Prophylaxis forPneumocystis cariniihas been standard care in HIV therapeutics for almost a decade. This year saw the results of clinical trials demonstrating effective prophylaxis for most of the main HIV-related opportunistic infections, systemic fungal,Mycobacterium aviumcomplex and cytomegalovirus. However, in spite of effectiveness, it is unclear that survival is prolonged, and multiple prophylaxis is complicated by increased toxicity, drug-drug interactions, microbial resistance and cost.