invitation of the Committee of the Privy Council for Scientific and Industrial Research to become Chairman of the Water Pollution Research Board.The following are among the independent members of the latest group of Working Parties for Industry set up by the President of the Board of Trade:-Dr. R. E. Slade Fellow. on the Carpet Industry Party; Dr. L. T. M. Gray Associate on the Linoleum Working Party; Professor J. M. Gulland Member of Couwcil on the Lace Working Party. Mr. A. J. Somers Fezlow has been appointed a Director of Borax Consolidated Ltd- Dr. L. Hunter Fellow has had conferred on him the title of Professor of Chemistry in respect of the post now held by him at University College Leicester. Dr. A. N. Campbell Fellow has been appointed Professor and Head of the Chemistry Department at the University of Manitoba Canada. Dr. R. J. W. Le Fevre Fellow has been appointed to the Chair of Chemistry in the University of Sydney Australia shortly to become vacant by the retirement of Professor C.E. Fawsitt and expects to leave the Headship of the Chemistry Depart- ment of the Royal Aircraft Establishment Farnborough in order to take up the new appointment this autumn. Professor Leslie Aitchison Fellow has recently been appointed to the new Chair of Industrial Metallurgy at the University of Birmingham. Dr. A. G. Francis F~~OZCJ, has retired from the position of Deputy Government Chemist. Dr. J. R. Nicholls Fezlow has been appointed in his place. hlr. Herbert J. Evans Fezlow has been appointed Public Analyst and Official Agri- cultural Analyst for the County of Cardigan in succession to the late Mr.John Evans. of Sheffield. Mr. F. J. Tritton Fellow has been elected President of the Royal Photographic Society of Great Britain. Dr. R. Genders M.B.E. Fellow has relinquished the post of Superintendent, Technical Applications of Metals Ministry of Supply but is being retained by the Ministry as Metallurgical Adviser. Mr. C. Jepson Felloztl has been appointed General Manager of the Manclrester Corporation Rivers Department in succession to hlr. J. 3%.Wishart Fezlow who has taken up a commercial appointment. Mr. J Ritchie Fellow has been appointed Director of the new South African Bureau of Standards and has resigned from his post at the Lenz Factory Modderfontein. Mr. W. A. Cash Associate has been appointed Assistant Managing Director of British Titan Products Billingham Co.Durham. Dr.A. E. M. G. Gillam FeUow has been appointed senior lecturer-in chemistry in the University of Manchester. c 10.5 3 Dr. C. H. Giles Associate of the Research Department I.C.I. Blackley has been appointed to the Lectureship in Colour Chemistry and Dyeing at the Royal Technical allege Glasgow in place of Mr A. B. Steven retired and hopes to take up his duties next term. Professor F. H. Garner O.B.E. Fellow has been appointed Honorary Editor to the Institute of Petroleum. Dr. E. Vanstone Member of CounciE,has been elected a member of the Devon County Council. Dr. L.A. Jordan FeEZow has been elected a member of the Surrey County Council. Benevolent Fund.-In the press announcement of the death of Mr.A. D. Heywood Fellow friends were invited to contribute to the Benevolent Fund of the Institute instead of sending flowers. The Benevolent Fund Committee acknowledges with gratitude this kind thought on the part of the deceased and his relations which has resulted in a benefit of over f;16 to the Fund. Empire Scientific Conference.-The Conference which is being organised by the Royal Society will be opened in London on Monday 17th June by H.M. The King. It will move to Cambridge on 22ncl June and then to Oxford on 29th June returning to London on 6th July. Release of Government Scientists.-During the war the Ministries of Supply and of Aircraft Production drew heavily on the total scientific manpower of the country for their research establishments.The universities the teaching profession and industry contributed many of their best men to assist in the evolution and improvement at maximum speed of weapons and aircraft with all their associated equipment. A good proportion of the annual outflow from Universities and Colleges was also absorbed on this work. At the peak the staffs had reached a size very considerably above their peace-time level. Many of the staff have already returned to their former posts but fundamental and industrial research and teaching are still short of scientific personnel. Further large reductions are now being made at the research establishments of the Ministries and this will effect the necessary adjustment between their own staffs and those required else- where for the ever widening field of research work vital to the country’s everyday life.Concurrently with these reductions the Ministries are reorganising their staffs on the lines of the Government’s plan for the Scientific Civil Service. The result will be the formation of a strong body of highly-qualified scientists engaged in research on arnia- ment aeronautics and the civil branches of the Ministries’ activities. German Books published during the War.-A list of such books has been prepared by Dr. Hamilton McCombie and the Librarian of the Chemical Society following their recent visit to Germany and will shortly be published by the Chemical Council so as to be available for consultation by members of the constituent bodies. Summer School in Optical Crystallographic Methods.-A course on this subject is being arranged by the University College of Swansea to cover the use of the polarising microscope in chemistry and other branches of science and technology.Further particutars may be obtained from the Registrar University College Singleton Park Swansea. Ramsay Dinner t946.-From 1921 to 1939 the main social event of the year for chemists in Glasgow and the West of Scotland was the Ramsay Chemical Dinner which was run by a committee representing all the chemical societies in the district headed by the three chartered bodies. After a war-time lapse of six years it has been found possible to revive this function and the Ramsay Dinner will be held as heretofore on the first Friday in December that is 6th December 1946 in Marlborough House Langside Glasgow.A committee representative of all interested societies has been formed and it is hoped that the former glory of the “Ramsay” will be maintained. Tests on Volumetric Glassware.-The National Physical Laboratory has issued a brochure on this subject setting forth the regdations governing tests undertaken by the Laboratory and the fees charged. International Society of Leather Trades’ Chemists.-Copies of the Second Procter Memorial Lecture of the Society by Professor A. C. Chibnall F.R.S. on “The Contribu- tion of the Analytical Chemist to the problem of Protein Structure” are obtainable from the Editor Craigieburn Duppas Hill Road Waddon Croydon at 2s. 6d. per copy post free C 106 3 SCIENT1FIC FILMS AND THE WORK OF THE SCIENTIFIC FILM ASSOCIATION [A report on recent developmends prepared for the Committee of the London and SoutA-Eastern Cozsnties Section by J.L.Pinder B.Sc. F.R.I.C.] Science and technology are receiving increased publicity which is meeting a growing public demand for information in this field. Before the war one or possibly two national newspapers had scientific correspondents; now very few papers of any standing are without their scientific correspondents or editors. Increased time is given in the radio programmes to scientific matters and in addition to some excellent feature programmes regular items such as “Your Questions Answered” and “Science Magazine’” have been introduced (although the latter has now been withdrawn).Finally there has been an enormous increase in the output of scientific and technical films. The demand for these before the war was primarily for teaching purposes (e.g. “Secrets of Nature” series) and for advertising purposes (e.g. G.P.O. film unit). They were rarely shown in the commercial cinema but were occasionally available to film societies. During the war the technical film was used as a major instrument in the training of various branches of the services and of industrial personnel. There is in addition. a small but growing demand from an important section of the population for facilities to see scientific and technical films as a means of informing itself on these matters. Finally scientific films are of interest to scientists as a means of learning what colleagues.in different branches of science are doing. It is with these latter aspects that this note is concerned. Clearly any film dealing with science must itself be a scientific product not only in the technology of its manufacture but in its approach to its subject. Scientific matters are as we are all painfully aware open to grave and dangerous distortion. It is there- fore a happy augury for the future of scientific films that a body of the calibre of the Scientific Film Association was founded in November 1943. The obiects of the Association are:- 1. To promote the national and international use of the scientific film in order to achieve the widest possible understanding and appreciation of scientific method and outlook especially in relation to social progress.2. To collect collate and distribute information on the scientific film. This may include the formation of a reference library of books and the publication of a journal and pamphlets. 3. To publish comprehensive lists of films graded according to scientific merit and suitability for audiences. 4. To establish relations with Government departments public bodies and other organisations which are in a position to make use or circulate scientific fiims. 5. To organise a representative panel of scientists to advise producers of films of all types on scientific matters in connection with such films and to maintain close contact with the film industry. 6. To promote the production and distribution of and if thought fit to produce and distribute scientific films.7. To encourage the setting up of scientific film societies. 8. On request to select or book scientific film shows. 9. Generally to promote the appreciation of science through other related media suitable for the mass-diffusion of knowledge. The Association consists of Honorary Ordinary Junior and Corporate Members. Documents issued by the Associaton are now circulated to Hon. Secretaries of Local Sections of the Institute in virtue of the Institute being a corporate member of the Association and they give some indication of the progress made in achieving these aims. Excellent progress has been made in cataloguing films and the first graded and selective catalogue of films of scientific interest detailing some 600 films is now complete whilst the Association’s Education Committee is proposing to prepare a catalogue of scientific educational films.This Committee has established useful relations with the Ministry of Education concerning the development of the use of films in schools. The Association is also encouraging the use of films in training and instruct- ing works personnel through the medium of industrial films. An important and to a participant fascinating part of the work preparatory to.classifying films is the approval of films; the reliability of the grading depends much on the calibre of the viewing panel. The Association is active in securing the release for showing to specialist audiences of “restricted” films dealing with subjects on the secret list.107 1 A very successful conference on “The Film and Science” was held at Huddersfield at the beginning of September. The subjects discussed at the various sessions included “The Science Film in Education,” “The Film in Industry,” “TheFilm as an Instrument of Scientific Investigation,” “The Film in Medicine” and “Film Production.” All chemists are concerned to have access to information on sciences and techniques other than those in which they are individually engaged and members ofthe Institute are collectively concerned that the public shall be encouraged in its interest in scientific matters preferably through an objective approach. Good scientific films can act as an excellent medium for both of these tasks.The Scientific Film Association is clearly showing a large measure of competence and has already achieved much in putting scientific films on the map both as to quantity and quality. If it is agreed that scientific films are a good thing it is desirable that the Institute should play its part in encouraging the exhibition of such films. The giving of such support however, immediately poses two groups of questions are shows wanted for scientists only or should shows be designed to appeal to as large a section of the public as possible; and should such shows be arranged through the normal mechanism of Local Section procedure as additional fixtures in often already o\.ercrowded programmes or through some special body designed for the purpose of film exhibition? The arrangement of occasional shows can be a very time-consuming and irritating business-hire of film hire of operator and projector hire of suitable premises the question of finance and so on.Moreover such occasional shows may be attended in the main only by Institute members and one of their own objects may thus be defeated in as much as they preach to the converted. There may be the additional difficulty of the limited supply of films of a purely chemical nature and of suficiently high technical interest for such specialist audiences. There is therefore a good case for encouraging the formation of scientific film societies. They can arrange film shows more efficiently than say a Local Section Committee of the Institute and can draw on a wider public.This does not of course rule out occasional exhibitions by Local Sections but a Section situated in a locality where there is no scientific film society might well take the initiative in founding one. The Institute itself might also become the possessor of one or more good 16 mm. sound projectors and ancillary equipment for use by Local Sections and if the rebuilding or modification of 30 Russell Square is contemplated at any time film projection should be borne in mind. Alternatively any central building put up to house the chemical bodies should have a first-rate lecture theatre with built-in projection equipment. One further step which might be taken to give publicity to scientific film societies would be to include notice of meetings in “Forthcoming Events” in the JOURNAL.As an appendix a list of the Scientific Film Societies affiliated to the Scientific Film Association is given below :-Aberdeen Scientific Film Club.. . . 20 Edgehill Road Aberdeen Scotland. Ayr Scientific Film Society . . . c/o George Dunlop huchincruive Ayr, Scotland. Dollis Hill (G.P.O.) Scientific Film G.P.O. Research Station,Dollis Hill London Society. N.W.2. Edinburgh Scientific Film Society . . 10 Wardie Avenue Edinburgh 6. Falkirk Scientific Film Society . . 35 Oliver Road Falkirk Stirlingshire. Farnborough Scientific Film Society. . 134 Ship Lane Farnborough Hants. Glasgow Scientific Film Society . . Royal Technical College George Street Glasgow. Harpenden Film Society . . . 23,Milton Road Harpenden Herts.Harrow Scientific Film Society . . 7 Chandos Road Narrow Middlesex. Hayes Scientific Film Society . . . . 64 Hitherbroom Road Hayes Middlesex. Huddersfield Scientific Film Society . . 42 Rowlands Avenue Dalton Huddersfield. Hull Scientific Film Society . . . . c/o R. S. Glover University College Hull. Leeds Scientific Film Society . . . . 10 Omberley Gardens Leeds 8. London Scientific Film Society . . c/o Academy Cinema Ltd. lG6 Oxford Street London W.1. Maidenhead Scientific Film Society . . Old Court Cox Green Maidenhead Berks. National Film Society of Canada . . 172 Wellington Street Ottawa Canada. Nottingham Scientific Film Society . . 87 North Road,West Bridgford Nottingham. Prestwick Scientific Film Society . . 46 KirkStreet Prestwick Ayr.Sheffield Scientific Film Society . . Day Technical School,West Street Sheffield 1 Slough Scientific FilmsSociety . . 180 Stoke Poges Lane Slough Bucks. South-West Essex Scientific Film.. 64 Beech Hall Road,Highams Park,London, Society E.4. c 1081 SCIENCE IN PARLIAMENT (23rd January-14th March 1946) Atomic Energy.-The Prime Minister in reply to a question by Mr. Oliver Lyttelton (20th January):-The House will recall that on 29th October last I announced that the Government had decided to set up a research and experimental establishment at Harwell near Didcot to be concerned with all aspects of the use of atomic energy. This estab- lishment will require fissile material for its work and the Government have accordingly had under consideration the most suitable organisation for the production of such material for this and other purposes.The object in view will be to make available as speedily as possible material in sufficient quantity to enable us to take advantage rapidly of technical developments as they occur and to develop our programme for the use of atomic energy as circumstances may require. The production of these materials will be a responsibility of the Ministry of Supply and the appropriate organisation is being set up within that Department. The choice of a suitable head for this organisation is clearly a matter of supremc importance and for this new post the Government have been fortunate in securing the services of Marshal of the Royal Air Force Lord Portal of Hungerford.I am also happy to be able to inform the House that a very distinguished scientist in the person of Professor J D. Cockcroft has been selected for the post of director of the research establishment at Harwell. Professor Cockcroft is at present director of the Canadian experimental atomic energy plant and it has been arranged with the Canadian authorities that he should remain in Canada for the time being until they have been able to appoint a successor to him in that capacity. On the 5th March Captain Blackburn asked the Prime Minister whether he was aware that fundamental research on atomic energy in the universities had been delayed by lack of equipment such as radio and electronic stores and that such equip- ment was available in the form of surplus Government material; and whether he would ensure that all necessary equipment for such research was provided with the highest possible priority.The Prime Minister The Government is kept in touch with the needs of universities for surplus stores by the University Grants Committee. In addition the Advisory Committee on Atomic Energy has recently set up a sub-committee on which the universities working in this field are represented to review the programme of nuclear physics to be carried out in this country as a whole. No representations have been made to that sub-committee regarding any delay due to lack of surplus Government material. It is certainly the intention of the Government that the needs of such research should be accorded the highest priority.Captain Blackburn also asked the Prime Minister whether he was aware that atomic research now proceeding in the U.S.A. was on a much greater scale than that contem- plated in Britain; and whether he would increase the block grant of ~1,000,000at present allocated for such research. The Prime Minister The programme of atomic research in this country is not limited by financial considerations but by the numbers of trained scientists and the material resources available especially in building and engineering equipment. Within these limits our programme of research is now being developed as rapidly as possible and expenditure on it for the year 1946-47 is estimated at approximately ~2,800,000. Defence and Scientific Research.-On 6th March speaking in the Defence Debate the First Lord of the Admiralty said We are determined that research and development shall form one of the most important parts of the whole programme.The right hon. gentleman the Member for Warwick and Leamington asked me whether we would pursue OUT programme in research and development at least with the same kind of persistence and continuity as we did in the war. I would answer him quite categorically yes but he would be the first to recognise that in the war we drew almost to an un- limited extent-not wholly but almost-both upon resources and upon highly skilled and qualified personnel. Whenever the Service required it they had it. We have now of course to centralise much of that research work not wholly for the Service Depart- ments but also for development and research for industry at large.They must obviously in the present state take a larger part of that than they did in the war. The right hon. Member can be assured that although we cannot say perhaps that we can lump all the expenditure into exactly one channel-we shall have to have separate estimates in each of the Service estimates-it is fundamental with the shortage of highly qualified personnel and resources that we shall have to co-ordinate the whole centrally. That we propose to do. [ 109 3 Speaking in the debate on the Army Estimates on 14th March the Secretary of State for War referred to the decision of His Majesty’s Government to maintain the arrange- ment under which research and development and provision of Army stores is the responsibility of the Ministry of Supply and Aircraft Production and not of the War Office itself and to his agreement with the Minister of Supply and Aircraft Production that from top to bottom of the Ministry there would be a real and complete inte- gration of the Army and Ministry staff.At all levels Army officers suitably qualified would work in the Ministry machine. In all these arrangements the fundamental necessity is that the Army officers selected for these posts and for technical staff appointments in the Army itself must be of a calibre and of a standard of training and technical knowledge which will fully qualify them for these positions of responsibility. I have therefore decided to re- organise on the most up-to-date lines the Military College of Science where post- graduate courses will be held to qualify officers for technical posts in particular those within the Ministry of Supply.Officers will take this course between the ages of 28 and 32 and thereafter will be available for posting to the positions which I have described. It is part and parcel of this arrangement that the officers so appointed will alternate between these technical posts and ordinary regimental and staff posts in the Army in order that they may not lose touch with the user need. Development Fund.-An effort to bring forward the question of a Development Fund during the Committee stage of the Borrowing (Control and Guarantee) Bill was made by Captain R. Blackburn (Joint Hon.Secretary of the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee) on 7th March. His amendment which was unfortunately ruled out of order aimed at enabling the Treasury in consultation with the Advisory Council of the D.S.I.R. and the Agricultural Research Council to assist by the guaranteeing of loans the establishment of a National Research Development Corporation to be used for (a)the development of any invention or scientific discovery for the creation of a new industry or which is likely to lead to a substantial and beneficial change in any process used in any existing industry including the agricultural industry; (b) the establishment of experimental plants and the conduct of experiments with a view to the introduction of new industries and testing the suitability of new processes for existing industries including the agricultural industry.Patents and Designs Bill.-In moving the second reading of the Bill in the House of Commons on 11th March the President of the Board of Trade (Sir Stafford Cripps) said that the Bill did not propose any far-reaching changes relating to the law of patents. As hon. Members are probably aware in April 1944 the present Chancellor of the Exchequer when he was President of the Board of Trade appointed a Departmental Committee with rather wide terms of reference to consider and report what changes were desirable in the Patents and Designs Act. Any comprehensive legislation dealing with the recommendations of that committee must await the receipt of their final report. The committee have just sent in a second interim report which is now being printed for presentation to Parliament.The present Bill therefore is limited in scope to deal solely with matters arising out of hostilities including the question of communi-cation of inventions and designs in accordance with arrangements made with other countries in order to facilitate war production. Research Associations.-The Lord President of the Council (Mr. Herbert Morrison) in reply to a question by Mr. Cobb on 23rd January:-The number of research associa- tions in 1937 was 23 and in 1944 28. The Government grant paid to these associations by the Department of Scientific and Industriai Research was k138,500 in 1937 and @98,000 in 1944. The number of staff employed by these associations holding Uni- versity degrees was 353 in 1937 and 663 in 1944.The grant paid to the associations and the number of graduate staff employed by them are both increasing rapidly at present. These research associations are autonomous bodies and the work which they are carrying out is done for the industries with which they are associated and not for the Government. Science Students.-On the 29th January Colonel Errol1 asked the Minister of Labour whether he was aware that at the present time students of ability and promise are being taken away from the Imperial College of Science and Technology and similar institutions because of the restrictive regulations imposed by him with regard to the number of entrants permitted to university science courses; and whether in view of the need of training the maximum number of scientific students at the earliest oppor- tunity he would take steps to overhaul and abolish all regulations on this matter which are no longer essential.[ 1101 Mr. Isaacs I am aware that students at the Imperial College of Science and Tech-nology and similarinstitutions who started at their own risk not having been granted deferment are being withdrawn. Whilst realising the necessity for maintaining a flow of trained scientific workers I must at the same time have regard to the necessity for finding men to meet the needs of the Forces and to maintain the smooth working of demobilisation. I cannot at present say what arrangements it dl be necessary to make in respect of the next academic year but I can assure the hon.and gallant Member that the whole question of the deferment of students is being actively considered. Colonel Erroll Is the right hon. Gentleman aware that there are some students of high promise who at the present time are not able to continue their courses and cannot be called upon because of their low medical category and axe therefore compelled to pursue blind alley jobs because of these Regulations ? Mr. Isaacs I was not aware of that and if the hon.and gallant Gentleman will let me have the facts I will go into the matter. BOOKS AND THEIR CONTENTS Thorpe’s Dictionary of Applied Chemistry. Fourth Edition. (Revised and Enlarged). Vol. VII Iodazide-NeteIlagic Acid. Yp. xii + 630. (London New York and Toronto Longmans Green & Co.,1946.) 80s.net. Statistical Thermodynamics. Erwin Schrodinger. A Course of Seminar Lectures delivered in 1944 at the School of Theoretical Physics Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. Pp. 88. (Cambridge University Press 1946.) 6s. net. Forensic Chemistry and Scientific Criminal Investigations. Fourth Edition. A. Lucas. Pp. 340. (London:Edward Arnold & Co. 1945.) 25s. net. Introduction. Blood stains; clothing; counterfeit coins; documents; dust dirt, glass fragments stains and marks; explosives and explosions ;fibres woven fabrics string and rope;finger prints footprints tracks of vehicles and erased numbers on metal ;fires and insurance frauds; firearms cartridges and projectiles ; microscopy, photography X-rays ultra-violet rays and infra-red rays; poisons; preservation of the human body after death; robbery from letters and parcels; tobacco.Index. The Story of the Atomic Bomb. A Popular Review of the Principal Discoveries which have led up to its Production. C. €3. Douglas Clark. Pp. 62. (London The Machinery PubIishing Co.,Ltd. 1945.) 3s. 6d. net. Modern Chemistry. Some Sketches of its Historical Development. A. J. Berry. Pp. x + 240. (Cambridge University Press 1946.) 10s. 6d. net. Classical atomic theory; electrochemistry; stereo-chemistry; radioactivity; el ments isotopes and atomic numbers; some experimental studies on gases; some problems of soIutions; some essential features of chemical change; a retrospect. Indexes. Plastics Scientific and Technological. H.Ronald Fleck. Second Edition. Pp. x + 362. (London:Temple Press La. 1945.) 30s. net. History of plastics; raw materials; theoretical principles of poiyrnerization; the chemistry of plastic materials; the manufacture of plastic materials; synthetic elastomers or rubber-like plastics; the physical properties of thermo-plastic materials; the physical properties of thermo-setting materials; synthetic resins; synthetic fibres and textiles; adhesives plywood and impregnated wood; manu-facture of dies and moulds; the manufacture of plastic articles; the chemical analysis of raw materials; the chemical physical and electrical testing of plastics. Appendixes. Index. Qualitative Inorganic Microanalysis. A Short Elementary Course. Ronald Belcher and Cecil L. Wilson.Pp. viii + 68. (London Longmans Green & Co. Ltd. 1946.) 2s. 6d. Introduction. General apparatus; manipulative technique; preliminary exami- nation of an unknown substance; systematic examination of the cations; system- atic examination of the cations without using hydrogen sulphide tests for acid radiclw. Reagents required. Bibliography. Index. c 1113 OBITUARY GEORGE EDWARD BOIZOTdied on 27th October 1943 at the age of 33 while a prisoner of war in Thailand. He was educated at the Westminster City Secondary School and received his scientific training as an evening student at Battersea Polytechnic whence he graduated B.Sc. with first class honours in 1930. Continuing at Battersea Polytechnic he did research work on organic selenium compounds and took the course in the Chemistry of Food and Drugs.Since 1927 he had been Assistant Analyst and Works Control Chemist to May & Baker Ltd. and in 1931 was appointed Food Analyst to United Dairies Ltd. where he remained until 1938. In that year he left England to take up an appointment as Assistant Government Analyst in the Straits Settlements. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1932 and became a Fellow in 1935 after passing the Examination in Branch E. WILLIAMJOHNATKINSONBUTTERFIELD died in London on 13th December 1946 in his 80th year. He received his early training at University College London where he studied for the Intermediate Arts Examination. In 1887 he proceeded to the University of Oxford to work in the Christ Church Laboratory under Vernon Harcourt where he obtained the degree of B.A.with honours in Chemistry in 1891 and subse- quently the M.A. In October 1891 he was appointed Chemist to the Beckton station of the Gas Light and Coke Company and afterwards became one of the Gas Referees appointed by the Board of Trade under the Gas Regulation Act a position he held until 1938 when the Gas Referees ceased to exist as a separate organisation. He then became Adviser to the Board of Trade under the Gas Undertakings Act 1934. During most of his active life he also conducted a practice as a consulting chemist in London. He was a member of the Institution of Gas Engineers and of the Institute of Petroleum. In 1939 he was British Delegate to the International Commission on Illumination in Holland.He took a keen interest in the activities of the Institute serving as a member of Council in 1909-12 1930-33 and 1937-40 and as a Vice-president from 1933 to 1936. He was Chairman of the Publications Committee in 1911-12 and 1933-40. In 1912 and 1913 he gave two lectures before the Institute on “Chemistry in Gas Works,” which were afterwards published as a monograph. Among his earlier publications were “The Chemistry of Gas Manufacture,” 1896 and with F €3. Leeds “Acetylene,” 1903. He published numerous papers. He passed the Examination for the Associateship of the Institute in 1891 and was elected to the Fellowship in 1896. Information has recently been received that WILLIAMMURRAYCRONE died in Johannesburg on 29th April 1942 in his 41st year.He received his general education at Allan Glen’s School Glasgow and his scientific training at the Royal Technical College Glasgow where he graduated B.Sc. in Applied Chemistry in 1924. In 1928 he went to Java where he held a post with the Anglo- Dutch Plantations of Java Ltd. until 1937. In that year he returned to take up an appointment asChemist to the Scottish Grain Distillers Co.,Ltd. but in 1938 he became Chemist and Bacteriologist to Dutton’s Blackburn Brewery Ltd. In the following year he proceeded to South Africa as Microbiologist to the City Council of Johannesburg, an appointment which he held until his death. In 1940-41 he served with the South African Medical Corps. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1924.HERBERTFIRTH died on 26th December 1946 at Shrewsbuxy in his 46th year. Educated at Whitcliffe Mount Secondary School he attended Bradford Technical College for training for the Associateship Examination of the Institute which he passed in 1924. After three years as a pupil With the County Analyst for Bradford he became in 1919 Assistant to the Borough Analyst for Halifax. From 1924 to 1929 he was Senior Analyst with Lipton Ltd, and in the latter year was appointed Chemist to C. & T. Harris (Calne) Ltd. In 1937 he took a post with J. Travers & Son,Whole-sale Grocers as Manager of their Food Cannery at Minsterley Shrewsbury where he remained until his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1924 and became a Fellow in 1928, after passing the Examination in Branch E.JOHN BERRIDGE a Registered Student died on 8th October 1945 in his FRASER 22nd year. He was educated at King’s School Ely and was a student of chemistry at the Imperial College of Science and Technology. [ 112 3 -ALFRED DOUGLAS HEYWOOD died on 3rd February 1946 his 67th year. He receiyed his scientific training at University College London passing the Intermediate Examination for the Associateship of the Institute in 1909 and the Final examination in 1911. After working for 2 years in the laboratory of the late Dr. John Muter Public Analyst he was appointed Chemist and Bacteriologist to Fussell & Co., Ltd. (now Nestle Ltd.). In 1915 he became Assistant Analyst to the Public Analyst for the City of Birmingham and two years later Chief Analyst to Claus & Co.,where he was engaged in work on dyestuffs.His subsequent experience was in connexion with rayon manufacture with Messrs. Courtaulds Ltd. ; he was first appointed Laboratory Chief at their Castle Works at Flint and transferred in 1926 to become Technical Manager at their Wolverhampton Works ;L'post which he retained until his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1911 and a Fellow in 1914 (see also note on the Benevolent Fund p. 106). WILLIAM JONES a Registered Student died in the summer of 1946 in VERNON his 34th year. Educated at the Central Council School Stalybridge Cheshire he attended evening classes at Paisley Technical College and subsequently at the Royal Technical College Glasgow.He was employed as chemist by Messrs. Coats of Paisley until the outbreak of mar when he took up an industrial post with a metallurgical firm in Glasgow. FRANK died on 6th May 1945 in his 50th year. MILNERLEIGHTON Educated at the Modern School Luton he obtained in 1913 an open scholarship to Trinity Hall Cambridge which he entered in the following year. A few months later he obtained a commission in the 9th Bedfordshires and served in Egypt and Salonika where he was transferred to the 11th Welch Regiment in which he became Captain and Adjutant. He was awarded the M.C. in 1918. Returning to Cambridge on demobilisation in 1919 he graduated B.A. in 1921 having obtained first class honours in Part I1 of the Natural Science Tripos.The B.Sc. (War) degree of the University of London had previously been conferred on him. For the next two years he was engaged in research at Trinity Hall and acted asdemon-strator in chemistry. In 1923 he became technical assistant to Messrs. Abel and Imay Chartered Patent Agents and for the rest of his active life he was engaged on patent work for that firm largely in connexion With dyestuffs and pharmaceutical products; he also did a considerable amount of chemical work for clients. He became a partner in the firm in 1930 having previously passed the final examination of the Chartered Institute of Patent Agents and been duly elected a Fellow of that Institute. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1922. The death has been reported of Flying Of€icer WILLIAM LOMAX, ARTHURBARBER a Registered Student who did not return from a flight undertaken on 17th December 1916 to rescue survivors of an aircraft which had ditched at sea.Born in 1917 he was educated at the Sir Thomas Boteler Grammar School Warrington. He then took a post in Warrington and studied for some years at the Manchester College of Technology of which he became an Associate. After the out- break of war he continued his studies under growing difficulties until at the end of 1942 was accepted for Air Crew duties in the R.A.F.V.R. Subsequently he became a Flying Officer R.A.F. and served with S.E.A.A.F. GEOFFREY LORD died on 22nd September 1946 in his 39th year. Educated at Batley Grammar School he entered the University of Leeds in 1926 where he graduated B.Sc.in 1929. Subsequently he obtained the M.Sc. in Colour Chemistry as a result of research on azo- and anthrquinone dyestuffs. In 1929 he obtained a post as Analytical Chemist with British Celanese Ltd. at Spondon and in the following year became Dyestuffs Research and Plant Control Chemist with that firm. a post which he held until his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1937. CHARLES JAMES OWENis reported as having died while in a Japanese THOMAS Internment Camp. Born in 1907 he was educated at Fairfield School Bristol and proceeded in 1926 to the University of Bristol where he graduated BSc. with first class honours in chem-istry. He also spent a yeax on research work at Bristol on organic selenium compounds.In 1930 he took an appointment as lecturer in Physical and Inorganic Chemistry at the RaBes College Singapore a post which he held until the country was 0verr~z.1 by the Japanese. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1931. t 113 3 WILLIAM POLLARD died on 20th January 1946 in his 76th year. Educated at Harrow he proceeded in 1888 to Tiibingen where he studied under Lothar Meyer and Seubert. In 1900 he returned to England to work under Pattison Muir and A. Hutchinson at Caius College Cambridge and graduated B.A. subsequently M.A. In 1893 and 1894 he was again in Tubingen where he obtained the degree of DSc. From 1895 to 1898 he was Demonstrator and Assistant College Lecturer at Gus College. In that year he took up an appointment as Chemist to the Geological Survey a position which he held during the remainder of his active life.He was concerned with the analysis and the investigation of processes for the analysis of minerals and rocks and worked particularly on coals. He published several papers on Inorganic Chemistry the first of which was on the vapour pressure and melting point of iodine cyanide with Seubert in 1890 and later contributed extensively to our knowledge of methods of analysis and to official reports relating to British coals. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1909. Information was received in September last of the death in South Africa of EDWARD JAMES READ,in his 76th year. He was educated at Bedford Modern School and in 1888 proceeded to Cambridge where he graduated B.A.in 1891. After some time spent as a private tutor he was appointed chemist to Messrs. Paton & Charles. He then worked for a time in the laboratory of Dr. John Muter Public Analyst; asassistant to Dr. C. E. Groves at Guy’s Hospital Medical and Dental School; and in the laboratories of Dr. Julius Lewkowitsch. In 1899 he passed the Examination of the Institute in therapeutics pharmacology and microscopy and in the following year was appointed chemist to Day and Martin. After many years of active chemical work in England, fie took up an appointment in 1925 with the Pretoria Portland Cement Co. in the Transvaal and subsequently held a post with the Coronation Brick and Tile Co. Ltd., in Natal. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1893 and a Fellow in 1901.Reference has already been made (JOURNALAND PROCEEDINGS, 1945 V 167) to the bequest that he made to the Benevolent Fund. FREDERICK READ died in 1944 while a prisoner of war in the Far East. EDWARD Born in 1910 he was educated at Battersea County Secondary School and Cotham Secondary School Bristol. He then studied at the School of Pharmmy at University College London and at Birkbeck College and obtained the B.Sc. ofLondon University with honours in chemistry in 1935. He also qualified as B.Pharm. and Ph.C. From 1926 to 1931 he was employed in retail pharmacy with Messrs. Boots first in Bradford and later in London. In 1933 he became demonstrator in pharmaceutical chemistry at the College of the Pharmaceutical Society and in 1936 was appointed Analytical and Pharmaceutical Chemist to the Glaxo Laboratories Ltd.Three years later be went to Malaya to take up a post in the Institute for Medical Research at Kuala Lumpur and subsequently was in the Department of Chemistry Straits Settlements at Singapore. He was the author of papers on analytical methods. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1936 and became a Fellow in 1939 after passing the examination in Branch E. ROBERTFREDERICK SMITHdied on 13th December 1943 in his 42nd year. Educated at the SirGeorge Monaux Grammar School he proceeded to East London College (nowQueen Mary College) where he graduated BSc. with honours in 1926. Following a temporary post with the Ipswich Sugar Beet Co.Ltd. he was engaged for a short time (1928) with the Tottenham District Light Heat and Power Co. and subsequently with Sensible Heat Distillation Ltd. In 1933 he took up an appointment with Boake Roberts and Co. Ltd. At the outbreak of warhe was transferred to the Royal Ordnance Factory at Bishopton Renfrewshire but returned to London in 1942. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1926. JOHN HENRYSTANSBIE died on 14th June 1945 in his 92nd year. He received his scientific training at the Mason College Birmingham from 1888 to 1890 and obtained the B.Sc. degree of the University of London. He was for many years senior lecturer in Metallurgy at the Central Technical College Birmingham where he was held in high esteem by his colleagues aswell asby many generations of students.He also lectured on metallurgy in the University of Birminghamduring the 1914-1918 War. He was President of the Birmingham Metalltupcal Society from 1911 to 1913 and was the author of several textbooks for students of metallurgy. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1890. [114 3 The death has been reported of JOHN &KIS TAYLOR, who was serving as a Lieutenant R.E.M.E. with the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force. Born in 1921 he was educated at the Wath-on-Dearne Grammar School untii 1938 when he entered the University of Manchester. He graduated B.Sc. with first class honours in chemistry in 1941. After graduation he took an advanced radio course at Liverpool University proceeded to an A.A.Radio School and was then commissioned as 2nd Lieutenant R.A.O.C. and attached to an A.A. Battery. He was subsequently transferred to R.E.M.E. and went overseas in 1942. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1942. WILLIAMTHOMAS died in September 1946 at the age of 67 years. He received his scientifictrainingat East LondonCollege (now Queen Mary College) where he obtained the BSc. degree with first-class honours in chemistry in 1907 and subsequently spent two years on post-graduate work under Professor J. T.Hewitt, with whom he published a paper on Colour and Constitution of Hydroxyazo Compounds in 1909. His first post was as demonstrator in biology at St. Thomas’s Hospital (1910-1912) where he afterwards acted as assistant to the lecturer in physiology while reading medicine.He qualified as M.R.C.S. and L.R.C.P. in 1916 and obtained the degrees of M.B.and B.S. in 1920. In the meantime he had spent a year in charge of the laboratory at Fishmongers Hall (1914-16) and served as a Specialist Sanitary OfKcer in the R.A.M.C. (1915-19). After the war he became demonstrator in chemistry and toxicology at St. Thomas’s Hospital and was engaged as a specidst on clinical work and chemical pathology under the Ministry of Pensions. Since 1920 he had been in private medical practice and acted for a time as police surgeon. While at Fishmongers’Hallhe worked onbehalf of the Salmon and Trout Association on the effect of tar products on fish and published a paper on Road Treatment in relation to Fish Life and articles on related subjects.He was also responsible for reports to the Army Medical Authorities on mosquito control in relation to malaria. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1943. ROYWILLIAMGEORGEYOUNG, a Registered Student died on 26th December 1946 in his 26th year. Educated at Green Park College Bath he entered upon a scientific course at the Nerchant Venturers’ Technical College Bristol in 1938 and obtained the Ordinary National Certificate in 1943 while employed as Production Analyst with the Golden Valley Ochre and Oxide (Colours) Co. Ltd. THE REGISTER New Fellows Anderson Alan Bruce BSc. (Adelaide) Goodeve Sir Charles Frederick O.B.E. Ph.D. (Cantab.) M.R.C.S. L.R.C.P. DSc. (Lond.) F.R.S. Desai Ranchhodji Dajibhai D.Sc.(Lond.) Hood Norman Roy B.Sc. Ph.D. (Liv.) Ellinger Philipp Dr.Phi1. (Greifswald) A.M.1.Mech.E. Dr.Med. (Heidelberg). Palmer William Harold B.A. (Cantab.). Ghosh Ranajit DSc. (Cal.) Ph.D. Roskill Oliver Wentworth M.A. B.Sc. (Manc.) D.Phi1. (Oxon.). (Oxon.). Re-elected Fellows Brannigan Peter Joseph D.Sc. (Q.U.B.). Krishnaswami Kolar Ramakrishnaiyer, B.A. (Madras) DSc. (Lond.). Associates elected to the Fellowship Bennitt John Hector M.A. (Cantab.). Drummond John Malcolm M.Sc.(Manc.). Biggs Sidney Harold MSc. (Lond.) Harris Frederick Reginald B.Sc. (Lond.). D.I.C. Hebbs Lewis Goodin Spire. Blair Robert David B.Sc.,Ph.D. (Glas.). Lawrence Leslie Aubrey BSc. (Land.). Brown Frederick Stanley BSc. Ph.D. Leemann Walter Gustav M.Sc.Eng. (Wit- (Wales).watersrand) Dr.Ing. (Charlottenburg). Cameron Hugh Keith B.Sc. Ph.D. Linstead Reginald Patrick Ph.D. DSc. (Lond.). (Lond.) M.A. (Harvard) A.R.C.S., Cocker Wesley M.Sc. Ph.D. (Manc.). F.R.S. [ 115 1 Owen Leonard Newton B.S. Ph.D. (Bh.). Peacock John. Fickering Ernest Thomas BSc. (Birm.). Price Charles Harold B.Sc. (Lond.). Richardson Henry Martin B.Sc.(Liv.). Roberts Owen James A.C.G.F.C. Savage Leslie Henry Wallis M.Sc. (Land.). Saxby Derrick John B.Sc. (Lond.), A.C.G.F.C. Turner Frank. Turtle Edgar Ernest MSc. F’h.33. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. D.I.C. Wild Leonard B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), A.M.1.Chem.E. Worsdale John Everard B.Sc. (Lond.). A.R.C.S. NEW ASSOCIATES Andrew Thomas Ralph. Banks Henry Edward Wareing.Barker Charles Cobbett B.Sc. Ph.D. (Bris.). Beavis Graham M.Sc. (N.Z.). Bell William Alexander B.Sc. (St. Andre-). Billington Arthur Ernest M.A. (Cantab.). Brady Thomas Scullion B.Sc. (Glas.). Brice John Oliver. Bromley Jack A.M.C.T. Bull Alfred John Urbane B.Sc. (Lond.). Bushnell Alexander Claud. Butler Leslie Osgood BSc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. Cameron Malcolm McFetridge BSc. (Glas.). Carlile John Hildred George B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. D.I.C. Chancellor Stanley Frederick. Charlwood Peter Albert B.Sc. (Lond.), B.A. (Cantab.). Charman Derek Austin B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. Clark Edward Raymond B.Pharm. (Wales). Cleaver George B.S. (Leeds). Cockburn William Fordyce B.Sc. (Glas.). Collier Raymond Ernest. Collins Frank Caldwell.Cooper Cyril Jack B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. Corney Norman Stanley B.Sc. (Lond.). Cosgrove Dennis John 13.S~. (Lond.). Cotter Miss Brigid Mary MSc. (N.U.I.) Cranley Martin Joseph B.S. (N.U.I.). Crawley Ralph Hugh Alfred B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. Cullen James Henry Joseph. Das Gupta Hari Prosad; B.Sc. (Cal.), M.Sc (Bombay) Devlin Hugh M.Sc. (N.U.I.). Drabble Frank,MSc. (Liv.). Driver George William B-Sc. J?h.l>. (Dunelm). Edwards Donald B.Sc. (hnd.). Evans Charles Charlton B.Sc. (Lond.). Feachem Charles George Paulin M.A. Ph.D. (Cantab.). Frohnsdofi Raymond Stanley Max, BSc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. Gardner Kenneth. Gaunt Jack B.Sc (Leeds). Gaunt Thomas Norman B.Sc.(Leeds). Gorringe Brian Stanley B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S.Gundry John Theodore Stephen B.Sc- (Lond.). Gunstone Frank Denby BSc. (Liv.). Hadgraft John William. Hall Rodney Thomas William BSc. (Lond.). Harris Alan Conway M.Sc. (N.Z.). Hattiangdi Gopal Shankar M.Sc. Ph.D. (Bombay). Henhest Harold Bernard BSc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. Hillman Kenneth B.Sc.(Lond.). . Hughes Miss Marian B.Pharm. (Wales). Jones Alan Angus B.Sc. (Liv.). Lain Archibald Ernest M.P.S. hrrigo Roy William B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. Love Ewen Benjamin B.Sc. (Reading). Loveless Leonard William James B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. D.I.C. Mallows Leslie Albert Stanley B.Sc. (Wales). Marshall William White B.Sc. (Dunelm). Martin David Duncanson B.Sc. (Lond.). McCloskey Paul. McGonnell James . Moore Percy Edwin Ph.C. Moore Patrick Thomas M.Sc.(N.U.I.). Muirhead Leslie Alfred B.S. (Lond.). Notton Harold Eugene Frederick B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. O’Callaghan Miss Margaret B.A. (T.C.D.) Onyon Peter Frederick. O’Sullivan Desmond Gerard B.Sc. (Lond.) Oughtred Robert Edward. Parker Alwyn. Parsons George Frederick Pertry B.A. (Oxon.). Paterson. Alexander Brown. Payne Douglas Sutherland B.S. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. Pearson Jack A.R.C.S. Pickford Arthur Edward. Pitt Gordon Arthur Cracherode M.Sc. (Lond.). Pittwell Laurence Roy B.Sc. (Lond.). Ray Harendra Nath M.Sc. (Calcutta). Rea Allen Arthur. Ricketts Colin Robert B.Sc. (Birm.). Roberts Glyn. Robertson Robert Hogarth. Robson John Norman. Rymer Thomas Edward. Sanderson James Roland. Santi Aldo B.Sc.(Glas.). Serin Peter Arthur. Watson Mearns Bruce B.Sc. Ph.D. Sivaramakrism Gopalakrishna B.A. (Aberd.). (Madras). Weinberg Godfrey B.Sc. Tech. (Manc.). Subba Raman P.R.,B.A. M.Sc. (Madras). Wiggins Thomas Joseph. Tait. Douglas Alexander M.Sc. (N.Z.). Williams George Robert B.Sc.(Wales). Tho& C&tain James Harold BSc. Wilson Douglas Robert Wallace B.Sc. (Lond.). (Lond.). Torto Frank Gibbs Tetteh O’Baka Wilson James B.Sc. (Glas.) Dip.R.T.C. B.Sc. (Lond.). Wood,Herbert Leslie B.Sc. (Leeds). Turner Wilfred Osman. Wood Ronald M.P.S. Walker Eric Henry. Woodcock David M.Sc. Ph.D. (Dunelm). Washbrook Cyril Cecil. Woodhead Tom B.Sc.(Lee’ds). Waterman Stephen James BSc. (Lond.). Yates Christopher Cavill. Watkins Ronald Charles.Reelected Associates Clifford Wilfred James BSc. (Lond.). Mitra Noni Gopal B.Sc. (Cal.) M.Sc. Evans Thomas Watcvn B.Sc. Ph.D. (punjab). (Wales). White. Christopher Fifield. Gillett Harry William M.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. New Students Allen,Keith William. Hoskins John Mitchell. AncMe Benjamin. Howard Donald Kearey. Armitage John Brian. Hudson Peter Desmond. Bairstow Ronald Hirst. Humphries Derek William. Barber George Albert. &aminsky Simon. Barclay Miss Mavis. Kay James Jackson. Billington Jack Charles. Lawson Arthur. Boynton George Edward. Lucking Paul Anthony. Braunholtz JohnTheodore. Magill Miss Daphne Reid. Bray Alan. Malley Abraham Elliott. Briers Geoffrey Phillips. McInnes Keith Grahame. Brownlow Stanley. Parsons,Anthony Mesnd.Carter Miss Joan. Payne Philip Reid. Clark Peter Frederick. Pettitt Raymond Humphrey. Cookson Martin Alan. Pinder Philip Clive. Cottam James. Potter Charles Ron?ld. Cunningham James. Preston Ronald. Dalton John Anthony. Priestley Edgar. Davis Peter. Reed Arthur. Delve Malcolm Hoban. Riding David. Donaldson James. Robinson,Miss EileenMuriel. Dook Charles Alan. Rose George Alan. Ellerington Trevor. Ross,Donald. Essex Claude Douglas. Rothwell Desmond Bor. Evans David Ralph. Shaw George Wenham. Farrer ThomasWilliam. Sheppard Mervyn William Herbert. Flint Alan Royle. Sills Raymond Maurice. Fox,Miss Beatrice Jeanne. Slough Warwick. Gardner Miss Joyce Elizabeth. Smith George Eric. Goddard Harry. Stock John Albert. Gouldstone Geoffrey.Taylor Archie. Gunningham Alan Roy. Terry Hubert Victor. Handford Robert Percy. Thomas,Christopher Henry. Harris Donald David Joseph. Valentine Miss Mauxeen Hampton. Harrison Alan Morley. Walker Alan David. Hayling Maurice. Warburton Douglas. Heywood Eric Leslie. Weatherston Matthew. Hoare Derek Stuart. Wells Hugh Gordon. Hodge Charles Walter. Wilson Reginald. Hornby Bryaa. Wood Miss Marian. Horsburgh MissIsobel Telford. Woods Robert James. Horton Leslie. Ziboh Christopher Onnora. 1117 3 CHANGE OF NAME Barbara Anne Jackman Assodale to Maureen S. Brabants B.Sc. Rssociats to hmbrose,-on marriage. Kendall,-on marriage. DEATHS Fellows Frank Browne Ph.C. John Alfred Foster. Alexander Bruce B.Sc. (Lond.).Evan Griffith Thomas MSc. (Wales). Thomas Callan M.S. (Manc.) Ph.D. Charles Home Warner M.D. BS.,B.Sc. (Heid.). (Lond.) M.R.C.S. (Eng.) L.R.C.P. John Howard Davidson MSc. (Manc.). (Lond.) D.P.H. (Oxon.) D.I.C. Associates John Gordon Ayers BSc. (Lond.). William Thomas M.B. B.S. BSc. John Ernest Inkster BSc. (Lond.). (Lond.) M.R.C.S. (Eng.),L.R.C.P. ERRATUM In the list of new Associates in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1946 I 60 the qualifi- cations of Mrs. E. J. Raynor should read as follows:-M.A. D.Phil. (Oxon.). COMING EVENTS I946 6 SOCIETY INDUSTRY May OF CHEMICAL (London Section) “Penicillin.” Dr. E. Lester Smith at the Chemical Society’s Rooms,Burlington House Piccadilly London W.1 at 6.16 p.m. 1-9 ELECTRODEPOSITORS’ SOCIETY: TECHNICAL Annual Conference technical papers works visits.At the Imperial Hotel Birmingham beginning at 2 p.m. on 7th May. 8 THE INSTITUTE*(G~~~~~~ and West of Scotland Section) Works visit to the Laboratory of G. and J. Weir Ltd. Cathcart Glasgow at 7 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast Section) Annual General Meeting at 6.30p.m. “Chemical MetalIurgy”4ecture by Dr.H.J. T. Ellingham at 7 p.m. In the Chemistry Lecture Theatre King’s College Newcastle upon Tyne. 10 THE INSTITUTE (Cardiff and District Section) Annual General Meeting at the Technical College Cathays Park CardX at 6.46 p.m. THEINSTITUTE (SouthYorkshire Section) AnnuaI General Meeting,in the Depart- ment of Applied Science University of Sheffield at 6.30p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (Plastics Group jointly with the Birmingham INDUSTRY and Midlands Section of the Society) “Some Solubility Relations in Phenol Formaldehyde Resins,” Mr.D. W. Harbour at Birmingham. OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY, INSTITUTION with the Birmingham and Midlands Section of the Institute First Foundation Lecture “The Future of the Rubber Manufacturing Industry.” Mr. A. Healey at the Grand Hotel Birmingham at 5.30 p.m. 15 THEINSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) :‘‘Potash and Crop Production,” Dr. G. A. Cowie in the Royal Institution Albemarle Street Piccadilly W.1 at 6.30 p.m. SOCIETY ROYAL OF ARTS:Pope Memorial Lecture. Professor C. S. Gibson O.B.E., F.R.S. at the Royal Society of Arts 6 John Adam Street London W.C.2. c 1181 I946 May 16 CHEMICALSOCIETY: Scientific Meeting.SOCIETY (Road and Building Materials Group) :Annual OR CHEMICALINDUSTRY General Meeting. “Food for Thought,” Mr. L. G. Gabriel at Gas Industry House 1 Grosvenor House London S.W.1 at 6 p.m. INSTITUTE OF FUEL(East Midland Section) Annual General Meeting followed at 6 p.m. by a Joint Meeting with the National Smoke Abatement Society the Society of Chemical Industry and other technical bodies. “The Prevention of Industrial Smoke,” Mr. S. N. Duguid in the Demonstration Theatre Gas Department Parliament Street Nottingham. 17 THEINSTITUTE (Cardiff and District Section) jointly with the Microchemistry Group of the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists and with the South Wales Section of the Society of Chemical Industry.Three papers on Microchemistry Dr. J. G. A. Griffiths and Mr. J. K. Whitehead; Mr. A. E. Beet; and Mr. R. Belcher. At University College Cathays Park Cardiff at 6.30 p.m. SocrETY OF CHEMICAL (Birmingham Section) :Lecture at the Chamber INDUSTRY of Commerce Birmingham at 6.30 p.m. ASSOCIATION BRITISH OF CHEMISTS:Annual Lecture. Professor P. M. S. Blackett at the Central Library St. Peter’s Square Manchester 2 21 THEINSTITUTE (Glasgow and West of Scotland Section) Works visit to Kelvin Works of Kelvin Bottomley & Baird Ltd. Hillington Glasgow S.W.2. ROYAL SOCIETY “How it works in Photography” PHOTOGRAPHIC OF GREATBRITAIN (Fifth Lecture) “Viewing the Image.” Dr. W.Swift at Royal Photographic Society 16 Prince’s Gate London S.W.7.23-25 SOCIETY OF DYERSAND COLOURISTS:Symposium on “Fibrous Proteins Natural and Synthetic,” in the University Leeds. 24-26 THE INSTITUTE: Joint meeting of the Glasgow Edinburgh and Aberdeen Sections and of the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry in Scotland Opening in Marischal College Aberdeen on 24th May at 4 p.m. 26 THEINSTITUTE (Birmingham and Midlands Section) jointly with other chemical organisations:Midland Chemists’ Day. Garden party. Exhibition of products and scientific apparatus. flay 30-June 3 SOCIETY OF CHEMICAL (Food Group) Summer Meeting INDUSTRY (note alteration of date). May 30-June0 BRISTOL UNivsRsrm H. H.WillsPhysicalLaboratory and Department of Adult Education in co-operation with the Institute of Physics.Summer School on Applications of Theoretical Physics in Industry. June 6 CHEBfICALSOCIETY scientific Meeting. 19 THE INSTITUTE (Birmingham and Midlands Section) “Modern Light Alloys with special reference to Corrosion.” Professor L.Aitchison at Coventry. ’2’ (Belfast and District Section) Works visit to Newforge Ltd., THEINSTITUTE Belfast. At the Malone Factory at 3 p.m. (Date changed from 1st May.) 9-13 THE INSTITUTE Summer Courses on “Oils and Fats” and “Spectroscopy.” Arranged by the Liverpool and District Section at the University of Liverpool (see p. 104). GENERAL NOTICES (Fwnotices relating tontdters of imrnediats importance see “Announcewnts” mp. 104.) Notice to Associates.-Regulations and forms of application for the Fellowship can be obtained from the Registrar.Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments or are desirous of extending their opportunities is kept at the offices ofthe Institute. For full information inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Libraries.-The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society Burlington House, Piccadilly W.l to the maintenance of which the Institute makes substantial con- tributions is available to Fellows Associates and Registered Students wishing to consult or borrow books from 10 a.m. to 9 p.m. on week-days (except Saturdays 10 a.m.to 5 p.m.). Books can also be borrowed by post. Booksmay be borrowed from the Science Library Science Museum South Kensb- ton S.W.7,on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Secretary of the Institute.The Library of the Institute is being reorganised but limited service is available to Fellows Associates and Registered Students from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. on week-days (except Saturdays 10 a.m. to 1 p.m.). Information regarding facilities afforded to members by Lewis’s Lending Library can also be obtained from the Registrar. Reparts on German Industries.-Copies of a number of Reports of the Combined Intelligence Objectives Sub-Committee (C.I.O.S.)and of the British Intelligence Sub- Committee (B.I.O.S.) on industrial plants and processes in Germany published by H.M.Stationery Office have been received and are available for consultation in the Library of the Institute.Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A list of slides ofportraits of great chemists and other scientists throughout the ages can be obtained on application to the Secretary. As the slides are frequently in demand members are requested to notify their require- ments at least 14 days before the date on which the slides axe to be used. Joint Subscription Arrangements-Fellows Associates and Registered Students; who wish to participate in the arrangements whereby they can acquire on favourable terms membership of the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry with substantial privileges as to publications (see special article JOURNALAND PROCEEDINGS 1045 Part IV,p. 148) can obtain further particulars and necessary forms from the Conjoint Chemical Office 9 and 10 Savile Row London W.1.Those who participate in these arrangements also have as from 1st January 1948 the option of including membership of the Faraday Society among the privileges obtainable on advantageous termsunder an extension of the joint subscription arrangements. Benevolent Fund.-Contributions for 1946 may be sent to the Honorary Treasurer. 30 Russell Square London W.C. I. forms for Deeds of Covenant may be obtained from the Secretary (see also p. 104). Service with H.M. Forces.-Fellows Associates and Registered Students who are on service with the Navy Army and Air Force are requested to notify the Institute giving particulars as to their rank unit etc. Changes of Address.-Fellows Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give so far as possible their permanent address-for registration.When writing from an address different from that previously given they are requested to state if the new address is to be used in future and whether the change affects the Appointments Register. All requests for changes should be addressed to the Registrar and not to the Honorary Secretaries of local Sections. In order to facilitate identification Fellows Associates and Registered Students are asked to give their full initials on communications addressed to the Institute. In the prevailing circumstances they are also asked not invariably to expect formal acknowledgments of communications addressed to the institute unless replies are necessary.PROFESSOR ALEXANDER FINDLAY M.A. D.Sc. LL.D. Pi-esidenr 1943-1946

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/RG9467000069

出版商:RSC    

年代:1946

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRlTAfN AND IRELAND PROCEEDINGS OF THE COUNCIL Council Meeting 26th April 1946.-Professor H. Krall was appointed District Member of Council for the Overseas Dominions and Elsewhere Abroad for the ensuing twelve months in succession to Mr. J. C. Cowap, who was elected to the Council in this capacity in April 1943 and had thus completed the maximum period of continuous service. The thanks of the Council were expressed to Mr. E. Hinks for his past services on the Joint Committee with the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists on public health matters from which he had retired owing to ill health. @lr.Hinks has since died see pp. 153 158.1 Two of the vacancies among Honorary Corresponding Secretaries were filled by the appointment of Mr.A. F. B. Norwood for Western Australia and Dr. L. I?. McCallum (in place of Mr.A. Lucas deceased) for Egypt. No appointment is to be made in respect of the region formerly designated “Straits Settlements and the Far East” until more settled conditions exist in Malaya. [For list of Honorary Corresponding Secretaries see p. 128.1 Proposed changes in the Local Rules of the Bristol and South-Western Counties Section that had been adopted at a general meeting of the Section received general approval; but the view was expressed that putting the new Rules into effect should be deferred until general questions concerning Section Rules had been discussed at the forthcoming Annual Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections.It was agreed that the Annual Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections should be held on and June 1946,at 10a.m. The Report of the Finance and House Committee (15th April) was received and adopted. The report referred inter alia to:-accounts for payment; investments; staff matters; routine house matters; endowment of memorial lectures. The Council accepted with gratitude an offer by the donors of the Gluckstein Memorial Lecture Fund to increase the Fund by L300 and adopted a proposal that the lectures should be given at intervals of three years during the next 20 years and that thereafter the capital sum should be devoted to the Benevolent Fund of the Institute if the donors or their assigns were in agreement with this course of action in January 1966.It was further agreed that the choice of lecturers should be made by a small committee consisting of the President for the time being of the Institute a Member of the Council of the Institute and a representative of the donors. The Report of the Benevolent Fund Committee (15th April) was received and adopted. The Report referred to a comparison of receipts and expendi- ture to 31st March 1946 with the corresponding figures for 1945; a grant c 1211 for the education and welfare of two children of an Associate who was incapacitated by illness; and the progress of arrangements for enabling children of recipients of regular allowances to secure a summer holiday. The Report of the Nominations Examinations and Institution Committee (29th March) was received and adopted and the candidates recommended for election or re-election to the Associateship or to the Fellowship were duly elected to their respective grades.A suggestion from the Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section that all Associates applying for admission to the Fellowship other than by examination should be interviewed save in exceptional cases at the dis-cretion of the N.E. and I. Committee was referred for consideration to the N.E. and I. Committee. The President was authorised to write to the County Councils Association and the Association of Municipal Corporations drawing attention to the interest of the Institute in the remuneration and conditions of appointment of Public Analysts and referring to memoranda on this subject recently prepared by the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists.Questions raised in connexion with the implementation of the provisions of the White Paper on the Scientific Civil Service were referred to the Appointments and Economic Status Committee. The Report of the Publications and Library Committee (11th April) was received and adopted. The report dealt with future arrangements for the Henderson and Gluckstein Memorial Lectures; the publication of lectures and monographs; proposals relating to wider dissemination of “What Industry owes to Chemical Science”; and the preparation of JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part 11. A Special Committee was appointed to consult with the Ministry of Education (England and Wales) on the development of a proposed new scheme for National Certificates.Consideration of conditions for resumption of the award of the Meldola Medal and the application of the Sir Alexander Pedler Fund was referred to the Special Purposes Committee. From replies received to an enquiry as to the possibility of a branch of the Institute being formed in Germany for the benefit of chemists serving as technical officers with the Control Commission (JOURNAL AND PROCEED-INGS,1946 I 37) it was concluded that this was not practicable at present; the possibility was being borne in mind by the authorities of the Control Commission with a view to reconsideration when conditions improved. The Minutes of the Meeting of the Chemical Council held on 20th February and an abstract of Minutes of the Meeting held on 20th March were received.Professor Findlay was appointed as representative of the Institute on the British Management Council in succession to Dr. F. H. Carr. The Second Interim Report of the Departmental Committee concerned with revision of the Patents and Designs Act was received and the desirability of further consideration being given by the Institute’s Patents Committee to matters arising from the Report was referred to the Chairman of that Committee. Council Meeting 17th May 1946.-Approval was given to proposed alterations in the Rules of the Aberdeen and North of Scotland Section and of the South Wales Section so as to bring the termination of their financial years to 31st December.I1223 It was reported that Mr. A. Taylor had resigned as Honorary Secretary of the South Yorkshire Section owing to his having accepted an appoint- ment in another district and was being succeeded by Mr. G. Murfitt. The Council expressed its thanks to Mr. Taylor for his past services as Honorary Secretary. The Council received from Dr. Pedelty a draft of proposed Rules of the provisional Hull and District Section (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1945 IV 135) and having been informed by the Leeds Area Section and the South Yorkshire Section that their Committees had approved the proposed boundariesof the new Section the Council resolved that the Hull and District Section be formally constituted as a Local Section of the Institute with the boundaries specified in the draft Rules and that the draft Rules be provision- ally accepted subject to such minor modifications as might be agreed follow- ing the discussion of general questions concerning Section Rules at the forthcoming Annual Conference of Honorary Secretaries.Consideration was given to a memorandum by Dr. C. Forrester (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1946 11 93-94) on the re-organisation and development of the Indian Section. The scheme was generally approved on the under- standing that the Council would have an opportunity of examining detailed proposals for the reconstitution of the Indian Section in due course. The. thanks of the Council were expressed to Dr. Forrester for his work in prepar- ing the plans for the future of the Indian Section on lines discussed with the Council during his visit to England in 1945.The Council received from the Honorary Secretary of the Manchester and District Section a report of an analysis of the results of replies to a questionnaire circulated to members of the Section in September 1945 with the request that consideration should be given to the publication of the report and to circulating the questionnaire to other Sections. It was agreed that the report was of considerable interest and that the thanks of the Council be conveyed to the Manchester and District Section for taking the initiative in the matter and for the manner in which the resuIts had been analysed and presented. The report was referred to the Appoint- ments and Economic Status Committee and this Committee was asked to advise the Council on the desirability of publishing the report and of extending the scope of the questionnaire after having given due considera- tion to any discussion of the subject by the Annual Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections.The Report of the Finance and House Committee (17th May) was received and adopted. The report referred inter alia to:-accounts for payment; investments; receipt of a further E3oo from the donors of the Gluckstein Memorial Lecture Fund (see p. 121);staff matters; completion of the work of converting the meeting room at 30 Russell Square into offices; and the schedule of war damage to the Institute’s premises. The Report of the Benevolent Fund Committee (17th May) was received and adopted.The Report dealt with receipts and expenditure; review of two current cases and consideration of two possible new cases; progress of arrangements for summer holidays for children; and a suggestion from a Fellow on the possibility of providing improved accommodation in homes or hostels for old people who were able to make a moderate contribution towards expenses. The Report of the Nominations Examinations and Institutions Committee (26th April) was received and adopted and the candidates recommended for election or re-election to the Associateship or to the c 123 1 E’eilowship were duly elected to their respective grades. The Council also adopted a further Report of the Committee (17th May) submitting recom- mendations on the Report of the Board of Examiners; candidates who had passed the examination for the Associateship or for the Fellowship were duly elected to their respective grades.The Report of the Publications and Library Committee (9th May) was mainly concerned with lectures and monographs for publication; future arrangements for the holding of lectures and the publication of monographs; preliminary consideration of arrangements for the next issue of the Register of Fellows and Associates and of “Official Chemical Appointments” it was agreed that the publication of the Register should take precedence and that consideration be given at the next meeting to questions of the content and lay-out of the Register on which advance decisions were needed.The Report was adopted. The Council received a petition from the Glasgow and West of Scotland Section for approval of a suggestion to hold a Symposium on “Coal Petroleum and their Newer Products” at the University of St. Andrews in July 1947 following the International Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry. The petition was accepted and appreciation was expressed at the Glasgow and West of Scotland Section having taken the initial step in this matter. It was realised however that it would probably be desirable to organise the symposium under the joint auspices of the Scottish sections of the three Chartered Chemical Bodies and to coordinate the arrangements with those for the International Congress; on this broader basis the sym- posium would have a wider appeal to chemists from overseas many of whom would no doubt welcome an opportunity to visit Scotland.The Minutes of a Meeting of the Chemical Council held on 20th March were received and approval was given to the following resolution submitted by the Chemical Council to the Councils of the collaborating bodies:- “As since the agreement for the formation of the Chemical Council a joint subscription scheme for publications has been brought into operation it be resolved that only those societies participating in this scheme shall have a claim to benefit from the funds available for publications.” The Council received a statement on recent proceedings of the British National Committee for Chemistry from Professor J.W. Cook represent- ative of the Institute on the Committee. The statement referred mainly to steps taken to resuscitate the International Union for Chemistry and to arrangements for holding an International Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry in London immediately after the Centenary Celebrations of the Chemical Society which would take place on 15th-17th July 1947. The Council welcomed a suggestion from the Australian Chemical Institute that a meeting of representatives of the Royal Institute of Chemistry and of professional chemical institutes in the Dominions should be arranged in London at the time of the Empire Scientific Conference (June 1946)to consider means of achieving a greater amount of co-operation among them. It was agreed that arrangements should be made for the Officers of the Institute to meet those delegates to the Empire Scientific Conference who were members of the professional chemical institutes in Canada South Africa Australia and New Zealand.Mr. E. J. Vaughan was nominated to represent the Institute at the installation of the Chancellor of the University of Sheffield on 25th June. ACTIVITIES OF LOCAL SECTIONS Aberdeen and North of Scotland.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was heM on 26th April when the following office-bearers were re-elected Chairman. Dr. R. €3. Strathdee; Committee Messrs. 1. E. Bowen (District Member of Council), A. Dargie H. J. Gregson H. G. M. Hardie J. C. Robb and M. J. Robb; Hon. Auditor, Mr. M.J. Robb; Hon.Secretary and Treasurer Mr.D. W. Menzies. The meeting approved of an alteration in the Section Rules whereby the financial year will henceforth end at 31st December instead of 31st March. For a report of the joint meeting of the Scottish Sections at Aberdeen on 24th and 26th May see under “Scotland” below.] Birmingham and MidIands-On 20th March a Section Meeting was held at the Technical College Wolverbampton when a lecture entitled ‘!Nuclear Chemistry” was delivered by Professor M. L. €3. Oliphant F.R.S. About 400 people were present including the Mayor of Wolverhampton and Sir Charles Mander. The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at the University Edmund Street on 27th March and about 40 Members were present. In moving the adoption of the Committee’s Annual Report the Chairman (Mr.Arthur Churchman) referred to the wide scope of the programme which had just been completed. He said that the Committee was very grateful for the efforts of all those who had contributed to the year’s work. The Officers and Committee for 1946147 were elected as follows Chairman Mr. Garfield Thomas; Vice-chairman Dr. H. C. Smith; Treasurer Mr. G. H. Edwards; Secretary Mr. E. M.Joiner; Committee FelZows Mr. T. H. Gant (District Member of Council) Mr. A. Churchman Dr. S. R. Carter Dr. S. H. Jenkins Mr. George King Dr. Maurice Stacey; Assm~utes:Mr. J. H. Bennitt Mr. A. Freeman Mr. F. A. Oliver, Mr. C. W. Yearsley. The new Chairman (Mr. Garfield Thomas) proposed a cordial vote of thanks to Mr. A. Churchman and to the retiring Members of the Committee Dr.L.R. Bishop and Mr. A. W. Evans. Chemical Engineering Cowse 1946.-This Course was held at the University of Birmingham from the 6th to 13th April and was attended by 107 chemists from various parts of the country. About two-thirds of these were resident at University House and the remainder attended the lectures demonstrations and works visits on a daily basis. Lectures were given by Mr. E. Woollatt B.Sc.,A.M.I.Chem.E. A.R.I.C. and each member of the Course received a copy of the printed lecture notes. On Sunday morning a party of the resident members attended Edgbaston Parish Church where Canon S. Blofeld a Fellow of the Chemical Society preached a special sermon. In the afternoon parties visited Bournville the City Art Gallery and the Queen Elizabeth Hospital.A theatre party in the middle of the week helped to preserve the balance of the intellectual fare provided. During the week some of the party visited the Department of Oil Engineering and the Department of Mining in the University and each member of the Course Visited one of the following Works Brothertons Ltd.; W. and T.Avery Ltd.; City Gas Works; Midland Tar Distillers. The Committee desires to acknowledge the very willing and generous co-operation afforded them by all concerned in the arrangements for the Course. Bristol and South-Western Counties-The Section held their first post-war social function on 4th April. This took the form of an informal dinner held at the Grand Hotel Bhtol when Dr. T.Malkin presided over a gathering of 45.The principal guest wasDr. H. J. T. Ellingham who following the dinner gave an address on “Service to Chemistry and Chemists.” After a good discussion Dr. Vanstone proposed the vote of thanks. Cardiff and District.-The Eleventh Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at the Technical College Cardiff on loth May. The following Officers and Members of Committee were elected for the 1946147 session Chairman Mr. W. D. Williams; Hon. Secretary/Treasurer Mr. H. F. Ada-; Hon. Auditor Mr. D. Hicks; Committee,Mr. S. J. H. 0.Chard Dr. N. M.Cullinane Mr. R. G. Minor Mr. L. McGraghan Dr. K. Sames Dr. R. Williams and ex o@io Mr. R. H. Jones (District Member of Council) and Dr. J. H.Quastel F.R.S. (General Member of Council).On 17th May the Section held a joint meeting with the Microchemistry Group of the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists and with the Society of Chemical Industry. In the afternoon by permission of the Directors of Messrs. 11251 SpilIers a party visited the Roath Dock Flour Mills Cardiff and were afforded a most interesting tour of the silos and mills including the laboratory. At an evening meeting held later at University College Cardiff ,the following papers were read “Determination of Cyanide by the Picrate Method a Water-bath Rack for heating simultaneously many tubes of Reactants,’’ by Dr. J. G. A. Griffiths and Mr. J. K. Whitehead; “Some Observations on the Kjeldahl Method for the Determination of Nitrogen,” by Mr. A.E. Beet and “Methods for the Construction of Microchemical Apparatus,” by Mr. R. Belcher. The visiting Group was introduced by Mr. W. D. Williams who then invited Professor H. V. A. Briscoe to take the Chair. Dublin and District.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 27th March with Mr. J. W. Parkes in the Chair. The following were elected to serve as the Committee for the year Messrs. B. G. Fagan W. V.Griffiths A. O’Farrelly H. D. Thornton J. W. Tullo and A. E. Werner. Dr. Leonard’s retirement from the position of Honorary Secretary was accepted with regret and with expressions of appreciation of his long and valued services to the Section. Mr. H. D. Thornton was elected to succeed him. A warm vote of thanks was passed to Mr. J. W. Parkes for his earnest devotion to duty and unfailing courtesy during his term of office as Chairman of the Section.At a subsequent Meeting of the Committee Dr. Leonard was co-opted as member of the Committee and elected Chairman of the Section for the session. East Anglia.-The Section held its first Annual General Meeting since 1941 at the Great White Horse Hotel Ipswich on Saturday 13th April. At this meeting Mr. James Hendry of Ipswich was elected Chairman with no change in the Hon. Secretary- ship or Hon. Treasurership. Dr. F. Briers and Mr. G. H. Whyatt previously filling casual vacancies were re-elected to the Committee and new members elected were Mr. T. P. Dee (Ipswich) Mr. C. Hall (Stowmarket) Dr. G. Swann (Manningtree). The Section discussed a number of matters including the possibility of Cambridge members becoming associated with the East Anglia Section.East Midlands.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 4th April at Derby. The Committee to serve for 1946/47 was elected as follows:-Chairman Mr. S. W. Atherley; Hon. Treasurer Mr. E. M. Bavin; Hon. Secretary Dr. C. Whit- worth; members for DerbyshireMr. R. Davidson Mr. C. W. North Mr. W. Hunter; members for Leicester-Professor L. Hunter Mr. F. C. Bullock; member for Lincoln- Mr. D. A. Campbell; members for Nottingham- Mr. F. C. Ward Mr. E. M. Bavin, Dr. H. H. Barber; member for Loughborough-Dr. G. M. Dyson; co-opted member Mr. G. F. Hall; ex officio (as Members of Council)-Professor J. Masson Gulland Mr. R. W. Sutton. A resolution was passed by the meeting confirming the action of the Committee in agreeing to the alteration of the financial year so that it may terminate on 31st December instead of on 31st March as at present.After the business meeting a lzcture was given by Professor D. H. Hey on “Recent Developments in Endocrinology. [For summary see p. 131.1 Glasgow and West of Scotland.-A meeting of the Committee was held on 6th May in the Royal Technical College when consideration was given to the programme for the forthcoming session. After discussion it was decided to approach Council about the proposed Scottish Symposium suggested to be held in St. Andrews in the summer of 1947. If the Council endorsed the recommendations a committee would be set up under the convenership of Dr.David Traill to put the scheme into operation. [For a report of the joint meeting of the Scottish Section at Aberdeen on 24th and 25th May see under “Scotland” below.] London and South-Eastern Counties.-A Discussion on “Rheology in the Food Industry” was held at a joint meeting with the British Rheologists’ Club on 2nd April in the Royal Society of Arts W.C.2. Dr. E. C. Bate-Smith described the use of rheological methods in the examin.ation of meat; Mr. R. Barry Drew spoke on gelatin jellies; and Mr. J. E. Caffyn referred to and demonstrated many rheological problems arising in the dairy industry. A summary of this discussion has been published in Nature 1946 157 742. A lecture entitled “Recent Advances in Brewing Technology” was given by Dr.J. H. Oliver on 17th April in the Royal Institution W.l. Excellent coloured films were used [ 1261 to illustrate almost every stage and process involved from the reaping of barley to the bottling of beer. “Potash and Crop Production” was the subject of a lecture given by Dr. G. A. Cowie in the Royal Institution on 15th May. [A-summary will be published in the next issue of JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS.] Newcastle upon Tyne and N.E. Coast.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 8th May at King’s College Newcastle upon Tyne under the Chairmanship of Dr. J. H. Jones. The Annual Reports of the Committee and the Hon. Treasurer were received and adopted and Dr. P. L. Robinson and Mr. W. Lawson were reelected Hon. Auditors.The resignation of the Honorary Secretary. Mr. H. E. Blayden was received with regret and Mr.K. H. Jackwas unanimously elected in his place. Professor H. L. Riley Mr. J. Keaton and Mr. W. Marsden were elected to vacancies on the Committee which is constituted as follows for 1946-47:-Chairman Dr. J. H. Jones; Hon. Treasurer Dr. W.M.Madgin; Hon. Secretary Mr. K. H. Jack; Hon. Auditors Dr. P. L.Robinson and Mr. W. Lawson; Committee Mr. M. A. W. Brown Mr. H. E. Blayden (co-opted for one year) Mr. W. G. Carey (ex oficio District Member of Council) Dr. C. W. Gibby Mr. J. Keaton Mr. W. Marsden Professor H. L. Riley and Dr. C. W. Shacklock. The meeting agreed to a review and as appropriate an amendment of the Section Rules. Dr. H. j. T. Ellingham was obliged tapostpone his lecture on “Chemical Metallurgy” arranged for 8th May and Dr.J. H. Jones who had kindly volunteered at short notice to address the Section gave a talk on “The Coal Reserves of Northumberland and Durham” after the business of the Meeting. An animated discussion followed the address. Scotland.-A Joint Meeting of the Scottish Sections of the Royal Institute of Chem-istry the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry was held in Aberdeen on Friday and Saturday 24th and 25th May 1946. A representative company attended to the number of seventy-five. The proceedings opened in the Picture Gallery Marischal College when the company was entertained to tea through the hospitality of Professor H. W. Melville F.R.S. and the University Chemistry Department.Immediately thereafter in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre an address on “Present Trends in Chemical Research” was delivered by Professor E. K. Rideal F.R.S. of Cambridge In a lecture which appealed to a wide range of interests Professor Rideal discussed the ends to be pursued and the means to be employed in research and surveyed the present position in universities industry and Government service. Professor G. F. Marrian F.R.S. of Edinburgh University expressed the thanks of the audience. At the informal dinner in the University Union which followed Professor Melville made a brief speech of welcome and Dr. J. Monteath Robertson F.R.S. of the University of Glasgow replied on behalf of the visitors. On the Saturday morning the meeting divided into two groups for tours by motor coach.The first of these proceeded to the Torry Research Station and the Macaulay Institute for Soil Research while the second visited Stoneywood Paper Mills (hlessrs. Alex. Pine I!% Sons Ltd.) and the Rowett Research Institute. The directors of these establishments had generously made provision for the reception of the parties and for this co-operation the joint meeting owes a debt of gratitude. Following luncheon in the University Union the afternoon was spent in a tour by motor coach of Deeside and the brilliant weather added greatly to the enjoyment of this occasion. The party returned for tea in the Union and to bid farewell to their kindly hosts. It is hoped that such summer meetings will be a feature of the future activities of the societies in Scotland.South Wales.-A very successful meeting of the Section was held on 30th March in the Royal Ordnance Factory Pembrey by the kind invitation of the Superintendent Mr. R. 0. Bishop M.B.E. The meeting combined a visit to part of the Factory chemical plant with a discussion. The visit was arranged for the morning and the members and guests were then entertained at lunch by the Superintendent and his staff. In the afternoon Mr. J. Christie presided over a gathering of about 70 and a discussion on “Technology and its Relation to Labour and Management in Modern Industry” was opened by Mr. R. 0. Bishop. A number of members and guests includ-ing several prominent South Wales technologists participated in the discussion.Mr. D. C. Morgan proposed and Mr. R. B. Southall seconded a vote of thanks to Mr. Bishop for opening the discussion and for the very generous hospitality afforded to the 127 I members and visitors who attended. The success of the meeting has been manifested by the receipt of requests for further discussions on points which were raised. The 28th Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 30th April at the Mackworth Hotel Swansea Dr. L. E. Hinkel presiding. The Annual Report and Financial Statement from the Committee was received and adopted. Officers and Members of the Committee for the ensuing Session were elected as follows Chairman Mr. D. Luther Phillips; Honorary Secretary Mr. E. E. Ayling; Committee Professor J. E. Coates Dr.L. E. Hinkel Messrs. R. 0. Bishop D. C. Morgan J. 0. Samuel and E. Thornton. Messrs. J. W. Adye and M. L. Hughes were elected as Honorary Auditors. Mr. R. H. Jones District Member of Council spoke on Council activities referring especially to the report of the Committee on Revision of Charter and By-laws Scientific Courses National Certificates and the work of the Nominations Examinations and Institutions Committee. A Special General Meeting was held after the Annual Meeting in order to consider a proposed change in the Local Section Rules. It was unanimously decided “that December be substituted for March in rule 16” in order to meet the desire of the Council that Sections should agree on 31st December as a common date of ending their financial years.PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL COUNCIL Abstract of Minutes of the Meeting held on 15th May 1946. 1. It was reported that the Councils of the three Constituent Bodies had also approved the recommendation of the Council in connexion with a modification of the joint subscription arrangements to cover the recently instituted class of junior members of the Faraday Society. 2. The Council were informed that as a result of a further visit of the delegation to Germany a certain number of additional books had been discovered and that these would be incorporated in the list of German books published during the War to be issued by the Chemical Council. 3. Consideration was given to means for avoiding unnecessary clashes in the arrangement of meetings of the three Constituent Bodies and cognate Societies.4. The sum of f1337 12s. 3d. was granted to the Chemical Society towards the maintenance costs of the Library for 1945. 5. Council decided that the ratios for the determination of the proportions of the maintenance costs of the Library to be contributed by the Constituent Bodies should be reviewed this year. 6. Joint Student Facilities under the Joint Subscription Scheme were granted to four applicants. HONORARY CORRESPONDING SECRETARIES East Africa Professor W. D. Raymond BSc. Ph.D. F.R.I.C. Medical Laboratory Dar-es-Salaam Tanganyika. Union of South Africa- Cape Province ( Vucunl). Transvaal James Gray F.R.I.C. P.O. Box 5254 Johannesburg, Transvaal. Rhodesia A. W. Facer B.A, F.R.I.C.Government Analyst’s Laboratory P.O. Box 422 Salisbury Rhodesia. Commonwealthof Australia-New South Wales Thomas Cooksey DSc. Ph.D. F.A.C.I. F.R.I.C.. Board of Health Office Macquarie Street Sydney, S.S.W. I1281 Commonwealth of Australia- Queensland J. B Henderson O.B.E. F.R.I.C. Palardo Private Bag, Miles Queensland. $outh Australia W. A. Hargreaves M.A. B.C.E. DSc. F.R.I.C,. 39 Hackney Road Hackney South Australia. Victoria W. R. Jewell MSc. D.Met. F.R.I.C. State Laboratories Gisborne Street Melbourne C.2. Western Australia A. F. €3. Norwood M.A. BSc. A.R.S.M.. F.R.I.C. G.P.O. Box K.773,Perth. Dominion of Canada- ' British Columbia Robert Boyd B.Sc. A.R.T.C. F.R.I.C. c/o The British Columbia Sugar Refining Co.Ltd. Vancouver. Manitoba Professor M. A. Parker DSc. LL.D. F.K.I.C.. 365 Waverley Street Winnipeg. Nova Scotia W. C. Carter F.R.I.C. 84 Charlotte Street Sydney Nova Scotia. Quebec Bernard Collitt F.C.I.C. F.R.I.C. c/o Messrs. Jenkins Bros. Ltd. 617,St. Remi Street Montreal. Egypt L. F. McCallum F.R.I.C. Chemical Department, Egyptian Government Cairo. British Guiana Captain Howard Nobbs M.Sc. F.R.I.C. Queen's College Georgetown. Empire of India G. J. Fowler D.Sc. F.R.I.C. Central Hotel Bangalore India. Dominion of New Zealand B. C. Aston F.R.I.C. Box 40,G.P.O. Wellington C.1. Sir Thomas H. Easterfield M.A. Ph.D. F.R.I.C. Bronte Street Nelson. W. R. Mummery F.R.I.C. Dairy Research Institute (N.Z.) Box 367 Palmerston North. SUMMARIES OF LECTURES 'UNNITRATABLES' IN BENZOL AND TOLUOL By A.E. EVEREST Ph.D. DSc. F.R.I.C. [Leeds Area Section 11th February 1946.1 The products dealt with were first encountered in large quantity during the 1914-18 war when Borneo Petroleum was used as a source of Toluol. Soon after the outbreak of the second world war it was realised that use would have to be made of low gravity Toluol and Benzol to satisfy war requirements. Materials of this nature were directed to John W. Leitch & Co. Ltd. in order that the Benzol and Toluol content might become available. It was soon found and stressed that unless these fractions were well acid-washed they could not be made use of efficiently and satisfactorily. The problem of their separation in bulk was then tackled.There were found present three separate entities in addition to those removed by the acid wash namely (1)A product in the fraction between Benzol and Toluol which is almost certainly heptane b.p. 98/99' C.; (2) a product which distilled with Toluol even when the range was as close as go C. drop to dry. This product is almost certainly methyl- cyclopentane b.p. 117/120"C.; (3) a product distilling between Toluol and Xylol which has been identified as n-octane b.p. 125/127"C. Nos. 1 and 3 may be separated by systematic fractional distillation provided that fractions are classified by range and gravity and not only by range whilst with No. 2 it is ordinarily necessary to nitrate and then separate from the nitro-body by distillation. Various methods of determining the percentage of Toluol or Benzol left in these un- nitratable hydrocarbons had been introduced by various workers and the laboratories of John W.Leitch & Co. Ltd. have developed a graph which enabled percentage Toluol [ 1291 or Benzol content to be read directly from it on the basis of a specific gravity deter- mination. A small experimental still was used for preliminary fractionations prior to working up bulk. The Government Laboratory gave great assistance in checking results of laboratory and bulk work. An azeotropic method has been evolved by others which enables even the methyl- cyclopentane to be removed from Toluol without nitration (already described in the Journal of the3 Society of Chemical Iladustvy). This method however would probably prove too expensive in plant and materials for ordinary peace-time commercial opera- tion but only time wiIl prove whether this estimate was correct or not.No. 2 product was further stripped by distillation and partial return to the nitration cycle until out-going unnitratables contained under & per cent. Toluol. MICROCHEMJCAL METHODS By L. ELLIS, Ph.D. F.R.I.C. (South Wales Section 14th March 1946.) The great advance in microchemistry associated with Pregl and Emich was facili- tated by the development of the microbalance capable of bearing a maximum load of 20 grams and possessing a sensitivity of 0.001 of a milligram. The balance is extremely sensitive and must be situated with due regard to freedom from vibration and constancy of temperature and humidity.The temperature of the balance room should be controlled thermostatically. In the micro-determination of carbon and hydrogen in organic compounds. Pregl after considerable experiment developed for the combustion tube a filling consisting of a mixture of lead chromate copper oxide silver and Iead dioxide which has proved adequate for almost any substance. Absorption tubes filled with anhydrone for the absorption of water and with soda-asbestos and anhydrone for the absorption of carbon dioxide have proved satisfactory. In the micro-Dumas method for nitrogen the substance is burnt in admixture with copper oxide in a stream of air-free carbon dioxide. The greatest attention must be paid to the supply of carbon dioxide and an apparatus now tending to replace the older methods of obtaining carbon dioxide is a Thermos flask filled with solid carbon dioxide and fitted with a special valve allowing of the maintenance of the pressure at a constant level.In the micro-Kjeldahl method for the estimation of nitrogen in organic com- pounds the Parnas-Wagner apparatus provides a very neat and compact equipment for carrying out the steam-distillation. The micro-centrifuge is a necessary apparatus for general microchemical work and it is often possible to do a series of operations in a single centrifuge tube. The Kramer- Tisdall method for the estimation of calcium in blood-serum may be quoted in this connexion. In micro-gravimetric analysis an Emich fifter-stick is often employed.This is weighed together with a beaker with which it is always associated. The precipitation is carried out in the beaker the filtrate and washings drawn off by mild suction through the filter-stick and after drying the filter-stick and beaker with the retained precipi- tate may be weighed. Beaker filter-stick and precipitate may be dried in a Benedetti- Pichler drying apparatus which permits drying with rapidity and if necessary at a raised temperature. Much microchemical work can be done with a good microscope and crystal tests upon the microscope slide are often of considerable value in inorganic qualitative analysis. The microscope is also useful for the determination of melting-points using a heater stage. The Kofler melting-point stage may be mentioned in this connexion.The temperature is measured by a circular thermometer embedded in the groove of the heating table the crystals being viewed against a dark background by incident light. The Conway micro-diffusion unit has been successfully employed by its inventors for the micro-estimation of ammonia volatile amines urea chloride bromide and carbonate in biological fluids and has also been used for the micro-detection of acetone and alcohol. The unit consists of a circular container having an inner concentric chamber of lower height; the whole can be sealed by a square glass plate and a suitable fixative. The principle of the method is the formation of a volatile reaction product in the outer circular chamber and its subsequent diffusion into and reaction with the reagent in the inner circular chamber.Many quantitative micro-methods depend upon the comparison of a coloured solu- tion against a standard. The ordinary colorimeter which has held the field for so many years is now tending to be replaced by an instrument known as the Spekker [ 1303 Photoelectric Absorptiometer. The “Spekker ” consists essentially of a light source two photo-electric cells and a galvanometer. The two photo-cells are connected in opposition across the galvanometer so that when the photo-electric currents given by the cells are equal the galvanometer shows zero deflection. A complete measurement can be made in less than a minute and the result is independent of the visual judgment of the observer.Another considerable advantage is that there is no need to prepare a standard solution against which to compare every test solution. Standard solutions for a given test are prepared and measured on first use of the instrument and need be checked only after long intervals. A method of analysis which has come very much to the fore since the 1930’s is “chromatography” or chromatographic adsorption analysis. It is based on the discovery of Tswett who poured a solution containing plant pigments through a vertical tube packed with an adsorbent and found that certain constituents of the solution were adsorbed selectively forming horizontal bands down the column. By extruding the chromatogram from the tube and then separating the coloured zones with a knife and eluting with suitable solvents it was found possible to obtain each individual pigment in a separate solution ready for examination.Chromatography has now begun to be widely used in a diversity of fields and many different adsorbents solvents and eluents are available. The separation of the different zones creates some difficulties when the zones are colourless but various devices have been used to overcome this. Examination of the zones in ultraviolet light the use of streak reagents and empirical sectioning of the column may be used. Sometimes coloured derivatives of the solutes may be pre- pared and their solutions subsequently chromatographed. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY By D. H. HEY Ph.D. D.Sc. F.R.I.C. [East Midlands Section 4th April 1946.1 The chemist has made important and fundamental contributions to the develop- ment of the science of Endocrinology not only in the elucidation of the detailed structures of the hormones but also in investigations into their mode of action in the body and in providing synthetic and artificial compounds with hormone-like action for clinical use.Earlier workers centred their attentions on the adrenal and thyroid glands and the main features of the chemistry and physiological action of both adrenaline and thyroxine have been known for some years. More recent develop- ments in the treatment of Addison’s disease include the use of the synthetic compound desoxycorticosterone acetate either by injection or by the method of pellet implantation Hyperthyroidism may now be treated with thiourea thiouracil and similar sulphur compounds which appear to inhibit the formation of thyroxine by the gland.The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland has a variety of functions but the exact constitutions of the various active principles such as the gonadotrophic factor the thyrotrophic factor the growth hormone the adrenotrophic factor and the lactation hormone are not yet known. On the other hand the chemistry of the hormones associated with the gonads and the corpus luteum is known in some considerable detail due mainly to the work of Ruzicka Butenandt Doisy Marrian and others. These hormones which belong either to the cestrane androstane or pregnane series are closely related to the sterols which possess the same tetracyclic structure.The synthesis of testosterone progesterone and estradiol from one of the naturally occurr- ing sterols can be achieved by several alternative methods the first stage in all of these processes being an oxidation to effect the total or partial removal of the side chain attached to the C, carbon atom. Both testosterone and estradiol are generally used in medicine in the form of an ester by intramuscular injection. Testosterone progesterone and estradiol have little activity when administered orally but the synthetic compounds methyltestosterone ethinylandrostenolone and ethinylaestradiol which are androgenic progesterone-like and estrogenic respectively show considerable activity when used orally. In addition to their uses in human subjects many of these compounds also have valuable applications in animal husbandry for purposes of stock breeding and the treatment of sterility.Attempts to increase the yield of milk from cows by the administration of estrogens gave very variable results. The egg laying capacity of hens does not appear to be increased by the administration of cestrogens although a claim has been made that favourable results have been obtained by the use of stilbene. (Estrogenic activity appears to be much less specific than either androgenic or progesterone-like activity and it is therefore in the field of estrogenic compounds that the organic chemist has been most successful in producing synthetic compounds which I131 3 possess genuine hormonal activity.These investigations have been considerably facili- tated by the availability of a relatively simple and rapid method of biological assay. The classical work of Dodds and his collaborators led to stilboestrol hexoestrol and dienoestrol while other workers have produced highly active compounds in the triphenylethylene series. More recently Miescher has reported on some very active estrogenic agents which result from the action of alkali on oestrone at high temper- atures. One such compound to which the name dehydrodoisynolic acid has been given is claimed to be when applied orally the most active estrogen known at the present time. The question of the origin and fate of these sex hormones in the body is one about which comparatively little is known with certainty and the whole subject.abounds in what appear to be contradictions such as the use of estrogens both to suppress and stimulate lactation the occurrence of oestrone in the urine of the stallion and the presence of large quantities of pregnandiol in the urine of the bull.These are subjects which call for much further investigation. CHEMISTRY IN INDUSTRIAL FUEL CONTROL By J. BANKS, A.H.-W.C. A.R.I.C. M.1nst.F. [South Yorkshire Section 6th April 1946.1 The shortage of fuel has necessitated strict technical supervision of the use of all types of fuel. The following chemical and technological methods have been used to assist in efiecting economies in the Iron and Steel Industry. Chemical analysis and other tests have been used to select coals for specific purposes.Average results for all grades taken over 12 months were obtained with respect to moisture ash volatile matter sulphur calorific value B.S.I.swelling number ash fusion point and size analysis. The results were compared with the properties known to be best for various operations and the coals corresponding most closely to the ideal allocated to the respective plants. In this way the best possible use was made of available supplies for pulverised fuel furnaces under-feed stokers gas producers boilers and reheating furnaces. Opencast coals were first analysed and the plant best suited to burning them was then selected. Blending must be carefully controlled in order to obtain a satisfactory mix especially with regard to ash fusion point.Gas producer control is achieved largely by physical observations (e.g. blast satura- tion temperature) each bearing strongly on the chemicai reactions in the fuel bed; the quality of the gas is verified by the usual analysis. Waste gas analysis has been used to control both solid and gaseous fuel firing. Coal firing whether by hand or machine can be controlled to give 14-17 per cent. COf in the waste gases and an oxygen-free atmosphere can be produced without black smoke by using secondary air. Furnace atmospheres are adjusted to give conditions which minimise scaling by analysing samples in the Orsat apparatus under different air gas and damper settings until the best conditions are ascertained. Boiler combustion is controlled by the Orsat apparatus to give about 12 per cent.COz and feed water treatment is also subjected to close control. The methods used are very simple but have aided fuel economy and also improved the quality of the products. PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF VEGETABLE DEHYDRATION By W.J. MURPHY, BSc. A.R.I.C. [South Yorkshire Section 6th April 1946.1 During the war dehydrated vegetables served to supply the needs of the fighting services while at the same time economy in shipping space was effected. Vegetables are dehydrated with due regard to their freshness and variety. Root vegetables are prepared by peeling using the abrasion power-driven peeler. In the U.S.A. lye-peeling and radiant heat-peeling are also utilised. Leafy vegetables are trimmed to remove dirty damaged or diseased leaves.Cabbages have their cores removed by means of a coring machine. The prepared vegetables are then subdivided; root vegetables being either diced or stripped and leafy vegetables shredded. Spinach, however is generally dried in the whole state. The vegetables axe next blanched or scalded. This coasists in subjecting them to a temperature of 212O F. either by immersion in boiling water or exposure to a I 1323 copious supply of steam. Blanching arrests enzymic deterioration of the vegetables during subsequent drying. The blanched vegetables are placed on trays which are loaded into trolleys. The trolleys loaded with wet vegetables are introduced through a door at one end of the drying tunnels and the dried vegetables removed through a similar door at the other end.The drying period may vary from six to nine hours. The drying tunnels used are of the forced draught type. In this country steam is the main source of heat but in the USA. natural gas and oil are also used. In the dehydration of vegetables it is necessary to lower the moisture content far enough to ensure that the dried product will not undergo appreciable decomposition and spoilage under subsequent storage conditions. APPLICATIONS OF POLAROGRAPHY TO METAtLURGfCAL ANALYSIS By G. W.C. MILNER M.Sc. A.R.I.C. [South Yorkshire Section,5th April 1946.1 Polarography is a physical method of analysis having applications in many fields of analytical chemistry and it is now successfully applied to simplify methods of metallurgical analysis.It is a method of electrolysis in which the electrodes consist of mercury-the anode is generally a large unpolarised pool of mercury whilst the cathode consists of a slow stream of small droplets of mercury which can be easily ' polarised. The technique of the method is to apply a gradually increasing voltage across the electrodes to measure the small diffusion current flowing to the cathode corresponding to each voltage and then to plot a graph of current in microamperes against the applied voltage in volts. A sudden increase in current is obtained only when the applied voltage reaches a value at which some reducible substance in the solution reacts at the mercury cathode. The graph (polarogram) obtained for this substance under suitable conditions is an Sshaped curve the height of which is a function of the concentration of the reacting substance and the potential corresponding to the point of inflection of the curve (half wave potential) is characteristic of the nature of the reacting material.This is the basis of quantitative and qualitative poIarog,raphic analysis. Instruments are now available for recording these current-voltage curves auto- matically and a pen recording instrument hasbeen found very suitable forroutineanalysis. The following examples of determinations in metallurgical analysis to which the polarographic method has been applied with advantage show that a polarograph is now an essential part of the equipment of any modern metallurgical laboratory. (1) Copper and Lead in Steel.-The steel is dissolved in hydrochloric acid and the carbides taken into solution with a small amount of potassium chlorate.Ferric iron is reduced to the ferrous state by using hydrazine hydrochloride after buffering the solution with sodium formate. A single recording gives polarograms for the copper and lead in the steel with half wave potentials of -0.25 volts and -0.46 volts with respect to the mercury pool anode. (2) Copper Base Alloys: (a)Lead.-A sodium sulphite solution is added to the solution of the copper base alloy in nitric acid to help to reduce copper to the cuprous state and to remove dissolved oxygen. The polarographic interference of copper is removed by forming the stable cupro-cyanide complex. Addition of sodium hydroxide solution dissolves the lead sulphite and an excellent polarogram for lead is then obtained with a half wave potential of -0.2 volts against the mercury pool anode.This curve has been used for determining directly from 0-1per cent. to 25 per cent. of lead in brasses bronzes bearing metals etc. (b) Nickel.-Similarly nickel gives a well-defined polarogram in alkaline cyanide media with a half wave potential of -0.7 volts against the mercury pool anode. This curve has been used for the determination of nickel in aluminium bronzes cupro-nickels tin bronze and brasses. (3) Aluminium Alloys: (a)Led-The lead polarogram in a nitric acid medium in the presence of the aluminium is used after reducing iron to the ferrous state with hydroxylamine hydro- chloride and precipitating copper as cuprous thiocyanate.The method is extremely sensitive for traces of lead. (b) Zim-The zinc curve in sodium hydroxide solution is used in the presence of the aluminium. Copper iron and nickel are precipitated and removed by centrifuging and filtration during the procedure. (4) Zinc Die Cmting AIJoys.-Methods have now been developed for the rapid detarmination of traces of iron copper lead tin and cadmium in zinc base alloys. r 1333 ANNOUNCEMENTS Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize I946.-Registered Students are informed that the Council will be prepared to consider the award in January 1947 of a Medal and Prize (610 10s.) for the best essay not exceeding 3000 words contributed by a Registered Student of not more than 22 years of age at the time of fomarding the essay The essay may deal with any subject having a bearing on chemistry or chemical work provided that it does not deal with any purely chemical technical or historical subject.The object of the essay is to induce Students to develop a sense of professional public spirit and to devote thought to questions of professional interest and to the position of chemists in the life of the community. Essays will be valued partly for literary style and technique but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein. (See the comments of one of the Assessors for the 1945 competition p. 136.) Each essay must be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the Local Section in the area of which the competitor resides (ses list of Local Sections at the end of the Journal) not later than 31st December 1946 and must be accompanied by a signed declaration that it is the independent work of the contributor.The Committee of eachhcal Section will be asked to select from those received not more than three essays considered to be worthy of the award. The selected essays will be referred to Assessors appointed by the Council on whose report the Council will decide whether and to whom an award shall be made. The award will not be made more than once to any individual com- petitor. The Medal and Prize will be presented at the next Annual General Meeting or at a meeting of the Local Section to which the successful competitor is attached. “What Industry Owes to Chemical Science.”-The Third Edition of this book consisting of articles contributed by over fifty authors selected by the Publications Committee of the Institute and published at the beginning of the year (see JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1946 I 49 68),has been widely welcomed.A limited number of copies is still available and members are reminded that profits derived from the sale of the book will be devoted entirely to the Benevolent Fund. Orders accompanied by remittance for 18s. (by post 18s. 6d.) should be sent to the Publishers Messrs. W. Heffer & Sons,Ltd. 3-4 Petty Cury Cambridge and not to the Institute. Institute Courses in “Oils and Fats” and “Spectroscopy” at the University of Liverpool.-Applications for admission to these courses for which detailed arrange- ments have been made by the Liverpool and North-Western Section have been some- what in excess of the places available.Both courses will run from 9th to 13th July 1946 but it is particularly desired that all those to whom places have been allotted will attend the preliminary social meeting at 5.30 p.m. on 8th July when the programs of the courses will be explained and members can meet at dinner. Other Post-Graduate and Specialised Courses.-The Publications and Library Committee welcomes advance information on such courses that are being arranged in various parts of the country and will endeavour to publish announcements of them in AND PROCEEDINGS. the JOURNAL Particulars of the following courses have been received:-Post-graduate Lectwres on Chemistvy at Acton Technical College Three groups of 12 lectures each covering the following topics (1) 13th September to 29th November 1946-Modern Methods in Organic Chemistry; Some Aspects of Terpene Chemistry; The Organic Chemistry of Sulphur (2) 6th December 1946 to 7th March 1947-The Amino-acids; The Chemistry of Proteins and Enzymes; Steroid Hormones (3) 14th March to 6th June 1947-Some Recent Developments in Analytical Chemistry; Preparation and some Applications of Organo-Metallic Compounds; Modern Theories of Electrolytic Solutions.The three sections of the course can be taken separately. Particulars and registra- tion forms may be obtained from the Principal Acton Technical College High Street Acton London W.3. Post Graduate Lectures on Chemistvy at South-East Essex Technical College One to three lectures on each of the following topics 8th October to 10th Decemhr 1946- The Mechanisms of Enzyme Action; The Chemistry of Acetylenic Compounds; Some Modern Aspects of Structural Chemistry; Some Aspects of Surface Chemistry; The Use of Tracer Elements.14th January to 18th March 1947-Free Radicals; Mould Metabolic Products; Chemi-luminescence; Modern Methods in Analytical Chemistry. Particulars from the Clerk to the Governors South-East Essex Technical College tongbridge Road Dagenham Essax. 1134 J Summer School in X-ray Cvystallografihy at Cambridge In the Department of Mineralogy and Petrology and in the Cavendish Laboratory University of Cambridge from 2nd to 13th September 1946. Syllabuses and form of application for admission may be obtained from the Secretary Board of Extra-Mural Studies Stuart House, Cambridge to whom the completed application form should have been returned by 1st July 1946.Special Course on the Chemistry and Microscopy of Food Drugs and Water at Chetsea Polytechnic Lectures and practical work based on the syllabus of the examination for the F.R.I.C. Branch E extending over two complete sessions on Mondays and Thurs- days at 6-9 p.m. beginning Monday 23rd September 1946. Particulars from the Principal Chelsea Polytechnic Manresa Road London S.W.3. Congress of Industrial Chemistry Paris 1946.-The Congress has been arranged by the SociM de Chimie lndustrielle on 22nd-28th September 1946. British chemists contemplating submitting papers or attending the meetings may obtain further particulars from the ofices of the SociCt6 de Chimie Industrielle 28 Rue Saint- Dominique Paris 7e.Aberdeen Scientific Film Club A Correction.-In the article on Scientific Films and the work of the Scientific Film Association in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1946,II the address of the Secretary of the Aberdeen Scientific Film Club should have been given as 12. Irvine Place Aberdeen. NOTES Personal,-The first part of the Birthday Honours list contained the names of a number of Fellows and Associates as follows:- Knights Bachelor (Kt.)- William Thomas Griffiths D.Sc. F.Inst,P, Fellow. Harry Jephcott M.Sc. (Lond.) Fellow. Arthur John Griffiths Smout Fellow. Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (C3.E.)- William Aethelbert Damon BSc.M.I.Chem.E. Fellow. William Edward Garner D.Sc. F.R.S. Associate. Reginald Patrick Linstead M.A. D.Sc. A.R.C.S. D.I.C. F.R.S., Fetlow. Albert Parker D.Sc. M.I.Chem.E. Fellow. OBcer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (0.B.E.)-Military Division Wilfred John Copenhagen Fellow. Civil Division Charles Mills Cawley MSc. Ph.D, A.R.C.S. Fellow. Cyril Alexander Frank Hastilow M.Sc. B.Comm. FeElou~. Ernest Stephen Hawkins BSc, A.R.C.S. Fellow. Duncan MacDougall A.R.T.C. Fellow. William Harold Juggins Vernon Ph.D. DSc. Fellow. Com@anionof the Imperial Service Order (I.S.0.)-Leonard William Raymond B.A. BSc. A.R.C.S. Associate. Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (MJ3.E.)-David Nealy M.Sc.Associate. Professor Sir Robert Robinson P.R.S. Feltow is to receive the honorary degree of DSc. in the University of Sheffield at the installation of Lord Harewood as Chancellor of the University on 26th June. Dr G. M. Bennett Fellow Government Chemist has been selected as one of the members of the Royal Commission which has been set up under the chairmanship of Lord Justice Cohen to determine what awards should be paid to inventors in respect of the use of their inventions etc. by Government departments during the war. Dr. H. B. Nisbet Member of Council Lecturer in Fuel Technology in the Heriot- Watt College Edinburgh has been appointed to the Chair of Chemistry in the college. Mr. Harry Brindle Fellow at present Senior Lecturer in Pharmacy Manchester University has been appointed Professor of Pharmacy as from 29th September.L 135 1 Dr. C.I,.Wilson FeZZow has been appointed Professor of Chemistry at Notre Dame university Indiana U.S.A. He was formerly Lmturer in Chemistry at University College London and during the war held various industrial appointments. Dr. N. Booth FeZZow Principal Scientific Officer of the Gas Research Board has been appointed Research Manager to the British Oxygen Co. Ltd. Mr. R. J. Hannay Fellow has been appointed Dyestuffs Adviser to the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers as from 6th August 1946. Dr. E.A. Rudge FeZZow has been appointed Principal of the West Ham Municipal Technical College. Mr.P. H. Carpenter C.I.E. O.B.E. Fellow has retired from the post of Chief Scientific Officer to the Indian Tea Association which he has held for many years and has now returned to England from Assam. Mr. L. W. Raymond I.S.O. Associate has retired from the post of Government Chemist Zanzibar and has recently returned to England. Mr. A. C. Brooks Associate of the Department of Chemistry Singapore is now in Dublin after release from internment in the Far East. Mr. G. T. Foxlee Associate has recently returned to England from Tientsin China. Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize 1945.-The Medal and Prize for 1946 was awarded to Miss Freda Burton a Registered Student residing in the South Yorkshire Section. The competition attracted more interest among students than in recent years and ten essays dealing with a wide variety of subjects were submitted.The following comments by one of the Assessors are recorded for the guidance ofcandidates in future competitions. (See announceme‘nt on p. 134.) “I would call attention to the curious yet widespread belief that the writing of essays necessarily involves indulgence in rhetoric This is not so bad when the essay writer is a skilled rhetorician (or should it be rhetorist?). But in the hands of youthful writers it serves solely to give the impression of woolly thinking and muddy writing. When there is added to it as in some of these essays an inclination to use words of which the exact meaning is not known the writer is unlikely to qualify for a prize. One candidate for example twice uses the word ‘nonentity’ in the sense of ‘a thing of no importance.’ This may be current in the candidate’s area but it hasn’t the sanction of the O.D.Another writes ‘inaugeration,’ while from another we have ‘to whit.’ The last candidate also begins a sentence with the words ‘Is the chemist and his fellow scientists entitled . . If candidates would pay a little more attention to grammar and worry less (or not at all) about purple patches they might at least achieve clarity and to this virtue in writing almost every other is added without the taking of thought. “I cannot but fear that these young people are among the thousands of victims of over-specialisation in that their heads are so full of chemistry that they have no time for that kind of reading upon which alone a good style can be based and that can guarantee at least an inoffensive one.If they would read the books so often recalled to our minds by the editorials in ‘Chemistry and Industry’-the writings of Lamb, Hazlitt and Stevenson and ,particularly Swift among others-even without troubling to analyse the way in which the master handles English grammar and syntax they could absorb unconsciously into their own systems some of the mastery of these writers and they would make a better job of the Frankland essay.” The Chemical Society.-At the 105th Annual General Meethg of the Society held in Birmingham on 25th April the following were elected Officers for the ensuing year President Professor C. N. Hinshelwood M.A. Sc.D. F.R.S.;Hon.Treasurer Mr. F. P. Dunn B.Sc. F.R.I.C.; Hon. Secretaries Professor D. €3. *Hey D.Sc. F.R.I.C. Dr. J. L. Simonsen,F.R.I.C. F.R.S. and Professor W. Wardlaw D.Sc. F.R.I.C. At the Anniversary Luncheon of the Society on 25th April the Institute was represented by Dr. J. L. Simonsen F.R.S. Member of Council. Celebrations of the Centenary of the foundation of the Chemical Society postponed in 1941 will take place on 1Sth-l’lth July 1947. International Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry London 1947.-Arrange-ments are being made for the Congress which had to be postponed in 1941 to be held in Londonin July,1947 immediately following the Centenary Celebrations of the Chemicai Society. E 1361 British Industries fair I947.TF.e first post-war British Industries Fair is to be held in May 1947 in three sections at Earl’sCourt and Olympia London and at Castle Bromwich.Atomic Sclenclsts’ Assoclat1on.-A body to be called the Atomic Scientists’ Associa- tion has been formed in London to provide a forum for the discussion among scientists of the scientific social and international problems arising wt of the release of atomic energy. Storage of Penicillh-The Ministry of Supply has issued the folfodfig statmat The penicillin now produced in the United Kingdom is usually of such potency’ and of such other characteristics that it can be stored satisfactorily for 12 months under cool DRY conditions at a temperature not exceeding 15’ C. (60” Fahr.). A dry cellar is suitable for this purpose. If readily available refrigerated storage should still be generally used.Anhydrous preparations such as lozenges and ointments made with a greasy base may be stored in a similar manner and patients should be advised accordingly. Refrigerated storage is necessary for aqueous preparations such as creams. Patients should be advised to keep penicillin creams in a cool place under which conditions they may be regarded as effective for one week. Solutions for injection should be used within 48 hours of preparation and while awaiting use should be stored at a temperature not exceeding 4O C. (40’ Fahr.). BENEVOLENT FUND Payment of Annual Subscriptions under Deed of Covenant The Benevolent Fund Committee desires to draw attention to the arrangement whereby a contributor to a “charity” who is liable to United Kingdom Income Tax can give increased assistance to the charity by spreading his donations over seven years using the procedure for “covenanted” annual subscriptions.Under this arrangement the contributor signs a Deed of Covenant promising to pay to the Fund on or about a specified date in each of seven successive years- either A a specified sum Zess the income tax on that sum at the standard rate in force when that particular payment falls due; cw 6 a specified net sum. On receipt of each payment under the Deed the Hon. Secretary’ to the Fund sends to the contributor a copy of an Inland Revenue form (Certificate of deduction of Income Tax)for signature and return. On this authority the Benevolent Fund Committee is then enabled to recover from the Board of Inland Revenue an amount of tax such that the total extent to which the Fund benefits (Ax) as a result of an actual payment of 15y by the contributor at a time when the standard rate of income tax is t shillings in the L is given bG=r/(l -t/20).Under a o type A the gross amount (x) is specified in the Deed and is constant throughout the seven year period whilst the actual payment (y) to be made by the contributor in a given year depends on the standard rate of income tax at the time when that payment is due. Thus if t = lOs,y =x/2; but if t = 95 y = Ilx/20. Under a Deed of type B the actual annual payment (y)by the contributor is specified in the Deed and remains constant throughout the seven year period whilst % will change from year to year if there is any alteration in the standard rate of income tax.Thus, if t = lOs x = 2y; but if t = 9s x = 2Oy/ll. Forms for the two types of Deed marked A and B respectively are printed on op-posite sides of a leaflet so that each contributor may select the type that best suits his convenience. It should be noted that with type 6 where the actual annual payment remains constant irrespective of any changes in the standard rate of income tax the contributor may arrange for these payments to be made by Bankers’ Order. On the other hand it will be appreciated that execution of a Deed of type A ensures that the benefit to the Fund will be maintained in spite of any decrease that may occur in the standard rate of income tax.Unless the contributor states otherwise it will be assumed that payments made under Deed of Covenant are to be treated as subscriptions for current purposes and not as donations for Capital Account. Those who decide to contribute to the Fund under Deed of Covenant are reminded that they should amend appropriately any Bankers’ Order previously given in respect of annual payments. c 137 1 EXAMINATIONS MARCH I946 ABSTRACT OF THE REPORT OF THE BOARD OF EXAHINERS Examinations were held as under Entered. Passed. For the Associateship in General Chemistry. Examiners :Dr. G. M. Bennett and Professor William Wardlaw. The examination was held in the week commencing Monday 1st April at the Institute and in the Laboratories of the University of London South Kensington and at the University of Manchester ; some theoretical papers being taken in other centres .... .. .. .. .. 77 32* For the Fellowship. The examinations were held in the week commencing Monday 8th April at the Institute and in the Laboratories of the University of London South Kensington except where otherwise stated. Branch A :Inorganic Chemistry. With special reference to the Co-ordination Compounds of Metals and Inorganic Stereochemistry. Examiner Professor W. Wardlaw .. .. .. 1 1 With special reference to the Analysis of Steei ‘md Steelwork Materials including Refvactmies and Slags. Examiner Professor C. W. Dannatt. At The Royal School of Mines. .. .. .. .. .. 1 1 Branch B Physical Chemistry with special reference to Contact Catalysis.Examiner Professor R. G. W. Norrish assisted by Dr. F. S. Dainton. At the University Chemical Laboratory Cambridge .. .. 1 0 Brunch C Organic Chemistry. Examiner Dr. G. M.Bennett .. .. .. .. .. 6 3 With special reference to High Polymers. Examiners Dr. G. M.Bennett and Dr. E. H. Farmer .. 1 1 Branch E The Chemistry including Microscopy of Food and Drugs and of Water. Examiners Dr. H. E. Cox and Dr. C. H. Hampshire ,. .. 9 6t Branch G Industrial Chemistry. General Examiner Mr. €3. W. Cremer. With special reference to Coal Gas Manufacture. Examiner Mr. H. J. Hodsman. At the University of Leeds . . *. .. .. .. 1 1 With special ye ference to Industrial Water Treatment. Examiner Mr. G. W. Hewson.In the Laboratories of the London Power Co. Battersea Power Station ,. .. .. .. .. .. .. -1 1 -98 45 * Two candidates completed their examination by satisfying the Examiners in those parts in which they had previously failed. t Two candidates failed in part only of the examination and 1 completed the examination by satisfying the Examiners in those parts in which he had previously failed. EXAMINATION FOR THE ASSOCIATESHIP IN GENERAL CHEMISTRY MONDAY 1st APRIL 1946 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Answer FIVE qmstions only. Answer concisely and to the point. Give formula and equations where possible.) 1. Outline historically the development of our views on the nature of the atom and the molecule. 2. Discuss features of interest in the chemistry of the halogens.3. Give THREE examples of substances which show a transition point and in EACH case describe how this transition point may be determined experimentally. 4. Write a general account of concentration cells. Calculate the E.M.F. of a concentration cell containing N/100and N/1000solutions of thallous nitrate at 25O given that the activity coefficients of thallous nitrate in these solutions are respectively 0.92 and 0.98 and that the transport number of the nitrate ion is 0.483. (RTIF. In x at 25' = 0.059 log x.) 5. Give an account of the commoner complex cyanides indicating some of the practical applications of their properties. 6. Write an essay on the use of isotopic indicators in chemistry. 7. Describe the methods of preparation and the chemical properties of FOUR Of the following substances :-potassium cobaltinitrite sodium tetrathionate silicon tetrachloride sodium percarbonate uranyl nitrate hexamminocobaltic chloride.2 to 5 p.m. (Answer FIVE questions only. Answer concisely and to the point. Give formula and equatims where possibk.) 1. Give an account of the inert gases of the atmosphere mentioning their import- ance to chemical theory. 2. Describe methods by which the solubility product of a salt may be measured. Give examples of the utility of this concept in analytical chemistry. 3. Discuss the absorption of light from a chemical standpoint. 4. Compare the chemical behaviour of the more important compounds of sulphur, selenium and tellurium.5. Write an essay on the structures of co-ordination compounds containing a 4co-ordinated metal atom. 6. By reference to suitable examples discuss the phenomenon of thermal dissocia- tion. 4.5 grams of phosphorus pentachloride were completely vaporised at 250°C. and the vapour occupied 1.7 litres at 1 atmosphere pressure Calculate the degree Of dissociation of the pentachloride at this temperature. (P = 31.0; C1 = 35.5.) 7. Write notes on any TWO of the following:- (a) the addition reactions of carbon monoxide with metals (b) allotropic forms of elements (c) the element of atomic number One. TUESDAY 2nd APRIL 1946 10 a.m. to 1 9.m. (Answer FOUR questions only. Answer conciseZy and to the point.Give formula and equations where possibte.) I. How is acetone produced on an industrial scale ? Explain the reactions which acetone undergoes with each of the following substances indicating the necessary conditions and any other reagents required :-(a) benzaldehyde; (b) bromobenzene; (c) @-bromopropionicester; (d) acetylene; (e) acetone itself. 2. Indicate briefly by means of formulae and equations how the following substances may be conveniently prepared from phenol :-(a) chloropicrin; (&) p-hydroxyacetophenone; (c) pimelic acid (d) p-dmitrobenzene; (8) adipic acid; (f) aurin; (g) p-hydroxybenzene-sl;o-~phtbaIene. c 1391 3. Explain what is meant by the terms “prototropy,” “anionotropy” and “meso-merism,” giving examples.What experimental evidence makes it possible to decide which of these three phenomena a given substance displays? 4. Give a general account of the stereochemistry of the organic compounds of sulphur. 5. How can an aldohexose be converted into (a)its related mono- and di-carboxylic acids (b) a hexitol (c) a pentose (d)a heptose? Show how the configuration of glucose has been demonstrated. (You are not expected to discuss the nature of the oxide ring.) 6. Give the more important methods available for the synthesis of pyrrole and its derivatives. Describe the characteristic properties and behaviour of these compounds. In what respects do they show resemblances to aromatic substances? How can pyrrole be converted into (a) an open-chain compound (a) a pyridine derivative (c) a strong cyclic base? 7.Explain from both the practical and the theoretical points of view the special reactivity displayed by each of the following substances :-(a) 2 :4-dinitrochlorobenzene; (b) 2 :4-dinitrotoluene; (c) ethyl benzoylacetate; (6) quinaldine; (e) phthalimide; (f) 2 :3:4-trinitrotoluene. 2 to 3.30 p.m. Translation of French and German technical literature. WEDNESDAY 3rd APRIL 1946 10 a.m. to 4.30 P.m. (Lengthy descriptions of practical work we not required. Make concise notes of your experiments as they are made and wkre possible in tabular form. Stale your$nd con-ctzcsions clearly.) 1. Determine the number of grams of glucose present in 1 litre of solution (A).Pure sucrose and Fehling ’s or Benedict’s solutions are provided. 2. Identify the substance (B). [(B) = ethyl oxamate OR ethyl carbarnate.] THURSDAY 4th APRIL 1946 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. (Lengthy descriptions of practical work are .not required Make cortcise notes of your experiments as they are made and where possible in tabular form. State your final con-CEUSiOnS ckariy.) 1. Separate the two substances present in the mixture (C),make two derivatives of each and identify them. Leave specimens of the pure components and of all the derivatives each labelled with its name and m.p. or b.p. [(C) = o-cresol and p-chloroaniline; OR p-cresol and o-chloroaniline.] 2. Identify the substance (D). I‘D) = calcium citrate or sodium tartrate.] FRIDAY 6th APRIL.1946 10 a.m. to 4.30 P.m. 1. The solution (E) contains nickel and ammonium sulphates. Determine the weight of nickel gravimetrically by dimethylglyoxime and volumetrically by standard potassium cyanide solution. Express your resuits as grams of nickel per. fitre of solution (E). Decinormal silver nitrate solution is provided and approximately decinormal potassium cyanide solution. 2. Examine the solid (F)and ascertain its constituents. [(F)= carborundum and carbon.] These exercises must bc completed to-day. SATURDAY 6th APRIL 1046 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. The solution (G) contains potassium antimony tartrate. Using the pure potassium bromate provided prepare a decinormal solution and use it to determine the number of grams of antimony in one litre of solution (GI.Also estimate the antimony in solution (G) by means of the approximately decinormal solution of chloramine-T provided Solid arsenious oxide is available for the standardisation of the chloramine-T solution. 2. Identify the salt (H). [(H)= sodium hydrbsulphite (Hydros).] l1403 EXAMINATIONS FOR THE FELLOWSHIP Branch A Inorganic chemistry with special reference to the Analysis of Steel and Steelworks Materials including Refractories and Slags MONDAY 8th APRIL 1946 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Not move thm FOUR questions to be attempted.) I. Give a brief account of the effect ofslag composition in the refining of iron by the acid and basic open-hearth processes. 2. Discuss the problem of desulphurisation in open-hearth steel making with particular reference to the "manganese reaction." 3. Chemical reactions are governed by physico-chemical laws. What are your views on the application of such laws to the selection of an analytical procedure? 4. Discuss briefly the modern views respecting the structure of silicates. 5. How are the boron hydrides prepared? Give a brief account of their properti- and structures. 6. Give a short account of ONE of the following:- (a) Metallic carbonyls ; (b) The interaction of elemental fluorine with other elements (c) Atomic hydrogen atomic oxygen and atomic nitrogen. 7. Write a short essay on ONE of the following:- (a) Modern methods for the determination of atomic weights; (b) Co-ordination compounds; (c) Corrosion of metallic surfaces.2 to 6 p.m. (Not move than FOUR questions to be utkmpted.) 1. What is your opinion of the value of pohrographic methods in the analysis Of steel works materials? 2. Discuss criticallyD the methods which are commonly employed for the determina- tion of sulphur in various types of steel. 3. Outline in reasonable detail the method you would recommend for the complete analysis of a chrome-magnesia brick. 4. How would you propose to carry out a determination of ferrous iron in an open-hearth furnace slag and what degree of accuracy would you expect to attain? 5. Give a brief account of the procedure you would advise for the sampling and complete analysis of a small consignment of ferro-silicon.6. Discuss the possible applications of micro-chemical methods to steel works analysis. 7. How would you make a complete analysis of a bearing metal which is intended for the support of a heavy-duty roll? TUESDAY to FRIDAY 9th to 12th April 1946 10 a.m. to 6 P.m. each day. So far as time permits make complete analyses of the THREE samples (A) (B) (C). [(A) = ferro-vanadium; (B) = basic slag; (C) = alloy cast iron.] Determine the principal constituents of sample (D). [(D) = phosphor-bronze.] Branch A Inorganic Chemistry wlth special reference to the Co-ordination Compounds of Metals and Inorganic Stereochemistry MONDAY 8th APRIL 1946:. 10 a.m. to 1 P.m. (Answer FOUR questions only.) 1. Explain with illustrative examples the principles underlying the classical methods of determining atomic weights.How far is it possible to check and revise chemical atomic weights by purely physical methods ? 2. Give a general account of the electronic theory of valency and show how it has 3. Write an account of EITHER (a)basic salts OR (b)defect lattices. 4. Comment upon the use of the following substances as solvents in chemical elucidated dscult problems of constitution in the field of inorganic chemistry. L 141 1 reactions (a) hydrogen fluoride (b) liquid ammonia (c) liquid sulphur dioxide. 5. Describe and discuss the types of evidence employed in fixing the structure of compounds of 6-co-ordinated metals. 6. Write an essay on “CompIex formation in reIation to analytica1 chemistry.” 2 to 5 p.m.(Answer THREE questions onZy.) 1. Illustrate the applications of measurements of (a) dipole moments and of (b) magnetic susceptibilities to the elucidation of the structure of inorganic molecules. 2. Discuss the stereochemistry of 4-covalent metal atoms. 3. Write an account of the metallic carbonyls and related compounds. 4. Give some account of the chemistry and theorks of the structure of boron hydrides. 5. Write an essay on EITHER (a) disproportionation in inorganic compounds OR (b) nuclear chemistry. 6. Discuss the present status of the co-ordinate link. TUESDAY 9th APRIL 1946 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Investigate the reaction between ethylene thiourea and cuprk nitrate in accordance with the detailed scheme given to you.2. Make a qualitative examination of the inorganic compound (A) and report on it. [(A) = iodine trichloride.] These exercises must be completed to-day. WEDNESDA Y to FRIDAY 10th to 12th APRIL 1946 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Benzoinoxime is one of a number of organic reagents employed in the detection and estimation of metals. The copper derivative discovered by F. Feigl is a deep green amorphous compound insoluble in water and organic solvents to which the formula CHPh -0 \ was assigned. I /cu CPh =NO Prepare this substance and examine it experimentally to decide whether this view of its constitution is justified or not. In particular investigate its behaviour when dissolved in hot alcoholic hydrogen chtoride.2. Investigate the reaction between benzoinoxime and nickel sulphate and prepare a nickel co-ordination compound in as pure a state as possible. Examine the behaviour of this co-ordination compound when dissolved in carbon tetrachloride and suggest an explanation of the results. -3. Prepare any two co-ordination compounds containing 6-co-ordinated cobalt and estimate the percentage of cobalt in each of them by any two independent methods. Comment on the accuracy of the methods you employ. Branch B Physical Chemistry with special reference to Heterogeneous Reactions MONDAY 8th APRIL 1946 10 a.m. to 1g.m. (Answer FOUR questions.) 1. Give an account of the principal results which have followed from the study 2. Explain what is meant by the theory of complete ionisation and indicate in of the variation of the specific heats of gases with temperature.outline how expressions for the activity of an electrolyte may be derived. How have such expressions been tested ? 3. Discuss the part played by free radicals or atoms in homogeneous gas reactions 4. Give a general dewription of critical phenomena. in two dimensions 5. Deduce the Van't Hoff isotherm for a gaseous reaction and describe briefly [ 1423 other methods which are available for determining the free energy AG of a chemical reaction. When carbon dioxide and hydrogen were heated at 986' C. under a pressure of one atmosphere they yielded an equilibrium mixture containing 47-6 per cent. COZ 22.8 per cent.CO 22-8 per cent. H,O and 6 per cent. H,. Calculate the free energy of the change C02 + H2 = CO + H,O when the initial partial pressures of reactants and final partial pressures of resultants are all one atmosphere. (R= 1.99 cals per degree.) 6. Give an account of the properties which characterise a micelle. Illustrate your answer by referring to soaps proteins and hydrocarbons. MONDAY 8th APRIL 1946 2 to 5 p.m. (THREEquestions to be answered.) 1. Discuss the role of catalysts with special reference to mechanism in the poly- merisation of vinyl compounds. 2. Give a general account of the heterogeneous syntheses which can be achieved from (a)water gas (b)acetylene and indicate their importance in our national economy. 3. Discuss the role of surface in the combustion reactions of hydrogen and hydro- carbons.4. Discuss critically the conceptions of activated adsorption and of capillary condensation as applied respectively to (a)the sorption of hydrogen by carbon or by a metal and (b) the sorption of vapours by silica gel or by charcoal. 6. What do you understand by the term "overpotential"? What views have been expressed as to the origin of hydrogen overpotential? 6. What are the chief differences between ortho and para hydrogen? Discuss the methods by which the inter-conversion of the two forms can be achieved. TUESDAY to FRIDAY 9th to 12th APRIL 1946 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. With the high vacuum apparatus provided determine the adsorption isotherms of air on charcoal at 20" and at -80" C.2. Examine the rate of hydrogenation of ethylene on the nickel-thoria catalyst provided. Determine the initial rates of the reaction at room temperature for the following pressures :-Series A. Hydrogen constant at 100 mm. Ethylene at 20 40 60 80 100,150 and 200 mm. Series B. Ethylene constant at 100 mm. Hydrogen at 20 40 60 80 300 150 and 200 mm. Deduce the kinetic relationship governing the rate of reaction and draw what conclusions you can as to the adsorption of the reactants on the catalyst. 3. Measure the E.M.F. of the following cell with various concentrations of KCl in the right hand half-cell. Ag+l 0-O1N-AgNO Satd* KCl AgCl 1-Ag NH4NO3 From your results determine the solubility product S,of AgCI where S = {Ag+]:Cl-) in which (Ag+),{Cl-) are activities.Activity coefficients:-Ag+ in O.OlM-AgN0 = 0.90 C1- in O.lM 0*01M,0-001M-KCI = 0.79 0.92 and 0.98 respectively. 4. Determine the E.M.F. of the cell below with and without transport. Ag I AgCl HCI HCl AgCI I Ag C1 c2 There is no liquid junction potential when both half-cells are connected through saturated NH,NGs or KCI. c1 + CIC When the half-cells are connected through KC1 of concentration -the E.M.F. 2 is given by 2t~ In 5. Hence obtain a value for the transport number k of H+ C¶ in HCl. O-lN 0.01N,0-00.1N-HCI are provided. [ 143 3 Branch C Organic Chemirtr)r MONDAY 8th APRIL 1946 10 a.m. to 1 P.m. (TRRE~?questiOns to be answered.) 1. Give an account of the discovery of the ketens and of the present state of our knowledge of their chemistry.2. Describe the quantitative determination of carbon hydrogen and nitrogen by micro-analytical methods. 3. Distillation of the ketodicarboxylic acid CO(CH,.CH,.CH,.COOH) yields a substance C,H,,O, soluble in aqueous sodium carbonate with effervescence and deposited unchanged from the solution on acidification. This substance gives a violet coloration with ferric chloride. It reacts with hydroxylamine to give a compound C,H,O,Nt and with nitrous acid to produce a substance of the composition C,H,,O,N. When the latter is warmed with concentrated sulphuric acid and the mixture poured into cold water glutaric and succinic acids and ammonia are produced a Beckmann change having occurred. Give a detailed interpretation of these facts.4. Discuss the types of molecule which give rise to optical activity as a result of restricted rotation. 5. Give an account ofmodern work on the hydrolysis of aliphatic halides and related reactions. 6. Review in detail the evidence for the structure of EITHER camphene OR cocaine. MONDAY 8th APRIL 1946 2 to 6 P.m. (THREE qwstims to be amwcred.) 1. Describe the uses of the Friedel-Crafts reaction and related processes and discuss modem views as to the mode of action of the catalyst. 2. Explain the conception of the non-planar arrangement of the carbon atoms in large saturated carbon rings and review the experimental facts which support it. 3. Describe the way in which the structure of EITHER haernatoporphyrh OR pyrroporphyrin was established.4. Give a general account of EITHER the organic compounds of arsenic OR dyes derived from quinoline. 6. Discuss in detail the structure of any one disaccharide. 0. Write an essay on the occurrence and properties of free radicals. TUESDAY 9th APRIL 1946 10 a.m. to 6 P.m. 1. Determine the number of amino-groups present in the molecule of the primary aromatic aminocompound (A). [(A) =p-aminodiphenyl OR o-tolidbe.] 2. Examine the compound (B) with a view to its identification. [(B) = gluco-mine hydrochloride.] WEDNESDAY to FRIDA Y,10th to 12th APRIL 1946 10 4.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Separate the three components of the mixture (C) ;identify them and determine as accurately as possible the weight of each present in 1 litre of (C).Leave specimens of the three components and of any derivatives you may make each labelled with its name and m.p. or b.p. This exercise may be completed tomomow but a statement must be recorded on the first day of the experiments you propose to carry out later. ((H) = cydohexanone rr-hexyl alcohol and methylene dichloride; OR cycZopentanone, a-amyl alcohol and ethylene dichloride]. 2. From the p-nitrotoluene provided prepare specimens (of about 2-3 grams) of each of the following 2:$-dinitrotoluene 2 :4:6-trinitrotoluene p-nitrobenzoic acid and 2 :4-dinitrobenzaldehyde (dimethylaniline being provided). Leave specimens labelled with name and m.p. of all your preparations. 3. Examine the substance (D) with a view to its identification. ((D) = dimethyl-dihydroresorcinol.] 4 Identify the organic sobstance (32).[(E)= glyche OR alanhe.J P~I Branch C Organic Chemistry with special reference to High Polymen MONDAY,8th APRIL 1046 10 a.m. to 1 P.m. (See p. 144.) 2 to 6 p.m. (POURquestions only to be answered.) 1. Zsobutylene is capable of yielding polymeric elastomers of high molecular weight. Describe the physical and chemical nature of the polymeric materials the method of their industrial preparation and the basis and method of vulcanisation of the product known as Butyl rubber. 2. What is meant by condensatiow polymerisation? Describe as fully as possible one of the main groups of synthetic condensation polymers indicating the chief physical and structural characteristics the methods of synthesis the molecular magnitude and the industrial utility of the materials.3. Write a short essay on EITHER “The importance ofinterpolymer cross-links,” OR “The constitution of natural protein fibres.” 4. Discuss the role of peroxides in (a)the initiation of polymerisation and (b) the oxidative degradation of rnulti-unsaturated polymers. 5. Give a brief account of the chief physical and structural characteristics of FOUR of the following (a)polyvinyl chloride (b) silicones (c) urea-formaldehyde resins (a) polythene (e) cellulose acetate (f) glyptal resins. 6. Discuss the relationship which the constitution of simple olefinic substmcw bears to their polymerisability and interpolymerisability. TUESDAY to FRIDAY 9th to 12th APRIL 1946.(Seep. 144.) Branch E The Chemistry including Microscopy of Food and Drugs and of Water MONDAY 8th APRIL 1946 10 to 11.30 a.m. 1. What do you understand by British wine Port Style or Sherry Style and what standards are applicable to such products? 2. Discuss the application of ionic exchanges to the treatment or purification of water. 3. How may vitamin A be determined in say margarine? 11.30 a.m. to 1 p.m. (THREE questions only to be anmered.) 1. Describe the pharmacological actions of quinine and discuss its replacement in therapeutics by synthetic organic compounds. 2. Write a short account of the discovery of penicillin and its development as a therapeutic agent. 3. Give an account of the therapeutic uses of organic compounds of (a) mercury, (6)arsenic.Mention the principal preparations used and their modes of administration. 4. Describe the methods used for the examination of biological material in cases ofpoisoning by drugs of the barbiturate group. 2 to 5 p.m. 1. On what chemical and bacteriological data would you judge of the suitability ofa deep well water for public supply purposes? 2. Describe the principal requirements of the Labelling of Food Order. 3. What is meant by the biological value of a food 7 In what way may substances of low biological value be utilised or improved? 4. Formulate a phosphatic baking powder which you think would keep reasonably well and comply with current regulations. 5. What rules govern the sale of a phenolic disinfectant and how would you assay one such as Izal or Jeyes hid? TUESDAY,9th APRIL 1946 10 um.to 5 P.w. 1. Analyse and report upon the specimen of Milk Powder (A). 2. Determine the Vitamin €31 in the elixir (B). Express your results in terms of International Units per gram. These exwcises may k completed tomwow. 1 1415J WEDNESDAY 10th APRIL 1946 10 a.m. to 6 pm. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercises. 2. Determine the theobromine content of the cocoa material (C). This exercise may be completed tomnorvow. THURSDAY 11th APRIL 1946 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s Exercise 2. 2. Examine the salad oil (D) and report on its identity and suitability for such use. FRIDAY 12th APRIL 1946 10 a.m.to 5 p.m. I. Identify the specimens (E) (F),(G) (H) and (1). 2. Report upon the Self Raising Flour (J). SATURDAY 13th APRIL 1946 10 a.m. to 5 P.m. (Reports of microscopical examinations should be accompanied by annotated sketches.) 1. Make a complete microscopical examination of the drug (K). 2. Identify the vegetable powders (L) (M) (N) (0),(P). 3. Identify the alkaloidal poison in the stomach contents (Q) and examine the tablets (R) as a possible source of the poison. Branch G Industrial Chemistry with special reference to Coal Gas Manufacture(Town) MONDAY 8th APRIL 1946 10 a.m. to 1 9.m. (Answer Q. 1and any THREE of the other questions.) 1. Discuss the principles upon which the Chemical Works Regulations have been drafted.What specific responsibilities have supervisory staff with regard to these instructions ? 2. Give in outline the modern methods of water treatment and conditioning employed for providing (a)soft water for process purposes; (b) feed water for a high pressure steam boiler installation. 3. What type of constructional materials wouId you recommend for (a) the pump- ing and storage of brown oil of vitrioI; (b) ventilation ducts for warm wet air containing small quantities of hydrogen sulphide; (c) Iarge scale movement of water which must be kept iron-free; (d) storage bins for ammonium sulphate? Give reasons for your selections. 4. Give a concise account of modern methods for separating dusts fumes and mists from gases. Describe briefly the principles on which the appliances you mention are based.5. What is the nature of the information required in order to ascertain the economic practicability of a proposed manufacturing process? Indicate the form in which you would present your survey for consideration by a Board of Directors. 6. Write an essay on EITHER “Co-operation between the Industrial Chemist and the Engineering Section of a Chemical Works,” OR “The Application of Physical and Chemical Methods to the Control of Industrial Plant.” 2 to 6 p.m. (FIVE questions ONLY to be attempted.) 1. What tests would you use to ascertain the suitability of a coal for industrial use? Indicate the characteristics desirable in a gas coaI. In your answer indicate the character of the coals from different British coal areas.2. How is the composition of products of carbonisation influenced according as the coal is carbonised in (a) continuous vertical retorts and (b) in horizontal retorts? In your answer indicate the influence of the design and condition of operation of the plant. 3. Compare the character of gas works cokes of different origin. What do you 4. Describe how the plant for the purification of coal gas should be laid out to understand by the term veacfivity as applied to cokes? Discuss the steps which have been taken to modify reactivity. c 1461 secure efficient recovery of ammonia and satisfactory liquor effluent. 5. What is the composition of the prganic sulphur compounds present in purified coal gas? Describe how this has changed in the past thirty years and what further alterations may be expected.6. What is meant by the term “combustion characteristics” as applied to “coal gas” ? Indicate the significance of these properties in the distribution and utilisation of gas. 7. What do you know of the nature and formation of “gum” in town’s gas? Uescribe its effects on the processes of distribution and utilisation. What steps are taken to minimise these? 8. Comment on:- (a) The Heyworth Report on the British Gas Industry OR (b) The statement that coal carbonisation is an essential industry in modern warfare. TUESDAY to FRIDAY 9th to 12th APRIL 1946 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Determine the nitrogen in the given sample of coal by Kjeldahl’s standard method and by Whitaker’s variant and comment on any differences which these methods give.2. Examine and report on the sample of spent oxide supplied. 3. Examine the sample of tar supplied and give your opinion on the way it was made. 4. The flame of the burner supplied is aerated by injection. Examine the burner to ascertain how the degree of aeration depends on the gas pressure. REPORT Examination for the Associateship. Inorganic and Physical Chemistry. Most candidates who selected the questions involving calculations found considerable difficulty with the mathematical considerations. It appeared that as a general rule candidates could have devoted more attention to this section of chemical studies during their courses of instruction.Apart from this the questions on physical chemistry were done better on the whole than those dealing with the inorganic branch of chemistry. For example a large number of candidates were quite content to discuss the ferri- cyanides and the ferrocyanides as a complete answer to the question asking for an account of the commoner complex cyanides. Further many students preferred to give accounts of the important compounds of sulphur selenium and tellurium rather than to answer the question which asked for a cornpayison of their chemical behaviour. It was not infrequent to find the method described for the preparation of [Co(NH,),’]Cl as the method which is the standard one for the isolation of [Co(NH,),CI]Cl,. Although the structure of Na,S,O is well established many candidates gave wrong formulations for this substance.To sum up it was exceptional for the examiners to be able to award high marks to candidates for their work in physical and inorganic chemistry. In the practical work the standard attained in this part of the examination was very satisfactory. Both the qualitative and quantitative exercises were in general very well dealt with. Organic Chemistry. The general level of the work in organic chemistry was a little lower than usual in this examination. Adequate answers to question 3 on tautomerism and mesomerism and to question 4 on the stereochemistry of sulphur were given by very few candidates. The term “anionotropy ” was generally not understood. The condensation of acetylene with acetone in the form of its sodium compound should have been known since it has been used as the first step of a method for producing isoprene.In the question on the hexoses configuration and structure were once again confused by a number of candidates. In the last question on special reactivity the theoretical discussions were usually omitted or inadequate and candidates were not aware of the special mobility of the nitro group in pition 3 of 2:3:4trinitrotoluene which has considerable technical importance and has ah been used in research. r 147 3 Examination for the Fellowship Branch E. It was evident that some of the candidates lacked practical experience in considerable parts of the syllabus. There was still some weakness in microscopy but the general standard of attainment in therapeutics and pharmacology continued to be satisfactory.The toxicological exercise was fairly well done but some candidates wasted he owing to failure to follow the suggestions implied in the question. PASS LIST Examination in General Chemistry for the Associateship Adam William Henry College of Technology Belfast. Annison Ernest Frank S.E. Essex Technical College Dagenham. Archer Harold College of Technology Manchester; and Royal Technical College Salford. Atkinson Harold Holland Municipal Technical College Widnes. Austin George John S.E.Essex Technical College Dagenham. Beaver Stanley Royal Technical College Salford. Blunt Ronald City Technical College Liverpool. Boynton George Edward Municipal Technical College Hull.Brown Edward Gordon College of Technology Manchester; and Royal Technica College Salford. Calderwood John Alexander BSc. (Glas.) University of Glasgow. Coles Eric Lawrence B.Sc. (Lond.) City Technical College Liverpool. Cumming Harry Wyndham Lister B.Sc.(Lond.) Harris Institute Preston. Dickinson Thomas Bradley College of Technology Manchester. Donovan Barry Joseph City Technical College Liverpool. Doughty Thomas Joseph Municipal Technical College Widnes ;.and Denbighshke Technical Institute Wrexham. Godier Alec Leonard BSc. (Lond.) Northern Polytechnic London. Gollop Percy Lionel Merchant Venturers’ Technical College Bristol. Hall ClSord James Municipal Technical College Bolton ; College of Technology Manchester;and the Technical College Bradford.Jackson. Peter John B.Sc.(Lond.) University College Nottingham. Kaliski Charles Edward College of Technology Manchester. McGrath Louis Bernard B.S. (Lond.) Wigan and District Mining and Technical College. Monies Peter University of Birmingham. Nah John Syme Royal Technical College Glasgow. &Win Harry Godfrey B.A. (Oxon.) The University Oxford. Podmore Dennis Arthur Central Technical College Birmingham. Probee James Charles Rutherford College of Technology Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Rawhn Daniel City Technical College Liverpool. Smith George Eric Municipal Technical College Hull. Trower James,Woolwich Polytechnic and University College London. Waton John Howard B.A. (Cantab.) The University Cambridge. Weatherston Matthew Municipal Technical College Hull.Wrenn John Arthur B.Sc. (Lond.) King’s College London. Examinations for the Fellowship In Bvanth A Inorganic Chemistry wdh special reference to the Go-ordiNation Com#ounds of Metals and Irtovganic Steveochemistry Burkin Alfred Richard B.Sc. (Lond.). With special reference to tb Analysis of Steel and Steelwmks Maleriazs iM*dircg RefrcrcSmies afid Slags Selfe Francis Leslie. is Branch G Organic Chemistry Hayes Sydney Percival. Lane Edward Sydney B.Sc. (Lond.). Stephens Francis Frederick. With s$ecia4 rsfevence to High Polyonsrs Muaden Alick Robert B.Sc. (Birm.). I1W1 In Branch E The Chcmisrry dnctudhg Microscopy of Food ad Drugs and of Water Will Terence John. Cregeen William Allan.Dembrey Ivor B.Sc. (Bris.). Pollitt Raymond John Michael M.Sc. (Lond.). Wilson Andrew Cook. In Branch G Industrial Chemistry with special refereme to Coal Gas Manufacture Culshaw Gordon Wilson B.Sc. (Liv.). With special reference to Industrial Water Treatment Nellist George Rippon. BOOKS AND THEIR CONTENTS Richter-Antchutz The Chemistry of the Carbon Compounds. Third English edition based on the twelfth German edition Vol. 111-The Aromatic Compounds. Victor von Richter edited by the late Professor Richard Anschutz. (New York Elsevier Publishing Co. Inc. 1946.) Pp xviii+794. $15.00. Mononuclear aromatic compounds benzene derivatives; the mononuclear benzene hydrocarbons; halogen derivatives of the benzene hydrocarbons; nitrogen deriya- tives of benzene hydrocarbons; aromatic compounds of phosphorus arsemc antimony bismuth boron and silicon; phenyl metallic derivatives; the sulphonic acids; phenols; quinones; the phenylparaffin alcohols and their oxidation products; mononuclear aromatic compounds with unsaturated side-chains.Multinuclear aromatic compounds; phenyl-benzene group; polyphenylparaffins; condensed nuclei. Index. D.O.T. The Synthetic Insecticide. T. F. West and G. A. Campbell. Pp. 302, With 13 plates. (London Chapman & Hall Ltd. 1946.) 21s. net. History and development. The Basle researches; manufacture and chemistry; principles of formulation; toxic manifestations; DDT in paints and miscellaneous materials; DDT in textiles and paper; DDT miscellany. DDT against human lice; DDT against mosquitoes; DDT against household pests; DDT against other pests affecting men and animals; DDT against plant pests; miscellaneous uses of DDT; effect of DDT upon beneficial insects and phytotoxicity.Epilogue “The way ahead. Author and subject indexes. Standard Methods for Testirrg Petroleum and its Products.-The Institute of Petroleum. Pp. XI + 650. The seventh edition of this reference book (cf.notice of the sixth edition JOURNALAND PROCEEDINGS, 1945,111 108) includes several new methods and modifications of established procedures and these are specially listed for purposes of easy reference. The account ofthe determination of knock rating of Aviation Fuel has been completely re-written. The bromination method for determining tetraethyl lead in gasoline has been extensively altered so as to shorten the time involved.Endeavour. No. 18 of Volume 5 published in April contains an editorial on “The Social Functions of Science” and articles on:-”Britain’s Geological History,” by Dr. 0. M.B. Bulman F.R.S.; “The Royal Society of Edinburgh,” by Professor James Kendall F.R.S.; “Mineral Deficiencies in Plants,” by Professor T. Wallace M.C.; “Paludrine-a New Anti-malarial Drug,” by Dr. F.L. Rose; “Science in Society: the Fundamentals,” by Mr. E. F. Caldin; and “Cosmic Rays and their Origin,”by Dr. A. C. B. Lovell. c 1491 OBITUARY EDWARDARCHARD Information has been received that THEODORE has been posted by the Royal Air Force as “Missing presumed killed” on 4th May 1944.Born in 1911 he was educated at Wimbledon College and proceeded to the Royal College of Science London where he qualified in 1923 for the Associateship of that College and for the degree of BSc. with honours in chemistry and subsequently for the M.Sc. In 1933 he became works control and research chemist to J. & E. Sturge (Citric) Ltd. and in 1936 was appointed works chemist in charge of scientific control to Lincolnshire Canners Ltd. In 1941 he joined the Royal Air Force and became navigator of a Lancaster. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1934. JOHN GORDONAYERSdied on 27th March 1946 in his 32nd year. He was educated at Dartford Grammar School and received his professional training at the Sir John Cass Technical Institute London graduating B.Sc.with honours in chemistry in 1938. He had entered the Department of the Government Chemist in 1933 and was engaged on food analysis until 1938. He then resigned in order to act as manager of production and distribution of fruit vegetables and flowers at his father‘s nurseries at Swanley Kent where he found scope for applying scientific methods to various horticultural problems. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1940. FRANKBROWNE died on 26th March 1946 in his 81st year. He received his early training in the School of the Pharmaceutical Society whence he qualified asM.P.S. and Ph.C. in 1887. In the following year he was elected a research scholar at the School and for the next four years worked as demonstrator in the Society’s Laboratories.In 1893 he was appointed Assistant Government Analyst in Hong Kong and became Chief Analyst two years later. He was also Lecturer and Examiner in Chemistry to the Hong Kong Technical Institute and in 1912 Examiner in Chemistry to Hong Kong University. He came back to England in 1915 when he was appointed assistant chemist to the New Explosives Company at Stowmarket. Four years later he returned to the Pharmaceutical Society as supervisor of studies in the School of Pharmacy and in the following year became assistant lecturer in pharmaceutics and chemistry. He was appointed secretary of the ccmmittee dealing with the revision of the Codex and played an important part in the preparation of several editions of this work. He was the author of a number of scientific papers dealing with such varied subjects as “Chinese Opium,” “Sampling and Assay of Chinese Tin,” and “The British System of Weights and Measures.” He retired in 1934 but continued to take an active interest in the work of the Pharmaceutical Society and its branches.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1908. ALEXANDERBRUCEdied on 12th February 1946 in his 69th year. Educated at George Heriot’s School Edinburgh he entered the University of Edinburgh in 1897 and graduated B.Sc. in 1900 having previously worked as assistant to the late Professor A. P. Aitken at the Royal Veterinary College Edinburgh. After graduation he joined the staff of the Royal Arsenal Woolwich as a chemist but in 1902 proceeded to Ceylon to join the late Mr.Kelway Bamber who was then Con- sultant to the Ceylon Planters’ Association and Agricultural Analyst to the Government of Ceylon and with whom he afterwards entered into partnership. He undertook a number of investigations on the analysis of Ceylon soils and of local agricultural pro- ducts and in 1904 carried out an extensive survey of the Colombo milk supply which led to the adoption of local standards for milk which were later adopted throughout Ceylon. During the 1914-18 war he worked on the distillation of coconut charcoal and on the production of acetic acid and acetone from the products. He published a number of papers in agricultural and other journals and became a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. In spite of ill health in later years he remained at work and carried on the consulting practice on his own for the last four years.He was eIected an Associate of the Institute in 1919 and a Fellow in 1925. THOMAS HERBERT BUTCHERdied on 24th October 1945 in his 78th year. He was educated at Mason College Birmingham and proceeded to the Royal ScI~ool of Mines London in 1892 obtaining the diploma of Associateship of that College in Mining in 1896. He subsequently went to Durban Natal where he joined the firm of S. Butcher & Sons,and was engaged as a consulting mining engineer and metallurgist. Later lie established a practice in Pretoria and from 1906 practised in London. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1891 and a Fellow in 1898. c 1501 THOMAS CALLANdied on 27th March 1946 in his 6lst year.He entered Owens College (now The University) Manchester in 1903 graduating BSc. with honours in chemistry in 1006 and M.Sc. in 1908. In 1906 he became Assistant to the late Professor Campbell Brown at the University of Liverpool and proceeded in 1908 to the University of Heidelberg where he studied under Curtius and obtained the Ph.D. degree and the Victor Meyer Prize. Returning to England in 191 1 he was appointed Research Chemist in the Wellcome Chemical Research Laboratories where he investigated pfant products but in 1911 he joined the Bridge of Weir Leather Company. From 1913 to 1915 he practised as an Analytical Technical and Consulting Chemist in Paisley becoming Advisory Chemist and Analyst to several companies especially in relation to leather and textiIes.At the same time he had charge of the evening advanced classes in technical chemistry at Paisley Technical College and was Lecturer in Chemistry to the Kilbarchan and Houston School Board. In 1915 he was appointed Research Chemist to Levinstein Ltd. (later British Dyestuffs Corporation) and subsequently Departmental Head and Chief Analyst. For some years he was Departmental Manager of I.C.I. Ltd. Dyestuffs Division and was particularly concerned with pest control products. At the time of his death he was a director of I.C.I. (Pharmaceuticals) Ltd. He made many contributions to original research which were communicated to various scientific journals. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1924 and served as a Member of Council from 1934 to 1937.ARTHURJAMES COOPERdied on 6th December 1944 in his 79th year. Educated at King Edward VI Grammar School Birmingham he entered Mason College (now the University) Birmingham in 1881 and obtained the B.Sc. degree of the University of London with first class honours in chemistry in 1889. Subsequently he graduated B.A. at Trinity College Dublin whence he later obtained the LL.D. From I889 he was engaged in teaching and became successively headmaster of Bromyard School Principal of the Victoria Institute Worcester Principal of the Harris Institute Preston and Headmaster of Brewood School Staffordshire. While at Brewood he was ordained Deacon in 1901 and Priest in 1902 and then acted also as Curate of Brewood until his appointment to the Headmastership of Solihull School Warwick- shire in 1908.Owing to indifferent health he retired from the teaching profession in 1920 but in the following year was appointed Rector of Maxstoke Warwickshire. On resignation from this appointment in 1925 he became a research student in the Department of Chemistry at the University of Birmingham and continued to be associated with research in that University until 1939 when he retired to Malvern. Among his varied activities his enthusiasm for chemical research was sustained and he derived particular satisfaction from the exercise of his exceptional efficiency in the Iaboratory arts. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1897. WATSON CROSSLEYdied on 4th November 1945.in his 78th year. Trained at the Royal College of Science Dublin he obtained the Associateship of the College and passed the examination for the Associateship of the Institute in 1894. For 6 years he was chief chemist to the British Aluminium Co. Ltd. at Larne Harbour but for the remainder of his active life was in practice as an analytical and consulting chemist in London specialising in the examination of non-ferrous alloys and of Chinese egg products. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1894 and a Fellow in 1902. JOHN HOWARD died on 12th February 1946 in his 67th year. DAVIDSON He entered Owens College (nowthe University) Manchester in 1896 and obtained the degree of B.Sc. with honours in chemistry in 1899 and the M.Sc. in 1903.After working for a short time with the late Professor H. B. Dixon and D. L. Chapman on argon he was appointed chemist to J. H. Williamson (later Golden Hill Cobalt Company Ltd.) at Stoke-on-Trent in 1908 but soon transferred to Twyfords Ltd. Cliffe Vale Potteries at Hanley as chemist and technical expert. From 1909 to 1914 he was with this firm’s German factory at Dusseldorf. After a short period of work with the late Dr. J. W. Mellor at Stoke Technical School he was appointed lecturer and first assistant to Professor W. E. S. Turner in the newly formed Department of Glass Technology in the University of Sheffield. h few years later he returned to industry and was engaged by Wood Brothers Glass Co. Ltd. at Barnsley. He subsequently became chief chemist at C.E. Ramsden & Co. Ltd. Fenton a position which he held for 16 years until his retirement about a year ago. He was a Fellow of the Society of Glass [ 1511 TechnoIogy of which he had been a Vice-President. He had an exceptionally wide technical knowledge of both glass and the pottery industries and was for over 40 years a member of the Ceramic Society. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1918. GORDONWESTLAND died on 28th January 1946 in his 26th year. EDWARDS In 1935 he entered the laboratory of Messrs. Melling and Ardern in Manchester as an assistant analyst carrying out the duties of resident chemist at the Salford Corporation Sewage Works. He passed the examination for the Associateship of the Institute in 1943 having been trained at Manchester College of Technology.In that year he was appointed as a chemist to the War Department where he was engaged on confidential work of a general analytical and investigational character. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1943 and was about to take the examination for the Fellowship at the time of his death. JOHN ALFRED FOSTER died on 16th February 1946 in his 75th year. His first major appointment was as second assistant Admiralty chemist a post which he took up in 1892 and which he held for a number of years. Later he became Public Analyst for the East Riding of Yorkshire and the Boroughs of Grimsby Beverley and Louth with laboratories at Hull and was also Ofiicial Agricultural Analyst for Grimsby and Gas Examiner for the County of Lincolnshire.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1897 having passed the examination in therapeutics pharmacoIogy and microscopy and became a Fellow in 1900. THOMAS GRAY died on 6th May 1946 in his 47th year. He entered the Royal Technical College Glasgow in 1919 graduating B.Sc. in Applied Chemistry in 1922 and obtaining the diploma of the College. A year later he took an appointment with Messrs. James Nimmo & Co. Ltd. where he was engaged on metallurgical work as Assistant Works Manager. In 1927 he became a works control chemistin the chemical worksdepartment of the Glasgow Corporation where he remained until he retired owing to ill-health in 1945. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1925. Information has been received of the death since November 1945 of THOMAS JOHN GREENWAY, who was one of the oldest Fellows of the Institute.After holding an appointment for 9 years as chemist and metallurgist to the Sheffield Smelting Co. he proceeded to New South Wales where he was engaged for many years in mining and smelting operations. He was consulting engineer and metallurgist in cunnexion with the erection and management of a number of concentrating and smelting works especially on behaIf of the Broken Hill Proprietary Company New South Wales. He was also engaged in a similar capacity in South Australia and in the Argentine. He was a member of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy from 1898 to 1926. On his retirement from professional work in 1925 he left Austrdia and has since resided in British Columbia.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1878. Information has been received of the death of BIRAJMOHANGUPTAin 1946 in his 56th year. He received his scientific training in the Universities of Calcutta and Allahabad graduating B.Sc. (CaIcutta) in 1911 and MSc. (AlIahabad) in 1913. After a short time as demonstrator at Canning College Lucknow and Officiating Professor of Chemistry at the Christian College Lucknow he was appointed in 1914 Assistant Professor of Chemistry at Canning College. From 1920 to 1922 he was engaged in research work under Professor (later Sir) Jocelyn Thorpe at Imperial College London on which he pubIished papers in the Journal of the Chemical Society and obtained the degree of Ph.D.of the University of London. In 1922 he returned to India as Reader in Chemistry in the University of Lucknow and in the following year became also Deputy Public Analyst to the Government of the United Provinces. He held this latter appoint- ment until the time of his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1920. JAMES HART-SMITH died at Seaford on 28th March 1946 in his 69th year. Educated at Berkhamsted School he entered the Royal College of Science London in 1895 obtaining the Associateship of the College in 1898 and passing the Find Exami-nation for the Associateship of the Institute in 1899. He remained at the Royal College of Science as a demonstrator until 1900and was engaged on research work under the late Sir Martin Forster on the separation of wobornylamine and bornylamine.After ;[ 1623 holding an appointment as Science Master at Hinckley Grammar School he was appointed to the teaching staff of Battersea Polytechnic in 1902 where he carried out research with Mr. John Wilson. He was subsequently a teacher under the London County Council at Battersea and the Hmry Thornton School Clapham Common. He retired in 1938. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1899 and a Fellow in 1902. ROBERT ASHTONHILL died during internment as a prisoner-of-war in the Far East on 27th September 1944 in his 45th year. Educated at the Liverpool Collegiate School he entered the University of Liverpool in 1917 but joined the Forces in 1918. On demobilisation he returned to the University and graduated BSc.with honours in chemistry in 1921. He was appointed Assistant Chemist to the Silver Springs Bleaching and Dyeing 42.0.in 1923 and remained with this Company until 1928 when he accepted a post of Lecturer in Chemistry to the University of Hong Kong. He held this post until the Japanese invasion and was a member of the Hong Kong Volunteer Defence Corps when he was taken prisoner. He was eIected an Associate of the Institute in 1922. EDWARD HrNKs died on 25th May 1946 in his 67th year. Educated at the Whitgift Grammar School Croydon he proceeded to King’s College London in 1897 graduating B.Sc. with honours in 1901. In July of the same year he passed the Examination for the Associateship of the Institute in Organic Chemistry and.later the Fellowship Examination in the Chemistry of Food and Drugs and of Water. After some years at Guy’s Hospital under .the late Sir Thomas Stevenson he became Public Analyst for the County of Surrey (Ex-Metropolitan) and the Borough of Reigate and subsequently for the County Borough of Croydon and the Borough of Guildford. From 1915 to 1920 he served as an Inspecting Ordnance officer in the R.A.O.C. attaining the rank of Major and was subsequently appointed M.B.E. He was closely concerned with the affairs of the Institute and of the Society of Public Analysts throughout his active life and was President of the Society in 1928-29. He continued his work as Public Analyst and as consultant until a few weeks before his death.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1901 and a Fellow in 1904; serving as a member of Council from 1913 to 1916 and from 1926 to 1929; as a Vice-president from 1930 to 1933; as an Examiner for the Fellowship in the Chemistry of Food and Drugs etc. from 1921 to 1925; and on a number of special Committees including the joint committee with the Society of Public Analysts and other Analytical Chemists on public health matters. HERBERT INGLE died on 27th October 1946 in his 85th year. He received his scientific training at the Yorkshire College (subsequently the Uni- versity of Leeds) and then became a member of the staff of the college. Having been brought up on a farm he developed an early interest in agricultural chemistry and was appointed the first lecturer in this subject at Leeds.He obtained the B.Sc. degree in 1905. At the end of the Boer War when Lord Milner secured the appointment of a staff of experts for the administration of South Africa he was appointed Agricultural Chemist for the Transvaal. Following the changes that took place after the grant of self-government this appointment came to an end and he returned to this country. He then became concerned with the preparation of pure solid extracts of coffee and tea a process which he brought to a successful technical and commercial issue. Among his published works were a “Manual of Agricultural Chemistry,” first issued in 1902; “Elementary Agricultural Chemistry” (1$081 and in collaboration with his brother Harry Ingle “Fire and Fire Prevention.” He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888.JOHN ERNESTINKSTER died on 4th January 1946 in his 32nd year. Educated at Leigh Grammar School he studied at the Wigan Technical College and at the Royal Technical College,Salford obtaining the B.Sc.degree of the University of London in 1941. Since 1934 he had been Technical Assistant to the Leigh and Atherton Joint Sewerage Board and published work on Sewage Disposal problems. In November 1946 he was appointed research chemist to Messrs. Sutcliffe Speakman Ltd.,of Leigh Lancashire. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1943. [ 153 I HENRY PHILIP JONES died at Nevin Caernarvonshire on 16th January 1946 in his 84th year. Having qualified as a pharmacist in 1885 he turned his attention to analytical chemistry and after attending a three years’ course at University College (now the University) Liverpool passed the examination for the Associateship of the Institute in 1894.Later he became assistant to Professor Campbell Brown Public Analyst to the County of Lancashire and the City of Liverpool but when Professor Roberts was appointed to the City of Liverpool he joined his staff and eventually became senior assistant analyst a post which he held until his retirement in 1929. He was an authority on the Law relating to Poisons and was at one time lecturer on this subject at the Liverpool School of Pharmacy. He was an expert microscopist and contributed many papers on the microscopy of starches and spices including one on the identification of “Marble Arrowroot” as a common adulterant of Arrowroot.When his home at Birkenhead was damaged by enemy action in 1941 he went to live at Nevin where he became greatly interested in the Welsh League of Youth. He was engaged on a publication in connexion with this organisation up to within an hour of his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1894 and a Fellow in 1906. EDMUND RUDHALL died on 8th May 1946 in his 69th year. BRYDGES PRIDEAUX Educated at Auckland Grammar School New Zealand hs studied Chemistry at Canterbury College New Zealand where he graduated M.A. with first-class honours in chemistry and BSc. having presented a thesis on an investigation of Kauri resin and oils. In 1902 he came to England and worked on sandarac resin Queensland Copal etc.at the Imperial Institute. In the following year he was engaged on research under Sir William Ramsay at University College London and obtained the degree of D.Sc. London. From 1906 to 1909 he was Lecturer and Demonstrator in Chemistry at Heriot-Watt College Edinburgh and in 1909 proceeded to the University of Liverpool where he was engaged in study and research in the Muspratt Laboratory being ap- pointed in 1911 Assistant Lecturer in Education (Science). In 1913 he was appointed lecturer and demonstrator in chemistry at Battersea Polytechnic and in the following year to a similar position at University College Nottingham where he remained until 1945. In addition to publishing a large number of papers on the results of original investigations in the fields of physical and ana€yticaI chemistry he was the author of several books including “Problems of Physical Chemistry” and “The Theory and Use of Indicators.’’ He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1919.JAMES MCLEANTAYLOR died on 6th October 1945 in his 75th year. Trained at Rutherford College Newcastle upon Tyne he became a pupil under and later assistant to the late John Pattinson Public Analyst for Newcastle. In 1908 he feceived an appointment with the United Alkali Company Ltd. and subsequently became the Chief Analyst at their Central Laboratory where he was concerned in developing methods of analysis for raw materials intermediates and finished products and as an adviser on technical matters.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1918. GRIFFITHTHOMAS EVAN died on 15th March 1946 in his 58th year. Educated at Cardigan County School he received his scientific training at the University College of Wales Aberystwyth where he obtained the degree of M.Sc. From 1916 to 1943 he was with Nobel’s Explosives Co. Ltd. (now I.C.I. Explosives Group) at Ardeer where he was engaged in research. on and the manufacture of nitrocellulose. From 1929 to 1936 he was Superintendent and subsequently Chief Superintendent of the Nitro-body Department. In 1943 he became Manager of the Ministry of SuppIy Factory at Girvan Ayrshire where he was responsible for the manufacture of T.N.T. and of nitric and sulphuric acids but he returned to Ardeer in 1945 as Assistant Works Manager.Shortly before his death he was appointed Manager of the Penrhyndeudraeth Factory of Cooke’s Explosives and should have taken up that appointment on 1st April 1946. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1945. CHARLESHORNE died on 29th December 1945 at the age of 63. WARNER He received his scientific training at the School of the Pharmaceutical Society and at King’s College London whence he obtained the B.Sc. degree of the University of London. In 1908 he passed the final examination for the Associateship of the Institute in the Chemistry of Food Drugs etc. He was awarded the Diploma of Imperial College for original research in biochemistry and after a period as a teacher ofchemistry c 1541 physics and biology at the School of the Pharmaceutical Society he took up the study of medicine qualifying as M.B.B.S.. M.R.C.S. and L.R.C.P. and subsequently as M.D.(Lond.) and D.P.H. (Oxon.). During the 1914-18 war he served as Captain, R.A.M.C. and was in France with 42nd M.A.C. and the 61st London Field Ambulance. In the latter part of the war he was appointed Specialist Officer to carry out physiological investigations in connection with warfare. In 1919-20 he was Senior House Physician at the Middlesex Hospital but in 1920 took up residence in Nottingham where he became Medical Officer of Health of the Beestoa and Stapleford Urban District Council. Subsequently he moved to Southwell in Nottinghamshire where he was engaged in general practice in addition to his work as M.O.H.His publications included a paper on “Action of Dilute Nitric Acid on the Nitro-o- Xylenes” in 1912 and on “Formaldehyde as an Oxidation Product of Chlorophyll Extracts” in 1914. On the medical side he contributed a paper on “Ankylostomiasis in London” in 1919. He waselected an Associate of the Institute in 1908 and a Fellow in 1911. THE REGISTER New Fellows Jessop William John Edward MSc. (T.C.D.) M.D. D.P.H. F.R.C.P.I. Lowe Harry Marchanton MSc. (Manc.). Associates elected Allen Russell James Laurence B.Sc. (W.A.) M.Sc (Melbourne) Ph.D. (Can- tab.). Beard Herbert Greensmith. Bosrnan Louis Pierre B.A. M.B. Ch.B. (Cape) B.Sc.,Ph.D. (Edin.). Cahill Terence John. Cheesman Geoffrey Herbert B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.) A.R.C.S.D.I.C. Cregeen William Allan. Culshaw Gordon Wilson B.Sc. (Liv.). Dembrey Ivor. B.Sc. (Bris.). Dent James Harry B.Sc. (Lond.). Dhar Moti Lal M.Sc. (Punjab) Ph.D. (Lond.). Dykes Edward Mackenzie BSc. (Lond.). Edwards Wilfred Thomas. Evans John Trevor Ph.D. (Lond.), D.I.C. Ferguson John B.Sc. Ph.D. (Glas.), A.R.T.C. Fielder Frederic Henry Valentine B.Sc. (N.Z.),F.N.Z.I.C. Frewing Joseph John B.A. B.Sc. (Oxon.). Giles Charles Hugh B.Sc. Ph.D. (Leeds). Glen. William Lawrence B.Sc. Ph.D. (Glas.) D.Phil. (Oxon.) A.R.T.C. Green Arthur Frederick B:Sc. (Lond.). Greenwood john. Hanson Norman William B.Sc. Ph.D. (Wales). Hayes Sydney Percival. Hopkins Donald Percy BSc. (Lond.). Howes Edward Arthur B.Sc. (Lond.), A.M.1.Chem.E.Jones Frederick Elston D.Sc. (Wales). Kendall john David B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.) D.I.C. Young Frank George D.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.). to the Fellowship Lane Edward Sydney B.Sc. (Lond.). Levesley Alfred Stoyell MSc. (Lond.). McGeorge Walter B.Sc. (Glas.),A.R.T.C. Manchester Leslie George B.Sc. (Lond.). Marrison Frank Carlisle M.Sc. (Lond.). Matthews Thomas Henry B.Sc. (Dunelm). Mounfield James Denis M.Sc.Tech. Ph.D. (Manc.). Munden Alick Robert RSc. (Birm.). Murfitt George. Naidu Uevara Satyanarayana M.-4., M.Sc. (Calcutta) A. 1.1.S~. Ncllist George Rippon. Neppc Solly Louis M.Sc.Eng. (Wit-watersrand) A.M. I.Chem.E. Parry Reginald Ezra M.Sc. (Melbourne) M. 1.Chem.E. Paxon Francis James B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. D.I.C. Pennington John Herbert B.Sc.(Lond.). Preston William M.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.) M.1.Chem.E. Selfe Francis Leslie. Steele Samuel Douthart B.Sc. (Glas.), A.R.T.C. Stephens Francis Frederick. Thomson William Brown RSc. (Glas.). Tryhorn Profcssor Frederick Gerald DSc. (Liv.). Walkley Allan B.Sc. (Adelaide) B.A. (Cantab.) Ph.D. (Lond.). Whewell Charles Smalley B.Sc. Ph.D. (Leeds), Wilson Andrew Cook. Wilson Ernest Perry Bradley B.Sc. (Birm.) A.M.1.Chem.E. Adam William Henry. Ajmani Guranditta Ma) B.S. (Punjab), A.I.I.Sc. Allerton Frank William B.Sc. (Lond.). Anderson Alan Stuart BSc. (Lond.). Annable Edgar Neil B.Sc. (Lond.). Archer Harold. Archer Victor Alfred Alleyne B.S.A. (McGill) M.S.A. (Toronto) F.C.I.C. Atkinson Cyril Pearson.Atkinson Harold Holland. Austin George John. Barkworth Gordon Edward. Beaver Stanley. Bell Douglas Herbert B.Sc. (Lond.). Birchall Tom,BSc. (Lond.). Birse Eric Alexander Balfour B.Sc. Ph D. (Edin.). Bone Henry Thomas. Bose Asoke Nath B.Sc. (Calcutta), Dr-Ing. (Munich). Bretherick Leslie B.Sc. (Liv.). Broughton Harry John. Brown Edward Gordon. Buchanan James B.Sc.,Ph.D. (Edin.). Burr James Percival B.Sc. (Lond.). Bush George Henry B.Sc. (Lond.). Calderwood John Alexander B.Sc. (Glas.). Cannell John Seymour M.Sc. (Manc.), Ph.C. Cad Reginald Garfield Roy B.Sc. (Lond.). Carter Ronald James B.Sc. (Lond.). Casson Frank David. Charlton John Cecil B.Sc. (Wales). Christie Miss Margaret Isabella B.Sc.(Glas.) A.R.T.C. Clemow John,B.Sc. (Lond.). Coates Kenneth Bernard BSc. (Lond .). Collis,Clarence Barnes B. A. RSc. (Oxon.). Cook William James Mitchell. Crofts loseph Edward BSc. (Lond.). Crurnpltk Harold Roy B.Sc.. (Loid.), A.R.C.S. Cumming Harry Wyndham Lister BSc. (Lond.). Daly John Millar B.Sc. (Glas.). Davis Jack BSc. (Lond.). Deeks Arthur Sydney B.Sc. (Dunelm). Dickinson Thomas Bradley. Donovan Barry Joseph. Doughty Thomas Joseph. Dowse. George Herbert Victor. B.Sc. (Birm.). Eaborn. Colin B.Sc.[Waled. ~ Eaton John . Kenneth. B.Sc. (Wales), M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.) Ph.D. (Lond.). Elton George Alfred Hugh B.Sc. (Lond.). Elvey Norman B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. Garside James Eric M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), Ph.D. (Lond.).Ghosh Sailaja Prasad M.Sc. (Patna). Gibb William BSc. (Glas.) A.R.T.C. Gibson Neville Alian &Sc. (Sydney). Gill John Stuart Freeston B.Sc. (Lond.). Gillings David William ELSc. Ph.D. (Lond.). Godier Alec Leonard B.9. (Lond.). Gollop Percy Lionel. Greenhalgh Geoffrey Harvey BSc. (Lond.) A. R.C.S. Hall Clifford James. Halliday James Henry. Hawkins Edwin George Edward B.Sc. Ph.D. (Bris.). Heaton Edgar B.Sc. Ph.D. (Leeds). Hocknell William B.Sc. (Wales). Hodges William Samuel B.Sc. (Lond.), Ph.C. Humphreys William Eric. Hunt Eric Millman B.Sc (Leeds). Jackson Peter John B.Sc.(Lond.). Jennings Peter Philip B.Sc.(Lond.). Jones Islwyn M.Sc. Ph.D. (Wales). Kaliski Charles Edward. Kay John B.Sc.Tech. (Mane.). Kendall James Tyldesley M.A.(Cantab.).Kenny Alexander Donovan A.R.C.S. (vnd.). Knight Frederick Thomas. Lees Kenneth. Levy Anthony Lewis B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. Lewis Edward Joseph BSc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. Lockhart George Watson B.Sc. (Edin.). Lodge Michael Richard M.Sc. (N.U.I.). Lyons Fergus Barry B.Sc.(N.U.I.). MacBean Kenneth Forbes B.Sc. Ph-D. (Edin.). McDonald Roy Beresford. McGrath Louis Bernard BSc. (Lond.). Mackenzie Kenneth M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.) Ph.D. (Aberd.). Marsh Kenneth Edwin B.Sc. (Lond.). Mason Ronald George B.Sc. (Lond.). Mecklenburgh George Kevin B.Sc. (Wales). Milsom Philip Edward B.A. (Oxon.). Moon Sydney Edward Allan MSc. (Lond.). Mould Leonard Pearce A.M.1.Chem.E. Munday Atholl Claughton B.Sc. (Cape Town).Nairn John Syme. Narayanaswamy Bindiginavale Nara-simhaiyengen B.Sc. (Mysore) A.I. I.Sc. Nayudu Sadagopa Sankar. Neave Oswald. Nicholl Eric A.M.1.Chem.E. O'Flynn Denis Joseph B.Sc. (N.U.I.). Oswin Harry Godfrey B.A. (Oxon.). Parry Thomas Arthur BSc. (Wales). Paul Stanley BSc. Ph.D. (Liv.). Peck Dennis Raymond B.Sc. (Lond.). Peppiatt Edward George B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. Podmore Dennis Arthur. Prentice William Ross l3.S~. (Glas.). Probee James Charles. Rawlinson Daniel. Reed Hugh Wilma Boulton BSc. (Lond.) Keif Miss Maria Ida M.Sc. (Manc.). Rickson Joseph Brian B.Sc. (Lond.). Silk John Arthur B.Sc. (Lond.),A.R.C.S. Sims David William Daniel B.Sc. (Lond.). Sing Kenneth Stafford William B.Sc. (Lond.) .Smith Gordon Ernest B.Sc. (hnd.). Smith Kenneth Arnott BSc. (Lond.). Stephenson Richard John KSc. Ph.D. (Lond.). Stott Geoffrey B.Sc. (Wales). Sultanbawa Mohamed Uass Siddeek B.Sc. (Loncl.). Re-elected Hawes William Bernard BSc. Ph.D. (Lond.). Howarth Gilbert Rartle M.C. M.Sc. (Leeds). Swaddle Donald BSc. (Lond.). Taylor Duncan B.Sc. Ph.D. (Edin.). Uvarov Eugene Boris BSc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. D.I.C. Vickerstaff Thomas M.Sc. Ph.D. (Manc.). Vose Wilfred BSc. (Lond.). Voss Roland Cesar B.Sc. (Lond.). Waddams John Arthur B.Sc. (Lond.). Waite Miss Blodwen Hazel B.Sc. (Wales). Waton John Howard B.A. (Cantab.). Whalley Miss Margaret B.Sc. (Glas.). White Henry George BSc. (Leeds). Willcock Harold Gilbert BSc. (Lond.). Wilson George Alexander MSc.(Q.U.B.). Wilson Stanley B.Sc. (Lond.). Wray Anthony Tom B.Sc. (Lond.). Wrenn John Arthur BSc. (Lond.). Wright John B.A. B.Sc. (Oxon.). Associates Murray Henry BSc. (N.U.L) A.R.CSc.1. Rose Leslie. Varadhan Cattancoletore M.Sc. (Bom-bay)' New Students Baggott Eric Raymond. Baguley Maurice Edward. Bates Herbert Geoffrey Charles. Blackburn Frank. Bladon Peter. Blakeway John Murray. Bookey John Bernard. Brocklehurst Richard. Broomhead Frank. Brown Miss Mary Teresa. Brown Robert. Brownstone Alan Denis Carter Francis John. Cass Raymond Charles Chadwick Derek Bagnall. Clark Stanley Bartlett. Clements Dennis. Clements Henry. Connell Edwart Nathan. Corbett William Michael. Cowperthwaite James Joseph.Cruse Henry Dalziel Miss Mary Estelle. Davies Michael. Davis Stanley Joseph. Davy Vernon Peter. Dewhurst John.. Dickson Donald Harold Wanchope. Doggart James Russell. Elstow William Ernest. Faulkner Peter. Fenn,Edward Malcolm. Fenton Peter Ernest Bauglian. Foster William Bailey. Garratt William Charles. Goodyear Raymond John Arnold. Grant John. Gray Joseph Wylie. Hamilton Miss Lucy Garland. Hargreaves Colin. Harnden Maurice Harold. Hawes Bernard William Varney. Hawkins John Gilmour. Horspool John Michael. Houldershaw Harold Kenneth. Jackman Miss Mary Rosaleen. Jobson Harry Taylor. Knight John Frederick Leslie. Larson John Eric. Littler Albert. McAdam Ian Alexander. McConnell Alexander MacDonald .McDonnell Francis Robert Maxwell. hlcwilliam Anthony. Massie William Henry Simpson. Matthews Henry Alfred. Menary James Wilson. Metcalfe Fred. Morgan John William Woodhouse. Morrison Miss Joan. Myers John. Neill Desmond Williani. Newell John Alfred. Norcross Geoffrey. Payne Kenneth Richard. Phillips James Ivor. Price David. Proctor James Ernest. Ramsden Russell Weber. Reed Stuart Austin. Reid Thomas James. Rowbottom Jack. Russell James . Rutter Kenneth Derek. Saha Saileswar. Saunders James. I1671 Smith John Frederick. Waterhouse Keith Mason. Smith Rex. White Miss Florence Ada. Sumner Jack. Wilde Peter. Thompson John Sturgeon. Willcock Peter. Tyler Douglas Leslie.Wilson Raymond Ernest. Tyler Joseph Francis Charles. Woodward Albert William Thomas. Varley Roy Stewart. Young Peter John. Walder Miss Dilys Ann. Re-registered Student Hickson Charles Vivian. CHANGE OF NAME Eli Finklestone Fellow to Eliot Stone,-by Deed Poll. DEATHS Fellows John Addyman Gardner M.A. (Oxon.) Liverseege John Francis. James Hart-Smith A.R.C.S. Edmund Brydges Rudhall Prideaux, DSc. (Lond.). Edward Hinks M.B.E. BSc. (Lond.) M.A. B.Sc. (N.Z.) Associates Thomas Gray BSc. (Glas.). Francis Henry Trim B.Sc. (Lond.). Alfred Ivor jefiery BSc. (Lond.). COMING EVENTS I946 July 4 THE INSTITUTE (Belfast and District) Visit to Newforge Ltd. Malone Belfast. Meet at the Malone Factory at 3 p.m. 8 BRITISHASSOCXATIONFOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE Conference held in collaboration with the Royal Society and the Empire Scientific Conference on “The Dissemination of Scientific Information to the Public.” 11 and 12 SOCIETY INDUSTRY: OF CHEMICAL Annual Meeting.July 11 Meeting of Chairmen and Secretaries of Groups and Sections. July 12 Connaught Rooms, London W.C. 2. Annual General Meeting luncheon President’s address presentation of Messel Medal. 16 and 17 BRITISH PHARMACEUTICAL : CONFERENCEOpening Meeting at the Connaught Rooms Great Queen Street W.C.2 at 10 a.m. on first day. 20 BRITISHASSOCIATIONFOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE Annual Meeting. followed by the Presidential Address by Sir Richard Gregory Bart. F.R.S. in the Hall of the British Medical Association Tavistock Square London W.C.1. OF 25 BRITISHASSOCIATIONFOR THE ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE.Conference on “UNESCO and Universities.” Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers (2s.each) for binding the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS in annual volumes should notify the Assistant Secretary of their requirements indicating the years (1946 or earlier) required. GENERAL NOTICES (For Notius vetding to matters of immediah importance see “Announcements” on p. 134.) Notice to Associates-Regulations and forms of application for the Fellowship can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments or are desirous of extending their opportunities is kept at the offices of the Institute.For full information inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Libraries.-The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society Burlington House Piccadilly W.1 to the maintenance of which the Institute makes substantial con- tributions is available to Fellows Associates and Registered Students wishing to consult or borrow books from 10 a.m. to 9 p.m. on week-days [except Saturdays 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.). Books can also be borrowed by post. Books may be borrowed from the Science Library Science Museum South Kensing- ton S.W.7 on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Secretary of the Institute. The Library of the Institute is being reorganised but limited service is available to Fellows Associates and Registered Students from 10 a.m.to 6 p.m. on week-days (except Saturdays 10 a.m. to 1 pm.). Information regarding facilities afforded to members by Lewis’s Lending Library can also be obtained from the Registrar. Reports on German Industries.4opies of a number of Reports of the Combined Intelligence Objectives Sub-Committee (C.I.O.S.) and of the British Intelligence Sub- committee (B.I.O.S.) on industrial plants and processes in Germany published by H.M. Stationery Office have been received and are available for consultation in the Library of the Institute. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A list of slides of portraits of great chemists and other scientists throughout the ages can be obtained on application to the Secretary. As the slides are frequently in demand members are requested to notify their require- ments at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used.Joint Subscription Arrange men ts.-Fellows Associates and Registered Students who wish to participate in the arrangements whereby they can acquire on favourable terms membership of the Chemical Society the Society of Chemical Industry and the Faraday Society with substantial privileges as to publications (see special article JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1945 Part IV p. 148) can obtain further particulars and necessary forms from the Conjoint Chemical Office 9 and 10 Savile Row London W. 1. Benevolent Fund.-Contributions for 1946 may be sent to the Honorary Treasurer 30 Russell Square London W.C.l. Forms for Deeds of Covenant may be obtained from the Secretary (see p.137). Service with H.M. Forces.-Fellows Associates and Registered Students who are on service with the Navy Army and Air Force are requested to notify the Institute giving particulars as to their rank unit etc. Changes of Address.-Fellows Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give so far as possible their permanent addresses for registration. When writing from an address different from that previously given they are requested to state if the new address is to be used in future and whether the change aiTects the Appointments Register. All requests for changes should be addressed to the Registrar and not to the Honorary Secretaries of local Sections. In order to facilitate identification Fellows Associates and Registered Students are asked to give their full initials on communications addressed to the Institute.In the prevailing circumstances they are also asked not invariably to expect formal acknowledgments of communications addressed to the Institute unless replies are necessary. E 1591 PUBLKATIONS OF THE INSTITUTE Many of the pcblications are owt of pint and members are &vised not to send ckqws m mders with enquiries fm pwblications otkev thaoa those listed below of which limited supiblies are still available. LECTURZ~ “Copyright with special reference to Scientific Papers and Publications.” E. J. MacGillivray K.C. (1926.) 2s. net. “Fire Risks in Industry.” A. M.Cameron B.Sc. F.R.I.C. (1927.) 2s.net. “Chemists and Dividends.” S. M.Cluckstein. (1927.) 2s. net. “Lessons Learnt from Industrial Gases and Fumes.” Sir T. Legge C.B.E. M.D. (1930.) 2s. net. “The Nature of Simple Molecules and of Elementary Processes.” A. J. Allmand, M.C. D.Sc. F.R.I.C. F.R.S. (1932.) 2s. 6d. net. “The Chemist in the Far East.” A. Marcan F.R.I.C. (1933.) 2s. net. alchemists in Art and Literature.” Richard B. Pilcher O.B.E. F.C.I.S. (1935.) 2s. 6d. net. *“Beer.” H. F. E. Hulton F.R.I.C. (1934.) 2s. net. “Food and the Consumer.” G. W. Monier-Williams O.B.E. &LA. Ph.D. F.R.I.C. (1935.) 2s. net. “Protection against Toxic Gases in Industry.” J. Davidson Pratt O.B.E.,M.A., B.Sc. F.R.I.C. (1936.) 2s. net. “Our Money.” W. H. Coates Ph.D. LL.B. B.Sc. (1937.) 2s. net.“GasDefence from the Point of View of the Chemist.” J. Davidson Pratt O.B.E. M.A. B.Sc.,F.R.I.C. (1937.) 2s. net. “Oxidation-Reduction Potentials and their Applications.” S. Glasstone DSc. F.R.I.C. (1937.) 2s. net. *“Chemical Changes and Chances.” Sir Martin Forster D.Sc. F.R.I.C. F.R.S. (1937.) 2s. net. “Forensic Chemistry in the Criminal Court.” C. Ainsworth Mitchell M.A. DSc. F.R.I.C. (1938.) 2s. net. “The Development of the Chemistry of Commercial Synthetic Dyes (1866-1938) F. M. Rowe D.Sc. F.R.I.C. (1938.) 6s. net. §*“Opium.” J. R. Nicholls D.Sc.,F.R.I.C. (1938.) 2s. 6d. net. $t“Researchin the Iron and Steel Industry.” W.H. Hatfield D.Met. F.R.S. (1938.) 2s. 0d. net. “LudwigMond F.R.S. 1839-1909.” F. G. Donnan C.B.E. D.Sc. F.R.I.C. F.R.S.(1939.) 2s. net. §*“Magne~ite.~’A. W.Comber F.R.I.C. Assoc. Inst. M.M. (1939.) 2s. net. “Chromatographic Analysis.” A. H. Cook,Ph.D. D.I.C. F.R.I.C. (1941,) 2s. net. *“Precious Metals.” H. Gordon Dale F.R.I.C. (1941.) 2s. net. §“Further Advances in the Use of the Spekker Photo-Electric Absorptiometer.” E. J. Vaughn MSc. A.R.C.S.. F.R.I.C. (1942.) 2s. 6d. net. §“Rust- Acid- and Heat-Resisting Steels.” W.H. Hatfield D.Met. F.R.S. (1942.) 2s. 6d. net. §*“Notes on Water Treatment.” Russell G. Pelly F.R.I.C. (1942.) 2s. net. §“Leather.” D. Jordan-Lloyd M.A. D.Sc. F.R.I.C. (1943.) 2s. 6d. net. §Tement and Concrete.” F. M. Lea O.B.E. D.Sc. F.R.I.C. 2s. 6d. net. “Chemistry and Clothing.” First Dalton Lectecve. D. A. Clibbens. 2s. net. §**Industrial Non-Ferrous Alloys.” Harold Moore,C.B.E.D.Sc. F.R.I.C. 2s. 6d.net. REGULATIONS ASSOCIATES FOR THE ADMISSIONOF STUDENTS AND FELLOWS.Gratis. PAPERS. EXAMINATION Annual Sets. 1s. each post free. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. Six Partsannually. 2s. each net. THEPROPESSION OF CHEMISTRY.Richard B. Pilcher O.B.E. F.C.I.S. 4th Edition. (1938.) 2s. 6d. net. Gratis to Fellows Associates and Registered StWs. * Sfre&eikl Memorial L.ectwts. t Gluckstcin Memorial Lectwres. 3 I&stra&d. [ 160 3

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/RG9467000121

出版商:RSC    

年代:1946

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND PART 4. 1946 PROCEEDINGS OF THE COUNCIL Council Meeting 2lst June 1946.-It was reported that Dr. A. G. G. Leonard had resigned as Honorary Secretary of the Dublin and District Section after 25 years’ service in that capacity and that Mr. H. D. Thornton had been appointed in his place; that Mr. H. E. Blayden had resigned as Honorary Secretary of the Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast Section and would be succeeded by Mr. K. H. Jack. The thanks of the Council were expressed to Dr. Leonard (now Chairman of the Dublin and District Section) and to Mr Blayden for their past services. Approval was given to a proposal by the Tees-Side Section to amend its Rules so as to bring the termination of the financial year of the Section to 31st December; and to proposals by the Committee of the South Yorkshire Section to make further changes in the Rules of the Section (cf.JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1945,p. 135)to provide (a)that any Officer or Ordinary Member of the Committee not attending three consecutive committee meetings without explanation be deemed to have resigned and (b) that the new title of the Section be “The Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands Section.’’ The Report of the Finance and House Committee (17th June) was received and adopted. The Report dealt with difficulties arising from subscription payments by overseas members not being made in sterling; procedure for avoiding misunderstandings due to acknowledgment by the Conjoint Chemical Office of subscriptions incorrectly allocated to the Institute; and to various routine matters.The Council adopted a recom- mendation that in view of the desire of the London and South-Eastern Counties Section and the Leeds Area Section not to alter the traditional dates of their Annual General Meetings these two Sections be not pressed to change the date of termination of their financial years to 31st December on the understanding that the appropriate officer of each Section would in future submit to the Council an interim statement of accounts for the Section to 31st December in each year. The Report of the Benevolent Fund Committee (17th June) was received and adopted. The Report referred inter alia to the following matters accounts; current cases ; possible new cases; progress in arrangements for making special grants to enable the children of regular beneficiaries to secure a satisfactory summer holiday; and further information on existing schemes for providing homes for old people.The Report of the Nominations Examinations and Institutions Committee (17th May) was received and adopted and the candidates [ 161 3 recommended for election or re-election to the Associateship or the Fellowship were duly elected to their respective grades. The congratulations and good wishes of the Officers and Council were expressed to Fellows and Associates on whom public Honours had been conferred (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1946,111,135;IVY183).The Council empowered the President in consultation with the Appoint-ments and Economic Status Committee to take appropriate action in support of a member who had been dismissed by his employer and against whom the employer was applying a restraint clause in the contract of service in a manner which might be held to be unsatisfactory. A report from the Manchester and District Section (see p. 177) on matters relating to the publication in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1945,11 82,of “Suggested Clauses for Incorporation in Contracts of Service for Chemists,” together with resolutions on this subject previously passed by the Committee of the London and South-Eastem Counties Section (JOURNAL AND PRO-CEEDINGS,1945,v 167),were referred to the Appointments and Economic Status Committee.The following resolution passed by the Committee of the South Yorkshire Section was also referred to the Appointments and Economic Status Com-mittee :-“The Committee of the South Yorkshire Section view with concern the relative loss of status and economic standing of chemists and other professional scientists which is arising from the advance in wages of labourers and workmen without special skill or qualifications. It is concerned that in the control of industry which is arising from nationalisa- tion the importance of chemists and other qualified scientists to the community is liable to be overlooked. They urge that the Council should consider what steps can be taken to safeguard the interests of chemists and other qualified professional men by the association of various profes- sional bodies.” It was reported that the statement issued by the Joint Council of Profes- sional Scientists on consulting work by scientists (JOURNAL AND PROCEED-INGS,1945,VI 226) had been widely circulated and well received as an encouraging attempt to frame a clear code of professional conduct ;also that the Ministry of Education had recently issued Circular 94 “Research in Technical Colleges,” which followed closely certain parts of the Joint Council’s Code of Practice but was susceptible to criticism by consultants because of the omission of paragraphs safeguarding their interests that were included in the Code of Practice (see p.186). On the suggestion of the Joint Council of Professional Scientists it was agreed to publish a letter dated 27th February 1946 from the Financial Secretary to the Treasury to the Chairman of the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee on conditions of service in the Scientific Civil Service (see p.186). It was agreed that representations be made to the Secretary of State for the Colonies in connection with the recently announced appointment as Government Analyst in one of the Colonies of a person having no academic or professional qualifications in chemistry. The Report of the Publications and Library Committee (13thJune) was received and adopted. The Report referred mainly to the following subjects arrangements for the Streatfeild Memorial Lecture 1946; a statement by r 1621 the publishers on the sale of copies of the new edition of “What Industry Owes to Chemical Science”; and further consideration of various matters connected with the preparation of a new issue of the Register of Fellows and Associates.The first Report of the recently instituted Special Purposes Committee (29th May) was received and adopted and recommendations for resumption of the award of the Meldola Medal which had been in abeyance since Igqr, were endorsed on the understanding that they were acceptable to the Society of Maccabaeans (seep. 205). The following recommendations relating to the Pedler bequest were also adopted:- (a) That the title of the Fund be changed from “The Sir Alexander Pedler Scholarship Fund” to “The Sir Alexander Pedler Fund.” (b) That the Fund be used at the discretion of the Council exercised from time to time for any purpose that may promote the advance- ment of chemical science.These changes which are permissible under the terms of the bequest enable the Council to apply the income from the fund for purposes other than the provision of a scholarship should this be deemed desirable. A letter dated 15th June was received from Dr. G. M Dyson referring to the interest that had been taken in a scheme devised by him for the notation of organic substances and to a proposal that an early opportunity should be given for bringing the principles of this scheme to the notice of the general body of chemists. It was agreed that steps should be taken to arrange for a lecture on this subject to be given by Dr.Dyson in the autumn of 1946 preferably under the joint auspices of the Chemical Society the RoyaI Institute of Chemistry the Society of Chemical Industry and the Bureau of Abstracts (see p. zoz) and for the lecture to be published as soon as possible. An abstract of minutes of a meeting of the Chemical Council (15th May) was received (see JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1946,111 128). On a report that the Chemical Society Centenary Celebrations postponed in 1941 would be held on rgth-17th July 1947 (see p. r87) it was agreed that the President should offer to the President of the Chemical Society the co-operation of the Institute in any directions that might help to ensure the success of the Centenary Celebrations.Council Meeting 19th July 1946.-In view of the difficulties that had arisen in recent years in transacting business leading to the Annual General Meeting of the Institute in accordance with the time-table and under the conditions prescribed by the By-laws the Council decided to submit to a Special General Meeting to be summoned on 15th November 1946,proposals for the amendment of the relevant By-laws and in giving notice of that Special General Meeting to give notice also of a further Special General Meeting to be held on aznd November 1946 in order that the decisions taken at the earlier meeting might be confirmed in accordance with the requirements of section 18 of the Charter (see p. 203). It was reported that following minor verbal amendments to the Draft Rules of the Hull and District Section those Rules had become operative and steps were being taken to proceed with the election of the Committee of the new Section.[ 1633 Paragraphs 4 to 13 and 17 to 20 of the Draft Report of the Annual Conference of Honorary Secretaries (see p. 166)~referring to Local Section administration were received and the recommendations in paragraphs 6 8 and 12were adopted. The Report of the Finance and House Committee (15th July) was received and adopted. A recommendation that the minimum annual grant to which any Local Section is entitled be increased from Lro to L15 with effect from 1st January 1946 was endorsed. It was reported that the holding of a second Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections in each year as recommended in paragraph xz of the Report of the 1946 Conference would entail an additional expenditure of about lroo per annurn ; this additional expenditure was recommended by the Committee.A loan of ;E50 to the Joint Scottish Committee that is organising the Symposium on “Coal Petroleum and their Newer Products” at St. Andrews in July 1947 (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1946 1x1 124) was approved. On the recommendation of the Finance and House Committee the Council accepted in principle a proposed “Scientific Societies Joint Pensions Scheme’’ for members of the staff and agreed to inform the Chairman of the sub-committee of the conference which prepared the scheme that the Institute desired to participate in it on certain understandings.A Trust Deed between Dr. David Spence of California U.S.A. and the Institute establishing the Henderson Memorial Lecture Fund was signed and sealed in Council (see p. 205). The Report of the Benevolent Fund Committee (15th July) referring inter &a to holidays for children homes for old people and consideration of current cases including two new cases was received and adopted. The Report of the Nominations Examinations and Institutions Com-mittee (zrst June) was received and adopted and the candidates recom- mended for election or re-election to the Associateship or the Fellowship were duly elected to their respective grades. The Report of the Appointments and Economic Status Committee (9th July) referring to the report on an analysis of the replies to a questionnaire issued by the Manchester and District Section in 1944 (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1946 111 123) was received and considered in relation to paragraph 14 of the Report of the Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections (p.166). Following discussion it was agreed to adopt the recommendation of the Committee that the statement be not published in extenso but that a critical article with a title linking it with the Manchester questionnaire and based upon the findings thereof and upon previous relevant discussions and decisions of Council be prepared and published in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS (see p. 172). It was also agreed on the recommendation of the Committee not to issue a similar questionnaire to all members of the Institute.The Chairman of the Appointments and Economic Status Committee reported that on behalf of the Committee he had examined the basis of grievances felt by certain members of the Institute in Government service on being notified that they would be assimilated into the Experimental Officer Class in connection with the regrading which was taking place in the Scientific Civil Service following the issue of the White Paper; and that representations on behalf of these members were being made in appropriate quarters. [ 164 1 Paragraphs 21 and 23-27 of the Report of the Conference of Honorary Secretaries (p. 166) were received and the recommendation contained in paragraph 24was adopted; the suggestion made in paragraph 25 was referred to the Appointments and Economic Status Committee.A Report of the Patents Committee (2nd July) relating to the considera- tion of any further changes that might be desirable in the Patents and Designs Acts in addition to those already embodied in the Second Interim Report of the Board of Trade Departmental Committee was received and adopted (see also p. 187). It was reported that the Committee charged with the preparation of the Directory of Independent Consultants had met on 11th July had examined proofs of the draft of the Directory and had agreed that copies of the proof suitably amended should be sent to all those who had submitted material for inclusion in the Directory with a covering letter asking each of them to amend as necessary not only the main entry referring to their practice but also references in the indexes.The remaining paragraphs of the Report of the 14th Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections were received. It was reported that the Courses on “Oils and Fats’’ and “Spectroscopy” held on 8th-qth July under the auspices of the Institute and by arrange-ment with the Liverpool and North-Western Section and Professors Hilditch and Morton of the University of Liverpool had been highly successful. It was agreed that the thanks of the Council be expressed to Professors Hilditch and Morton and to Mr. H. Weatherall Honorary Secretary of the Liverpool and North-Western Section for the valuable work they had done in organising these Courses (see also p.185). A letter dated 16th July was received from the Chairman of the Chemical Council reporting that as the Councils of the three co-operating bodies had approved the recommendation of the Chemical Council referring to condi- tions of entry of other bodies into the Chemical Council these terms of entry had been communicated to the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists with an invitation to its Council to nominate two representatives for co-option as members of the Chemical Council. The minutes of the meeting of the Chemical Council on 13th May and an abstract of minutes of the meeting on 19th June were received (see p. 181). The President reported that the Officers of the Institute had met repre- sentatives of professional chemical institutes in Australia Canada New Zealand and South Africa on zIst June and had discussed possible means for securing a greater measure of co-operation among the five institutes (see P- 179).It was reported that the Council and Bureau of the International Union of Chemistry would be meeting in London on 24th-27th July 1946. Announcements-Special attention is directed to a number of important announce-ments on p. 204; also to the list of members whose addresses are required on p. 201. 1651 REPORT OF THE FOURTEENTH CONFERENCE OF HONORARY SECRETARIES Of LOCAL SECTIONS 22nd June 1946 at 10 a.m. Present.-Mr. G. Roche Lynch President in the Chair; Professor A. Findlay and Mr. A. J. Prince Vice-Presidents; Dr. D. W. Kent- Jones Honorary Treasurer; Mr.D. W Menzies (Aberdeen and North of Scotland) ;Mr. C. S. McDowell (Belfast and District) ; Mr. E. M. Joiner (Birmingham and Midlands); Mr. F. P. Hornby (Bristol and South- Western);Mr. H. F. Adams (Cardiff and District) ;Dr. A. G. G. Leonard (Dublin and District); Dr. J. W. Corran (East Anglia); Dr. C. Whitworth (East Midlands); Mr. G. Elliot Dodds (Edinburgh and East of Scotland) ;Mr. H. G. A. Anderson (Glasgow and West of Scotland); Dr. E. H. Goodyear (Huddersfield); Dr. H. Burton (Leeds Area); Mr. H. Weatherall (Liverpool and North-Western) ; Dr. J. G. A. Grifiiths (London and South-Eastem);Dr. D. A. Harper (Manchester and District) ;MI-. K. H. Jack (Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast); Mr. R. H. Jones (South Wales); Mr. G. Murfitt (South Yorkshire); Dr.F. R. Williams (Tees-Side); the Secretary and the Registrar. Dr. W. H. Pedelty Acting Secretary of the new Hull and District Section also attended. The Honorary Secretaries and other Section representatives were welcomed by the President and introduced to the Conference by their names and the Sections that they represented. FINANCE OF SECTIONS AND ADMINISTRATION LOCAL I. Attention was drawn to the inadequacy of the minimum annual grant of AlO which was received by the smaller Sections; any such Section had to meet certain expenses however small the number of members in it and these expenses had increased notably since before the war. It was reported that the Finance and House Committee had realised the inadequacy of this minimum annual grant and was prepared to recom- mend that it be increased from ;610toL15.It was agreed that this would be satisfactory. On the general question of Section finances the Treasurer indicated that it was the policy of the Council to encourage increased activities of the Sections and that applica- tions for additional grants would be sympathetically considered where there were special reasons for exceeding the normal expenditure. 2. Consideration was given to a recommendation by a Section Committee “that reasonable expenses of members incurred in attending committee and sub-committee meetings of Local Sections should be borne by the Section” ;in other words that such expenditure by a Section should be regarded as an admissible charge on the funds of the Section.It was pointed out that in some Sections Committee members might have to travel considerable distances in order to attend meetings and it was desirable that various regions within these Sections should be duly represented on the Committee. It was generally felt that it was desirable to proceed cautiously in the matter in order to avoid undue increase in expenditure for a purpose which some might regard as of less importance than direct improvement in or extension of the activities of Sections and that consideration should be restricted to third class railway fares and should not be extended to hotel expenses. It was agreed however that limiting such charges to fares for distances below a certain limit would not be equitable because the small fare per journey might be offset by the large number of journeys to be made.As it was difficult to form any reliable estimate of the expenditure that would be involved and hence of how it might be kept within reasonable bounds it was agreed that each Honorary Secretary should submit to the Secretary of the Institute rough estimates of how much might be needed in the ensuing year to cover travelling expenses (a)of all members attending Committee or Sub-Committee meetings and (b) of only those members whose expenses would be likely to amount to more than 61 per head per annum. The proposal could then be further examined. 3. It was reported that the majority of Sections had agreed to change where necessary the date of termination of their financial years to 31st December and that many had applied for and received Council’s approval for amending their Local Rules for this purpose and where thought desirable for changing the date of their Annual General Meeting.Two Sections had insisted however that the times of their Annual General Meeting had become so well established as to have a traditional value and had suggested that in order that these times might remain unaltered they be not pressed to change the official dates of termination of their financial years to 31st December if they undertook to furnish the Council with interim statements of accounts to 31st December in each year. The Council had recognised the importance of maintaining Iocal traditions and had accepted this suggestion in respect of the two Sections concerned.I 1661 4. In reply to an enquiry about arrangements for avoiding duplication in the notification of meetings held jointly with the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry it was reported that the following scheme had been evolved for certain Sections in which there was a large centre common to all three bodies :-the two Societies to send to the Institute lists of their members resident in or near each such centre; the Institute to delete from these lists the names of Institute members and to return the lists to the Societies; the Societies to instruct their Local Secretary or Representative in each centre to issue notices of joint meetings only to those members whose names had not been deleted from the list on the understanding that the Institute would be notifying its own members in each of these centres.A beginning had been made with a number of large centres but so far lists had been furnished only by the. Chemical Society. It was agreed that extension of this scheme to smaller centres or areas with a small membership might be deferred until the Society of Chemical Industry was in a position to implement the existing arrangements. It was realised that up to the present the operation of such a scheme had been rendered difficult by the numerous changes of addresses. 5. Consideration was given to improved means for giving advance notice of Section meetings in the technical press. The present practice was to send printed copies of notices of such meetings to the Editor of “Chemistry and Industry” at the Same time as the notices were distributed to members of the Section; but this was sometimes too late to secure advance publication in that periodical.It was agreed that the pition would be improved if Honorary Secretaries were to send copies of the drafts of their notices to the Editor of “Chemistry and Industry” at the time that they forwarded them to the Institute office for printing. The possibility of extending this service through publication in “Nature” would be explored. There was of course no objection to Honorary Secretaries notifying the local press of forthcoming meetings; this was commonly done. 6. Discussion took place on the desirability of having printed headed display sheets on which notices of Section meetings could be printed for exhibition on the notice boards of colleges factories etc.It was agreed however that the provision of such standard display sheets would not effect any appreciable saving over the separate printing of posters for individual meetings. It was felt that in general the use of posters should be encouraged as they brought the work of the Institute to the notice of non-members and it was recommemied that the cost of printing posters referring to important Section meetings should be treated as a legitimate expense in the Section accounts. 7. For some months past Honorary Secretaries had been provided with notices reports and memoranda issued by the Scientific Film Association and it was concluded that although this material had been helpful in making known the detailed activities of the Association there was no point in continuing to distribute to Honorary Secretaries the notices of meetings of local Scientific Film Societies which had constituted a notable part of the literature provided ; but on the other hand the catalogue of scientific films due to appear shortly would be of great value.It was agreed therefore to continue to circulate to Honorary Secretaries literature issued by the Scientific Film Association except the notices of local Scientific Film Societies. It was further suggested that where an Honorary Secretary had found that a particular film was especially good he might forward comments on it to the office of the Institute for circulation to other Honorary Secretaries.8. &nerd approval was given to a suggestion that an Honorary Secretary’s hand- book should be built up giving information for the use of Honorary Secretaries and their Committees on such subjects as the geographical boundaries of the Section; numbers of members in towns or boroughs within the Section; reports pf Council‘s decisions and rulings on the conduct of Section affairs conclusions reached at conferences of Honorary Secretaries; dates of meetings of Council and Institute Committees and dates by which various actions by Honorary Secretaries should be taken; functions of Honorary Secretaries in respect of the Frankland Award etc. It was agreed that this proposal might be implemented by providing in the first instance a summarised statement of the present position with regard to these matters arranged under suitable headings and thereafter to circulate as necessary supplementary sheets reporting changes and further developments.These sheets could be collected in a loose-leaf book and from time to time the matters dealt with in the supplementary sheets could be incorporated in the main body of the handbook through a general revision of the latter. In this way there would be built up a valuable collection of information for the guidance of Honorary Secretaries and in due time consideration [ 167 3 could be given to the desirability of the resultant handbook being printed. It was ageed to recommend that the initial steps towards the preparation of an Honorary Secretaries’ Handbook be taken assoon asthe necessary officework could be put inhand.On the speciiic point of submission of Frankland Essays it was recommended that Honorary Secretaries of Sections should forward the selected Frankland Essays to the Secretary of the Institute so asto reach him not later than11th February i.e. six weeks after the closing date for receipt of the essays by the Honorary Secretaries. 9. The Conference had before it a memorandum on Local Section Rules with comments and questions put forward by the Secretary of the Institute. Most of the questions had arisen from applications recently made by several Sections for approval of proposed changes in their Local Rules In the memorandum attention was drawn particularly to the following points (a)the Rules of many Sections had not been issued in printed form for many years and few copies were available; in many instances the printed Rules were hopelessly out of date and did not reflect current practice in the Sections concerned; (b) a few Sections had an obligation to provide their members with copies of their Rules and in any event it was desirable that Section Committees should have available up-to-date statements of the Local Rules that actually governed their actions; (c) many of the Local Rules were substantially common to the majority of Sections and would probably be acceptable to the remainder ;considerable simplification might result and the reprinting of Section Rules be facilitated if these generally accepted Rules were collected under a heading of “Common Rules.” It was agreed that it was highly desirable to examine the whole position with regard to Section Rules and to arrange for printed copies of up-to-date Rules to be available for all Sections.To this end it was further agreed that Honorary Secretaries should consider the memorandum and send to the Secretary of the Institute their comments on the various points raised so that he might be in a position to prepare for submission to the next Conference a statement on the subject with concrete suggestions and recom- mendations. In the meantime it was recognised that important changes which certain Sections desired to make in their Rules should not be unduly held up and in particular, that effect should be given to the draft Rules of the new Hull and District Section which had already been approved by Council subject to minor verbal changes.It was also recognised that where a Section had reasonably up-to-date prints of their Rules it would not be necessary for them to reprint these to conform with any agreed scheme until such time as substantial amendments rendered reprinting desirable. AND ADMINISTRATIVE OTHERCONSTITUTIONAL MATTERS 10. It was reported that the Council had already agreed in principle to the Annual General Meeting of the Institute being held sometimes outside London and would consider later an invitation. by the Birmingham and Midlands Section to hold the Annual General Meeting in Birmingham in 1948. It was agreed to draw the attention of the Council to the desirability of arranging social events in connection with the Annual General Meeting and to the probability that the selection of a later hour of the day for the Annual General Meeting would now be more convenient especially to younger members of the Institute.1 I. In connection with a suggestion that members of the Institute should be given earlier notification of the results of Council elections it was pointed out that direct notification by post would cost about L40 for postage alone. It was felt that such expenditure would be unjustifiable and it was agreed that the point couid be met by informing members through a note in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS that Honorary Secretaries of Sections were notified of the results of Council elections immediately after the Annual General Meeting and that members interested could apply to the Honorary Secretary of their Section for the information.12. For some time it had been felt that the amount of business coming before the Conferencebf Honorary Secretaries and the urgency of some of it warranted the holding of more than one such conference in a year and it was agreed to recommend that in future there be two Conferences of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections in each year one being held immediately before or after the Annual General Meeting and the other on an appropriate date in October (preferably on the Saturday following the October Council). It was further recommended that if this proposal were adopted the next Conference be held on 19th October 1946. Consideration of the question of holding these Conferences outside London was deferred.13. In reply to a question on the conditions under which a Local Section might become eligible for recognition as a separate “District” and thus be enabled to elect a District Member of Council it was reported that the Committee on Revision of Charter and By-laws had been asked to examine this matter and would be submitting to the [ 1681 Couiicil recommendations on what these conditions shotild be. It was the policy ofthe Council to encourage the formation of new Local Sections where desired but while providing a mechanism for the establishment of new electoral districts to ensure that this did not result in an increase in the number of District Members of Council at a rate that would be out of relation to the growth of membership of the Institute in the country or that would lead to an undue increase in the size of the Council.It was agreed to defer further consideration of this matter until the recommendations of the committee on Revision of Charter and By-lays werc known. In the meantime it was noted that a special problem would arise from the formation of the Hull and District Section in that the area ofthis Section included territories hitherto belonging to two different Districts; the position of the Tees-Side Section was already anomalous in relation to District boundaries. POLICY GENERAL OF THE INSTITUTE 14. The Conference had before it areport by the Manchester and District Section on replies received to a questionnaire circulated recently among members of that Section ; and a request by the Council to consider the desirability of (a)publishing the report and (b) issuing a similar questionnaire to all members of the Institute in the British Isles,sothat any comments from the Conference might be available to the Appointments and Economic Status Committee to which the report had been referred by Council.It was explained that the Manchester and District Section regarded the issue of the questionnaire to their members as being in the nature of a “pilot experiment”; it was admitted that as the questionnaire had been issued without explanatory notes there would be wide differences in the degree of knowledge of relevant facts possessed by different members; but that although the procedure adopted was far from perfect it was believed that the returns did serve to provide valuable information as to the trend of opinion on a variety of subjects held by members of the Section as well as to furnish factual information on a number of specific points.Considerable care had been taken in analysing the resutts and the system adopted involving the use of holed cards would enabIe a great deal of additional information to be derived from the returns if required. General appreciation was expressed of the initiative of the Manchester and District Section in connection with this questionnaire and it was agreed with two dissentients to recommend that the report be published in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS with an appropriate introductory note pointing out that the issue of the questionnaire to the Manchester and District Section was regarded as a pilot experiment and admitting that too much importance must not be attached to the answers to questions on which individual members might have very different degrees of knowledge of the facts or the background (see special article on p.172.) On the question of extending the questionnaire to a11 members of the Institute in the British Isles it was fett that this might be useful in providing the Council with an indica- tion of members’ views on the development of policy and hence in assisting the drafting ofa new Charter and the amended By-laws. Some of the Honorary Secretaries felt however that time should be given for their Committees and other members of the Institute to consider the form of the Manchester questionnaire so that appropriate modifications might be introduced before any such questionnaire were sent out on a wider basis.It was finally agreed that further consideration of this question should be deferred until the next Conference and that in the meantime Honorary Secretaries should send to the Secretary of the Institute any comments and suggestions that they or their Committees might wish to put forward; these could then be correlated so as to provide items for discussion at the meeting which it was hoped would be held in October. f5. In connection with a suggestion that arrangements might be made by the Council for lecturers to visit the Sections to discourse on the policy of the Institute it was pointed out that it was difficult for a Member of the Council to give any indication of how the policy of the Institute was developing on a particular subject before an actual decision had been reached by the Council as a whole; he could give only his own view of the possible trend of opinion and this might lead to misconceptions.Decisions of Council which affected members of the Institute in any way were always reported in the Journal and little remained to be said on such matters except by way of correlation and summarisation. On the other hand there shouId be no difficulty in arranging talks by Officers of the Institute on matters of fact especially in relation to adminis- trative machinery. MEMBERSHIPMATTERS 16.In reply to an enquiry about a new issue ofthe Register with addresses of Members it was reported that steps had already been taken to put this in hand as soon c 169 1 as possible. Earlier action on this matter had hardly been possible owing to the numerous changes of address that had been occurring but some preliminary points had already been settled and the work would proceed as rapidly as conditions allowed. It was agreed that publication in the Journal of addresses of new Fellows and Associates and of transfers should not be resumed until after the issue of the new Register. 17. In connection with the allocation of members to Local Sections it was reported that the present practice was to make such allocation on the basis of the registered address of the member.Every Fellow or Associate was regarded as a member of the Section in whose area his registered address lay but arrangements were made for any Fellow or Associate to receive notices of meetings of a neighbouring Section if he made special application on the ground that he could more easily attend such meetings. 18. Consideration was given to the administrative procedure for notifying Honorary Secretaries of changes of address of members in their areas and of members transferring to and from their areas and it was agreed that a previously established procedure should be restored so that Honorary Secretaries would know whether a particular individual was a newly elected Fellow or Associate or a transfer from some other Section. 19.Several Sections had asked that the practice of presenting Fellowship and Associateship certificates at Section meetings might be resumed. It was pointed out that whilst there was no objection to this in principle it had never been wholly satis- factory in practice as a large proportion of newly elected Fellows and Associates often failed to present themselves at a Section meeting for a considerable time and an accumulation of certificates was left in the hands of the Honorary Secretary; a good deal of work was thus entailed both in the central office and for the Honorary Secretary of the Section in endeavouring to arrange for new members to attend meetings and in disposing of certificates which had not been claimed. Opinions were divided on how far it was worth while attempting to resume this practice and on whether the position might be adequately met by arrangements to extend a formal welcome to new members as and when they presented themselves at Section meetings.As the representatives of a few Sections regarded the matter as being of particular importance whilst the majority of Honorary Secretaries present felt that their Committees would not press for the resumption of the practice after hearing the views expressed at the meeting it was agreed to defer further discussion on the matter until the next Conference. STUDENT MATTERS 20. Consideration was given to the general desire of Sections to improve their contacts with Registered Students within their areas. Earlier attempts to arrange special meetings for students had not been very successful for full-time students were generally adequately catered for in the colleges whilst part-time students were unable to attend because of evening studies; but the situation was now somewhat changed by the introduction of a scheme of part-time day release for study.It was pointed out that many Sections had already arranged for notices of all their meetings to be sent from headquarters to all Registered Students in their area and that no difficulty would arise if other Sections wished to follow suit. It was mentioned however that there were some meetings to which it might not be desired to invite students. In order to ensure that the wishes of the Sections were properly met it was agreed that in sending notices of meetings for printing Honorary Secretaries should always indicate clearly whether each particular notice was to be distributed to Registered Students or not.21. Several points were raised in connection with the most suitable time of the year for students to be called up for service in the Forces and with the possibility of accommodation being found in technical colleges for full-time students for whom places were not available in universities. The Registrar undertook to make enquiries from the Ministry of Labour and the Ministry of Education on certain aspects 01 these and related questions indicating the nature of the difficulties that had arisen and possible ways in which such difficulties might be avoided or mitigated. QUALIFICATION STATUS AND ECONOMIC OF MEMBERS 22.Consideration of a question relating to reports on candidates for election to the Fellowship under Regulation 3 (c) was deferred until the next Conference. The possi- bility ofarranging for the Interviewing Committee to visit Scotland from time to time was discussed but it was concluded that the project would not be practicable at the present time. 23. Questions were raised on the operation of employment schemes for chemists with particular reference to the functions exercised by the Ministry of Labour in tbis [ 1701 field. Some information was given on the way in which the existing machinery operated and the Registrar assured the Conference that the Institute would keep in close touch with the Officers of the Central Register in the matter and would see that any sugges- tions for improvement were duly put forward.24. Attention was drawn to the desirability of the extension of pension and superannuation arrangements for chemists in industry so as to provide against loss of pension rights on transfer from one firm to another. It was vecommended that this matter be taken up with the appropriate organisation probably the Federation of British Industries. 25. A suggestion was received that salary statistics in respect of members of the Institute should be published annually and that if possible these statistics should be accompanied by information on the availability of superannuation and pension arrange- ments at various salary levels. It was agreed that this suggestion be submitted for the consideration of Council.26. It was reported that the Council had already received a resolution from a Section drawing attention to the need for protecting the interests of chemists and other professional scientists in view of changes taking place in the control of industry; and that this resolution had been referred to the Appointments and Economic Status Committee. 27. Having in mind the official acceptance of signatures of Fellows and Associates of the Institute in verification of passport applications the question was raised as to the desirability of seeking authority for an extension of this recognition to similar docu- ments such as those now being issued under the Social Insurance Act. Opinion being divided on the matter no recommendation was made.AND SCIENTIFIC EDUCATION MATTERS 28. Consideration of a suggestion that the established memorial lectures of the Institute should sometimes be given or repeated outside London was deferred to the next Conference. 29. It was reported that under the new scheme for thc organisation of scientific courses (including post-graduate and “refresher” courses of various kinds) under the auspices of the Institute itself it would be for the Council to decide the nature of such courses and when and where they should be held and to accept responsibility for the financial arrangements. The Council recognised however that the arrangement of any such scientific course depended on a knowledge of the facilities available at particular centres at a given time and would therefore welcome the advice of Sections in preparing the programme for future courses.It was agreed that Honorary Secretaries should forward to the Secretary of the Institute any proposals made by their Committees or by the general body of their members for consideration by the Scientific Courses Committee. By this means the Council would be enabled to assess the demand for courses of various kinds in different parts of the country and the facilities available for holding them in Universities Technical Schools Research Associations or the labora-tories of industrial firms. 30. Attention was drawn to the shortage of textbooks and scientific apparatus for the use of students of chemistry and stress was laid on the desirability of more paper being allocated to the production of the former.It was reported that the question of improving the supply of surplus Government stocks of apparatus and instruments to Universities had recently been raised by the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee and it was understood that an improved scheme had been adopted (see p. 193). 3 I. It was reported that satisfactory progress had been made in surmounting the difficulties which had arisen in connection with the syllabuses for National Certificates in Chemistry and the Institute was now consulting with the Minktry of Education on the development of a proposed new scheme. The Conference adjourned for lunch at 12.30 p.m. and resumed its sitting in the afternoon until 5 p.m. During theafternoon Miss Cawston was summoned to the Conference mom to receive the thanks of the Honorary Secretaries for her past services to the Sections and their congratulations and good wishes on her appointment as Assistant Secretary of the Institute.The President thanked the Honorary Secretaries for their attendance and a vote ofthanks to the President for presiding and to the other Honorary Officers for attending the Conference was carried with acclamation. I171 1 A MANCHESTER QUESTIONNAIRE In the Report of the Council for 1946 (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1946 I 1) it was made clear that the Council recognisin the important part which the Royal Institute of Chemistry must play in ensuring tiat advances in the science of chemistry are applied and the services of chemists utilised in the most effective manner for the common good had been reviewing “almost every feature of the structure and work of the Institute to see where modifications and new developments are required in order to meet post-war needs.” The activities of the Institute have been in recent years widened and extended and further expansion of the services which it is rendering to the profession of chemistry are constantly under consideration by the Council.Moreover in view of the great extension of the activities of chemists and of the increasing appreciation of the importance of the achievements of chemists the Council has been engaged in preparing the draft of a petition for the grant of a new Charter in which the aims and objects of the Institute and its privileges and responsibilities in relation to the profession of chemistry will be re-stated in terms more clearly representative of the present status and scope of the profession.During the past six or seven years not only the Council but also the various Local Sections have been actively engaged in discussing the organisation and policy of the Institute and nothing couId be more indicative of the vitality of the Institute as the professional organisation of chemists than the widespread interest in these discussions exhibited by members of the Institute. An example of this interest is afforded by the response to a questionnaire issued last year by the Manchester and District Section to its 801 members (212 FeIlows and 589 Associates) ; replies were received from 581 i.e.from 72 per cent. of the members. The Report on the questionnaire which was received by the Council at its meeting on 17th May presents the results of an attempt planned with care and carried out with enthusiasm to ascertain the views of members of the Manchester and District Section on a variety of subjects which have been under consideration in recent years by the Council and by the Local Sections and was accompanied by the suggestion that the Report should be published and the questionnaire repeated all over the country. The Council however while appreciating the active interest thus manifested by the Manchester and District Section in the organisation and work of the Institute was of opinion that as the questions on which emphasis was mainly laid by that Section had already been considered or were being considered by the Council greater advantage would accrue from the publication in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS of an article in which the results of the questionnaire should be discussed in reIation to the general views held by the Council and to the decisions which it has already taken.This procedure appeared to be all the more appropriate as the results of the question- naire were on the whole in harmony with the views and decisions of the Council. Apart from questions relating to the types of employment and salaries of members of the Manchester and District Section the Report has reference to replies to ten or eleven questions dealing with (a)standards of admission as Fellows or Associates of the Institute by election or by examination; (b) closer co-ordination of the main chemical bodies and the compulsory registration of chemists; (c) powers of the Institute to re-present its members in discussions between employers and employees on questions of salary and conditions of employment and the possible registration of the Institute as a Trade Union with or without affiliation to the T.U.C.The numbers quoted in the tables are reproduced from the Manchester Report and represent percentages based (unless otherwise stated) on the replies received from Associates (A) and from Fellows (F). (a) Standads of Admission. Satis- Unable No answer Do you consider the present standard for Too high Too low factory toanswer given F.R.I.C.(byexamination) (A)(F) F.R.I.C. (by election) 6.0 04 4-5 0-0 2-6 3.6 16.6 27.8 62.0 86.0 33.7 674 23.6 7-8 37-6 10.8 5.8 2.0 7.6 4.2 A.R.I.C. (by examination) (A)(F) A.R.I.C. (byelection) 2.9 3.0 8: 3-9 1.8 16.8 19.9 83.6 90.5 66.7 61.0 6-1 3-6 11.0 14.6 3-6 1.1 6.0 44 1 172 J The subject of standards of admission is of vital importance for the welfare of the Institute and comes up for discussion in different Local Sections from time to time. It is of course constantly present in the minds of members of the Nominations Examinations and Institutions Committee whose settIed poIicy frequently expressed and whose constant endeavour is to maintain the standards of admission at a high level. The figures in the above table show that for admission by examination a substantial majority are of opinion that the standard is satisfactory; or in other words very few consider that the standard is too low.For admissisn to the Fellowship and Associateship by election the picture is somewhat different 16-6 per cent. of Associates and 2743 per cent. of Fellows being of opinion that the standard of admission to the Fellowship by election is too low. It must be noted however that 67.2 per cent. of the Fellows consider that the standard is satisfactory and 37.6 per cent. of the Associates were unable to answer. The standard of admission to the Associateship by election is regarded as satisfactory by over 60 per cent. of Fellows and Associates although 16.8 and 19.9 per cent. of Associates and of Fellows respectively think the standard too low.A certain difference of opinion has always existed about the standards of admission to membership of the Institute other than those of the Institute’s own examinations, and this applies especially to election to the Fellowship. The subject has been dis-cussed time and again and this is not the place to resume discussion. The qualifications of candidates for the Fellowship and for the Associateship by election (so-called) are very carefully examined by the N.E.and I. Committee often with the advice of an interviewing committee and constant vigilance is exercised to ensure the maintenance of high standards of admission. Only great experience knowledge and judgment can be trusted to see that the proper standard is maintained and such experience knowledge and judgment are fortunately at the service of the Institute.(b) Co-ordination of Chemical Bodies. As to the relations between the main chemica1 bodies three questions were posed and answered as follows:-Yes No Noanswer Would you approve if the Institute took further steps towards closer co-ordination of the ..[;I y:; main chemical bodies? .. .. 4-5 1.0 8-4 0.0 Do vou consider it desirable to house the Head- -quarters of these bodies in one building? {$I 83-0 12.2 4.8 79.6 13.2 7.2 Would you agree if the co-ordination involved the loss of the identity of the Institute in an entirely new organisation? . . .. (A) 54.0 37.6 8.4 (F) 37.4 56.0 6.6 The desire on the part of the Manchester and District Section to secure as full co-operation among chemists and co-ordination of their activities as may be practicable is shared by all chemists.It is of course well known that chemists have for a number of years been moving towards a greater degree of co-ordination of their activities and in 1935 the Chemical Council was set up by the three chartered chemical bodies. Not only does the Chemical Council collect very considerable sums of money and make allocations to the Chemical Society the Society of Chemical Industry and the Bureau of Abstracts but it ha5 also undertaken the management of the Chemical Society’s Library through the Joint Library Committee the net annual maintenance expenditure on which is borne by the bodies constituting the Council. The Chemical Council moreover manages the Conjoint Chemical Office which collects subscriptions under the Joint Subscription Scheme and keeps the accounts of the Chemical Society and of the Society of Chemical Industry.In the constitution of the Chemical Council provision was made for the representation on it of other societies or associations consisting essentially of chemists and advantage has recently been taken of this provision in the election to membership of the Chemical Council with the approval of the three Chartered Bodies of representatives of the Faraday Society and of the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists (see p. 181). The outstanding importance as a vivifying and co-ordinating force of the Joint Subscription Scheme and of the Joint Junior and Student Subscription Scheme does not yet seem to be fully redised although both schemes have since their intr0duct.h in 1941 and 1944 respectively become increasingly popular.These schemes wexe fully [ 1733 discussed in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1945 IV 148. Through these Schemes as was pointed out in the Presidential Address in 1944 (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1944 11 01) the main advantages of one large chemical society namely payment of one subscription and improvement of publications can be obtained without sacrifice of the many advantages possessed by smaller societies with their more specialised and more intensive interests. If full advantage were taken of these Joint Subscription Schemes; if all Fellows Associates and Students of the Royal Institute of Chemistry which is by far the largest organisation of chemists in this country participated in these schemes the funds available far publications would be greatly increased and these publications might then rival those of the American Chemical Society which are so frequently held up for our admiration.On the other hand if all Fellows of the Chemical Society and all members of the Society of Chemical Industry who are qualified to do so became members of the Royal Institute of Chemistry then the Institute concerned as it is with the maintenance of standards of scientific qualification and of professional integrity with conditions of employment and generally with all the professional interests of its members would be able to a greater extent and more effectively even than at present to speak and act with authority on behalf of the whole profession of chemistry.The principle of co-operation between the main bodies of chemists has been accepted and one may be sure that any specific suggestions for improving the work of co-ordina- tion will be carefully considered by the Chemical Council. In the view of certain chemists it is true it is not enough that there should be co-operation between independent and autonomous bodies founded as these bodies were with particular and different aims and objects in the achievement of which they have been it may be granted very successful. Fusion or amalgamation is asked for the liquidation of each of the separate bodies and the formation of a new body a single body which should seek to perform the functions and carry out the activities of the pre- viously existing independent bodies is suggested.Whether such an organisation would give more satisfaction to its members or be more effective in promoting and advancing the science and profession of chemistry or the welfare of chemists is a matter of opinion. It is clear however that no fusion or amalgamation could be effected unless the members of the different bodies desired it to take place. This does not at present appear to be so. “Each body takes a just pride in its own work and fears that incorporation in a larger organisation might limit the free development of its specialised activities. Moreover most of the established chemical bodies have grown into sub- stantial entities each with its own individual character and traditions and many of their supporters are unwilling to see them submerged in what might become an amorphous and unwieldy federation out of personal touch with the varied interests and aspirations of its members” (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1945 IV 148).To test opinion on this point the Manchester and District Section posed the question Would you agree if the co-ordination of the main chemical bodies involved the loss of the identity of the Institute in an entirely new organisation ? From the replies reported above it appears that so far as members of the Manchester and District Section are concerned support of the idea of amalgamation with loss of identity of the Institute is distinctly lukewarm especially among Fellows.It has long been recognised that if the maximum of co-operation and co-ordination is to take place the headquarters or secretariats of the different co-operating bodies should be housed under one roof; and the establishment of a Central House for chemistry has long been desired by a large majority of chemists. Consequently it was to be expected that a large majority (83-0per cent. of Associates and 79.6 per cent. of Fellows) of those replying to the Manchester questionnaire should be in favour of this desideratum. It will be generally known that approach has been made to the Government by the Royal Society to secure more adequate accommodation for the scientific societies and although the claim was accepted in principle it is to be feared that no such adequate accommodation will be provided for this generation of chemists.It may however be said that other negotiations have been in progress for some time for the provision of a Central House for chemistry. The result of these negotiations cannot yet be fore- seen. On the compulsory registration of chemists the following questions were asked and answers given:- Yes No Noanswer Do you think it desirable to make chemistry a closed profession? .. .. .. . . (A) 66.6 28.1 6.3 (F) 04.0 30.1 6.9 [ 1741 Yes No Noanswer Do you think it practicable to make chemistry a closed profession ? *. .. . . (A) 49.1 36.8 14.1 (F) 40.5 41.5 18.0 One cannot think that these questions are worded with sufficient care.What is really meant by a closed profession of chemistry ? The significance of the term “closed profession” and its implications must be made clear before much weight can be attached to these answers. (c) Conditions of Employment. On the role which the Institute should play in dealing with the conditions of employment of its members the following questions were put and answers received Yes No Noanswer Do you think that the Royal Institute of Chemistry should seek powers to represent officially its members in discussions between employers and employees on ques- tions of salary and conditions of employ-ment? . . .. .. .. .. ** (A) 72.0 24.8 3.2 IF) 62.0 36.1 1.9 If Yes,* would you agree if this involved (a) Modifications of the Royal Charter? (A) 90.5 1.7 7.8 (F) 88.5 5-8 5.7 (b) Loss of the Royal Charter? ...‘ (4 48.5 41-8 9.7 (F) 34.0 59-0 7-0 Would you agree if this involved registration as a trade union (a) unaffiliated to the T.U.C.? .. (A) 48.6 374 14-0 (F) 43-7 47.0 9.3 (b) affiliated to the T.U.C.?. *+ (4 34.2 56.9 9.9 (F) 27.2 47.0 25.8 * It should be noted that all the figures given after the asterisk are based on the affirmative replies to the main question. In connection with these question the article on Economic Welfare of Members (JOURNALAND PROCEEDINGS, 1945 11 80) should be read. The Institute has always concerned itself in some degree with the economic welfare and conditions of employment of its members but the Council has recently decided that it should be more active in these matters and a Standing Committee the Appointments and Economic Status Committee has been set up whose business it will be to consider all questions relating to the conditions of appointment and economic welfare of members of the Institute.In order to enable the Institute to interest itself in these matters no registration as a trade union is necessary-the Council in fact is opposed to such registration-but the concern of the Institute with the economic welfare of its members should receive special mention in the proposed new Charter. The issue of the Manchester questionnaire was an interesting experiment but although the results have a value as pointers the Council does not believe that this value is such as to warrant the issue of a similar questionnaire to all members.It is notoriously difficult to frame a general questionnaire in a manner such as to elicit true and representative opinions and in the view of the Council the instrument of the questionnaire should be reserved for matters on which a clear-cut answer can be given and then only after provision of a full and reasoned statement of the factors involved. ACTlVlTlES OF LOCAL SECTIONS Cardiff and District.-Mr. G. M. Kerman has been elected to the Committee in place of Dr. K. Sam-who has left the district. East Midlands.-Members of the Section who visited the Medical School of the University of Birmingham on 16th June were cordially received and heard a series of short lectures by various members of the University staff.The thanks of the Section were accorded to the Birmingham and Midlands Section and especially to Mr Garfield Thomas for a most enjoyable afternoon. Glasgow and West of Scotland.-The Section committee arranged three works Visits on 30th April to the India Tyre and Rubber Company Inchinnan; on 8th May to the laboratory of Messrs. G. and J. Weir Ltd. Cathcart; and on 21st May to Messrs. Kelvin Bottomley and bird Willington Glasgow The numbers of members partici- pating in these visits were limited but it was evident that works visits should again feature among the Section’s regular activities when it is hoped that new members and those who have transferred to the Section will take part.The Section is much indebted to the firms concerned for the arrangements made. After the lapse of the war years these visits did much to impress the members with the great variety of industry on Clydeside. Liverpool and North-Western.-A joint meeting organised by the Chemical Society was held in the Muspratt Lecture Theatre University of Liverpool on 21st February with Professor Robertson in the Chair. Besides the Institute the Society of Chemical Industry and the British Association of Chemists the University of Liverpool Chemical Society was also largely represented. Dr. F. E. King of the University of Oxferd gave a delightful and informative talk on the chemistry of the penicillins under the non-committal title “The Chemical Investigation of Some New Therapeutics.” A short discussion followed the lecture.Dr. Whalley proposed and Mr. C. W. Suckling seconded the vote of thanks. On 22nd March a joint meeting was held in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre Uni- versity of Liverpool. The meeting was arranged by the Society of Chemical Industry and was preceded by their Annual General Meeting. Mr. C. Gordon Smith was in the Chair and welcomed members of the Manchester Section who were participating for the first time since the cessation of hostilities. Mr. D. E. Palin gave a paper on “X-Ray Methods and Applications.” A brisk discussion followed the lecture in which Messrs. Baxter Hilditch Hutt Vand Strafford and others took part. Dr. W.H. Brindley, Manchester Section proposed and Mr. E. T. Williams seconded the vote of thanks.The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in the Muspratt Lecture Theatre University of Liverpool on 11th April. Mr. P. N. Williams Chairman and later Professor R. A. Morton referred to the Scientific Courses to be held in Liverpool on 9th to 13th July. The Chairman declared the recommendations of the Committee for the Officers for 1946-7:-Chairman Professor T. P. Hilditch F.R.S. Vice-chairman and Honorary Treasurer Mr. G. W. Beaumont. This was the first occasion for the application of the new rule of the Section whereby the Vice-chairman becomes the Chairman in the ensuing year. To replace retiring committee members Mr.W. Emlyn Jones (Fellow) and Dr. J. B. Matthews (Associate) were nominated by the Section and Mr. G.H. Bothamley (Fellow) and Dr. A. Thompson (Associate) by the Committee. On individual propositions the following officers were elected:-Honorary Auditors, Messrs. L. V. Cocks and B. D. W. Luff; Honorary Secretary Mr. H. Weatherall; Hon- orary Assistant Secretary Mr. E. Reid; and Honorary Recorder Dr. G. P.Gibson. The Treasurer’s report was a brief summary of the expenses reference being made to the change in the date of termination of the financial year to 31st December. The audited accounts were tabled for inspection. A joint meeting of the Liverpool chemical societies followed the Annual General Meeting when the retiring President of the Institute Professor Alexander Findlay gave a brilliant historical rdsumt3 of the development of the theory of electrolytic dissociation under the title “Van’t Hoff Arrhenius.Ostwald-Pioneers of Physical Chemistry.” Professor R. A. Morton proposed and Mr. E. P. McManus seconded a vote of thanks to Dr. Findlay. Further meetings outside Liverpool have been held and much appreciated. On 7thMarch a meeting was held in the Municipal Technical College Victoriastreet Widnes. Dr. L. J. Burrage gave a talk under the title “Benzene Hexachloride as an Insecticide,” dealing particularly with the chemical and stereo-chemical aspects. There were many questions after the lecture from Messrs. B.C. Curran A. R. Frazer E. P. McManus [ 1761 E. Myer E. J. Rattray,,,P. N. Williams and others mainly concerning the insecticidal effects of “Gammexane. Dr. Gregory proposed and Mr. G.H. Bothamley the newly appointed Head of the Chemistry Department seconded the vote of thanks to the lecturer. On Saturday afternoon 9th March a meeting was held in the Mining and Technical College Library Street Wigan. In spite of the rival attractions of Cup semi-finafs an interested audience heard Dr. H. Moore Professor of Glass Tech;ology at the University of Sheffield give a fascinating talk on “Glass Technology. Mr. P. N. Williams Chairman referred to the facilities supplied by Dr. Crawford and Mr. Cooksey and a discussion followed in which Messrs. Crawford Cooksey Foley and T. Allen took part. London and South-Eastern Counties.-The lecture on “The Mechanism of Electrode Reactions” by Professor H. T. S. Bntton given before a joint meeting of the Section and the Home Counties’ Branch of the Institute of Physics on 21st March 1945 has now been published in the Journal of Scientific Instrunwnts 1946,23,89.On 19th June a group of members of the Section visited the John Innes Horti- cultural Institution at Merton. Several hours were spent in seeing the greenhouses where studies on the genetics and breeding of cherries apples and other fruits were being carried out. Members were shown propagation experiments and genetid studies on Sfreptocarpus and how this species had been improved in both size and colour by cross breeding amongst different South African species and the production of fertile polyploid hybrids. Novel methods of soil sterilisation and the production of composts were exhibited and practical plant and seed production showed the great improvements obtained by using the right composts.In the laboratories large scale experiments in genetics were being carried out on fruit flies. The effect of alkaloids in doubling the chromosome numbers of plants and the resulting increase in the size of the fruit was among the other points demonstrated. The visit concluded with an excellent tea provided by the staff in the Library and a vote of thanks to the Director Dr. C. D. Darlington who enabled the guests to have an insight into the important work being carried out at the Institution. A party of members of the Section were privileged to visit the Kodak factory on 3rd July and had an opportunity of appreciating at first hand the size and CompIeXity of the photographic industry.Examples were seen of equipment used in and the results of research design and development including an experimental machine for processing cine film under a wide variety of conditions graticules wide aperture aero-lenses special highly refracting glass and photography in colour. Large scale production of high purity silver nitrate was a revelation of the problems which may confront the chemical engineer. Routine testing of photographic papers and films was seen to involve the use of a variety of interesting sensitometers and means by which the firm’s products are distributed were brought under notice by a tour of the letterpress and cardbox department. The history of the development of photography was made an attractive reality by a visit to the Kodak Museum of Photography where examples of photographic reproductions from the earliest Daguerrotypes to the present time a range of cameras including some of curious design dating from the early days and many other objects of interest were exhibited.Informal conversations across agreeably furnished tea tables concluded an enjoyable and instructive afternoon. Manchester and District.-The adjourned meeting on “Contracts of Service” was held on the 27th March with Mr. J. T. Marsh in the Chair. This meeting was a con- tinuation of one held on the 13th September 1945 in which Mr. Barratt Dr. Cunliffe Mr. Bunbury and Dr. Morgan had given their views. The object of this meeting was to vote on certain resolutions arising from that previous meeting.The view had been put forward previously by Mr. Barratt and Dr. Cunliffe that contracb of service were undesirable and unnecessary. Mr. Hancock q~oposed,there-fore “that written contracts of service are undesirable and unnecessary. No seconder was,however forthcoming for this resolution. It was then proposed “that this meeting considers that the suggested contract of service published by the Royal Institute of Chemistry in the Journal of April 1946 is unsatisfactory and should be withdrawn.”* During the discussion the following criticisms were voiced. The proposed contract was not considered to be a model of expert draughtmanship and showed common faults of prolixity and periphasis which rendered some parts *[It should be noted that the title of the document to which reference is made is “Suggested Clauses for incorporation in Contractsof Service for Chemists.” It was not intended to be regarded as a %uggested con-tract of service’’ and certainly not as a “standard oontraot of servim”-Editor].c 177 I difficult of legal interpretation. It was thought there was too much insistence on “attention to duties,” “faithful service” and the like which seemed to show a distrust of the good faith of chemists which was hardly consistent with their status as a pro- fessional body to-day. There was also a tendency to express at undue length those rights of the employer which are adequately safeguarded by the common law. In both these instances much of what was in the suggested contract was superfluous and clauses 4 8 10 and 11 were cited as examples.The restriction in clause 5 (repeated in the annex clause) to limited liability companies was somewhat startling presumably a chemist could take no interest in an unlimited company or one limited by guarantee. It was clear that there was a strong feeling that the Institute should not draw up anything in the nature of a standard contract of service but should merely direct its members’ attention to the points which they should look for their own interest in a contract of service they were called upon to complete. The resolution was then put to the meeting and was passed unanimously. The following resolution was then proposed “The Institute should not attempt to draft clauses of an agreement but should publish in the Journal the type of conditions which should be found in a satisfactory contract of service.” This resolution was carried unanimously.It was also resolved that a chemist in his own interest should look for the following points in a Contract of Service 1. Parties to contract. 2. Initial salary and indication of additional increments in respect of years of service. 3. Maximum hours of work. Remuneration in respect of authorised overtime. 4. Period of holidays. 6. Agreement of employee to travel on business at employer’s expense. 6. Responsibility of employer to pay normal and/or subsistence allowances due to change in the place of employment. 7. The responsibility of employee to keep the secrets of the employer without pre- judice to his use of general scientific and technical knowledge however or whenever gained.8. Entitlement of employee to make public results of his own work which may be of general scientific interest provided that it is not to the detriment of the particular interests of the employer. 9. Entitlement to ownership by the employer of all inventions and improvements relating to his particular interests made by the employee; title of the employer to all letters patent arising from such discoveries etc.; and right of employee to authorship of the invention. 10. Entitlement of employer to terminate the agreement on payment of a stipulated proportion of salary after a definite period of illness. 11.Terms of notice of the contract. 12. Type of pension scheme and transferability on change of employment. 13. Restrictive covenants during and after employment. These resolutions were all agreed but in the case of clauses 3 4 and 7 there was a minority who were not in agreement. The meeting wished it to be understood clearly that it is in no way suggested that all points enumerated above are essential to any contract of service but they are all points upon which a chemist about to sign a contract should enquire before completing the agreement. For example such points as indication of additional increments and remuneration of authorised overtime were in many people’s opinion unsuitable for inclusion in contracts of service It was however felt that it was important for a chemist to know whether or not any agreement had been made on these points before he signed the contract.After a lapse of seven years the Annual Dinner and Dance was revived on the 3rd April 1946 at the Grand Hotel Manchester. Some 150 were present and all a peared to have a most enjoyable evening under the capable direction of Dr. D. A. Jarper as M.C. The Annual General Meeting was held on the 17th April 1946 and was the occasion of the first visit of Dr. Ellingham to the Manchester Section. Following the acceptance of the Reports of the Secretary and Treaxurer,*Dr. Harper and Dr. Isaac were re- elected Hon. Secretary and Assistant Secretary respectively The following gentlemen were elected to fill the vacancies on the Committee:-Mr.A. Carroll Dr. P. W,Cunliffe, Dr. A. E. Gillam Mr. C. J. Whitelegg and Mr J. Boulton. At the close of the official c 178 1 business of the meeting Dr. H. J. T. Ellingham gave a talk on “Service to Chemistry and Chemists” which was much appreciated. A joint meeting was held with the Chemical Society on the 7th May 1946 when Professor J. M. Gulland F.R.S. gave a paper on “Recent Developments in Polynucleo- tide Chemistry.” On the 21st June 1946 a crowded audience in the Central Library Manchester welcomed Professor H. Mark of the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn N.Y. who gave a paper on “MoIecuIar Structure and Mechanical Properties of High Polymers,” at a joint meeting of the Manchester and District Section the Plastics Group of the Society of Chemical Industry the Society of Dyers and Colourists the Institute of Petroleum and other societies.South Yorkshire.-A joint meeting with the Institution of Chemical Engineers was held at Scunthorpe on 30th May. After a visit to the coke-oven plant and large blast furnaces of the Appleby-Frodingham Steel Co. Ltd. Mr. A. T. Green O.B.E. Director of Research of the British Refractories Research Association gave a lecture on “Refractories.” The lecture stimulated a good discussion in which emphasis was laid on the very rigorous specification of silica bricks for coke-oven walls and the care needed in heating the walls through the lower temperature ranges covered by the intercon- version of allotropic forms of silica in order to preserve gas tightness.Tees-Side.-At the Annual General Meeting of the Section held in April the following Officers and Committee were elected:-Chairman Mr. A. J. Prince; Vice-chairman Dr. A. E. J. Vickers; Hon. Treasurer Mr. R. Parmella; Hon. Secretary Dr. F. R. Williams; Assistant Hon. Secretary Dr. E. R. H. Davies; Hon. Recorder Mr. A. E. Rout; Hon. Auditors Dr. G. I. Higson and Dr. J. S. Dunn; Ordinary Members of Committee Dr. A. K. Martin Mr. C. R. Groves Mr. H. S. Wood Mr. A. E. Rout, Mr. A. Grisenthwaite and Mr. A. Winstanley. It was agreed that in future the financial year of the Section should end on 31st December. PROFESSIONAL CHEMICAL INSTITUTES IN THE BRITISH EMPIRE Advantage was taken of the presence in London of representatives of the Australian Chemical Institute the Chemical Institute of Canada the New Zealand Institute of Chemistry and the South African Chemical Institute at the time of the Empire Scientific Conference to arrange a meeting of these representatives with the officers of the Royal Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland in order to discuss means of achieving a greater measure of co-operation among these five professional chemical institutes in the British Commonwealth.The meeting which was convened by the Royal Institute of Chemistry at the suggestion of the Australian Chemical Institute was held on 21st June 1946 in the Hall of the Worshipful Company of Tallow Chandlers foHowing dinner in the Hall by invitation of the President of the Royal Institute of Chemistry.The following representatives were present :-Australian Chemical Institute Mr. J. R. S. Cochrane Mr. J. E. Cummins Professor J. C. Earl Professor E. J. Hartung (Past General President) Mr. H. R. Marston Sir David Rivett K.C.M.G. F.R.S. (Past General President). Chemical Institute of Canada Professor A. T. Cameron (Past President) Dr. J. B. Collip F.R.S. Professor P. E. Gagnon (Hon. Treasurer) Professor L. Lortie (Past President) Dr. I. R. McHaffie Professor 0. Maas (Past President). New Zealand Institute of Chemistry Sir Theodore Rigg K.B.E. (Past President) Professor F.G. Soper (Presidentelect). South African Chemical Institute Dr.E.H.Flack Mr. J. Ritchie [ 1791 Royal Institute of Chemistry Mr. G. Roche Lynch O.B.E. (President) Mr.A. L. Bachaxach Professor H. V. A. Btiscoe Mr. G. Elliot Dodds Professor Alexander Findlay Mr. A J. Prince (Vice-Presidents) Dr. D. W.Kent-Jones (Hon.Treasurer). Dr. H. J. T.Ellingham (Secretary) Mr. R. L. Collett (Registrar). Dr.J. Smeath-Thomas (a Fellow of the Royal Institute of Chemistry resident in South Africa) and Dr. Alexander King (Director of the British Scientific Mission Washington) also attended by special invitation. In welcoming the visitors from overseas the President of the Royal Institute of Chemistry assured them that he and his officers had been very happy to act on the suggestion of the Australian Chemical Institute in arranging a meeting in London at this time to discuss closer co-operation among the Empire chemical institutes-a matter in which they were all deeply interested and which was of importance to the future of the British Commonwealth as a whole.It was a particular pleasure to him to be able to entertain the representatives in one of the few surviving halls of the City Companies and the Institute was greatly indebted to the Master and Court of the Worshipful Company of Tallow Chandlers for the privilege of being allowed to dine in their beautiful hall which had withstood the ravages of time-ad enemy action-since 1670. It was recognised that at this meeting it would hardly be possible to consider matters of detail but that a valuable initial step would have been taken if the representatives of the overseas institutes indicated their views in general terms leaving it to their individual officers to discuss ways and means with the executive officers of the Royal Institute of Chemistry at a later date.On this understanding the representatives first outlined the constitution range of activities and aspirations of their respective institutes drawing attention to special aspects of their work in relation to the development of the profession in their several countries. From this general survey and a statement that had been circulated on the organisation of services to chemistry and chemists in Britain it became clear that whilst the five institutes differed greatly in size and to some extent in constitution and administration they were all pursuing closely similar paths towards essentially the same ends. This conclusion which was supported by the immediate recognition of a real community of interests among all the representatives provided an assurance that any discussion of means of achieving closer co-operation could be pursued in an atmosphere of understanding and friendship and might lead eventually to the emergence of some form of association of chemical institutes within the Commonwealth.In any event each institute had much to learn from the experience of the others and the immediate need was for a fuller interchange of information and ideas so that all might contribute towards the development of a common policy. Among the suggestions put forward as to methods that might be adopted the following received a large measure of general support:- By improving the present system of notifying an institute of impending visits to its country by members of other institutes and by providing such visitors with letters of introduction.By the exchange at regular intervals of special ‘‘news letters,” which would include information on each institute’s activities for the advancement of the profession. By working towards standards of admission that would be mutually acceptable. By occasional visits of eminent chemists from one country to another (or others) primarily for the purpose of lkturing. By arranging conferences of chemists at intervals of years in the various countries not only Great Britain. By arranging for delegates to attend celebrations of important events in the history of each institute such as Jubilee celebrations.It was recognised that whilst suggestions (a)and (b) could be implemented forthwith by administrative action (c) pointed out a path to be followed in the ensuing years as the policies of the various institutes developed-a path along which however some useful initial steps could be taken immediately. Giving effect to the last three sugges-tions would generally involve collaboration with other organisations in the various countries,especially in Great Britain but they were all matters in which the influmce of the professionalchemical institutes could be usefully exerted. I180 3 in the genera discussion that followed many of the representatives stressed the importance of personal contacts between chemists in their several countries as a means of securing a broader basis of mutual understanding on which co-operation could develop naturally.More visits by chemists from Britain to the Dominions would be particularly welcome. In expressing the thanks of the visitors to the Royal Institute of Chemistry fdr arranging the meeting and to the President for the hospitality that he had provided Sir David Rivett said that the occasion was a memorable one and he hoped that it might be only the first of a number of such meetings in various parts of the Commonwealth. Dr. Roche Lynch in his reply expressed the pleasure that he and his omcers took in meeting their colleagues from overseas and their satisfaction in feeling that a firm basis for future collaboration had been laid. During the ensuing month individual re resentatives of the five institutes met and conferred on several occasions and on ZOtfl July officers of four of these bodies met informally to work out ways and means for implementing the suggestions that had been put forward especially under (a)and (b) above.Proposals for dealing with these matters are being communicated to the appropriate officers of all the institutes. PROCEED1NGS OF THE CHEMICAL COUNCIL Abstract of Minutes of the Meeting held on 19th June 1946. 1. It was reported that the Councils of the three Constituent Bodies had approved the following recommendation of the Council relating to the conditions of entry of all Societies into the Chemical Council:- “AS since the agreement for the formation of the Chemical Council a joint subscription scheme for publications had been brought into operation it be resolved that only those Societies participating in this scheme shall have a claim to benefit from the funds available for publications.” 2.It was agreed to co-opt two representatives of the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists as Members of the Council the separate approval of the Constituent Bodies having been obtained to the recommendations of the Council. 3. It was reported that representatives of the Chemical Council had met repre-sentatives of thirty London and Provincial newspapers at a luncheon-conversation in order to find ways and means by which news of what is happening in modern science and particularly in chemistry may best be made known to the people.The meeting was in no way a press conference but a round table talk in which members of the Council put their views and sought help froin those whose tasks of exposition could perhaps be made easier by a full discussion. 4. The Council decided to submit certain names to the Royal Society to whom invitations might be sent to take part in discussions at the Royal Society Empire Scientific Conference. 5. It was reported that the Sub-committee appointed by a Conference called by the Council to investigate the possibility of formulating a Joint Pension Scheme for employees of certain scientific societies had now approved a scheme for consideration. In accordance with the decision of the Conference the schemehas been forwarded to the societies whose Councils stated that they were interested.6. It was reported that Sir Harry Jephcott had been nominated by the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers as one of its representatives in place of Mr.W,F. Lutyens. It was agreed to co-opt Sir Harry Jephcott as a Member of Council. 7. Joint Student facilities under the Joint Subscription Scheme were granted to 098 applicant. SUMMARY OF LECTURE POTASH AND CROP PRODUCTION By G. A. COWIE M.A. Ph.D. D.Sc. F.R.I.C. [London and South-Eastern Counties Section 15th May 1946.1 The use of potassium salts as fertilisers dates from about 1870. During the first half of the nineteenth century agricultural science based on soil and plant-ash analysis and field experiments had been developed by de Saussure Boussingault Liebig Lawes and Gilbert and other workers and the necessity for the elements potassium nitrogen and phosphorus for plant nutrition were demonstrated.Production of potassium salts from the Stassfurt deposits in Germany began in 1861. T,ater many other mines and refineries at points as widely separated as Hanover in the Xorth-West and South Baden in the South-West were in operation. Overproduction led to the closing of the less efficient centres after 1910 leaving 63 shafts and 31 refineries finally in operation. After the 1914-1918 war Alsace and Galicia with their potash deposits were ceded to France and Poland respectively. Later competition came from the United States Russia Palestine and Spain. Of the world’s potash requirements Germany supplied over 90 per cent.in 1913 and only about 60 per cent. in 1938. Isolation of potassium salts from the mineral deposits follows well known lines. Of interest are the highly efficient processes developed for the separation of valuable salts from the brines of the Dead Sea in Palestine and from those of Searle’s Lake in California. A flotation process has been applied to the recovery of potassium chloride from sylvinite mined at the large Carlsbad Bedded Salt Deposits in southern U.S.A. The mineral is finely ground and suspended in a brine saturated with sodium and potassium chlorides; small amounts of a solution of the acetates of a mixture of long- chain amines (C16-Cl,,) are added as selective flotation agents for the potassium chloride.The product contains 96.7 per cent. of KCl. The total annual production of potassium salts in 1938 was 2,800,000 tons (expressed as K,O) approximately 90 per cent. being used as fertilisers. The largest consumer was Germany (951,000 tons) followed by the United States and France. A better comparison of the agricultural use of potash in the various countries can be made by relating the total consumption to the respective areas of arable land. These data as summarised by Crowther are shown in the table below:- Consumption of Plant Foods-1936 Cwts. per acre of arable land N P,O K,O Holland .... .... 0.54 0.82 0.80 Belgium .. .. .. .. Germany .. I. .. Denmark .. .. ,. Great Britain . .. .. France .. ...... 0.42 0.20 0.11 0.08 0.05 0.41 0.26 0.20 0-22 0.15 0.35 0.40 0.11 0-0s 0.08 U.S.A......... 0-02 0-04 0-02 The use of potash as a fertiliser is influenced by factors such as the natural potash status of the soils the scale and intensity of production of crops demanding potash and whether live-stock have a fundamental role in the system of farming adopted. Thus in Holland there is intensive growing of potatoes sugar beet and vegetables on soils containing little natural potash. Potassium salts added to the soil possibly enter into a base-exchange process with the calcium or sodium ions present in the soil colloids. This would account for the small loss of potassium compounds by drainage from loamy soils under average conditions of rainfall. The available potassium ions in the soil colloids are liberated by exchange with the hydrogen ions generated by root respiration or by the metabolic processes of micro-organisms and can then be absorbed by the plant.The functions of potash in the plant are still largely obscure. Potash plays a vital role in the plant’s buffer system but there is no consistent evidence that it functions directly in any primary physiological process such as the synthesis or metabolism of either carbohydrates or proteins. Many observations suggest that plants which respond best to potash additions can extract least potash from the soil. Potash benefits the health of the plant by counteracting the injurious effects of excessive nitrogen or c 182 1 nitrogen and phosphate in the soil. Potash fertilisers are more effective in dry seasons than in wet ones partly because extra moisture increases the uptake of “soil” potash.Plants which are particularly responsive to potash treatment are potatoes tomatoes tobacco legumes fruit and certain vegetables. Symptoms of potash deficiency have been the subject of recent study. The characteristic marginal scorching of the leaf beginning on the older leaves is accentuated when the soil contains excess of nitrogen and phosphates. Other symptoms are the bluish colour and wrinkled upper surface of the leaves. Diagnosis of deficiencies from which a plant may be suffering can be classified under the following heads:-(a) soil analysis; (b) chemical analysis of the plant; (c) injection of mineral nutrients into the plant or spraying them on to the leaves; (d) field experiments; (e) visual examination.Soil analysis has been in use for a long period. It will indicate gross deficiencies or excesses of nutrient elements but so far satisfactory methods for testing their avail- ability for plant nourishment have not been evolved. The chemical analysis of the plant using leaves of the same physiological age has shown that the potassium-calcium ratio in the leaves of a healthy plant is markedly higher than that of plants grown in conditions of potash deficiency. Field triaIs conducted on modern lines using a number of plots with well-ordered rotation of cropping although slow is probably the best method of obtaining accurate information on the nutrient requirements of various crops. NOTES Personal.-The Birthday Honours list contained the names of the following Fellows and Associates in addition to those already reported (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1946 111 135):-Companion of the Most Distinguished Order of St.Michael and St. George (C.M.G.)- Alexander Thomas Cameron M.A. DSc. F.C.I.C. Fellow. Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (0.B.E.)-Edgar Charles Martin BSc. Associate. Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (M.B.E.)-Mat thew Cunningham Fletcher A. R.T.C. Fell0 w. Major John Glen Gay BSc. F.I.R.I. F.C.I.C. Associate. Dr. 1;.H. Lampitt FeZZow was elected President of the Society of Chemical Industry at the Annual General Meeting held on 12th July. Dr. E. Taberner Fellow is President of the South African Chemical Institute.Dr. H. €5. Dunnidiff C.I.E. Fellow retired on 24th August from his appointment as Chief Technical Adviser to the War Transport Department Government of India and expects to return to England early in 1947. During a long period of service in India he has been Special Chemical Adviser to the Central Board of Revenue Professor of Inorganic Chemistry University of the Punjab and Principal of the Government College Lahore and has acted for many years as a member of the Indian Advisory Committee of the Institute. Mr. Stanley Robson Fellow has been appointed to the Mineral Development Committee which has been set up to inquire into the resources and development of Britain’s metalliferous and other minerals. The Department of Oil Engineering and the Department of Coal Utilisation at Birmingham University have been combined to form a Department of Chemical Engineering and Professor F.H. Garner Fellow the present head of the Department of Oil Engineering will be the Director of the new Department. Professor Garner is President of the Institute of Petroleum. Dr. R. J. W.Le Fevre Fellow took up formally on 1st August his new appointment as Professor ofChemistry in the University of Sydney (cf. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1946 11 105). He resigned his position as Head of the Chemistry Department Royal Aircraft Establishment on 31st July. Captain F. J. E. China O.B.E.,Fellow has become Chairman of Messrs. Burt, Boultoa and Haywood. [ 183 1 Mr. J. C. Hanbury Associate who has been appointed Vice-chairman of Allen & Hanburys Ltd.became a Junior Director in 1933 and Technical Director in 1943. Dr. R. H. Greaves Fellow has retired from his post in the Armament Research Department Ministry of Supply (formerly the Research Department Woolwich) , where he has been Director of Metallurgical Research since 1932,following many years’ service as Deputy Director. Professor W. H.Roberts FeZZow has retired from the pition of City Analyst after fifty years’ service with the Liverpool Corporation. Dr. D. F. Twiss FelZow for 32 years Chief Chemist to the Dunlop organisation has retired. Mr. W. H. Keys Fellow retired from the post of Divisional Chemist to the London Midland and Scottish Railway Company on 1st August after 43 years service.Dr. G. H.Wyatt FedZow who joined the Company in 1935 has been promoted to Assistant Divisional Chemist. Dr. P.C. C. Isherwood O.B.E. FeZZow was re-elected Chairman of the British Essence Manufacturers’ Association on 17th July. Mr. E. B. Anderson Fellow and Mr. H. W. Cremer Fellow were re-elected Joint Honorary Secretaries of the Society of Chemical Industry at the Annual General Meeting of the Society held on 12th July. Mr. R. C. Chirnside Membev of Council is Chairman of the Physical Methods Group of the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists. Dr. j. I. R. Hepburn Sellow has relinquished his post as Head of the Department of Applied Chemistry at the Northampton Polytechnic in order to take up an appoint- ment as Principal of the Guildford Technical College.Dr. Frank Bell Fellow has been appointed Head of the Chemistry Department of the Belfast College of Technology. Dr. D. J. Williams FeZlow is retiring at the end of the present session from the position of Head of the School of Pharmacy in the Merchant Venturers’ Technical College Bristol. Mr. A. W.Marsden Associak who has been for some years lecturer in Agricultural Chemistry at Imperial College has been appointed Head of the Chemistry Department at Seale-Hayne Agricultural College Newton Abbot in succession to Dr. E. Vanstone Member of Council who is retiring after holding that position since 1918. The title of Reader in Chemistry in the University of London has been conferred on Dr. D. J. G. Ives,Fellow in respect of the post held by him at Birkbeck college.Dr. R. M. Barrer FeZZow has been appointed to a University Readership in Chemistry tenable at Bedford College London as from 1st October 1946. Dr. W. C. Newell Fellow has been appointed Head of the Steel Castings Division of the British Iron and Steel Research Association. Mr. A. Harvey Fellow Acting Hon. General Secretary of the International Society of Leather Trades’ Chemists has been appointed to represent the Society on the National Committee for Chemistry of the Royal Society. Dr. W. E. Cohen A.A.C.I. Associate has left Australia to join the Australian scientific mission to Japan. Royal Society Empire Scientific Conference June-July 1946.-The Conference, which was formally opened by H.M. the King accompanied by H.M.the Queen in the Senate House of the University of London on 17th June occupied three weeks the firstofwhich was spent in London the second in Cambridge and the third in Oxford. The purpose of the Conference was to discuss scientific problems of special interest to scientists throughout the Empire and recommendations were made on practical measures for promoting closer scientific collaboration in the Dominions India and the Colonies. Among the general problems discussed at the morning sessions were:-The present state of the science of nutrition with particular reference to the problems of the Empire including the nutritional status of the indigenous peoples of the Colonies; measures for improving scientific information services within the Empire including reference to indexing abstracting special iibraries and micro-films; methods of improving the inter- change of scientists throughout the Empire including references to the future of the scientific liaison officesthat have been established during the war; Empire co-operation in the scientific field with existing and projected international organisations; measures r which might be taken to secure greater uniformity in physical standards of measurement and the use of units terms and symbols; the collection and interchange of scientific records and experimental material the need for a co-ordinated survey of the mineral resources of the Empire; the natural products of the Empire and the chemical industries that are or might be-based on them; post-war needs of fundamental research; and an All- African organisation for the co-ordination of scientific work within the African continent.A statement of the recommendations made by the Conference is published in Nature, 1046 158 136. The Conference was followed by the Commonwealth Scientific Official Conference from 19th to 20th July inclusive. At this Official Conference discussions took place on detailed measures to be taken to organise and promote collaboration in scientific research throughout the Empire on subjects of direct interest to the Governments concerned. Royal Institute of Chemistry Scientific Courses at Liverpool.-The Courses held under the auspices of the Institute at the University of Liverpool in July 1946 on “Oils and Fats” and “Spectroscopy” were highly successful and the thanks of the Council have been accorded to Professor T.P. Hilditch F.R.S. and Professor R. A. Morton who prepared and presented these Courses to Mr. H. Weatherall Honorary Secretary of the Liverpool and North-Western Counties Section who undertook the general arrangements to the Vice-Chancellor of the University of Liverpool for facilities provided to members of the staff of the University of Liverpool and others who gave the lectures and to the Dean of Liverpool Cathedral for facilities in connexion with a visit to the Cathedral. A report on these courses and the social events held in connexion with them will be published in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part V. Chemical Society.-At an Extraordinary General Meeting of the Society held on 25th July the following proposal of the Council was carried-“That as from January lst 1947 the amount of the Annual Subscription be increased from three pounds (k3) to three pounds ten shillings (L3 10s.) and that a corresponding increase be made in the amount of the life composition fee.” Society of Chemical Industry.-At the Annual General Meeting of the Society held at the Connaught Rooms on 12th July the following officers were elected for the ensuing year:-President Dr.L. H. Lampitt; Vice-Presidents Dr. R. T. Colgate. Dr. L. A. Jordan Mr. C. S. Kimball and Dr. E. K. Rideal M.B.E. F.R.S.; Honorary Treasurer Mr. Julian Leonard; Hon. Foreign Secretary Mr. Stanley Robson; Joint Honorary Secretaries Mr. E. B.Anderson and Mr. H. W. Cremer. At a meeting in the afternoon the Messel Medal was presented to Dr. Wallace P. Cohoe a Past President of the Society who then delivered the MesseI Lecture entitled “Science and Anglo-American Relations. ” It has been announced that as from 1st January 1947 the Annual Subscription payable by members of the Society will be increased from k3 to f;3 10s. British Association.-The first post-war meeting of the Association was held on 20th July when Sir Richard Gregory F.R.S. delivered his presidential address on “Civilisation and the Pursuit of Knowledge.” On the retirement of Dr. 0.J. R. Howarth from the office of Secreta,ry of the Associa-tion the CounciI recorded its warm appreciation of his faithful and distinguished service to the Association in the past 37 years.He has been succeeded by Mr. D. N. Lowe. Normal annual meetings of the Associationwill be resumed next year. TheAssocia-tion will meet from 27th August to 3rd September 1947 at Dundee where its proceed-ings were interrupted in 1939 by the outbreak of war. Sir Henry Dale O.M.,F.R.S., has been elected President of the Association for 1947. The Institute of Fuel.-At the Privy Council held on 10th July His Majesty the King was pleased to approve the grant of a Royal Charter to the Institute of Fuel. The congratulations of the Officers and Council of the Royal Institute of Chemistry have been expressed to the Institute of Fuel on having received this recognition of the value of its work. G. G. Henderson Memorial Fund.-The fund raised by the Glasgow Committee as a memorial to the late Professor G.G. Henderson is now closed. The sum collected has been accepted by the Court of the University of Glasgow and a laboratory in the Chemistry Department will be named “The G. G. Henderson Laboratory” in memory of a distinguished occupant of the Chair of Chemistry and a former member of the Court. A preliminary notice will be found on page 206 of arrangements for the first of the series of Henderson Memorial Lectures of the Royal Instituteof Chemistry endowed by Dr. David Spence. L 1=1 Research in technical Colleges.-The Ministry of Education issued in April 1946, Circular 94 stressing the desirability in the national interest of encouragement being given to members of the staffs of technical colleges in undertaking research work and setting forth considerations which should be taken into account by Local Education Authorities in providing facilities for such research.An important new principle put forward in the Circular is that under certain conditions the time spent in the conduct and supervision of research should be regarded as teaching service for superannuation purposes. This is a valuable step forward and one which should receive the cordial approval of the Institute. In many respects the proposals put forward in the Circular follow closely the recent Report of the Joint Council of Professional Scientists on “Principles suggested for a Code of Practice in respect of Consulting and Similar Work accepted by Members of whole-time Academic Staffs” (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1946 VI 226).In some directions however the proposals are open to criticism particularly by chemists. Thus it is stated that probably the most important and suitable type of research for teachers in technical colleges is applied research undertaken at the direct or indirect suggestion of industry or commerce and that this type of investigation being mainly of a developmental character will be of particuIar service to local industry and especially smaller firms; but no reference is made to the desirability of discouraging teachers in technical schools from undertaking work which might more appropriately and in many instances more effectively be carried out by independent consultants. This latter point was particularly stressed in the Joint Council’s Report for the Joint Council was much impressed by the extent to which independent consulting chemists are able to render services of the highest value to the development of industry.It is realised however that while chemists in consulting practice form but a small proportion of the total number of qualified chemists in the country in most other branches of science and technology there are far fewer practitioners giving this type of service. Apparently the Ministry of Education in drafting its Circular has been concerned to provide in general terms for members of the staff of all the various depart- ments in technical colleges and has therefore omitted to indicate the special position which the Institute considers should be accorded to independent consultants in chemistry and its industrial applications.Moreover it should not be forgotten that during the past 40 years much fundamental research in pure chemistry has been carried out in several technical colleges in Great Britain and the importance of some of this work has received wide recognition at home and abroad. It is to be hoped therefore that in the future these or similar schools of fundamental research will be encouraged to maintain and develop the valuable services which they have rendered in the past to pure as well as to applied chemistry. Conditions of Service in the Scientific Civil Service.-A statement of Government policy in this field is contained in the following letter dated 27th February 1946 from the Financial Secretary to the Treasurer (Mr.W. Glenvil Hall) to the Chairman of the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee (Mr. Phillips Price) :-MY DEAR PHILLIPS PRICE I promised the deputation from the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee which you introduced on 20th February I would put into writing the views I expressed on behalf of the Government on the future prospects of scientists in the Civil Service. It is the Government’s intention to provide Scientists with a career in the Civil Service equal to that of other staff of comparable quality. So far from accepting the view that the Scientist is inferior to the Administrative Officer its aim is to ensure that scientific workers will man for man and job for job be in as good a position as other staff.As you know the future structure of the Government Scientific Service is only now taking shape but none can doubt the ever increasing importance of the part it must play. The opportunities of advancement which the Service can offer to Scientists of high ability may therefore well increase. Provision is being made for a “pool” of senior poststo which individuals may be appointed ontheir own merits as scientists and independently of the number of such posts required for the normal work of the Department or research establishment in which they serve. Much of course will depend upon the Scientists who have charge of the larger establishments. Their determination to secure the free interchange of staff through- out the Service and to see that men of ability are not held up will have a more direct effect upon the career prospectsof the individual than any general rules which I l8Sl may be laid down but you may be sure that the Government will endeavour to remove any injustices that may emerge and would welcome your Committee’s aid at any time in bringing them to light.Yours sincerely (Signed) W. GLENVIL HALL. Patent Law Reform.-The Joint Chemical Committee on Patents which was set up on the initiative of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers and on which the Institute has an observer has now issued a Memorandum dealing with reforms considered necessary in the Patents Acts. Part I of this Memorandum was submitted to the Board of Trade Patents Committee in September 1944 and a number of the recommendations then put forward have been adopted and are included in the Second Interim Report of the Departmental Committee (Cmd.6789). Part I1 of the Joint Committee’s Memorandum covering the wider aspects of patent law reform was submitted to the Board of Trade Committee in June 1946. Copies of the complete Memorandum (Parts I and I1 in a single volume) are obtainable from the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers 166 Piccadilly London W. 1 price 3s. each post free. Synthetic Resin (Aminopfastic) Moulding Materials and Mouldings.-The British Standards Institution has issued under this title British Standard 1322 1946 which has been prepared by its Plastics Industry Committee. Copies may be obtained from the British Standards Institution 28 Victoria Street London S.W.1 price 2s.net post free. World Power Conference Sectional Meeting on “Fuel Economy,” 1947.-Advance notice has been given that this meeting will be held at the Hague during the first week of September 1947 by invitation of the Netherlands National Committee. THE CENTENARY OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY The Chemical Society is to celebrate the centenary of its foundation in July 1947. But for the war the celebrations would have taken place in 1941 for it was “on the 23rd February 1841 that twenty-five gentlemen interested in the prosecution of chemistry met together at the Society of Arts to consider whether it be expedient to form a Chemical Society.” These twenty-five gentlemen did deem it expedient and so the Chemical Society was born.It was the first Society formed solely for the study of chemistry and although there had been small private chemical societies before 1841 none lasted for any great length of time. At its first general meeting Thomas Graham was elected the first President. The organiser of the meeting on 23rd February 1841 and the Society’s first Secretary was Robert Warington. These two men were the leaders of the new Society and among its present day possessions one of the most valuable is the 100 year old Obligation Book which is still signed by new Fellows on their admission and contains as its first signatures the names of those two pioneers. The Fellowship of the Society has grown from those twenty-five gentlemen in 1841 to over 6,000.The study of chemistry as a whole has remained its object; because of this the Society has always maintained a special place in the world of chemistry. It has not pursued the purely professional nor has it specially fostered industrial chemistry although many great industries have been based on fundamental discoveries made by its Fellows. Moreover although the professional affairs of chemists are now the province of the Royal Institute of Chemistry (founded in 1877) and industrial chemistry is the concern of the Society of Chemical Industry (founded in 1881). both these organisa- tions were offshoots of the Chemical Society as were other societies specialising in sub- divisions of the subject. Success has from the first attended on the Chemical Society and has been due almost entirely to the ready means it has provided for chemists to publish their discov- eries and to affording them a place for discussion and mutual interchange of ideas.The Society has been the model and the elder sister of similar chemical societies set up in other countries particularly those of Germany France and the United States of America. A glance through the list of Presidents of the Society since 1841 provides convincing evidence of the important part played by its Fellows in advancing the science of chemistry-to name but a few Graham Hofmann Williamson Edward Frankland Odling Gilbert Sir William and W. H. Perkin Crookes Ramsay Dewar Armstrong Meldola and Pope-every one of these is associated with fundamental chemical discoveries of far-reaching importance.With such a history and with its present day virility the Society is clearly justified in planning to make the celebration of its Centenary a0 important event. Theimportance I 187 1 was indeed internationally recognised in the decision taken in Rome in 1938 by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry to hold its next International Congress in London at the time of the Centenary of the Chemical Society. This decision is to be implemented next year and immediately following the celebrations on 15th July to 17th July 1947 the Eleventh International Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry will also take place in London. An international outlook has always been characteristic of the Society and this will be reflected in the series of social and scientific events which will constitute the three days of celebrations.Many distinguished overseas delegates are to be invited. These will include the Honorary Fellows of the Society among whom are the world's greatest chemists of to-day. If those invited are able to accept we shall see in London in July 1947 perhaps the greatest international gathering of chemists that wiIl ever have taken place. One of these distinguished visitors will be invited to follow in the line of Dumas, Cannizzaro Wurtz Mendeleef Ostwald Fischer Richards Arrhenius Bohr Debye Rutherford and Langmuir as the Society's Faraday Lecturer. The Faraday Lectureship was founded in 1867 to commemorate the name of Michael Faraday who was elected a Fellow of the Society in 1842 and was one of its Vice-Presidents.In addition to the Faraday Lecture it is intended that there shall be a centenary address and a formal ceremony for the presentation of addresses. It is also hoped to arrange a number of scientific lectures visits to places of interest in the London area and an exhibition which will be at the Science Museum during the period ofthe celebrations and the International Congress. INTERNATtONAL COUNCIL OF SCIENTIFIC UNIONS The first General Assembly of this Council since the war has recently concluded its meetings which were held at the rooms of the Royal Society London under the Presidency of Dr. H. R. Kruyt of Utrecht University. Over seventy representatives ef the principal Scientific Academies of a number of National Research Councils and of the various International Scientific Unions were present.The President explained the functions of the Council as the international organisation co-ordinating the national academies and the scientific Unions. Its immediate task was to stimulate the formation of Unions in branches of science where no Union at present existed and to organise scientific activities in those borderiand domains which are intermediate between those of two or more Unions. The opening session after the welcome by Sir Robert Robinson President of the Royal Society and the President's address was devoted to a general discussion of the future development of the Council's activities and of the policy to be pursued.The general effectiveness of small Unions and of large Unions with specialised Sections or Associations was fully discussed; the President summed up the discussion by saying that the Unions existed to co-ordinate the activities of the scientific workers and that the problem of separation or amalgamation could be left to work itself out later. The second session was devoted to a draft agreement with the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO). As this has not yet been ratified by UNESCO full details cannot be given; it may be stated however that it involves recognition of the Unions and Council by UNESCO (and of UNESCO by the Council); close consultative relations between the Council and UNESCO offers of help from UNESCO to ease the administrative burden that now falls on the Secretaries of the Council and Unions; assistance both financial and other in getting scientific persons to conferences and symposia; and financial assistance in some of the major projects of the Unions.At the third session Reports were read from all the Unions indicating that they had already begun to resume their pre-war activities in so far as these had necessarily been dropped during recent years or that they were to hold their initial post-war meetings as soon as proved-practicable. Amendments of the Statutes followed. The more important changes were (1) the eing up of the working of the Council by giving to the Executive Committee powers prevlously kept in the hands of the General Assembly (2) an increase in the unit of subscription from the adhering counties.The fourth session was devoted to the reports of two committees of the Council. Professor Abetti presented the report of the Committee on Solar and Terrestrial Relationships and Professor J. M.Burgers presented and summarised the report of tbe Committee on Science and Social Relations. t1WI In the discussion of resolutions submitted to the General Assembly reference was made to the remarks of the President of the Royal Society in his address to the Council at its opening meeting; his final passage may here be quoted “The prevailing spirit among scientists at the present time should surely be one of hope and optimism. Opportunity knocks at the door. We may well be at a critical point in history the turning of which cannot be accomplished without our assistance.“This Council is in an unique position to focus our efforts to maximum intensity and that is why I have ventured to emphasise the necessity for circumspection and the dangers of an attitude of aloofness from the body politic. “Wisely used the most pervasive faith in the world the religion of the pursuit of truth for its own sake may be the most potent instrument of reconciliation and recon- struction. Thus we may help to lead the nations into amity and the prosperity which flows from long continued peace.” At the final meeting the following resolutions were adopted unanimously:- 1. The General Assembly of the International Council of Scientific Unions sees in the great powers for good or evil that research on nuclear energy has put at the disposal of mankind a supreme opportunity and occasion for a new international unity to develop the benefits potential in nuclear energy and to avoid its misuse.The General Assembly strongly supports the efforts now being made under the auspices of the United Nations to attain this urgent goal efforts in which the co-operation of repre- sentative men of science so essential for success is being officially given. The General Assembly urges that the present opportunity of eliminating war by the attainment of such a new international unity be grasped. The General Assembly hopes that the attainment of an agreement on the application of nuclear energy may provide an important instance of international co-operation in economic and political matters.Extension of this would facilitate the promotion of the welfare of mankind the judicious use of our natural resources the removal of causes of dispute and the settling of difficulties arising from the continuous change of world conditions in consequence of scientific and technical advances. 2. The General Assembly is aware that nuclear energy is not unique among scientific advances in its possible effects for good or ill. Biological and biochemical warfare for example were not applied during the late conflict but their potential menace may be as great as that of the atomic bomb; equally the discoveries on which they depend could bring the greatest benefits to mankind. The General Assembly is convinced that international security and welfare will be impossible if in any country military secrecy is allowed for the future to dominate scientific discovery or to prevent the frank discussion and open publication of scientific results.“There can be no international control and no international co-operation which does not presuppose an international community of knowledge.” 3. The General Assembly of the International Council of Scientific Unions in the name of the men of science’ of the nations represented acknowledges the duty on the part of scientific workers (a) to maintain a spirit of frankness honesty integrity and co-operation and to (b) to promote the development of science in the way most beneficial to mankind (c) to serve the community not only by their specialised work but by assisting work for international understanding; and to exert their influence as far as possible to prevent its misuse so far as they are able in the education of the public in the purposes and achievements of science.An invitation from the Royal Danish Academy to hold the next meeting of the General Assembly in Copenhagen in 1949 was accepted with acclamation. The following were elected as the members of the Bureau:- President Dr. J. A. Fleming adviser to the Carnegie Institution in governmental and international scientific relations. Vice-Residents Prof. B. Nemet Prague; Prof. Emile Borel Paris. Members Dr.J. N. Mukherjee New Delhi; Prof. H. Solberg Oslo. General Secretary Prof.F. J. M. Stratton Cambridge. Retiring President Dr.H. R. Kruyt Utrecht. SCIENCE IN PARLIAMENT (Mwc~-Mu~, 1946) MINISTEROF AGRICULTURE, Agriculture (Research) .-MR. T. WILLIAMS in reply to a question by Mr. Janner on 28th March:-The expenditure on agricultural research for which I am directly responsible is expected to amount to approximately ~600,000 in the financial year 1945-46. In addition expenditure on research in that year by the Agricultural Research Council is estimated at El 60,000. Expenditure on agricultural research can be taken to be of the order of 0.1 per cent. of the value of the agricultural output. A general scheme for the expansion of agricultural research in Great Britain is now in hand. Steps have for example already been taken towards establishing a new organisation for research in animal breeding and genetics and plans for the creation of a vegetable research station are being actively considered.Atomic Energy (Industrial Development).-The debate in the House of Commons on 28th March on the possibilities of atomic energy applied to industry was initiated by Mr. Martin Lindsay (Solihull) and those participating included Mr. Blackburn (Birmingham King’s Norton) and Major Peter Roberts (Sheffield Ecclesall). MR. JOHN WILMOT MINISTER OF SUPPLY, in the course of his reply:-Although fissile material produced in quantity has been used to release the explosive energy of the atomic bomb the problem of harnessing the energy of the atom for peaceful purposes has net yet been solved.There is no justification for the belief that there is a quick and easy solution of these industrial problems. . . As we see it now in the present state of our knowledge it is doubtful if the achievements of the next 10 years can really have a widespread industrial application. I would invite hon. Members for a moment to consider the nature of the immediate industrial problem. It is necessary to find some means whereby the energy released by the process of fission can be made available as a source of power. The first essential is to get away the heat which is generated at a high temperature so that it can be converted into power. There are very serious technical difficulties in drawing off the heat at a high temperature. It is necessary to overcome the difficulty of corrosion which becomes most serious as soon as one gets into the necessary high temperatures.That problem has not been solved practically. . . . Atomic energy plant produces an intense radiation similar to X-rays or the radiation of radium and of such a powerful character that it is lethal if not screened. Atomic energy plant and equipment of any size must therefore be most effectively screened. . . . We think therefore of a large power station deriving its heat not from fuel or from hydro-electric water power but from the heat which in turn is derived from nuclear energy using it through steam turbines or other means to develop electricity and to distribute it in the normal way. That brings us to . . the cost of the fuel I which is the only thing we have replaced because although we have replaced the boiler we have other apparatus in its place.The replacement of the cost of the fuel makes only a fractional difference in the cost of the ultimate generation of electricity because the cost of the fuel is the smaller part-28 per cent.-f the cost of production. We have got to look through to very exceptional circumstances where the substitution of this new source of heat would give us an economic competitive factor. The possibilities of the further development of this entirely new source of energy are enormous and 1 think it is reasonable to assume that in the long term . . . the ways of using nuclear energy will be found to compete economically even when present methods are performed under favourable economic conditions.There is a term even if it is a long one to the availability of conventional fuels and therefore this country must take its place in the preparation for a world-wide economic revolution for it is nothing else which the development of atomic power must herald in. . . . British scientists have made an immeasurable contribution to this great service and if we see these British brains allied with our special engineering ability-and we have specialists of high quality thrustful and inventive-we certainly stand in a very good position in this country with regard to these developments. If it is realised that the future of atomic energy in its industrial sense is dependent on extensive research then I am sure that the Government will be supported in their efforts to carry that research and development work through with great energy and determination.It has been decided that as much of the resources of this country as can possibly be made available shall be devoted to this work. The central plan is in the hands of the Prime Minister and the Cabinet advised by the learned Advisory Committeepresided over with great distinction by the right hon. Gentleman the Member for the Scottish Universities (Sir John Anderson). It is intended to marshal the very best brains in the country in solving the problems which confront us. The research establishment which it is proposed to establish at Harwell will be got going as soon as c 190 I it is physically possible.It will be provided with every possible facility. . . . New highly specialised buildings will need to be constructed and a team of experts is at present in Canada preparing plans to incorporate the very latest knom-ledge. At the same time we wish to press on with the construction of the main production plant to produce the fissile material which the research establishment will require. The execution of this project the main production plant is a major technological effort. The limit of what we can do in this direction is a physical and not a financial limit. Engineering and other expert staff is being recruited as quickly as it can be obtained. The examination of sites for the establishment of the main production plant is now going forward but no decision has yet been made.Meanwhile the Ministry of Supply factory at Springfields near Preston has been selected as the site for the subsidiary plant for the processing of materials. Over and above these direct Government research and production activities it is the Government’s policy to encourage and support in every way research at universities and elsewhere on fundamental problems which may in time lead to discoveries of prime importance in this new field of nuclear energy. When it is remembered that in nuclear reaction about a million times more energy is liberated from a given weight of matter than in any known chemical reaction such as burning and that in time it may be possible to liberate the atom’s energy by reactions other than fission process it will be realised that there would seem to be no limits to the contribution to human progress which this astonishing development may produce provided that men will have the wisdom to use this new-found power for their happiness instead of their universal destruction.Coal Industry (Research).-A debate took place on 14th May on the Report stage of the Coal Industry Nationalisation Bill on the question of research. Among those who contributed to the debate were Colonel Lancaster (Fylde) Colonel Clarke Mr. Hale (Oldham),Mr. M. Philips Price (Forest of Dean) Sir Wave11 Wakefield (St. Marylebone) Mr. Blackburn (Birmingham King’s Norton) and Mr. H. Macmillan. MR. SHINWELL, MINISTEROF FUELAND POWER,in the course of the debate:-The hon. Members who were associated with the proceedings in Committee are well aware of my interest in matters of research.. . . Research must be an essential part of the re-organisation of the mining industry. There are however different types of research. There is research into safety in mines and that is a very important and vital considera- tion affecting the lives and well-being of those who are employed in the industry. . . . The question hasbeen posed as to whether such research activities should be undertaken by the industry or by the Ministry. Obviously some measure of research must be undertaken by the industry. The mine manager at present in the past and in the future under the National Coal Board is primarily responsible for the safety of the men under his supervision. Consequently the National Coal Board will in a large measure be responsible.Equally the Ministry must be answerable for research in matters affecting the lives and well-being of persons employed in the industry because the health and safety of the mining workers is a matter of public interest. . . . Conse-quently it is my view that while some part of the research must be undertaken by the National Coal Board the other part must be undertaken by the Ministry of Fuel and Power and provision is therefore made in the Bill for that purpose. As regards technical research this is a matter primarily for the industry. The very fact of re-organisation implies technical research. It is impossible to prepare the lay-out of new pits or coalfields without undertaking research on a very extended scale and indeed research is going on all the time-geological geophysical and research of various kinds.That must of course continue. There is research for example into the nature of the plant to be used in the production of coal and into the subject of haulage-a very vital factor in the reorganisation of the industry . . . research into the provision of the right kind of props and timber these are matters which must be undertaken by the industry itself. As regards research into utilisation the industry must undertake some activity there for example as regards the cleaning and grading of coal which is extremely important in producing the right quality to satisfy consumers industrial and domestic. In particular in order to expand our export activities it is very essential that we should have the right cleaning and grading methods and the most modern forms of washing coal and the like in order to assure ourselves that coal is being placed on the market with the greatest possible amount of satisfaction to the ultimate consumer.The subject of ash content requires very active consideration and research and to some extent that is being undertaken at present although much more requires to be done. But with respect to the utilisation of coal generally over the whole field that must be linked with the ultimate intention of the Government in respect of our nationalisation proposals. We are nationalisingcoal now;wepropose to nationaliseelectricity; we propose to nationalise c 191 I gas.When we have achieved those tasks it will be the duty of the Ministry to cwrdinate all forms of fuel and power. Consequently the Miaistry must be held responsible for cosrdination as regards utilisation in all these industries. . .. Technical research as applied to the technical production of coal would not come under the scientific member of the National Coal Board (Sir Charles Ellis); it would come under the technical members of the Board (Sir Charles Reid and Mr. Alec Young) and their expert advisers. But there will be much for the scientific member of the Board to do as regards the question of the utilisation of the product. Moreover we are transferring under this Bill ancillary and subsidiary activities to the Board-coke ovens carbonisation plant-with all that that implies.Utilisation in a vast scale of activities must be co-ordinated. . . . There is also the subject of research into the health of the miner. I separate that from research into safety measures. Research into health is a matter that not only affects the miner personally but affects production. Take for example the position in South Wales where silicosis and pneumoconiosis diseases exist on a vast scale. Fortunately I am able to say that as a result of research measures and preventive and curative measures we are gradually overcoming these diseases which are associated with the presence of dust. Dust suppression methods are now being widely used and I have reason to believe that as a result of research new devices are now being employed or will shortly be employed that will be of great advantage to the mine workers.. . . All that is being undertaken and that is a matter partly for the Board and partly for the Ministry. . . . Reference has been made to the British Coal Utilisation Research Association which is associated with the Mining Association. That organisation may be transferred to the Board. Indeed all research organisations associated with the existing colliery undertakings will be the subject of transfer ultimately. Royal A1rcraft Establish menr Fa rn boroug h .-MR. WILMOT,MINISTER OF SUPPLY, in reply to Wing-Commander Millington on 18th March:-The scientific staff at the Royal Aircraft Establishment was greatly enlarged during the war and the present cuts in it will make scientists available to meet pressing educational and industrial needs.My Ministry will maintain a substantial and highly qualified corps of scientists to cover its defence and other responsibilities including civil aviation but it would not be possible for them to undertake outside civilian work. International Exhibition London 195I.-MR. MARQUAND,SECRETARY FOR OVER-SEAS TRADE, replying to questions by Mr. Cobb and Mr. Janner on 3rd April:-The Report of the Ramsden Committee was presented to Parliament on 27th March. The Committee recommended that an International Exhibition should be held in London in 1961 or as soon thereafter as may be practicable. The Government are impressed by the views expressed in that report and have decided to accept the recommendation.I am arranging for the necessary work to be put in hand. This will include the choice of a suitable site in London. As suggestions have been made that Hyde Park should be the site I may as well make it clear at once that the Government are not prepared to see Hyde Park used for thispurpose. No decision has yet been taken upon the form of the administration of this International Exhibition but whatever form it takes I can assure my hon. Friend m.Janner] that science will be represented. Government Scientists (Release).-MR. H. MORRISON LORDPRESIDENT OF THE COUNCIL,replying to a question by Mr. Solley on 18th March:-The need for scientists in the universities and the teaching profession and in civilian industry is so pressing that the Government would not be justified in delaying the release from Government service of any scientific worker whose retention is not absolutely essential.. .The Ministry ofLabour and National Service is actively engaged in seeing that the services of the scientists released are used in the best interests. Science Students (Release).-MR. Isucs MINISTER OF LABOURAND NATIONAL SERVICE, in reply to Mr. Solley on 19th March:-Science students of First Class or Second Class Honours standard selected by their Universities as research students or Third Year students and other science students selected by their Universities as of high promise or who wexe called up before the end of their normal deferment and before they had had an o portunity of taking the Honours Degree,are eligible for release from the Forces in &ass B,if they are in release groups 1-49 or from industry if they have performed work of national importance for not less than three years.Financial assistance is available to such students if they come within the scope of the Further Education and Training Scheme. SCientkS (Volunteer Reserve).-MR. H. MORRISON LORDPRESIDENT OF THE COUNCIL replying on 2nd April to a question by Sir Wave11 Wakefield:-The Govern-ment are fully aware of the necessity for ensuring that an adequate number of trained [ 192 3 scientistsis available to Serve the defence Forces in a tuture emergency and the possi-bility of forming a volunteer scientific reserve along the lines suggested by the hon. Member will certainly be considered as one of the possible ways of achieving this end.It must of course be remembered that the scientist requires a very different training and works under very different conditions of service from the fighting man. Surplus Scientific Instruments.-On 18th April Mr. Blackburn asked what steps are being taken to ensure that Government Departments declare surplus as many of their stores in the nature of scientific instruments as possible; and what Department is responsible for listing classifying and distributing in accordance with need such stores. MINISTER MR.WILMOT OF SUPPLY,in his reply :-Government Departments have standing instructions to declare for disposal equipment in excess of their needs but in view of the shortage of scientific instruments they have recently been asked to make a special review of their holdings of such equipment.The duties connected with the disposal of scientific instruments fall to the Ministry of Supply. Technical Education.-A long debate on technical education took place in the House of Commons on 22nd March. Major W. T. Wells asked what steps the Ministry of Education intended to take to carry out some of the recommendations of the Percy Committee to promote that branch of education and among those who took part in the debate were Mr. Durbin (Edmonton) and Mr. Blackburn (Birmingham King’s Norton). MR. HARDMAN SECRETARY in PARLIAMENTARY TO THE MINISTRYOF EDUCATION the course of his reply:-It will be remembered that the Percy Committee was appointed in April 1944 to consider the needs of higher technological education in England and Wales.The Act of 1944 had provided the framework and it was the duty of the Committee to show how the development ofthat education could be systematically planned. . . . In planning technological development the Committee had to study the best way of linking up technical education with industry and with the universities so that out of the Percy Report we are to have a tripartite Committee as it were working nationally and locally to improve technological training. Among the recommendations of the Percy Committee are two concerned with the regional organisation of further education-the establishment of regional councils for further education and the establishment of regional academic boards for higher technology.We sent out a circular No. 87 on 20th February 1946 which represents the first move towards the establishment of this national system of r6gional organbation and as soon as these regional councils are set up we shall establish the National Council for Technology for co-ordinating the work of the regions and ensuring that a compre- hensive national view is taken and provision made. The chief functions of these bodies will be to link up local education authorities with the universities and equally important to link up education with industry. In this way we shall ensure developments to meet the needs of industrial personnel. A third important recommendation of the Report is the desirability of improving the status of major technical colleges.Again a circular has been prepared which proposes to encourage local education authorities to establish strong governing bodies representative of industry and of the authorities and the Minister is proposing to ask local education authorities to give considerable executive freedorh to those governing bodies. In this circular appears the first reference to national colleges another recommendation of the Percy Committee. Discussions are taking place with the various industries for the establishment of such national colleges and one has recently been established for watch and clock making. A fourth recom- mendation . . . concerns the desirability of encouraging research. We are trying to implement this by sending out another circular [No.94 see p.1861 which was discussed with the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research and with the Federation of British Industries. The ideal is to see asquickly as possible a considerable extension of research work in technical colleges particularly research work which will be directed towards and will help local industries. The question was raised by the hon. Member who initiated the debate of the award of a degree or diploma. . . . We want the decision as to what the award shall be to be determined by the National Council when it is formed. The question of what is a liberal education or a vocational education does not enter into my philosophy. It has been a fundamental mistake of our educational system that we have allowed this cleavage to develop at all.It seems that we shalI never get the right outlook on what is called the modern secondary school and the technical secondary school as types distinct from selected grammar school education until we get out of our minds the suggestion that because one is doing something useful one is doing something meaner than someone who has had a so-called platonic liberal education. I feel that the problem raised so often this afternoon about technical education ought to be extended to what up tiU now,are the three types of secondary education t 1931 suggested in the pamphIet referred to by the hon. Member for Aberavon (Mr,Cove) not so long ago. If we accepted the assumption in this circular that the provision of technical education accommodation for the country is to be about 10 per cent.of the normal age group we should have to find places for 53,000 pupils and for five years for some 265,000 pupils approximately eight times the present provision. In my opinion that is not enough. I think that there will come a time when we shall have to develop our technical colleges and institutions to such an extent that we are prepared to provide for a much bigger percentage of the school population. We know particularly during the last eighteen months indeed during the war that the demand for technological training and technical training has increased out of all knowledge. I cannot give the overall figure this afternoon but as an indication of the kind of increase that has already taken place I would like to refer to the training courses for those entering the building industry.These courses provide some illuminating figures of the demand for technical training that we have had in the last eighteen months. Before the war there were some 500 pupils in the aggregate for this specialised training; now we have 11,000 in the so-called secondary technical schools being trained at the present time. University Education (Govern me nt Assistance).-MR. WHITELEY,PARLIAMENTARY SECRETARYTO THE TREASURY, in the course of an adjournment debate on 12th April:-The position at the present time is that the financial provisions for the Universities are voted as a Grant in Aid and this is paid into a deposit account and left entirely to the discretion of the University Grants Committee.During the war there has been an annual grant of ~2,140,000,but on 13th February last the right hon. Gentleman the Member €or the Scottish Universities (Sir J. Anderson) increased the sum available for recurrent grants to ,@,650,000. As regards capita1 development he himself accepted the estimate of the University Grants Committee and the Inter-Departmental Com- mittee on Medical Schools. These estimates amounted to i28,750,000 at pre-war prices. He recognised that a very substantial proportion of the money for capital development would have to be provided by the Exchequer but as the war was then still in progress only L250,OOO was provided for capital grants in 1945. The total provided in 1945 was thus &5,900,000. On 21st February this year my right hon.Friend the ChancelIor announced that the sum to be provided for 1946 would be L9,450,000 [including) provision for capital grants &500,000. We are bound to develop a system where there will be more calls on the universities in the future because no one in these days will be anxious to reduce the number of students or even to get back to pre-war figures. It is in the minds of everybody that the figures should go well beyond those of pre-war days and increase the university population to a considerable extent. Here again one encounters the same difficdties as exist in other directions. Professors and lecturers are required and there is a shortage of them. Until university accommodation is increased and probably until our review is made of how we are to spread our university population in the future and obtain the necessary manpower to deal with the students who will come along from time to time these difficulties will continue.It is one of those things that must be considered at the earliest moment if we are to do what we have set out to do for the young popula- tion of this country. Veterinary Education (Government Proposals).-MR. T. WILLIAMS,MINISTER OF AGRICULTURE, in reply to Mr. S. Hudson on 1st April:-The Government welcome in principle the recommendations made by the Loveday Committee on Veterinary Education in Great Britain and by the Chancellor Committee on Veterinary Practice by Unregistered Persons on some of which discussions have taken place with interested bodies. Accordingly it is intended as soon as practicable to introduce legislation- (a) empowering the Privy Council after consultation with the Minister of Agn-culture and Fisheries or the Secretary of State for Scotland (asthe case may be) and with the Council of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons to authorise a university to confer degrees which shall entitle the holders to registration with the R.C.V.S.as veterinary surgeons; (b) providing for the reconstitution of the Council of the K.C.V.S. broadly on the lines proposed by the Loveday Committee; (c) providing for that Council to exercise agreed powers of inspection of teaching facilities and examinations at all veterinary teaching centres; and (d) dealing with the subject of veterinary practice by unregistered persons on the general lines yrcposed by the Chancellor Committee.1he Loveday Committee also recommended greatly improved veterinary educa- ticnal facilities involving considerable capital expenditure and additional annual expenditure. The Government recognise the need for such improved facilities and will be prepared to provide substantially increased financial assistance to veterinary education. L 1941 BOOKS AND THEIR CONTENTS Organic Qualitative Microanalysis. F. Schneider. Pp. 218. (London Chapman tv Hall Ltd.; New York John Wiley & Sons Inc. 1946.) 21s. Introduction. General methods; preparation of the sample; elementary analysis; determination of physical constants; determination of solubility; compounds of Order I; compounds of Order 11; compounds of the Higher Orders.List of apparatus. Index. Qualitative Organic Analysis A Laboratory Manual of. H. T. Openshaw. Pp. 96. (Cambridge University Press 1946.) 6s. Preface. Introduction. Suggested procedure; standard text-books and reference works; explanation of tables; preparation of derivatives (weneral) ; aromatic hydro- carbons ethers and halides; alkyl halides; alcohols; siphatic ethers; phenols; aldehydes and ketones; quinones; carbohydrates and glucosides; carboxylic acids; esters ; hydroxy-acids ; carbonic acid derivatives ; amines and amino-acids; aromatic nitro-compounds; sulphonic azids and related compounds; preparation of special reagents. Index. Chromatography An lntroduction to.Trevor I. Williams. Pp. 100. (London: Blackie & Son Ltd. 1946.) 10s. Preface. The principles of chromatography; chromatographic methods adsorbents solvents and eluents; further applications of chromatography; the chromatography of colourless substances; the chromatography of inorganic substances; partition chromatography; examples of the use of chromatography; theoretical considerations. Bibliography. Index. Currents in Biochemical Research. Thirty-one essays charting the present course of Biochemical Research and considering the intimate relationship of biochemistry to medicine agriculture and social problems. Edited by D. E. Green. Pp. 486. (Inter-science Publishers Inc. New York 1946.) $5.00. The gene and biochemistry; viruses; photosynthesis and the production of organic matter on earth; the bacterial cell; the nutrition and biochemistry of plants; biological significance of vitamins; some aspects of vitamin research; quantitative analysis in biochemistry; enzymic hydrolysis and synthesis of peptide bonds; metabolic process patterns; biochemistry from the standpoint of enzymes; enzymic mechanics of carbon dioxide assimilation; hormones; fundamentals of oxidation and reduction; mesomeric concepts in the biological sciences; viscometry in biochemical investigations; isotope technique in the study of intermediary metabolism; mucolytic enzymes; some aspects of intermediary mctabolism; the steroid hormones; plant hormones and the analysis of growth; chemical mechanism of nervous action; some aspects of biochemical antagonism; chemotherapy applied cytochemistry ; biochemical aspects of pharmacology; some biochemical problems posed by a disease of muscle; physiology and biochemistry; X-ray diffraction and the study of fibrous proteins; immunochernistry ; social aspects of nutrition; organisation and support of science in the United States.Retort-House Technical Control [in Coal Gas Manufacture]. A. R. Myhill. Pp. 126. (London Walter King Ltd. 1946.) 12s. 6d. Systems of Carbonization Introductory; static systems; continuous systems; continuous-intermittent systems; the influence of the carbonizing system on the carbonization of different kinds of coal. The Choice of a Carbonizing System. The Maintenance and Influence of Operating Conditions the maintenance of carbonizing temperatures; the effects of temperature of carbonization on working results; steaming conditions; the influence of the type of coal carbonized; the intluence of pressure and “Pull” conditions in the retorts Refractory Materials factors to be considered in making a selection; properties of refractory materials; standard specifications.Systematic Chemical and Technical Control of Retort-House Practice routine maintenance tests and observations; gas analysis as a means of tracing carbonizing troubles. Tests on Plant Performance. References. Index. Endeavour. No. 19 of Volume V published in July contains an editorial on “Education for Science” and articles on:-“Migration of Vertebrate Animals,” by Professor J.Gray C.B.E.,M.C.,F.R.S.; “The Imperial College of Science and Technology,” by Dr. H.J. T. Ellingham; “Coral Reefs,” by Professor T. A. Stephenson; ”The Present Position of Theoretical Physics,” by Professor N. F. Mott F.R.S.; “Moulds and Tropical Warfare,” by Mr. George Smith; “Whales and Whaling,” by Dr. L. Harrison Matthews. SATYENDRA died on 30th August 1945 in his 43rd year. NATHCHARRAVARTI He entered Cannihg College Lucknow in 1919 and obtained the M.9. degree of the University of Lucknow in 1926. In the following year he was selected as a State Scholar and studied under the late Professor W. H. Perkin at Oxford where he was awarded the degree of D.Phi1. He returned to India in 1929 and was appointed Professor and Head of the Department of Chemistry at the Annamalai University becoming Vice-Chancellor in 1935.In 1936 he was appointed Chemical Examiner and Government Analyst to the Governments of the United and Central Provinces. He was the author of many papers some jointly with Professor Perkin which were published in The Journal of the Chemical Society and others which appeared in various Indian journals. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1938. WILLIAM died on 26th July 1945 in his 37th year. ROBERTDRACASS Educated at Boston Grammar School (Lincolnshire) he proceeded to King’s College London in 1927 graduating B.Sc.in 1930. He continued his studies at the Sir John Cass Technical Institute and obtained the M.Sc. degree in 1936. In 1931 he had entered the laboratory of the late Mr.Edward Hinks Public Analyst where he remained until 1940 when he was appointed to a post in the Analytical Laboratories of Messrs. Burroughs Wellcome & Co. In 1944 he became Senior Assistant to Dr. H. E. Cox, and in the present year accepted an appointment with Allied Suppliers Ltd. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1935 passed the Examination for the Fellowship in Branch E the Chemistry of Food and Drugs in 1937 and was elected a Fellow in 1938. JOHN ADDYMANGARDNERdied on 13th May 1946 in his 79th year. He was elected to an open scholarship at Magdalen College Oxford in 1886 and graduated with first-class honours in the Final School of Natural Sciences in 1889. In 1900 he proceeded to the University of Heidelberg but returned to Oxford in 1901 as Assistant Demonstrator.Two years later he was appointed Lecturer in Chemistry at St. Georee’s Hospital and held this post until shortly before his death. He was for some time Reader in physiological chemistry in the University of London and Lecturer in organic chemistry at the London School of Medicine for Women. He also conducted biochemical research at the Waller Physiological Laboratory and later at the Imperial Institute. In 1911 in association with Professor R. H. A. Plimmer, he founded the Biochemical Society and remained its treasurer for more than 23 years, His researches covered a wide field and included the origin and destiny of cholesterol in the animal organism chloroform anaesthesia and the chemical constitution of some of the terpenes.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1895. ALFREDIVOR JEFFERY died on 21st April 1946 in his 40th year. Educated at Devonprt High School he entered the University College of the South-West at Exeter in 1924 and graduated With honours in chemistry in 1927. From 1928 to 1933 he was engaged as a Science Teacher under the Plymouth Education Authority and thereafter in a similar capacity under the Surrey County Council. He volunteered for service with H.M. Forces early in the war and in 1940 was granted a commission in the Royal Army Ordnance Corps in which he attained the rank of c 196 1 Captain. After a period of service in India he returned to England and died of typhoid fever a month after demobilisation. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1930.BERTRAND JOHNSON died on 4th August 1940 in his 40th year. REAVELEY He was educated at the City of London School and proceeded to Finsbury Technical College obtaining the Diploma of Associateship of the College (A.C.G.F.C.) in 1922. In 1923 he became Assistant to Mr. Harley F. Knight Consulting and Analytical Chemist with whom lie remained for five years latterly as partner in the practice of Messrs. Knight and Chapman. In 1928 he was appointed Research Chemist to the Woodall-Duckham Vertical Retort and Oven Construction Co. (1920) Ltd. a position he held at the time of his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1923. JOHN FRANCIS died on 23rd March 1940,in his 83rd year. LIVERSEEGE He received his scientific training at University College Nottingham from 1881 to 1885 and at Mason College (now the University) Birmingham from 1880 to 1888, having passed the qualifying examination as a Pharmaceutical Chemist in 1886-In 1885 he became Assistant in the Laboratory of the City Analyst to the Corporation of Birmingham succeeding to the appointment of City Analyst in 1902 from which he retired in 1929.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1889 and a Fellow in 1892. RICHARD EDWINPIKEwas killed in an aeroplane accident in June 1940 at the age of 44. Educated at the Municipal Secondary School Brighton he became Junior Assistant to Dr. S. Judd Lewis in 1920,while takingcourses at the Sir JohnCassTechnical Institute. In 1923 he entered the Royal College of Science passing tne examination for the B.Sc., and the Associateship of the College with first-class honours in 1925.He then returned to Dr. Judd Lewis’s laboratory as Senior Assistant but in 1929 took an appointment with Messrs. Thomas Illingworth & Co. Ltd. Subsequently he was transferred to the works of Ilford Ltd. in London and at Mobberley Cheshire. In 1937 he was appointed Assistant to the Managing Director and Chemist to Nuro Ltd.,Biggleswade. In 1939 he became a Chemist in the Department of the War Department Chemist (afterwards Chemical Inspection Department Ministry of Supply) at Woolwich serving from 1943 as Chemist in Charge of the Laboratories at R.O.F. No. 1. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1928 and a Fellow in 1945.ROBERTPIERCEROBERTS died on 12th July in his 66th year. Following a general education at Alun County School Mold N. Wales,and courses extending over four years at University College Bangor he graduated B.Sc. with first-class honours in 1912 and obtained the M.Sc. degree in 1920 for research on explosives manufacture conducted during the war. From 1913 to 1918he was engaged as Process Chemist with Kynoch-Arklow Ltd. (now Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd.) where he was in charge of the works laboratory controlling tests and analyses. In 1918 he became Research Chemist to H.M.Factory Oldbury and later in that year Process Chemist with Messrs. A. Boake Roberts & Co. In 1919 he transferred to British Celanese Ltd. at Derby as Research Chemist.The rest of his life was devoted to research work on various aspects of the development manufacture and applications of cellulose acetate yarns and various other of this Company’s products and his name was associated with numerous patents taken out by the Company. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1918 and a Fellow in 1944. JOHN EDWARD SAULdied on 15th July 1946 in his 86th year. He studied in the Royal Institution Laboratory Liverpool the Liverpool Chemists’ Association’s School Oxford Street and the Central School of Chemistry London becoming a member of the Pharmaceutical Society and qualifying as Ph.C. in 1884. In the following year he was awarded the Pereira Medal of the Pharmaceutical Society. In 1884 he became Head of the Laboratories of Messrs.Savory & Moore Ltd. and was associated with the work of this company throughout the rest of his active life latterly as a Director. He was for many years an examiner for the Pharmaceutical Society and contributed papers to the Journd of the Society. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888. [ 197 3 EDGARFRANCIS SMITHdied on 16th July 1946 in his 84th year. He received his eariy training at The rclytechnic Regent Street and under the late H. S. Carpnter F.I.C. For four years he was Assistant to the late Dr. C. Meymott Tidy in tke Iakcratory of London HosritaI am1 tkercafter spent 14 years as Chief Chcmical Assistant to Sir W-ilIiam Crookes Sir James Dewar and Dr. William Odling. He then entercd the service of the Cambridge Water Company as Analyst holding the position for 22 years before becoming engaged in statistical and clerical work at the United River Plate Telephone Co.Ltd. In 1917 he was appointed Chemist at the Royal Arsenal Woolwich a position which he held unti1 his retirement. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1919. FRANCIS HENRY TRIM died on 26th April 1946 in his 60th year. Educated at St. George Science School Bristol he studied at University College Bristol frcm I905 to 1908. He held positions as Science.Master in various secondary schools in the period 1909 to 1916 devoting himself mainly to the teaching of chemistry. In 1916 he became Senior Assistant in the laboratory of Messrs. Riley Harbord & Law consulting metallurgists and chemists and in 1919 was appointed Senior Analyst at the Erith Oil Works where he was in charge of the general laboratory and of process control.In 1925 he entered the service of the London County Council as a Science Master and became a part-time Lecturer at the Sir John Cass Technical Institute specialising in inorganic chemistry. In the same year he commenced a course at Bst-tersea Polytechnic and graduated B.Sc. with first class honours in Chemistry in 1927. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1931. KAPILRAM VAKIL died in January 1946 in Bombay at the age of 61. HARDEVRAM He received his early scientific training at the University of Bombay graduating B.A. in chemistry and physics. From 1909 to 1911 he studied at the School of Tech- nology Manchester where he obtained the degree of M.Sc.Tech.and also took the City and Guilds of London Institute examinations in dyeing and in oils fats and waxes. During the period at Manchester he was engaged in research on dyestuffs under Pro-fessor A. G. Green. In January 1918 he took up a full-time appointment as chief consulting chemist to Messrs. Tata & Sons Ltd. in Bombay with which company he spent the rest of his active life. His experience covered research development and plant design in such varied fields as textiles iron and steel hydro-electric power oil mills wood-distillation and mineral resources. He was elected a member of the Institution of ChemicaI Engineers in 1924 and was concerned with the setting up of a number of chemical plants in India.He published many reports on processes on behalf of the Tata Companies and his name was associated with several patents relating to these processes. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1917 and a Fellow in 1922. ARTHURWRAIGHT ERNEST died on 25th August 1946 in his 78th year. Educated at St. Olave’s School Southwark he proceeded to the Royal School of Mines in 1899 and obtained the A.K.S.M. diploma in 1902 the Edward Matthey Prize for original research in 1903 and Carnegie Scholarships in 1905-07. From 1902 to 1913 he was Demonstrator and Lecturer at the School but on the outbreak of war in 1914 he became Acting Paymaster (RE.) and later Supervising Paymaster (R.D.C.) at the War Office. In 1916 he was appointed Assistant Inspector and in 1917 Inspector of Iron and Steel and Non-ferrous Metals in the Aeronautical Inspection Department.In 1918 he joined the Royal Air Force as Inspector with the rank of Captain and served until 1920 when he was appointed Chemist Metallurgist and Engineer to the “ Shell Contract ” Syndicate. In the following year he went into practice as a con- sulting metallurgist but in 1925 he was appointed Metallurgical Inspector to the Govern- ment of India and from 1934 he was Collector of Excise for that Government. For his work in India he was awarded the C.I.E. in 1934. On his retirement in 1937 he returned to England and acted as Technical Editor to the Mining Jour~al,to which he had already made numerous contributions. He was the author of Assaying in Theory and Practice,” and of a number of papers on metallurgical subjects.He had been for many years a member of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1924. THE REGISTER New Fellows Mumford Leonard Sidney BSc. (Lond.). Ubbelohde Alfred Rene John Paul M.A. D.%. (Oxon.). Associates elected to the Fellowship Anderson Frank William BSc. (Lond.). Arnold James Eric B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.). Ashworth David Richmond B. A. B.Sc. D-Phil. (Oxon.). Barnes Harold B.A. BSc. (Oxon.), B.Sc. (Lond.). Beeching Ethel Irene M.Sc. (Lond.). Chalmers William Hannah BSc. (Glas.). Connolly Joseph Michael B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.) . Daly Arthur John B.Sc. (Lond.). Garrett Frank Sperink B.Sc.(Birm.). Gordon Joseph. Gregory Raeburn Arthur BSc. Ph.D. (Lond.) A.M.1.Chem.E. Hariharaiyer Chittur Ramaswamy Iyer M.A. (Madras). Harvey Ernest Alfred M.Sc. (Lond.). Jarrett Wilfred Thomas B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. Mahant Sampuran Das M.Sc. Ph.D. (Punjab). Miller Douglas Churchill BSc. (Edin.). Morgan Richard Harold M.Sc. (Wales). Murti Polapragada Bhaskara Rama, D.Sc. (Andhra.). Pepper William Patrick M.Sc. (Liv.). Pollitt Raymond John Michael B.Sc. (Lond.). Pritchard Cecilia Frances B.Sc. (Lond.). Rangana than Venkataraman M .A., B.Sc. (Annamalai) Ph.D. (Bombay). Simpson Thomas Murray MA. M.Sc. (Cape Town). Smith James Herbert Francis MSc. (Lond.). Stephenson Arthur Dennis. Stockdale David M.A. Ph.D. Sc.D. (Cantab.).Venkata Ramanayya Somayajula B.A. MSc. (Andhra). Warne Harry M.Sc.Tech (Manc.). Whitfield George William B.Sc. (Lond.). Williams Emlyn B.Sc. Ph.D. (Wales). Wood Harry Sandiford. Wootton Charles Eric B.Sc. (Birm.). New Associates Baker George Aubrey BSc. (Manc.). Bending Betty Doreen B.Sc. (Wales). Birchenough Michael John B.Sc. (Lond.). Blacklock John Kenneth B.Sc. (Dunelm). Bolsover Kenneth. Burnett George Murray B.Sc. (Aberd.). Burton John James BSc. (Lond.). Carter Austin George BSc. Ph.D. (Bns.). Chakravorti Sunilkumar M.Sc. (Calcutta). Cotton. Joseph Bernard. Critchlow John B.Sc. (Manc.). Das Dharma Brata M.Sc. (Dacca). Dickens Geoffrey Arthur B.Sc. (Dunelm). Donaldson William John M.A. BSc. Ph.D. (Glas.).Doyle William Patrick B.Sc. (N.U.I.). Drinkwater William Edwin. Farthing Alan Charles B.Sc. (Oxon.). Franklin Charles Ronald B.Sc. (Wales). Gailor John William B.Sc. (Lond.). Garner John. Gerrard William Fred. Goulden Ralph. Hart Stanley James. Hesketh Raymond B.Sc. (Liv.). Hook William BSc. Ph.D. (Dunelm). Ibison Austin. Jagannathan Rangaswami M.A. B.Sc. (Madras). James John Brian Campbell M.A. (Cantab.). Johannesson John Ker M.Sc. (New Zealand). Krishnamurthy Peddibhotla Venkata B.A. (Madras) M.Sc. (Benares). Lawrence Edwin Charles Higgins B.Sc. (Lond.) A. R.C.S. Lee Jeffrey BSc. (Manc.). Lesar Dennis BSc. (Cape Town). MacLean Alexander Cockburn B-Sc. (Glas.) A.R.T.C. MacMillan John R.Sc. (Glas.). Majmudar Ranjit Nanubhai B.Sc.Ph.D. (Bombay). McGeoch Sarah Neilson B.Sc. (Glas.). Muir John B.Sc. (Glas.). Narayanaswamy Krishnaswamy M. A. BSc. (Annamalai). Noaks Charles Cecil. Ongley Patrick Augustine R.A. M.Sc. (N.Z.). Osborn George Howard. Parker Richard Eric. Payne Eustace Francis B.Sc. (Lond.). Peel William B.Sc. (Dunelm). Saner Jacques Reginald BSc. (S.A.). Selvaratnam Thillyampalam B.Sc. (Lond.). Shahane Rajaram Yashwant M.Sc. (Bombay). Sheehan Sean B.E. B.Sc.(N.U.I.). Sheldrake Leslie George Dixon B.Sc. (Lond.) A.M.1.Chem.E. 1.1991 Smith Frank Edward. Struthers-Semple Emily BSc. (Glas.) . Tamari Max,Ph-D. (Koenigsberg). Taylor John Barrow B.Sc. (Leeds). Walter James' B-Sco (Land')* Tong Samuel Travis Trower James.Turpin Wilfred Surtees B.Sc.(Lond.). Walker Thomas Harley Crane BSc. Ward Gdward Raymond I3.s~. (LOnd.). Watson William Ferguson B.Sc. (Abed.). Watt James Alastair Crichton B&. (Glas.). Webb George Henry B.Sc. (Lond.). Wells Colin Durant B.Sc (hnd.). Wood Geoffrey Arthur B-Sc. (Land.), A.R.C.S. (Land.). Alven Carl Eric. Baldwin Brian George. Barber Barry Clayton. Barber Edward Alan. Barnes Stanley Felton. Black Duncan Alexander. Brigstock Stewart William. Briston John Herbert. Burrows Norman. Charles Malcolm John. Clear Maureen Margaret. Clegg Tom. Clulow Roland Shillington. Cooper Robert Henry. Cornish Frank William. Creaser Leonard Francis. Re-elected Associate Logan William B.Sc.(Glas.). New Students Graham Stanley. Hartley John Ellis. Hodges Eric. Holbrook Allan. Johnstone James. Kear Robert William. Lawrence Derek Robert. Lewis Gerald Francis. Mch'inney William Peter. Moss Bernard. Moxley Geoffrey Owen. Munro Frank James Lucien. Parker Harry Lionel. Partridge John Alexander. Patterson Doreen. Pickles Arnold. Reilly Desmond Alan. Southern Charles William. Spickett Robert Geoffrey William. Spiring James Christopher. Tatham Neville. Tomlinson John Baxter. Van Sickle Stanley Harold. Vernon Kenneth Stanley. Waddington Joseph Ian. Davis Edward Francis Filby. Donegan Laurence Gerard. Dooley Thomas. Dmce Edward. Ellis,William. Evans Frank Norman.Fielding Peter Derek. Findley George Alec. Gleed Kenneth Edward. Re-registered Student Jackson Alistair Frederick McKenzie. -~ DEATHS Fellows Satyendra Nath Chakravarti M.Sc. (Luck-Robert Pierce Roberts M.Sc. (Wales). now) D.Phil. (Oxon.) D.Sc.(Oxon.). John Edward Saul. William Robert Dracass M.Sc. (hnd.). Ernest Alfred Wraight C.I.E.. A.R.S.M. Richard Edwin Pike B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. Associates Bertrand Heaveley Johnson A.C.G.F.C. Edgar Francis Smith. ADDRESSES REQUIRED Adam Hector Robert. Bardsley Joshua. Bird Thomas Reid. Gray Archibald. Fellows Hogben Walter. Mehta Miss Maneck Merwanji. Shimwell John Lester. Warren Bertram William John. [Z001 Associates Angus George Easley. Kutchings Kaymond George.Babb Alfred Thomas Symonds. Jack John Alexander. Banerjee Dasarathi. Jones Osman John. Baxter James. Laing Thomas Edward. Berry,Robert Gordon. Lawrence Harry. Brine John Alfred. MacDonald James Olaf Sidney Ilich. Browne Thomas Ethelred Wilby. Mansfield Benjamin Lewis. Chamberlain George Humfrey Neville. Melvin John Stannislau Chisholm Archibald Little. Minchin Sidney Thomas. Christian,John. Nelson Eric. Collins,Alfred Drew Paver Harold. Crossingham John Harold. fodmore Henry Leveson. Dowson Norman Francis. Raybould Ralph Douglas. Duck Albert Edward. Roberts Denys Thomas. Elston Eric Stanley James. Rodnight Eric Wakelin. Farmer Walter. Savage Jack Palmer. Franklin Mervyn Clarence. Seth Ralla Ram. Gasson Edward James.Shackleton Fred. Goodway Norman Frederick. Shanker Jagdish. Grayson Harold John. Sleight Bernard. Hall John Graham. Thewlis Basil Hugh. Hamilton George Nairne Gordon. Town Bernard William. Harris Bernard. Walker. John Henry. Hepworth James Alwyn. Walters David Henry. Hills Oswald Marchant. Wilkinson Alexander Graham. Howard John Leslie. IVorsdale Jack. I946 COMING EVENTS Sept. OF METALS:Autumn Meeting for the presentation and discussion 10 and 11 INSTITUTE of original papers. At the Institution of Civil Engineers Great George Street London S.W.1 commencing at 2.30 p.m. on 10th September. 11 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) “Science as a Career.” Dr. A. M.Ward in the Small Assembly Hall Town Hall Luton at 6.30p.m.An Exhibition of Films on Chemical Subjects will follow. BRITISHASSOCIATIONOF CHEMISTS(London Section) “The Factory Acts as they affect Chemists.” Mr. J. S. Evans at Gas Industry House 1 Grosvenor Place London S.W.1 at 7 p-m. OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY 17 SOCIETY (Manchester Section) “ Chemical Engineering in the United States,” Mr. W. L. Badger at the Engineers’ Club 17 Albert Square Manchester at 6.30 p.m. 21 THEINSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) Social Dance (in aid of the Benevolent Fund) ,in The Oak Restaurant Slaters Ltd . 18 Kensington High Street London W.8 from 7 to 11 p.m. NUTRITION SOCIETY:Thirty-sixth scientific meeting at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Keppel Street London W.C.2. 24 to 26 FARADAY General Discussion on “Swelling and Shrinking,” opening SOCIETY at 2p.m.on 24th September at the Royal Institution Albemarle Street London W.l. Annual General Meeting of the Society at 9.46 a.m. on 26th September. 27 THEINSTITUTE (Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands Section) ‘‘ British Xnti-Lewisite.” Dr. L. A. Stocken in the New General 1,ecture Theatre University of Sheffield at 2.30 p.m. 30 THEINSFTUTE (Belfast and District Section) “The Manufacture of Pulp and Paper by Mr. P. Faichney. [ 201 1 I946 Oct. 2 THE INSTITUTE (Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast Section) jointly with the Newcastle upon Tpe Section of the Society of Chemical Industry Chemical Metallurgy.” Dr. H. J. T. Ellingham in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre King’s College Newcastle upon Tyne at 6.30 p,m.3 CHEMICALSOCIETY:Meeting for the reading of original papers at Burlington House Piccadilly London W.l at 7.30 p.m. PHYSICAL (Colour Group) “The Recognition of Coloured Light Signals SOCIETY which are near the Limit of Visibility,” “The Measurement of the Chromatic and Achromatic Thresholds of Coloured Point Sources against a White Back- ground.” Mr. N. E. G. Hill in the Lecture Hall of the Lighting Service Bureau Electric Lamp Manufacturers’ Association 2 Savoy Hill London W.C.2 at 3 p.m. 7 SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (London Section) :Chairman’s Address on “Chem- ical Research and Corrosion Control.” Dr. W. H. J. Vernon O.B.E. at the Chemical Society’s Rooms Burlington House Piccadilly London W.1. 8 INSTITUTE OF FUEL:Melchett Lecture by Sir James Chadwick F.R.S. at the Central Hall Westminster at 6 p.m. 8 9 MINISTRY OF FUELAND POWER.Conference on “Fuel and Power,” organised & 10 by the Ministry of Fuel and Power Fuel Efficiency Committee at the Central Hall Westminster London S.W.l; opening session 10.30 a.m. on 8th October. 10 THEINSTITUTE (Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section) jointly with the Chemical Society and the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry lecture by Dr. J. P. Baxter at the North British Station Hotel at 7.30p.m. 11 THE INSTITUTE (Cardiff and District Section) jointly with the Physical Methods Group ofthe Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists and with South Wales Section of the Society of Chemical Industry.Three papers on Electrometric Analysis.” Mr.A. D. E. Laughlan Mr.R. J. Carterand Dr.D. P. Evans at University College Cathays Park Cardiff at 6.30p.m. CHEMICALSOCIETY: Meeting for the reading of original papers in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre King’s College Newcastle upon Tyne. 16 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) Discussion on “The Publicity of Science by Radio,” to be opened by Dr. W. E. van Heyningen in the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Keppel Street London W.C.1 at 6.30 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast Section) jointly with the Newcastle upon Tyne Section of the Society of Chemical Industry “ Problems in the Concentration of Various Small Size Minerals.” Lt.-Col.A. Wedgwood O.B.E. in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre King’s College Newcastle upon Tyne at 6.30 p.m. SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Agriculture Group) :“An Experiment in Farming the Sea.” Dr. F. Gross in the Physical Chemistry Lecture Theatre Royal College of Science Imperial Institute Road London S.W.7 at 2.30 p.m. 17 THEINSTITUTE (Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands Section) jointly with the Chemical Society and the Sheffield Metallurgical Association Lectures by Professo J. Heyrovsky in the New General Lectur:lTheatre University of Sheffield. Principles of Polarography,” at 2.30 p.m.; Application of Polaro-graphic Analysis,” at 6 p.m. CHEMICAL Meeting for the reading of original papers at Burlington House SOCIETY Piccadilly London W.l at 7.30p.m.CHEMICAL SOCIETY jointly with the Portsmouth and District Chemical Society: “Chemical Aspects of Work on Atomic Fission.” Dr. H.S. Emeldus F.R.S. at the Municipal College Portsmouth at 7 p.m. 21 THEINSTITUTE, jointly withAhe Chemical Society the Society of Chemical Industry and Bureau of Abstracts A New Notation for Organic Chemistry.” Dr. G.M. Dyson at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Keppel Street London W.C.1 at 6 p.m. (See also p. 206.) [ 202 1 I946 Oct. 23 IRISHCHEMICALAssocr.~~rox Presidential Address “ Anti-tubercular Com-pounds.” Dr. V. C. Barry in the Chemical Department of Trinity College. Dublin at 7.30 p.m. 24 THE INSTITUTE (Manchester and District Section) jointly with the Chemical Society and the Manchester University Chemical Society “The Chemistry of Penicillin.” Professor Wilson Baker F.R.S.in the Chemistry Department of the University at 7.30 p.m. THEINSTITUTE (Tees-Side Section) “ Science in the Ministry of Food during the War.” Sir Jack Drummond F.R.S. CHEMICAL SOCIETY,jointly with the University of Sheffield Chemical Society “A Synthetic Approach to the Nucleotides.” Professor A. R. Todd F.R.S. in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre University of Sheffield at 6.30p.m. 24 NATIONAL SMOKE ABATEMENTSOCIETY Annual Conference at Rrighton. to Programme obtainable from the General Secretary of the Society at Chandos 26 House Buckingham Gate London S.W.1. 26 CHEMICAL jointly with the Alchemists’ Club and the Andersonian Chemical SOCIETY Society “Evidence concerning the Mode of Action of Vitamins.” Professor R.A. Morton at the Royal Technical College Glasgow at 3.45 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (GlT,gow and West of Scotland Section) “Electrolysis as an Industrial Process by Dr. H. J. T. Ellingham. 26 THEINSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) “Water Supplies.” Professor H. L. Hawkins F.R.S. will speak on the Geology of Water Supplies Mr.W. Gordon Carey on the Chemistry and Bacteriology of Water Supplies; in the Letters Lecture Theatre The University Reading at 2.30 p.m. 29 THEINSTITUTE (Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section) jointly with the Chemical Society the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry and the Edinburgh University Chemical Society “Some Observations on Biological Oxidation and Reduction.” Dr.D. J. Bell in the Biochemistry Lecture Theatre University of Edinburgh Teviot Place at 7 p.m. 3@ THEINSTITUTE (Belfast and District Section) Visit to the Observatory Arrnagh. Address by Mr. E. M.Lindsay. THE INSTITUTE (Cardiff and District Section) jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry “The Government Laboratory.” Dr. G. M.Bennett at the Technical College Newport at 6.45 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) Discussion on “Students and the Royal Institute of Chemistry,” to be opened by Mr. A. L. Bacharach in the Chemical Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.l at 7 p.m. NoV. 1 CHEMICAL SOCIETY jointly with the University of Swansea Chemical Society “Homolytic Processes.” Professor D.H. Hey at University College Swansea at 6 p.m. 4 SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (London Section) jointly with the Institute of Fuel “The Operation and Development of the Fischer-Tropsch and Related Processes in Germany.’’ Dr. C. C. Hall at the Institution of Electrical Engineers Savoy Place London W.C.2. c CHEMICALSOCIETY:Discussion on ”Nitration,” arranged by Dr. G. M. Bennett at Burlington House Piccadilly London W.l at 7.30 p.m. 15 The Institute Special General Meeting (see p. 205) at the Rooms of the Geological Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.l at 5.30 p.m. followed at 6 p.m. (or later if necessary) by the Twenty-ninth Streatfeild Memorial Lecture “The Chemist as Information Offker,” by Dr.J. C. Withers. 18 SOCIETY INDUSTRY (London Section) Jubilee Memorial Lecture OF CHZCMICAL “British Chemical Publications.” Mr. F. P. Dunn at the Royal Institution Albemarle Street London,W. 1. [ 203 1 1946 Nov. 19 SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Agriculture Group) “Post-War Barley Prob- lems.” Dr. L. R. Bishop in the Physical Chemistry Lecture Theatre,Royal College of Science Imperial Institute Road London S.W.7,at 2.30 p.m. 20 THEINSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) Annual General Meeting at 6.30 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Dublin and District Section) Biochemical Micro-techniques.” I‘ Dr. T. G. Brady in the Chemical Department of University College Dublin at 7.30 p.m.21 CHEMICAL Reading of original papers at Burlington House Piccadilly SOCIETY London W.1 at 7.30 p.m 24 THEINSTITUTE (Leeds Area Section) Meeting to commemorate the Silver Jubilee of the foundation of the Section. Reception in the afternoon. OF PUBLIC AND OTHERANALYTICAL Annual General 26 SOCIETY ANALYSTS CHEMISTS Meeting at 6 p.m. Papers on Polarographic Analysis by Mr. J. T. Stock, Mr. Airey and Dr. C. J. 0. R. Morris at 6.30 p.m. In the Rooms of the Chemical Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.1. 27 and 28 FEDERATION Two-day Conference on Exports, OF BRITISHINDUSTRIES. at the Central Hall Westminster. Sir Stafford Cripps (President of the Board of Trade) will speak at the first session. 29 THEINSTITUTE (Belfast and District Section) Annual Dinner at the Royal Avenue Hotel.THEINSTITUTE (Cardiff and District Section) jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry “Recent Developments in Combustion.J’ Dr. D. T. A. Townend at University College Cathays Park Cardiff. Dee. 2 SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (London Section) “ Foams and Fire-Fighting.” Dr. N. 0. Clark at the Chemical Society’s Rooms Burlington House Piccadilly London W.1. 6 CHEMICALSOCIETY Tilden Lecture “ Macromolecules Synthesised by Micro-organisms.” Professor M. Stacey at Burlington House Piccadilly London W.1 at 7.30 p.m. 11 IRISHCHEMICALASSOCIATION:Guest Lecture. Professor J. Doyle. ‘‘ Synthesis in the Leaf,” in the Chemical Department of University College Dublin at 7.30 p.m.12 THEINSTITUTE (Tees-side Section) Lecture by Dr. M. P. Appleby. 18 CHEMICAL SOCIETY:Liversidge Lecture “ Some Problems in the Separation of Isotopes.“ Professor Harold C. Urey at the Royal Institution Albemarle Street W.l at 7.30 p.m. ANNOUNCEMENTS Examinations.-An examination for the Associateship will be held in the week commencing Monday 20th January 1947 in London. Candidates who have not yet been accepted should forward their applications to be received not later than Monday 4th November 1946. No application in respect of the January examination will be considered if received later than that date. Entry forms will be sent as soon as they are ready to all candidates previously accepted and to those whose applications have been received as above.The last date for the receipt of entry forms is Monday IIth November 1946 after which no entry can be accepted. [ 204 1 A New Notation for Organic Chemistry.-Dr. G. M. Dyson has devised a new system of ciphering which enables the structure and structural relations of organic sabstances to be represented in a very concise and informative manner. This system has aroused considerable interest among those chemists with whom it has been discussed and the desire has been expressed that Dr. Dyson should be afforded an early oppor- tunity of giving an exposition of the scheme to chemists in general. It has accordingly been arranged that Dr. Dyson will deliver a lecture entitled “A New Notation for Organic Chemistry,” under the joint auspices of the Chemical Society the Royab Institute of Chemistry the Society of Chemical Industry and the Bureau of Abstracts at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Keppel Street London W.C.I,. on Monday 21st October 1946 at 6 p.m. A Special General Meeting of the Institute on 15th November 1946.-Prelirninary notice is given that a Special General Meeting of the Institute will be held in the Rooms-of the Geological Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W. I on Friday, 15th November 1946 at 5.30 p.m. for the purpose of considering the Council’sproposals for certain amendments of the By-Laws of the Institute relating to the date of the Annual General Meeting and to the time-table and conduct of events leading to the Annual General Meeting. The changes recommended will bring the latest date at which an Annual General Meeting may be held to 30th April instead of between the 1st and 15th March and will extend the time allowed for certain essential related processes so as to avoid the serious congestion of business that has occurred in recent years as a result of the growth of membership and activities of the Institute.The proposals to be submitted at this meeting refer solely to these urgent admini- strative changes and are believed to be entirely non-controversial. Formal notice of the meeting with a detailed statement of the proposed amendments will be issued at the appropriate time in accordance with By-Law 6(I) and at the same time notice will be given of a further Special General Meeting to be held on Friday 22nd November 1946 at which the resolution if passed at the earlier meeting will be submitted for confima-tion as required under Section 18 of the Charter.Streatfeild Memorial Lectu re.-The Twenty-ninth Streatfeild Memorial Lecture entitled “The Chemist as Information Officer,” will be delivered by Dr. J. C. Withers in the Rooms of the Geological Society on Friday 15th November 1946 at 6 p.m., or on the conclusion of the Special General Meeting if later (see announcement above). Henderson Memorial Lecture.-Professor Sir Ian Heilbron D.S.O. F.R.S. has accepted the Council’s invitation to deliver the First Henderson Memorial Lecture at the Royal Institution on Monday 20th January 1947 at 5.30 p.m. Further particulars and a note on the foundation of this series of memorial lectures made possible through the generosity of Dr.David Spence will appear in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part V. The Meldola Medal.-The award of this medal which is the gift of the Society of Maccabaeans has normally been made annually but has been suspended since 1941. It has now been decided that the award be resumed for 1946 and the Society of Mac- cabaeans will accordingly present the medal to the chemist who being a British subject and under 30 years of age at 31st December 1946 shows the most promise as indicated bv his or her published chemical work brought to the notice of the Council of the Royal Institute of Chemistry before 31st December 1946. The award will be decided in January 1947. No restrictions are placed upon the kind of chemical work or the place in which it is conducted.The merits of the work may be brought to the notice of the Council either by persons who desire to recommend the candidate or by the candidate himself by letter addressed to “The President Royal Instityte of Chemistry 30 Russell Square London W.C.1,” the envelope being marked Meldola Medal.” Sir Edward Frankfand Medal and Prize l946.-Registered Students are informed that the Council will be prepared to consider the award in January 1947 of a Medal and. Prize (LlO 10s.) for the best essay not exceeding 3000 words contributed by a Registered Student of not more than 22 years of age at the time of forwarding the essay. The essay may deal with any subject having a bearing on chemistry or chemical work provided that it does not deal with any purely chemical technical or historical subject.The object of the essay is to induce Students to develop a sense of professional public spirit and to devote thought to questions of professional interest and to the position of chemists in the life of the community. Essays will be valued partly for literary [ 205 3 style and technique but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein. [See the comments of one of the Assessors for the 1945 competition JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1946 111 136.) Each essay must be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the Local Section in the area of which the competitor resides (see list of Local Sections at the end of the JOURNAL) not later than 31st December 1946 and must be accompanied by a signed declaration that it is the independent work of the contributor.The Committee of each Local Section will be asked to select from those received not more than three essays considered to be worthy of the award. The selected essays will be referred to Assessors appointed by the Council on whose report the Council will decide whether and to whom an award shall be made. The award will not be made more than once to any individual com-petitor. The Medal and Prize will be presented at the next Annual General Meeting or at a meeting of the Local Section to which the successful competitor is attached. Scientific Courses.-Particulars of the following have been received:-Lectures in Chemistry at Liverpool Manchester and Widnes.-In the session 1946-47 post-graduate courses in various branches of chemistry and chemical engineering will be held at the City Technical College Byrom Street Liverpool at the College of Tech- nology Sackville Street Manchester and at the Municipal Technical College Victoria Square Widnes.Particulars may be obtained from the Principal of the institution concerned. Post-Graduate Lectures in Chemistry at the South-East Essex Technical Colkge Dagm-bum-A series of 20 post-graduate lectures has been arranged to take place on Tuesdays at 7.30 p.m. commencing on 8th October 1946. Vacancies are strictly limited and application should be made to the Clerk to the Governors. The fee will be .,@ Lectures on Fuels and Combustion at Northampon Polytechnic London.-Two series oflectures will be given weekly throughout the session dealing respectively with “Com- bustion and Furnace Practice,” on Tuesdays at 7 p.m.beginning on 8th October and with “The Occurrence Production and Properties of Solid Fuels,” on Thursdays at 7 p.m. beginning on 10th October. Admission is by personal enrolment at the office of the Northampton Polytechnic St. John Street London E.C. 1 between the hours of 10 a.m. and 7 p.m. The fee for either course is L1 Is. Oil and Colour Chemists’ Association Post-Craduate Lectures on “The Chemistvy of High PoZymers.”-The Course will consists of three lectures by Professor H. W. Melville, F.R.S.,dealing respectively with “Synthesis,” “Molecular Size”and “Molecular Struc- ture,”and will be delivered on Thursdays 3rd 10th and 17th October 1946 at 6.30 p.m., in the Lecture Theatre of The Royal Institution Albemarle Street London W.l.Admission will be by ticket price 10s. for the Course for which applications with remittances must be forwarded in advance to David E. Roe Hon. Secretary London Section c/o Atlas Preservative Co. Ltd. Fraser Road Erith Kent. ASLlB Conference.-The Association of Special Libraries and Information Bureaux is to hold its twenty-first conference at the Polytechnic Regent Street London,W.1, from12th to 16th September. The presidential address by Sir Richard Stradling will be entitled “Special Libraries in Research Organisations.” Further particulars of the conference can be obtained from ASLIB at 62 Bloomsbury Street London W.C.1.Contracts of Service.-Chemists who may be oBered appointments and who may be asked as a condition of employment to sign contracts of service are advised to scrutinise these very carefully with special regard to the terms of notice. The attention of the Institute has recently been drawn to contracts under which the employee pledges himself to stay with the employer for a period of as long as six years,whereas the employer may dismiss the employee at any time with three mouths’ notice. Such terms may be combined with a Restraint Clause governing future employment which may be liable to a much wider interpretation than appears probable on the surface. Furthermore having signed the initial contract chemists may be pressed to sign further contracts at a later date which might still further restrict their freedom.Fellows of the Institute who may be asked to advise other chemists as to the suit- ability of an offer of employment are asked to bear the above points in mind. GENERAL NOTICES (For notic85 relaling to matters of immediate imfiortance see “A~nouncements” on p. 204.) Notice to Associates-Regulations and forms of application for the Fellowship can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments or are desirous of extending their opportunities is kept at the offices of the Institute. For fuIl information,inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Li braries.-The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society Burlington House Pimadilly W.1 to the maintenance of which the Institute makes substantial con-tributions is available to Fellows Associates and Registered Students wishing to consult or borrow books from 10 a.m.to 9 p.m. on week-days (except Saturdays 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.). Books can also be borrowed by post. Books may be borrowed from the Science Library Science Museum South Kensing- ton S.W.7 on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Secretary of the Institute. The Library of the Institute is being reorganised but limited service is available to Fellows Associates and Registered Students from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. on week-days (except Saturdays 10 a.m. to 1 p.m.). Information regarding facilities afforded to members by Lewis’s Lending Library can also be obtained from the Registrar.Reports on German Industries.-Copies of a number of Reports of the Combined Intelligence Objectives Sub-committee (C.I.O.S.) and of the British Intelligence Sub-Committee (B.I.O.S.) on industrial plants and processes in Germany published by H.M. Stationery Office have been received and are available for consultation in the Library of the Institute. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A list of slides of portraits of great chemists and other scientists throughout the ages can be obtained on application to the Secretary. As the slides are frequently in demand members are requested to notify their require- ments at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Joint Subscription Arrangemenu.-Fellows Associates and Registered Students who Wish to participate in the arrangements whereby they can acquire on favourable terms membership of the Chemical Society the Society of Chemical Industry and the Faraday Society with substantial privileges as to publications (see special article JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,1946 Part IV p.148) can obtain further particulars and necessary forms from the Conjoint Chemical Office 9 and 10 Savile Row London W. I. Benevolent Fund.-Contributions for 1946 may be sent to the Honorary Treasurer 30 Russell Square London W.C.I. Forms for Deeds of Covenant may be obtained from the Secretary. Covers for the Journal.-Members who desire covers (2s. each) for binding the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS in annual volumes should notify the Assistant Secretary of their requirements indicating the years (1945 or earlier) required.Service with H.M. Forces.-Fellows Associates and Registered Students who are on service with the Navy Army and Air Force are requested to notify the Institute giving particulars as to their rank unit etc. Changes of Address.-Fellows Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give so far as possible their permanent addresses for registration. When writing from an address different from that previously given they are requested to state if the new address is to be used in future and whether the change affects the Appointments Register. All requests for changes should be addressed to the Registrar and not to the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections.In order to facilitate identification Fellows Associates and Registered Students are asked to give their full initials on communications addressed to the Institute. In the prevailing circumstances they are also asked not invariably to expect formal acknowledgments of communications addressed to the Insticute unless replies are necessary. [ 205 3 PUBLICATIONS OF THE INSTITUTE Many of the publications are out of flrint aHd members are advised not to send chequss or wders with enquiries for publications other than those listed below of which limited suHlies ard stdfl available. LECTURES ; “Copyxight with s ecial reference to Scientific Papers and Publications.” E j. MacGillivray K.(! (1926.) 2s.net. “Fire Risks in Industry.’’ A. M. Cameron B.Sc. F.R.I.C. (1927.) 2s. net. “Chemists and Dividends.” S. M.Gluckstein. (10:7.) 2s. net. “Lessons Learnt from Industrial Gases and Fumes. Sir T.Legge C.B.E.,M.D. (1930.) 2s. net. “The Nature of Simple Molecules and of Elementary Processes.” A. J. Allmand, M.C. DSc. F.R.I.C. F.R.S. (1932.) 2s. 6d. net. “The Chemist in the Far East.” A. Marcan F.R.I.C. (1933.) 2s. net. “Alchemists in Art and Literature.” Richard B. Pilcher O.B.E. F.C.I.S. (1933.) 2s. y.net. *“Beer. H. F. E. Hulton F.R.I.C. (1934.) 2s. net. “Electrometric Methods in Physical and Analytical Chemistry.” S. Glasstone D.Sc. F.R.I.C. (1934) 2s. 6d. net. “Food and the Consumer.” G. W. Monier-Williams O.B.E. M.A. Ph.D. F.R.I.C. (1935.) 2s.net. “Protection against Toxic Gases in Industry.” J. Davidson Pratt O.B.E. M.A. B.Sc.. F.R.I.C. (1936.) 2s. net. “Our Money.” 13’. H. Coates Ph.D. LL.B. B.Sc. (1937.) 2s. net. “Gas Defence from the Point of View of the Chemist.” j. Davidson Pratt O.B.E. M.A. B.Sc. F.R.X.C. (1937.) 2s. net. “Oxidation-Reduction Potentials and their Applications.” S. Glasstone DSc. F.R.I.C. (1937.) 2s. net. *“Chemical Changes and Chances.” Sir Martin Forster D.Sc. F.R.I.C. F.R.S (1937.) 2s. net. “The Development of the Chemistry of Commercial Synthetic Dyes (1856-1934.’’ I;. M. Rowe DSc. F.R.I.C. (1938.) 6s. net. *“Opium-” j. R. Nicholls D.Sc. F.R.1.q; (1938.) 2s. 6d. net. 7“Research in the Iron and Steel Industry. W.H. Hatfield D.Met. F.R.S. (1938.) 2s.6d. net. “Ludwig Mond F.R.S. 1839-1909.” F.G.Donnan C.B.E. D.Sc. F.R.I.C. F.R.S. (1939.) 2s. net. S1‘Magnesite.” A. W. Comber F.R.I.C. Assoc. Inst. M.M. (1939.) 2s. net. “Chrornatographi~,Analysis.” A. €3. Cook Ph.D. D.I.C. F.R.I.C. (1941.) 2s. net. *“Precious Metals. H. Gordon Dale F.R.I.C. (1941.) 2s. net. “Rust- Acid- and Heat-Resisting Steels.” W.H.Hatfield D.Met. F.R.S. (1942.) 2s. 6d. net. *“Notes on Water Treatment.” Russell G. Pelly F.R.I.C. (1942.) 2s. net. “T,eatlier.” D. Jordan-Lloyd. M.A. D.Sc, F.R.I.C. (1943.) 2s. 6d. net. “Cement and Concrete.” F. M. Lea,O.B.E. D.Sc. F.R.I.C. (1946.) 2s. 6d. net. “Chemistry and Clothing.” First Dalton Lecture. D. A. Clibbens. (1945.) 2s. net. “Industrial Non-Ferrous Alloys.” Harold Moore C.B.E. DSc.F.R.I.C. (1945.) 2s. 6d. net. “Microchemistry and its Applications.” Ronald Belcher F.R.I.C. (1946.) 4s. 6d. net. “soil Metabolism.” J. H. Quastel D.Sc. Ph.D. A.R.C.S. F.R.I.C. F.R.S. (1946.) 2s. 6d. net. FOR THE ADMISSXON ASSOCIATRS Gratis. REGULATIONS OF STUDENTS AND FELLOWS. PAPERS. EXAMINATION Annual Sets. Is. each post free. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. Six Parts annually. 2s. each net. THEPROFESSION OF CHEMISTRY. Richard B.Pilcher O.B.E. F.C.I.S. 4th Edition (1934.) Gratis. * Streatfdd Memorial Lectures. t Gluckstein Memovial Lectures.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/RG9467000161

出版商:RSC    

年代:1946

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND PART 5. 1% THE ORGANISATION OF OTHER PROFESSIONS For many years considerable attention has been ghen to the advantages and dis-advantages that might result from a closer co-ordination of the administration of the various services-scientifc technological professional economic and social-that chemists have established in the interest of the progress of chemistry and its applications, of their own status and welfare and of the industrial and domestic life of the community. On the one hand it has been suggested that the organisation of these essential services to chemistry and to chemists under a considerable number of separate societies and institutions is inconvenient irrational and uneconomic.On the other hand it has been pointed out that the natural evolution of these societies and institutions has given them an individuality and an understanding of the actud needs and aspirations of their members and has thus enabled them to build up and maintain valuabletraditions of service. Between the extremes of complete unification and complete isolation there is a wide range of intermediate possibilities and the desirability of finding a middle path has been shown from time to time by the establishment of such co-ordinating bodies as the Federal Council of Pure and Applied Chemistry the Association of Scientific and Technical Institutions and most recently the Chemical Council. Through the last- named body much has been done to secure to members of the Chemical Society the Royal Institute of Chemistry the Society of Chemical Industry and latterly the Faraday Society many of the advantages which might be expected to result from the unification of these bodies while leaving each of them free to develop its own services in the Iight of long experience and of the opinions of its active members expressed through its own Council and Committees.Whilst it is generally agreed that the present system of co-operation has been of real benefit it is recognised that the existing pattern of organisation is by no means perfect and in any event will need continuous modification to meet changing circum-stances in the future. In examining such possible developments it is reasonable to expect that useful guidance may be obtained from considering the organisation of other professions.Medical men lawyers engineers architects accountants and others have been concerned with possible improvements in the constitution and conditions of operation of the various societies and institutions that have been established to serve their needs-for chemists are certainly not alone in having set up a variety of bodies to deal with different aspects of their interests-and there is no doubt that much could be learnt from the way in which members of these professions have dealt With their problems. The Publications and Library Committee with the approval of Council has decided therefore to publish in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS a series of articles on the organisation of other professions.It is appropriate that the Grst of these artictes which is printed below should deal with the medical profession and have been prepared by the President of the Institute. 1. THE MEDtCAL PROFESSION By G. ROCHELYNCH,O.B.E. M.B. B.S. D.P.H. P.R.I.C. The earliest forms of organisation of the profession in England arose from the Livery Companies of the City of London. Surgeons were associated with the Worshipful Company of Barbers first mentioned in 1308 and Apothecaries were first referred to in 1345 as associated with the Worshipful Company of Grocers. The Surgeons Guild C2WJ appears in the City records of 1369 when two Masters were sworn before the Court of Aldermen and given power to report the faults of unskilful surgeons.Originally, the Apothecaries prepared and compounded medicines but did not prescribe; later they undertook both and thus entered into rivalry with the Physicians. The Royal College of Physicians was founded and incorporated in 1518 with a view to the improve- ment and more orderly exercise of the art of physic and the repression of irregular unlearned and incompetent practitioners of that faculty whilst the Society of Apothe-caries of London which is still included in the list of Livery Companies was incorporated by Royal Charter in 1617. A similar rivalry existed between the Worshipful Company of Barbers and the Surgeons Guild but towards the end of the fifteenth century they entered into an alliance which in the course of time developed into the Royal College of Surgeons; this was constituted by Royal Charter in 1800 and received a new Charter in 1869.Similar bodies were established later in Scotland and Ireland e.g. the Royal Coflege of Physicians of Edinburgh (1681) the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh (1850), the Roy& College of Physicians of Ireland the Apothecaries Hall of Ireland (1791) and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (1874). These Colleges and Societies have been largely concerned with the establishment of standards of quaIification through their examinations and with the exercise of ethical control over their members who are liable to removal for improper conduct. They have also been active however in fosteringthe advancement of medicine and surgery; under their auspices museums and libraries have been built up and lectures and other educational facilities established.Over a similar period courses of training in medicine have been developed by the universities and their degrees have constituted important qualifications in medicine and in surgery. On the other hand the degrees of most universities when once awarded cannot be taken away so that the universities unlike the colleges and societies exercise no ethical control over practice. The importance of the role of the colleges and societies in safeguarding the interests of the public has long been recognised. Thus the Apothecaries Act of 1815 provided that no person should be entitIed to practise in England as an apothecary until he had received from the Society of Apothecaries of London a certificate of his qualification.Nevertheless until 1868 such safeguards were inadequate; it was not necessary to register as a medical practitioner and a period of apprenticeship enabled a man to set up in practice. It is true that the more enlightened took some examination such as those of the Society of Apothecaries the College of Physicians or the College of Surgeons or a university degree and the possession of such qualification undoubtedly gave a man an added status in his profession. The position was changed however by the Medical Act of 1868 which may be described as the Magna Carta for medical men. At the time of writing a new Bill is in process of preparation to bring certain matters up to date and to give effect to recommendations of the Goodenough Report; reference is made below to certain changes likely to be introduced.The provisions of the Medical Act of 1858 and subsequent amending enactments may be briefly summarked as follows:-A body entitled ‘‘FGeneral Council of Medical Education and Registration of the United Kingdom (commonly known as the General Medical Council-G.M.C.) was established consisting of representatives of the Royal colleges of Physicians and Surgeons in England Scotland and Ireland the Society of Apothecaries of London the Royal Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow the Apothecaries Hall of Ireland and thedrincipal universities in the British Isles together with members appointed by His ajesty on the advice of the Privy Council and direct representatives of the profession.A primary purpose of this body is to give more adequate protection to the public and among its duties are (a)to prescribe standards of training; (b) to inspect and approve the quality of the examinations;(c) to keep a register (the Medical Register) of .those who have successfully passed examinations and have applied to become registered medical practitioners; (d) to limit such’titles as physician and surgeon and the right to practise as such to registered practitioners; (8) to maintain ethical standards of practice; on receipt of a complaint the Council may summon before it any medical man who is alleged to have disobeyed the professional code and if he be found guilty will inflict upon him due punishment which can amount to striking his name from the Register thus preventing him from effectively practising his profession for he is thereby debarred from such actions as issuing a Death Certificate prescribing drugs which come within the purview ofthe Dangerous Drugs Act or certifying that a patient is unable to follow his occupation on account of a specified illness; (f)to produce a pharmacopoeia (the British Pharma-copoeia-B.P.) to specify the quality purity and dosage of drugs etc.The G.M.C. is essentially concerned on the educational‘side with the standard of the ‘‘portal ”examinations i.e. ,the examinations on which a registrable qualification ” [.210J is awarded. Among these registrable qualifications are the Bachelors degrees (M.B.,B.S.Ch.B. etc.) of the universities the Licentiateship of the Royal Colleges of Physicians (L.R.C.P. Lond. Edin. or Irel.) the Membership (or Licentiateship in Scotland and Ireland) of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons (J1.II.C.S. Eng.; L.R.C.S. Edin. or Irel.) the Licentiateship of the Royal Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow (L.R.F. Y.S. Glas.) and the Licentiateship in Xedicine Surgery and Mid- wifery of the Society of Apothecaries of London (L.M.S.S.A. Lond.). Higher qualifica- tions such as M.D. M.S. M.R.C.P. F.R.C.P. F.R.C.S. M.M. (Master of Midwifery), D.P.H. and D.I.H. (Diploma in Industrial Health) are awarded by various authorities and the G.M.C. has no control over them although a medical man may register some of these specialist qualifications with the G.M.C.In recent years there has been instituted a Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (1929). This college is not concerned with “portal ” examinations but only with higher qualifications (M.R.C.O.G.,F.R.C.O.G.). The colleges of Physicians and of Surgeons through their Conjoint Board deal with all those subjects that must be taken by a candidate for the qualification of 3l.R.C.S.,L.K.C.P. including midwifery and diseases of women. The Conjoint Board was established in 1897. On the ethical side it may be noted that there are two types of offences of which the ti.M.C. may take cognisance (1) offences against the ordinances of the realm for example drunkenness forgery criminal abortion murder; (2) offences which are peculiar to the profession and are described as “ infamous conduct in a professional respect,” for example canvassing for patients keeping open shop (medical men may dispense medicines for their patients but may not keep a shop for the general saIe of drugs etc.) improper relations with a patient professional association with unregistered practitioners advertising and false certification.In this connection it may also be noted that while the G.M.C. can remove a name from the Kegister and thus restrict practice the Colleges and the Society of .Apothecaries can decide their own course of action independently. Thus a man whose name has been removed from the Medical Register may still retain his diplomas as well as his university degrees but will not be entitled to practise his profession in respect of statutory duties.On the other hand the Royal College of Physicians for example does not allow its Fellows to act in certain ways such as entering into partnership or selling a practice which are not in general un- professional and may therefore exclude a medical man from its Fellowship without necessarily affecting his position as a registered practitioner. In 1945 the number of registered medical practitioners in the British Isles was 69,003. The majority were engaged in private practice but by no means all for there are many fields of employment for medical men. Among these may be mentioned the Navl- Army Air Force and the Indian Medical Service; the CoIoniaI Medical Service; services under other Government departments such as the Ministry of Health (including Medical Officers of Health antl allied specialists) the Home Office (including the Prison Medical Service) the Ministry of T.,abour (inchding Factory Medical In-spectors) ;universities as teachers of various subjects and research workers; the hledicat liesearch Council ;commercial organisations such as insurance companies.Also she coroners dentists etc. are medical men. Employment as industrial medical officers is becoming of increasing importance and the Society of -Apothecaries has recently established a IXploma in Industrial Medicine. In addition to the societies colleges and other bodies referred to above medical men have established a number of separate organisations for the development of their science and for the advancement and protection of their professional status.Thus. up and down the country there are a number of societies devoted solely to the advance- ment of medicine antl allied sciences. In T,ondon perhaps the best-known are the Medical Society of London (founded in 1773) and the Royal Society of Medicine which maintains an extensive library. Several journals devoted to medical research are published by such bodies. Moreover certain specialists have their own societies sometimes of a purely scientific character but sometimes also with professional objects. An example of the latter type is the Society of .Medical Officers of Health. The British Medical Association (B.M.A.) is an entirely professional organisation and has nothing to do with education or examination.Membership is voluntary but a majority of doctors (over 53,000)belong to it. The functions of the B.M.A. are largely concerned with the welfare of practitioners-securing satisfactory working conditions and remuneration official negotiations on matters of professional importance and so forth. In addition it publishes a weekly journal containing records of original work and matters of professional interest. There are a number of local sections of the B.M..Z. throughout the country these arrange meetings at which medical men can discuss profess ion a1 and scientific matters. 211 3 protection of members from the claims of disgruntled patients is a matter of con-siderable importance. Casesof alleged wrongful treatment accidents during operations and many other matters often form the basis of a claim by the patient for recovery of damages In England the profession has two organisations solely concerned with safeguarding medical men against such actions-the Medical Defence Union and the London and Counties Medical Protection Society.The membership of these bodies is voluntary but for a small annual subscription Iegal defence is undertaken and all costs and damages are paid without limitation. Moreover these organisations are always available to members for guidance and help when problems of professional or ethical difficulty arise. As an indication of the fees and subscriptions payable in respect of registration and membership of the above organisations the following may be of interest :-G.M.C.registration fee i5 (this is non-recurrent except that a further fee of k!2 is charged for each additional qualification registered); B.M.A. annual subscription ,(3 3s. ; Medical Defence Union annual subscription k1; Royal Society of Medicine annual subscription k5 5s. The profession is fortunate in possessing its own insurance company-the Medical Sickness Accident Life and Annuity Company-which offers on reasonable terms various life and sickness policies. The activities of the company are limited to the medical and dental professions and all profits go to the members. The less fortunate members of the profession and their dependents are helped by a number of medical charities of which the Royal Medical Benevolent Fund is perhaps the most important.Epsom College provides a first-class education for the sons of medical men of moderate means. There are many scholarships for the needy Medical Tvaining.-h candidate for a medical career having passed an approved preliminary examination may elect to do the first year of his studies either at school or at one of the medical schools that offer first-year courses It is likely that in the future this part of the training will always be done before entering a medical school. This first-year course comprises chemistry physics and biology (zoology and botany) and at the end of it the pre-medical examination is taken. The standard of this examination is at present lower than that of the Intermediate Science and some would prefer to see it raised to the same standard.Having passed the pre-medical examination the student then takes his second and third year medica.1 school courses devoting his time to anatomy physiology organic and physical chemistry biochemistry and pharmacology. After 18 months he takes an examination in these subjects. He then enters upon his clinical studies which occupy three years making a total of not less than five and a half years and commonly six years of study. On passing the final examination he is entitled to be registered and to practise In the recently issued Goodenough Report on Medical Education it is proposed to-shorten the period of study but on qualification the student will not be entitled to registration until he has completed two periods each of six months as a resident medicat officer in an approved hospital thus ensuring that he will have gained experience under suitable supervision after passing his examinations.This recommendation if accepted will require an alteration in the Medical Act and a new Rill to give effect to this and other matters is now in preparation. Other recommendations of the Goodenough Report if adopted map further modify the character of the preliminary training outlined above. A man who wishes to spechlise may continue to attend clinics in the subject in which he is interested and may hold a junior appointment such as clinical assistant while preparing himself for higher examinations. Thereafter he may continue further study while holding similar appointments of a rather more senior nature such as Registrar until such time as he is ready to seek an appointment as a physician or surgeon upon the staff of a hospital and to set up as a consultant.The aspiring consultant may have to spend many years in post-graduate work in order to equip himself adequately for practice as a specialist but in general he is able to earn sufficient to pay his way during this period. Those who take up laboratory work in medicine proceed on similar lines and again it is generally possible for them to maintain themselves through holding appropriate appointments. Thisis but a brief outline of medical training and it will be noted that the minimum period of five and a half years now required before registration will be lengthened if as is highly probable the Goodenough recommendations are adopted.Cognate avtd Ancidlury Services.-Entirely separate from medicine but necessarily closely allied to it is the profession of pharmacy. This will form the subject of a separate article in this series. Another profession closely related to medicine is that of dentistry. The Gend Medical Council now includes additional members appointed by the Privy Council l212 3 under the Dentists Act 1921. There is also a Dental Board of the United Kingdom which concerns itself with qualifications registration and ethical matters as a separate responsibility. Xany of the members of this Board are also members of the G.M.C. Most important of the ancillary services to medicine is that of nursing. A nurse to-day has to pass a State examination to become a State Registered Nurse (S.R,N.) before beginning to practise and in addition some take the examination of the Central Midwives Board (C.M.B.) in order that they may undertake midwifery cases.There are several nursing organisations which are concerned with professional matters and general welfare but membership of these is voluntary. There are a number of societies for various kinds of medical auxiliaries. These societies are concerned with training examination registration and general and ethical welfare of their members. Thus to quote two examples the Chartered Society of Physiotherapy is responsible for several important subjects ancillary to medicine such as massage medical-electricity and hydrotherapy; this Society alone has 14,000 members.Then there is the National Register of Medical Auxiliary Services com- prising particulars of persons engaged in technical work and practice ancillary allied or auxiliary to or associated with medical science or the work of the medical profession. ACTIVITIES OF LOCAL SECTIONS Huddersfie1d.-A party of members visited the Heap Bridge Paper Mills Bury on the evening of 18th July. The party was cordially received by directors and members of the staff and enjoyed a most interesting tour round the mills. The thanks of the members were accorded to the Company and to the guides for a most enjoyable visit. At a meeting on 1st October held in Ffeld’s Cafe under the chairmanship of Mr. T. A. Simmons Dr. A. E. Dunstan spoke on The Chemistry of Petroleum.” The lecture was preceded by the exhibition of an excellent film illustrating the development of the owelds at Eakring near Newark.A vote of thanks to the lecturer was proposed by Mr. Gray and seconded by Dr. Storey. London and South-Eastern Counties.-The first meeting of the Autumn Session washeld in the Corn Exchange Luton on 11th September. Dr. A. M. Ward Principal The Sir John Cass Technical Institute addressed an audience of members and many students on “Science as a Career.” Prospects and salaries attached to appointments were considered under three main headings (i) Industry (ii) Government Service and (iii) Teaching and sources of further information in particular fields were indicated. After a variety of questions had been asked during a long and interesting discussion two short films “It comes from Coal” and “Distillation,” were shown.A very successful Dance in aid of the Benevolent Fund was held at The Oak Restaurant Kensington on 2 1st September. Cape of Good Hope.-The Twenty-first Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in the Chemistry Department University of Cape Town,on 5th July 1946. Dr. A. H. Spong chairman of the Section presided and 12 members of the Section were present. The reports of the Hon. Secretary and the Hon. Treasurer for the year 1945-1946 were read and adopted. The Section learnt with regret that the Hon.Treasurer, hlr. R. J. Kruger had recently left Cape Town to take up a new position at Oudtschoorn and would therefore be unable to continue to act as Treasurer an office which he had held for the past 12 years.A vote of thanks to Mr. Kruger for his services to the Section was carried with acclamation. The following officers and committee were elected for the year 1946-1947 Chairman, Dr. A. H Spong; Hon. Secretary Dr. H. M. Schwartz; Hon. Treasurer Dr. R. G. Shuttleworth; Committee members Mr. A. L. Abbott Dr. P. C. Caman and Mr. W. H. Seath; Won. Auditors Mr. F. E. A. Leibbrandt and Col. J. G. Rose. After the conclusion of the formal business Dr. A. H. Spong delivered a most interesting chairman’s address on “The Concept of Atomic Size.” Members of the Section were invited to attend the Annual General Meeting of the Western Province Section of the South African Chemical Institute which was held at Kondebosch on the 12th June.The Chairman Mr. H. J. Koch gave an address on “Catalysis in the Heavy Chemical Industry in South Africa.” A highly successful meeting was arranged by the Cape Chemical and Technological Society and held at the University of Cape Town on the 2nd August. Dr. P. E. A. Kamerman the chief toxicologist in the Union gave a very interesting and informative lecture on “Chemistry applied to Crime Detection.” r 2131 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL COUNCIL Abstract of Minutes of the Meetings held on 13th August and 18th September 1946. 1. The Tenth Report of the Council for the year ended the 31st December 1915 was finally approved and the draft accounts for the same period were adopted. 2. In view of the increase in the subscription to the Chemical Society and Societv of Chemical Industry Council decided to increase the full joint subscription by k1 0s.Od.as from 1st January 1947. No change will be made however in the unit value or value of the individual publications. Council agreed to add to the schedule of publications “Quarterly Reviews” which will be issued by the Chemical Society for the first time next year. The value of this publication on the schedule will be 10.5 units. 3. A letter was received from the ,Issociation of British Chemical Manufacturers stating that arising out of a suggestion to their Members they should supply technical literature especially abstracts to certain training colleges in South America. Council directed that a copy should be forwarded to the Bureau of Abstracts.4. It was reported that the amounts to be contributed by each of the three Constitu- ent Bodies and the Faraday Society to the Library of the Chemical Society had now been computed and the Vice-chairman submitted a statement based on the membership of the four bodies with due allowance for overlap. Council decided to ask the four bodies to accept a proposal that the maintenance costs of the Library for 1945 be divided in the proportions set out in the statement. 5. An interim grant of Ll,OOO was made to the Chemical Society towards the cost of its publications. 6. X request was received from the Royal Institute of Chemistry drawing attention to the need for revision of the Council’s brochure setting forth the objects of the colla- borating bodies and the provisions of the joint subscription arrangements.Council agreed that members of Council should be asked to make suggestions on the revision of the present brochure but to defer issue until a decision had been received from those Societies which had been invited to join the Council. 7. Joint Student Facilities were granted to four applicants. SCIENTIFIC COURSES AT LIVERPOOL JULY 1946 The first two of the new series of Scientific Courses to be held under the auspices of the Institute were those on “Oils and Fats” and “Spectroscopy,” held at the University AND PROCEEDINGS, of Liverpool from 8th to 13th July (see JOURNAL 1946 IV 185). The proposal that these particular courses should be provided came from the Committee of the Liverpool and North-Western Section of the Institute which also undertook their detailed organisation.The courses were under the direction of Professor T. P. Hilditch F.R.S. and Professor R. A. Morton. The course on “Oils and Fats,” held in the Department of lndustrial Chemistry consisted of lectures on topics selected from recent advances as follows:- By Professor T. I’. Hilditch F.R.S. :-Mechanism of Autoxidation of Unsaturated Fats ; Mechanism of Selective Hydrogenation of Unsaturated Fats ; Component Glycerides of Natural Fats; Component Acid Analysis of Fats. By Dr. M. L. Meara:-Configuration of Mixed Glycerides ; Occurrence of Molecular -4symmetry in Glycerides and other Lipids. By Dr. J. A. Lovern (Torry Research Station Aberdeen):-The Fish Oil and Fish Liver Oil lndusps of North America.The course on “Spectroscopy (from which infra-red spectra were excluded) was held in the Department of Biochemistry and consisted of the following lectures :-By Professor K. A. Morton :-Solution Spectra ;Application to Structural Problems. By Dr. A. L. Stubbs :-Emission Spectrum Analysis; Analytical Problems attacked by Absorption Spectrophotometry. By T. W.Goodwin :-Atomic and Molecular Spectra ; Technique in Absorption Spectroscopy ; Further Applications. The following lectures were common to both courses :-By Professor R. A. Morton :-Occurrence and Assay of Fat-soluble Vitamins ; Spectrographic Determination of Polyethenoid Unsaturation. By Drs. Hilditch Morton and Lovern :-Some Aspects of Oxidative Rancidity.c 2141 The lectures were held in the mornings at 10 and 11.30and in the afternoons at times to suit other arrangements. Although it had been agreed at the outset that publication of the lectures would not be possible the lecturers supplied summaries which gave a general indication of their subject matter For those attending the Oils and Fats course visits were arranged to works in the neighbourhood to Lever Brothers and Unilever Ltd. Port Sunlight and to J. Bibby & Sons Ltd. Liverpool. The time available at Port Sunlight was short but the party] having proceeded by bus through the Mersey Tunnel saw the work of a number of departments including soap making (various types) crude glycerine oil milling and research. More time was available at the works of J.Bibby & Sons where the party was officially welcomed by Mr. C. Leslie Bibby and was shown over the oil expelling and extraction plants the oil refineries] the soapery the compound cooking fat section and the laboratories. Tea was provided and Dr. Lovern proposed a vote of thanks to the company and to the members of the chemical staff who acted as guides. Apart from the above comprehensive programme of lectures and visits a number of social events were arranged and were well attended. The organisers were very fortunate in the facilities supplied by the University of Liverpool for the Chairman of their Board of Hostels is Professor R. A. Morton. The catering arrangements on which the success of such a venture largely depends were admirably handled by Derby Hall one of the excellent University hostels.Throughout the courses the weather was particularly kind and visitors to Liverpool were able fully to enjoy all parts of the programme. Social Events Monday 8th July .-The party residents and non-residents assembled at Derby Hall from 6.30 p.m. onwards dinner being served at 6.30 p.m. Mr. P. N. Williams the Chairman of the Liverpool and North-Western Section briefly opened the proceedings and Professor Hilditch in the unavoidable absence of the Vice-Chancellor welcomed the company on behalf of the University of Liverpool. Professor Hilditch remarked that he was happy to see many familiar faces around him and expressed the hope that the time spent would be intellectually profitable and that the courses would be pleasant and successful.Mr. P. N. Williams observed that the Oils and Fats course might be referred to as a gathering of the Hilditch school of “fat” chemists. The support that had been given to both courses was much appreciated and it was regretted that owing to lack of facilities it had been necessary to refuse a few applications for the Spectroscopy course. A number of firms interested in the subject-matter had divided their forces and sent chemists to both courses. These special ccurses were promoted by the Royal Institute of Chemistry to enable their members to keep abreast with the times. A telegram conveying the good wishes of the Officers of the Institute was read to the audience. The success of the courses was largely due to the arrangements made by the Honorary Secretary of the Liverpool and North-Western Section Mr.H. Weatherall and his able assistants particularly Mr. J . Ashley Jones. For the remainder of the evening an entertainment was staged by the Local Section. Songs were rendered by Mrs. MacKerrigan Dr. H. Jasperson and Miss Audrey Bayley and Mr. Erskine entertained by sleight of hand. Tuesday 9th July.-A large party of members of both courses visited Liverpool Cathedral in the afternoon at 4.45 p.m. Canon Soulby explained that the Cathedral was a Twentieth Century building based on the idea of a double cross with the innova- tion of a large central space surrounded by an immense single tower now nearing completion; the nave most remote from the altar had not yet been started.Afterwards the party had the opportunity of hearing the organ played by Mr. Gibbs the Head- master of Liverpool Collegiate and Oulton Schools. In the evening after dinner at Derby Hall a visit was paid to Liverpool’s extensive docks. The Liverpool Overhead Railway which overlooks the line of docks provided a guide and the party travelled to the sea-end of the railway walked around the Gladstone Dock for an hour and returned to the other end of the railway which is conveniently situated within walking distance of Derby Hall. Wednesday 10th .JuZy.-High tea was taken at Reece’s Restaurant Parker Street and fifty members of the courses went to Southport by Corporation bus. On arrival the party split up and re-appeared after two hours spent in seeing the sights and looking for the sea; it was high tide and the sea was still a couple of miles out.Thursday 1lth July.-The party assembled on Princes’ Landing Stage and proceeded by ferry boat to New Brighton. This river trip afforded an admirable opportunity to see the River Mersey traffic and might be considered as complementary to the visit to the line of docks on Tuesday evening. [ 215 J Friday 12th July.-The concluding social event was held at Derby Hall. Mr. P. N. Williams referred to the success that was apparent in every part of the courses; it was largely due to the whole-hearted co-operation of all concerned. As well as to Professors Hilditch and Morton thanks were due to Major Daymond and to Miss Johns and Mrs. Baxter the wardens of Derby Hall.Members of the courses wished to show their appreciation of all that had been done on their behalf and presented Professor Hilditch Professor Morton and Mr. Weatherall with appropriate gifts and Miss Johns and Mrs. Baxter with bouquets of flowers. Members of the courses had also collected talent among their own numbers and gave an excellent entertainment during the evening. pmmunity songs enlivened the proceedings the high light being “On Ilkla Moor baht at,” sung by six Yorkshiremen. Songs were rendered by K. Bloomfield G. Dunn N. Sarsfield and K. Foullies and sketches by S. Paul H. M. Thompson and L. Mallowes and by S. Slack. DIRECTORY OF INDEPENDENT CONSULTANTS In 1945 the Council decided to prepare a Directory of independent consulting practices which are concerned with chemistry or closely related subjects and in which Fellows or Associates of the Institute are Principals.It was agreed that the Directory should contain the titles and addresses of these practices together with an indication of the general scope of their activities and of particular fields of work in which they specialise. It was also decided that the Directory should be revised annually that copies should be made available to all enquirers for consulting services and that the existence of the Directory should be widely advertised. This “Directory of Independent Consultants in Chemistry and Kelated Subjects ” has now been printed and it is hoped that it will bring particulars of the independent consulting practices in which members of the Institute are Principals prominently to the notice of industrial firms Government departments and others that may have need of their services.This will not only benefit individual consultants who under the ethical code of the Institute have undertaken to refrain from advertising their individual practices but in the view of the Council will also serve the public interest by helping industry to obtain the best advice and assistance in the solution of its current problems and in fostering new developments. From the information supplied by Fellows and Associates and incorporated in the Directory it is evident that a wide range of subjects is covered by existing consulting practices and that industrial firms especially the smaller organisations and those whose operations are not primarily chemical can have access to professional advice and assistance on many matters which hitherto may not even have seemed connected with the development of their undertakings.It is recognised that many consultants have wide experience of certain branches of industry and may thus be in a position not only to advise on specific questions that are put before them but also by discussing with the enquirer the implications of his problems to provide a solution on lines that may be entirely different from those on which the questions had originally been formulated. In preparing the first issue of a Directory of this kind it is necessary to decide on a number of principles governing its ssope content and arrangement with a view to achieving the main purpose of the publication in a manner that will best serve the interests of the community as well as of the eonsultants themselves.The following notes are explanatory of these principles and of points of detail in the compilation of the Directory. 1. Entries have been accepted only from individuals or businesses operating a consulting practice as a major activity. Thus persons holding nominally full-time appointments on the staffs of universities or technical colleges and firms primarily engaged in the manufacture or sale of goods have been excluded. So have also a few consultants who though members of the Institute operate practices that are not concerned with chemistry or closely related sciences.2. No reference is made to consulting practices which satisfy the above criteria but in which none of the Principals is a Fellow or Associate of the Institute even if Fellows or Associates are employed by the owners or directors of the practice. In this connection a Principal is regarded as a person who is in a position to accept a full share of the re- sponsibility for the way in which the practice is conducted particularly in relation to the ethical code enjoined by the Institute. It has been suggested that the public interest might be more fully served if the scope of the Directory were extended to cover other [ 2161 consulting practices in which none of the Principals was a Fellow or Associate. This view has not been accepted by the Council for while it is admitted that there are practices of this kind which do valuable work the Institute is cIearIy not in a position to vouch for the competence or professional integrity of persons who are not Fellows or Associates.and unrestricted inclusion of the names of such persons might result in some instances in the public being seriously misled. 3. The information on the “field of work” of each practice has been supplied by the consultants themselves without any restriction except that the total number of words must not exceed twenty-five and that the rnuch-abused word “research” shall not be used in the general description of field of work. It is recognised that the services rendered by consultants cover a very wide range-from purely routine testing to elaborate investigations-but that there is hardly any consultant who is not prepared to carry out work which can properly be described as research.Although in other respects consultants have been left free to describe their activities as they pleased they were invited to indicate directions of specialisation not only in respect of particular materiaIs or industries but also of specific industrial processes and laboratory techniques. The arrangement of the Directory is based on the titles by which the consulting practices are commonly known in alphabetical order. A Name Index enables reference to be made to the practice in which any particular Fellow or Associate is a Principal. A Geographical Index and a Subject Index have also been added for convenience of reference.The provision of a Subject Index is clearly important but difficult to achieve. In the space of twenty-five words a consultant is not able in general to specify all the matters in which his practice specialises and it cannot be assumed therefore that a particular subject or field of work is dealt with only by those who mention it as such. On the other hand it does not follow that some general term used in the description of a field of work necessarily includes all aspects or branches of work covered by this term. In view of these difficulties it was decided to make the Subject Index primarily an aid to the use of the information in the body of the Directory although consultants have been invited to put forward their names for inclusion under indexed subjects in which they specialise even though some of these subjects may not be explicitly mentioned in their entries in the Directory itself.There is little doubt that this first edition of the Directory is incomplete for there are probably many more consulting practices eligible for inclusion than the number (169) for which returns have been received. It is proposed therefore to bring out a second edition within a year after affording full opportunity for revision and extension of this first issue. Suggestions for improvements in the presentation and content of the Directory in future editions will be welcome and should be addressed to the Secretary of the Institute. It is intended to print the Directory as an appendix to future issues of the Register of Fellows and Associates of the Institute.Owing to paper restrictions it will not be possible to send copies of this first edition of the Directory to all Fellows and Associates but a limited supply will be available for distribution to those who make special application to the Assistant Secretary. It is particularly requested that such application be made by post and not by telephone. DR. DAVID SPENCE FOUNDER OF THE HENDERSON MEMORIAL LECTURES Reference has already been made in recent issues of the JOURNAL to the generous action of Dr. David Spence in founding a series of Institute lectures in memory of the late Professor G.G. Henderson a former President of the Institute. For this purpose Dr. Spence has transferred to the Institute the sum ofLl500 as a Trust Fund.The income from this Fund is to be applied by the Institute in providing a series of lectures to be known as “ The Henderson Memorial Lectures,” on matters of international scientific importance and interest and in publishing these lectures; if at any time the income from the Fund is in excess of the amount required for these purposes the excess may be used “for other matters calculated to perpetuate the memory of George Gerald Henderson and to enlarge the field of influence and usefulness of the Institute.” The lectures will be delivered normally at intervals of three years and in any event c 217 3 of not more than four years and each lecturer will be paid a fee of not less than 26 guineas and his out-of-pocket expenses.The choice of lecturers the subjects of the lectures and the general administration of the Trust will be at the discretion of the Institute. In establishing the Henderson Memorial Lectures Dr. Spence’s desire has been to pay a lasting tribute to one who not only gave him invaluable help in laying the foundations of his scientific career but who also remained as a staunch friend and a. wise counsellor to the end.” Born in 1881 at Udny Aberdeenshire David Spence was educated at Robert Gordon’s College Aberdeen at the Royal Technical College Glasgow and at the University of Glasgow where he studied under Professor Henderson. Subsequently he proceeded to the University of Jena where he obtained the Ph.D. degree in 1906. From that time his interest has been centred largely on the science and technology of rubber and the foundation of his work in this field was laid while he was an assistant in the Biochemistry Department of the University of Liverpool in 1906-08.As the result of work published during this period on such subjects as the distribution of protein in Para rubber the analysis constitution and coagulation of the latex of Funtumia elustica and the methods of analysis of rubber he was invited by the Diamond Rubber Company to visit America in 1908. He returned there in the following spring as Director of Research and Development and built and operated in Akron Ohio the first laboratories in America devoted to fundamental research and development on rubber and related subjects.It was at the Diamond Rubber Company under the leadership of Arthur H. Marks President and General Manager that the foundations were first laid and successfully applied commercially for the improvement of low grade rubbers and for the introduction of the antioxidants and organic accelerators of vulcan- isation used in the rubber industry of to-day. This company was finally purchased out- right by the B. F. Goodrich Company but Dr. Spence continued as Director of Research until 1914 when he left with three others to found the Norwalk Tire and Rubber Company at Norwalk Connecticut. There he remained as Vice-Pre$dent and General Manager of the Company until 1925 when feeling that he was drifting from science into business,” he left to become Vice-president of the Intercontinental Rubber Company of New York taking charge of their research and development work on raw rubber in the USA.Mexico and Sumatra. His major objective was a source of natural rubber (GuayIe) in the United States. On the drastic decline in the price of raw rubber in 1931 he decided to retire to private life in order to take up the scientific study of some of the unsolved problems which had intrigued him all his life more particularly in relation to the function of the rubber in the living plant and polymerisation phenomena connected therewith. In his private laboratory at Del Monte California Dr. Spence is actively pursuing this work. During the first world war Dr. Spence was in charge of the Rubber Division National Research Council and in the second world war was consultant to the Office of the Rubber Director War Production Board Washington.He is a member of the American Chemical Society and was their first Charles Goodyear medalIist. In spite of long absence from this country he has retained connection with many British institutions including the Society of Chemical Industry the Institution of the Rubber Industry the Royal Society of Arts and of course the Royal Institute of Chemistry of which he is a Life Fellow. His scientific publications cover almost every aspect of rubber chemistry and have appeared in a variety of Rritish American and German periodicals he has taken out a large number of patents in the United States and other countries. Dr. Spence admits that except for an interest in classical music and in his earlier years in ‘I horseback riding,” his main hobby throughout his life has been scientific research its development and application.In recent letters he has written “I realise that whatever success I may have attained in life I owe largely to three men in the first place to my father the Reverend Dr. Alexander Spence Minister of the Parish of Udny and Examiner Aberdeen University whose example and philosophig discussions I well remember; to Professor G. G. Henderson whose lectures and teachings on the principles of chemistry were always an inspiration to us all; and finally to Arthur Marks who ‘ picked me up ’ and gave me my first opportunity in this country. To all three I owe a deep sense of gratitude which I have tried to express in one way or another.I was not only a student of Professor Henderson but also kept in touch with him all over the years until his retirement from the University of Glasgow. During the early years of my career in this country more than half of my research staff was recruited through his recommendations.. As I have already paid tribute to Professor Henderson by permanent additions to the scientific libraries of the University of Glasgow and the Royal Technical College it seemed only befitting to create the Hender- son Memorial Lecture under the Institute of Chemistry which he served so well.” [ 2181 NOTES Personal.-The Lord President of the Council has appointed Professor H. W. Melville F.R.S. Fellow Professor of Chemistry in the University of Aberdeen to be a member of the Advisory Council for Scientific and Industrial Research from 1st October 1946 in succession to Sir Franklin Sibly.Dr. William Cullen Vice-President has returned from South Africa and has almost recovered from the serious illness he contracted whilst there. Professor Sir Ian Heilbron D.S.O. F.R.S. Fellow and Professor J. L. Simonsen F.R.S. Member of CounciZ have been on a short visit to East and Central Africa in connection with the utilisation of colonial raw materials and the organisation of research in this field. They also visited South Africa at the invitation of the Union Government. Dr. H. J. EmelCus F.R.S. Member of Council who has held a Readership at the University of Cambridge since 1945 has been appointed to the newly instituted Chair of Inorganic Chemistry in that University.Dr. Frank Dickens F.R.S. FelZow had been appointed to the Philip Hill Chair of Experimental Biochemistry tenable at the Middlesex Hospital Medical School London as from 1st March 1946. Dr. J. H. Quastel F.R.S. Member of Council has been invited by the French Government to take part in the scientific conference to be held in Paris in November to commemorate the 60th Anniversary of the death of Pasteur. The Council for Scientific and Industrial Research of the Union of South Africa has established a National Chemical Laboratory of which Dr. W. S. Rapson Fellow of the University of Cape Town has been appointed Director. Dr. Wesley Cocker Fellow who has been senior Lecturer in Chemistry at King’s College Newcastle for the past seven years has been appointed to the Chah of General Chemistry which carries with it Directorship of the Department of Chemistry at Trinity College Dublin.He takes up the new appointment on Ist January. A second chair in the Department of Chemistry has been established at the University of Birmingham and Dr. Maurice Stacey FeEZow (Meldola Medallist) at present Reader in Biological Chemistry has been appointed to it. Dr. T. F. Dixon Member of Council has resigned the position of biochemist to British Drug Houses Ltd. to take up the appointment of Professor of Biochemistry at the Royal Medical College Baghdad Iraq and expects to assume duty at the end of October 1946. This will necessitate his retirement as a General Member of Council.Mr. Julian L. Baker Fellow is retiring from his position as chemist to Watney Combe Reid & Co. Ltd. after 46 years’ service and will be succeeded in that capacity by Dr. L. R. Bishop FeZZow of the Research Department of the Institute of Brewing Birmingham University. Mr. Cyril Dickinson FeZlow,retired from the post of Public Analyst and Bacteriologist to the Metropolitan Borough of Southwark in May after 42+ years’ service. Dr. J. Newton Friend FeZZow has gone to Palestine in connection with the Forces Educational Scheme and is attached to the Middle East Land Forces at Haifa. Mr. J. W. Kerr Merrber of Council is moving from the Glasgow Office of I.C.1. to Billingham at end of October and has therefore been obliged to resign as District Member of Council for the Glasgow and North-West Scotland District.Dr. David Traill Fellow has been elected District Member of Council in his stead. Mr. C. A. F. Hastilow Fellow has been re-elected President of the Paint Materials Association. Mr. H. L. Parsons FeZZow has been appointed Technical Director of Low and Bonar Ltd. Dundee. Dr. G. H. Wyatt FeZZow has been appointed Divisional Chemist at the Stonebridge Park Laboratory of the London Midland and Scottish Railway Company. (The reference to the appointment in JOURNAL 1946 IV 181,was in- AND PROCEEDINGS, correct.] Professor T. S. Wheeler Fellow has been elected Vice-President and Mr. T. W. Breadon Associate Treasurer of the Irish Chemical Association. [ 2191 Dr.F. Heathcoat Fellow Vice-Principal and Head of the Department of Chemistry and Metallurgy at Swansea Technical College has been appointed Principal of the Barnsley Technical College. Mr. S. \V.Butterworth Fellow has resigned his appointment as Head of the Depart- ment of Food Technology Leeds College of Technology and will take charge oftechnical research for Messrs. Birkett & Bostock Ltd. and associated companies. Mr. Ronald Belcher Fellow has been appointed Lecturer in Analytical Chemistry at the University of Aberdeen as from 1st November 1946. Dr. 13. A. ICilby Fellow has been appointed Lecturer in Biochemistry at the Univer- sity of 1,eeds. Dr. W. J. DonaIdson Associate Lecturer in Chemistry at the Constantine Technical College Middlesbrough has been appointed Lecturer in Chemistry at Robert Gordon’s Technical College Aberdeen.Mr. D. M. G. Lloyd Associate has been appointed Lecturer in Chemistry at United College University of St. Andrews. Mr. John Boris Taylor A ssoc;ale who had been falsely reported as deceased (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1945,VI 235; 1946 I 4; 1946 111 115) returned in May this year from service overseas ascaptain R.E.M.E.,and was demobilised on 6th October. It is hoped that this statement will come to the notice of Mr. Taylor’s friends and colleagues and that it will be repeated in any other periodicals that may have published the earlier false report. The Chemical Society.-The telephone number of the office of the Society has been changed to REGent 167516.XXe Congr&s de Chimie 1ndustrielle.-The Congress was held in Paris from 22ntl to 29th September and was attended by several hundred delegates. The Institute was represented by Mr. J. A. Oriel M.C. Member of Council. The Scientific Film Association.-The Association has compiled a Catalogue of Films of General Scientific Interest which has now been published by the -4ssociation of Special Libraries and Information Bureau. It is the first cataIogue of scientific films to contain appraisals based on a definite system of grading as well as full details of the content and availability of the films. Copies are available from the Scientific Film Association 34 Soh0 Square T,ondon W.1 or from ASTJR. Price 5s. M.,post free. (See also p. 242.) Synthetic Resin Bonded-Paper Sheet (Thermosetting) for use in the Building Industry.-The British Standards Institution has issued under this title British Standard 1323 1946 which has been prepared by its Plastics Industry Committee.Copies may be obtained from the British Standards Institution 28 Victoria Street Txmlon S.UT.1 price 2s. net post free. Fluorescent and Phosphorescent Materials (Excluding Radioactive Materials) .-British Standard 1316 1946 with this title has recentIy been prepared by the Chemical IXvisional Council of the British Standards Institution. Copies may be obtained from the Institution (see above) price 2s. net. post free. Radium and Artificial Radioactive Substances.-The Ministry of Supply reports that it has been decided to establish a national centre for the processing and distribution of radium radon and artificial radioactive substances required for scientific medical and industrial purposes.The centre will be a Government establishment to be operated by Thorium IAd. acting as agents for the Ministry of Supply. As a first step the Ministry wilI purchase the radio-chemical business (including buildings and plant) owned by Thorium Ltd. at Amersham Rucks. with the exception of the manufacture of luminous compound and other secondary industrial products. The extraction of radon which has during the war been carried on at Barton in the Clay under the auspices of the Medical Research Council will also be transferred to the new centre. In addition Johnson Matthey & Co. Ltd. are voluntarily handing over to the new centre the whole of the business of filling radium into containers which they have conducted for many years.Certain immediate additions will have to be made to the Amersham premises to enable the centre to meet immediate demands. The Amersham site will not however c 220 1 be large enough permanently to accommodate the centre as it is expected that the work. particularly on the artificial substances will expand considerably. It is intended therefore to remove the centre to new premises when the shortage of building labour has eased and it becomes possible to form aclearer view of the volume and scale of the work. The work of the centre (which will be closely integrated with the Ministry’s activities in the field of atomic energy) will be controlled by a Council which will include represen- tatives of the Ministry of the managing agents and of users of its products.Chemical fnstitute of Canada.-The Annual Conference of the Institute will be held at Banff Alberta on 8th-11th June 1947. Members of the Royal Institute of Chemistry who are likely to be in Canada at that time and able to attend the Conference are invited to communicate with the Secretary Royal Institute of Chemistry. Dr. G. M. Dyson’s Lecture on “A New Notation for Organic Chemistry.”-It is intended that this lecture shall be published as soon as possible as an Institute lecture and that copies be available also to members of the other bodics that sponsored the lecture. By this means the general principles and implications of Dr.Dyson’s System of Notation wiIl be brought to the notice ofthe majority of chemists in this country. Dr. Dyson himself is arranging for the independent publication of an extensive monograph giving full details of the System. SCIENTIFIC MANPOWER CONCLUSIONS OF THE BARLOW COMMITTEE The following summary of conclusions was published in the Barlow Report May 104G by the Committee appointed to consider the use and development of Scientific Manpower. THEIMMEDIATE PROBLEM Demobilisation (1) We have enquired into the procedure for expediting the return of scientists to civil life; we believe that it is adequate to present needs and we have no improvements to recommend (Paras. 6-7.) (2) The fullest possible use should be made of the facilities offered by the Appoint- ments Department of the Ministry of Labour.(Para. 7.) (3) Applications for the release of experienced assistants under Class 13 should be considered sympathetically where it can be shown that if release is not granted the work of a scientist will be held up. (Para. S.) Emergency Accommodatio~t (4) Everything possible should be done to meet the immediate needs of Universities for accommodation particularly the needs of those that have suffered war damage. (Para. 9.) THELONGER TERMPROBLEM Supply avcd Demauid (3) Our esiiniate of the position in 1950 and 1955 may be summarised as follows:- 1950 1955 Minimum requirement of Qualified Scientists. . .. .. .. .. 70,000 90,000 Maximum number likely to be available if expansion in the output of graduates is limited to that envisaged in the returns furnished by the Universities to the University Grants Committee ..60,000 G4,OOO -I Deficit .. .. .. .. 10,000 26,000(Paras. 10-22.) [ 221 3 (6) It is essential therefore that the output of scientific graduates should be increased very much above the level of expansion at present envisaged by the Universities; the immediate aim should be to double the present output giving us approximately 5000 new scientists every year at the earliest possible moment. (Para.23.) (7) There is available in the population a large reserve of innate intelligence. Its size is such that while recognising the need for other qualities also we assume that there is available more suitable material than we could hope to take into our Universities by any degree of expansion practicable within the next ten years.But financial assistance must be forthcoming on a larger scale if much of the available talent is not to be lost to the Universities. (Paras. 25-28.) (8) Even if the total student population in British Universities were doubled this country would still fall short of a number of European countries and the United States of America in the relative provision which it makes for higher education. (Para. 29.) Technological Educution (9) (a) We support the recommendation of the Percy Committee on Higher Techno- logical Education that there should be developed at a selected and limited number of Technical Colleges full-time technological courses of University degree standard.(Paras. 30-31.) (b) The status of these higher technological colleges and the bonds between them and the existing Universities (including facilities for post-graduate research) should be strengthened wherever possible so as to raise the currency of technological qualifications. (Para. 33.) (c) The increased facilities to be offered by Technical Colleges does not relieve the Universities from their responsibility for training a high proportion of the nation’s first- class technologists; the expansion in the output of graduates should be not less pro-portionately in technology than in pure science. (Para. 34.) (d) Urgent consideration should be given to the development preferably in Uni- versity cities of a few Institutes of Technology designed to maintain the highest possible standards of study and research.(Para. 35.) The Humanities (10) We hope to see a substantial expansion in the number of students studying the humanities; the humanities should not be sacrificed to the need for an increased output of scientists and technologists. (Para. 36.) The Capacity of the universities to Expand (11) It is of great importance that the Universities should be assured that in future they will be able to rely on adequate and continuing assistance from the Exchequer Cowards any project for which good cause is shown. (Para. 37.) (12) We are reasonably sure that even in the next few years there will be no lack of (13) We make a number of proposals which might help to mitigate the university trained students to fill the expanding universities.(Para. 39.) accommodation problem (para. 40) ; we attach great importance to the provision of halls of residence and other facilities for corporate life in the Civic Universities. (Para. 52.) (14) In science at least there is ground for believing that a vigorous drive for new university teachers would meet with a very considerable measure of success; we make certain detailed recommendations regarding the steps which the Universities might take to secure additional teachers. (Paras. 41-42.) (15) To improve teaching efficiency and to give individual teachers adequate time for their own research any expansion in the number of students should be accompanied by a proportionately larger expansion in the number of teachers.(Para. 43.) (16) Everything possible should be done to meet the demand of students from the Commonwealth and from foreicn countries for places in British Universities and to increase the size of the Universbities to enable these students to be accepted without excluding students from this country. (Para. 44.) The Problems of the Individual Upziversities (17) Oxford and Cambridge The two ancient Universities should regard it as a duty to make a contribution towards meeting the nation’s enlarged requirements for L 222 1 graduates; this might be possible by the enlargement of some of the smaller of the existing colleges or by the foundation of one or more new colleges.(Para. 47.) (18) London There is scope for an expansion in the student population of London University although such expansion may involve adopting a policy of decentralisation. (Para. 48.) (19) English Civic Universities and the University of Wales A realIy substantial expansion here depends to a considerable ex tent on the Universities concerned bcing able to compete with Oxford Cambridge and London for the limited supply of talented students; to this end the Civic Universities must improve their amenities and the educational authorities should consider urgently a revision of the scholarship system. (Paras. 49-52.) (20) The University Colleges :The existing University Colleges can be substantially expanded and the possibility of founding new University Colleges in large centres of population should be considered.(Paras. 32 and 53.) (21) Scotland :There is we think still scope for expansion in the size of the Scottish Universities. (Para. 54.) (22) A New University The possibility of bringing into existence at Ieast one completely new University should be considered as soon as possible. (Para. 55.) The Quality of Science Teaching (23) This depends largely on the quality of research and every effort should therefore be made to ensure that adequate facilities for research are available for post-graduate students and for university staffs. (Para. 66.) THEEFFECT OF OUR PROPOSALS (24) When all possible measures have been taken to expand the output of graduates the nation will certainly be seriously short of scientists in 19S0 and is unlikely to have an adequate supply by 1955.(Paras. 57-58.) (25) In the allocation of our limited supply of scientists during the reconstruction period the order of preference should be:- (i) Teaching and Fundamental Research; (ii) Civil Science both Government and Industrial; (iii) Defence Science. (Para. 59.) (26) It is important to maintain an adequate nucleus of able scientists working on the problems of defence. (Para. 60 (c).) (27) The order of priority set out in conclusion (25) should be kept under constant review by the Government. (Para. 60 (d).) (28).As one means of implementing this order of priority the attractions of an academic career should be improved. The provision of more secretarial assistance and office machinery for university teachers would not only contribute to this end but would materially increase the efficiency of the Universities.(Para. 61.) (29) We do not think that the universities need be deterred from expanding their facilities in order to produce 5000 scientific graduates per annum by any fear that this wilI leave them with excessive staffs and accommodation once the demand for qualified scientists has levelled out. (Para. 62.) In conclusion we wouId like to guard ourselves against an imputation to which we fear that our report may lay us open namely that we are imbued with a narrowly materialistic view of the functions of a University. We are well aware that the training of specialists is not the only or even the most important function of a University and we know that the Universities themselves will strive to ensure that every student can seek the full life within their precincts and that specialised knowledge is not bought at the expense of wisdom.Signed on behalf of the Committee J. A. BARLOW, Chnirw-zaiz. M.T.FLETT,Secvetary. SCIENCE IN PARLIAMENT (May-A %gust 1946) Atomic Energy.-MR. WILMOT,MINISTER OF SUPPI;IY, in reply to a question by Mr. Blackburn on 8th July An atomic energy “pile capable of producing radio- active isotopes is nearing completion in Canada and arrangements have been made for the distribution of some of its products to recognised institutions in the United Kingdom. Production of radioactive isotopes will commence in this country on the completion of the “ piles ” now under construction.NOEL-BAKER, MR.PHILIP MINISTER OF STATE,in the course of a debate on the Atomic Energy Commission opened by Mr. Blackburn on 2nd August His Majesty’s Government fully accept the principle of control and believe that a practicable scheme can be devised . . . . We believe that all the legal political scientific and adminis- trative problems which are involved have got to be solved and solved together in cz single common plan . . . . The plan must also include provision for promoting the peaceful use of atomic energy . . . . How were we going to get this plan? It has been suggested that we might summon a special scientists’ conference to do it for us. Scientists in a private capacity have rendered great service already during this last year.I could cite some of these services and I hope that they will continue to render them. But I am quite sure that the Government should not push on to the scientists the responsibility which ought to be their own. An eminent scientist said to me the other day that this is not a scientific problem at all; it is scientifically a perfectly simple matter on which they could write out what you need to know to solve it in a very short time. It is a political and administrative problem with which the Government must deal. That brings me to speak of the organisation of the Commission. First there is the Atomic Energy Commission which consists of members of the Security Council together with representatives of Canada.Then there is a Sub-committee which is mainly of a political character and deals with the system of control and the Working Committee which consists of one representative from each member of the Commission; there is the Scientific and Technical Committee and there is a Legal Committee. On the Scientific Committee we have some of the most eminent figures in the world-Sir James Chadwick Sir George Thomson Mr. Oppenheimer M Curie,* Mr. Bkobeltzin and others. Russia takes a full part on all committees and is playing a very active part. Coal Research.-In the Committee stage of the Coal Industry Nationalisation Bill discussion took place in the House of Lords on 18th June on an amendment moved by Lord Mar1ey:o insert in the Bill a more specific reference to research involving participation in the conduct of any organisation set up in consultation with or by the Minister for the purpose of promoting and co-ordinating scientific research and development relating to the working and getting of coal the treatment of coal the manufacture of products and derivatives of coal the efficient utilisation of coal and coal products and the safety and health of persons employed in or ahoy coalmines or in connection with any colliery activities ”; and enabling the Board to contribute to the expenses of such organisation in any year a sum not exceeding the produce of a levy of sixpence a ton of coal raised during the year or such greater sum as may be specifically approved by the Minister.” LORD MARLEY I know that a great deal has been done but with such limited facilities we have not been able to get good value.The Fuel Research Station of the D.S.I.R.is doing admirable work but with inadequate facilities . . . Then of course we have had B.C.U.R.A. which has also spent considerable sums and which has planned to spend .&?OO,OOO a year in future years; of this sum &60,000 comes from D.S.I.R. and &100,000from a levy on coal. The Gas Research Board spent L32,OOO on research last year and in the Gas Industries’ Report issued as a Command Paper last December the Committee indicated that in their opinion not less than L200,OOO a year should be spent by the Gas Research Board . . . . Finally let me say that research does mean more scientists.You cannot get research merely by spending money. That is why this is a permissive suggestion. It means that we have got to plan ahead for scientific manpower and in this connection we have the Report of the Committee on Scientific Manpower which was issued last May as a White Paper Cmd. 6824 (see p. 221). In hat Report they made it clear that we must have better conditions for scientists; that means better salaries better prospects and better training for future scientists- again all costing money. * Presumably Professor Joliot. [ 2243 LORDWINSTER, in the course of the reply for the Government The Parliamentary and Scientific Committee has done most useful work over a long period of years in calling attention to matters connected with research in the mining industry and more especially I have always felt in calling attention to the necessity for securing a greater intake of scientists and research workers and in proposing various means and methods whereby that could be done.Because I feel so much sympathy with what has been said I regret all the more that I cannot accept my noble friend’s amendment . . . but I am happy to say that I can give him the assurance of the Government’s intentions in this matter for which he asks. My right honourable friend the Minister of Fuel and Power is in full agreement with the necessity for research and for spending large sums of money on research and has gone on record as saying that without research it is very doubtful whether the industry can pay its way and prosper or whether it can promote the right kind of re-organisation [see JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1946 IV 1911.It is the view of the Government that research is required not merely for the purpose of revising and re-organising the mining industry but because the Govern- ment have in contemplation the co-ordination of all forms of fuel and power. Nationalisa-tion of the coal industry must be considered in relation to the gas and electricity industries and to the promotion of full-scale carbonisation. It is on that account that the Government is determined that research must be pressed on with and that adequate sums of money must be spent on it . . . . The appointment of Sir Charles Ellis to sit on the Coal Board is I think good evidence of the Government’s intentions in thismatter.There will be a Research Department entrusted with the task of gathering up all possible means of research and of existing research schemes and this Department will seek to promote research upon an increasing scale . . . . There are still some uncertainties as to what will be dealt with directly by the Minister what will be dealt with by the Fuel Research Board and also what will fall more properly within the purview of the Coal Board. But I can say that the Government recognise that research especially as to methods of production and treatment of coal has been much neglected in the past and the Minister of Fuel and Power anticipates a much greater expenditurc by the Board on research of all kinds than the relatively small and insufficient sums which have been spent heretofore.In view of these assurances perhaps my noble friend will be able to withdraw his amendment. The amendment was by leave withdrawn. Engineering Research and Development.-&lR. HERBERT MORRISON,LORDPRESI-DENT OF THE COUNCIL, in reply to a question by Mr. Ayles on 22nd July The estimated expenditure by His Majesty’s Government for the current financial year directly classifiable as for engineering research and development is &740,000. This includes work carried out by the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research and by the National Institute of Agricultural Engineering. The staff men and women employed on this work numbers 1049. Fifteen industrial research associations are engaged primarily on engineering research and development and they received during the last financial year k245,OOO in Government grant through the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research.They employ about 960 staff. In addition to work which is directly classifiable as engineering research or development a large proportion of the research and development work undertaken by some other Government Depart- ments has engineering applications or aspects. This is predominantly the case in the Ministry of Supply and Admiralty which undertake research on armaments ship propulsion plant and aircraft and the results of this research are made available where possible to industry . . . . The whole field of engineering research for civil needs has just been examined by my Advisory Council for Scientifrc and Industrial Hesearch and 1 have approved proposals for the establishment of a Mechanical Engineering Research Establishment and an Establishment for research on “ loose boundary ” liydraulics to be carried out by the D.S.I.R.Land Fertility (Research) Fund.-MR. T. WILLIAfifs MINISTEROF AGRICULTURE,. in reply to Mr. York on 3rd July The purpose of the Land Fertility Research Fund is to promote research investigation and instruction in the use of lime as a means of promoting the fertility of the soil . . . . The bulk of the work now in hand is carried out by assistants on the staffs of the thirteen provincial agricultural advisory centres. attached to universities and agricultural colleges in various parts of the country and involves the sampling of soils the analysis of the soil samples and the preparation of reports embodying advice on lime application; and also experimental work designed to ascertain the most suitable finenesses of lime of various types for agricultural purposes.Work is also undertaken at these cen-tres as opportunity offers on the Lime Deficiency Survey of England and Wales started in 1937 but largely suspended during the war. [ 225 J Msdical Research Council (Grants).-MR. DALTON OF THE EXCHEQUER, CHANCELLOR in the course of his reply to a question on 29th July by Mr. Peter Freeman Whereas grants to the Medical Research Council in the years immediately preceding the war were L195,OOO per annum the grants in 1945-46 and 1946-47 were respectively fj295,OOO and k480,000 the latter including k100,OOO capital building grant.Medical research is also assisted by the Exchequer grants made to universities and teaching hospitals though it is not possible to say what proportion of these grants is spent for this purpose. Scientific Civil Service.4n 25th June MR. ERROLL asked the Chancellor of the Exchequer whether he is aware that proposals have been made to re-grade scientific officers in the Civil Service with first- and second-class Honours Degrees into the experimental officer class for which such qualifications are unnecessary; and whether in view of the need to conserve scientific manpower as indicated by the Report of the Committee on Scientific Manpower he will arrange for an investigation to be made into the present use of scientific manpower in the Civil Service with a view to ensuring that inen and women with high qualifications are not wasted in the lower grades which could easily be filled by persons of lesser attainments.MR.DALTON: Efficiency in the use of scientific manpower is one of the main purposes of the new scheme and I see no reason for any special investigation. The strengthened class of experimental officers will play an important part and it must not be assumed that the holder of a good Honours Degree would be wasted there. MR. ERROLL: But will the Government realise that such a person would not be wasted if he could be put to very much better use by being employed in a capacity appropriate to his attainments? MR.DALTON: \Ve are anxious to make full use of capable scientists in all branches of science and with all sorts of different qualifications.I do not think the hon. Gentleman need fear that we shall waste any talents that can be brought into the public service. Scientific Manpower.-MR. HERBERT LORD PRESIDENT MORRISON OF THE COUNCIL, in reply to Mr. Phillips Price on 27th May The Committee appointed to consider the use of the nation’s scientific manpower and resources during the next 10 years have reported and their report [the Barlow Report] which makes a strong case for a very substantial expansion in the output of qualified scientists from the universities at the earliest possible date has been published to-day. The Government are in general agreement with the conclusions of the Committee (see p.221) which we recognise will involve a substantial liability on the Exchequer. We hope that they will receive the immediate and serious consideration of the university authorities so that detailed proposals for giving efiect to them canbe formulated in consultation with the University Grants Committee. Scientific Research (Tax Allowance).-On 22nd July SIRERNEST GRAHAM-LITTLE asked the Chancellor of the Exchequer if he will consider a refusal by the Board of Inland Revenue of a claim by Dr. Arnold Renshaw a distinguished graduate of London University for his laboratory to be granted special allowance for depreciation in respect of scientific research equipment in view of the work in medical research carried out by this laboratory for the past 20 years; and whether he will extend the same provision to other laboratories similarly circumstanced.MR. DALTON:No Sir. The provisions of the Finance Act 1944 which grant a special allowance for expenditure on scientific research apply only to traders and not to persons carrying on professions. University Grants Committee (Terms of Reference).-MR. DALTON. CHANCELLOR OF THE EXCHEQUER, in reply to a question by Mr. E Fletcher on 30th July as to whether he had considered the terms of reference of the University Grants Committee Yes Sir. I am anxious that in this new phase of rapid expansion and planned development of our universities the Committee should playa more positive and influential part than in the past.The Committee have therefore been given new terms of reference as follows ‘‘To enquire into the financial needs of University education in Great Britain; to advise the Government as to the application of any grants made by Parliament towards meeting them; to collect examine and make available information on matters relating to University education at home and abroad; and to assist in consultation with the universities and other bodies concerned the preparation and execution of such plans for the development of the universities as may from time to time be required in order to ensure that they are fully adequate to national needs.” EXAMINATIONS SEPTEMBER f 946 ABSTRACT OF THE REPORT OF THE BOARD OF EXAMINERS Kxaniinations were held as under :-Entered Passcd For the Associateship in General Chemistry.Examiners Dr. G. M. Bennett and I’rofessor Williaiii Wardlaw. The examination was held in the week commencing Monday 16th September at tho University of London South Kensington and at the Royal Technical CoIlege Glasgow some theoretical papers being taken in other centres .. 61 For the Fellowship. The examinations were held in the week conimencing Monday, 2Yrd September at the Institute and in the Laboratories of the University of London South Kensington except where otherwise stated. Braitch A :Inorganic Chemistry. Examiner Professor W. Wardlaw .. *. .. .. I I Branch C Organic Chemistry. Examiner Dr. G. M. Bennett . . .. .. .. 1 1 With special reference to Oils and Fats.Examiner Mr. W. H. Simmons . . .. .. .. 1 o* Branch U Biochemistry. Examiner :Professor R. A. Morton. f. At the Univcrsity of Liverpool .. .. .. 1 1 With special reference to Nutrition and Vitamins . . .. 1 1 Urawch E TJte Chemistry including Microscopy of Food and Drugs and of Water. Examiners Dr. H. E. Cox and Dr. C. H. Hampshire . . 7 4t Branch G:Industrial Chemistry. General Examiner Mr. H. W. Cremer. With special reference to Petroleum. Examiner Professor F. H. Garner. At the University of Birmingham .. .. .* .* 1 I With special veference to the Manufacture of Pulp and Paper. Examiner Dr. H. A. Harrison . . .. .. .. 1 1 With special reference to the Manufacture of Rayon. Examiner :Mr. F. Scholefield. At the College of Technology Manchester .... I 0 Branch H General Analytical Chemistry. Examiner Mr. H. N. Wilson . . .. .. .. 1 -77 = * Failed in part only of the examination. t 1candidate completed his exaniination by satisfying the Examiners in those parts in which he had previously faiIed. [227 -j EXAMINATION FOR THE ASSOCIATESHIP IN GENERAL CHEMISTRY MONDAY 16th SEPTEMBER 1946 10 am. to 1 p.m. (Answer FIVE questions only. Answer concisely and to the point. Give formulm and equations where Possible.) 1. Describe how ONE substance of industrial value may be obtained from EACH of the following (a) bauxite (b) rock phosphate (c) pyrolusite. Give a brief account of the properties of the substances you select. 2. Summarise some of the more important relationships between physical properties and chemical constitution.3. Discuss the valencies exhibited by iodine and outline the uses of this element and its compounds in quantitative analysis. 4. Write an account of EITHER (a) modern views on acid and base catalysed re- actions OR (b) methods for the separation (partial or complete) of isotopes. 5. Discuss features of interest in the chemistry of the compounds of EITHER (a) boron! OR (b) cobalt. 6. Give an account of adsorption with special reference to industrial processes and analytical procedures. 7. By special reference to THREE examples discuss the statement that the first member of a group of elements in the Periodic classification has properties which are not typical of the other members of the group.2 to 5 p.m. (Answer FIVE questions only. Answer concisely and to the point. Give forntula and equations where possible.) 1. Indicate the diaerent ways in which electricity may be used on an industrial scale for the preparation of chemical elements or coInpunds. Illustrate your answer by suitable examples. 2. Write notes on TWO of the following:- (a) conductometric titrations; (b) the colloidal state; (c) the osmotic pressure of dilute solutions. 3. Compare and contrast the properties of typical hydrides including those of non-stoichiometric composition. 4. Derive the van't Hoff isochore and discuss its usefulness to the chemist. In a reaction of the type X + E' + 2 XY there were produced at equilibrium at 445" C.3.70 moles ofXY from 2.06 moles of X and 3-19 moles of Y,. When the reaction was carried out at 55OoC. the equilibrium constant was 30. Calculate the heat of reaction. 5. Give some account of the historically important researches on EITHER (a) thermal dissociation OK (b) the use of the spectroscope in the discovery of elements. 0. Write an essay on EITHER (a) the methods of investigation and the nature of unimolecular films on liquid surfaces OR (b) the meaning and determination of the " order " of a chemical reaction. 7. Describe the preparation properties and chief reactions of FOUR of the following substances calcium cyanamide chromyl chloride nickel carbonyl hydrazine sulphatr ammonium niolybdate sodium bismu thate. TUESDAY 17th SEPTEMBER 1946 10 am.to 1 P.w.z. (Answer FOUR questions only. Write concisely aozd to the point. Gave formula and equations where possible.) 1. How is acetic acid synthesised on the industrial scale? Briefly 'indicate how you would prepare any SIX of the following substances from acetic acid:- diethyl malonate glycine chloroform acetaldehyde succinic acid methyl- (1iethylcarbinol ethylamine. pi iiacol. [ 328 J 2. llcscribe the classicdl method for the determination of carbon and hydrogen in an organic compound containing nitrogen and sulphur. What are (a) the essential modifications introduced (b) the special advantages in the microanalytical method which has largely superseded it ? 3. Give a convenient laboratory method for each of the following chemical operations:-(a) reduction of a ketone to the corresponding hydrocarbon (h) conversion of an aldehyde into a saturated acid with two extra carbon atoms in the molecule; (c) conversion of an alcohol into its homologue with two additional carbon atoms; (d) conversion of an acid into its next higher homologue; (e) reduction of a nitro-aldehyde or ketone to the corresponding nitro-alcohol.4. IYrite notes on the isomerism dispIayed by each of the following:- cinnamic acid phenyltolylketexime azobenzene rn-carboxyphenylmethyl-sulphoxide phenylmethylethylaniline oxide benzenesulphonyl-S-nitro-l-naphthyl-glycine. 5. Give briefly the chief methods by which quinoline and isoquinoline compounds may be synthesised.What special reactivity is shown by a methyl group substituted in the quinoline or isoquinoline molecule and under what conditions? Discuss the reactions which give rise to (a) qninoline yellow and (b) a cyanine dye. 0. How was the presence of a furanoid ring in the sucrose molecule demonstrated? Discuss the formula of sucrose in detail and show that this formula accounts for the characteristic properties of the sugar. 7. Discuss the evidence on which the accepted formula of ONE of the following is based :-rosaniline camphor uric acid. 2 to 3.30p.m. Translation of French and German technical literature. WEDNESDAY 18th SEPTEMBER 1946 10 a.m. to 4.30 9.m. (Lengthy descriptions of practical work are not required. &fake concise notes of your experiments as the?) are .riiade and where possible in tabular form.State your $final conclusions clearly. ) 1. Solution (A) has been made by dissoIving in I litre 50 grams of a sample known to contain glycine and neutral sodium salts. Determine the amount of glycine in 1 litre of (A) and deduce the percentage of glycine in the sample. \-ou are provided with pure glycine and aqueous formaldehyde. (Candidates were provided with experimental instructions.) 2. Exaniinc the substance (B)with a view to its identification prepare two crystal- line derivativcs and leave specimens labelled with name and m.p. [(R) = p-chloro-benzoic acid or 4-chlorophthslic acid.] THUHSDA I',19th SEPTEMBER 1946 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. (Length-y descriptions of practical work are not required.Make concise wotes of your exper.t:me?tts as they are made and where possible in tabular form. State your final conclusions clearly.) 1. From the given phenolic compound (C) prepare pure specimens of (a) the benzoyl derivative (b) the bromo-derivative (c)the toluenesulphonyl derivative (d)the P;naphthylazo-derivative (e) the nitro-compound obtained with an excess of fuming nitric acid. [For (e) use not more than I gram of (C,) in any one experiment and work at a fume cupboard.] Leave specimens labelled with their name and m.y. [(C) = n~-cresol.] 2. Identify the substance (D). [(D) = thiourea or diphenylthiocarbamide.] c 229 3 FRIDAY 20th SEPTEMBER 1946 10 a.m. to 4.30 fi.m. 1. Examine the solid (E) and ascertain its constituents.[(E) = a mixture of LiF and CaSO,.] 2. The solution (F) contains sodium chromate and scidium sulphate. Determine the chromate and sulphate and express the results as grams of CrO and grams of SO per litre of solution (F). These exercises must be completed to-day. SATURDAY 21st SEPTEMBER 1946 10 a.m. to 4.30 pm. 1. You are supplied with a solution of copper sulphate (G) and a solution of ammonia (H). Find the concentrations of these solutions and investigate the distribu- tion of ammonia between the aqueous copper sulphate solution and chloroform Deduce the formula for the cuprammonium ion from your results. (Candidates were supplied with experimental instructions.) EXAMINATIONS FOR THE FELLOWSHIP Branch A Inorganic Chemistry MONDAY 23rd SEPTEMBER 1946 10 a.m.to 1p-m. (Answer FOUR questions oaly.) 1. What general methods are available for the preparation of metallic elements? Give examples to indicate the uses and limitations of each method. 2. Discuss critically methods of purification and criteria of purity as applied to inorganic substances. 3. Mention the general differences in crystalline structure between simple salts and organic compounds. How is the structure of simple salts influenced by (a) ionic size (b)the stoichiometric ratio of the ions? 4. Write an account of the uses of complexes and complex salt formation in analytizl chemistry. 5. The neutron proved to be the most effective particle for inducing nuclear changes.’’ Discuss this statement.6. Critically examine the modern views on the types of bonds between atoms. 2 to 5 l5.m. (Answer THREE questions only.) 1. Write an account of the preparation of chemical compound.^ by electrolytic and electrothermal processes. 2. Discuss the aliotropy of the elements with special reference to carbon sulphur iron and tin. 3. Write an essay on “Colour in inorganic compounds.” 4. Give an account of the chemistry and structures of the silicates. 6. Bromine is said to react with sodium thiosulphate in dilute aqueous solution according to the equation :-N+S20 -{-5H20 -i-4Br2 = 2NaHS0 -+ 8HBr. What experiments would you make to prove that the reaction given above does actually take place and how would you determine whether the reaction goes quantitatively ? 6.Give an account of any original investigation with which yo11 have been associated in the field of inorganic chemistry. TUESDAY to THCrRSDnlY 24th to 26th SEPTE.lfRER 1946 10 4.911. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. The given solution (A) contains only sodium salts. Determine the weight of sodium in 1 litre of the solution by estimating the sodium as (a) sodium chloride (b)sodium sulphate (c)sodium zinc uranyl acetate. Comment on your results. 2. Prepare in as pure a state as possible samples of the metallic salts of dithionic, trithionic and tetrathionic acids respectively. Analyse the three substances to establish their composition. These exercises must be completed by the end of Thzrvsday 26th September. [ 2301 FRIDAY 27th SEPTEMBER 1946 10 a.m.to 5 p.m.1. Assuming that the zinc provided contains zinc and zinc oxide only determine the total zinc content (a) by precipitation with ammonium phosphate and conversion to pyro- phosphate ; (b) by precipitation as zinc mercuric thiocyanate and titration with standard potassium iodate solution Zn(Hg(CKS),) + 6KI0 + 12HC1 = ZnSO + HgSO + 2H,S04 + 4HCN + 61C1 + 6KC1 + 2H,O; (c) volumetrically by titration with ferrocyanide solution. Comment critically on the methods and on the results you obtain by them. Branch C Organic Chemistry I)/IONDAY 23rd SEPTEMBER 1946 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (THREE questions to he answered.) 1. Describe the developments which have occurred in recent years in the chemistry of the paraffins and olefins.2. Explain giving examples the use of any SIX of the following substances in organic chemistry selenium maleic anhydride diazoacetic ester periodic acid sodamide thoria copper powder phenyl isocyanate. 3. Explain the meaning ofthe following terms and discuss the circumstances and the mechanism of the changes involved mutarotation racemisation asymmetric transformation. 4. Discuss the way in which the strengths of organic acids and bases depend on their composition and structure. 5. How was the nature of the osygen ring in the molecule of normal glucose determined ? Discuss the mode of attachment of the units in the structures of (a) maltose and starch and (b) cellobiose and cellulose. 6. Give the chemical evidence for the structure of ONE ofthe folIowing substances cineole cinchonine tryptophan.2 to 5 p.m. (THREE guestiom to be answered.) 1. Give methods by which any SIX of the following may be prepared from simpler materials dimethylglyoxime acetonylacetone methylene blue thioindigo B-eucaine a rhodamine phthalocyanine cyclooctatetraene. 3. Illustrate by specific examples the value of the study of dipole moment? in organic chemistry. 3. How may diazoketones be prepared? Explain their uses in synthetic work. 4. What do you consider to be the outstanding developments in stereochemistry 5. Describe the methods which are available for the introduction of arsenic into since the time of Pasteur? aromatic compounds. 6.Give a general account of the chemistry of EITHER the sex hormones OK the sesquit erpenes. TUESDr3 I’ md WEDNESDA Y 24th and 25th SE PTEMRER 1946 10 am. to 6 pm. each day. 1. Determine the proportions of mono- and dimethylanilines in the specimen (B). 2. Examine the ester (C). Tsolate pure specimens of the alcohol and the acid. Prepare a crystalline derivative of the alcohol. DeTermine the percentage ofSilver in the silver salt of the acid. i(C) -butyl phtha1ate.i 3. Identify the substance present in solution (n). [(D) = lactic acid.] c 231 1 THZJRSD;1 I’ ctird FHIL,,-I 1’. 26th u~d 27th SI?PTE,4IHEH. 19-M LO u,/it. to 6 p.ni. each day. 1. From the acetanilidc provided prepare pure specimens of o-nitraniline and o-phen ylenediamine.From the benzaldehyde provided prepare pure specimens of benzoin benzil and benzilic acid. Isolate a pure specimen of 2 :3-diphenyfquinoxaline. Leave specimens labelled with names and m.p. 1. Identify the substance (E). [(E) = theobromine.] 3. Identify the substance (F). [(F) = d-arabinose.] Branch C Organic Chemistry with special reference to Oils and Fats MOATDAY,23rd SEPTEMBER 1946 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (See p. 231.) 2 to 5 p.m. (FIVE questions ONLY to be attempted.) 1. Give an outline of the methods employed for determining the constitution of oils and fats. What do you understand by “the law of even distribution”? 2. Give an account of the composition of the unsaponifiable matter of oils and fats. About what quantities would you expect to find in coconut maize shea nut shark liver and sperm oils? 3.Name the principal colouring matters found in vegetable oils giving their constitution and properties. Describe two general methods for oil bleaching. 4. Give a short account ofthe constitution and properties of substances used as soap substitutes. 5. Describe the effects of heat on (1) coconut oil (2) linseed oil (3) tung oil and (4) castor oil. 6. Explain what happens in the determination of the iodine value of tung oil by the Wijs method and describe a method by which the total unsaturation of the oilmay be determined. 7. Discuss the formation of isomers of oleic acid in industrial processes and the effects they have on the products obtained. 8. Give three examples of the harmful effects of traces of metallic or other mineral impurities in fats used for industrial purposes.TtIESDAY to FRIDAY 24th to 27th SEPTEMBER 1946 10 a.m.to 5 p.9n. each day. 1. Identify the substance (G). [(G) = glyceryl monostearate.] 3. Report upon the suitability for paint manufacture of a sample of linseed oil (H). 3. Determine the total fatty matter in the sulphated fatty alcohol paste (I) and 4. Report on the quality of the sample of stearine (J). ascertain the molecular weight of the alcohol. Branch D Biochemistry MONDAY 23vd SEPTEMBER 1846 10 am. to 1 pm. (Ansmev FOUR questions only.) 1. Discuss the value of TWO of the following in biochemical research and describe ONE in detail:-(a)deuterium; (b) electrophoresis; (c) chromatography ; (d) ultra-violet spectrophotometry ; (e) X-ray crystallography.2. Write an essay on urea. 3. Give an account of the methods whereby different proteins can be compared in [ 2323 respect of their nutritional value. 4. Write a critical account of developments in knowledge concerning fat metabolism. G. Consider a large group of people accustonied to a mixed diet averaging 3000 Cal./day and for a period of 6 months reduced to 2600 Cal./day followed by a further reduction to 1500 Cal./day for the next six months. Explain as fully as you can the consequences which might be expected if the diets were qualitatively similar. 6. Describe the biochemical functions of iodine and fluorine.7. Discuss diabetes niellitus from the biochemical standpoint. 2 to 5 P.m. (Answer FOUR questioizs mZy.) 1. Write an essay on EITHER provitamins and vitamins A OR provitamins and vitamins D. 2. Discuss the modes of action in the body of nicotinamide riboflavin and aneurhe. 3. Summarise recent advances in knowledge concerning the B complex omitting thc substances referred to in C,.2. 4. Give an account of the role oE trace element:; in nutrition. 5. Discuss the principles governing trustworthy biological assuys of vitamins and other substances possessing specific physiological effects. 6. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the fortification of foodstuffs with concentrates or synthetic products.7. Write an essay on EITHER the hormones of the pituitary body OR the hortnoncs of the adrenals. TUESDA Y 24th SEPTEMBER 1946 10 U,WL to 5 PJH. 1. Carry out a qualitative and quantitative cxamination of the mixed foodstuH (A). This exercise winy be completed to-morrow. WEDNESDAY 26th SEPTEMBER 1946 10 a.w. lo 5 P.~N. 1 Complete yesterday’s exercise 1. 2. Report on the carotene content of thc sample of dried grass (13). This exercise way be completed to-morrow. TH URSDA Y and FMDA Y 26th ard 2711~SEPTEMBER 1946 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each duy 1 Complete yesterday’s exercise 2. 2. Prepare a sample of ergosterol from thc yeast (C). Determine the percentage of non-saponifiablc matter obtainable from tho yeast and estimate the percentage of ergosterol therein.Branch E The Chemistry including Microscopy of Food and Drugs and of Water MONDA Y 23rd SEPTEMBER 1948 10 tc.m to 11.30 pm. 1. How may the following additions be detected and determined in flour (a)creta 2. What methods are available for differentiating between animal and vegetable preparata (b) milk powder (c) improvers (d) bleaching agents (e) raising ingredients. pollution and between phenols derived from tarred roads or from vegetation in water supplies. 3. Write an essay on modern colorimetric methods as applicable to the analysis of foodstuffs. 233 J 11.30 a.m. to 1 p.ni. (ONLYTHKEE qztesiioiis to be amwered.) 1. Write short notes on the pharmacological actions and therapeutic uses of ((4) ephedrine (b) emetine bismuth iodide (c) sodium nitrite (d)sodium sulphate (c) iodine.5. Describe the pharmacological actions of the drugs of the digitalis group. How are these drugs standardised ? 3. Outline the principal yharinacological effects of opium. Corilparc the uses Of the separated alkaloids with thosc of opium and its galenical preparations. 4. Describe in outline the procedures you would follow for the detection and determination of the following drugs in urine (N) morphine (b) alcohol (c) su1ph:l-thiazole. 3 to 5 pm. (Answer FIVE questions.) 1. Describe methods suitable for the routine bacteriological cxatnitiation of a drinking water from a shallow well. 3. How would you examine a pottcd meat thought to have caused severe sickncss of a consumer ? 3.Suggest definitions or standards for the following giving reasons for your views (a)cocktails (b) chocolate cake powder (c) cocoa powder (d) essence of lemon. 4. What methods are available for the estimation of vitamins A D and E in 5 fatty product ? 5. Discuss the causes prevention and determination of oxidative spoilage ill edible fats. 6. Write an essay on milk standards having regard to existing legislation case law and regulations and their enforcement. I’UESDA Y 24th SEPTEMBER 1946 10 a.m. to 5 Pm. 1. Determine the ascorbic acid content of the fruit juice (K). 2. Make a complete analysis of the condensed milk (L). This exercise may be completed to-morvow.WEDNESDAY 25th SEPTEMBER 1946 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercise 2. 2. Determine the “impurities” in the raw spirit (M). This exercise may be completed to-morrow. THUNSUAY 26th SEPTEMBER 1946 10 am. to 5 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercise 2. 2. Determine the total protein and amino-acids in the meat extract (N). This exercis;? may be completed to-morrow. FNIDA Y,27th SEYTEiVIBER 194G 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercise 2. 2. Identify the specimens (0),(P) (Q) (R) and (S). 3. Determine the saccharin in the “soft drink” (T). SATURDAY 28th SEPTEMBER 1946 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. (Reports of microscopical examinations should be accompanied by annotated sketches.) 1.Identify by microscopical examination the drugs (U),(V) (W) (X) and examine 2. Make a microscopical examination of the tablets (k’)with a view to identifying 3. Identify the poison in the Liniment (2). them for the presence of adulterants. the ingredients. E 234 3 Branch G Industrial Chemistry -1IOND-4 I. SSrd SEPTEMBER 1946 10 a.m. to 1 P.m. (Atiswer @restion 1 and my THREE other questions.) (This paper was fakeit bv all Cavrdidafes in this Brat,cla.) 1. Discuss the means whereby you would keep watch on the combustion efficiency of a factory steani-raising plant. 2. Give some account of the types of chemical products which depend upon agri- culture for their raw materials. 3. What type of equipment would you use for the following processes? (a) Solution of fused lump caustic soda in water.(6) The breaking down of strong sulphuric acid to a 30 per cent. solution. (L) The removal of from 1 to 2 per cent. of sulphur dioxide from air. (d) The movement and storage of glacial acetic acid. lllustrate your remarks by nieaiis of simple sketches and indicate the materiala of construction you would recommend for the plant in question. 4. Discuss the working of the Alkali Works etc. Regulation Act (Alkali Act). What responsibilities have factory managers with regard to this measure ? 6. What type of information must be collected in order to present a periodic statement of process efficiency and cost? Draft a form of return you would require from a typical process section and explain how the information thereon is incorporated in a production cost statement.6. Write notes on the following -(a) Freeze drying; (6) Molecular distillation ; (c) Wetting agents. Branch G Industrial Chemistry with special reference to Petroleum THI/’RSDL4Y.26th SEPTEMBER 1946 2 to 5 p.m. (Question 1 to be answered and THREE others.) 1. Write an essay on (a) The use of hydrofluoric acid in the alkylation process OH (b) Azeotropic and extractive distillation in the separation of hydrocarbons OK (c) The use of adsorbents in petroleum refining. 2. Describe the princiyal methods used for the removal of sulphur compounds 3. Describe ONE of the catalytic cracking processes with a diagram of the plant present in distillates.employed. Comment on the future uses of catalytic processes with special reference to gas oils. 4. Give a brief account of FOUR of the following methods of test and their signi- ficance in evaluating petroleum products (a)octane number (b) Reid vapour pressure (c) cloud and pour points (d) penetration (e) demulsification number (f) smoke point. 5. Describe the various t+s of filter presses used in the petroleum industry and 6. List the various solvents used in solvent refining and give a description with a the purpo~esfor which they are employed. diagram of one of the solvent refining processes MONDA Y to WEDNESDA Y 23rd to 25th SEPTEMBER 1946 10 am. to 5 p.m.each day. 1. Make full tests on the sample of gas oil provided and state the purposes for w7hich this gas oil would be suitable. 2. Determine the specific gravity distillation range water content and sulphur content of the crude petroleum provided Estimate the yields of three products which mbld be obtained ffom it and determine the properties of one of these products. 235 J Branch G Industrial Chemistry with special reference to Rayon iVIONDAY 30th SEPTEICfBER 1946 2 to 5p.m. (Notinore than six questions to be attempted.) 1. Write an essay on the chemical constitutions and physical structures which have been ascribed to the different kinds of celfulose. 2. Set out the causes for the blockage of viscose spinnerets and criticise the methods that have been used to overcome this defect.3. Review the present hypotheses on the formation of a “skin” on viscose rayon filaments. Discuss the differences in structure of the “skin” and “core.” 4. Give a detailed account of the composition of viscosc coagulating baths indicating the reactions of the difference constituents. 5. Compare the structures and properties of viscose and cupra rayons. 6. What is the purpose of ripening viscose? What are the changes that occur during this process and what are their effects on the character of the rayon produced ? 7. Discuss the relations between the molecular weights oi high polyniers and the properties of the fibres produced from them. 8. Compare the oxidations of cellulose by periodic acid nitrogen dioxide and sodium chlorite.9. Discuss the constitutions of artificial fibres which are water-soluble or soluble in dilute aqueous solutions paying particular attention to the solubilising mechanisms. 10. Describe the acetylation of cellulose and account for the relative strengths of the different catalysts used and their effects on the stability of the final product. TUESDAY to FRIDAY 1st lo 4th OCTOBER 1946 10 am. to 5 p.w. each day. 1. Investigate the defective fabric (A) and characterise the defect indicating when this could have arisen. 2. Identify the fibres in sample (B)and find the proportion of each which is present. 3. Determine the degree of acetylation of the acetate (C) and suggest a possible use for an acetate of this composition.4. Analyse and report on the finish which has been applied to the rayon fabric (D). 5. Examine the sample (E)of viscose and report on its suitability for spinning into rayon. 6. Report on the quality of the given cake of viscose rayon yarn sample (F) in respect of its intended use in woven fabrics. 7. Analyse the given sample (G) of water and discuss its suitability for use in rayon rnanu fact ure. Branch H General Analytical Chemistry iIIONDAY 23rd SEPTEMBER 1946 10 a.m. to 1 ).HI. (Answer FOUR questions.) 1. Describe methods for the determination of viscosity in (a)Liquids (6) Suspen-sions such as paints. What units are commonly employed what precautions must be taken to avoid errors and what degree of precision is attainable with the apparatus you describe.2. Write a brief essay on the specificity of analytical reagents and thc ube of 4. Critically review some recent text-book or reference book on analyticaI “masking” reagents to enhance specificity. chemistry OR Write an account of some analytical investigation in which you have been particu- larly interested (this essay must not deal extensively with a topic which is the main subject of another answer in this paper). 4. Discuss analytical applications of chromatography OR adsorption indicators and their applications. [ 256 J .i.Exyiain Lhi tr-rin “Oxit~~ti~n wcIirction p<ltentiaI.” Discuss fully nvo oxitlatiim tt’actmns wed in \.ciliimc.trjc analysib on(.t 1) lw tlw fcrrou: iron-prrmanganate reaction. 6. HOWwould you deteririine tho collcentration of dust in the atmosphere of it workshop or warehouse? Briefly indicate the methods you would use to determine three of the following in dusts fluorine chrominm mcrcnry Icad cadmium. 7. Describe how you would examine the volatile “thinners” separated from a paint or varnish. YOUare to supposc the sample to bc of unknown origin and the examina- tion is to be as conipletc as possible. 2 to 5 @.m. (Answer FOUR questims.) 1. 1 kscribe in detail the accurate determination of aluminiunl in a basic rock such as a gahhro. Pay particular attention to the effect of other elements likely to be present. 1‘. 1)iscu.s.; the. analytical chemistry of ONE of thc following groups of eictnents:--(a) Titanium zirconium thorium; OR (b) Chromium molybdenum tungsten; OR (LI) The platinum metals.3. Describe the construction and underlying principle of either :- (a) the Polarimeter; (b) the Refractometer (AbbB or “dipping ” type) ; (c) the Spectrophotometer (optical or photoelectric). 4. Give the methods commonly used for the determination of sulphuric acid hydrochloric acid and “oxides of nitrogen,” in stack gases. lndicate the limitations and advantages of methods you describe. 5. Indicate briefly how you would determine small quantities of FOUR of the following:-(i) aluminium in potable water; (ii) nitrate in river water; (iii) manganese in “accumulator acid ;” (iv) iodine in nitrate of soda; (v) nickel in cobalt salts; (vi) “peroxides” in cthcr.6. Discuss the uses of potassiuin iodate in volumetric analysis. 7. What factors influence the particle size and purity of precipitates? Show how the precision of gravimetric analysis has been improved by the application of the principles you describe. 8. Indicate briefly the applicability and methods of use of FIVE of the fOkWhg reagents :-(i) acetic anhydride (ii) methyl iodide (iii) a-naphthyl isothiocyanate (iv) iodine monochloride (v) 2 :4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, (vi) pyridine, (vii) titanous sulphate. TUESDAY 24th SEPTEMBER 1946 10 a.m. lo 5 p.nt. 1. Identify the pigments in the four samples of paint Nos.1 to 4. This exercise must be co;npkied to-day. 2. Analyse the sample (KO.5) of a hydraulic brake fluid. This exercise may be completed on the three following days. (Contained ethyl alcohol ethylene glycol and castor oil.) c 237 1 REPORT Examination for the Associateship Inorganic and Physical Chemistry. The first question in Paper 1 dealt with the preparation of substances from the minerals bauxite rock phosphate and pyrolusite. The answers on the whole were good although it was not unusual to find cryolite given as NaAlF in the manufacture of aluminium from bauxite and rock phosphate formulated as Ca,POI. It is rather surprising to find a number of the candidates incapable of writing correct formula? for simple chemical substances.Some very satisfactory answers were given to the questions dealing with physico-chemical matters but the answers returned in the discussion on the statement set out in Q. 7 left much to be desired. As a general rule candidates attempted the full number of questions allowed. In answering Paper 2 candidates were not always clear about the range of colloidal particle size and it was not unusual to find pressure stipulated as a necessary condition for the preparation of nickel carbonyl. Chromyl chloride was sometimes incorrectly formulated and Graham’s Law of diffusion quoted in answers dealing with Thermal Dissociation was not always given correctly. However the question which gave most trouble to the candidates was the physico-chemical one Q.4. Although many candidates attempted it hardly any correct answers were returned to the calculation. This is surprising asthe problem was a straightforward one. Some very good work was returned in the practical part of the examination and the problem exercise on Saturday was tackled successfully by a high proportion of the candidates. Organic Chemistry. The first question on acetic acid was well done by many candidates but a number faiIed to appreciate the meaning of the word “synthesized” and described the vinegar process. The question on ultimate analysis was attempted by few candidates and still fewer had any detailed knowledge of the essentials of the micro-methods. Q. 3 demanding convenient laboratory methods for certain chemical operations was in general poorly answered.Candidates were too often content to provide a lengthy scheme of possiblc but difficult steps when a shorter practicable method should have been known. In Q. 4 on stereoisomerism the answers were usually adequate but in commenting on cinnamic acid no candidate mentioned the complication arising from the poly- morphism of allocinnamic acid. The question on quinoline and isoquinoline was on the whole answered badly very few candidates had accurate knowledge of the special reactivity of the methyl groups referred to. Most candidates attempted Q. 7 on the structure of uric acid or camphor but the answers were often incomplete. The practical work was in general well done. Translation of French and German. Many translations were poor.Candidates should realise that this language test is an essential part of the examination. Examination for the Fellowship Branch E The Chemistry including Microscopy of Food and Drztgs and of Water. In the written work more attention should be given to the meaning of the questions. The practical work was on the whole well done but some candidates got poor results on the fat in the condensed milk. Several failed to recognise dried potato powder and did not identify dried grass or D.D.T. It should be emphasised that candidates should present a dear report on the sub-stances examined set out their results clearly and make relevant observations thereon. Thereapeutics and Pharmacology. The written and oral examinations showed that nearly a1 the candidates had a sufficient knowledge of these subjects to form a background for the work of a public analyst.In the practical part of the examination the general level was not so good. While most of the candidates were able to identify a vegetable powder the implications of the exercises set Gere not always appreciated. Henbane leaf was identified by most of the candidates and the presence of another leaf was detected. Squill was readily identified but the staining reactions for mucilage were seldom used. Senna leaf was r 2381 readily identified but the admixture of liquorice root was missed in most cases. Demon-stration of the structure of chalk in the grey powder tablets presented difficulties to nearly all candidates. The identification of the poison in linitnent as aconite was an easy exercise and was usually well done.It is a little disappointing however to have to say that two candi-dates reported the poison as opium. PASS LIST Examination in General Chemistry for the Associateship Barrett Philip Leonard Central Technical College Birmingham. Bowditch Thomas John Technical College Cardiff. Broadley John Stewart The University and The Royal Technical College Glasgow. Carswell William David B.Sc. (St. Andrews) The University of St. Andrews and Municipal Technical College Widnes. Clark AIec Vincent South-West Essex Technical College Walthamstow Clarke Walter Evelyn Central Technical College Birmingham. Cook Charles Donald City Technical College Liverpool. Denton Coulson Lloyd Central Technical College Birmingham.Green Charles Victor The University Liverpool and the North Staffordshire Technical College Stoke-on-Trent. Gwilt John Ruff Acton Technical College London North Staffordshire Technical College Stoke-on-Trent Royal Technical College Salford and College of Tech- nology Manchester. Hardesty Francis Rutherford College of Technology Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Jackson Clive Harris Institute Preston. jobson Harry Taylor Rutherford College of Technology Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Jones CharIes Rex Lloyd B.A. (Cantab.) The University Cambridge and West Ham MunicipaI College London. Latham Kenneth Geoffrey B.Sc. (Lond.) South West Essex Technical College Wal- thamstow. McChristic Ian Alexander Royal Technical College Glasgow.Nendick Gordon William Municipal Technical College Hull. Payne Kenneth Richard University College and College of Technology Leicester. Pickles Donald B.Sc. (Lond.) Municipal Technical College Halifax. and Technical College Sunderland. Priest Bernard Technical College Coventry. Reeve Sydney George Woolwich Polytechnic London. Keilly Desmond .41an B.Sc. (Manc.) The University Manchester. Richmond Anthony Desmond Technical College Blackburn and Denbighshire Technical Institute Wrexham. Rogers Edward Technical College Hucldersfield. Schenkel John Robert Harry Central Technical College Birmingham. Smith Frank Thomas Woolwich Polytechnic London. Smith Wilfrid Duncan College of Technology Manchester The Polytechnic Regent Street London and South West Essex Technical College Walthamstow.Snook Gordon Frank B.Sc. (Lond.) University College Southampton. Taylor Robert Kenneth City Technical College Liverpool. Warner Miss Mary B.Sc. (Lond.) Municipal Technical College Hull. White John Alexander Birkbeck College London. IVilIiams Leslie Henry College of Technology Manchester and Acton Technical College London. LYilson John Bryan Spencer South West Essex Technical College Walthamstow. Examinations for the Fellovshifi In Bvanch A Inovgaizic Chemistry Saddington Kenneth B.Sc. (Lond.) . In Bvanch C Organic Chemistry Norris Edward Frank B.Sc. (Lond.) A.M.1.Chem.E. In Branch D Biochemistry. Salmon Robert Joseph M.Sc. (Manc.). With special reference to Nutrition and Vztamim Ihi tton Leonard Cartlidge.239 I In Branch E The Chemistry including Microsco$y of* Food anti Drugs and of Water Bailey Arthur John Marson B.Sc. (Lond.). Ganday Raymond BSc. (Lond.) . Malcolm James &IcLa,ren. Markland Joseph BSc. (Lond.). In Branch G Iwdustrial Chemistry With special veference to Petroleum Archer Frederick Stanley. With spefiiak reference to the Manufacture of Pulp and Paper Wallwork Douglas Goodson. In Brunch H General Analytical Chemistry Matthews William Kenneth. NATIONAL CERTIFICATES IN CHEMISTRY (ENGLAND AND WALES) Report of the Assessors for the year 1945-46 I. INTRODUCTORY The number of entries in the Senior Grade was 358 of whom 247 passed compared with 335 in 1945 of whom 209 passed. In the Advanced Grade there were 112 candidates of whom 83 passed.In 1943 there were 76 candidates of whom 61 passed. Of the 11%candidates 85 had previously obtained the Ordinary Certificate and of the 83 successful candidates 64 had previously obtained the Ordinary Certificate. 11. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY Se.vliov.-The Assessors were very favourably impressed with the standard reached generally in this sectiou of the Examination. There has always been a tendency for chemists to rate the Ordinary National Certificate in Chemistry below its true value. This year especially it was obvious that both in Inorganic and Physical Chemistry the average standard was high and it seems very desirable that this should be more widely known and appreciated. In emphasising these conclusions it must be stated that the picture is not without its light and shade.The candidates’ factual knowledge and understanding of basic principles were good. On the other hand there was weakness when students were required to apply the principles to calculations. An adequate training in working numerical examples is generally recognised as an essential adjunct to courses in both Inorganic and Physical Chemistry. Not infrequently however students of chemistry find real difficulty in coping with questions demanding mathe- matical considerations. Another stumbling-block to many candidates was the balancing of equations. Advanced.-The standard of the papers this year was not quite as high as usual although there were a number of scripts of high merit.This examination test is a searching one and to attain the results which the work of the candidates discloses reflects the highest credit on the teaching staffs concerned. Preparative details and properties of elements and their compounds were good features of the answers. In addition most candidates displayed a sound knowledge of the structure of the atom forces between atoms and the spatial arrangement of atoms in the solid state. It is recognised that a sound general knowledge of preparative methods and of the properties of elements and compounds is essential to the Inorganic Chemist. However if too much emphasis is placed on this aspect of the subject systematic inorganic chemistry may degenerate into a collection of recipes and all feeling of unity and logical develop- ment may be lost.The application of the electronic theory of valency to a wide range of compounds and the findings from the application of physical methods of investigation have shown that systematic inorganic chemistry can be something quite different from the recipe conception. There was clear evidence that the teaching of inorganic chemistry was proceeding on the right lines and that the subject was being presented as a fascinat-ing study. [ 2401 PRACTICAL CHEMISTRY INORGANIC Most of the scripts were good especially on the qualitative and volumetric sections of the work. The practical exercises were in general very suitable. 111. PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY Very effective work continues to be done in this important branch of chemistry.The general attainment was high although relatively few papers of outstanding merit were presented. Thc variations of actual gases from the perfect gas laws were not always well explained and explanations of ordinary fractional distillation were some- times confused. Knowledge of the theory behind the use of a fractionating column was not infrequently hazy. Descriptions of the practical methods of determining vapour pressures could well have been reinforced by an example to show how the final result is calculated. Specially good answers were given on such topics as the phase rule the Van’t Hoff isochore chain reactions colloids and catalysis. The meaning and the determinaticn ofthe order of a chemical reaction were generally well understood.PracticaL-Originality was shown in the selection of suitable topics for the practical examination and these well-chosen exercises were normally well done. The practical physical chcmistry is an indispensable part of a course in this subject and it is apparent that teachers are fully alive to this. IY. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Senior Theory.-rZs was the case last year the standard of attainment varied over a very wide range-in general it tended to be rather higher in those colleges which send in a larger number of candidates. This of course may be due to the natural spur to increased endeavour which arises from friendly rivalry. It is difficult to draw a hard-and-fast line of demarcation between the types of question appropriate to the Senior and the A4dvanced courses in this subject but in general it is clearly advisable to omit from Senior papers those questions which a student cannot answer adequatcly until he has mastered the more detailed theory underlying the behaviour of organic compounds which is rightly reserved until the advanced course of training for example questions demanding any considerable knowledge of the electronic theory of valency may properly be delayed to the Advanced course.If this guiding rule wcre more generally followed it would diminish the number of answers to questions set in the senior papers which whilst they may be good answers so far as they go are necessarily sketchy and lacking in balance. Rdccntced Thaory.-In this grade the variation in degree of attainment was not so marked as in the senior grade and on the whole the standard was high.There is clear evidence that in some schools the quality of the teaching is of a particularly high order and this was reflected in some really good sets of answers. It is still necessary to advise students that a more extensive use of equations and structural formulae would lend precision to many answers and also he of great service in their marking and assessment. v. TECHNOLOGICAL SUHJECTS The answers to the papers set in these subjects were generally quite satisfactory although thoy necessarily involve much of a descriptive character and sometimes tend to be prolix. The practical exercises were well done as a rule ant1 call for no specific comment. VI. PHYSICS Papers in Physics were submitted by seven schools.The numbers of candidates were :-. Theory Pvaclical Senior (7 schools) . . . . 40 26 Advanced (1school) . . .. 2 0 The total number of candidates was 42. One school did not examine in Practical 1’hysics. There were a fen- poor accounts of the Victor Meyer method of determining vapour density and some of the statements with regard to Faraday’s Laws are still open to criticism. Tn the practical work there are still cases where sufficient attention was not paid to accuracy of results. BOOKS AND THEIR CONTENTS Hackh’s Chemical Dictionary (American and British Usage). Pp 926. Third edition completely revised and enlarged bv Julius Crant. (London J. It X.Churchill T-td. 1946.) Containing the words generally used in chemistry and many of the terms used in the related sciences of physics astrophysics mineralogy pharmacy agriculture biology medicine engineering etc.Based on recent chemical literature and nnmer-ous tables diagrams portraits and other illustrations. Bacteriological Chemistry An Introduction to. C. G. Anderson. PI>.500. (Edinburgh E. & S. Livingstone Ltd.) Second Edition 1946. 20s. net. Introduction; hydrogen ion concentration and pH; oxidation-reduction potentials; colloids and adsorption; enzymes; the chemical composition of bacteria yeasts and the lower fungi; the nutrition of the autotrophic bacteria; the nutrition of the heterotrophic bacteria; adaptil-e and constitutive enzymes growth factors; chemotherapy antibiotics; bacterial respiration; nitrogen metabolism; carbon metabolism; alcoholic fermentation; the fermentation products of the lower fungi; industrial fermentations; the proteins of micro-organisms; the polysaccharides of micro-organisms; the lipoids of micro-organisms; the pigments of micro-organisms; antigens haptens antibodies and complement; the mechanism of antigen-antibody reactions the isolation and identification of metabolic products.Synonyms. Index. Research in Canada. Planning for the Coming Years. Papers given at the Symposium of the Chemical Institute of Canada. 1945. (Quebec City Universal Oil Ltd. 1946.) Co-ordination of scientific research; co-ordination of research in Canada; the role of the universities in research; Government sponsored research; the co-ordination of agricultural research; horticultural research in Ontario and its practical applica- tion; provision of manpower for research in Canada research and invention in the law of patents; technical enterprise in the United Kingdom; the part of industry in research; scientific research in business.American Petroleum Refining. H. S. Bell. Pp.620. (Xew York D. Van Nostrand Company Inc. 1946.) Third Edition. 32s. 6d. net. General introductory; crude oils and their characteristics; chemical properties ; physical properties; physical and engineering data the manufacturing process; the refinery site and general arrangement; distillation; heat transfer; shell stills; pipe heaters condensers and heat exchangers; fractionation; distillation units; cracking theory and development thermal cracking; catalytic cracking; motor fuels; special processes for motor-fuel blending agents; chemical treatment; de- waxing; mechanical refrigeration; solvent extraction; filtration ; blending and compounding; packages; storage of oil; volume measurements; evaporation losses; fire protection; power and boiler house; general departments; pumping of oil ; bulk transportation; the problem of the future.Index. Catalogue of Films of General Scientific Interest available in Great Britain. Com-piled by the Scientific Film Association. (The Association of Special Libraries and Information Bureaux 1946). 5s. The Scientific Film Association. Introduction. Method of appraisal and grading; tabulation of data in the present catalogue; list of film distributors; abbreviations and symbols; hints to film borrowers; catalogue of films; classified subject index.OBITUARY GEORGEBATTYE, The death has been reported of HORACE in his 58th year. Educated at the Cockburn High School Leeds he received his scientific training at the Central Technical College and at the University of Leeds while Assistant to Dr. W. F. Laycock and Dr. L. Gordon Paul and Research Chemist to B. R. Vickers & Sons. In 1914 he purchased Dr. Laycock’s practice which he carried on until 1921 while also holding the appointment of Chief Chemist to R. R. Vickers & Sons. In that year he was appointed Chief Research Chemist to the Barrymore Textile Combine and in 1929 Chief Chemist and Chemical Engineer to Langleys Ltd.Toronto. Subsequently he became a partner in a consulting chemical engineering practice in which he wah engaged until the outbreak of war when he undertook executive work for the Care Plastic Company of Toronto. In 1941 he transferred to the United Kingdom and Canadian Mission as an Inspector of Explosives in the Dominion and subsequently as a Chemist in the Department of Mines Ottawa where he was concerned with the investigation of alloys used in the manufacture of munitions. He was a Fellow of the Canadian Institute of Chemistry and for some years was consulting editor of the Canadian Colourist and TextiZe Processor. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1942. LEONARD .-~RTHUR COLES died on 17th August 1946 in his 68th year.He received his scientific training at Birkbeck College and the Korthern Polytechnic London graduating B.Sc. in 1912. During the next four years he held a teaching post and also spent a further period at Northern Polytechnic on research and war-time Government work. In 1916 he was appointed Chemist at British Dyes Ltd. where he was engaged on research and plant work until 1920. He then returned to the teaching profession as a science master under the West Riding of Yorkshire Education Committee. He was the author of “ .An Introduction to Modern Organic Chemistry,” published in 1929. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1918. THE REGISTER Restored to the Register Taylor John Boris B.Sc. (Manc.) Associate (previously removed on false report of decease; see p.220). Change of Name Pamela Zee Gregory Associate to Slack-on marriage. Boris Nicholas Livitsky Associate to Leyland-by Deed Poll. Sheila Winstanley Registered StudeFzt to Finlay-on marriage. DEATHS Fellows Horace George Battye F.C.I.C. Norman Lindsay Sheldon C.I.E. Ph.D. Henjamin Leech 3L.i. (Cantab) (Heid.). Frederick Malcolm Wharton M.B.E. Associates John Douglas Rarrett BSc. (Leeds). Leonard Arthur Coles BSc. (Lond.). Registered Student Frederick Scott Emslie. [ 243 1 ANNOUNCEMENTS Examinations.-An examination for the Associateship will be held in the week com- mencing Monday 20th January 1947 in London. Candidates should have forwarded their applications not later than Monday 4th November 1946.No application in respect of the January examination will be con- sidered if received later than that date. Entry forms will be sent to all candidates whose applications have been received as above. The last date for the receipt of entry forms is Monday I Ith November 1946 after which no entry can be accepted. Election of District Members of Council.-Fellows and Associates are reminded that for the election of District Members of the Council to take office from the date of the Annual General Meeting in 1947 nominations should be received at the offices of the Institute on or before Monday 9th December 1946. The Rules governing the election of District Members of Council remain as published in JOURNAL 1943 V 198-200 for although proposals have been AND PROCEEDINGS put forward which might lead to modification of the areas of certain electoral Districts especially in relation to the establishment of new Local Sections consideration of these proposals has been deferred pending further examination of suggestions for the amend- ment of the relevant By-Laws.The Fellows whose names are given below are the present District Members of Council. Those whose names are printed in italics will have completed the period of three years’ service on the Council by the date of the Annual General Meeting in 1947 and will retire in accordance with By-Law 23. Birmingham and Midlands Thomas Harold Gant A4.R.C.S.,M.1.Chem.E. Bristol and South-Western Counties Frank Edwin Needs. East Midlands and South Yorkshire Ernest James Vaughan M.Sc.A.R.C.S. D.I.C. Liverpool and North-West Coast Leslie Victor Cocks. London and South-Eastern Counties Harry Baines I).Sc. Manchester and District Albert Coulthard BSc. Ph.D. Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast William Gordon Carey. Yorkshire Arthur Ernest Everest. Ph.D. D.Sc. Edinburgh and East of Scotland Hugh Bryan Nisbet Ph.D. D.Sc. A.H.-W.C. Aberdeen and North of Scotland James Emrys Bowen B.Sc. Ph.D. Glasgow and West of Scotland *John WiZZiam Kew B.Sc. Wales and the County of Monmouth Ronald Henry Jones. Northern Ireland Mervyn Hector Hall M.Sc. Ph.D. Irish Free State John Wilfrid Parkes M.Sc. The Overseas Dominions and elsewhere abroad Hans Krall B.A. M.Sc. A Special General Meeting of the Institute on 15th November I946.-1n accord-ance with the official notice accompanying this issue of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS a Special General Meeting of the Institute will be held in the Rooms of the Geological Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.1 on Friday 15th November 1946 at 5.30 p. m. for the purpose of considering the Council’s proposals for certain amendments of the By-Laws of the Institute relating to the date of the Annual General Meeting and to the time-table and conduct of events leading to the Annual General Meeting. The changes recommended will bring the latest date at which an Annual General Meeting may be held to 30th April instead of between the 1st and 15th March and will extena the time allowed for certain essential related processes so as to avoid the serious congestion of business that has occurred in recent years as a result of the growth of membership and activities of the Institute.The proposals to be submitted at this meeting refer solely to these urgent administrative changes and are believed to be entirely non-controversial. Formal notice is also being given of a further Special General Meeting to be held on Friday 22nd November 1946 at which the resolution if passed at the earlier meeting will be submitted for confirmation as required under Section 18 of the Charter. Strea:fei Id Memorial Lect ure.-The Twenty-ninth Streatfeild Memori at Lecture entitled The Chemist as Information Officer,” will be delivered by Dr. J. C. Withers in the Rooms of the Geological Society on Friday 15th November 1946 at 6 p.rn., or on the conclusion of the Special General Meeting if later (see announcement above).* Resigned. David Traill B.Sc. Ph.D. has been elected in his stead for the remainder ofhis term of office but will be eligible for re-election. [ 2441 Henderson Memorial Lecture.-Professor Sir Ian Heilbron D.S.O.. F.R.S. has accepted the Council’s invitation to deliver the First Henderson Memorial Lecture at the Royal Institution on Monday 20th January 1947 at 5.30 p.m. A note on the foundation of this series of memorial lectures by Dr. David Spence appears on p. 217. The Meldola Medal.-The award of this medal which is the gift of the Society of Maccabzans has normally been made annually but has been suspended since 1941 It has now been decided that the award be resumed for 1946 and the Society of Mac-cabaans will accordingly present the medal to the chemist who being a British subject and under 30 years of age at 3 1st December 1946 shows the most promise asindicated by his or her published chemical work brought to the notice of the Council of the Royal Institute of Chemistrv before 3ist December.1946. The award will be decided in January 1947. No restrictions are Dlaced umn the kind of chemical work or the dace in which it is conducted. The merits of th; work may be brought to the notGe of the Council either by persons who de:ire to recommend the candidate or by the candidate himself by letter addressed to The President Royal Instity!e of Chemistrc 30 Russell Square London W.C.1,” the envelope being marked Meldola Medal.Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize 1946.-Registered Students are informed that the Council will be prepared to consider the award in January 1917 of a Medal and Prize (i10 10s.) for the best essay not exceeding 3000 words contributed by a Registered Student of not more than 22 years of age at the time of forwarding the essay. The essay may deal with any subject having a bearing on chemistry or chemical work provided that it does not deal with any purely chemical technical or historical subject. The object of the essay is to induce Students to develop a sense of professional public spirit and to devote thought to questions of professional interest and to the position of chemists in the life of the community.Essays will be valued partly for literary style and technique but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein. (See the comments of one of the Assessors for the 1945 competition JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1946 111 136.) Each essay must be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the Local Section in the area of which the competitor resides (see list of Local Sections at the end of the JOURNAL) not later than 3 Ist December I946 and must be accompanied by a signed declaration that it is the independent work of the contributor. The Committee of each Local Section will be asked to select from those received not more than three essays considered to be worthy of the award. The selected essays will be referred to Assessors appointed by the Council on whose report the Council will decide whether and to whom an award shall be made.The award will not be made more than once to any individual com- petitor. Thz Medal and Prize will be presented at the next Annual General Meeting or at a meeting of .the Local Section to which the successful competitor is attached. The Newton Chambers Prize Essay Competition I946.-Fellows Associates and Registered Students will recall that Messrs. Newton Chambers & Co. Ltd. offered to the South Yorkshire Section (now the Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands Section) of the Institute a sum of LlOO per annum for five years for the award of an annual prize for contributions to the subject of Chemistry and Industrial Welfare. The whole objective of the award is to encourage young chemists to make greater use of their knowledge of chemistry and their facilities for experimental work to enhance the existing knowledge of Industrial Welfare.Applications to compete for the Prize for 1946 are invited under the following conditions:- I. The I946 competition is open to every Fellow Associate or Registered Student of the Institute who had not reached his 36th birthday by 1st January 1946. 2. The 1946 Award is offered for an essay paper or papers published or unpublished, embodying the candidate’s own observations or experimental work on some aspects of the application of chemistry to the promotion of Industrial Welfare. X critical examination of existing knowledge is admissible to the competition provided that the conclusions reached constitute an addition to the knowledge of the subject.3. Each candidate must transmit to the Hon. Secretary Sheffield South l’orkshire and North Midlands Section Royal Institute of Chemistry (G. Murfitt F.R.I.C. Williain Jessop and Sons Ltd. Brightside M”orks Sheffield) to reach him on or before 31st December 1946 (a) A formal letter of application to enter the competition stating his name address date of birth and status (Fellow Associate or Registered Student) in the Institute; (b) two copies of each essay or paper [ 2453 submitted together with a brief statement in duplicate indicating in what respect the essay or paper advances knowledge of the application of chemistry to the promotion of Industrial Welfare; and (c) a declaration by the candidate that the work is his own or in the case of joint papers a statement signed by the candidate and his collaborators as to the extent to which the results and con- clusions are the work of the candidate.4. The decision of the Committee of the Shefield South Yorkshire and North Midlands Section on any matter connected with the award of the prize is final. The Committee may at its discretion divide the Prize between two or more candidates or may withhold the award if no entry of sufficient merit is received. 6. The Committee may require a candidate to attend for interview in connection with his application. 6. The Committee reserves the right to publish the successful essay or paper (if not already published) in whatever form it thinks desirable.Contracts of Service.-Chemists who may be offered appointments and who may be asked as a condition of employment to sign contracts of service are advised to scrutinise these very carefully with special regard to the terms of notice. The attention of the Institute has recently been drawn to contracts under which the employee pledges himself to stay with the employer for a period of as long as six years whereas the employer may dismiss the employee at any time with three months’ notice. Such terms may be combined with a Restraint Clause governing future employment which may be liable to a much wider interpretation than appears probable on the surface. Furthermore having signed the initial contract chemists may be pressed to sign further contracts at a later date which might still further restrict their freedom.Fellows of the Institute who may be asked to advise other chemists as to the suit- ability of an offer of employment are asked to bear the above points in mind. Scientific Courses.-Particulars of the following have been received:- Seecia1 Course of Lectures on Metalluvgy at the Sir John Cass Technical Institute.- The course will consist of twelve lectures each by a different lecturer on Thursdays at 0.30 p.m. beginning on 31st October 1946 and concluding on 27th February 1947. Applications for enrolment should be made to the Principal Sir John Cass Technical Institute Jewry Street Aldgate London E.C.3. Short Couvse on Electrometric Methods in Chemical and Etectrochemical Processes af Sotcth East London Technical Institute.-The commencing date of the course has been postponed to 13th January 1947.Applications for enrolment should be made before 19th December 1946 to the Principal South East London Technical Institute,Jdewisham Way London S.E.4. COMING EVENTS I 946 Nov. 7 CHEMICAL Discussion on “Nitration,” arranged by Dr. G. M. Bennett, SOCIETY at Burlington House Piccadilly London W.l at 7.30 p.m. 8 CH‘YMICAL SOCIETY,jointly with the University of Sheffield Chemical Society Some Recent Applications of Xnfra-red Measurements.” Dr. H. W. Thompson, F.R.S. in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of the University Sheffield at 5.30 p.m. SOCIETYOF DYERSAND COLOURISTS(Scottish Section) jointly with the Guild of Calico Printers’ Bleachers’ Dyers’ and Finishers’ Foremen :“The Importance of -4dequate Shrinking in the Dyeing and Finishing of Fibre.” Dr.H. A. Thomas. ~NSTITUTEOF FUEL(South Wales Section) jointly with the local chemical societies “The Inorganic Constituents of Coal.” Dr. H. E. Crossley at the Royal Institu- tion of South Wales Swansea at 5.30 p.m. THE INSTITUTE PHYSICS OF (Manchester and District Branch jointly with the Electronics Group) “Contact Potentials.” Dr. F.A. Vick O.B.E. in the New Physics Theatre of the University Manchester at 7 p.m. 8 and 9 THEINSTITUTE (8th) “The Intensity Relations of Debye- OF PHYSICS Scherrer Powder Diffraction Lines,” by Dr. A. J;,Bradley F.R.S. ;“The Apptica- tion of X-rays to the Study of Stresses in Metals by Dr.W. A. Wood; (9th) “An X-ray Investigation of Electro-deposited Chromium,” by Mr. H. J .Goldschmidt; “Some Slfxesses and Failures on the Application of X-rays to Industrial Problems by Dr. A. 33.Jay in the Royal Victoria Hotel Sheffield. [ 2461 I 946 Nov. 9 THE~NSTITUTE (Liverpool and Sorth-Western Section) “Thc Hydrogen Bond in Organic C.hemistry.” Professor L. Huntcr at Wigan Technical College Wigan at 3 p.m. I2 THE INSTITUTE PETROLEUM OF “Viscometq of Hydrocarbon Soap Systems.” Dr. F. H. Garner O.B.E. Dr. Alfred H. Sissan and Dr. G. F. I\-ood at Manson House 26 Portland Place hndon,W. 1 at 5.30 p.m. 13 THEINSTITUTE (Liverpool and North-Western Section) jointly with the Chemical Society :I‘ Some Applications of Infra-red Measurements.” Dr.H. W. Thompson, F.H.S. in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of the University Liverpool at 5 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast Section) jointly with the local chemical and technical societies “Metal Spraying by the Wire Process.” Mr. W. E. Ballard in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre King’s College Pu’ewcastle- upon-Tyne at 6.30 p.m. SociETY OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (Food Group) “Decolorisation by Vegetable Carbons.” Mr. L. \Vickenden (New York) and a visitor froin Amsterdam in the Rooms of the Chemical Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W. 1 at 6.30 p.m-14 ‘YHE 1NsrrTu-m {Birmingham and Nidlands Section) “Recent Investigations in the Organic and Biological Chemistry of Sulphur.” Professor IT.Challenger in the University Birmingham at 7.0 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (East Midlands Section) “LVater.” Mr. M’. G. Carey at the College of Technology Leicester at 7.15 p.m. 15 The Institute Special General Meeting (see p. 244) in the Rooms of the Geological Society Rurlington House Piccadilly London W.1 at 5.30p.m. followed at lip.m. (or later if necessary) by the Twenty-ninth Streatfeild Memorial Lecture “The Chemist as Information Officer,” by Dr. J C. Withers. ’THX lNsrrTuTE (Huddersfield Section) Dance Collinsons Cafk. THE INSTITUTE (Manchester and District Section) jointly with the Manchester Federation of Scientific Societies gThe Chemistry of Gums and Thickening Agents.” Professor E. L. Hirst F.K.S. and Dr. J. K. N. Jones in the Lecture Theatre of the Gas Showrooms Town Hall Manchester at 6.30 p.m.CHEMICALSOCIETY “hlelting and Other Phase Changes.” Professor A. R. Ubbelohde in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre The University Glasgow at 7.15 p.m. CHEMICAL SOCIETY jointly with the St. Andrews University Chemical Society “Applications of the Hofmann Reactions to the Synthesis of Heterocyclic Compounds.” Professor F. S. Spring in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre United College St. Andrew-s at 5-0 p.m. SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Birmingham Section) Jubilee Memorial Lecture “Chemical Publications.” by MI-. F. P. Dunn. I8 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (London Section) Jubilee JIemorial Lecture INDUSTRY “British Chemical Publications.” hfr. F. P. Dunn at the Royal Institution Albemarle Street London W.1.ELECTRODEPOSITORS’ : TECHNICALSOCIETY Annual General Meeting. “The Design and Use of the Photo-electric -4dsorptiometer for Analysis of Solutions for Hard Chromium Deposition,” by Mr. H. E. Styles; “Applications of the Spekker Photo-electric Adsorptiometer for Analysis of Chromium Solutions,” Mr. W.J. Bayley at the Northampton Polytechnic Institute St. John Street London E.C. I. 19 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL ~NDUSTRY (Agriculture Group) “Post-M’ar Barley Prob- lems.” Dr. L. R. Bishop in the Physical Chemistry Lecture Theatre Royal College of Science Imperial Institute Road London S.TV.7 at 2.30 p.m. 10 THE INSTITUTE (Dublin and District Section) “Biochemical Micro-techniques.” Dr. T. G. Rrady in the Chemical Department of University College Dublin at 7.30 p.m.THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) Annual General Meeting at 6.30 p.m. at Gas Industry House 1 Grosvenor Place London S.W.l to be followed by a Scientific Film Show. 1247 3 1946 Nov. 20 BRITISH OF ~HEMZSTS(Birmingham Section) “Chemical Dangers in AS~,OCIATION Industry. H.M. Inspector of Factories in the Chamber of Commerce Birming- ham at 7.0 p.m. SOCIETYOF DYERS AND COLOURISTS (Midlands Section);“Preparing Dyeing and Finishing of the New Fibres.” Mr. C. C Wilcock at the Midland Hotel Derby at 7 p.m. INSTITUTION OF THE KUBBER INDUSTRY “Rubber compounding Ingredients. *’ 1911.. F.S.Koberts at the College of Technology Leicester at 7.30 p.m. 41 THE INSTITUTE (Edinburgh and Ea.t of Scotland Section),jointly with the Chemical Society and the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry “Some Developments in the General Methods of Organic Chemistry.” Professor F.S. Spring in the North British Station Hotel Edinburgh at 7.30 p.m. THE1NSTtTUTE (Slieffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands Section) jointly with the Chemical Society and the Sheffield Metallurgical Association “Chemistry in the Metallurgical Industries.” Dr. C. H. Desch F.R.S. in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of the University Sheffield at 6 p.m. THEINSTITUTE (Tees-side Section) “Some Applications of Partition Equilibria to Analytical Chemistry.” Ih..H. M. Trvine at William Norton School Norton at 7.15 p.m. CHEMICALSOCIETY: Reading of original papers at Burlington House Yiccadilly London W.l at 7.30 p.m.CHEMICAL jointly with the University College of North Wales Chemical SOCIETY Society “Nitration in Sulphuric Acid.” Dr. G. M. Bennett at University College Bangor at 5.30 p.m. CHEMICAL jointly with the University College Physical and Chemical SOCIETY Society “Some Aspects of the Chemistry of Paludrine.” Dr. F. L. Rose in the Large Chemistry Theatre of University College Nottingham at 4.30 p.m. SOCIETY (Road and Building Materials Group) “Latex OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY Cement and Other FlooringCompositions.” Mr. L. H. Griffiths at GasIndustry House 1 Grosvenor Place London S.W.1 at 6 p.m. 22 THEINSTITUTE (South Wales Section) “Research on Building and its Materials.” Dr. I?. M. Lea O.B.E. at the Royal Institution of South Wales Swansea at 6.30 p.m.SOCIETY (Chemical Engineering Group) “Welding of OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY High Pressure Vessels for the Chemical and Oil Refining Industries.” Mr. H. B. Fergusson in the Rooms of the Geological Society Burlington House London W.l,at 5.30 p.m. OF PHYSICS: THE INSTITUTE AnnuaI General Meeting. “The Spectographic ,4nalysis of High-purity Materials.” Dr. D. M. Smith in the Department of Applied Science The University St. George’s Square Sheffield. 23 THEINSTITUTIC, (Leeds Area Section) :Silver Jubilee of the Leeds Area Section. Reception. The Manufacture and Properties of Penicillin,” by Mr. A. L. Bacharach. At the Queen’s Hotel Leeds at 3 p.m. 26 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) Scientific Film Show jointly with Acton Technical College in the College High Street Acton W.3 at 7.30 p.m.26 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) Scientific Film Show jointly with the Isleworth County School in the School Ridgeway Road Great West Road Isleworth Middlesex at 7.30 p.m. OF PUBLIC CHEMISTS:Annual General SOCIETY ANALYSTSAND OTHERANALYTICAL Meeting of the Physical Methods Group at 6 p.m. Papers on Polarographic Analysis by Mr. J. T. Stock Mr. Airey and Dr. C. J. 0. R. Morris,at 6.30 p.m. In the Rooms of the Chemical Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.1. 27 SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Food Group Microbiological Panel) “Micro-organisms in Raw and Reiined Sugar,*’ by Mr. H. C. s. de Whalley and Miss M.P. scarr. OF BRITISHINDUSTRIES. Two-day Conference on Exports, 27 and 28. FEDERATION at the Central Hall,Westminster. Sir Stafford Cripps President of the Board of Trade,will speak at the first session. r 2481 i946 Nov. 28 THE INSTITUTE (Liverpool and North Western Section) jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry the Chemical Society and the British Association of Chemists “The Development and Industrial Application of Wetting Agents.” Mr. A. Y.Billinghame in the Chemistry 1,ecture Theatre The University Z.iverpoo1 at 7.0 p.m. ’[HE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) Scientific Film Show jointly with the South West Essex Technical College in the College Forest Road Watthamstow London E.17 at 7.30 p.m.THEINSTITUTE (Manchester and District Section) :Ladies’ Evening and Exhibition of “Fabrics of the Future,” at the Engineers’ Club 17 Albert Square Man-Chester at 7.0 p.m. ~RITISHASSOCIATION IACture and I)emonstration by the Cambridge OF CHEMISTS Instrument Co. in the School of -4rts and Crafts Green Lane Derby at 7. I5p.m. 29 THEINSTITUTE (Belfast and District Section) :Annual Dinner at the Royal Avenue Hotel. THEINSTITUTB (Cardiff and District Section) jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry “Recent nevelopments in Combustion.” Dr. D. T. A. Townend at IJniversity College Cathays Park Cardiff at 7 p.m. 30 JNSTITUTION OF CHEMICALENGINEERS (North-Western Branch) “Concentration of Caustic Soda Solution.’’ Mr. K.A. Sherwin at the Collego of Technology, Manchester at 3 p.m. Dec. 2 SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (London Section) “Foams and Fire-Fighting.” Ih. N. 0. Clark at the Chemical Society’s Rooms Bnrlington House Piccadilly London I%-. 1. 3 THE INSTITUTE (Huddersfield Section) “Electrolysis as an Industrial Process.” by Dr. H. J. T. Ellingham. ENGINEERS: ~NSTITUTION OF CHEMICAL ’‘Nitric Acid Production.” Mr. F,E:. Warner in the Rooms of the Geological Society Burlington House Piccadilly, London W.l at 6.30 p.m. ELECTRODEPOSITORS’ TECHNICAL SOCIETY “Electrodeposition of Lead from Fluborate Solutions.” Mr. H. D. Hughes at the James Watt Memorial Xn-stitute Great Charles Street Birmingham 3. 4 THEINSTITUTE (Liverpool and North Western Section) jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry the Chemical Society and the British _\ssociation of Chemists Scientific Film Show at Radiant House Bold Street T,iverpool at 7.0 p.m.OF PUBLIC jointly with the SOCIETY ANALYSTSAND OTHERANALYTICALCHEMISTS, Society of Chemical Industry (Food Group) “Application of Statistical Methods to Food Problems.” In the Rooms of the Chemical Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.l at 6.30 p.m. 6 CHEMICAL SOCIETY Tilden Lecture “Macromolecules Synthesised by Micro-organisms.” Professor M. Stacey at Burlington House Piccadilly London W.1 at 7.30 pm. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (Bristol Section) jointly with ,:he Chemical Engineering Group and the Institution of Chemical Engineers Drying with Activated Alumina.” Mi.W. J. Carter in the Chemical Department of the University Woodland Road Bristol at 5.30 p.m. 6 THEINSTITUTE (Liverpool and North Western Section) jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry the Chemical Society and the British Association of Chemists “Atomic Energy.’’ Dr. J. P. Baxter O.B.E. in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre The University Liverpool at 6.30 p.m. RAMSAY CHEMICAL DINNER to be held in Marlborough House Glasgow. SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMCCAL (Manchester Section and Food Group) :“Enzymes in the Food Industry,” in Manchester. 7 ELBCTRODEPOSITORS’ SOCIETY TECHNICAL Special Meeting commemorating the Twenty-first Anniversary of the Society at the Northampton Polytechnic Jn-stitute St. John Street London E.C.1. E 249 3 I946 Dee.11 THE INsTrTuTE (Newcastle upon Tyne and Sorth-East Coast Section) “Methods and Apparatus in Inorganic Microchemistry.” Mr. R. Belcher and Dr. C. L. Wilson in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre King’s College Newcastle upon Tyne at 6.30 p.m. OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY SOCIETY (Food Group Nutrition Panel) “Fertilisers Manures and Nutrition.” Mr. D. P. Hopkins in London. BRITISH ASSOCIATION (Birmingham Section) Film of “Metal Spraying OF CHEMISTS by the Wire Process.” Mr. TV. E. Ballard at the Chamber of Commerce Birmingham at 7.0 p.m. THE INSTITUTE jointly with the Institution of Fire Engineers OF PETROLEUM Symposium on Oil Fires. “Fires and Explosions at Oil Installations,” Mr. JL Y. Lancashire; “Experiments on Rate of Foam Application,” Mr.N. 0. Clarke and Mr. J. A. Lewis; “Behaviour of Oils Burning in Open Reservoirs and Effects of ,4ir Agitation,” Mr. J. H. Burgoyne at Manson House 16 Portland Place London W.l at 5.30 p.m. TRISH CHEMICAL AssoclATIoN Guest Lecture “Synthesis in the Leaf.” Professor J. Doyle in the Chemical Departinent of University ColIege Dublin at 7.30 p.m. 12 THEINSTITUTE (East Midlands Section) Meeting at Nottingham at 7.15 p.m. THEINSTITUTE (Liverpool and North Western Section) “Laboratory Fractiona- tion.” Dr. G. P. Gibson at Widnes Technical College Widnes at 7 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Tees-side Section) Lecture by Dr. 31. I?. Appleby. CHEMICAL Meeting for the reading of original papers in the Chemistrv SOCIETY Department of the University Manchester at 7 p.m.SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Yorkshire Section) Second Rrotherton Lecture. Dr. D. T. A. Townend. 13 SOCIETY OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY (Birmingham Section) “Recent Advances in the Chemistry and Physics of Natural Rubber,” by Mr. J. \Vilson. OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY SOCIETY (South Wales Section) “Nickel Refining and Subsidiary Operations.” Dr. S. C. Townshend and Mr. de M;.H. \Vest at the Royal Institution of South \\’ales Swansea at 0.30 p.m. SocxETY OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (Chemical Engineering Group) “A Survey of Fat Splitting.” Mr. D. Allan in the Rooms of the Geological Society l3iirlington House Piccadilly London W.1 at 8.30 p.m. 16 CHEMICAL SOCIETY Professor Harold C. Urey Nobel Laureate at Lceds. INSTITUTKON “A Survey of Accelerators and Curing OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY Agents.” Mr.J. S. Hunter in the College of Technology Leicester at 7.30p.m. OF PHYSICS: 17 THE INSTITUTE “Applications of Nuclear Physics in Medicine.” Professor W. V. Mayneord in Room 87 The Polytechnic Regent Street J,ondon w.1. 18 CHEMICALSOCIETY: Liversidge Lecture “Some Problems in the Separation of Isotopes.” Professor Harold C. Urey NobeI Laureate at the Royal Institution Albemarle Street W.1 at 7.30 p.m. SOCIETY INDUSTRY, OF CHEMICAL jointly with the local chemical and technical societies “Hydrogen Sulphide Removal by Ammoniacal Ferrocvanide 1,iqitors. ” Dr. H. C. Craggs and Mr. H. M. Arnold in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre King’s College Newcastle upon Tyne at 6.30 p.m.19 CHEMICAL “Liversidge Lecture “Some Problems in the Separation of SOCIETY Isotopes.” Professor Harold C. Urey Nobel Laureate in Edinburgh. SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Road and Building Materials Group) “A Brains Trust and Social Evening.” 20 BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS:Professor R. G. W. Norrish F.R.S.,in the School of Arts and Crafts Green Lane Derby at 7.15 p.m. I 947 Jan. fi SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (London Section) “Nitration with Mixed Acids.” Dr. G. M.Bennett at the Chemical Society’s Rooms Burlington House Picca- dilly T,ondon W.1. [ 250 3 r 1947 Jan. ’I THEINSTITUTE (Huddersfield Section) . INSTITUTION ENGINEERS OF CHEMICAL “Chemical Engineering Aspects of the Fischer-Tropsch Process.” Mr.C. C. Hall and Mr A. €3. Taylor in the Rooms of the Geological Society Burlington House,Piccadilly London W.1 at 5.30 p.m. TECHNICAL ELECTRODEPOSITORS’ SOCIETY “Electro-plating Shop Costing.” Mr. A. W. Wdbank at the James Watt Memorial Institute Great Charles Street Birmingham 3 s THE INSTITUTE (Cardiff and District and South Wales Sections) “Forensic Science.” Dr. J. B. Firth at the Mining and Technical Institute Bridgend. at 6.15 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Kew-castle upon Tyne and North-East Coast Section) jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry and Institute of Fuel The Inorganic Con- stituents of Coal.” Dr. H. E. Crossley in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre King’s College Newcastle upon Tyne at 6.30 p.m. OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY SOCIETY (Food Group Microbiological Panel) jointly with the Society for Applied Bacteriology Papers by Dr.J. G. Baumgartner Dr. T. Richards and Mi. H. H. Evers in London. THE INSTITUTE “Petroleum Products in Agriculture the Role OF PETROLEUM of Petroleum in Plant Protection.” Mr. L. W. Leyland Cole at Manson House 26 Portland Place London W.1 at 5.30p.m. THEINSTITUTE (Manchester and District Section) jointly with the Chemical Society “On Molecular Interaction at Oil/Water Interfaces.” Dr J. H. Schulman in the Chemistry Department The University Manchester at 7.30 p.m. CHEMICALSOCIETY: Reading of original papers at Burlington House Piccadilly London W.1 . THE INSTITUTE (Tees-side Section) “Infra-red Spectroscopy.” Dr. H. W. Thompson F.R.S.THEINSTXTUTE (Leeds Area Section) “The Utilisation of Coal.” Dr. D. T. A. Townend at Leeds. SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Road and Building Materials Group) “Recent Developments in Testing Methods for Road and Building Materials.” At Gas Industry House 1 Grosvenor Place London,S.W.1 at 6 p.m. 15 SOCIETY (Birmingham Section) “Polarography and its OF CHEMICALI,~DUSTRY Recent Developments by Mr. J. E. B. Randles. TECHNICAL “Smoothing Action as a Mechanism in 20 ELECTRODEPOSITORS’ SOCIETY Bright Nickel Plating.” Dr. G. E. Gardam at the Northampton Polytechnic St. John Street London E.C.I. 21 SociE-rY OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (Agriculture Group) “The Use of Hormones in Animal Husbandry.” Dr. I?. H. MaXpress in the Physical Chemistry Lecture Theatre Royal College of Science Imperial Institute Road London S.W.7 at 2.30 p.m.22 BRITISHASSOCIATIONOF CHEMISTS (Birmingham Section) “Industrial Fermenta- tions.” Mr. R. E. Essery at the Chamber of Commerce Birmingham at 7.0 p.m. 13 THE INSTITUTE (Bristol and South Western Counties Section) “A Review of X-ray Work on Long Chain Compounds.” Dr. T. Malkin. in the Chemical Department of the University Woodland Road,Bristol at 6.30 p.m. THEINSTITUTE (Liverpool and North Western Section) jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry the Chemical Society and the British Association of Chemists “Metabolic Cycles,” Professor H. A. Krebs in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre The University Liverpool at 6.0 p.m. THEINSTI,TUTE (Manchester and District Section) “Fat Shortages and Fat Sub-stitutes.* Professor T.P. Hilditch F.R.S. at the Engineers’ Club 17 Albert Square Manchester at 7.0 p.m. CHEMICAL SOCIETY,jointly with the University of Swansea Chemical Society “The Absorption of Light.” Mr. E. J Rowen F.R.S. at University College Swansea at 6 p.m. [ 251 J GENERAL NOTICES (For notices relathg lo matters of immediate importance see '' Announcements OH p. W.) Notice to Associates.-Regulations and forms of application for the Fellowship can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments or are desirous of extending their opportunities is kept at the oilices of the Institute. For fullinformation inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar.Libraries.-The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society Burlington House, Piccadilly W.1 to the maintenance of which the Institute makes substantial con-tributions is available to Fellows Associates and Registered Students wishing to consult or borrow books from 10 a.m. to 9 p.m. on week-days (except Saturdays 10 a.m. to 6 p.m.1. Books can also be borrowed by post. Books may be borrowed from the Science Library Science Museum South Kensing-ton S.W.7 on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Secretary of the Institute. The Library of the Institute is being re-organised but limited service is available to Fellows Associates and Registered Students from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. on week-clays (except Saturdays 10 a.m.to 1 p.m.). Information regarding facilities aftorded to members by Lewis's Lending Library can also be obtained from the Registrar. Reports on German Industries.-Copies of a number of Reports of the Combined Intelligence Objectives Sub-committee (C.I.O.S.) and of the British Intelligence Sub-committee (B.I.O.S.) on industrial plants and processes in Germany published by H.M. Stationery Office have been received and are available for consultation in the Library of the Institute. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A list of slides of portraits of great chemists and other scientists throughout the ages can be obtained on application to the Secretary. As the slides are frequently in demand members are requested to notify their require- ments at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used Joint Subscription Arrangements.-Fellows Associates and Registered Students who wish to participate in the arrangements whereby they can acquire on favourable tea-ms membership of the Chemical Society the Society of Chemical Industry and the Faraday Society with substantial privileges as to publications (see special article JOURNALAND PROCEEDINGS, 1945 Part IV,p.148) can obtain fnrther particulars and necessaryforms from the Conjoint Chemical Office 9 and 10 Savile Row London,W. I-Benevolent Fund.-Contributions for I946 ma be sent to the Honorary Treasurer 30 Russell Square London W.C.1. Forms for Leeds of Covenant may be obtained from the Secretary. Covers for the Journal.-Members who desire covers (2s.each) for binding the JOURNALAND PROC~~DINGS in annual volumes should notify the Assistant Secretary of their requirements indicating the years (1946 or earlier) required. Service with H.M. Forces.-Fellows Associates and Registered Students who are on service with the Navy Army and Air Force are requested to notify the Institute giving particu1a.m as to their d, unit etc. Changes of Address-Fellows Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give so far as possible their permawpzt addresses for registration. When Writing from an address different from that previously given they ate requested to state if the new address is to be used in future and whether the change affecta the Appointments Register.All re uests for changes should be addressed to the Registrar and not to the Honorary Iecretaries of Local Sections. In order to facilitate identification Fellows Associates and Registered Students are asked to give their full initials on communications addressed to the Institute. In the prevailing circumstances they are also asked not invariably to expect formal acknowledgments of communications addressed to the Institute unless replies arc necessary.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/RG9467000209

出版商:RSC    

年代:1946

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND PART 6. I 946 PROCEEDINGS OF THE COUNCIL Council Meeting 18th October 1946.-Final approval was given to a draft of the resolution for the amendment of certain By-laws relating to administrative matters to be submitted to Special General Meetings on 15th and 22nd November (see page 257). The Council expressed congratulations to Dr. T. F. Dixon on his appoint-ment to the Chair of Biochemistry at the Royal Medical College Baghdad but received with regret his resignation as a General Member of CounciI as from 31st October. It was agreed that no appointment be made to fill the vacancy until the next Annual General Meeting. The Council also learned with regret of the resignation of Mr.J. W. Kerr as District Member of Council for Glasgow and the West of Scotland owing to his removal from that district. It was reported that in accordance with the rules governing the filling of casual vacancies among District Members of Council (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1943,V x98-200),the Committee of the Glasgow and West of Scotland Section had elected Dr. David Trail1 in place of Mr. Kerr until the Annual General Meeting r947. The resignation of Dr. Thomas Cooksey as Honorary Corresponding Secretary for New South Wales was received and thanks for his services in this capacity were recorded. Appointment of a successor was deferred. Approval was given to a proposal by the Committee of the London and South-Eastern Counties Section for the alteration of certain Rules of the Section dealing mainly with the time-table of events leading to the Annual General Meeting of the Section.The Report of the Finance and House Committee (14th October) referred inter alia to:-a modification of the subscription acknowledgment form issued by the Conjoint Chemical Office; conditions of payment of Section grants; supplementary grants to certain Sections for special purposes; renewal of items of office equipment; arrangements for a reception to be given by the Institute to delegates to the International Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry at Grosvenor House Hotel on 2and July 1947 (see page 287). The Report was received and adopted. The Report of the Benevolent Fund Committee (~4th October) was received and adopted.A special matter referred to in the report was a decision to publish in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDTNGS an article on Homes for Old People so that the results of the Committee’s examination of this subject might be brought to the notice of members and thus give them am oppor-tunity of making suggestions (see page 283). Reports of the Nominations Examinations and Institutions Committee (19th July and 18th October) were received and adopted and the candidates c 2533 recommended for election or re-election to the Associateship or to the Fellowship were duly elected to their respective grades. Members will be interested to learn that as a result of these elections the membership of the Institute (Fellows and Associates) now exceeds 10,000.The Report of the Appointments and Economic Status Committee (1st October) referred inter alia to the status of chemists in the Scientific Civil Service; reference to the Joint Council of Professional Scientists of a resolution forwarded by the Committee of the South Yorkshire Section (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1946 Iv r62); remuneration and conditions of service of Public Analysts and other chemists employed in the service of municipal and county authorities; a recommendation that no question- naire concerning salaries should be issued until the spring of 1947,when the position would be reviewed; a report that 376 members were now using the Appointments Register but that the number of members actually unemployed remained very small.The Report was adopted. Following representations made to the Colonial office in connection with the qualifications of a person appointed as Government Analyst in one of the Colonies a reply was received from the Under Secretary of State for the Colonies giving an assurance that the points to which the Council had drawn attention would be borne in mind in relation to future appointments of a similar character. The matter is being followed up through appropriate channels. It was reported that a specific matter raised by the Patents Committee in connection with possible changes in the Patents and Designs Act had been referred to the Joint Chemical Committee on Patents and that a memor- andum on the subject had been forwarded by the Joint Committee to the Board of Trade Committee that was dealing with the subject.Information was received from the Joint Council of Professional Scientists on the scale of application fees payable by candidates for appoint-ments in the Scientific Civil Service; in consequence of a decision recently announced in Parliament all such application fees had been reduced that for Scientific Officer’s candidature to 20s. and that for Experimental Officer’s candidature to IOS. payable on application for admission to the competition. Reports of the Joint Committees of the Institute with the Ministry of Education (England and Wales)and with the Scottish Education Depart- ment on National Certificates were received and adopted. It was reported that the Ministry of Education (Northern Ireland) were content with the present administrative arrangements for National Certificates and did not consider that there was any need for supervision by a formal Committee.Reports of the Publications and Library Committee (29th August and 10th October) were received and adopted. Among the matters referred to in the Reports were lectures and monographs in preparation or being arranged; the availability of paper for publishing an up-to-date Register of Fellows and Associates; re-organisation of the Institute’s library (see page 279); a recommendation that new exchange arrangements be not entered into with foreign organisations with respect to JOURNAL AND PRO-CEEDINGS unless there were special reasons for doing so,but that suitable arrangements be made with respect to lectures and monographs in View of the important influence which the distribution of these publications overseas can have on the prestige of the Institute.The Council learned with satisfaction that in accordance with arrange- ments previously approved an American edition of “What Industry Owes to Chemical Science” had been published by the Chemical Publishing cz541 Company fnc. The publication was of a satisfactory form and the Benev- olent Fund would benefit from sales in the U.S.A. An invitation was received from the Institution of Water Engineers to co-operate with them in securing standardisation of methods of chemical analysis of potable waters. This invitation was accepted and it was suggested that a Joint Committee might be set up on which the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists should also be represented.Minutes of meetings of the Chemical Council (19th June and 13th August) were received and approval was given to a recommendation that in view of increases in the annual subscriptions of the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry the senior joint subscription to the three Chartered Bodies be increased by &I as from 1st January 1947. It was reported that the Chemical Council had agreed to revise the brochure on the joint subscription arrangements at an early date and to provide for a wider distribution of this document than had originally been possible. Dr. G. Roche Lynch was appointed as a representative of the Institute on the Chemical Council with effect from 1st January 1947 in succession to Sir Robert Pickard whose term of office would then have expired.The resignation owing to ill health of Dr. Dorothy Jordan Lloyd as a repre-sentative of the Institute on the Chemical Council was received with deep regret; Professor A. Findlay was appointed for the remainder of her period of service. The Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors had been informed that a majority of the Council were of the opinion that the proposal to use the letters F.R.I.C.S. and A.R.I.C.S. to designate Fellows and Associates of that Institution would be likely to lead to misunderstandings and that the selection of some other designations would be in the interest of members of both bodies.A message of congratulation sent on behalf of the Officers and Council to the Institute of Fuel on that body receiving the grant of a Royal Charter had been cordially acknowledged. Mr. J. A. Oriel Member of Cozc.lzciZ had represented the Institute at the XXe Congr&s de Chimie Industrielle held in Paris on 2znd-28th September 1946. The President was appointed as the official delegate of the Institute at the Centenary Celebrations of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers to be heId in London in June 1947. Council Meeting 15th November 1946.The Report of the Fifteenth Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections held on 19th October (see page 258) was received and recommendations contained in paragraphs I and 10 were adopted It was agreed that subject to approval being given to proposed changes in By-laws by Special General Meetings to be held on 15th and ~2nd Novem-ber and by the Privy Council the Annual General Meeting of the Institute be held on Friday 18th April 1947.The Anniversary Luncheon will be held on the same day. The Report of the Finance and House Committee (11th November) was received and adopted. The Report referred inter aEia to :-recommenda- tions for removal of members in arrear with subscriptions; matters arising from para. I and z of the Report of the Fifteenth Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections (see page 258); recommendation of a supple- mentary grant to a Local Section in connection with a proposed Conference; 266 1 modification of the mode of presentation of accounts for rg46 and future years involving the inclusion of separate accounts in respect of certain specified activities to which an appropriate proportion of staff salaries and wages and other overhead expenses would be charged; staff changes; pension and life assurance provisions for members of the staff.The Council adopted recommendations made by the Committee in connection with participation by the Institute in the newly constituted Scientific Societies’ Joint Pensions Scheme. The annual cost to the Institute of the provisions of this scheme in respect of future service pensions and life assurance was estimated to be about fl1,150. Owing to the impracticability of making pension provision during the war period in respect of salary increments and of the salaries of younger members of staff a considerable additional sum estimated at about L800 per annum would be needed to make up for these past deficiencies in pension provision.Although this latter sum would have decreased to a comparatively small figure by the end of 1952,when two senior members of the staff would have reached their normal retiring dates the annual premiums to be paid by the Institute in order to secure the benefits under the scheme would remain considerably in excess of the maximum figure authorised at the Annual General Meeting in 1939. A resolution for an appropriate increase in this maximum annual appropriation will therefore be submitted at the Annual General Meeting in 1947. The Report of the Benevolent Fund Committee (11th November) was received and adopted.It was reported that the total expenditure in helping to provide summer holidays for children of regular beneficiaries had been Era3 and that this scheme had been very greatly appreciated by the 12children concerned. The Report of the Nominations Examinations and Institutions Com-mittee (17th and 18th October) was received and adopted and the candidates recommended for election or re-election to the Associateship or to the Fellow- ship were duly elected to their respective grades. Authority was given to the Committee to admit candidates to the Associateship Examination to be held in January 1947. Arising from the statement in para. 12 of the Report of the Fifteenth Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections discussion took place on difficulties that were arising through the adoption by the Government of a fixed date for the release of university students who had been directed to work of national importance; such students were not released for return to the university unt3 the elapse of three years from the 1st September following their taking up work of the type to which they had been directed.It was agreed that as these conditions of release were directly related to those for release from the Forces there was no prospect of further repre- sentations on the subject being considered. A report by the Chairman of the Publications and Library Committee (14th November) was received and adopted. It was reported that the Directory of Independent Consultants in Chemistry and Related Subjects had been published and that copies had been sent to various organisations and individuals including the technical press.A Special Committee was set up to consider the award of the Meldola Medal for 1946 (see JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1946 IT,245). Further consideration of the basis of arrangements for the Symposium on “Coal Petroleum and their Newer Derivatives” to be held at St. Andrews from7th to 12th July 1947,was referred to the Scientific Courses Committee 2543 3 in consultation with the Committee set up by the Scottish Sections of the Institute. Minutes of the meeting of the Chemical Council (16th October) were received (see page 269) and it was reported that it was not proposed at present to make any change in the joint junior subscription rate or in the subscription for joint student facilities.Dr. J. R. Scott had accepted the Council’s invitation to represent the Institute on British Standards Institution Technical Committee RUC/m-Standardisation and Co-ordination of Tests for Rubber. Mr. A. T. Green had agreed to represent the Institute on Technical Sub-committee C/8/5-Laboratory Porcelain. Dr. William Cullen reported that in the course of his recent visit to South Africa he had conveyed the greetings of the Council to the Cape Section and had been asked to bring back their good wishes to the Council and Members of the Institute in Britain. SPECIAL GENERAL MEETIN GS 15th and 22nd November 1946 A Special General Meeting of the Institute was held in the Rooms of the Geological Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.1 on Friday 15th November 1946. The meeting was called for 5.30 p.m. but no business was transacted until 5.45 p.m., when it was announced that the necessary number of members were present to constitute a quorum in accordance with By-Law 7 (1). The President Mr. G. Roche Lynch O.B.E. M.B. B.S. D.P.H. was in the Chair and there were present 38 members of whom 30 were not Members of Council. The notice convening the Meeting was read by the Secretary. The Chairman then moved the adoption of the folIowing resolution as set forth in the notice of meeting:- “That the By-Laws of the Institute be amended in manner following that is to say 1.By-Law 3 by substituting the words ‘before the thirtieth day of April’ for the words ‘between the first and fifteenth days of March (both days inclusive).’ 2. By-Law 5 (2) by substituting the word ‘first’ for the word ‘seventh.’ 3. By-Law 6 (1) by substituting the word ‘forty-nine’ for the word ‘fourteen.’ 4. By-Law 11 (2) by substituting the word ‘fourteen’ for the word ‘seven’ and the word ‘twenty-eight’ for the word ‘twenty-one.’ 5. By-Law 26 (2) by substituting the words ‘not later than the first day of February next before the date at which the Annual General Meeting’is to be held’ for the words ‘six weeks at least before the Annual General Meeting. 6; By-Law 27 (2) (c) by substituting the word ‘forty-eight’ for the word ‘twenty- four.7. Ry-L;aw 29 (1) by inserting the words ‘or more’ between the words ‘two’ and 8. By-Law 68 (1) by substituting the word ‘four’ for the word ‘three’ and the ‘scrutineers. words ‘since the close of the previous Statementpf Account’ for the words ‘continued from the foot of the last Statement of Account. Copies of all which By-Laws as so amended are contained in a print produced to this meeting and signed by the Chairman for the purposes of identification and which amendment shall come into operation and take effect so soon as they shall be allowed with or without alteration by the Lords of His Majesty’s Most Honourable Privy Council.” The Chairman drew attention to the fact that the existing By-Laws 3 6 (Z),6 (I), 11 (2) 26 (2).27 (2) (c) and 29 (1) with the proposed amended By-Laws were set out on the bakc of the notice of meeting.The resolution having been seconded was supported by Mr. C. L. Claremont who indicated that from his experience as an Hon. Auditor he could vouch for the need of r 257 1 longer time,as provided by the amended By-laws for preparing and auditing the annual statement of accounts. The resolution was then put to the meeting and was carried unanimously. A further Special General Meeting of the Institute was held in the offices of the Insti-tute 80 Russell Square London W.C.1 on Friday 22nd November 1946 at 5.30 p.m. The Resident again occupied the Chair and there were present 36 members,of whom 34 were not Members of Council.The Chairman moved that the adoption of the above resolution (asdetailed above) be confirmed. The motion was seconded by Dr. J. G. A. Griffiths. In reply to a question by Mr. H. S. Rooke as to the adequacy of the additional time allowed by the amended By-Law 27 (2) (c) for the counting of votes by the scrutineers it was pointed out that not only had the available time been increased from 24 hours to 48 hours but by the amendment of By-Law 29 (1) the previous limitation ofthe number of scrutineers to two had been removed. The resolution was then put to the meeting and was curvied unanimously. These amendments of the By-Laws were subsequentIy allowed by His Majesty’s Most Honourable Privy Council under an Order dated 18th December 1946 and have thereby become effective.REPORT OF THE FIFTEENTH CONFERENCE OF HONORARY SECRETARIES OF LOCAL SECTIONS 19th October 1946 at 10 a.m. Presenf.-Mr. G. Roche Lynch President in the Chair; Professor A. Findlay, Vice-President; Dr. D. W. Kent-Jones Honorary Treasurer; Mr. C. S. McDowell (Belfast and District); Mr. E. M.Joiner (Birmingham and Midlands); Mr. F. P. Hornby (Bristol and South-Western); Mr. H. F. Adam (Cardiff and District); Mr. H. D. Thornton (Dublin and District); Dr.J. W. Corran (East Anglia); Dr. C. Whitworth (East Midlands); Mr. G. Elliot Dodds (Edinburgh and East of Scotland); Mr.H. G. A. Anderson (Glasgow and West of Scotland); Dr. E. H. Goodyear (Huddersfield); h3r. D. J. T. Bagnall (Hull and District); Mr. W. A. Wightman (Leeds Area); Mr.H.Weather-all (Liverpool and North-Western); Dr.J. G. A. GriBiths (London and South-Eastern); Dr. E. Isaacs (Manchester and District); Mr. K. H. Jack (Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast); Mr. G. Murfitt (Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands); Mr. E. E. Ayling (South Wales); Dr. F. R. Williams (Tees-Side); the Secretary the Registrar and the Assistant Secretary. The Honorary Secretaries and other representatives of Sections were welcomed by the President and introduced to the Conference. 1. Local Section Grants.-It was reported that at its meeting on 21st June the Council had considered modifications in the conditions of payments of Local Section grants and had proposed that in future these grants be made on the following basis “The amount of the grant to which a Section is entitled in a given year is 2s.6d. for every Fellow and Associate having his registered address in the area of the Section at the time when the grant is due (subject to a minimum of k15) less any balance in the accounts of the Section at 31st December in the previous year over and above 25 per cent. of the expenditure in that previous year. The grant to a Section for a particular year is payable on or before 1st March of that year and will normally be paid to the appropriate officer of the Section as soon as the statement of accounts for the previous year has been received and approved. The whole of the grant for the year will be paid at this time except that where the amount is large (say over &loo)arrangements may be made for payment in instalments.” It was agreed that this proposal would be helpful to the Sections in enabling them to budget for expenditure during the year and to a balance to meet their needs during the early months of each year.In the interest of small Sections however the Conference recommended that the latter part of the first sentence in the proposal be amended to read “less any balance in the accounts of the Section at 31st December in the previous year over and above LlO or 25 per cent. of the expenditure in that previous year whichever is the greater.” It was also recommended that the amount of the per capita grant and the minimum annual grant to a Section should be kept under review so as to ensure that the development of Section activities shall not be unduly restricted.It was agreed that further consideration should be given at the next [ 258 1 Conference to the possibility of introducing a revised scheme whereby the annual grant to a Section might consist of a fixed sum plus a per capita allocation so devised that the smaller Sections would receive an increased total grant while the larger Sections would not receive less than at present. Such a scheme would take account of the fact that there are certain basic expenses to be met by any Section however small the number of members. 2. Travelling Expewses of Committee Members.-In accordance with a decision taken at the Fourteenth Conference (Report para. Z) Honorary Secretaries of Sections had been invited to submit rough estimates of sums that would be needed in the ensuing year if a proposal were adopted to allow as a charge on Institute funds the travelling expenses of members of Committees or Sub-Committees attending meetings of those bodies.From the necessarily incomplete returns received to date it appeared that the cost per Section might range from nothing up to about L20 the higher figure referring to Sections covering a wide area in which there were several important centres. There was a general feeling that if such a scheme were adopted no individual whose annual travelling expenses amounted to less than Ll should be reimbursed but it was pointed out that this might result in hardship in some cases and that the matter might be left to the Sections to decide.Reference was also made to the desirability of being able to invite to a meeting of a Committee or Sub-committee on occasions when particular matters were to be discussed a member of the Institute who did not belong to that Committee or Sub-committee; it was suggested that such persons would in fact be co-opted for such meetings and could therefore be treated as if they were ordinary members of the Committee or Sub-committee on such occasions. Although it seemed probable that the cost of such a scheme might be in the neighbourhood of ,6100 per annum it was agreed that more information was needed and that the matter should be further considered at the next Conference before making a recommendation to Council. 3. Local Section Oficer’s Handbook-The Committee had before it a first draft of material for inclusion in a Local Section Officers’ Handbook the preparation of which had been proposed at the previous Conference (Report para.8). It was agreed that this draft was on the lines desired and that Honorary Secretaries should send to the Secretary of the Institute proposals for its amendment and extension so that a further draft might be prepared for subsequent consideration. The following matters were put forward for consideration for inclusion in the Handbook:-status and privileges of Registered Students; the range of enquiries that may be appropriately answered by Honorary Secretaries of Sections; the operation of the Appointments Register; the date and conditions of nomination of District Members of Council; references to articles on administrative and professional matters that had appeared in the JOURNAL in recent years; the telephone numbers of Honorary Secretaries; organisation of the office of the Institute so that particular matters of business may be referred to the appropriate member of the staff.Special emphasis was placed on the references to articles in the JOURNAL as it was felt that this would avoid raising unnecessarily matters that had been discussed in detail in recent years. It was further agreed that copies of the Chemical Council brochure giving particulars of joint subscription arrangements should be sent as soon as a new edition was available to all Honorary Secretaries so that they might bring the work of the Institute and of the co-operating societies to the notice of potential members especially young graduates.It was also agreed that in order to facilitate the conduct of Section business Honorary Secretaries should receive copies of the “date card” giving the dates of meetings of the Council and its Committees. General approval was given to the proposal that the Handbook should be in loose-leaf form so that additions could be made from time to time without prejudice to subsequent codification and printing of the body of the Handbook at appropriate intervals. 4. Local Section Rules.-Information had been received from a few Sections concerning the suggestion made at the previous Conference (para. 9) that the Rules of Local Sections be correlated and those that were common to all Sections collected under the heading “Common Rules.” It was pointed out that the Rules of several Sections were in urgent need of reprinting and that such reprinting should not be held up until agreement on this general question had been received.It was generally agreed how- ever that it would be useful if the existing Section Rubs were examined from this point of view by the Secretary and a set of specimen Rules prepared that would be available for the guidance of Local Sections when changes of Rules became necessary in the future. 5. Munchester Questionnaire.-It was reported that the Committee of the Man- Chester and District Section had been much concerned at the action of the Council in [ 259 1 authorising the publication of an article in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS containing criticisms of the questionnaire without ~~blishing it in full.Diverse opinions were expressed by the representatives of other Sections on this matter and on the proposal that a similar questionnaire be circulated to all members of the Institute in the British Isles. Several representatives referred to the desirability of restricting the number of qwstions in any such questionnaire and of issuing with it a reasoned statement on each of the topics included. It was generally agreed that questions such as those referring to standards of admission to the Associateship and particularly to the Fellowship and to the possibility of making chemistry a “closed profession” could not be answered by a majority of members without much more information than they would normally be likely to possess.On the questions relating to salary scales to which no reference was made in the article in the JOURNAL,it was reported that the Council had decided to defer the preparation of salary statistics until more stable conditions had been attained and that the matter would be reviewed in the spring of 1947. Expressing the views of the Council Professor Findlay (Chairman of the Appoint- ments and Economic Status Committee) stated that in publishing the article in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, the Council had intended no discourtesy; nor did there seem to be grounds for assuming any such intention. The article contained comments rather than criticisms and consisted for the most part of references to actions already taken by the Council on the various points raised.The Council was always open to receive statements of views put forward by District Members Local Section Committees Honorary Secretaries or individual members and all such views received consideration. When a question had been fully examined by the Council and there was any doubt about the decision to be taken it was right and proper to issue a questionnaire to members in order to obtain guidance. Local Section Committees bad a similar duty and responsibility to their members and might in like manner ask the opinion of their members when there was doubt as to the course to be pursued. Enquiries of this kind should not be made however either by the Council or by Committees of Sections until after full consideration of the relevant arguments and any such enquiry should be accompanied by a reasoned statement of the facts.It would be unfortunate if the questionnaire should become a frequently used instrument in the government of the Institute for the Council which was elected by popular vote consisted of Fellows who were specially qualified to interpret the wishes of the general body of members and to translate them into action in a manner that would serve the best interests of the Xnstitu te. It was generally agreed that the issue of the questionnaire by the Manchester and District Section had served a useful purpose in focussing attention on a numbs of points of interest to members of the Institute and satisfaction was expressed with the assurance that the Council would take full cognisance of the results of the questionnaire in considering the development of future policy.The general feeling of the Conference was however that no recommendation should be made on the proposal that a question- naire of the type issued by the Manchester and District Section should be distributed generally to members of the Institute. 6. Presentation of Fellowship and Associateship Certi$cates.-In para. 19 of the ReDort of the 14th Conference the difliculties of resuming the practice of presenting Feilowship and Associateship Certificates at Section meetings were set forth. In view of these difficulties and of some doubt as to whether it was desirable or proper that certificates which were issued by the Council should be presented at Local Section meetings the suggestion was made that contacts with new members might effectively be established in other ways for example by inviting them to a social meeting or by asking them to sign a book at an ordinary meeting of the Section.Whereas many Local Sections regarded the matter as of little importance and in view of the difficulties involved would prefer to use some other procedure for welcoming new members there were a few Sections who felt strongly that the pre-war practice should be resumed. It was agreed that the Honorary Secretaries of these latter Sections should discuss the matter further with their Committees and raise the question again at the next Conference if so instructed. 7. Repmts on candidates for election to the Fellowship under Regulation III (C).-On this matter which was deferred from the previous Conference (Report para.22), general information was given about present practice. Following discussion it was agreed that there was no need to establish new machinery but that the use of the existing machinery might be improved; thus a larger proportion of applicants might be summoned for interview and consultation with District Members might take place more frequently. An assurance was given that the N. E. & I. Committee was fully alive to the importance of ensuring that only those who were duly qualified should be r2w1 adlflitted to the Fellowship; the means of achieving this were continuously under review. 8. Delivery of established Memmial Lectures outside Londm (14th Conference Report para.%).-It was agreed that it would be open to any Section to ask for a particular Memorial Lecture to be given or repeated at a centre within the Section. When this was done the lecturer’s expenses would be borne by the Section on the same basis as for any other lecture. In general a Memorial Lecture given under these conditions would form part of the programme of activities of the Section. 9. Operation of the A+pointments Register.-The Registrar explained the existing organisation of the Register and the conditions of its operation and assured the Conference that he would be pleased to receive suggestions for improvement as well as information of vacancies notified in periodicals that might not otherwise be seen, such as provincial newspapers and certain technological journals.It would be helpful if Honorary Secretaries or Recorders of Sections regularly examined such sources and drew attention to notices that were likely to be of interest. At the present time about 360 members were receiving the Appointments Register but very few of these were without employment. 10. Journal and Proceedings.-Suggestions were made that JOURNAL AND PROCEED-INGS might include editorial comment and “Letters to the Editor.’’ It was recognised that in order to make this extension of present practice useful more frequent publica-tion of JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS was desirable On general grounds also it was recommended that the Publications Committee be asked to consider the possibility of issuing the Journal at more frequent intervals as soon as conditions permitted.11. Scienti$c Cowses.-Reference was made to the highly successful Courses on “Oils and Fats” and “Spectroscopy” recently held under the auspices of the Institute at the University of Liverpool and the question was raised as to the proper use of any excess of receipts over expenditure in connection with such courses. A suggestion that such balances might be passed over to the Local Section concerned for the general pur- poses of the Section was not generally supported because it was recognised that a considerable part of the payments were made by members of the Institute drawn from all parts of the country and it was contrary to established policy that Local Sections should accumulate funds that had not been raised locally for specific purposes.A more favourable reception was given to a proposal that such balances should be retained in a special “Scientific Courses” Fund to be used in financing future Courses of a similar nature. An assurance was given that the views of the Liverpool and North-Western Section which had made the detailed arrangements for the courses held this summer would receive due consideration before any final decision on the matter was reached. 12. Students National Service.-The Registrar gave information on points raised at the previous Conference (Report para. 21). Places in most technical colleges were as difficult to obtain as in universities; both were under an obligation to reserve 90 per cent.of their accommodation for ex-service men. Part-time students could get deferment in order to take a vital examination but more specific assurances could not be given. Students who had been directed to work of national importance were being released after three years in order to return to universities-the agreed reIease date being 1st September which was the same as that applying to release from the Services (see Proceedings of the Council p. 256). It was understood that for students now taking a full-time university course it is the intention of the Government to grant deferment year by year for a maximum of three years from 1st October following their 18th birthday but that thereafter they would be called up for military service. The Conference adjourned for lunch at 12.30 p.m.and resumed its sitting in the afternoon until 4.30 p.m. The President thanked the Honorary Secretaries and other representatives of Sections for their attendance and expressed his satisfaction with the considerable amount ofimportant ground that had been covered. A vote of thanks to the President and the other Officers for their interest in and work on behalf of the Sections was carried with acclamation. ACTIVITIES OF LOCAL SECTIONS Aberdeen and North of Scotland.-The winter series of meetings to be held jointly with the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemicd Industry was inaugurated on 26th October in the Chemistry Department Marischal College Aberdeen Professor H. W. Melville F.R.S. presided and Professor G.D. Preston of University College Dundee gave an address on “Microscopy with Electrons and X-rays.” On 29th November at Marischal College with Professor Melville again in the Chair a joint meeting heard an address by Professor F. S. Spring of the Royal Technical College Glasgow on “Some Developments in the General Methods of Organic Chemistry.” Both meetings were followed by considerable discussion and votes of thanks were proposed by Dr. J. M. C. Thompson and Mr.J. E. Bowen. Belfast and District.-A very interesting Lecture on “The Manufacture of Pulp and Paper” was given on 30th September by Mr. P. Faichney; Dr. E. Mayne Reid was in the Chair. A party of members visited the Observatory in Armagh on 30th October. They were cordially received by Dr.E. M. Lindsay who displayed many interesting photo- graphs and explained each in detail. The sky was fortunately clear and every member had the opportunity of observing the moon through the telescope. The Jubilee Dinner of the Section was held in Royal Avenue Hotel on 29th November. On loth December the Chemical Society and Queen’s University Belfast in con- junction with the Belfast and District Section of the Institute arranged a Public Lecture on “Isotopes” by Professor H. C. Urey Nobel Laureate of the University of Chicago U.S.A. Sir David Kier Vice-Chancellor of Queen’s University was in the Chair. * Birmingham and Midlands.-At a meeting of the Section held on 14th November the Chairman Mr. Garfield Thomas referred to the death of Professor Percy Faraday Frankland F.R.S.Emeritus Professor of Chemistry in the University of Birmingham and a former President of the Royal Institute of Chemistry. In a moving tribute Professor Challenger said that Frankland was among the earliest workers in bio- chemistry; that his work was characterised by a passion for accuracy and that he was a man of the highest integrity who inspired those who worked under him. His passing would be mourned by friends and students the world over. Dr. S. R. Carter on behalf of the local section added his tribute and the meeting stood in silence. Professor F. Challenger then delivered a lectyTe entitled “Recent Investigations in the Organic and Biological Chemistry of Sulphur. Bristol and South-Western Counties.-The first meeting of the Section in the present session was held in the Chemistry Department of the University of Bristol on 10th October jointly with the Chemical Society and with the local section and the Plastics Group of the Society of Chemical Industry.The chair was taken by Dr. L. €3. Lampitt, President of the Society of Chemical Industry and Mr. N. J. L. Megson gave a lecture illustrated by lantern slides on “Recent Advances in Plastics.” A vote of thanks to the lecturer was proposed by Mr. S. Robson. On 24th October a meeting was held jointly with the Chemical Society and the local section of the Society of Chemical Industry in the University of Bristol. Dr.T. Malkin Chairman of the local section of the Institute presided. In opening the proceedings he paid tribute to the memory of Mr.F. E. Needs District Member of Council who had died during the week; the meeting stood in silence as a mark of respect. A lecture on “The Work of the Forensic Science Laboratories” was then given by Mr. E. B. Parkes. At a meeting held jointly with the Chemical Society and the local section of the Society of Chemical Industry at the University of Bristol Dr. C. E. H. Bawn the repre- sentative of the Chemical Society presided and Professor M. G. Evans gave a lecture on “Electron Transfer Reactions in Solutions.” Following the discussion a vote of thanks was proposed by Professor W. E. Garner F.R.S. Cardiff and District.-To fill the vacanices caused by Mr. R. G. Minor and Mr. D. Hicks leaving the Section Mr.3. S. Hughes was elected a member of the Section Committee and Mr. S. Dixon an Hon. Auditor. On 11th October in Cardiff at a joint meeting with the Physical Methods Group of the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists and with the local c 262 3 section of the Society of Chemical Industry the following papers were presented:- “Recent Developments in Apparatus for pH Measurements and Electro-Titrations,” by Mr. A. D. E. Laughlan; “Some Applications of Electrometric Methods to Analysis,” by Mr. R. J. Carter; “Polarisation End-points,” by Dr. D. P. Evans. In Newport on 30th October Dr. G. M. Bennett lectured on “The Government Laboratory’’ (for summary see p. 278) the Chair being taken by Mr. McGraghan. Prior to this meeting which was held jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry members of both bodies visited the Newport works of the British Aluminium Company Ltd.by kind permission of the Directors. The party was entertained to tea at the works and keen appreciation of the visit was expressed to Dr. Martin and his staff. A meeting of the South WalesSection of the Society of Chemical Industry was held jointly with the local section of the Institute in Cardiff on 29th November when Dr. D. T. A. Townend lectured on “Recent Developments in Combustion.” Two-stage combustion cool flames the significance of peroxides and engine knock were among the subjects discussed. Messages of congratulation were sent from the meeting to Dr. Idris Jones and to Mr. D. Hicks on their recent appointments on the staffs of the Coal Board and the Fuel Research Board respectively.Dublin and District.-A meeting of the Section was held in Science Buildings Eniversity College Dublin on 20th November. Dr.A. G. G. Leonard was in the Chair but as the meeting was held jointly with the Chemical Society he invited Professor T,S. Wheeler to preside. Dr. T. G. Brady read a paper on “Biochemical Micro-techni- que” (for summary see p. 278). The vote of thanks was proposed by Professor Jessop, seconded by Dr. Werner and supported by Professor Conway. East .Anglia.-The Section opened its programme with a meeting held in the Public Library Lecture Room Ipswich on 8th November. The Section invited as guests local members of the Association of Scientific Workers to hear Mr.A. D. Whitehead on the subject of “Plastics in Recent Years.” The lecture was largely historical; it was copiously illustrated with slides. A substantial and impressive collection of materials and products prepared from plastics was displayed. On 22nd November Professor H. J. Emeldus,F.R.S.,visited the Section for the first time since his appointment to the Chair of Inorganic Chemistry at the University of Cambridge. At the Norwich City College he delivered a lecture on “Some Chemical Aspects of Recent Work on Atomic Fission”(cf. summary JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1946 I 42) to a crowded audience which included a large number of senior students and scientific teaching staff in Norwich and Norfolk. East Midlands-A joint committee meeting of the East Midlands Section and the Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands Section was held in the Welbeck Hotel Nottingham on 30th November.There was an excellent attendance both Sections being well represented. The Chairman was Mr. Atherley and there was a short interval at 4 pm. when the East Midlands Section entertained members of the visiting Section to tea. Subjects of mutual interest were discussed and the meeting heard the Report of Mr. E. J. Vaughan District Member of Council who was unanimously nominated again for a further year. On loth October Professor R. A. Morton of the University of Liverpool delivered a lecture on “Absorption Analysis,” which was illustrated by a large number of lantern slides. On 14th November MI-. W. Gordon Carey lectured on “Water Supply” at University College Leicester.This lecture was very well attended not only by members of the Institute but also by students of the College. The Section is much indebted to Professor and Mrs. Hunter for entertaining members of the Committee to coffee after the meeting. Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-The Section has met so far on three occasionsthis session. On 10th October Dr. J. P. Baxter lectured on “Heavy Chemicals”; on 29th October Dr. D. J. Bell spoke on “Some Observations on Biological Oxidation and Reduction,” and on 21st November Professor F. S. Spring lectured on “Some Develop- ments in the General Methods of Organic Chemistry.” Accounts of all these lectures are being published in Chemistvy and Ifidustry. Huddersfie1d.-At a meeting on 29th October in Field’s Caf6 held jointly with the Huddersfield Section of the Society of Dyers and Colourists under the Chairmanship of Mr.T. A. Simmons,a large audience heard a talk by Dr. C. J. T. Cronshaw (Member of Council) on “Chemists in Industry. ” c 263 3 The lecture was followed by a most interesting discussion and a hearty vote of thanks to the lecturer was proposed by Dr. A. E. Everest and seconded by Dr. R. A. Storey. The Annual Dance held in Collinson’s Caf6 on 16thNovember was well attended and proved most enjoyable. Dr. H. J. T. Ellingham Secretary of the Institute visited the Section on 3rd Decem- ber and gave a talk entitled “Electrolysis as an Industrial Process.” Many members inchding Mr. T. A. Simmons Mr.H. Wignall Mr. R. Raw Mr. A. S. White Mr. L. G. Cratchley and Dr. W. E. Scott took part in the interesting discussion which followed. A vote of thanks to the lecturer was proposed by Dr. R. J. Connor and seconded by Mr. Tasker. Hull and District.-As the result of a ballot the following were elected as members of the first Committee of the Section:-FeZlows Mr. A. P. Backshell Mr. D. J. T. Bagnall, Mr. L. Balmforth Mr. P. H. Cutting Mr. C. S. Farmer Mr. N. L. Holm& Mr. R. S. Howard Dr. W. H. Pedelty; Associates Mr. W. Hartley Mr. S. J. Porter Mr. J. Pryce-Jones. At a meeting of the Committee held on 15th October the following were elected to the specified offices for the session 1946-47 Chairman Mr D. J. T. Bagnall; Vice- Chairman Mr. L. Balmforth; Hon.Secretary Dr. W. H. Pedelty; Hon. Treasurer, Mr. R. S. Howard. The Inaugural Meeting of the Section took place at the Hull Guildhall on 23rd October Mr.D. J. T. Bagnall presiding. The members formally approved the Section Rules as a working basis for the first year of the Section. The Chairman welcomed the visitors who included members of the Hull Branch of the British Medical Association Members of the Hull Medical Association the Chief Constable of Hull and his senior officers members of the Hull Section of the Oil and Colour Chemists’ Association members of the Hull Chemical and Engineering Society and the Secretary of the North Lincs. Technical and Scientific Society. The highlight of the evening was a lecture by Dr. G. Roche Lynch President of the Royal Institute of Chemistry entitled “Medico- Legal Experiences.” Dr.Roche Lynch prefaced his lecture with a few remarks on the development of the Institute and its place in the scientific world and emphasised the gratifying feature that the Institute and its Sections were entirely non-political. The meeting concluded with a vote of thanks to the lecturer proposed by Mr. J. Pryce Jones and seconded by Dr. N. Gebbie Medical Officer of Health for Kingston-upon-Hull. Leeds Area.-A joint meeting of the Section with the Leeds University Chemical Society was held at the University of Leeds on 29th October Mr. G. J. Denbigh Chair- man of the Section presiding. Professor F. A. Paneth lectured on “The Making of Missing Chemical Elements.” An audience of over 200 thoroughly enjoyed a fascinating talk on the hitherto unknown elements which are now being made in quantity as a result of the work on the uranium pile (for summary see p.277). Before the lecture under the Chairmanship of Mr. D. A. Pantony Student President of the University Chemical Society the films “New Earth” and “The Refining of Oil” were shown by courtesy of the Central Film Library and the Petroleum Films Bureau. A social interval followed. Silver Jubilee Meeting.-The Silver Jubilee of the Leeds Area Section was celebrated at a meeting held in the Queen’s Hotel Leeds on 23rd November 1946. The Chairman (Mr. G. J. Denbigh) presided over a gathering of chemists and their ladies numbering more than 200. The Chairman welcomed the President the Secretary and the Registrar of the Royal Institute of Chemistry the representatives of the local organisations of the Chemical Society the Society of Chemical Industry the Society of Dyers and Colourists the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists and the Pharmaceutical Society and officers of the neighbouring Sections of Huddersfield Sheffield and Hull.He recalled that the decision to form the Leeds Area Section was taken at a meeting held in the old Queen’s Hotel Leeds on 24th November 1921. Of the twenty-eight members present at that meeting he was glad to see eight with us to-day while six had sent their apologies and good wishes. During the twenty-five years of its existence the Section had increased in strength and numbers and had played a leading part in bringing together the academic and industrial members of the profession in this im- portant manufacturing area and in helping them to a fuller appreciation of each other’s work.In these days the importance of chemists to the community was much better realised than it was twenty-five years ago and in this change of public attitude the activities of the Institute had had their effect. The President of the Institute (Dr. G. Roche Lynch O.B.E.) in congratulating the Section said that it was a very good thing that an anniversary of this kind should be c 264 3 celebrated in a special manner. Since the Institute was founded the scope of the acti- vities of chemists had changed considerably so that whereas in the early days the mem- bership consisted mainly of independent consultants and analysts now the great majority of members were in some form of industrial employment.The value of pro-fessional association remained undiminished and the Institute had a great deal to do in looking after the general and economic interests of its members in a manner worthy of its standing and from a standpoint that was entirely non-political. His contacts with the Sections had convinced him that the Institute was a live body and as its numbers grew he welcomed the formation of new Sections in order that members might more easily be able to attend meetings and get to know each other and appreciate each other’s problems. The Vice-Chancellor of the University of Leeds (Mr. B. Moust Jones D.S.O.)said that by a coincidence it was just twenty-five years since he forsook the straight path of chemistry for the devious ways of academic administration.In those far-off days the curative properties of magnesium sulphate were esteemed at least as highly as were those of penicillin to-day elements were elements and not fragile entities prone to fission at the mere sight of a neutron and hydrogen was only as heavy as it seemed to be. He congratulated the Section on behalf of the University and expressed the hope that the association of the academic and industrial members of the profession would continue and strengthen. After a social interval the Lord Mayor of Leeds (Sir George W. Martin) arrived to extend a civic welcome and congratulations to the members of the Section.He said that the contributions of chemists to the war effort and to the health of the community were universally appreciated The work of the Institute showed that chemistry was a profession in which the members worked together and gave of their best and they had the great satisfaction of knowing that their work was well worth while. Mr. A. L. Bacharach then gave a lecture on “The Properties and Manufacture of Penicillin’’ in which he outlined in an extremely interesting and lucid manner the chemical and therapeutic properties of penicillin and the problems involved in its large- scale production. The vote of thanks to the lecturer was proposed by Professor F. Challenger and seconded by Professor X. M. Comber who was one of the original members of the Section.At the Annual General Meeting Messrs. G. Brearley F. F. Elsworth R. Gawler and W. T. Tweed were elected to the Committee and Messrs. J. T. Thompson and A. Woodmansey were re-elected as Honorary Auditors. The financial statement was adopted. Liverpool and North-Western.-The opening meeting of the Session 1946-67 was held on 10th October at 5 p.m. in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre University of Liverpool. Mr. P. K. Williams the retiring Chairman introduced his successor Professor T. P. Hilditch F.R.S. referring to his connection with the Institute and with the chemistry of oils and fats. As a prologue to his address the new Chairman drew a comparison between the meetings held in Liverpool before and during the war and the arrangements for the coming session which included meetings for our own members meetings of a joint character and meetings outside Liverpool at Wigan and Widnes.Professor Hilditch then referred to certain aspects of the general policy of the Institute in relation to changes in the By-laws which were understood to be pending and to the proposal to seek a new Charter. He emphasised the fact that the policy of the Institute was the business of all its members and that it was therefore desirable for all to consider and if necessary to bring to the notice of their District Members of Coun- cil any matters on which their views might be constructive or helpful. For himself he doubted the wisdom of any suggestion to reduce the size of the Council; if a Council of 30 was requisite when the membership of the Institute was under 2,000 a Council of 60as at present would not seem to be too large to look after the interests of the current membership (over 10,000 and likely to increase rapidly in the next few years).More-over there was a danger that reduction in the size of the Council might result in control being exercised too much by the permanent officials rather than by the elected Officers and Council. In his view the time had come when Great Britain should be divided into say six or seven “Regions,” each including several Local Sections and being administered by a Regional Council which should have much more inde- pendent control especially as regards financial expenditure than is now permitted to the Officers and Committees of Local Sections.While all matters of educational policy examinations etc. the general financial structure of the Institute and the co-ordination of the policy and ethics of the chemical profession must still remain in the hands of the Council of the Institute each Regional Council should be responsible through [ 265.1 the Local Sections for the furtherance of the Institute’s work for members resident in the Region. The Council of the Institute should always include a small number-say two-members elected by each Region and should meet alternately at the head- quarters in London and at that of each of the Regions in turn. These were personal views but he felt that unless some such measure of distribution of authority were soon undertaken there would be a risk of friction arising because of the impracticability of a small number of people in London understanding the needs of members of the Institute in different parts of the country.The Institute was made for chemists and not chemists for the Institute; precisely because of this the dignity and prestige of the Institute must .be maintained at the highest level. To make the Institute the pinnacle of the chemical profession and to keep it of such high standing that no chemist qualified to become a member will wish to remain outside was he submitted the most important objective. The Chairman’s address “Mechanism of Oxidation and Hydrogenation of the Unsaturated System in Drying Oils” was then given by Professor T. P. Hilditch F.R.S.By custom there was no discussion of the address.. [For summary see p. 275.1 Dr. S. Paul proposed and Mr. H. H. Hutt seconded a vote of thanks to Dr. Hilditch. Associates resident in the Liverpool and North-Western area and elected during the war years have been entertained to dinner by the Section. As the number of Associates who accepted the invitation was 110 the function was divided into two and took place at 6 p.m. on 3rd and 24th October in Reece’s Restaurant Parker Street Liverpool. The officers and committee of the Section were present on each occasion and at the first gathering the retiring Chairman Mr. P. N. Williams presided whilst at the second the new Chairman Professsor T. Y. Hilditch welcomed the guests. After-wards an entertainment was given by members and their friends the artistes being Mrs.McKerrigan Miss Bruning Messrs. Bartlett Burrage Erskine Paul Thompson and Wilkinson. The first of the Joint Meetings of the Session was held at 3 p.m. on Saturday 26th October in the Stork Hotel Queens Square Liverpod. The sponsors were the North- Western Branch of the Institution of Chemical Engineers and the other participating societies the Royal Institute of Chemistry the Society of Chemical Industry and the British Association of Chemists. Mr. T. McKillop Chairman of the Branch of the Institution of Chemical Engineers handed over the meeting to Colonel E. Briggs Vice- Chairman who was in his own domain but would be unable to become Chairman next session as had been anticipated. Dr. L. J.Burrage gave a paper on “Some Aspects of Adsorption by Activated Charcoal.” There was a vigorous discussion afterwards in which Messrs. Woollatt Sharp Kidd Kipling Gibson Simmonds Bott and others took part. Mr. G. Lowry Fairs proposed and Mr. E. Woollatt seconded the vote of thanks to the lecturer. A buffet tea was served after the meeting at which some discussion continued. London and South-Eastern Counties.-At a meeting held at 6.30 p.m.. on 16th October at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Dr. W. E. van Heyningen opened a discussion on “The Publicity of Science by Radio.” A lively discussion followed in which general support was given to the opener’s plea for the appointment of a full-time Director of Science Broadcasts with responsibility for the long-range strategy-of science broadcasting and to the desirability that science broad- casts while being of a simple character should have the widest possible scope.A meeting of the Section at Reading on 26th October was held at 2.30 p.m. in the Letters Lecture Theatre University of Reading. Dr. G. L. Riddell Chairman of the Section presided and among the visitors were Professor Guggenheim and several medical ofhcers of health and sanitary inspectors. Two papers on the general subject of water supplies were presented; one on “The Geologv of Water Supplies” by Professor H. L. Hawkins F.R.S. the other on “The Chemical and Bacteriological Aspects of Water Supplies” by Mr. W. Gordon Carey. After a lively discussion a vote of thanks to the speakers was proposed by Mr.Faraday Innes and carried with acclamation. A social gathering over tea at the Galleon Cafe formed a fitting conclusion to a very successful meeting. [Summaries of these two lectures on “Water Supplies” have been published in Chemistry and Industry 1946 (16th November) p. 415. Typescripts of Mr. Gordon Carey’s lecture and of Dr. A. M. Ward’s lecture on “Science as a Career” (given at Luton on 11th September) have been deposited at the Institute and can be consulted on application to the Assistant Secretary.] On 30th October Professor Findlay took tea with the Chairman of the Section Dr. G. I,. Riddell and members of the Committee. At the meeting which followed in the rooms of the Chemical Society Burlington House Piccadilly attended by 43 members Professor Findlay opened a discussion on “Students and the Royal Institute of r 266 I Chemistry,” pointing out that although the chemical profession was among the youngest of the professions it had progressed very rapidly and held a high position in public esteem.,411 students of chemistry should be attached to the Royal Institute of Chemistry because of the many services given by the Institute such as (a) advice and guidance on education and the profession (b)access to “chemical life” through the local committees and (c) personal contacts with other members of the profession. In connection with National Certificates it was stated that in place of the old National Certificate in Chemistry two new Certificates were to be introduced one in Chemistry and one in Applied Chemistry.The former Certificate it was hoped would constitute some definite step towards the A.R.I.C. The attention of students was also directed to the Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize which was not receiving nearly the number of entrants it deserved. During the discussion which followed several members spoke of the encouragement and advice they had received in their student days. The students present were invited to join in the discussion and although a little hesitant at first useful suggestions were made such as notification to Principals and Heads of Departments of student activities and more detailed reports by the Examiners for A.R.I.C. on the badly answered ques- tions. Further information about library facilities and the publication in the JOURNAL of articles of special interest to students were also requested.,4 cordial vote of thanks to Professor Findlsy was proposed by Mr. W. J. Mansell and carried with acclamation. The .\nnual General Meeting of this Section was held at Gas Industry House on the 20th November. Officers and Committee were elected as follows:-Chairman J. G. A. Griffiths; Vice-Chairmen S. G. E. Stevens and C W. Hard; Hon. Secretary T. McLachlan; Hon. Treasurer J. L. Pinder; Members F. H. Banfield \V. H. Bennett, S. H. Biggs J. H. Bowes A. ti. D. Emerson J. G. Fife D. M. Freeland. F. M.Hamer F. A. W. Hebdon W. C. Johnson J. Lawrence W. J. Mansell F. B. Marmoy L. M. Miall K. H. Morgan K. G. A. Pankhurst S. Stevens and E. C. Wood.The District Mcmber of Council H. Baines was re-nominated subject to the concurrence of the East Anglian Section. P. Bilham and J. B. Wilton were elected Hon. Auditors. A discussion took place regarding (a) publicity given to Section meetings (b) the social activities of the Section and (c) the interests of students. X display of films followed the Annual General Meeting. Manchester and District-At the meeting of the Committee held on 16th September Mr. J. T. Marsh was unanimously re-elected Chairman of the Section for the session 1946-47. On 10th October a joint meeting with the Chemical Society was held at the Univer- sity of Manchester when Mr. J. M. Tinkler Director of Research at the Jackson Labora- tories of Messrs. E. I. nu Pont opened a discussion on “The Organisation of the American Chemical Society.” Among those who participated in a most interesting and animated discussion were Messrs.Marsh House Piggott Silvester Harper Butterworth Chorley JVithers and Schuler (of Du Ponts). A joint meeting with the Chemical Society was held on 24th October when Professor Wilson Baker F.K.S. gave a lecture on “The Chemistry of Penicillin.” On 16th November Professor E. L. Hirst F.R.S. and Dr. J. K. N. Jones gave a paper on “The Chemistry of Plant Gums and Related Substances” to a joint meeting with the Chemical Society the Society of Chemical Industry and the Textile Institute. Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast.-The joint meeting arranged for 2nd October was cancelled owing to the lecturer‘s illness.On 16th October Lt.-CoL A. Wedgwood O.B.E. lectured on “Problems in Mineral Concentration,” at a meeting held jointly with the Newcastle upon Tyne Section of the Society of Chemical Industry. Dr. A. E. J. Vickers presided over an appreciative audience or about thirty persons and the address was followed by a lively discussion in which Drs. A. Crawford j. I-€. Jones and W. M.Madgin Professor H. L. Riley and Messrs. Moses and H. Y. Robinson participated. The first meeting organised by the Joint Scientific and Technical Societies’ Com-mittee of Newcastle-upon-Tyne representing local sections of the Chemical Society Royal Institute of Chemistry Society of Chemical Industry Oil and Colour Chemists’ Association Newcastle Chemical Industry Club British Association of Chemists Institute of Fuel Retlson Club and Institute of Plastics Industry was successfully held on 13th November.Mr. W.E. Ballard gave an introduction to his subject “MetaI Spraying by the Wire Process,” and then eshibited a sound film which described in a lucid and entertaining manner the principles scope and applications of the process. The subsequent discussion in which many of the numerous audience took part showed [ 267 3 clearly the popularity of Mr. Ballard’s method of presenting his subject. Votes of thanks to the speaker and to Professor C. E Pearson the chairman were proposed by Mr. E.W. Muddiman and Mr. H. Barker and were carried with acclamation. More than fifty members and friends tisited the Britannic Works of British Faints Limited on 27th November.The visitors were conducted in parties through the various departments including control and research laboratories associated with the manu- facture of paints colours and varnishes Tea was very generousIy provided after which Mr. 13’. P. Jenkins chief chemist gave a brief description illustrated with lantern slides of the firm’s other works in the district. Appreciation of the hospitality shown by British Paints Limited was expressed in a vote of thanks to the Management and Staff proposed by Mr. K. H. Jack seconded by Dr. C. W. Shacklock and carried in a very hearty manner. Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands.-The first meeting of the session was held in the General Lecture Theatre University of Shefield on 27th September Dr.R. A. Mott was in the chair and Mr. €3. E. G. West Managing Director of Newton Chambers Ltd. presented the Newton Chambers Awards to the 1945 winners Mr. C. P. Fagan Associate and Mr. n. A. Llewelyn Registered Stzcdent. A joint meeting with the Shefield Metallurgical Association and the Chemical Society was held on 17th October. Professor R. D. Haworth was in the chair and the Vice-Chancellor of the University of Sheffield Dr. J. I. 0. Masson F.R.S. was present to welcome Professor J. Heyrovsky of the University of Prague who delivered two lectures; at 2.30p.m. “Principles of Polarography,” at 6 p.m. “Applications of Polaro- graphic Analysis.” A very large audience attended both lectures which were followed by stimulating and interesting discussions with very effective replies from Professor Heyrovsky.Mr. E. J. Vaughan proposed and Dr. J. Haslam seconded a vote of thanks to the distinguished lecturer. A further joint meeting with the above societies was held in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre University of Sheffield on 21st November at 6 p.m. Dr. R. A. Mott took the chair and Dr. C. H. Desch F.R.S. President of the Iron and Steel Institute gave a lecture entitled “Chemistry in the Metallurgical Industries,’’ which attracted an audience of 160. Dr. T. B. Smith representing the Chemical Society in proposing a vote of thanks referred to the earlier associations of Dr. Desch with Shefield where for a number of years he was Professor of Metallurgy in the University. The proposal was seconded by Mr.H. Bull President of the Sheffield Metallurgical Association. At a committee meeting held on Monday 4th November Mr. H. V. Coates Associate waselected to the committee to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of Mr. G. W. C. Mihier who had left Sheffield to take up an appointment asAssistant Lecturer in Chemis- try at University College Hull. South Wales.-On 1st November members of the Section participated in a meeting arranged by the Chemical Society and the University College of Swansea Chemical Society which was held at University College Swansea Professor J. E. Coates O.B.E. presiding. A lecture on “Homolytic Reactions” was given by Professor D. H. Hey. A vote of thanks was proposed by Dr. L. E. Hinkel and seconded by Mr. J. B. Lewis.On 8th November members participated in a joint meeting arranged by the South Wales Section of the Institute of Fuel which was held at the Royal Institution of South Wales Swansea. Dr. H. E. Crossley delivered a lecture on “The Inorganic Constituents of Coal.” A meeting of the Section was held on 22nd November in the Royal Institution of South Wales Swansea when Dr. F. M. Lea O.B.E. Director of the Building Research Station lectured on “Research on Building and its Materials” (cf. summary in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1946 I 44). After a good discussion in which both members and visitors participated a vote of thanks was proposed by Mr.E. Thornton and seconded by Mr. D. C. Morgan. Mr. R. 0. Bishop M.B.E. presided. Tees-Side.-The initial scientific meeting of the session was held at the William Newton School Norton-on-Tees on 24th October when Sir Jack Drummond F.R.S.spoke under the title “Science at the Ministry of Food during the War” (for summary see p. 276). A keen discussion followed and the vote of thanks was given by Mr. A. E. Rout. A well-attended meeting was held in the William Newton School Norton-on-Tees on 21st November when Dr. H. M. Irving discussed “Some Applications of Partition Coefficients to Analytical Chemistry ” and illustrated his remarks by demonstrations and slides. Mr. A. J. Prince was in the chair and the vote of thanks was moved by Dr A. R. Martin. New Zealand.-The Annual Conference of the Section and the New Zealand Institute of Chemistry was held in Wellington on 27th-30th August.Following a welcome by Mr. Appleton the Mayor of Wellington the members of the Conference were addressed by the Hon. D. G. Sullivan Minister for Scientific and Industrial Research. Scientific communications were grouped in four sessions industrial analytical methods univer-sity (academic) and agricultural and biochemical. Dr. H. E. Annett Chairman of the New Zealand Section of the Royal Institute of Chemistry chose as the subject of his address “The Application of Scientific Principles ta Practical Farming in New Zealand” (for summary see p. 272). Dr. J. C. Andrews President of the New Zealand Institute of Chemistry delivered his Presidential Address entitled “The Scope of Science in the Dominion,” on 29th August. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL COUNCIL Abstract of Minutes of the Meeting held on 16th October 1946.1. Dr. G. U’.Monier-Williams and Mr. G. Taylor were co-opted as members of the Chemical Council representing the Society of Public Analysts and other Analytical Chemists. 2. A letter was received from the British Association of Chemists agreeing to renew for a further period of one year from 1st July last the payment of a sum of l.50 for the use by their members of the Library of the Chemical Society. 3. The Faraday Society have nominated Dr. G. M. Bennett to serve on the Council in place of Dr. R. E. Slade who retires at the end of the year. 4. An interim grant of &l,OOO was made to the Society of Chemical Industry tNwards the cost of its publications. 5. Joint Student facilities were granted to five applicants.Abstract of the Minutes of the Meeting held on 13th November 1946. 1. It was agreed that the Chemical Council Brochure on Membership and Joint Subscription Xrrangements should be revised and reprinted as soon as possible. 2. The Chemical Society have nominated Dr. R. P. Linstead to serve on the Council in place of Dr. G. hl. Bennett. The Royal Institute of Chemistry have nominated Dr. G. Roche Lynch in place of Sir Robert Pickard and Professor Alexander Findlay in place of Dr. Dorothy Jordan Lloyd. The Society of Chemical Industry have nominated hfr. S. Robson in place of Mr. C. S. Garland. 3. The Chairman read a letter from the Society of Dyers and Colourists stating that their Council had resolved that a contribution of A10 10s.On. should be made to the Library of the Chemical Society. 4. It was agreed that grants to the Publishing Bodies in respect of any one year should be made normally when applications could be accompanied by provisional statements of their annual accounts On application interim grants would be made. 6. Joint Student facilities were granted to four applicants. THE CHEMICAL COUNCIL TENTH REPORT I. General.-During 1946 the Council actively pursued its policy of promoting further collaboration among the societies concerned with chemistry. The Council has recorded its high appreciation of the work done in recent years by Dr. Lampitt who resigned from the Chairmanship this year. It would be difficult to overestimate the value of his services to the chemical community.He has been succeeded in this office by Professor E. K. Rideal F.R.S. It is appropriate at the end of its tenth year of work to survey briefly the aims and achievements of the Chemical Council. The Council has as its main objects the promotion in every way of collaboration among chemists and the active support of the publication of original work in the fields of pure and applied chemistry. r 2691 As regards the first of these aims the outstanding feature has been the joint member-ship scheme adopted under the Council’s auspices by the three original co-operating bodies. Figures for the last three years appear later in the Report. This scheme continues to be increasingly successful the Faraday Society has now become a partici-pating body and it may be hoped that other societies will take a similar step.In its endeavour to assist the publishing societies the Council has raised funds from which the Chemical Society the Society of Chemical Industry and the Bureau of Abstracts have benefited by grants totalling some L25,OOO. As a result of its last appeal to Industry there will be available a sum of L6,OOO annually for seven years for distribu- tion to publishing societies. The Council has been directly concerned in making the Library of the Chemical Society available to as wide a range of chemists as possible and has made direct grants towards its maintenance amounting in all to i2.000 apart from the annual contributions from the Constituent Bodies and others participating in the scheme.2. Publicity.-During the year active steps have been taken towards ensuring general publicity of Meetings and Lectures and other activities of the three Constituent Bodies and of such other bodies as may become associated with the Council and dis- cussions are now taking place with those whom the Council feel can be of service in this direction. 3. Central House.-The urgent need for suitable accommodation for the various bodies associated in the Chemical Council has been fully appreciated by the Council but the question .is still under discussion whether this object is to be achieved in a general Scientific Centre provided by the Government under the auspices of the Royal Society or in the form of a Chemistry House where chemical organisations could be housed side by side in dose collaboration.The Council is pursuing its endeavours to find a satisfactory solution. Exploration of the possible facilities so generously offered by a City Company is proceeding and the Council is alive to the urgency and importance of the matter to the chemical fraternity. 4. Staff Pensions.-The Society of Chemical Industry reminded the Council of the need for a uniform pension scheme for the staffs of scientific bodies and the Council called a Conference to discuss this question. A small negotiating Committee of the Conference has prepared a scheme. 5. Library.-Arising out of the Report of the Joint Library Committee for 1944 the Council addressed a letter to the Chemical Society in January stating that as the difficulties of proper accommodation for the Library will not be resolved for some considerable time if reliance be placed on the provision of a Scientific Centre it would be glad to know what immediate steps the Council of the Chemical Society would propose under the circumstances at the present time and offering any aid within its power.Council subsequently received with satisfaction a communication from the Chemical Society stating that the Council of the Chemical Society had adopted proposals which would provide a 50 per cent. increase in seating accommodation in the Chemical Society Library and for additional accommodation for books to allow for normal expansion of the Library for at least six years. It is however fully realised that even with the present extension the facilities still leave much to be desired.The Council made a grant of L337 12s. 3d. to the Library towards the cost of main- tenance. Contributions etc. received from sources other than the three Constituent Bodies and the Chemical Council amounted to k334 16s. 7d. viz.:-s. d. Association of British Chemical Manufacturers . . .. .. 100 0 0 Biochemical Society .. .. British Association of Chemists .I .. .. .. - .. .. .. .. .. 21 60 0 0 0 0 Faraday Society .. .. .. .. .. .. Institute of Brewing .. .. .. a . .. Society of Dyers and Colourists .. .. .. .. Society of Public Analysts and other Analytical Chemists Fellows .. .. .. .. .. *. .. .. .. .. .. .. 26 6 50 0 10 10 21 0 16 0 0 0 0 6 Miscellaneous receipts .... .. .. .. .. 65 5 1 A334 16 7 'raking into account thew amounts theChaxterd Bodies contributed the remainder as follows:-15 s. d. The Chemical Society .. .. .. 24per cent. 362 13 7 The Royal Institute of Chemistry .. .. 50 , 734 15 0 The Society of Chemical Industry . . .. .. 26 , 352 1 6 f;1,469 I0 0 i I 6. Joint Subscription Scheme.-The scheme continues to become more popular and the number of members of the three Chartered Bodies taking advantage of the facilities afforded by the scheme continues to increase rapidly. 1943 1944 1946 3-body members .. 1,887 2,382 2,759 %body members .. .. 565 736 On the occasion of the entry of the Faraday Society into participation in the joint scheme suitable terms were devised by the Vice-chairman Mr.F. P. Dunn and were found acceptable. The general principle underlying this arrangement w-ill be found use- ful in connection with the entry of further bodies into the scheme. 7. Publications.-During 1945 the Council made grants of L1,500 each to the Chemical Society to the Society of Chemical Industry and to the Bureau of Abstracts and L690 to the Bureau of Abstracts on Account of Abstracts AIII. In order that joint representations might be made for increased supplies of paper for publication the Council made enquiries as to their needs of eight publishing bodies. The Vice-chairman then negotiated with the Ministry of Supply and the success of this action has benefited not only the Chemical Society and the Bureau of Abstracts but also the Society of Public Analysts and other Analytical Chemists.The Council has been thanked for its help in this matter. 8. Membership.-The following members of Council have retired:-Dr. M. P. Applebey (The Chemical Society) Mr. A. L. Bacharach and Mr. J. C. White (The Royal Institute of Chemistry) Mr. Stanley Robson (Society of Chemical Industry) and Dr. P. C. C. Isherwood and Dr. R. E. Slade (Association of British Chemical Manu- facturers). The vacancies thus caused have been filled by Professor C. N. Hinshelwood (The Chemical Society) Mr. R. C. Chirnside and Dr. D. W. Kent-Jones (The Royal Institute of Chemistry) Mr. A. L. Bacharach (The Society of Chemical Industry) and Dr. G. M. Dyson and Mr. I\'. F. Lutyens (The Association of British Chemical Manufacturers).Professor W. E. Garner and Dr. R. E. Slade were co-opted as repre- sentatives of the Faraday Society. Dr. R. E. Slade resigned from the office of Honorary Secretary and Dr. G. R.I. Bennett was appointed in his place. The Council recorded its warm and appreciative thanks to the retiring Honorary Secretary and to the retiring members of Council for their services. [The financial statements for the period ending 31st December 1915 are attached to the Report as issued by the Chemical Council.] SUMMARIES OF LECTURES THE NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM COALFIELD- A STUDY OF RESERVES AND OUTPUT* By J. H. JONES Ph.D. B.Sc. A.R.I.C. [Newcastle upon Tyne and N:E. Coast Section 8th May 1946.1 Although the coal reserves of Britain will be adequate at pre-war rates of production for about 250 years those of the rest of the world will ensure present rates of production for at least 3.000 years.Thus Britain is utilising wasting assets at approximately ten times the rate of the rest of the world. The great virtue of British reserves lies in their accessibility an advantage which may become of increased importance in future years as recent work on atomic fission suggests that it may be unnecessary to conserve coal resources in the manner hitherto envisaged. However regardless of any views held as to future sources of power it would appear prudent to ensure that the comparatively scanty British reserves are utilised to the best national advantage. * Presented by permission of the Director of Fuel Research.[ 271 I A recent “Rapid Survey’’ of coal reserves and production carried out by the Fuel Research organisation has attempted to estimate and classify chemically the cod likely to be worked in Britain during the next 100 years. When viewed in relation to the national output it is clear that the Durham and Northumberland positions differ considerably. The Durham output consists almost entirely of strongly-caking coals. Such coals suitable for the manufacture of foundry coke are almost entirely restricted to Durham and South Wales. The Durham contribution to the natural output of coking coals of slightly higher volatile content is predominant whilst Durham and Yorkshire aImost monopolise the strongly-caking gas and coking-gas types. It is clear therefore that the failure of the Durham output which constitutes about’half of the total of these types for England and Wales would completely upset the present national balance of types and would cause a shortage of coking and gas coals which could only be overcome by a very large increase in output from one or two other fields.In contrast the coal types produced in Northumberland can be obtained from several other coalfields so that a stoppage of the Northumberland output of any one type would cause much less difficulty in normal times in that the loss could be made up by increases spread over a number of coalfields. Estimates of life for each type of coal in the Durham coalfield indicate plainly that the supplies of highest grade West Durham coking coals are running low and at present outputs will be exhausted before the higher volatile gas and coking-gas types.Apprec-iable areas of West Durham will cease coal production during the next century and the Durham coalfield will be dependent mainly on collieries of the eastern and coastal areas. The total Durham output will decline slowly during the next 50 years and then more rapidly until in 2044 it may be about one half of its present value and will consist largely of coking-gas and gas coals. Such estimates of future output are based entirely on consideration of individual collieries as separate competing units. They do not necessarily bear any relationship to the national needs for these types of coal and under a national scheme of planning it may be possible to reserve certain of the West Durham coals for the use of the next generation.Attention should be directed to research work on blending carbonisation and subse- quent metallurgical utilisation. Almost all Durham coking coking-gas and gas coals can be carbonised to yield reasonably good metallurgical cokes and indeed many of the coals classified as gas types in Durham would be acceptable coking coals in other fields. It is probable that a coke produced by blending Durham coals in the proportion of their existing reserves would be suitable for most metallurgical purposes and would give the Durham coking coal industry a life in excess of 100 years. Whilst planning of Durham seams should be considered in relation to national needs for coking coals the development of NorthumberIand can be planned entirely on the county basis since coals of the Northumberland type can be obtained from other sources and constitute the major part of British reserves.Yet those seams which in the past gained so good a reputation for Northumberland coals have been so seriously depleted that they may in 60 years’ time have ceased to be of major commercial import- ance. One cannot escape from the fear that the seams to be worked in future will not be quite of the same high standard. It is clear that considerable attention will have to be paid to methods of cleaning although it must be emphasised that no washery, however efficient can compensate for a significant increase in inherent ash or a large proportion of middlings.The general position should be reviewed so that the best use can be made of the coals still remaining. The Northumberland and Durham coaIfield is comparatively free from faults and extreme gradients; over most of the field the seams are shallow and the coals are of good G quality; in addition the collieries are all near to the sea. These natural advantages are considerable and permanent ; aided by adequate planning they should enable the coalfield to maintain the position it has so long occupied in the forefront of the British coal industry. THE APPLICATIONS OF SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES TO PRACTICAL FARMING IN NEW ZEALAND By H. E. ANNETT,F.R.I.C. [New Zealand Section Chairman’s Address at Wellington 27th August 19461 New Zealand’s mineral resources are so poor that her industrial future lies mainly in those industries ancillary to agriculture.Agriculture will always be the mainstay of the country and science appears likely to play a greater part in New Zealand agricul- ture than in European countries. There is a need for largely increasing the pre-war food standards throughout the world; cheap food is a nec-sity and this means that [ 272’1 agricultural methods must be raised to the highest standards of efficiency. Science gave the farmer artificial fertilisers the internal combustion engine the electric motor and means of controlling animal and plant diseases; work is now proceeding on such questions as the hormone control of lactation and auximone control of plant growth and on elusive diseases such as those due to viruses.Pure scientific research has provided the basis for many advances made in the farming industry. One example is the work done by Morgan on the fruit fly Drosophila which has led to a much deeper knowledge of the mechanism of inheritance but prac-tically every branch of science has contributed to these advances. Discoveries in the field of genetics have resulted in the introduction of hybrid maize into American agriculture. In 1939 24 million acres in the United States out of a total area of 100 million were planted with hybrid maize and it is estimated that this has increased the yield by 26 per cent. It is predicted that before many years well over 80 per cent. of the whole area will be planted with hybrid seed.Possible applica- tions to animal production on similar lines are envisaged. The work of the Ruakura Animal Research Station in collecting identical twins for future animal work holds out great promise for the future. Vaccine for controlling contagious abortion in dairy stock which was first used in the United States is giving great success in New Zealand. So also is the control of blackleg among young stock by the use of a vaccine distributed from the U’allace-ilIe Research Station. Advances in physics have revolutionised our knowledge of the way in which water is held in the soil and of various cultivation methods. X-ray investigations of the structure of clay have thrown light on the way in which soil absorbs minerals. Russian soil survey work has shown that the kind of rock from which soils are formed has little if any influence on the nature of the soil.Climatic influences play the major part and soils are now classified according to the climatic conditions under which they are formed. Soil survey work in New Zealand is considered to be the equal of any similar work overseas and is carried out in collaboration with agricultural officers. Published reports can be of great use to the farming community and should be more widely read by farmers. Soil surveys have delineated the boundaries of soils specially suited to the growing of special crops such as tobacco tung citrus and New Zealand flax and have furnished data on the amount of soil erosion particularly in high country; 623,000acres have lost 73 per cent.of their topsoil one and a half million acres have lost 60-76 per cent. and 3 million acres 25 to 30 per cent. About 90 per cent. of the cultivated land of New Zealand is devoted to the grass crop and grassland products account for 94 per cent. of the country’s exports. The magnitude and great value of the work of the Grassland Division in New Zealand is worthy of special praise. In collaboration with the Agricultural Department an excellent scheme of pasture seed certification has been built up and even greater advancement is to be expected. The provision of superphosphate by the chemist may be regarded as the greatest boon that science has conferred on the farmer but many new fertilisers are now available. The claims of the “humus compost school” are considered to be overdone organic matter is accepted by all as being essential but there is no scientific evidence that plants or animals raised on soil treated with compost alone are more resistant to disease than where so-called artificial fertilisers are employed.All the available organic matter should be utilised but mineral fertilisers wisely used provide one of the biggest aids to production available to the grower. With the high rainfall the free draining soils of New Zealand are liable to suffer from deficiency of elements other than phosphates potash lime and nitrogen partic- ularly as the application of superphosphate alone gives such a big increase in growth that other minerals not supplied by it will tend to be exhausted over a period of years, Areas of magnesium deficiency are well known and the use of serpentine superphosphate which contains magnesium would be justified on this ground alone.Boron deficiency is associated with brown rot in swedes hollowness of the centre stem of cauliflowers etc. and with internal cork in apples. These can all be cured by applications of borax and the Department of Agriculture and the Cawthron Institute have done outstanding work in this connection. In New Zealand 200,000 acres of peat or swamp land have been shown by work at Wallaceville probably to suffer from a shortage of copper. Stock on such soils suffer from unthriftiness and from scouring. A dressing of 5 Ib. per acre of copper sulphate serves as a corrective. The part that molybdenum seems to play in this trouble is under investigation.On large areas of land in the pumice regions cattle and sheep used to suffer from a pining disease known as bush sickness. Aston and Grimmett found that it could be cured by the use of limonite in licks. Australian work showed that the cure [ 273 -j was brought about by a minute amount of cobalt present in the limonite and that 6 02. of cobalt salt per acre was an efficient remedy. Today such land is topdressed with 1 cwt. per acre of cobalt superphosphate containing 6 lb. of cobalt salt per ton. This supplies just under 6 02. of cobalt salt per acre. Minute amounts of other elements such 21s zinc and manganese also play a part in plant and animal nutrition and much work still remains to be done in this field.The value of dairy exports from New Zealand during the war years amounted to about L2S million per annum. This justifies large expenditure on research and the work of the Dairy Research Institute at Palmerston North has received high recognition overseas. Problems dealt with include investigations into losses in the butter making process slit openness in cheese starter cultures and occurrence of bacteriophage which causes failure of starters. Large amounts of second grade butter were saved for export by the development ofa dehydration process. The possibility of using iodinated casein for increasing milk production is being examined. Many of our crops suffer from diseases due to virus infection. The isolation of some viruses in the crystalline state should throw light on disease in both the plant and the animal kingdom.The chemist has produced also synthetically from plant material substances which in minute amounts stimulate plant growth and in larger amounts act as efficient weedkillers. Among those that have given promising results under test in New Zealand are “Methoxone,” D.D.T. and Gammexane. In the future instead of liquid milk the public may buy milk powder in tids or perhaps skimmed milk powder and butter and hornogenise them to milk. If this comes about New Zealand should benefit for milk can be produced more cheaply here than say in America. With increasing application of scientific results to farming it should be possible considerably to reduce the cost of foodstuffs to the consumer.Then the people of the world will be able to obtain the optimum amount and quality of foodstuffs so necessary to improve the general health of the world’s population. BRiTlSH ANTI-LEWISITE By L. A. STOCKEN, M.A. RSc. D.Phil. F.R.I.C.* [Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands Section 27th September 1946.1 Earlier work on the problem of the toxicity of arsenic to living cells had suggested that the chemo-receptors for arsenic were thiol groups. If this were true then it was to be expected that simple thiol compounds such as cysteine or glutathione would act as antidotes for Lewisite. When however attempts were made to use these and many other thiol compounds as protective agents for the pyruvate oxidase enzyme system of brain a system which had been shown by Peters Sinclair and Thompson to be selectively poisoned by arsenic no success was obtained.In order to obtain more information about the reaction of arsenic with thiol proteins Stocken and Thompson treated keratin and metakeratin with Lewisite and sodium arsenite. These experiments led them to the hypothesis that the high toxicity of Lewisite and of tervalent arsenicals in general was due to their ability to combine with essential SH groups in certain tissue proteins to form stable arsenical rings. It appeared therefore that in order to compete successfully with the “dithiol” proteins in the tissues the antidote would have to possess 1:2 or 1:3 dithiol substitution. Several compounds were prepared and tested and the substance finally selected for large-scale manufacture and therapeutic application was 2:3-dimercaptopropanol (British Anti-Lewisite or BAL).This compound not only protected the pyruvate oxidase enzyme system from the action of arsenic but also reversed the toxicity when fully developed. Trials in vivo showed that 100 per cent. protection could be obtained against a lethal dose of an arsenical when given either by skin application or by injec- tion. In man vesication by Lewisite or phenyldichloroarsine could be prevented when treatment was delayed for one hour after contamination the damage twenty-four hours later usually being less than that showing at the time of treatment. It was also found that BAL caused an increased urinary excretion of arsenic in rats contambated with Lewisite and reduced the amount of arsenic left in the scar tissue.These results at once suggested the use of BAL in complications of arseno-therapy and so far the data in this country and the U.S.A. indicate that in arsenicaJ dermatitis at least 50 per cent. of the cases respond well to BAL. An extension of the work has shown that BAL is also an effective antidote to certain heavy metals. Dr. Stocken was Newton Chambers Prizeman in 1943; this lecture was on the subject dealt with in his prize-winning essay. ;274 J MECHANISM OF OXIDATION AND REDUCTION OF THE UNSATURATED GROUPS IN DRYING OILS By T. P. HILDITCH DSc. F.R.I.C. F.R.S. Fiverpool and North-Western Section Chairman’s Address 10th October 1946.1 Important recent additions have been made to knowledge of the behaviour of the groups -CH:CH.CH,-CH :CH-and -CH:CHCH,.CH :CHCH,CH:CH-which are the characteristic unsaturated systems present in the glycerides of “drying oils.” Certain marked resemblances have been revealed in the manner of addition of hydrogen (cab- lytic hydrogenation) and of oxygen (autoxidation) to these systems.(i) Hydrogenatio~~.-For about thirty years it has been well recognised that poly- unsaturated (e.g. linoleic linolenic) glycerides are selectively and almost quantitatively hydrogenated in presence of nickel etc. to the mono-ethenoid (oleic or iso-oleic) state before any saturated acyl groups are produced. For almost as long it has also been known that this phenomenon is much less complete when highly unsaturated glycerides such as the fish oils are hydrogenated or when mixtures of free acids instead of neutral glycerides or other esters are hydrogenated.Recent work on the selective hydrogena- tion of methyl linolenate by Bailey and Fisher (1946) has thrown fresh light on the question. They found that the di-ethenoid esters produced in the first stage of the process consisted of about two parts of AsJs-octadecadienoate to 1 part each of Aspia-and A12J6-octadecadienoates and further that concurrently a smaller but significant proportion of mono-ethenoid esters was formed. They also gave the rclative activities of oleate ,&s*ls-and AB1l2-octadecadienoates,and A9~12*15-octadecatricnoate as respectively 1:8 20 40. In Nature (1946 157 586) it has been pointed out (Hilditch) that all these features indicate that “selective hydrogenation” is a function not of my polyethenoid system but of the specific group XH :CH.CH,-CH :CH- suggestiiig that the initial loose association of the metal catalyst (with hydrogen) with one of the double bonds upsets the inter-atomic forces in this system and that the mechanism of the selective addition of hydrogen is almost certainly connected with the ready detachment of a hydrogen atom from the central -CH,-group in the unsaturated system.When a linoleate group has thus been converted into a mono-ethenoid group there is no “active” -CH,-group left and this view is therefore in harmony with Bailey and Fisher’s ratio of 20:l for the relative reactivities of linoleate and oleate to hydrogen.Moreover in linolenate esters in which two “active” -CH2-groups occur they found the reactivity to hydrogen to be merely double that of linoleate. If in a small number of instances two double bonds (and “active” -CH,-groups) in the same linolenate molecule happened simultaneously to enter into association with nickel the direct formation in small amount of mono-ethenoid ester is equally explicable. On this hypothesis the less completely selective hydrogenation observed in multi- ethenoid fats (e.g. fish oils) is the natural consequence of the residual double bonds rapidlv becoming separated from each other by several -CH,-groups and the less selective hydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids is probably caused by interference or competition with the normal chemisorption processes between catalyst and double bond by the strongly polar free carbosyl groups which are also present (ii) A uloxidation.4ur understanding of the mode in which molecular oxygen unites with ethenoid linkings in long-chain aliphatic compounds has recently been extended especially by the important contributions of Farmer who in 1942 first pointed out the part played by a -CH,-group adjacent to an ethenoid linking.Farmer’s original suggestion that addition of oxygen initially took place at such a -CH,-group has recently been modified by him in favour of the view that initial attack of oxygen is probably invariably at a double bond. The latter point has been independently ernphasised (Gunstone and Hilditch J.C.S.,1946 1022) for it is primafacie unlikely that initial attachment of oxygen to the system -CH:CHCH,CH CH- differs from that in other ethenoid systems in which it is accepted that interaction with oxygen always directly involves the unsaturated system itself.Farmer and his co-workers have been able from kinetic and thermal studies to give an explanation of the presumed chain-mechanism of autoxidation in which the free radicals -CH-or -CH(00-)-probably play an essential part. Bergstr6im on the other I hand has shown that the only peroxides finally isolable from the characteristic unsatur- ated system of linoleates have the structures -CH(OOH)CH CHCH CH-and CH:CHCH CHCH(O0H)- the hydroperoxide -CH :CH*CH(OOH)CH:CH- corre-sponding to the “active” -CH,-group not being detectable.This may be due as I 276 3 suggested by Bergstrdm and by Farmer to rapid re-arrangement of the latter peroxide; on the other hand the observed results are equally and perhaps more directly explained if an initial loose association between oxygen and one of the double bonds is followed by rearrangement involving the labile hydrogen atom of the “active” &Ha-group, into a more or less stable hydroperoxide. There is a marked difference between autoxidation of mono-ethenoid and of poly- ethenoid (non-conjugated) fatty compounds; the relative rates of autoxidation of mono- di- and tri-ethenoid compounds are 1:12 25. The striking resemblance between these relative rates (observed by Gunstone and Hilditch) and the relative hydrogenation rates for the same series of compounds suggests a fundamentally similar mechanism for both processes and again emphasises the specific properties of the “drying oil” system -CH CH.CH,CH CH-.Further recent work by Gunstone shows how this system induces and promotes active autoxidation of an otherwise slowly-attacked mono-ethenoid system (e.g. methyl oleate). The initial processes of autoxidation of the system -CH CH.CH,CH CH-(especially the concurrent production of conjugated unsaturation -CH :CH-CH,.CH CH-4 -CHCH CH-CH CH-) have implications in relation to the conversion of drying oils into polymetised forms (paint and varnish films). It is suggested that whilst systems such as -CH CH.CH,CH:CH-and -CH CHCH,CH CH-CH,CH:CH-(as in linseed oil) or -CH CHCH CH-CH:CH-(as in tung oil) represent a relatively stable distribution of electronic forces addition of atmospheric oxygen to either upsets this distribution and causes far-reaching secondary effects.With non-conjugated unsaturation a hydrogen atom (proton) of the “reactive” <Ha-group is affected and becomes readily detached giving the resonance system and isomerisation to conjugated forms which Farmer has described. Where conjugation is present interaction with oxygen may produce a similar interference with the normal stability of a conjugated unsaturated system leading to similar “activation” of the remaining unsaturated carbon atoms and their linking up with production of cross-linked polymeric molecules. Finally the very specific behaviour of -CH CHCH,-CH :CH-to wards oxygen and towards hydrogen (in presence of a hydrogenating catalyst) not only suggests a specific relationship of electrical forces in the system but also rouses speculation whether the frequency with which this grouping occurs in natural unsaturated fatty acids may be also the consequence of biosynthesis (by whatever at present unknown steps) leading to this type of polyethenoid system because similar forces operate during its preferred formation as well as in its breakdown.WAR-TIME EXPERIENCES AT THE MINjSTRY OF FOOD By SIR JACK DRUMMOND, D.Sc. F.R.I.C. F.R.S. [Tees-Side Section 24th October 1948.1 The object of scientific work carried out for the Ministry of Food was to plan the nation’s food supply so that the people’s health could be maintained while placing the least possible strain on scarce resources.Advances in the science of nutrition since the first world war made it possible to say precisely what were the food requirements of a person in each of a numher of physiological categories such as heavy worker expect- ant mother growing child. Less was known about the distribution of the population among these categories but information about this increased during the war. It was thus possible to estimate the quantities of the various food components necessary for the whole population. It became evident that the total amounts of these food com- ponents consumed before the war had been adequate to maintain everyone in health if it had been distributed on the basis of physiological need.However it was known from the work of Sir John Orr that over half the population had been undernourished in peace time. Rationing therefore was more a measure of redistribution than of cur-tailment. Of first importance was the energy value of the food measured in calories. The object of the plan was to supply the required number of calories with the minimum usage of shipping and hence there was a drive to increase home production of grain potatoes and sugar beet. It was also shown that fruit imports did not justify shipping space. To keep up the intake of various vitamins it was first necessary to expand milk production and ensure that it went where it was needed. Vitamins were added to margarine. The extraction rate of flour was raised increasing among other things its vitamin €3 content.Crops were chosen to give a high yield of vitamin per acre replacing imported fruit and contributing calories as well. Carrots were shown to be particularly valuable; theyalso store well. Much publicity was given to arecommended [ 276 ] crop succession for small allotments yielding during the whole year sufficient vitamin A for 2 people and vitamin C for 4 people from the normal 10 rod aliotment. Finally it was necessary to supply vitamin concentrates to special classes such as expectant mothers. The calcium intake was raised by the addition ofchdk to bread and by the drive for milk and dairy products. Alongside measures of this kind food subsidy arrangements ensured that all income groups were able to purchase the staple supplies intended for them.Communal feeding schemes were dsed instead of differential rationing to give extra food to those specially needing it such as heavy industrial workers. The operation of the plan was checked by surveys which showed that in general the various groups were in fact receiving what was intended for them. The lower income groups were therefore better off than they had been before the war. Incidentally this explains why the supply of milk is at present restricted for the ordinary consumer although consumption is nearly 50 per cent. above 1939. Some very delicate dissection and microchemical analysis led to a knowledge of the exact distribution of food components in the berry of wheat.This permitted sounder estimates of the best degree of extraction in milling flour. Pioneer work on food drying was carried out in this country particularly at the Cambridge Low Temper- ature Research Station. Most important was the work on dried eggs on which the factory production in the US. and Canada was based. Dried egg contributed a very important part to our national protein intake. The research on methods of preventing the loss of flavour during storage of dried eggs had reached a moderately successful stage by the end of the war but the results had not been available early enough to have any large scale application. It is difficult to get a quantitative measure of the improved national health resulting from war time food policy. There are however significant indications such as the fact that children who have grown up during the war have better teeth and that .anaemia is less prevalent.THE MAKING OF MISSING CHEMICAL ELEMENTS By F. A. PANETH Yh.T). [Leeds Area Section 29th October 1946.1 The present state of our knowledge indicates that the elements with the atomic numbers 43 and 61 are missing in nature and that the discoveries of “Masurium” and “Illinium” have been wrongly claimed. -4ccording to recent work in the Vienna Radium Institute element 85 the higher homologue of iodine is represented in the radium and thorium series in the form of an insignificant branch product but has never been chemically isolated. During the last few years these three elements and moreover four elements beyond uranium have been artificially produced in the United States and their chemical proper- ties have been studied.A great number of scientists were engaged in this work; to E. Segre and his collaborators goes the credit for the making of 43 and 86; the clear identification of 61 was achieved by a large group under the leadership of C. D. Coryell; element 93 was discovered by E. If. McMillan and P. H. Abelson; while our knowledge of elements 04 05 and 96 is due to the efforts of the research teams of G. T. Seaborg. The main instruments for the making of these elements were the cyclotron and the uranium pile. While the former has been fullv described details of the uranium pile axe still partly covered by secrecy regulations o&ng to its significance for the production of atomic bombs but very important scientific information has already been disclosed.Amongst the many fission products of uranium there are isotopes of elements 43 and 61 which can thus be obtained in far better output than by the use of the cyclotron. Elements 93 and 94 are constantly being built up in the pile from uranium and 94, when bombarded in a cyclotron by helium ions yields 95 and 96 The last two have so far been studied only by micro-chemical reactions though large amounts of 94 are available and 93 has also been obtained in at least visible quantities. The chemical properties of 43 61 and 85 correspond well with what chemists expected from their places in the Periodic System aseka-manganese a rare earth and eka-iodine respectively but some of their reactions could not be foreseen.Wements 93 to 96 are rather similar to uranium but with a greater tendency to exhibit stable lower valencies. They have been named Neptunium (Np) Plutonium ’(Pu) Americium (Am) and Curium (Cm), respectively. The names for elements 43 61 and 85 are still under discussion. For element 87 discovered as a branch product of the hc series in 1939 by Mlle. Perey h Paris,the name Francium (Fr) has been suggested. I 277 1 THE GOVERNMENT LABORATORY By G. M. BENNETT, M.A.,Sc.D.. F.R.I.C. [Cardiff and District Section at Newport 30th October 1946.1 The Department of the Government Chemist which now provides chemical advice and assistance to any Department had its origin more than 100 years ago when the Board of Excise set up a laboratory to prevent adulteration of tobacco in qonnection with the Tobacco Act of 1840.The Board of Customs Laboratory began work in 1875 particularly in the inspection of imported tea. These two laboratories were soon dealing with a wide range of rnateriak and they were united in 1894 as the Government Laboratory with Professor T. E. Thorpe (later Sir Edward Thorpe) as Principal. In 1911 Sir James Dobbie became the first Government Chemist in charge of a separate Government Department. Work for the Board of Customs and Excise has been and still remains an important part of the work of the Laboratory increased as it was by the various new import duties introduced during the period 1920-1932. Customs and Excise duties amount to more than one-third of the Revenue.Since before 1900 the advice and services of the Department in chemical matters have been sought by practically every other Government Department. Work in connection with the control of Army food supplies has for instance been done since the time of the Boer War. The Government Chemist has statutory duties as adviser analyst or referee under various Acts such as the Food and Drugs Acts the Fertilizer and Feeding Stuffs Act the Dangerous Drugs Act and the Pharmacy and Poisons Act. Members of the staff also serve on numerous government scientific and technological committees. The problems which have been investigated by the Department are of great variety ranging from the question of arsenic in beer the pollution of rivers and of the atmosphere and the isolation of minerals from the Red Sea to such items as the seasonal variation in oysters the determination of heIium in natural gas the compilation of alcohol tables the deterioration of museum specimens and the determination of silica in factory dusts in connection with the prevention of silicosis.The type of work done may involve precise scientific investigation over a period of years or the rapid analysis of thousands of samples per week. In addition to the Government Laboratory in Clement’s Inn Passage the Department has several units housed in other buildings in central London. There are also the laboratory at the Customs House with sub-stations at each of the principal ports laboratories at three Army Reserve Depots and others now being set up overseas and a similar-establishment for the Ministry of Works while chemists from the laboratory also work with the Geological Survey.Apart from the large amount of routine and special investigations the Department has also made important contributions to science. The determination of the atomic weights of radium and strontium the discovery of diphenylene and more recently studies in infra-red spectroscopy may be mentioned. The recent reorganisation of the Scientific Civil Service provides a New Deal for the staff of scientific departments with improved prospects and conditions approaching more to those of university research workers. An attractive opening is thus provided for good Honours graduates who should preierably have had a year or two of post-graduate experience.The old Assistant grade has now been replaced by a class of Experimental Officers with minimum qualifications somewhat lower than for Scientific Officers. BIOCHEMICAL MICRO-TECHNIQUE By T. G. BRADY, M.Sc. Ph,D. A.R.I.C. [Dublin and District Section 20th November 1946.3 Numerous problems in biochemical analysis arise from the fact that the substance being estimated is often present in high dilution in a complex medium such as blood or bacterial suspensions. Furthermore living matter on removal from its environment rapidly alters its chemical pattern. For this reason specific rapid and sensitive methods are necessary. Such methods have been developed using the principles of photometry, micro-respirornetry and microdiff usion.The measurement of small fluid volumes by means of micro-pipettes is a common feature of these methods Serious discrepancies due to increase of the variable error on reduction of the quantity delivered are inevitable unless precautions are taken to control this error. A simple means of doing so is by increasing the time of delivery of the pipette (Conway “Microdiffusion and Volumetric Error”) 278 1 The development of colorimetric technique from the visual comparison by means of standards to the use of photoelectric absorptiometers with selective filters illustrates the progress of photometry towards greater speed with increased sensitivity. The development of quartz photoeIectric spectrophotometers enabling substances which absorb stronglv only in the ultra-violet region (e.g.proteins nucleic acids) to be rapidly analysed should be of great service in biochemistry. The Warburg constant volume and the Barcroft differential manometer have been widely used in the elucidation of carbohydrate metabolism. For the measurement of rapid gas concentration changes over short time intervals the capillary micro-vnlumeter (Schmitt) has been used. The principle of the Cartesian diver has been applied by Linderstrom-Lang to the measurement of the respiration rate of minute tissue sections. All these methods require rigid temperature control. The deveIopment of the polarographic technique by Davies for the study of oxygen concentration changes in biological material while retaining extreme sensitivity has the advantage of being unaffected by small temperature fluctuations.Microdiffusion can be regarded as a development of micro-respirometry. The apparatus and general manipulation is much simpler. The principle of the method consists in the absorption by simple gaseous diffusion of a volatile substance contained in the outer chamber of a unit into the inner chamber where its tension is reduced to zero by an absorbing fluid. It has been used in the analysis of a wide variety of sub- stances and theoretically its use can be extended to the estimation of all volatile materials or any substance of which one of the breakdown products is volatile. The Conway horizontal micro-burette designed for use with the unit has also proved of service in micro-estimations involving oxido-reduction reactions because the fluid in the burette is in contact with Pyrex glass tubing only.THE LIBRARY OF THE INSTITUTE A library has always been maintained by the Institute primarily to provide for the needs of students and members preparing for the Associateship and Fellowship examina- tions. With the rapid growth of scientific publications it would long since have become impracticable for the Institute to house with limited accommodation anything approach- ing a comprehensive chemical library. Nor would there now be any real purpose in making the attempt for members of the Institute have for some years enjoyed facilities in the use of the Chemical Society’s library and since the establishment of the Chemical Council’s scheme the provision of thesc facilities has been put on a reguIar basis by the institution of the Joint Library Committee and by the arrangement whereby the Institute contributes towards the maintenance of the Chemical Society’s library in proportion to its membership in relation to those of the other participating bodies.It has now appeared desirable to re-organise the library of the Institute so that it may be best suited for the above-mentioned special purpose as well as to provide members and registered students with information on professional matters. Without such a pIan there would be a danger through uncontrolled acceptance of periodicals books and pamphlets forwarded to the Institute from various sources of the library becoming overloaded with material irrelevant to its main functions.For this reason it has been decided that in future only certain specified periodicals shall be obtained or accepted for permanent retention in the library; a list of these selected periodicals is appended. It will be noted that this list includes not only the Journals of various scientific societies concerned with pure and applied chemistry but also sets of Abstracts and Annual Reports. Some other periodicals of more evanescent interest will continue to be taken but they will be retained in the library for only a limited period-generally six months. It is the intention also to maintain an up-to-date selection of textbooks and books of reference including particularly those most likely to be useful to registered students and Associates preparing for the Institute’s examinations.To this end books published more than 30 years ago and those not of direct interest in this connection have for the most part been removed from the library. It is proposed to retain as a separate collection a few books of historical interest. To assist in carrying out this policy in the future donations of new textbooks by authors or publishers will be greatly welcomed but it will not be possible in the limited space available to house pamphlets or reprints without limiting the general usefulness of the library. A list of textbooks and reference books at present in the library will be published h JOURNAL ANT) PROCEEDINGS as soon as it has been prepared. [ 279 1 In view of the facilities for borrowing books in person or by post from the library of the Chemical Society or after compliance with certain regulations from the Science Library of the Science Museum at South Kensington it has been decided that books and periodicals in the Institute’s library shall not in future be available on loan except in very special circumstances.List of Periodicals for Permanent Retention in the Library of the Institute Journals of Scientijc Societies and kindred Ptcblicalions Journal of the Chemical Society. Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry The Analyst. Transactions of the Faraday Society. The Biochemical Journal. Journal of the Institute of Brewing. Transactions of the Institution of Chemical Engineers.Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists. Journal of the Institute of Fuel. journal of the Society of Glass Technology. Transactions of the Iron and Steel Institute. Bulletin of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy. Journal of the Oil and CoIour Chemists’ Association. Journal of the Institute of Petroleum. Transactions of the Institution of the Rubber Industry. Journal of the Textile Institute. Journal of the American Chemical Society. industrial and Engineering Chemistry (inkuding Industrial and Analytical Sections) (U.S.A.). Chemical ‘and Metallurgical Engineering (U.S.A.). Journal of the ChemicaI MetaIlurgicaI and Mining Society of South Africa. Journals of Professional Bodies Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Institute of chemistry.Journal of the British Association of Chemists. Bulletin of the Chemical Institute of Canada. Journal and Proceedings of the Australian ChemicaI Institute. Journal of the New Zealand Institute of Chemistry. Abstracts A,nauaE Reports Reviews British Abstracts A B and C. Chemical Abstracts (U.S.A.). Royal Institute of Chemistry Lectures and Monographs. Annual Reports on the Progress of Pure Chemistry (Chemical Society). Annual Reports on the Progress of Applied Chemistry (Society of Chemical Industry). Chemical Reviews (American Chemical Society). Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Annual Reports Bulletin of the Imperial Institute. Science Progress. Endeavour. Journal of Chemical Education (U.S.A.).News Jouvnals Chemistry and Industry. Nature. Chemical and Engineering News (AmericanChemical Society). BENEVOLENT FUND HOMES FOR OLD PEOPLE Since its inception in 1920 the Benevolent Fund has been largely applied either for the welfare of members or their widows who through age or infirmity have been in need of help or for the education and maintenance of the children of deceased or in- capacitated members. In the first of these categories there have been many elderly people who with the aid of grants from the fund have been able to maintain them- selves in reasonable comfort in their own homes or in those of relatives. In recent years and especially since the war however the decreasing value of money and the growing difficulties in obtaining domestic assistance and in securing the ordinary ameni- ties of life have made it much harder for elderly folk to maintain themselves in their own homes.Moreover many have lost their homes during the war and the general housing shortage has limited the extent to which accommodation can be provided by relatives or friends. For those who suffer from chronic ailments. even of a minor character the position may be still more serious; for those who are really ill it may be almost hopeless for even if accommodation in nursing homes can be found the cost is often beyond their means. The extent and urgency of the general problem of providing suitable accommodation and services for old people has been recognised by the Government by local authorities and by various charitable organisations for it is realised that although the present situation has been aggravated by war conditions the gradual but inevitable increase in the proportion of elderly members of the community will in any event call for the introduction of special measures if widespread distress is to be prevented.Recent correspondence and articles in The Times have emphasised the seriousness and many- sided nature of the problem and have given some indication of lines on which solutions of it are being and may be sought though without furnishing answers to all the questions raised. In this connection the decision of certain local authorities to include in their housing schemes a proportion of small labour-saving houses and flats suitable for old people should have a most valuable effect for it is recognised that the elderly do not wish to be segregated from the rest of the community but like to feel that they are still part of it; they want to see from their windows the coming and going of perambulators and not merely ths funeral processions of their near contemporaries; they want to play such part as they can in local affairs and not to feel that they have been put aside as useless.Xor in these times when there is so much to be done in reorganising our mode of life to meet new conditions can the younger section of the community afford to neglect the help which the elderly are able and anxious to give. On the other hand there is no doubt that an important part of the solution of the long-term problem must be in the provision of hostels of some kind or other for the large number of old people who are unable to cope with ordinary domestic tasks without special facilities or at least occasional help and who cannot rely on the good offices of easily accessible relatives or friends.Their needs are varied. Some require only occasional help with shopping or heavy household work while others need attention such as cculd only be given by a resident nurse; some value above all the privacy of their own quarters even if only a single room whereas others seek company in club rooms and communal dining rooms; some welcome regular visits from friends while others are anxious to avoid intrusions; some seek quietude whereas others are happy only amid noisy bustle and activity.A number of charitable organisations-some with nation-wide activities others with purely local interests-have already been much concerned with the provision of hostels and homes of various types for old people and have obtained valuable experience of how their diverse needs can best be met. All have found however that their efforts have been limited by prevailing conditions; by the scarcity and high cost of suitable property by the difficulty of getting it adapted to the purpose in hand and particularly by the shortage of essential equipment-baths gas-fires cooking units etc. The result is that the provision that has already been made or that can be made in the immediate future is far less than the actual demand and there are long waiting lists for accommodation which has to be allotted largely on the basis of priority of application though to some extent in relation to urgency of need.The attention of the Benevolent Fund Committee of the Institute was drawn to this question some months ago-before it was widely discussed in the Press-by a Fellow who was one of the prime movers in the establishment of the Benevolent Fund after the first world war. He urged that the Institute either alone or in collabora- tion with cognate bodies should take such steps as were possible to provide suitable accommodation for elderly members and their wiyes or for their widows having specially [ 281 1 in mind those who having fixed incomes on which they were able to live before the recent war could no longer maintain themselves adequately under present conditions though they could make a substantial contribution-say ;63 to 154 per week-towards their keep and would be anxious to do so.1he needs of this type of person could pro- bably best be met by some form of subsidised hostel or boarding house with various services suited to their diverse individual requirements. The Committee has given serious attention to this proposal and has obtained some information on its possibilities from an examination of what has already been done by othep organisations. From this investigation it has been concluded that even if adequate funds were available it would not be wise for the Institute on its own to attempt to develop a scheme of this kind at the present time without having first obtained some idea of the extent of the probable need and of the principal localities in which it might arise.It is realised that there may be many who have never been driven to seek help from the Benevolent Fund but to whom such a scheme would be most welcome. One of the purposes of this article is to elicit information on this point; such information should be sent to the Secretary of the Institute and will be treated as strictly confidential. Again it may well be that although the total demand for such accommodation might be considerable it would probably come from various places distributed over the country and could therefore be met only by setting up a number of hostels in different localities unless the beneficiaries were prepared to be uprooted from their accustomed haunts and transferred to some selected centre-a course which it is believed would be contrary to the wishes and indeed to the best interests of many.It is largely because any scheme for the housing of the elderly would probably entail even at the outset the provision of some accommodation in a number of different places that the Committee concluded that it would be necessary to begin in any event by joining with other professional institutions or cognate bodies or by participating in existing schemes developed by organisations having nation-wide interests. Both of these possibilities are being explored. So far the chief result has been to discover that it might be possible for the Institute by making appropriate donations to secure limited accommodation in existing hostels for a few old people who were in particularly urgent need but even so-and here the Committee is anxious to avoid raising false hopes- there might be considerable delay in getting them admitted.Thereafter however the Institute would have a prior claim on such accommodation for the use of its future nominees. Approaches to other organisations are being made but these operate mainly in London and information on possible facilities in other centres would be welcomed. Even if it is found impracticable to proceed much further immediately it is the hope of the Committee that the Institute in collaboration with other professional or scientific bodies will be able to develop an effective scheme for securing satisfactory accommodation for elderly members and their wives or for their widows in various parts of the country and theSecretary of the Institute would be glad to receive sugges- tions as to how this longer range project may be realised.However it is done consider- able sums of money will be required and any members who desire at this stage to make special donations or arrange bequests to the Benevolent Fund in connection with the provision of accommodation for old people may be assured that the Committee will see that such funds are applied in the most effective way for this purpose as soon as circumstances permit. NOTES Personal.-The following are included in the New Year Honours list:- Knight Bachelor (Kt.)-Ernest Woodhouse Smith C.B.E.D.Sc. (Manc.) M.I.Chem.E. M.Inst.Gas E. F.Inst.F. FeZEow. Commander of the Most Excellest Order of the British Empire (C.B.E.)- Thomas Wallace M.C. D.Sc.(Dunelm) Fellow. The Rumford Medal of the Royal Society has been awarded to Professor Sir Alfred Egerton F.R.S. FeZZow for his leading part' in the application of modern physical chemistry to many technological problems; and the Davy Medal of The Royal Society to Professor C. K. Ingold F.R.S. Fellow for his distinguished work in applying physical methods to problems in organic chemistry. 282 1 Professor E. K.Rideai F.R.S.,Member of CounciE. Fullerian Professor of Chemistry, Royal Institution is among the new members appointed by the Chancellor of the Exchequer to the Cniversity Grants Committee.Llr. H. W. Hodgson Member of Couizcil has been awarded the Gold Medal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists for his outstanding services to the Society and for his “series of sustained experimental and theoretical contributions to those chapters of organic chemistry which are the essential scientific background to the dyestuffs industry.” Mr. Julian Baker Fellow has been awarded the Horace Brown Medal of the Institute of Brewing. Dr. W. Idris Jones Fellow Director of Research for the Powell Duffryn Co. has been appointed Director-General of Research for the National Coal Board. Dr. D. T. A. Townend Fellow has resigned from the Livesey Chair at the University of Lecds to take up full-time appointment as Director of The British Coal Utilization Research Association.He has also been appointed a member of the Fire Research Board that has recently been set up jointly by the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research and the Fire Ofhces’ Committee. Mr. 3. Davidson Pratt C.B.E. Fellow Director and Secretary of the Assoziation of British Chemical Manufacturers was a member of a British trade mission which went to Austria to investigate the possibilities of co-operation between British and Austrian industry and the speeding up of the econo.nic recovery of Austria Dr. 0. L. Brady Fellow has been elected Dean of the Faculty of Science in the University of London. Mr. H. U‘.Cremer Fellow has been nominated by the Council of the Institution of Chemical Engineers for election as President of the Institution at the Annual General Meeting on 10th April 1947.Dr. J. L. Simonsen F.R.S. Member of Council as President of the Chemistry Section of the British Association for the Annual Meeting to be held in Dundee in August 1947 [see p. 2871. Dr. E. V. Evans O.B.E. Fellow has been elected Chairman of the Executive Board of the British Tar Confederation for the year 1947. The Board of Trade announce that Mr. G. E. Holden O.B.E. Fellow has been appointed Controller of Dyes tuffs. Lt.-Col. F. M. Potter O.B.E. T.D. D.L. has joined the Boards of Directors of Scottish Tar Distillers Ltd. and ,Messrs. Richard Smith & Company Chemical Manu- facturers. Dr. F. H. Carr C.B.E. Fellow and Mr. R. R. Bennett Fellow retire from active participation in the executive work of British Dnig Houses Ltd.at the end of 1946. New members of the Board of the Company on 1st January 1947 wil1 include Dr. F. Hartley Fellow Dr. C. Ockrent Fellowl and Mr. H. G. Rolfe Associate. Professor H. L. Riley Fellow has been appointed Director of Carbonisation Research under the National Coal Board. Dr. James Ritchie Fellow Director of the South African Bureau of Standards has been overseas to investigate the latest developments in the field of standardisation in the United Kingdom Sweden U.S.A. and Canada. Dr. Frank Bell Fellow Principal of Lancaster Technical College since 1941 has been appointed Professor of Chemistry at the Belfast College of TechnoIogy. Mr. D. J. Williams Associate Principal of the Peoples’ College Nottingham has been appointed Principal of the Lancaster Technical College.Dr. J. F. J. Dippy Member of Council has been appointed Head of the Chemistry Department Chelsea Polytechnic. The title of Reader in Chemical Engineering in the University of London has been conferred on Mr. M. B. Donald Member of Council in respect of his post at University College. Dr. G. W. Himus Associate has been appointed Reader in Fuel Technology in the University of London in respect of the post held by him at Imperial College. Mr. Norman Sheldon FelZow was elected President of the British Association of Chemists at the Annual General Meeting held on 7th December. [ 2833 lk. C. J. T. Cronshaw FeZfow has been elected the first President of the newly established Manchester Federation of Scientific Societies.Mr. H. H. Croucher Associate has been appointed Director of Agriculture British Guiana and left Jamaica in December to take up this new appointment Dr. E. C. Barton-Wright Fellow has been appointed Microbiologist to Messrs. Whitbread & Co. Ltd. ’Dr. R. F. Hunter Associate formerly Nizam Professor of Chemistry at Aligarh University has been appointed to the position of research manager with Bskelite Ltd. as from 1st November 1946. Dr. T. S. Stevens Associate has been appointed Senior Lecturer in Organic Chemistry at the University of Sheffield. Dr. Cecil L. Wilson Fellow has been appointed to a Lectureship in Chemistry with special reference to Micro-chemistry in the Queen’s University of Belfast.He was previously Lecturer in Chemistry at the Sir John Cass Technical Institute London. Dr. F. L. Allen Fellow has been appointed Head of the Department of Science of the West Ham Municipal College. Dr. D. C. Martin Fcllow General Secretary of the Chemical Society is to succeed Mr. J. I).Griffith Davies as Assistant Secretary of the Royal Society. Mr. John Barritt Associate Head of the Department of Chemical Techndogy at the Wool Industries Research Association has been appointed Honorary Secretary of the Society of Dyers and Colourists in succession to the late Mr. J. S. Ridsdale. Mr. Frederick G. Crosse Fellow has been appointed Acting Editor of British Abstracts. Mr. K. H. Jack Associate has resiancd the office of Hon. Secretary of the Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast Sec;ion of the Institute on leaving the district at the end of the year in order to take up a new appointment.He will be succeeded by Dr. J. 0. Harris. Mr. Sydney L. Turner Associate has been elected a City Councillor in Oxford in the municipal elections held on 1st November. Lecture by Or. G. Malcolm Dyson on “A New Notation for Organic Chemistry and its. Application to Library and Indexing Problems.”-On 21st October at 6 p.m., before a large audience at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Dr. G. M.Dyson delivered a lecture on his new system of ciphering which enables the structure and structural relations of organic substances to be represented by concise linear expressions in a form that provides for a unique and unequivocal enumeration and is convenient for indexing.By maintaining certain mathematical implications in the cipher mechanical manipulation sorting selecting and the summation of empirical formulae can be effected by suitable machines. In the course of the lecture Dr. Dyson dealt in turn with established systems of nomenclature the new notation and the applications of the new notation to the compilation of a lexicon of organic chemistry and of international indexes. The meeting was held under the joint auspices of the Chemical Society the Royal Institute of Chemistry the Society of Chemical Industry and the Bureau of Abstracks, and was the first occasion on which these four bodies or even the three Chartered Chemical bodies as such.had held a joint meeting. The Chair was taken by Dr. G. Koche Lynch O.B.E. President of the Rgyal Institute of Chemistry. X vote of thanks to the lecturer was proposed by Dr. L.H. Lampitt President of the Society of Chemical Industry and Chairman of the Bureau of Abstracts and seconded by Dr. R. P. Linstead C.B.E. F.R.S. a Vice-president of the Chemical Society. Dr. Dyson’s lecture on this interesting and important subject is being published forthwith in the form of an Institute lecture and copies will have been distributed to Fellows Associates and Registered Students of the Institute before the issue of this Part of JOURNAL The Institute has provided copies of the lecture AND PROCEEDINGS. for distribution free of charge to those Fellows of the Chemical Society and members of the Society of Chemical Industry who do not belong to the Institute on application to the General Secretary of the appropriate Society.Further details of Dr. Dyson’s Ciphering System will be obtainable from a mono-graph entitled “A New Notation and Enumeration System for Organic Compounds” to be published in the near future by Longmans Green & Co. [ 284 3 Streatfeild Memorial Lecture.-’Ihe 29th Streatfeild Memorial Lecture entitled “The Chemist as Information Officer” was delivered by Dr. J. C Withers in the Rooms of the Geological Society on 15th November at 6 Pam.,following the conclusion of the Special General Meeting (see page 267). At the conclusion of the lecture the President of the Institute occupied the Chair referred to the origin of this series of memorial lectures and to the intention that for as long as possible the lecturers should be former students of Finsbury Technical College where Mr.F. W.Streatfeild was a lecturer and teacher from 1883 to 1917. The President then presented to Dr. Withers the Streatfeild Medal which is generously provided by the City and Guilds of London Institute. A vote of thanks to the lecturer was proposed by Dr. J. R. Nichoils who gave the Streatfeild Lecture in 1938 and seconded by Mr. W. Gordon Carey the 28th Streatfeild Memorial Lecturer. Ramsay Chemical Dinner.-The Ramsay Chemical Dinner under the joint auspices of chemical societies and organisations in Glasgow and West of Scotland was held in the Marlborough House Glasgow on 6th December 1946.The Chairman was Sir Steven Bilsland Bt. The toast “The Profession of Chemistry,” following the loyal toast and that of “The Memory of Sir William Ramsay,” which was honoured in silence was proposed by Sir Jack Drummond and replied to by Dr. Lampitt President of the Society of Chemical Industry. Other toasts were“ The City of Glasgow,” proposed by Mr. H. Talbot and replied to by the Lord Provost Sir Hector MacNeill; and “The Guests,” proposed by Dr. J. A. Cranston to which Sir Ian Heilbron replied. The toast of “The Chairman” was proposed by Dr. McDavid. The Institute was officially represented by Mr. G. Elliot Dodds Vice-President. After the dinner there was dancing till midnight and the large number who were present at that hour to join in “Auld Lang Syne” testified to the great success of the evening.Institute of Physics Change of Address.-On and after 30th December 1946, the address of the Institute and of its Journal of Scimtific Instruments will be 47 Belgrave Square London S.W. 1. Telephone Number SLOane 9806/7. Andersonian Chemical Society.-The Diamond Jubilee of the foundation of the Andersonian Chemical Society was celebrated in Glasgow on 22nd November. Follow-ing the opening remarks by Dr. D. s.Anderson Director of the Royal Technical College an address was given by Professor J. W. Cook F.R.S. Regius Professor of Chemistry in the University of Glasgow. The Laboratories of the School of Chemistry in the Royal Technical College were subsequently open for inspection.Electrodepositors’ Technical Society.-The coming-of-age of the Society (founded in 1925) was celebrated at a meeting held at Northampton Polytechnic on 7th December. In the presence of an audience of members and visitors the President Dr. S. Wernick referred to the outstanding achievements in the history of the Society and presented the first Electrodepositors’ Technical Society MedaI to Mr. S. Field the first President. In the course of his address Mr. Field referred to the beginnings of the Society and of the part that it had subsequently played in furthering the development of the principles and practice of eIectrodeposition. Other Past Presidents spoke on various aspects of the work of the Society in the past 21 years. Chemical Institute of Canada.-At the August meeting of the Board of Directors of the Chemical Institute of Canada a Special Journal Committee was set up under the chairmanship of Dr.L. A. Munro to study ways and means of bringing a Journal of the ChemicaI Institute of Canada into being with January 1948 as a tentative date for the first issue and to report to the Board of Directors at the December meeting a complete plan of action or alternative plans. Explosive Nature of a Mixture of Sodium Thiosulphate and Sodium Nitrite.-As a contribution towards the avoidance of possible accidents Dr. H. P. Stevens has kindly forwarded the following statement:- A senior boy in a practical chemistry class was given a mixture of these substances as an exercise in qualitative analysis.As a preliminary test he proceeded to heat a small quantity in a tube and observed that moisture was given off. He put the tube to his nose to identify the smell when part of the contents exploded badly scorching his eyelid and surrounding tissue. Fortunately he must have closed his eye so rapidly that the eye itself was not permanently injured. E 286 I A control test I made shows that an intimate mixture of these substances when heated explodes violently after most of the moisture has been expelled no doubt as a result of the oxidation of the sulphur liberated. In the case in question the results would have been much more serious had the two salts been well mixed as by grinding together in a mortar. Molasses Industrial Alcohol and Solvents.-In announcing (Notice 962) that as from 1st January 1947 the selling price of molasses for all purposes other than cattle feed will be increased to cover the average cost of supplies the Board of Trade draws attention to the important industrial uses of molasses as the raw material for industrial alcohol and its derivatives such as acetone acetic acid butyl alcohol and the acetate solvents and in making yeast citric acid and cores for foundry work.Owing to a world shortage of molasses following the Japanese occupation of Java the material commands a price out of all proportion to the pre-war price. The bulk of world supplies now come from Cuba though some is also obtained from the British West Indies the United Kingdom sugar refiners and the sugar beet factories.Association of British Chemical Manufacturers.-A new Directory 44Rritish Chemicals and their Manufacturers,” has just been published. This contains up-to-date information on the manufacturers of all types of chemicals and supersedes the directory issued under the same title in 1939 and “Directory of British Fine Chemicals,” 1940. A copy of the 1966 Directory will be sent gratis to any inquirer writing on business paper or giving any other genuine indication of being likely to put the Directory to good use as a purchaser of chemicals. Application should be made to the Joint Managers Association of British Chemical Manufacturers 166 Piccadilly London W. 1. The Chartered Institute of Patent Agents.-A report on “Government-Owned or Controlled Inventions,” adopted by the Council of the Institute has recently been published as a pamphlet.British Standards Institution.-Amendment No. 2 to B.S. 700 1937.4raduated Pipettes and Straight Pipettes was issued in September. B.S. 1333 1946.-Acid Resisting Silicon Iron Pipes and Pipe Fittings-has been prepared by the Chemical Industry Committee of the Institution and issued in Septem- ber. Copies may be obtained from the offices of the Institution 28 Victoria Street London S.W.1. Price 2s. net. German Books on Chemical and Cognate Subjects.-The Chemical Council has printed in pamphlet form a limited number of copies of a List of German Books on Chemical and Cognate Subjects published from 1939-1 946 compiled by Dr. Hamilton McCombie D.S.O. M.C.and Mr. A. E. Cummins Librarian of the Chemical Society. A copv will be forwarded to any member of any Society represented on the Chemical Council free of charge on application to the Acting Secretary of the Chemical Council 9-10,Savile Row London W.l. The Scientific Film Association.-A Memorandum on the Classification Appraisal and Grading of Scientific Films was issued by the Association in July 1916 and deals with documentation and general considerations and with the organisation of the viewing appraisal and grading of scientific films. Copies may be obtained from the offices of the Association 34 Soh0 Square London W.l. Price 2s. 6d. World Power Conference.-The Central Office of the World Power Conference 36 Kingsway London W.C.2 has recently issued the first post-war edition of the list of “National Committees and Representatives” of the Conference.The Institute is offici- ally represented on the National Committee for Great Britain by Dr. H. G. Colman. The British contribution to the series of “Reports on Fuel Economy since 1939,” compiled by the Fuel Efficiency Branch of the Ministry of Fuel and Power has iust been published by the British National Committee of the World Power Conference. Copies price Is. 6d. each plus postage may be obtained from the central office of the World Power Conference the new address of which is 201-2 Grand Buildings Trafalgar Square London W.C.2. IMPORTANT EVENTS IN 1947 British Industries Fair.-The first post-war British Industries Fair is to be held in May 1947 in three sections at Earl’s Court and Olympia London and at Castle Bromwich.International EIectrodeposition Conference .-The Conference sponsored by the Electrodepositors’ Technical Society will be held in London in May 1947. E 286 3 Institution of Mechanical Engineers Centenary Celebrations.-The Centenary of the foundation of the Institution will be celebrated in London in June 1945. 8th International Management Congress.-The British Management Council announce that the Congress will be held on 3rd-8th July 1947 in Stoskholm. Royal Institute of Chemistry Scottish Symposium.-A Symposium on “Coal Petroleum and their Newer Derivatives” will take pIace at the University of St. Andrews on 5th-12th July 1947. Detailed arrangements are being made by a joint Committee of Local Sections of the Institute in Scotland under the chairmanship of Dr.David Traill and with Mr A. €2. Jamieson as Honorary Secretary. According to a provisional programme the main subjects treated will be Coal and Oil Resources; Chemical Synthesis; Polymers. Chemical Society Centenary Celebrations (see JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1946, IV,187).-It has now been announced that Sir Robert Robinson the President of the Royal Society has accepted the invitation of the Council of the Chemical Society to deliver the Faraday Lecture during the Centenary Celebrations due to take place on 15th-17th July. The Faraday Lectureship was founded in 1867 to commemorate Michael Faraday who was elected a Fellow of the Society in 1842 and was one of its Vice-Presidents The Lectureship is the highest honour which the Chemical Society has in its power to offer.Among previous Faraday Lecturers have been Dumas Cannizzaro von Hofmann Wiirtz Helmholtz Mendelkeff Lord Rayleigh Ostwald Fischer Richards Arrhenius Millikan Willstatter Bohr Debye and Lord Rutherford. The lecture by Sir Robert Robinson will be delivered in the Central Hall ‘West- minster on 16th July 1947 and rvill form the principal.scientific event of the centenary celebrations. Another feature of the centenary celebrations will be an Exhibition at the Science Museum South Kensington illustrating the achievements of British chemistry and the part which chemistry plays in everyday life to-day. The exhibition which will be open in July 1947 is being organised by the Chemical Society and the Department of Scienti-fic and Industrial Research.11th International Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry,-The Congress will be held in London from 17th to 24th July and will be organised in the following sections:- (1) Inorganic and Geo-Chemistry; (2) Physical Chemistry; (3) Organic chemistry; (4) Biochemistry; (5) Chemistry in relation to Agriculture and Applied Botany; (6) Chemistry in relation to Applied Zoology and Veterinery Science; (7) Chemistry in relation to Food and Nutrition; (8) Chemistry in relation to Medicine and Therapeutics; (9)Chemistry in relation to Fuel Power and Transport; (10) Chemistry in relation to Natural and Artificial Textiles; (11) Chemistry in relation to Plastics Glass and Ceramics; (12) Chemistry in relation to Metals; (13) Chemical Engineering.A provisional programme of events has now been prepared and applications to join the Congress should be address to Lt.-Col. F. J. Griffin Honorary Organiser XIth International Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry 66 Victoria Street London S.W.1 who will be glad to furnish further particulars. The registration fee is L2. International Physiological Congress.-The Congress will be held in Oxford on 22nd-25th July. World Power Conference Fuel Economy Conference.-This Conference will be held at The Hague on 2nd-10th September 1947. British Association.-The Annual Meeting of the Association vrill take place in Dundee from 27th August to 3rd September 1947 under the Presidency of Sir Henry Dale O.M.G.B.E. F.K.S. The President of Section B (Chemistry) is Dr. J. L. Simonsen F.R.S. lnstitute of Physics and Physical Society Electron Jubilee Celebrations.-To mark the fiftieth anniversary of the discovery of the electron by Sir J. J-Thomson O.M.,and to demonstrate the great influence that such an advance in pure physics may have on the life of the community a series of meetings and other functions are being arranged for 26th-26th September 1947 in London. A special exhibition which will remain open to the public for several weeks will be held at the Science Mu$eum South Kensing- ton and will show the development of the vast range of modern industrial equipment from the earliest experimental origins. l287 BOOKS AND THEIR CONTENTS Organic Reactions.Roger Adams (Editor-in-chief). Volume 111. Pp. 460. (New York John Wiley & Sons Inc.; London Chapman & Hall Ltd. 1946.) 27s. The alkylation of aromatic compounds by the Friedel-Crafts method-Charles C. Price; The Willgerodt reaction-Marvin Carmack and M.A. Spielman; Prepara- tion of ketenes and ketene dimers-W. E. Hanford and John C. Sauer; Direct sulfonation of aromatic hydrocarbons and their halogen derivatives-4. M. Suter and Arthur W. Weston; Azlactones-H. E. Carter; Substitution and addition reactions of thiocyanogen- John L. Wood; The Hofmann reaction-Everett S. Wallis and John F. Lane; The Schmidt reaction-Hans Wolff; The Curtius reaction -Peter A. S. Smith. Index. Pharmacognosy Textbook of.T. E. Wallis. Pp. 504 with 213 illustrations. (London J. & A. Churchill Ltd. 1946.) 28s. Introduction; starches; powders of natural occurrence; fossil organisms shells and minerals; hairs and fibres; woods; barks and galls; leaves; flowers; seeds; fruits; entire organisms; rhizomes and roots; unorganised drugs; gums and saccharine substances; resins gum-resins oleo-resins; fixed oils fats waxes; glands and glandular secretions; commerce in drugs. Appendix. Index. Vat Dyestuffs and Vat Dyeing. M. R. Fox. Pp. 324. (London Chapman & Hall, Ltd. 1946.) 24s. net. Indigo and related dyestuffs; anthraquinonoid vat dyestuffs introductory to application; properties of vat dyestuffs; application-animal fibres cellulosic fibres the indigosol dyestuffs pigment padding and miscellaneous processes; printing and discharging; machinery; non-textile uses of vat dyestuffs; identifica- tion of vat dyestuffs; analogous dyestuffs.Appendixes. General index. The Dyeing of Textile Fibres. R. S. Horsfall and L.G. Lawrie. Second Edition completely revised. Pp. 438. (London Chapman & Hall Ltd. 1946.) 26s. net. Introductory. Cotton; the treatment of cotton before dyeing; the dyeing of cotton; the bast fibres; the dyeing of rayon and the newer synthetic fibres; wool; the treatment of wool before dyeing the dyeing of wool silk; indigo indigosol and soledon dyestuffs; the dyeing of union fabrics the testing and valuation of dyestuffs in the laboratory; water; auxiliary products used in the dyeing industry.Biblio-graphy; dyestuffs index; general index. Vitamins and. Hormones Chemistry of. S. Rangaswami and T. R. Seshadri. Pp. 330. (Andhra University Waltair South India 1946.) Rs. 7+. Vitamins and their general characteristics; Axerophthol Vitamin A; Vitamin D; Tocopherols Vitamin E; Vitamin K; Vitamins of the B group; Thiamin or Anenrin; Vitamin Bl; Riboflavin; Nicotinic acid or Niacin; Pyridoxin or Adermin (Vitamin Be);Pantothenic acid; Biotin (Vitamin H Bios I1 b); Minor Vitamins of the B Group; Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C); Vitamins and Enzymes; Hormones and their general Characteristics; Adrenaline; Thyroxine; Sex Hormones; Oestrogenic Hormones; Corpus Luteum Hormone (Progesterone); Androgenic Hormones; Sex Hormones-their biogenesis and total synthesis; Cortex Hormones; Hormones of unknown constitution; Plant Hormones.Notes; literature references. Index. Defective Colour Vision in Industry Report on by a Committee of The Colour Group of the Physical Society. (London The Physical Society 1946). Pp. 52. 3s. 6d. net. Introduction (terms of reference and sources of information);nature and incidence of defective colour vision; colour vision tests; colour vision in industry and the services; the case for pre-vocational and school testing of colour vision Recom-mendations; acknowledgments; references. Endeavour. No. 20 of Volume V published in October contains an editorial on “The,,Method and Scope of Science” and articles on “Some Recent Aspects of Meteoro-logy by Sir Nelson I<. Johnson K.C.B.; “Tycho Brahe 1646-1601,” by Professor Herbert Dingle; “The Measurement of Coloured Light,” by Dr.John W. T. Walsh; “The Museum as an Aid to Popular Science,” by Dr. I?. S.W:!lis; “Sir James Hopwood Jeans O.M.”;“The Fluorescence of Organic Compounds by Dr. Neil Campbell; “The Values ofScience,” by Mr. E. F. Caldin. 288 I OBITUARY GEORGEHENRYAPPLEYARDdied on 22nd October 1946 in his 7lst year. He received his early education at Leeds Grammar School whence he proceeded to study chemistry at the Yorkshire College (subsequently the University) Leeds His first appointment was with A. H. Allen Public AnaIyst for Sheffield and the West Riding of Yorkshire and in 1898 he became the first chemist to enter the Seed Crushing Industry in HUH when he joined the late Edwin Robson at the Wilmington Oil Mill one of the original units of the British Oil and Cake Mills Ltd.Shortly afterwards he was appointed chemist to the Company and at a later date became Joint Manager of the B.O.C.M. Hull Branches a position that he held until his retirement in 1940. He was responsible for many of the developments in the Company’s activities and during the first world war helped very considerably in developing the production of edibIe oils and lard compounds in this country; he was also responsible for the erection of the Company’s first oil seed extraction plant. Later he started the New Pin Soap Company and was concerned in bringing the first high-vacuum fatty acid distillation plant to this country. He was a director of several subsidiary companies of B.O.C.M.including the British Extracting Co. the British Creameries Ltd. and the Hull Stearine and Warehousing Co. Ltd. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1897 and a Fellow in 1900. JOHN DOUGLAS died on 18th July 1946 in his 54th year. BARRETT He received his scientific training at the University of Leeds graduating B.Sc. in 1913. In 1915 he was appointed Chief Chemist to Chemicals & Dyewares Ltd. and in L918 Works Chemist to Messrs. Hickson & Partners Ltd. where he was engaged in the manufacture of explosives intermediates and dyes. On the formation of the Rarnsley Chemical Co. Ltd. (previously Chemicals & Dyewares Ltd.) he returned to Rarnsley in 1920 as Chemist in charge of the Dye Department and in 1925 entered the service of Messrs.Major & Co. of Hull where he remained until 1930 when the firm was taken over by Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. Since then he has been con- tinuously engaged as Works Chemist with the Dyestuffs Group in Manchester. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1918. JOSEPH JOHN BLACKIE died on 30th October 1946 in his 52nd year. His scientific training was obtained at the School of Pharmacy and at Heriot-Watt College Edinburgh. In 1915 he enlisted in the K.A.M.C. serving overseas in Gallipoli Egypt and France and was awarded the Meritorius Service MedaI. On demobilisation he passed the Qualifying Examination of the Pharmaceutical Society and later the Major Examination (Ph.C.) of that Society.In 1919 he was appointed an Analytical Chemist to Duncan Flockhart & Co. becoming Laboratory Manager in 1924 and a partner and Director of Manufacturing Processes in 1930. As the result of research on the alkaloids of the genus Senecio he obtained the Ph.D. degree of the University of Edinburgh in 1935. He was a member of the Scottish Board of Examiners of the Pharmaceutical Society and was a Governor of the Heiiot-Watt College Edinburgh. as a representative of the pharmaceutical industries. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1930 and a Fellow in 1956. CLARENCE BARNES COLLISdied on 20th September 1946 in his 26th year. Following the award of a County Major Scholarship he proceeded to Queen’s College Oxford as a Dixon Exhibitioner. He obtained the degree of B.A.with honours in chemistry in Part I in 1942 and was then engaged in research as a member of the Penicillin Research Group. In 1944 he was awarded the degree of B.Sc. on presentation of a thesis on penicillin. In 1943 he was appointed research chemist at the Research Station of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. Ltd. and was occupied on probfems of physical separation resulting in a number of patents. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in April 2946. FREDERICK Registered Student died on 22nd June 1946 in his SCOTTEMSLIE, 22nd year. Educated at the Heath Grammar School Halifax he entered the service of the HaIifax Corporation Sewage Department while continuing his studies for the degree of B.Sc. at Halifax Municipal Technical College.In 1943 he commenced an Engineering Cadetship Course and subsequently received a Commission in the R.E.M.E. i 289 1 lnformativn has been received of the presumed death of BENJAMIN LEECHwhite sailing in the Mersey Estuary on 14th September. He was in his 69th year. He entered Clare College Cambridge in 1896 after obtaining an open entrance scholarship in Natural Science. He passed the examinations of the Natural Sciences Tripos in 1899-1900 and obtained the MA. degree in 1902. In the meantime he had proceeded to Freiburg and also spent some months in various colour works in Germany. In 1902 he established a practice as a consulting and analytical chemist in Macclesfield specialising in microchemical analysis and problems relating to textiles.He was the inventor of processes relating to the fixation of dyestuffs by silicic acid and a method of preparing cotton for bleaching which were patented In 1914 he was awarded the Farrell prize of the Society of Dyers and Colourists for an essay “On the cause and means of prevention in piece-dyed fabrics of the defect presumed to be due to the splitting of the fibres of silk.” He was for a time associated with the firm of Mary Leech Dyers and was on the consulting staff of Macclesfield General Infirmary. He was an experienced yachtsman and held a captain’s certificate. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1918. PERCY FRANKLAND FARADAY died on 28th October 1946 at the age of 88. Educated at University College School London he proceeded in 1876 to the Royal School of Mines where he obtained three years later the A.R.S.M.diploma in geology and thence to the University of Wurzburg where a thesis on the action of diazonaphthalene upon salicylic acid gained for him the Ph.D. degree “summa cum laude” in 1880. In the previous year he had graduated B.Sc in the University of London and on his return from Germany was appointed Demonstrator and Lecturer under his father Sir Edward Frankland F.R.S. in the Chemistry Department of the Royal School of Mines which in 1881 became part of the newly instituted Normal School of Science (later the Royal College of Science) at South Kensington. There he was engaged until 1888 in teaching and research while also running a consulting practice. For the next six years he held the Chair of Chemistry at University College Dundee but in 1894 was appointed to succeed Tilden as Professor of Chemistry at Mason College (afterwards the University) Birmingham where he remained until his retirement as Professor Emeritus in 1919 having been Dean of the Faculty of Science in the University since 1913.Bacteriology in relation to water supplies and sewage treatment was among his earliest interests ;not only was he the author of “Our Secret Friends and Foes’’ (1894) “Micro-organisms in Water” ( 1894) and articles in Thorpe’s Dictionary on fermentation and water but he was responsible for inaugurating monthly systematic bacteriological examinations of London water supply for the Local Government Board in 1885. He was also instrumental in inaugurating in 1893 the Institute’s examinations in what was then called “Biological Chemistry as applied to questions of Public Health with special reference to Foods Water and Sewage,” and in the introduction of bacteriology as an additional optional subject for the Associateship.He was a pioneer in this country in the study of the action of bacteria upon organic compounds. His discovery of the formation of optically active glyceric acid by bacteriological means led to his researches on optical activity and chemical constitution with which he was occupied in his later years. In the first world war he served as a member of the Admiralty Inventions Board the Anti-Gas and Chemical Warfare Committees and the Royal Society Executive War Com- mittee as Deputy Inspector of High Explosives (Birmingham Area) and as Chairman of the Chemical Section of the Royal Society War Committee and of the Royal Society Reserved Occupations Committee.In recognition of these services he received the C.B.E. and the Italian Order of S.S. Maurice and Lazarus in 1919. Among his publications not already mentioned were Agricultwal Chemical Analysis (1883) Life of Pasteuv (1897) and over 80 original papers in various scientific journals. He was a member of the Council of the Royal Society in 1903-05 and 1916-18 serving as a Vice-president in 1917-18 and receiving the Davy Medal in 1919. He had previously been President of the Chemical Society (1911-13). Honorary degrees were conferred upon him by the Universities of Birmingham St.Andrews Dublin and Sheffield and he became a Fellow of the Imperial College in 1933. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1881 and a Fellow in 1884. He served as a Member of Council (1888-91 1896-98 1900-03). as Examiner (1896-1900) as Vice-president (1903-06 1909-12) and as President (1906-09). He was a Censor from 1906 to 1921. CHARLES GEORGEMATTHEWSdied on 10th November 1946 in his 91st year. Educated at Queenswood College Hants he received his scientific training at King’s College London the University of Heidelberg and the Royal College of chemistry. 290 I Following a shortperiod on the staff of Wellington College Rerkshire he took up in 1878 an appointment as Brewer at Messrs. Evershed’s Brewery Burton-on-Trent.In i8S3 he set up in a general practice as Analytical and Consulting Cheaist at Burton-on- rrent and having taken Mr. F. E. Lott into partnership in the following year carried on the practice thereafter as “Matthews & Lott,” in rezent years in association with his third son Mr. G. C. Matthews. He spwialised in the science of brewing and was the author of A ManuaE of Alcoholic Fernzenfation and jointly with F. E. Lott of The Microscope in the Brewery and Malthouse. He was one of the original members of the Institute of Brewing which conferred on him the distinction of honorary membership in 1932. His other interests were very wide and included in hi5 younger days rowing and climbing ; throughout his life he was a great lover of the country and an enthusiastic fisherman ; in the first world war he served in the 7th Volunteer Bn.Notts and Derby Regiment ; he was appointed a Borough Magistrate of Burton-on-Trent in 1926. He devoted many years to the work of the Church Lads’ Brigade in that town. He retired in 1929 to live at Borth in Cardiganshire. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1878and became a Fellow in 1883. FRANCIS NEEDSdied on 21st October 1946 in his 63rd year. EDWIN He was educated at Bristol Cathedral School and received his scientific training at Merchant Venturers’ Technical College and at the University Bristol. In 1902 he was appointed Assistant in the County Laboratory of the Wiltshire County Council and from 1906 to 1914 was Assistant to the Public Analyst for Bristol.On the outbreak of war in 1914 he was serving in the University of Bristol O.T.C. and in October of that year joined the Royal Engineers as a despatch rider but received a Commission in the R.F.A. in 1918. On demobilisation he returned to the Corporation Laboratory at Bristol as Senior Assistant and having passed the Examination for the Fellowship in the Chemistry of Food and Drugs. etc. in 1930 was appointed Public Analyst for the City and County of Bristol in 1934 a post which he held until his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1918 and a Fellow in 1930. He was elected District Member of Council for Bristol and the South-Western Counties in March 1946. NORMAN SHELDONdied on 30th September in his 70th year. LINDSAY He was educated at Manchester Grammar School and proceeded to Owens College- now The University-Manchester where he attended classes in electrochemistry.He went to the University of Heidelberg in 1895 taking the degree of Ph.L). in 1900,and sub- sequently attended the Budapest Acetylene Gas Exhibition where he was awarded the gold medal. After a visit to the Kid Chemical Works Antwerp where he studied the manufacture of cyanides ferrocyanides acids and alkalies he returned to England to an appointment as Under Manager at the lllilnsbridge Chemical Co. In 1900 he became Manager of Messrs. Thomas Jackson’s Chemical Works and in 1903 was appointed Chemist and Manager of the Government of India Cordite Factory until 1918 when he was appointed Superintendent of the Acetone Factory and in 1919 Chief Inspector of Explosives to the Government of India.For his services in India he was appointed a Companion of the Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire (C.I.E.) in 1932. He returned to England in 1939. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1907 and served for many years as a member of the Institute’s Indian Advisory Committee and from 1940-43 as a District Member of the Council for the Overseas Dominions and Elsewhere Abroad. FREDERICK MALCOLM died on 30th September 1946 in his 72nd year. WHARTON He received his scientific training at Mason Collegenow The University-Birming- ham passing the Examination for the Associateship of the Institute in 1896. From 1895 to 1897 he was engaged on research at Mason College as Forster and Priestley Scholar and from 1897 to 1898 was Assistant to William Chattaway A4nalyst for the Borough of Colchester and the Parish of Hammersmith.In 1899 he was appointed Assayer to the Kiangsiang Mint Nanking. On returning to England he became Assistant Chemist to the h-ational Explosives Ca.,at Hayle and in 1906 Chief Chemist and Works Manager to Curtis’s and Harvey. After a further year in China as Chief Chemist and Metallurgist to the Imperial Government he was appointed Works Manager to the New Explosives Co. and in 1920 became Director and Works Manager to the Hall Street Metal & Rolling Co. Ltd. in Birmingham. He was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire in 1918. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1896 and a Fellow in 1899.Correction.-It is regretted that in the obituary notice of Ernest Alfred Wraight (JOURNALAND PROCEEDINGS 1946 IV,198) his second Christian name was incorrectly given w Arthur and his age at death as 78 instead of 07. t 291 1 THE REGISTER New Fellows Bannister Leonard Charles M.Sc. (Liv.) Ph.D. (Cantab.). Bevan Eric Albert B.Sc. (Lond.). Boehm Erich Ph.D. (Berlin). Drake Reginald Murdinr lWk (Iaeeds). Pearson John M.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.). Rossiter Roger James MA. D.Phil. B.M. B.Ch. (Oxon.) BSc. (W.A.) Tietz Edmund Lageson B.Sc. (Cape), B.Sc. D.Phi1 (Oxon). Wernick Simon M.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.). M'illiamson Arthur Tandy M.A. (Queens) A.M. Ph.D. (Princeton). Re-elected Fellows Channon Professor Harold John B.A.D.Sc. (Lond.). Associates Elected Abbott -4rthur Lewis B.Sc. (Cape). Archer Frederick Stanley. Bailey Arthur John Marson B.Sc. (Lond.) Bean. Charles Ernest. BSc. (L0nd.l. A.R.C.S. Beton. Ernest Sutcliffe. B.Sc. (Lond.1. Christian John Bell; A.H.'-W.C.,' F.Inst.Pet. Cockett Sydney Russell M.Sc.Tech. (Vict.). Cox Carlton Ingham B.Sc. (Adelaide), F.A.C.I. Crumpler Cyril John M.A . R.Sc. (Oxon.). Dutton Leonard Cartlidge. Edwards William Albert M.A. (Cantab.). Fells Henry Alexander B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.) . Ganday Raymond B.Sc. (Lond.). Garner Professor William Edward,C.B.E. M.Sc. (Lond.) D.Sc. (Birm.) F.R.S. Golberg Leon M.Sc. (\Vitwatersrand}, D.Phi1. (Oxon.). Grant William Jackson BSc. (Lond.), A.M.1.Chem.E.Guest Peter Healey M.A. B.Sc. (Manc.). Harris Roy Clifford. Holdridge Douglas Arthur B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. D.I.C. Howie Robert Charles BSc. (Lond.), A.H.-W.C. Judd Albert Ernest B.Sc. (Lond.). Keaton James. Koch Douglas Everard Vernon BSc. Ph.D. (Lond.) D.I.C. Malcolm James McLaren. to the Fellowship Markland Joseph B.Sc. (Lond.). Marsh Ernest Charles James B.Sc. (Lond.). Matthews William Kenneth. McNamara Abraham Ninian,B.Sc. (Glas.) Ph.C. M.P.S. Melville Edward Miller M.A. B.Sc. B.Sc.Agric. (Glasgow). Norris Edward Prank RSc. (Lond.), A.M.1.Chem.E. Partridge Stanley Miles R.Sc. Ph.D. (1,ond.). Phillips Reginald Francis M.A. B.Sc. (Oxon.). Ritchie Patrick Dunbar B.Sc. Ph.D. (St. Andrews).Roberts Arthur Loten B.Sc. Ph.11. (Leeds). Robinson Robert. Salmon Professor Robert Joseph M.Sc. (Manc.). Srinivasan Captain Mudambi B.A. D.Sc. (Madras). Swann Geoffrey R.Sc. M1.D. (St. And- rews). Wallwork Douglas Goodson. Warren Professor Frank Louis B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. D.I.C. Watkins Thomas Frederick MSc. (Wales). Willcox Cyril Mason M.A. (Cantab.), B.Sc. (Lond.). Withers John Charles Ph.D. (Wurzburg) F.T.I. Young Harold Sidney BSc. (Lond.). New Associates Abdul Karim M.Sc. (Punjab). Agrawal Satya Prakash M.Sc. (-4lIaha-bad). Ayscough Frederick Wiliam B.Sc. (Syd- neY)-Baggs Ivor Edgar BSc. (Wales). Baidwin Robert Roy M.A. (Cantab.). Barrett Philip Leonard. Battersby Albert BSc. (Lond.). Baxter Arthur Edward.Bergman Isaac B.Sc. (Witwatersrand). Bowditch Thomas John. Britton Hubert Greenslade BSc. (Lond.). Brown Arthur Ernest Girdlestone. Bruhre Graham Montague M.Sc. (N.Z.). Calder Gordon Archibald Russell R.Sc. (Glas.). Calloway Thomas Charles B.Sc. Ph.D. (Liv.). Carswell William David B.Sc. (St. Andrews). Carter Lieut. Frank Wellesley 8.Sc. (Lond.) . Chalmers James B.Sc. (Edin.). [ 292 j Chitre Ragunath Ganesh XSc. Ph.D. (Bombay). Clark Alec Vincent Clark John Robertson B.Sc. App.Chem. (Glas.). Clarke Peter B.Sc. (Lond.). Clarke Walter Evelyn. Cleaver Sidney Victor M.A. (Cantab.). Clements James Frederick RSc. (Lond.). Collins Frederick Darien MSc. (N.Z.). Cook Charles Donald BSc. (Lond.).Coster David Gordon MSc. (N.Z.). Cowling William Cranstoun Hamish MacLaren BSc. (Gla.). Ilatta Karayanpada I).Sc. (Calcutta) Denton Coulson Lloyd. Dutton Kenneth Richard HSc. (Lond.) . Eden George Edward 13%. (Lond.). Edwards Claude Raymond BSc. (Wales). Everett John Chaldecott B.A. (Cantab.). Everett Robert Malcolm BSc. (Rirm.). Farrer Stanley Maurice RSc. (Lond.). Gemmell Gordon Douglas M.Sc. (N.Z.). Gibbs Frederick William M.Sc. (Lond.) Gokhale Shankar Kashinath B.A. 31.S~. (Bombay). Goodall Allen James R.Sc. (Lond.). Gray George Kiddell BSc. (Birm.). Green Charles Victor. Gwilt John Ruff. Hardesty Francis. Hitt John Leslie M.Sc. (Q.U.B.). Hughes Ivor BSc. (Wales). Hunt Harold Shirley BSc. (Lond.). Jackson Clive.James William. Jobson Harry Taylor. Johnson Herbert John MSc. (Dunelm.). Johnston Robert James BSc. (Q.U.B.). Jones Charles Rex Lloyd B.A. (Cantab.). Jones David John Emlyn BSc. (Wales). Kirkaldy John Lillie Ramsey BSc. (St. Andrew). Knapton Charles Demain. Krishnam Raju Datla Venkata M.Sc. Tech. (Andhra). Latham Kenneth Geoffrey B.Sc. (Lond.). Lawson John Anderson Kirkland. Levinson Bernard Leon B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.). Lings James Buchanan B.A. (Oxon.). Mare Peter Bernard David de la M.Sc. (N.Z.). Massie William Henry Simpson B.Sc. (Glas.). McChristie Ian Alexander. Mehta Vinay Shantilal B.Sc. Ph.D. (Bombay). Milner Reginald Conrad. Moore Walter Robert Alfred Dennis B.Sc. (Lond.). Morries Peter B.Sc. (Birm.). Muir Andrew Douglas A.R.T.C.Mumford Richard Moore B.A. B.Sc. (Oxon.). Murfin John Webster BSc. (Lond.). Narayanan E. K. M.A. M.Sc. (Madras). Newbury Bert Charles BSc. (Bris.). Payne Kenneth Richard. Pegington Frederick Charles BSc. (Wales). Pickles Donald B.Sc. (Lond.). Pinsent Brian Roy West BSc. (Wales). Puri Rajindra Pal MSc. (Punjab). Rama Moorthy Bharatula B.Sc. (Andhra) MSc. (Allahabad). Iismanathan Vettakkorumakankaru Sambasivalyer M.Sc. (Madras). Rao-Kittur Subba BSc. (Mysore) D.Sc. (Madras). Hay Gunendra Krishna MSc. (Calcutta). Redman Maurice B.Sc. Tech. (Manc.). Reeve Sydney George Reilly Desniond Alan. lieith James \Villiam Strachan R.Sc. (Aberdeen). Richmond Anthony Desmond. Kidley Charles Norman B.Sc.(Dunelm.). Robins Alfred Brian B.Sc. (Lond.). Rogers Edward. Roughsedge Charles. Rowe David John Michel BSc. (I-ond.). liussell Richard Desmond B.Sc.. (Bris.). Ruthven Colin Richard Jerome BSc. (Lond.). Saunders Aubrey B.Sc. (Lond.). Schenkel John Robert Harry. Shipley Frederick W7alter BSc. Ph.D. (Lond.) . Silverstone Gerald Alfred B.Sc. (Glas.). Sivaramakrishna-hyyar P. M. MSc. (Madras). Smith Frank Thomas. Smith Stanley Walter B.Sc. (Bris.). Smith Wilfrid Duncan. Smith IVilfred Martin. Snook Gordon Frank B.Sc. (Lond.). Stewart Miss Vera Pearl M.Sc. (Q.U.B.). Strom Eric Greve BSc. (Melbourne). Sturton James Morris l3.S~.(Birm.). Sundararajan Ambil Rajagopal B.Sc. Agric. (Madras) h1.S~.(Benares). Symons Martyn Christian Raymond, BSc.(Lond.). Tatlow Mrs. Clarice Evelyn Mabel B.Sc. (Birm.). Tatlow john Colin B.Sc. Ph.D. (Birm.). Tattersall Frank B.Sc. (Sheff.). Taylor Robert Kenneth. Thomas Angus Arthur Miller B.Sc. (Leeds). Thompson John BSc. (Q.U.B.). Toone Brian BSc. (Lond.). Tyrrell Victor Daniel M.A. BSc. (T.C.D.). Unwin David James Douglas BSc. (.Land.). Vaidya Ranji Mahasukhrai B.Sc. Ph.D. (Bornbay). Valentin Frederick Henry Herman M.Sc. (Witwatersrand). Walton Reggie B.Sc. (Lond.). Wild Alan R.Sc. (Leeds). Waring Wilson Shaw MSc. (Manc.). Williams Leslie Henry. Warner Miss Mary BSc. (Lond.). Wilson john bryan Spencer. . Webster Alec. M.Sc.(Leeds) M.1.Chem.E. Wilson Thomas Oakley I3.Sc. (Manc.) White john Alexander.Wiseman Julius B.Sc. (Lond.). Whitehead Harry Raymond BSc. Wood Clit'ford. (Wales). Re-elected Associates Coppin Cresenco Almundo B.A.Sc. Vivian Charles William Henry B. (Toronto). (Lond.). Lahiri Tara Kant M.Sc. (Punjab). Wiles Leslie Alfred MSc. (Lond.). New Students Ashmead Vincent William Joseph. James Kenneth Thomas. Bayley Edwin Stanley. James Ronald Herbert Henry. Bell Herbert Sydney. Johnston Ian. Bell Maurice. Kayes Almond John Bratt. Bent Peter. Kendall Ropston Peter. Bickerstaff Eric. King John Charles Embleton. Billinghurst John Evelyn Warner. Kirby Arthur Richard Stanley. Bowden Alfred Harold. Laidlaw Robert Muirhead. Bricklebank Peter. Lancefield Roger Noel Derrick. Brooks Roy. Leicester Miss Eva Mary. Brown Miss Joan Annie.Lovett Stanley. Buchanan David Cowan. hfacKay John Douglas. Bulley James Arthur. Mortimer John. Butcher Kenneth Malcolm. Moxley John Edwin Morrison. Castle Peter Clement. Murton Kenneth John. Chanmugan Jayarajan. Mutch Norman Francis. Cordner Robert Bruce. Owens Edward Ralph. Currie Charles. Parsons John Richard. Davenport Derek Alfred. Yrescott John Roy. Devonald Frank Roy. Reynolds Kenneth. Dooley Edwin. Russell Keith William. Downes Alan William. Sheard Dennis Richard. Drake Ramsey William. Simmons Mrs. Margot. Ecob Robert John. Singleton Jack Howard. Elgar Derek john. Smith John Leslie. Fairbank Alan. Stephenson Miss Mary Gertrude. Fisher David John. Sterckx Colin Frederick Lewis. Fordham \.lrilliam Douglas. Stock Miss Irene Mary.Foreman Raymond Leslie Richard. St ockton Gerald. Fountaine Edwin Rex. Stone Cyril Walter. Frith Miss Audrey Mary. Stonehouse Kenneth Arthur. Greene George. Sutter Robert Alexander. Gregory Kenneth. Thompson Samuel Arthur Merlin. Hall James. Thorp Alan. Hall Michael Lister. Turner Geoffrey Burdett. Hall Phillip Sydney. Wake Robert Hilton. Halsey Raymond Albert George. Waters David John. Hawthorn Albert Neil. White Peter Murray. Holloway Derek Leslie William. Wilkinson Miss Gladys Lily. Hudson Harry Robinson. Williams Leonard Hobart. Inward Herbert Charles. Wilson Allan. Irvine Douglas. Wilson J eff rey. Irving William Christopher. Wooler Alan Metcalf. Jackson George. U'ootton Lavinia Mary Olive. Re-registe red Student Baskerville Geoffrey Thomas.CHANGE OF NAME Winifred Dickes Ph.D. Associale to Winifred Dickes Rost-on &age. r 294 3 DEATHS Fellows George Henry Appleyard. Dorothy Jordan-Lloyd M.A. (Cantab.), Horace George Battye F.C.I.C. DSc. (Lond.). Joseph John Blackie Ph.D. (Edin.) Benjamin Leech M.A. (Cantab.). Ph.C. Charles George Matthews. Wilfred Shacklock Davey B.Sc. (Lond.) Robert Selby Morrell M.A. Sc.D. (Can-F.I.R.I. (death officially presumed on tab.) Ph.D. (Wurzburg). 14th February 1942). Francis Edwin Needs. Percy Faraday Frankland C.B.E. Hon. William Henry Roberts M.Sc. (Vict. and 1,L.D. (St. Andrews and Birm.) B.Sc. Liv.). (Lond.) Hon. MSc. (Birxn.) Ph.D. Frederick Maurice Rowe DSc. (Leeds), (Wurzburg) Sc.D. (Dublin) D.Sc.(Shef- Norman Lindsay Sheldon C.I.E Ph.D. field) A.R.S.M. F.Irnp.Coll. F.R.S. (Heid.). [President 1906-093. Frederick Malcolm Wharton M.B.E. Associates John Douglas Barrett BSc. (Leeds). Clarence Barnes Collis B.A. (Oxon.) BSc. Leonard Arthur Coles B.Sc. (Lond.). Registered Students Frederick Scott Emslie. Fred Stevenson Hawkins. COMING EVENTS I947 [See also references to Impmtant Events in 1947 p. 286.1 Jan. OF CHEMICAL 16 SOCIETY INDUSTRY(Road and Building Materials Group) “Recent Developments in Testing Methods for Road and Building Materials.” At Gas Industry House 1 Grosvenor Place London S.W.l at 6 p.m. 17 THE INSTITUTE (Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands Section) jointly with the Sheffield Metallurgical Association Dinner Dance in the Royal Victoria Station Hotel Sheffield at 7 for 7.30 p.m-CHEMICAL “Macromolecules Synthesised by Micro-organisms” (Tilden SOCIETY Lecttire).Professor &I. Stacey in the University Chemical Laboratory Cam- bridge at 8.30 p.”. SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Birmingham Section) ‘‘ Polarography and its Recent Developments,” by Mr. J. E. B. Randles. OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY SOCIETY (Chemical Engineering Group) “Flame Spraying of Metals and Plastics.” Dr. W. D. Jones at the Geological Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W. 1 at 5.30 p.m. OF DYERSAND COLOURISTS SOCIETY (Manchester Section) “The Relation of Yarn and Cloth Construction and Composition to the Dyeing Printing and Finishing of Textile Fabrics from Natural and Man-made Fibres.” Mr.R. S. Greenwood and Mr. C. P. Atkinson at 6.30 p.m. 20 THE INSTITUTE: first Henderson Memorial Lecture.-“The Life and Work of George Gerald Henderson.” Professor Sir Ian Heilbron D.S.O. F.R.S. at the Royal Institution Albemarle Street London W.l at 5.30 p.m. ELECTRODEPOSITORS’ SOCIETY TECHNICAL “Smoothing Action as a Mechanism in Bright Nickel Plating.” Dr. G. E. Gardam at the Northampton Polytechnic St. John Street London E.C.l. 21 SOCIETY (Agriculture Group) “The Use of Hormones in OF CHEMrcAL INDUSTRY Animal Husbandry.” Dr. F. H. hlalpress in the Physical Chemistry Lecture Theatre Royal College of Science Imperial Institute Road London S. W.7 at 2.30 p.m. HULL CHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING SOCIETY &dCium Carbide Manufacture.” hlr.W. F. Archibald at the Church Institute Albion Street Hull at 7.30 p.m. [ 295 1 1947 Jan. 21 SOCIETY AND COLOURISTS OF DYERS (Huddersfield Section) “The Package Dyeing of Cotton by the Pigment Method.” Dr. T. Richardson and Mr. E. R. Wiltshire at Field’s Cafk Huddersfield at 7.30p.m. OF CHEMISTS 22 BRITISH ASSOCIATION (Birmingham Section) I’ Industrial Fermenta- tions.” Mr. R. E. Essery at the Chamber of Commerce ,Birmingham at 7 p.m. 23 THE INSTITUTE (Bristol and South-Western Counties Section) “A Review of X-ray Work on Long Chain Compounds.” Dr. T. Malkin in the chemistry Department of the University Woodland Road Bristol at 5.30 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Liverpool and North Western Section) jointly with the Chemical Society the Society of Chemical Industry and the British Association of Chemists I‘ Metabolic Cycles.” Professor H.A. Krebs in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre The University Liverpool at 5 pm. THEINSTITUTE (Manchester and District Section) I‘ Fat Shortages and Fat Sub-stitutes,” Professor T. Y.Hilditch F.R.S. at the Engineers’ Club 17 Albert Square Manchester at 7 p.m. CHEMICALSOCIETY,jointly with the University College of Swansea Chemical Society “The Absorption of Light.” Mr. E. J. Bowen F.R.S., at University College Swansea at 6 p.m. 24 THEINSTITUTE (Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast Section) ;jointly with the local chemical and technical societies Annual Dinner and Dance. CHEMICAL SOCIETY “Recent Advances in our Knowledge of the Metabolism of Proteins and Amino Acids.” Dr.D. P. Cuthbertson in the Chemistry Depart- ment Marischal College Aberdeen at 7.30 p.m. 29 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (Food Group Nutrition Panel) “The Nation’s INDUSTRY Milk Supply and its Best Use.” Professor E. Capstick in London. 30 CHEMICAL SOCIETY jointly with the University of Sheffield Chemical Society ‘‘ Some Relationships between the Structure and Properties of Natural and Synthetic Fibres.” Professor J. B. Speakman in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of the University Sheffield at 5.30 p.m. 31 THEINSTITUTE (Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midland Section) ‘‘ Chemical Hazards in the E1:ctrical Industry,” by Mr.C. P. Fagan; Industrial Health in the Gas Industry by Mr. D. Llewelyn.Both Zeclures based on Newton Chambers Prize Essays fur 1945. In the Grand Hotel Sheffield at 6.30 p.m. CHEMKCAL “Modern Trends in the Chemical Utilisation of Wood” (Tilden SOCIETY Lecture). Dr. W.G. Campbell in the Chemistry Department University College Dundee at 5 p.m. Feb. 1 MIDLANDCHEMISTS’ COMMITTEE Dinner and Dance at the Botanical Gardens Edgbaston Birmingham. INSTITUTE 0 Machines. PHYSICS (South Wales Branch) Some Applications of Calculating Dr. L. J. Comrie at University College Cardiff at 3 p.m. INDUSTRY I‘ 3 SocrmY OF CHEMICAL (Food Group and London Section) Refrigeration in the Food Industries.” Dr. E. Griffiths and hlr. F. R. Jones in London. 4 THEINSTITUTE (Huddersfield Section) Lecture by Professor M.G. Evans. OF CHEMICAL SOCIETY INDUSTRY (Road and Building Materials Group) jointly with the Institution of Chemical Engineers Conference on Particle Size Analysis at the Institution of Structural Engineers 11 Upper Belgrave Street London S.W.1 from 10 a.m. to 12.30 p.m. and 2 p.m. to 5 p.m. ELECTRODEPOSITORS’ SOCIETY TECHNICAL (Midlands Centre) ‘I Smoothing Action as a Mechanism in the Formation of Bright Nickel.” Dr. G. E. Gardam at the James Watt Memorial Institute Great Charles Street Birmingham 3. HULLCHEMICAL SOCIETY AND ENGINEERING “Magnesia from Sea Water.” Mr. W.C. Gilpin at the Church Institute Albion Street Hull at 7.30p.m. 0 CHEMICAL Tilden Lecture “The Application of Surface Chemistry to SOCIETY Colloidal Problems.” Dr. A. E. Alexander at Burlington House Piccadilly, London W.1 at 7.30p.m.c 296 1 1947 Feb. 7 THEINSTITUTE (Cardiff and District Section) jointly with the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry “Structural Inorganic Chemistry.” Professor W Wardlaw at University College Cardiff at 6.45 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Glasgow and West of Scotland Section) Tatlock Memorial Lecture “Alcohol and its Determination.” Dr. J. R. Nicholls. 10 THE INSTITUTE (Leeds Area Section) “Nitration in Sulphuric Acid Solution.” Dr G. M. Bennett. 11 SOCIETY0:‘ CHEMICALINDUSTRY (Plastics Group) jointly with the Faraday Society The Influence of Molecular Structure on the Elasticity and Tensile Strength of Rubber.” Dr. G. Gee at the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine Manson House 26 Portland Place London W.l at 2.30 p.m.SOCIETYOF PUBLIC ANALYSTSAND OTHERANALYTICALCHEMISTS (Physical Methods Group) Papers on Fluorimetric Analysis by Mr. E J. Bowen F.R.S. Dr. E. Kodicek and Dr. D. M. Simpson at the Chemical Society Burlington Honse Piccadillv London W.l at 6 p.m. 12 THE INSTITUTE (Hull and District Section) “The Theory of Resonance and its Importance in the Reactions of Organic Chemistry.” Dr. J. W. Baker at University College Hull at 7 p.m. THEINSTITUTE (Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast Section) jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry. Annual General Meeting at 6.30 p.m-, followed by a Film “Kelvin Master of Measurement,” at 7.30 p.m. in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre King’s college Newcastle upon Tyne.INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS (London and Home Counties Branch) Aqpual General Meeting at 2.15 p.m. followed at 2.30 p.m. by Symposium on New Optical Materials.” Mr. A. J. Philpot C.B.E. at the Royal Institution -4lbemarle Street London W.l. INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS(Manchester and District Branch) jointly With the Physical Society of Sheffield Physics and Steel Making.’’ Dr. C. Sykes at the Uni- versity Sheffield at 5.15 p.m. 13 THE INSTITUTE (EastMidlands Section) “Twenty Years as a Public Analyst.” Mr F.C. Bullock at Loughborough. THE INSTI~~JJTE (Manchester and District Section) jointly with the Chemical Society Some Aspects of the Chemistry of Fluorocarbons.” Professor M. Stacey in the Chemistry Department of the University of Manchester at 7.30 p.m.CEIFMICAL SOCIETY Official Meeting. Visit of the President. Discussion on Protein Chemistry,” in the Chemical Depaxtment of the University. Woodland Road Bristol at 5.30 p.m. SOCIETY, CHEMICAL jointly with the University Chemical Society ‘‘Bond Lengths in Aromatic Hydrocarbons.” Professor J. Monteath Robertson in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of the University Sheffield at 5.30 p.m. SOCIETY OF DYERSAND COLOURISTS(West Riding Section) :“Polymer Chemistry.” Dr. H. P. Staudinger at the Great Northern Victoria Hotel Bradford at 7.15 p.m. 14 THE INSTITUTE (Birmingham and Midlands Section) “Atoms and Electrons in Metals.” Dr. G. V. Raynor in the Technical College Wolverhampton at 6.30 p.m. (Not 7th FebruGry as in programme.) SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (Chemical Engineering Group) “Polyvinyl Chloride and its Co-Polymers.” Mr.G. Eyssen at the Geological Society. Burlington House Piccadilly London W.l at 5.30 p.m. 17 ELECTRODEPOSITORS’ SOCIETY TECHNICAL Symposium on “Bright Nickel Plating of Zinc-Base Die-Castings,” at the Northampton Polytechnic St. John Street London E.C.1. 18 SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Agriculture Group) :“Present-day Views on Soil Cultivation.” Dr. E. W. Russell in the Physical Chemistry Lecture Theatre Royal College of Science London S.W.7.at 2.30 p.m. OF INSTITUTEPHYSICS (Scottish Branch) “Dielectric Heating.” Mr. A. 3-Maddock at the University Glasgow. c 297 3 I947 Feb. 18 HULL CHEMICAL SOCIETY, AND ENGINEERING jointly with the Hull Association of Engineers “Compressed Asbestos Jointing.” Mr.W. E. Hoes at the Church Institute Albion Street Hull at 7.30 p.m. I9 SOCIETY INDUSTRY, OF CHEMICAL jointly with the Cardiff and District Section of the Institute Symposium on ‘‘Industrial Drying,” at University College Cardiff at 6.46 p.m. BRITISHASSOCIAT;ONOF CHEMISTS (Birmingham Section) “Chemistry in the Paint Industry. Mr. D. Hastilow at the Chamber of Commerce Birmingham at 7 p.m. 20 THE INSTITUTE (Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section) “Fluorescence.” Dr. Neil Campbell in the North British Station Hotel Edinburgh at 7 p.m. The Annual General Meeting of the Section will be held on the same day. CHEMICAL Reading of original papers at Burlington House Piccadilly SOCIETY London W.l at 7.30 p.m.CHEMICAL : SOCIETY“Recent Developments in the Chemistry of Starch and Glycogen.” Professor E. L. Hirst F.R.S.,in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of the University Liverpool at 5 p.m. CHEMICAL ‘‘Crystal Analysis and Stereochemistry.” Professor E. G. SOCIETY Cox in the Large Chemistry Theatre of University College Nottingham at 7 p.m. CHEMICALSOCIETY “Penicillin.” Professor Sir Howard Florey in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre Sheffield University Western Bank at 6.30 p.m. SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Road and Building Materials Group) :‘‘The Use of Lime in Building and Construction.” Dr. E. P. Stowell at Gas Industry House 1 Grosvenor Place London S.W.1 at 6 p.m. SOCIETY INDUSTRY, OF CHEMICAL jointly with the Institute of Fuel in the Chemical Department of the University Woodland Road Bristol at 5.30 p.m.31 CHEMICAL Annual General Meeting of Local Section followed by the SOCIETY reading of original papers in the Royal Technical College Glasgow at 7 p.m. CHEMICALSOCIETY, jointly with the University College of Southampton Chemical Society “The Chemistry of Vitamin A.” Professor Sir Ian Heilbron D.S.O., F.R.S. in the Physics Lecture Theatre of University College Southampton at 5 p.m. SOCIETY (Manchester Section) “Some Aspects of the OF DYERSAND COLOURISTS Action of Light on Dyed Textiles.” Mr. G. S. Egerton at 6.30 p.m. 22 INSTITUTION ENGINEERS:“Fuel Economy in a Small Factory.” OF CHEMICAL Mr. V.G. Jenner in the College of Technology Manchester at 3 p.m.25 CHEMICAL jointly with the Leeds University Chemical Society Display SOCIETY, of Scientific Films followed by a lecture at 6.30 p.m. on “The Chemistry of Penicillin,” by Professor Wilson Baker. In the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of the University Leeds at 5 p.m. 26 THEINSTITUTE (Birmingham and Midlands Section) “Chemical Constitution of the Penicilhs.” Dr. E. Boris Chain in the University Edmund Street Birm-ingham at 7 p.m. OF DYERSAND COLOURISTS SOCIETY (Midlands Section) ; “Use of Acids in Wool Dyeing.” Dr. F. Townend in Room 104 Leicester College of Art and Technology at 7 p.m. SOCIETY, 27 CHEMICAL jointly with the University Chemical Society “Homolytic Reactions.” Professor D. H. Hey in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of the University Sheffield at 5.30 p.m.OF DYERSAND COLOURISTS SOCIETY (West Riding Section) “The Use of Acids in Wool Dyeing.” Dr. F. Townend at the Great Northern Victoria Hotel Brad- ford at 7.16 p.m. 28 INSTITUTE “Continental War-time Developments in Spectroscopic OF PHYSICS Technique.” Mr. E. Van Someren in the E.L.M.A. Room at 2 Savoy Hill London W.C.2 at 6.30 p.m. SOCIETY (Scottish Section) Dr. F. F. Elsworth at the OF DYERSAND COLOURISTS St. Enoch Hotel Glasgow at 7 p.m. c 298 I I947 March 3 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (London Section) jo%tly with the London INDUSTRY Section of the Institution of the Rubber Industry Rubber Natural and Synthetic.” Mr. S. A. Brazier Mr. M. M. Heywood Mr. G. Martin Dr. W. J. S.Naunton and Dr. J. R. Scott at the Institution of Civil Engineers Great George Street Westminster London S.W.1. 4 ELECTRODEPOSITORS’ SOCIETY TECHNICAL (Midlands Centre) “The Treatment of Plating Shop Wastes.” Mr. E. W. Mulcahy at the James Watt Memorial Institute Great Charles Street Birmingham 3. AND ENGINEERING HULLCHEMI~AL SOCIETY jointly with the‘Hull Guild of Building The Water Supply of Kingston-upon-Hull; Past Present and Future.” Mr. T. H. Jones at the Church Institute Albion Street Hull at 7.30 p.m. INSTITUTION ENGINEERS OF CHEMICAL :“Gas Cooling with Aqueous Condensation.” Mr. L. Silver at the Geological Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.l at 6.30 p.m 6 CHEMICAL Reading of original papers at Burlington House Piccadilly SOCIETY London W.l at 7.30 p.m.INDUSTRY SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL Annual Meeting. Paper on “ Agitation (Mixing).’’ Dr. M. W. Travers F.R.S. in the Chemistry Department of the University Woodland Road Bristol at 5.30 p.m. 7 THEINSTITUTE (Newcastle upon Tyne and Nqfth-East Coast Section), jointly with the local chemical and technical societies Colour and Structure. Dr. H. H. Hodgson in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre King’s College Newcastle upon Tyne at 6.30 p.m. CHEMICALSOCIETY jointly with the University College of Swansea Chemical Society “The Making of Missing Chemical Elements.” Professor F. -4. Paneth in University College Swansea at 6 p.m. OF PHYSICS 8 INSTITUTE (South Wales Branch) “Applications of Photography to the Study of Nuclear Particles.” Professor A.M. Tyndall F.R.S. at University College Swansea at 3 p.m. 10 SOCIETYOF ,?HEMICAL INDUSTRY, jointly with the Institution of the Rubber Industry Polymerisation.” Dr. R. Hill at Birmingham. 11 SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (PlastFs Group) jointly with the Institute of the Plastics Industry (London Section) Contact Pressure Laminates.” Dr. E. G. Williams at the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine Manson House 26 Portland Place London W.l at 2.30 p.m. 1% THEINSTITUTE (Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast Section) jointly with the Society ,pf Chemical Industry Bedson Club and Institution of Mechanical Engineers The Training of Chemical Engineers.” Professor A. F. Burstall in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre King’s College Newcastle upon Tyne at 6.30p.m.INSTITUTEPETROLEUM OF “Modem Developments in Geophysical Prospecting.” Ir. A. Van Weelden at Manson House 26 Portland Place London W.l at 5.30 p.m. 13 THEINSTITUTE (Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section) jointly with the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry “The Composition and Structure of Proteins.” Professor A. C. Chibnall F.R.S.,in the North British Station Hotel Edinburgh at 7.30 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Manchester and District Section) jointly with the Chemical Society:Meeting for the reading of original papers in the Chemistry Department of the University Manchester at 7 p.m. 14 THE INSTITUTE (Hull and District Section) :“Recent Developments in Combustion.” Dr. D. T. A. Townend at University College Hull at 7 p.m.[ 299 1 1947 March 14 CHEMICALSOCIETY “The Composition and Structure of Proteins.” Professor A. C. Chibnall F.R.S. in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of the University Glasgow at 7.15 p.m. OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY SOCIETY (Chemical Engineering Group) “Steam Saving in the Chemical Engineering Industry.” Mr. A. Milnes in the Geological Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.1 at 5.30 p.m. INSTITUTE (Manchester and District Branch jointly with the Industrial OF PHYSICS Radiology Group) in the New Physics Theatre University of Manchester at 7 p.m. 15 INSTITUTE (Midland Branch jointly with the Electronics Group) “The OF PHYSICS Acceleration of Electrons and Ions to Energies of the order of 108 Electron-volts.” Professor P.B. Moon at the University Edmund Street Birmingham. TECHNICAL : 17 ELECTRODEPOSITORS’ SOCIETY“The Surface Conditions of Metals in Relation to Electrodeposition.” Dr. A. T. Steer at the Northampton Poly-technic St. John Street London E.C.1. 18 THE INSTITUTE (Huddersfield Section) Annual General Meeting and Show of Films. THEINSTITUTE (Tees-side Section) Lecture by Professor Sir Ian Heilbron D.S.O. F.R.S. SOCIETY CHEMICAL Tjlden Lecture. “The Application of Surface Chemistry to Colloidal Problems. Dr. A. E. Alexander. in the Large Chemistry Theatre of University College Nottingham at 7 p.m. OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY SOCIETY (Agriculture Group) ‘‘Soil Conditions and Tree Growth.” Dr. L Leyton and Mr. G. W. Dumbleby in the Physical Chemistry Lecture Theatre Royal College of Science London S.W.7,at 2.30p.m.HULLCHEMICAL SOCIETY AND ENGINEERING “Relativity-An Unorthodox View.” Mr. E. C. Craven at the Church Institute Albion Street Hull at 7.30p.m. OF DYERSAND COLOURISTS SOCIETY (Huddersfield Section) “The Use of Acids in Wool Dyeing.” Dr. E. Townend at Field’s Cafd Huddersfield at 7.30 p.m. 19 THE INSTITUTE (Cardiff and District) jointly ”3th the Society of Chemical Industry and the Chemical Society Gammexane. Dr. L. J. Burrage at Newport Technical College at 6.45 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) jointly With the London Branch of the Institute of Physics at the Royal Institution Albemarle Street London W.l at 2.30 p.m.THEINSTITUTE (Newcastle upon Tynetmd North-East Coast Section) jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry The Chemistry of Vitamin A.” Professor Sir Ian Heilbron D.S.O. F.R.S. in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre King’s College Newcastle upon Tyne at 6.30p.m. BRITISHASSOCIATXON OF CHEMISTS(Birmingham Section) “Some Experiences in the Microbiological Assay of Vitamins.” Dr. F. W. Xorris at the Chamber of Commerce Birmingham at 7 p.m. OF DYERSAND COLOURISTS SOCIETY (Midlands Section) “The Chemistry and Application of Detergents.” Dr. John H. Hill in the King’s Head Hotel Loughborough at 7 p.m. 20 THEINSTITUTE (Aberdeen and North of Scotland) ‘‘Recent Developments in the Chemistry of Starch and Glycogen.” Professor E. L. Hirst F.R.S. CHEMICAL SOCIETY Annual General Meeting.21 THEINSTITUTE (Glasgow and West of Scotland Section) :Annual General Meeting. OF DYERSAND COLOURISTS SOCIETY (Scottish Section) “Emulsions for Textiles. ” Dr. J. R. F. Jackson at the St. Enoch Hotel Glasgow at 7 p.m. [ 3003 ANNOUNCEMENTS [See aZso references to Important Events in 1947 p. 286.1 Annual General Meeting 1947.-Approval having been given by the Privy Council to changes in By-Laws as set forth in a resolution duly passed at a Special General Meeting of the Institute held on 15th November 1946 and confirmed at a Special General Meeting held on 22nd November 1946 (see p. 257) the Annual General Meeting of the Institute will be held on Friday 18th April 1947. The Anniversary Luncheon will be held on the same day.Nomination of General Members of Council.-Attention is directed to the relevant By-laws which following approval of amendments by the Privy Council (see p. 258), are as follows:- By-law 26.-(!) Any twenty Members not being Members of the Council may nominate one eligble Fellow as a candidate for election as a General Member of the Council but no Member shall nominate more than one such Fellow. (2) Any nomination made under this By-law shall be delivered to the Secretary not later than the fwst day of February next preceding the date at which the Annual General Meeting is to be held and shall be in the following form:-“We the undersigned Members of the Royal Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland do hereby certify that A.B.of (registered address) a Fellow of this Institute is in our estimation a fit and proper person to be a General Member of the Council of the Institute and we do hereby nominate him as a Candidate for election as a General Member of the Council. (3) Any such nomination may consist of several documents in like form each signed by one or more Members. (The name of every candidate nominated in accordance with By-law 26 will be included in the Balloting List.) By-law 24.-(2) No person who has been eiected as a District Member of the Council for any year of Office shall be eligible for election as a General Member of the Council for that year of Office and if such person is elected as President Vice-president or Treasurer for that year of Office he shall vacate his Office as a District Member of the Council and the vacancy shall be filled up as on a casual vacancy.The General Members of Council who retire at the next Annual General Meeting on 12th March 1946 in accordance with the By-laws and are ineligible as such for re-election are as follows:-Ralph Clark Chirnside John Frederick James Dippy Ph.D. D.Sc. John Masson Gulland M.A. Ph.D. D.Sc. F.R.S. Donald Holroyde Hey Ph.D. D.Sc. Juda Hirsch Quastel Ph.D. D.Sc. A.R.C.S. F.R.S. An additional vacancy arises through the resignation of:-Theodore Frederick Dixon B.Sc. Ph.D. Nominations for the new Council must be delivered at the Institute not later than 1st February 1947. District Members of Counci1.-The District Members of Council will be as follows:- Birmingham and Midlands Eric Millward Joiner BSc.A.C.I.S. Bristol and South-Western Counties Thomas Malkin Ph.D. D.Sc. East Midlands and South Yorkshire Ernest James Vaughan M.Sc. A.R.C.S. D.I.C. Liverpool and North-West Coast Leslie Victor Cocks. London and South-Eastern Counties and East Anglia Harry Baines D.Sc. Manchester and District Albert Coulthard B.Sc. Ph.D. Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast (including Tees Side) Frank Ronald Williams Ph.D. Yorkshire (including Leeds Area and Huddersfield) Arthur Ernest Everest Ph.D. D.Sc. Edinburgh and East of Scotland Hugh Bryan Nisbet Ph.D. D.Sc.. AX.-W.C. Aberdeen and North of Scotland Roy Brown Strathdee M.A. BSc. Ph.D. Glasgow and West of Scotland David Traill B.Sc.Ph.D. Wales and the County of Monmouth William Dudley Williams BSc., A.M.1.Chem.E.. M.1nst. Pet. Northern Ireland Mervyn Hector Hall M.Sc. Ph.D. Irish Free State JohnWilfrid Parkes M.Sc. The Overseas Dominions and elsewhere abroad Hans Krall B.A. M.Sc. c 301 3 Examinations-Examinations wiU be held in April and Xay 1947 as follows:- For the Associajcskip In London and in Leech-Theoretical papers Monday and Tuesday 28th and 29th April. Practical work:- In Leeds Tuesday to Friday 15th to 18th April inclusive. In London Wednesday to Saturday 30th April to 3rd May inclusive. Nu&.-No Examination will he held in Manchester on this occasion Candidates who have not yet been accepted should forward their applications to be received not later than Monday 10th February 1947.Last Date for Entry 17th February. Fw the Fellowship In London or elsewhere at the discretion of the Council in the week commencing Monday 5th May 1946. Last dates for application and for entry as for the Associateship. Henderson Memorial Lecture.-The first Henderson Memorial Lecture entitled ’The Life and Work of George Gerald Henderson,” will be delivered by Professor Sir Ian Heilbron D.S.O. F.R.S. at the Royal Institution Albemarle Street London W.l on Monday 20th January 1947 at 5.30 p.m. The foundation of the Henderson Memorial Lectures to perpetuate the memory of Professor G. G. Henderson F.R.S. a former President of the Institute is due to the generous action of Dr. David Spence one of Henderson’s students now resident in the U.S.A.in providing a trust fund for this purpose (see JOURNAL AND PROCEEDIKGS 1946 V 217). Lincoln College Oxford Fellowship in Chemistry.-The Rector and Fellows of the College propose to elect an official fellow in chemistry for appointment on 1st ,October 1947. Particulars may be obtained from the Rector to whom application including a personal record and the names of three references (but no testimonials) should be made before 8th February 1947. University of London Turner and Newalf Research Fellowships.-Applications are invited for Research Fellowships founded by Turner and Newall Ltd. and tenable in the University of London and normaIly of the value of L600 per annum. The Fellow- .ships will be awarded for original research in Inorganic Chemistry Engineering Physics and allied subjects.A Fellow will be required to take a limited part in the teaching in the Department in which he works. Fellowships will be tenable from October 1947, but applications from candidates now on National Service who cannot take up appoint- ment to the Fellowship until later will also be considered. Detailed Regulations and application forms can be obtained from the Academic Registrar University of London at the Senate House London W.C.1 and applications must be received at that address #not later than 30th April 1947. Scientific Courses.-Particulars of the following have been received:- Short Couvses of Postgraduate Lectures on the Chemistry of Oils Fats and Waxes at CheZsea Polytechnic.-“Some Modern Aspects of the Chemistry of Oils and Fats,” by Dr.J. H. Skelton six lectures on Friday evenings at 7.30 p.m. beginning on 10th January 1946. “Waxes Modem Views on Chemistry and Technology of Waxes and Wax-like Substances,” by L. Ivanovozky :five lectures on Friday evenings at 7.30p.m., beginning on 28th February. Fee for each course 10s. Application for enrolment should be made to the Principal Chelsea Polytechnic Manresa Road London S.W.3. Lecture and Laboratory Courses on special branches of Chemical Analysis at the Sir John Cass TechnicaZ Institute.-“Electrochemical Analysis,” by Dr. A. J. Lindsey :ten lectures with demonstrations on Monday evenings 6-8 p.m. beginning 20th January 1947; fee for the course il. “Microchemical Analysis,” by Mr.David Wilson ten lecture demonstrations on Thursday evenings 6-8 p.m. beginning 16th January ; fee for the course 151. “Spectroscopic Analysis,” by Dr. S. Judd Lewis and Mr. David Wilson :six lectures on Friday evenings 6-7.30 p.m. beginning loth January 1947 ; fee for the course 10s. Facilities for laboratory work will be offered later to a limited number of students in connection with the two last-mentioned courses. Application for enrolment in any of the above courses should be made to the Principal Sir john Cass Technical Institute Jewry Street Aldgate London E.C.3. c 3023 Course of Postgraduate Lectures on Biochemical Kinetics at the University of Bristo1.-The course will consist of ten lectures by Dr. D. E. Eley at 3.30 p.m. on Thurs-days beginning 23rd January in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre.Local members of the Institute are invited to attend. Summer School on Some Recent Advances in Physical Chemlstry at the University of Cambridge.-Courses of lectures and practical work will be given on the following three topics:-Molecular Structure and Valency Theory; Chain Reactions; Physics and Chemistry of Rubbing Solids. The courses will be held from 16th to 23rd August in the University Department of Physical Chemistry and the fee will be 12 guineas, inclusive of accommodation in colleges for 8 nights which will be provided for those who desire it. Those wishing to attend should obtain application forms as soon as possible from the Joint Secretaries Summer School in Physical Chemistry Laboratory of Physical Chemistry Cambridge.Boots’ Booklovers Library.-Under the arrangements made on behalf of Fellows and Associates with Boots’ Booklovers Library the service for current subscriptions will expire on 1st March 1947. Fresh application forms must be obtained by those who ‘desire to renew the service. Members must renew their subscriptions or return the last volume and membership token to the local or most convenient branch of the Library on or before 1st March. Forms may be obtained from the Registrar. Telephone Number of the 1nstltute.-The telephone number of the Institute has been changed to MUSeum 1761/2. PUBLICATIONS OF THE INSTITUTE Many of the publications we out of print and members are advised not to send cheqzcss OT ordevs roith enquavies fw publications othev than those listed below of which limited supplies aye still avaitable.LZCTURES “Copyright with special reference to Scientih Papers and Publications.” E. J. MacGillivray K.C. (1926.) 2s. net. “Fire Risks in Industry.” A. M. Cameron BSc. F.R.I.C. (1927.) 2s. net. “Chemists and Dividends.” S. M. Gluckstein. (1927.) 2s. net. “Lessons Learnt from Industrial Gases and Fumes.” Sir T. Legge C.B.E.,M.D. (1930.) 2s. net. “The Nature of Simple Molecules and of Elementary Processes.” A. J. AlImand M.C.,D.Sc. F.R.I.C. F.R.S. (1932.) 2s. 6d. net. “The Chemist in the Far East.” A. Marcan F.R.I.C. (1933.) 2s. net. “Alchemists in Art and Literature.” Richard B. Pilcher O.B.E. F.C.I.S. (1933.) 2s. 6d. net. *“Beer.” H.F. E. Hulton F.R.I.C. (1934.) 2s. net. “Electrometric Methods in Physical and Analytical Chemistry.” S. Glasstone D.Sc. F.R.I.C. (1934) 2s. 6d. net. “Food and the Consumer.” G. W. Monier-Williams O.B.E.,M.A. Ph.D. F.R.I.C. (1935.) 2s. net. “Protection against Toxic Gases in Industry.” J. Davidson Pratt,O.B.E.,M.A., B.Sc. F.R.I.C. (1936.) 2s. net. “Our Money.” W. H.Coates Ph.D. LL.B. B.Sc. (1937.) 2s. net. “Gas Defence from the Point of View of the Chemist.” J. Davidson Pratt O.B.E., M.A.,B.Sc. F.R.I.C. (1937.) 2s. net. “Oxidation-Reduction Potentials and their Applications.” S. Glasstons D.Sc., F.R.I.C. (1937.) 25 net. [ 303 1 *“Chemical Changes and Chances.” Sir Martin Forster D.Sc. F.R.I.C. F.R.S. (1937.) 2s. net. “The Development of the Chemistry of Commercial Synthetic Dyes (18116-1938).” F.M. Rowe D.Sc. F.R.I.C. (1938.) 6s. net. *“Opium.” J. R. Nicholls D.Sc. F.R.I.C. (1938.) 2s. 6d.net. t“Rese&ch in the Iron and Steel Industry.” W.H. Ratfield D.Met. F.R.S. (1938. 2s. 6d. net. “Ludwig Mond F.gS. 1839-1909.” F. G. Donnan C.B.E. D.Sc. F.R.I.C. F.R.S. (1939.) 2s. net. *“Magnesite.” A. W. Comber F.R.I.C. Assoc. Inst. M.M. (1939.) 2s. net. “Chromatographic Analysis.” A. H. Cook,Ph.D. D.I.C.,F.R.I.C. (1941.) 2s. net. *“Precious Metals.” H.Gordon Dale F.R.I.C. (1941.) 2s. net. “Rust- Acid- and Heat-Resisting SteeIs.” W.H.HatiieId D.Met. F.R.S. (1942.) 2s. 6d. net. *“Notes on Water Treatment.” Russell G. Pelly F.R.I.C. (1942.) 2s. net. “Leather.” D. Jordan-Lloyd M.A. D.Sc.F.R.I.C. (1943.) 2s. 6d. net. “Cement and Concrete.” F. M.Lea O.B.E. D.Sc. F.R.I.C. (1946.) 2s. 6d. net. “Chemistry and Clothing.” First DaZton Lecture. D. A. Clibbens. (1946.) 2s. net. “Industrial Non-Ferrous Alloys.” Harold Moore C.B.E. D.Sc. F.R.I.C. (1945.) 2s. 6d. net. “Microchemistry and its Applications.” Ronald Belcher F.R.I.C. (1946.) 4s. 6d. net. “Soil Metabolism.” J. H. Quastel n.Sc. Ph.D. A.R.C.S. F.R.I.C. F.R.S. (1946.) 2s. 6d. net “A New Notation for Organic Chemistry and its Application to Library and Indexing Problems.” Lecture under thejoint auspices of the Chemical Society the Royal Institute of Chemistvy the Society of Chemicallndustvy and the Bureau of Abstracts. G. Malcolm Dyson M.A. Ph.D. M.I.Chem.E. F.Inst.Pet. F.R.I.C. (1946).2s. 6d. net. *“Water and Public Health.” W. Gordon Carey F.R.I.C. (1946.) 2s. 6d. net. FOR THE ADMISSION ASSOCIATES Gratis. REGULATIONS OF STUDENTS AND FELLOWS. Six Parts annually. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. THEPROFESSION OF CHEMISTRY. Richard B. Pilcher O.B.E. F.C.I.S. 4th Edith. (1938.) Gratis. Slveatfeild Memovial Lectures. t Gluckstein MemmirJ Lectwes. c 304 3 GENERAL NOTICES (For notices relating to mattevs of imntcdiatc impovtance see ‘‘ Announcements ” on p. 301.) Notice to Associates.-Regulations and forms of application for the Fellowship can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments or are desirous of extending their opportunities is kept at the offices of the Institute.For full information inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Li braries.-The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society Burlington House Piccadilly W.l to the maintenance of which the Institute makes substantial con- tributions is available to Fellows Associates and Registered Students wishing to consult or borrow books from 10 a.m. to 9 p.m. on week-days (except Saturdays 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.). Books can also be borrowed by post. Books may be borrowed from the Science Library Science Museum South Kensing- ton S.W.7 on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Secretary of the Institute. The Library of the Institute is being re-organised but limited service is available to Fellows Associates and Registered Students from 10 a.m.to 6 p.m. on week-days (except Saturdays 10 a.m. to 1 p.m.). Information regarding facilities afforded to members by Lewis’s Lending Library can also be obtained from the Registrar. Reports on German Industries.-Copies of a number of Reports of the Combined Intelligence Objectives Sub-committee (C.I.O.S.) and of the British Intelligence Sub- committee (B.I.O.S.) on industrial plants and processes in Germany published by H.M. Stationery Office have been received and are available for consultation in the Library of the Institute. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A list of slides of portraits of great chemists and other scientists throughout the ages can be obtained on application to the Secretary. As the slides are frequently in demand members are requested to notify their require- ments at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used.joi nt Su bsc ri ption A r rang em e n ts.-Fellows Associates and Registered Students who wish to participate in the arrangements whereby they can acquire on favourable terms membership of the Chemical Society the Society of Chemical Industry and the Faraday Society with substantial privileges as to publications (see special article JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1945 Part IV p. 148). can obtain further particulars and necessary forms from the Conjoint Chemical Office 9 and 10 Savile Row London W. 1. Benevolent Fund.-Contributions for I946 may be sent to the Honorary Treasurer 30 Russell Square London W.C. I.Forms for Deeds of Covenant may be obtained from the Secretary. Covers for the journal.-Members who desire covers (2s. each) for binding the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS in annual volumes should notify the Assistant Secretary of their requirements indicating the years (1946 or earlier) required. Service with H.M. Forces.-Fellows Associates and Registered Students who are on service with the Navy Army and Air Force are requested to notify the Institute giving particulars as to their rank unit etc. Changes of Add ress.-Fellows Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give so far as possible their permanent addresses for registration. When writing from an address different from that previously giving they are requested to state if the new address is to be used in future and whether the change affects the Appointments Register.All requests for changes should be addressed to the Registrar and not to the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. In order to facilitate identification Fellows Associates and Registered Students are asked to give their full initials on communications addressed to the Institute. In the prevailing circumstances they are also asked not invariably to expect formal acknowledgments of communications addressed to the Institute unless replies are necessary. E 3051

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/RG9467000253

出版商:RSC    

年代:1946

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

Index 1946 [Figures ivt bold type rejw to s$ecial articles OY to entries of #articular importance] Accounts Annual 19,71 72 256 Agriculture Research 190,225 Andersonkdn Chemical Society 286 Announcements 49 104 134 204 244 301 Annual General Meeting 70 72 301 Appointments and Economic Status Com-mittee 70 123 162 164 264 Appointments Register 13 254 261 Associateship Amendment of Regulations for Admission to 49 ilssociation of British Chemical Manu- facturers Directory 286 Association of Scientific Workers 33 Atomic Energy 51 109 190 224 Atomic Scientists Association 137 Auditors 74 78 Australian Chemical Institute 37 124,179 Rarlow Committee Report 221 Benevolent Fund 10 26 32 35 49 71 104 106 121 123 137 161 263 266 281 Books and their Contents 58 111 149, 195 242 288 British Association 185 287 British Association of Chemists 33 British Management Council 122 287 British National Committee for Chemistry 124 British Standards Institution 70 187 220 257 286 Broadcasting 266 By-Laws Amendment of 244 263,257 Censors 34 77 Certificates Presentation of 31 70 170 260 Charter and By-Laws Committee on Revision of 7 31 34 168 Chemical Council 17 33 36 40,72 94, 124 128,165,181,214 266 257 269 Chemical Council Annual Report 269 Chemical Engineering Course 125 Chemical Institute of Canada 179,221 286 Chemical Society Centenary 163,187,287 Chemical Society 136,185 Chimie Industrielle Congrhs de 266 +lResearch 191 224 ,olonial Office 162 264 Coming Events 61 118 168 201 246 286 296 kmmittees Constitution of 5 70 77 Zonsultants Directory of 12,216,266 Zonsulting Work by Scientists Code of Practice 35 162 :ontracts of Service 12,162,177 206 246 Zouncil Annual Report of 1 36 73 >ouncil Membership and Nomination of, 36 70 74 76 121,244 253 301 Council Proceedings of 31 69 121 161 253 Council Proposed Changes in Constitution 7,265 Courses Scientific 17 35 66 69,104 165; 171 185 206 214,246 261 302 Deaths 62 118 158 200 243 205 Defence and Scientific Research 109 Dominion Chemical Institutes 124 165, 179 Economic Status and Welfare Committee 12 (see also Appointments and Econo- mic Status Committee) Education Medical 212 Education Metallurgical 51 Education Scientific 16 35 80 171 Education Technical 80 193 Education Veterhary I94 Electrodepositors' Technical Society 286, 286 Empire Scientific Conference 106 184 Engineering Research 225 Examinations 11 46,138 227 Examiners Board of,78 Explosive Mixture of Salts 286 Faxaday Society 17 Fellowship Standard of Election to 170, 173 260 Films,Scientific 107 286 Finance and House Committee 8 32 35 69 71 121 123,161,164 253 265 Findlay Professor A.Retiring President 75 79 84 (photograph,facing#. 121) Frankland Sir Edward Medal and Prize 72 136 205 245 Fuel Institute of 185 266 German Scientific Books 285 German Scientists 52 Gluckstein Memorial Lecture 30 121 Health Congress 70 Henderson Memorial Lecture 69 164,217, 302 Homes for Old People 281 Honours 50 105 135 183 282 Hull and District Section formation of 7, 123 163 264 Income Tax 226 Indian Section Reorganisation of 93 123 Industrial Research Bill 52 International Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry 136,287 International Council of Scientific Unions, 54,188 International Union of Chemistry I65 Investments 25 28 Joint Council of Professional Scientists 18 32 162 254 omt Subscription Arrangements 255,257 305 Laboratory Technicians 33 72 Laboratory Tenancy of 9 34 71 Lectures Institute 284 302 Lectures Summaries of :-Anti-Lewisite British 274 Atomic Fission Chemical Aspects of Recent Work on 42 Biochemistry of Vitamins Recent Ad- vances in 102 Building and its Materials Research on 44 Chemical and Allied Industries Some Modem Trends in the 101 Chemical Elements The Making of Missing 277 Coalfield The Northumberland and Durham A Study of Reserves and Output 271 Detergents 96 Drying Oils Mechanism of Oxidation and Reduction of the Unsaturated Groups in 275 Electron Microscopy 100 Endocrinology Recent Developments in 131 Farming Applications of Scientific Principles to Practical in New Zea-land 272 Fuel Control Industrial Chemistry in 132 Government Laboratory The 278 Microchemical Methods 130 Micro-technique Biochemical 278 Ministry of Food War Time Experiences at the 276 Oilfields The English 43 Penicillin 98 Penicillin The Chemistry of 97 Photographic Materials for Scientific Purposes The Choice of 95 Polarography Applications of to Metal- lurgical Analysis 133 Potash and Crop Production 182 Spectroscopy Some Industrial Applica- tions of 41 Statistics and the Chemist 100 “Unnitratables” in Benzol and Toluol 129 Vegetable Behydration Principles and Practice of 132 Leeds Area Section Silver Jubilee 264 Library Institute Re-organisation 16 279 Liverpool and North-Western Section Scientific Courses 214 261 Local Sections Activities 14 37 89 126 176 213 262 Local Sections Finance 7 34 122 161 164 166 265 258 Local Sections Hon.Secretaries Confer- ences of 166 258 Local Sections Membership 88 Local Sections Rules 31 122 161 168 253 259 London and South-Eastern Counties Section Report on Scientific Films 107 Luncheon Anniversary 84 301 Lynch Dr.G. Roche President 75 Manchester and District Section Ques- tionnaire 172 259 Mechanical Engineers Institution of 255 287 Medical Profession Organisation of 209 Medical Research 228 Institution of Metallurgists 33 Meldola Medal 30 163 245 256 Membership of the Institute 3 264 Ministry of Education 71 Ministry of Labour and National Service 170 221 Molasses 286. National Certificates 16 71 240 254 267 Newton Chambers Prize Essay 245 New Zealand Institute of Chemistry 179 Nominations Examinations and Institu- tions Committee 10 32 34 69 71 122 123 161 253 256 Notes 50 105 135 183 219 282 Notices General 67 120 159 207 252 305 Obituary 56 112 150 196 243 289 Oils and Fats Course at Liverpool 104 165 185 214 261 Organic Chemistry New Notation for 163 205 221 284 Parliamentary and Scientific Committee 18 Parliament Science in 51 109 190 224 Patent Law Revision of 37 110 122 165 187 254 Patents Government Owned 286 Pedler Sir Alexander Fund 29 163 205 Penicillin 137 Physics Institute of 285 287 Poisons Board 78 Professional Chemical lnstitutes in the British Empire 179 Professions Organisation of other 209 Professional Scientists Status 162 175 Public Analysts Status and Remunera- tion of 34 122 254 Publications and Library Committee 16 32 36 69 122 124 162 254 Publications of the Institute List of 68 160 303 Public Health Service 12 81 Questionnaire Manchester and District Section 123 164 169 172 259 Radium and Radioactive Substances 220 Ramsay Chemical Dinner 285 Register The 59 115 155 199 243 292 Representatives on other Bodies 6 78 Research Associations 110 “Royal Institute of Chemistry in Post- War Britain,” 79 Royal Society 124.184 Russian Scientific Publications 63 Salaries of Chemists 254 Scientific Civil Service 32,63 82 122 162 164 186 226. 254 Scientific Equipment Surplus 54 193 Scientific Film Association 17 107 220 286 Scientific Manpower and Resources 35 53 106 192 221 226.Scientific Terms Definitions of 17 33 Scottish Local Sections Proposed Sym-posium 124 286 Scrutineers Report of 74 Secretaries Hon. Corresponding 121 128 253 Society of Chemical Industry 185 Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists 34 72 165 255 South African Chemical Institute I79 Special General Meetings 163 205 244, 283 257 Special Purposes Committee 70 122 162 Spectroscopy Course at Liverpool 104 166 186 214 261 Spence Dr. D. endowment of Lecture 69 164 217 Staff Matters 71 164 256 Streatfeild Memorial Lecture 30 285 Students National Service 54 110 170 192 266 261 Students Welfare of 266 Surveyors,Royal Institute of Chartered,265 Technical Colleges Research in 162 186 Universities 194 223,226 302 Water Analysis Methods 265 Water Engineers Institution of 265 Welfare of Members 82 162 175 “What Industry Owes to Chemical Science,” 35 49 134 254 World Power Conference 187 286 287 PRINTED BY W. HEFFER L SONS LTD.. CAMBRIOOIL ENGLAND

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/RG9467000306

出版商:RSC    

年代:1946

数据来源: RSC