THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. Patron -H.M. THE KING. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. PART V: 1938. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Begdstrar and Secretary.. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE,LONDON,W.C.I. October, 1938. Publications Committee, 1938-39. ~~~ ~ W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD (Chairman), Sir ROBERT H. PICKARD (President), W. M. AMES, A. L. BACHARACH, JAMES BELL, HAROLD BURTON, ALBERT COULTHARD, H. E. COX, B. S. EVANS, A. E. EVEREST, A. E.FINDLEY, J. B. FIRTH, A. A. HALL, J. W. HAWLEY, H. H. HODGSON, J. R. JOHNSON, EDGAR LEWIS, P. LEWIS-DALE, C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, J. R. NICHOLLS, G. S.ROBERTSON, E. A. TYLER. 375 Editorial. The late Mr. Patrick Henry Kirka1dy.-The Prebident and Council of the Institute record with deep regret the death of Mr. Patrick Henry Kirkaldy, whose de\-otion to the Institute as Honorary Treasurer (1924-36), as well as in other capacities, has been acknowledged so frequently in the Annual Reports and in Presidential Addresses. His common sense and sound judgment, his unfailing good nature and keen sense of humour, combined to render him an excellent Chairman, so that his colleagues invariably enjoyed giving him their full and loyal support in the work of the Committees over which he was called upon to preside. After his retirement from teaching in 1919,he was much concerned with the business of the Institute, and while he was Honorary Treasurer, he rarely allowed a week to pass without paying visits to the office, apart from his attendance at meetings.He endeared himself not only to the other Officers and Members of Council, but also to the executive Officers and staff, who warmly appreciated the interest that he took in their welfare. On his retirement from the office of Honorary Treasurer, in October, 1936, the Council expressed its grateful thanks for his valuable services, and acknowledged the indebtedness of the Institute to him, not only for the thought, time and ability which he had so ungrudgingly given to its affairs, but also for the unfailing courtesy and kindliness by which he retained, throughout his active participation in its work, the affectionate regard and esteem of all with whom he came into contact.Photo by] [J.Russell 6. Sons. PATRICK HENRY KIKKALDY Honordry Treasurer: I Y24-I 936. 376 National Service.-In order that information may be available with regard to qualified professional men with special experience, members of the Institute have been asked to allow their names to be placed on a card index. Those who have done so are assured that this does not entail any obligation. Few individuals do not realise that they have a responsibility as citizens to be prepared to take part in any scheme for National Defence. The importance of having, in some form, lists of those who are available for National Service, need hardly be emphasised.Many Fellows and Associates are aware that the nature of their present work is such that they could hardly be of more value to the State if employed in any other capacity; but those who are not so placed would be wise to complete their returns, lest they may, in the case of a National Emergency, find themselves in positions where their talents and knowledge would not be used to the best advantage of the country. Food and Drugs Act, 1938. The passing of the Food and Drugs Act, 1938, which comes into operation on 1st October, 1939, is an event of some impor-tance to many members of the Institute. Probably more chemists are employed in connexion with the control or manu- facture of foodstuffs than in any other single industry.Hence the changes introduced by the 1938 Act are of interest to many besides the Public Analysts, who are directly concerned with the administration of the Act. Although the Act, which includes no fewer than 103 clauses, -is in the main a consolidation act, it yet introduces some new principles, and is the most comprehensive measure on the subject yet produced. It deals with a great variety of topics, including markets, knackers’ yards, slaughter-houses, and cold- air stores, which did not formerly come within the Food and Drugs Acts. Some idea of the extent of the consolidation is seen from the list of enactments repealed; this goes back so far as the reign of Henry VIII to an Act “Concing Phisicians” and to one of Queen Mary’s reign “touching thincorporations of the Phisitions in London.” Perhaps of more importance are 377 the repeal of the Bread Acts of 1836 and 1922, and of the various Milk and Dairies Acts and parts of the Public Health Acts dated from 1875 to 1936.The Act now passed is designed not only to simplify the law and bring it into accord with other modern legislation, but to give more power to the departments of State to legislate by regulation. As many are aware, this procedure has not always been favourably commented upon by the judiciary. The Minister of Health may make regulations concerning the prepara- tion, transport, and storage of food, and its exposure for sale, wrapping and labelling, and generally in relation to its composition.He may make special regulations with regard to bread and flour and any additions thereto. He may also cause samples of food to be taken for analysis and direct a local authority to institute legal proceedings. The terms of appointment, as well as the qualifications of Public Analysts, will now require his direct approval. A point of importance to food chemists generally, as well as to Public Analysts, arises in clause 6, where it is made an offence to publish any advertisement which falsely describes a food or drug or is calculated to mislead. It will be a good defence to the charge, however, if a person did not know, and could not reasonably have ascertained, that the advertisement was of such character. Obviously it comes within the scope of the chemist to see that sales departments or advertising agents do not un- wittingly make false statements or gross exaggerations in relation to food products.Formerly, any prosecution in such a matter involved proof of the fact that the defendant applied the false description wilfully; hence the section was not much used. The new clause is in accord with the recommendations of the Depart- mental Committee and tightens the law considerably. The onus of proof now lies on the defendant to show that he could not reasonably have known or ascertained that the statement was false. Times change; so do the Food and Drugs Acts. The inclu- sion in the British Pharmacopceia of vitamin standards and certain biological assays, involves inter aha,certain lengthy tests which cannot be completed within the 28 days before the expira- tion of which proceedings must at present be instituted : Clause 80 of the new Act extends the time limit to 42 days when necessary.The sections of most direct importance, in connexion with public appointments, are clauses 64, 66 and 69. Of these, 64 is 378 far-reaching, because it re-defines a Food and Drugs Authority- that is the authority charged with the duty of appointing Public Analysts and, in general, of executing the provisions of the Act. Whereas formerly Food and Drugs Authorities (outside the County of London) were County Councils and County Boroughs or Boroughs having separate police establishments, it is now the duty of Boroughs,-County or non-County,-having a population of 40,000 or upwards to appoint Public Analysts.Further, areas of zo,ooo or more may make appointments if the Minister so directs. It is clear that these provisions will have the effect of increasing the number of appointments of Public Analysts, since many boroughs at present included in county areas are to become separate Food and Drugs Authorities. This applies particularly to areas near the large towns, and the phenomenal growth of the London suburbs will involve many appointments which, unless the Minister makes certain exceptions as he is empowered to do, will be carved out of the county areas. Of course it may well happen that the County Analyst will be appointed to the boroughs in his area.It remains to be seen how this re-distribution works out: on balance it is likely to increase the number of appointments. If some Public Analysts are displaced, clause 95 very properly provides for their compensation. Clause 64 was undoubtedly the most controversial part of the Act, and it is well known that interested bodies such as the County Councils Association and others put forward conflicting recommendations on this very difficult question of administrative areas. Parliament has met part of the difficulty by giving the Minister of Health special powers to deal with areas which would otherwise be adversely affected by the Act. Clause 60 deals with the appointment of Public Analysts. As before, they must not be engaged in any trade connected with the sale of food and must have the approved qualifications.For the first time the terms of their appointments are specifically required to have the approval of the Minister. In the past, when difficulties have arisen in connexion with the terms of an appoint- ment, the Ministry has replied that it had no power in such matters. Another reform-overdue-is permission for the appointment of a Deputy Public Analyst to act in the absence or illness of the officer. A new sub-clause also regularises the method of payment adopted in some areas since the War, whereby the Public Analyst has received a small salary, in addition to a fee per sample. 379 Clause 67 makes special provision for the bacteriological examination of samples-a matter that may, or may not, come within the purview of the Public Analyst.Clause 69 includes a reform which the Public Analysts have long desired. It is provided that, for samples submitted by a private purchaser, the fee payable shall be “not exceeding one guinea.’’ For more than sixty years the fee suggested was half-a- guinea-admitted, even in Lord Playfair’s time, to be inadequate -and the reason why members of the Institute and of the Society of Public Analysts so strongly objected to this fee was not on account of the private purchasers, who have been numeric- ally negligible, but because the sum mentioned had quite wrongly come to be regarded by local authorities as the proper remunera- tion which should be received by the Public Analyst; and on it they frequently based the terms to be offered for an appoint- ment.Now this sixty-year-old incubus has been removed. How these various changes will work out remains to be seen: but it is probable that in the long run the new Act will be of dis-tinct benefit to the public, in improving the standard of the food supply, in the elimination of false labels and advertisements, and in the further suppression of adulteration and other forms of fraud. It should also tend to improve the status of the Public Analyst and to increase recognition of the value of the services of the chemist in the food industry. In general, the Act does not extend to Scotland or Northern Ireland; except that the Department of Health for Scotland is given powers, corresponding to those of the Minister of Health in England, to make regulations concerning the preparation, wrapping, labelling and composition of food and to make special regulations which refer to bread and flour and to margarine.Also, the sections dealing with imported foods apply, subject to certain details, both to Scotland and Northern Ireland. The main sections are confined in their application to England and Wales. H. E. C. 380 Proceedings of the Council. Council Meeting, 21st October, 1938.-The thanks of the Council were accorded to Mr. F. W. Clifford, Librarian of the Chemical Society, who had represented the Institute at the Four- teenth Conference of the International Federation for Documenta- tion, held at Oxford from 21st to 26th September; also to Mr.Harry Ward, Chief Executive Officer of Management Research Groups, who had represented the Institute at the Seventh International Management Congress, held in Washington, D.C., U.S.A., from 19th to 23rd September. The President reported on the enquiry recently carried out by the Institute on behalf of the Ministry of Labour. Letters referring to public appointments in Ireland, and also to the salaries recently offered to newly qualified chemists in England, were referred to the Appointments Committee. The Council considered correspondence regarding the organisa- tion of Air-Raid Precautions and the qualifications of Gas Identi-fication Officers and of Instructors.The Council was informed that an official memorandum on gas detection was in prepara- tion, and that action would be taken in due course to obtain the services of further chemists for the Air-Raid Precautions Department. Reports were received from the Standing Committees. The Report of the Finance and House Committee included a preliminary statement on the consideration of the entrance fees and assessment fees payable by Associates applying for election to the Fellowship. The Benevolent Fund Committee indicated that, before the end of the year, at least Lzoo would be required for regular allow- ances, and against these payments and possible further grants, the balance in hand on current account was less than f160. A sum of L16 had been repaid on Loans account since July.Reports were received on the Examinations for National Certificates-England and Wales, and Northern Ireland. Further consideration was given to the revision of the proposed supplemental Charter, which the Council directed 381 should be referred to the solicitors of the Institute, before a modified document is transmitted to the Local Sections for consideration. Lectures.-On 14and zIst October, respectively, Professor F. M. Rowe gave two lectures at the Institute on “The Develop- ment of the Chemistry of Dyestuffs” dealing particularly with the life and work of Sir William H. Perkin, F.R.S. Sir Robert H. Pickard, F.R.S., President, presided at the first meeting, and Dr. H.E. Cox, Member of Council, at the second. The lectures will be published to the Fellows, Associates and Registered Students, in due course. Obituary. Sir ROBERTLUDWIGMOND, F.R.S., died at Paris on 22nd October, at the age of 7 1 years. The son of Dr. Ludwig Mond, his namo is associated with the discovery of the nickel carbonyl and the manufacture of pure nickel. He was .educated at Cheltenham College, the University of Cambridge and Zurich Polytechnic, and also studied in Edinburgh and Glasgow. He was a keen Egyptologist and archaeologist. He was a generous benefactor to many charitable and public institutions. He founded the Infants’ Hospital, Vincent Square, Westminster; in 1932 gave a new dome and four cameras tro the Norman Lockyer Observatory at Sidmouth; he contributed a million francs to the Maison de la Chimie in Paris, and was a noteworthy supporter of the Chemical Council.At the funeral service at PAre Lachaise, Paris, the Chemical Council and the Institute were represented by Mr. W. A. S. Calder. 382 Local Sections. [The Imk’tute is not responsible .for the viezm expressed in papers read, or in speeches delivered during discussion.] East Ang1ia.-The first rnecting of the new session was held at the Norwich Technical College on 27th September, when the Chairman of the Section, Mr. W. Lincolne Sutton, presented an address on “Water Supplies with Special Reference to East Anglia.” Mr. Sutton described the geological features which affect water supplies in Norfolk and Suffolk.His intimate and pro- longed association with the water supplies of East An& made it possible for him to give intercsting facts with reference to various local wells and other supplies. He referred to the hardness of local waters and discussed the effect of hardness on health. He mentioned the many chalybeate waters occurring in Norfolk: though these gave rise to local spas in the eighteenth century, they were now regarded merely as ordinary ferruginous waters. He also dealt with the different methods of softening waters, especially the modern devclopmen t of filtration through zeolite sand. Mention was made of the fact that all the large public supplies in Norfolk are derived from surface waters, rivers and broads, the extent of which is very exceptional in the county. Norwich, Yarmouth and Lowestoft together consume daily nearly 8 million gallons of water derived from ri\Ters and broads.This has to be purified by modern methods, which the lecturer described in detail, giving the latest developments in the use of rapid filters and sterilisation by chlorine. In the discussion which follomd, reference was made to the dangers attending the use of shallow wells in local coastal resorts where small bungalow communities had sprung up with no satisfactory form of sewage disposal. The mode of action of various forms of water softeners was also discussed, and a distinction drawn between those which 383 produce true chemical softening and those which merely prevent the formation of scale.Huddersfie1d.-The opening meeting of the session 1938-39 was held in Field’s Cafk on 11th October. The chair was taken by Dr. A. E. Everest, who welcomed Mr. Richard B. Pilcher, the Registrar, as guest of the evening. Dr. H. E. Collier, M.C., M.B., Ch.B., gave a lecture entitled: “The Modern Alchemy or Medicine and Chemistry to-day.’’ The lecturer drew a vivid word picture of the mediaeval alchemist whose researches have laid the foundations of the modern sciences of chemistry and mcdicine, and suggested that if we wished to understand the ancient alchemists we must pass beyond a study of their detailed acts and search for the motives and the purposes that encouraged these strange men to spend laborious days and nights, as outcasts from society, feared and persecuted when they were not burnt as heretics or wizards.They preserved their secrets for economic reasons, and hid their wisdom under allegories, pictures and symbols, because they believed that to broadcast it would not only lead to their being branded as heretics, but would be tantamount to casting pearls before swine who would only trample them underfoot. Hence when they wrote upon the subject, whatever they delivered was so involved in allegory and designedly obscured, that nobody but their own order could find out the meaning. Do we not, however, ourselves do the same things, for example, in trade secrets, medical jargon and modern mysteries and esoteric cults? The ancient alchemist was engaged upon two different activities, namely, the transmutation of base metals into gold and the search for the “Elixir of Life.” During the course of the first search, modern applied science was created and as a direct outcome of the second search the modern health movement has slowly arisen.At a later date, chemistry was subdivided into its practical and its more theoretical branches, and medicine was subdivided into physical medicine, surgery, and psychological medicine. Much of psychology that was clearly understood by the later alchemists was forgotten by scientific doctors and has only lately been rcdiscovered by modern medical psychology. Without this tendency to specialisation, chemists would not 384 have succeeded in their aims so far as to be in a position to free mankind from the fear of famine in spite of greatly increased pop- ulation.Specialisation in medicine has also been of great benefit to health. Epidemics can be controlled, many diseases can be prevented and cured, and some diseases have been abol- ished. Health has become as potentially available as has plenty. It must be admitted that neither plenty nor health is actually possessed by the modern world, and he considered that the root cause of this was the separation of industry from medicine. In order to achieve the age of plenty and health the chemist as the provider of food, raiment and shelter, and the medical man as the philosopher of healthy physical and mental living, must somehow unite their skill to create the modern alchemist who would show the way to a new day.This co-operation was actually taking place with the increasing employment of doctors in industry, but it was unlikely that the modern alchemist would be found in the person of a single individual but in a unified group of experts whose members must also possess a co-operative spirit and a general knowledge of other specialities. The method of control of industry by group consultation was increasing, and appeared to be the only efficient method by which the complexities of modern life and industry could be controlled. Industrial health doctoring was an expert job and was an integral part of modern management, every bit as much as chemistry, but it was necessary not only that health should be recognised as an essential to modern manage- ment but that all modern industrial chemists and other specialists should be sufficiently informed about health matters to enable proposals made by them or by the doctors to come under their mu tua 1 scrutiny.It was now becoming impossible for non-medically trained persons to acquire the necessary basic health knowledge to enable them to speak the language of the industrial hygienist. We might hope that in future the doctor would take his place beside the other specialists in industry and, before we realised what had happened, the modern alchemist would have come into being in our midst. “He” would be a co-ordinated group of experts.In replying to the discussion following his address the lecturer described the nature of the work undertaken by the Department of Industrial Hygiene and Medicine in the University of Birming-ham for the training of doctors for their part in industry, and the lines on which it was hoped to develop this pioneer work. 385 Leeds Area.-A meeting of the Section was held on 10th October, in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of the University of Leeds-Dr. H. Burton in the Chair. Dr. A. E. Everest, Vice-president, and the Registrar of the Institute attended and participated in a discussion on the proposed Supplemental Charter and on the modifications which were being considered by the Council. Several members testified that any earlier objections which they may have entertained had been amply met by the new proposals.The Registrar, replying to questions, emphasised the necessity for a national register of chemists and the desirability that the Institute should be the body responsible for such registration. He was convinced that the new category of entrants would quickly appreciate the advantages of full membership, and that fears to the contrary were groundless. The following resolution moved by Mr. G. J. Denbigh and seconded by Mr. H. M. Mason, was carried nem. con. :--“That this meeting approves on general grounds the action now proposed by the Council with regard to the Supplemental Charter, due regard being paid to the question of a title for the new category.” The meeting was then opened to visitors, and Mr.Richard B. Pilcher, the Registrar, gave a lecture entitled bb From Boyle to Priestley.” He drew a vivid and fascinating picture of the conditions under which chemical science flourished in the seventeenth century. Although the Royal Society and its Fellows were not infre-quently objects of derision, chemistry was the hobby of the rich and was pursued with interest by many whose names are better known in the political and literary history of the times. Prince Rupert, the Duke of Buckingham, Sir Kenelm Digby, John Evelyn, Samuel Pepys (P.R.S.) and Sir Richard Steele all contributed their quota of interest, and many, like Newton, whose fame was earned in other branches of science, gave much attention to the chemical problems of the day.The French Academy fostered chemical studies, and Paris under Louis XV was a congenial home for alchemists and “chymists ” of all kinds. Though charlatanism was rife and even serious workers based profitable side-lines upon the foibles of their patrons, as did Nicholas Lemery with his cosmetics, the period was a fruitful and a practical one in which the mystic seekers after the philo- sopher’s stone gave place to such serious thinkers as Mayow, Stahl, Cavendish, Black and Priestley, whose work made possible the true scientific approach to chemical investigation. It is a grim reflection that at this time (c. 1731) it was confidently prophesied that the manufacture of dangerous substances which chemists might discover for use in war would assuredly be prohibited ! The lecture was illustrated by many excellent slides, and the lecturer’s racy accounts of the personalities that flitted across his screen gave new life to a most entertaining chapter of the history of chemistry.Liverpool and North-Western.-The opening meeting of the 1938-39 session was held at the Constitutional Club, Liverpool, on 13th October. Mr. L. V. Cocks, who presided for the formal opening of the meeting, expressed his pleasure in introducing Mr. R. R. Butler, Principal of the City of Liverpool Technical College, as the Chairman for the ensuing session. Mr. Butler, in an address entitled ‘‘ A Study in Standardisation,” said that he presented the subject matter of the address not as a glass technologist but as one who had been Chairman of a Drafting Committee of the British Standards Institution whose deliberations, extending over several years, had resulted in the issue of a British Standards Specification for Protective Glass for Welding and other High Temperature Operations.Mr. Butler said that in comparison with other countries little attention has been paid to the standardisation of devices for the protection of the welder’s eyes in this country. It should be remembered that, particularly in arc welding, the eyes might be exposed to intense ultra-violet and infra-red radia- tions from metal at high temperatures at a much closer range than that involved in the operation of a steel furnace.Historically, the work of Sir William Crookes, as a member of the Glassworkers’ Cataract Committee of the Royal Society, resulted in 1913in the production of glasses that were opaque to ultra-violet radiation, glasses that could absorb 90 per cent. of heat radiation and glasses that had a comparatively low transmissive power for “visible ” radiation. He was, however, unable to combine in one specimen these three aspects in the 387 highest degree. The outbreak of war, in 1914, temporarily stopped further work, and it was not till after 1918 that the “Crookes Glasses A and B” were marketed. These glasses contain alout z per cent. of cerium oxide and 3 per cent. of a mixture of lanthanum, praseodymium and neodymium oxides. The absorption curve of these glasses shows characteristic absorp- tion bands in the wave-length spectrum between 550 and 650 millimicrons.Such glasses are, however, of little value in operations such as arc welding, and more opaque screens are needed to eliminate not only ultra-violet and infra-red, but also the intense glare. In the present state of our knowledge of the effects of such radiation on the eye, there is reason to believe that at the shorter- wave end of the spectrum radiations, which lie between 0.4 microns (the extreme visible violet) and 0.3 microns, are relatively harmless, even if of considerable intensity. Ultra-violet waves of lengths shorter than 0.3 microns can cause acute inflammation of the conjunctiva-the membrane which joins the eye to the interior of the eyelid.The result of such inflammation is the “sand in the eye” sensation which many welders have ex-perienced in the course of their work. The inflammation is unpleasant but not permanent. It will yield to treatment and will abate after a time. The glare from the white-hot metal at close range may, if intense, cause temporary blinding of the vision due to overstrain of the retina. Most dangerous to the eye are the infra-red radiations, which have wave-lengths rather greater than those found immediately beyond the extreme visible red of the spectrum. The range of wave-lengths lying between 0.75 microns (the extreme visible red) and 1.3 microns can cause, if intense in quality, permanent injuries to the iris, the lens and the retina.The welder’s eyes may suffer in a similar manner to those of glassworkers. The cataract is due to increasing opacity of the lens itself. There is reason to believe that radiation having a wave-length greater than 1.4 microns cannot reach the retina, and very little radiation of wave-length greater than 1.5 microns passes through the cornea. It will thus be apparent that by far the greater portion of infra- red radiation from high temperature operations is absorbed in the outer portions of the eye, and that the damage is caused there. Glasses for which the makers claim protective properties have been marketed in various countries, and the United States Federal Specifications Board issued in 1930 a Specification (GGG-G-541) for a range of such glasses of graduated densities designated by what were called ‘I shade numbers ’’ and classified according to the nature of the operation for which they were stated to offer protection.For example, shade No. z was designed to be of value in lead burning and low temperature work ; shade No. 8 was intended for use in arc welding up to current strengths of 20 amperes, shade No. 12 for welding operations at ZOO amperes and over. After referring the matter to the National Physical Labora- tory, at Teddington, with a view to discovering whether the eye really needed so many different shades, the B.S.I. Committee finally decided that in this country the total number of different glasses should be reduced to five, scientifically graded according to their densities, and classified by letters A, B, C, D, and E.A comparison between the British and the American Specifica- tions is given in the Table. New grade Old shade Optical Glass suitable for:- letter. number. density. A 4 to 6 I to z Lead burning; light braz- B 6 to 8 2 to 3 ing. Acetylene welding and cut- ting. C 8 to 10 3 to 4 Metal arc welding up to 75 amps.; atomic hydro- D E 10to 13 13 and over 4 to 5 5 to 6 gen process. Metal arc welding at more than 75 amps. Carbon, arc welding and cutting; carbon arc lamps In practice, glare from a metal arc is often screened from the eyes by the use of two superimposed sheets of glass, one red and the other of cobalt blue.Such a combination does reduce the glare, but neither red nor cobalt blue glass will absorb the infra- red radiations. The red glass is transparent to infra-red to a marked degree, whilst the cobalt glass allows both ultra-violet and infra-red radiations to pass. A spectrophotometric curve of the transmissive properties of such a combination revealed the fact that whilst the glare was reduced to 0.0005 per cent. of the original, the infra-red transmission of the combination was still in the neighbourhood of 41 per cent. 389 In this connexion it should be remembered that when a steel worker has spent many years using blue glass in his goggles and has learned to judge temperatures through such a colour, it would probably be beyond the wit of man to compel him to adopt another colour.From the point of view of adequate protection of the eyes from harmful invisible radiations, the colour of the glass, contrary to prevailing belief, is of secondary importance. In the present state of our knowledge the protec- tion provided by the requirements of the British Standard Specification can be secured only by glass having a somewhat greenish neutral colour, because as far as is known the essential constituent of such glass must be iron in the ferrous condition. One such glass of British manufacture is marketed under the trade name of “Protex,” and a lighter shade than Grade “A” is also marketed under the name “Calorex.” Mr. L. V. Cocks, the Vice-chairman of the Local Section, proposed a hearty vote of thanks to the Chairman for his address.He referred to the good qualities by which Mr. Butler had already become known to them in Liverpool, in his official capacity as Principal of the Liverpool City Technical College, as a member of the Local Section, and as a member of its com- mittee. He thought that Mr. Butler, besides giving them a most interesting and unusual paper, had incidentally furnished them with an opportunity of appreciating some of the other directions in which his specialised knowledge and organising ability had been illustrated. Mr. Cocks said that he hoped that the welders appreciated the work of standardisation which had been undertaken on their behalf. Mr.E. Gabriel Jones in seconding the vote of thanks, referred to his own experiences in the use of protective glasses and mentioned the use of nickel-containing glass as an ultra-violet filter; he also enquired whether any information was available as to the relationship between the thorium oxide and cerium oxide content of protective glasses and the fact that these two sub-stances are present in the incandescent mantle. The Chairman replied that the investigation of such a problem would offer a very useful research exercise for the newly admitted Associates,-no definite information being at present available. Manchester and District.-At a meeting of the Section held at the Constitutional Club, St. Ann’s Street, Manchester, 390 on 20th October,-Dr.G. D. Elsdon in the chair,-a discussion was held on the Proposed Supplemental Charter. A message was received from the President, Sir Robert Pickard, expressing regret that owing to other engagements he was unable to be present. The Registrar, who attended by invitation, explained the modifications which the Council proposed to introduce in the document, in order to meet the views expressed at the Special General Meeting of the Institute held in November, 1937. A number of members adhered to the view that chemists who wished to join the Institute should apply for admission to the Associateship, and indicated their disinclination to accept the proposal to create a third category of members. Several, on the other hand, suggested that all graduates in chemistry, even those with pass degrees, should be included in the proposed extension of the Register, and others that chemists who had obtained their knowledge and skill by experience, in well-established laboratories or on works, should be included in the third category. A number of members concurred in the modifications adopted by the Council, which they felt rendered the Proposed Supple- mental Charter acceptable. Taking the long view, they would now vote for the proposal.The discussion was continued so late that nearly half the members had left when it was concluded, and no vote was taken. The following participated in the discussion :-Dr. G. D. Elsdon, Mr. J. H. Dent, Mr. T. R. Hodgson, Dr. G. N. Burkhardt, Mr.D. M. Paul, Mr. E. N. Marchant, Dr. A. Coulthard, Mr. D. M. Wilson, Dr. A. M. Maiden, Mr. Harold Stevenson, Mr. C. C. Marginson, Mr. G. E. Pilkington, Dr. J. T. Terleski, Dr. D. H. Hey and Mr. W. V. Stubbings. Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast.-The Twentieth Annual General Meeting of this Section was held in the University Union, King’s College, Newcastle upon Tyne, on 18th October-Mr. F. H. Walker in the Chair. The meeting was preceded by an informal supper. The guest of the evening was Professor H. L. Riley, Chairman of the Newcastle Section of the Society of Chemical Industry. Dr. G. E. Stephenson and Mr. S. A. Wikner were elected to the Committee, and Professor G. R. Clemo and Dr. J. H. Jones were elected Hon. Auditors.391 At a second business meeting held later in the same evening the Committee unanimously elected Dr. W. M. Madgin to the Chair for the coming session. Dr. Madgin had been a valuable merriber of the Section since its inauguration in 1919. At the conclusion of the formal business, the Chairman, Mr. F. H. Walker, delivered an address on “Moisture in Coal, and its Relation to some other Properties” A large number of coal samples, derived mainly from Northumberland, Durham and South Yorkshire, had been dried in air under controlled conditions. These had been chosen arbitrarily, the selected temperature being 25O, with air of relative humidity 50 per cent. as the drying medium. The drying was carried out in a simple water-jacketed oven, heated by gas, fitted with a thermostat for temperature control, and was continued until equilibrium had been established.The results obtained, when plotted against the “fixed carbon ’’ content, showed at once that a fundamental connexion existed between these quantities. A similar connexion was shown to exist between the moisture content so determined and the swelling power, and their con-clusions agreed closely with the work of other investigators. Mr. Walker discussed the limitations of the fixed carbon” content as a criterion of rank and the divergencies from the curves, and concluded that the moisture in coals, retained after drying under specified conditions, was a measure of a definite physical property depending fundamentally on its rank, and divergencies from the rule were attributed to variations in the proportions of certain constituents present.The Research Department of the South Metropolitan Gas Company had investigated the nature of the pore structure of cokes, and had demonstrated by means of measurements of the rate of adsorption, and the adsorptive capacity of cokes for carbon dioxide, that the adsorptive capacity increased with increasing carbonising temperature up to a maximum of 700° C. and decreased at higher temperatures. The adsorption of moisture by cokes had been found to follow a similar course, and this had led to enquiry as to whether the properties due to the rank of a coal had any influence on the properties of the coke resulting from its carbonisation. Some preliminary experiments on a group of coals of differing rank 392 suggested that this did occur.It had been found that for a group of four coals, with adsorbed moisture contents of 5-4, 2.1, 1-7 and 0.9 per cent., the moisture contents of the cokes obtained from them fell in the same order of rank, at any given carbonising temperature. Even at rooo0 C., where the moisture contents were very low, the values for these cokes were 1.4, 0.8, 0.7 and 0.5 per cent., respectively. It seemed that the structure of the original coals had apparently survived to some extent the drastic treatment of the carbonising process. Mr. Walker concluded by expressing his thanks to Mr. E. V. Evans, General Manager of the South Metropolitan Gas Company, for permission to put this matter before them, and also to Mr.J. J. Inkster for assistance in its preparation. The address was followed by a long discussion, and matters raised included the relation between adsorptive capacity of cokes and the dimensions and structure of the graphite lattice, the adsorption of methane and other compounds by coals, the effect of hygroscopic salts on moisture results, and the possible con- nexion between adsorptive power or rank of coals and spontaneous com bustion. South Yorkshire.-On 9th July, members of the Section and their friends visited Newstead Abbey. The Abbey itself is of historic interest as the home for many years of the Byron family, of which the famous poet, Lord Byron, was the best- known member, and is surrounded by beautiful parkland and Japanese gardens.The Abbey and grounds are now the property of Nottingham Corporation. After visiting the Abbey and the gardens, the party was entertained to tea by the Chairman of the Section (Dr. Gregory) and Mrs. Gregory, to whom a hearty vote of thankstvas accorded on the motion of Mr. B. W. Methley, seconded by Mr. G. W. J. Bradley. After tea, the members made the journey to Southwell and concluded an excellent day by visiting the Cathedral, 393 September Examinations, 1938. Abstract of the Report of the Board of Examiners. Examinations for the Associateship and Fellowship were held as under:-No. No. For the AssociatMhip- Examined.Passed. General Chemistry: at the Institute and at the Royal Technical College, Glasgow (some candidates taking their theory paper at other centres)-l2th to 17th September . . 35 14" For the Pellowship- Branch A. Inorganic Chemistry, with special reference to the manufacture of Steel, at the Institute and at the Royal School of Mines,-lSth-24th September .. .. 1 1 Branch E. The Chemistry, including Micro- scopy of Food and Drugs, and of Water, at the Institute,-lSth-24th September . . 3 3 Branch P. Agricultural Chemistry: at the University of Leeds--5th-10th September 2 2 Branch G'. Industrial Chemistry, with special reference to Cocoa and Chocolate: at the Institute and in the Laboratories of the British Association of Research for the Cocoa, etc., Trades,-lSth-24th September Examination in Metallurgy, with specialreference to Iron and Steel: at the Insti- tute and at the Royal School of Mines,- 19th-24th September .. .. .. * Three candidates completed their examination by satisfying the Examiners in those parts of the examination in which they previously failed. Three candidates failed to satisfy the Examiners in part only of the examination. t The candidate satisfied the Examiners in the practical work, but did not do so in the theory papers. The following exercises were set :-Examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry. MONDAY, 12th September, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Attempt FIVE questions only. Answer concisely and to the point. Girje formulae and equations where possible.) 1.Write an account of EITHER (a)covalency and electrovalency, OR (b)modern theories of the conductivities of aqueous salt solutions. 2. Explain how FOUR of the following substancos may be prepared and describe their more important properties :-(a) Potassium silicofluoride ; (b) Mercuric chloride ; (c) Potassium ferrioxalate; (d) White lead; (e) Hydrazine hydrate. 3. Give an account of ONE of the following topics:- (a) The use of the spectroscope in the discovery of elements; (b) The stereochemistry of co-ordination compounds. 4. Discuss the application of physico-chemical principles to gas reactions of technical importance. 5. State how nickel occurs in nature and describe its extraction and industrial applications. Discuss the position assigned to nickel in the periodic classification. 6.Explain how the concentration of hydrogen ion may be deter- mined by means of indicators. What considerations determine the selection of an indicator in acid-alkali titrations ? 7. Discuss any TWO of the following:- (a) Molecular refraction; (b) Dialysis ; (c) Lyophilic and lyophobic colloids; (d) Solubility product. 2 to 5 p.m. (Attempt FIVE questions only. Answer concisely and to the point. Give formulae and equations where possible.) 1. Give an account of the kinetic theory of gases and deduce an expression for the average velocity of an individual molecule. Show what are the properties of gases which can be explained by the theory you develop and indicate the further modifications necessary for a more exact presentation of ths behaviour of a gas.2. Write an essay on ONE of the following:- (a) The oxides and oxyacids of the halogens; (b) The per-acids and their salts. 3. Discuss the part played by free radicals in chemical reactions, OR write an account of photochemical reactions. 4. Why is manganese included with chlorine in the same group of the periodic table ? With what elements besides the halogens is manganese related and how is this relationship displayed ? 395 5. Discuss the experimental evidence on which the theory of the nuclear disintegration of naturally radioactive elements is based.6. Give an account of the chemical researches of Davy and of Faraday. 7. Give an account of any TWO of the following:- (a) The occlusion of hydrogen by metals; (b) Nitrosyl compounds ; (c) Isomorphism; (d) Endothermic reactions. TUESDAY, 13th SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Attempt FIVE questions only. Answer concisely and to the point. Giveformule and equations where possible.) 1. Write a short account of ONE of the following topics:- (a)The structure of aromatic diazo-compounds; (b) The properties of compounds containing the -CH2CO- group. 2. By means of equations illustrate the methods of preparation of FOUR of the following reagents :-(a) Phenyl isocyanate; (b) Dimethyl sulphate; (c) p-Nitrobenzoyl chloride ; (d) p-Toluenesulphonic chloride ; (e) Bromo-acetyl bromide ; and give ONE example of the use of each.3. Outline the evidence for the usually accepted structure of ONE of the following compounds :-(a) Glucose; (b) Vc acid; (c) zsoquinoline. 4. Give typical applications of the more commonly employed methods of reduction in organic chemistry. 5. Write a short essay on ONE of the following topics:- (a) The Diels-Alder diene synthesis; (b) Molecular rearrangements. 6. Give a brief description of the industrial preparation of FOUR of the following compounds :-(a) Carbon tetrachloride; (b) Urea; (c) Calcium cyanamide ; (d) Acetic acid; (e) n-Butyl alcohol; (f) Diosan; (9) Oxalic acid.7. A neutral substance C,,H,,O,N Br when heated with dilute mineral acid gives an acid C,H,O, (A) and a base C,H,N Br (B); when (A)is digested with hydriodic acid it yields salicylic acid; when (B)is diazotised and warmed with sodium stannite it yields bromobenzene. Give the probable formula of the neutral substance and by means of equations and brief notes describe its preparation from benzene. 396 8. Suggest PRACTICAL methods for the synthesis, from common laboratory materials, of FIVE of the following compounds :-(a) j3-Hydroxy- j3-methyl-n-valeric acid; (b) j3-Phenylpropionic acid; (c) Methyl-ethyl-phenylcarbinol; (d) 1:5 Pentamethylene diamine; (e) cycZoPentanone-1 -carboxylic ester; (j’) Methyl sec-butyl ketone; (9) p-Aminodimethylaniline. 2 to 3.30 p.m.Translation from French and German technical literature. WEDNESDAY, 14th SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Identify, as completely as time permits, compounds (A), (B) and (C). The examination of (A) may be completed TO-MORROW; that of (B) and (C) must be completed TO-DAY. (A = Butyl benzoate OR benzyl cinnamate; B = Urea nitrate OR ammonium salicylate; C = Ethyl carbamate OR potassium ethyl sulphate.) THURSDAY, 15th SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercise. 2. Determine the approximate composition of the mixture (D);identify the constituents and prepare a crystalline derivative of each.The derivatives should be placed in the specimen tubes provided and the name and m.p. clearly recorded. (D = Phenol and toluene OR p-Toluidine and benzene.) FRIDAY, 16th SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Identify the substances (E) and (F). (E = Lithopone;F = Potassium titanioxalate.) 2. Determine gravimetrically the percentage of copper and the percentage of nickel in the sample (G) of cupro-nickel. (This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) SATURDAY, 17th SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Identify the substance (H),which is a definite chemical compound, and the solid (M), which is an element. (€3 = Barium silicofluoride; M = tellurium.) 2. Determine the molecular weight of the given substance (I)in 3. Complete the gravimetric determinations which were commenced camphor by the cryoscopic method.(I = p-Nitrotoluene.) yesterday. Examination for the Fellowship. Branch A : Inorganic Chemistry, with special reference to Steel Manufacture. MONDAY, 19th SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Notmore than SIX questions to be attempted.) 1. Give a concise account of the methods which are used for the manufacture of commercial hydrogen and mention in each case the 397 probable impurities present in the gas. Briefly describe how the gas is employed industrially. 2. What are the natural sources of aluminium? From which of these, and how, is the metal prepared? What special properties of aluminium fit it for its various uses in industry, in the laboratory and in daily life? 3.What are (a) plaster of Paris, (6) Portland cement? How are they made, and how do you explain their setting ? 4. Describe the properties, uses and preparation on a commercial scale of any THREE of the following products: (a) white lead, (b) carbo-rundum, (c) sodium thiosulphate, (d) potassium dichromate, (e) mercuric chloride. 5. Describe concisely the methods you would adopt to obtain:- (a) Sulphur from sulphur dioxide; (b) Phosphorus from calcium phosphate; (c) Iodine from ;odium iodate; (d) Oxygen from quick-lime. 6. Bromine is said to react with sodium thiosulphate in dilute aqueous solution according to the equation :-Na2S,0, + 5H20 + 4Br2 = 2NaHS0, + 8HBr. What experiments would you make to prove that the reaction written above does actually take place and how would you determine whether the reaction goes quantitatively ? 7.Write an account of ONE of the following topics:- (a) Covalency and electrovalency ; (b) Co-ordination compounds; (c) Isotopes and isobares. 8. What changes do the following substances undergo on heating: mercurous chloride, ammonium chloride, dinitrogen tetroxide (N,O,) ? Give the experimental evidence in favour of your statements. 2 to 5 p.m. (Only FIVE questions to be attempted, and not more than THREE from either Section. Answer briejiy and to the point.) I. 1. HOW would you carry through the complete analysis of a sample 2. Outline a method suitable for the complete analysis of one of the of high speed tool steel ? following:-(a) Cryolite; (6) Crude zirconia; (c) Fluorspar.3. How would you carry out the determination of phosphorus in the following materials :-(a) Phosphor-tin; (b) Phosphor-bronze; (c) Ferro -vanadium. 4. Discuss, critically, the various methods available for the rapid, routine determination of sulphur in carbon steels. 11. 5. What is the difference in constitution of a “melting” slag and a “working” slag in the basic open-hearth furnace? How does this difference in constitution affect the removal of impurities ? 6. Discuss, critically, the relative merits of the electric, open-hearth and Bessemer processes from the point of view of the production of good quality steel.7. Write a short essay on the various effects of manganese on steels. 8. Give a critical account of the desalphurisation of the metal in steel-making processes. TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 20th to 23rd SRPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. As far as time permits, make complete analyses of the following samples :-(d) Alloy steel. (e) Phosphor-bronze. (f) Manganese ore. Branch E: The Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs, and of Water. MONDAY, 19th SEPTEMBER, 10 to 11.30 a.m. (THREE questions only to be attempted, one of which ?nust be No. 1.) 1. Describe as shortly as you can tho provisions in the Food and Drugs Acts in connexion with the giving of warranties.What constitutes a warranty ? 2. Give a short account of the more recent work dealing with the composition of butter-fat. 3. What determinations do you normally carry out in the examina- tion of a sample of drinking water? What significance do you ascribe to each of the constituents determined ? 4. Describe the source, the method of preparation, and the com-position of commercial ground mustard. (THREE questions only to be attempted.) 1. Describe in detail the pharmacological actions of EITHER cocaine OR ether. 2. Give an account of the principal features of arsenical poisoning, distinguishing between the acute and chronic forms. Discuss the signi- ficance of analyses of hairs and nails in arsenical poisoning. 3.Describe briefly the pharmacological actions and therapeutic uses of the following drugs and indicate the composition of the official prepara- tions :-(a) mersalyl, (b) stramonium, (c)glyceryl trinitrate, (d) metallic mercury. 4. Write short notes, with examples, on the following subjects in relation to the administration of drugs :-(a)idiosyncrasy, (b) tolerance, (c) agranulocytosis, (d)sulphaemo-globinaemia. 399 2 to 5 pm. (FIVE questions only to be attempted, one of which must be No. 1.) 1. You have determined the percentage of solids-not-fat in a sample of milk and find that the figure differs by 0.2 from that calculated from the specific gravity and the fat by Richmond’s formula. In what ways might the difference be explained, assuming that the analytical figures are correct ? 2.Suggest methods for the separation and determination of benzoic and salicylic acids in foods. 3. What are pentosans ? How may they be determined ? 4. What are the main differences in composition between meat ex- tract and yeast extract ? 5. What do you understand by the term “crude fibre”? How is it determined and what is its significance ? 6. What is brandy ? What standards would you adopt in deciding whether a sample submitted under the Food and Drugs (Adulteration) Act, 1928, as “brandy,” was genuine or adulterated? TUESDAY, 20th SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Examine and report (on the official form provided) upon the sample of unsweetened condensed mill (A).(Diluted with water and containing added glucose.) WEDNESDAY, 21st SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Examine the sample of butter (B). (With 10 per cent. coconut oil, excess water and boric acid.) 2. Examine microscopically the sample of ground pepper (C). (Contained 10 per cent. rice starch.) THURSDAY, 22nd SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Examine the sample of ground ginger (D). (Mixture of African and Jamaica ginger, with 10 per cent. screenings and 20 per cent. exhausted ginger.) 2. Examine and report upon the sample (E) which is submitted as “Cod Liver Oil and Malt.” (Malt extract with 15 per cent. liquid paraffin.) [These exercises may be continued TO-MORROW, but notebooks (containing a list of the work still to be done) must be handed in TO-DAY.] FRIDAY, 23rd SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m.to 5 p.m. 1. Continue the examination of the ground ginger (D). 2. Continue the examination of the cod liver oil and malt (E). SATURDAY, 24th SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Cut sections of the drug (F)to show the characteristic microscopi- cal features. Stain the sections, mount them in permanent form and make detailed explanatory sketches of your preparations. (Strophanthus seed.) 400 2. Identify by microscopical examination the specimens (G), (H),(11, (J),(K). 3. The specimen (L) is the urine of a person found in coma. The tablets (M) and the tablets (N)were found in the possession of the patient. Examine these specimens as fully as time will permit and report on the suggestion of narcotic poisoning.(L = glucose, acetone and barbitone; M = aspirin; N = barbitone.) Branch F : Agricultural Chemistry. MONDAY, 5th SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (SIX questions only to be attempted.) 1. Define the starch equivalent of a food and explain its use in stock feeding. Describe the determination of the starch equivalent (a) by empirical experiment, (6) by calculation from analytical data. What inherent differences are there in the results obtained by the two methods ? 2. Give an account of the digestion and metabolism of proteins by growing animals. Explain the differences of efficiency among the food proteins in meeting the requirements of growing animals. 3. Discuss the functions of the mineral constituents of a ration in relation to (a) growth, (b) milk production.4. Give an account of our present knowledge of the variation in composition and nutritive value of pasture grass. 5. Give a critical account of the determination of the digestibility of a concentrated cake. 6. Discuss any causes of variation in the percentages of (a) fat, (b) solids-not-fat, in the milk of a herd. 7. Describe the chemical changes that take place (a) during photo- synthesis in the leaf of a potato plant and during subsequent translocation to the tuber, (b) during the germination of a wheat seod. 8. Describe the preparation, composition and use of lime sulphur, tar distillate washes and Burgundy mixture. 2 to 5 p.m. (SIX questions only to be attempted.) 1.Give a brief account of the influence of climate in determining soil type and soil fertility. 2. Discuss the modern views of the distribution and movement of water in soils. 3. Give an account of the composition, and variations of composition, 4. Describe the decomposition of vegetable remains in a normal well- of soil air. aerated arable soil, with special reference to the formation of (a) humus, (b)nitrate. 5. Give a brief account of our present knowledge of base exchange. How is the fertility of a soil affected by the particular exchangeable cations present ? 401 6. Describe and explain the effects on soil fertility of (a)sterilisation, (b) partial sterilisation, (c) water logging, (d) excess of non-nitrogenous organic matter.7. What steps would you take to form an opinion on the justification for purchasing lime or slag or both for a given pasture field ? 8. Enumerate, describe and briefly explain the origin of the chief concentrated potassic fertilisers. What are the effects of potassium deficiency on a mangold crop? What do you know of the possibility of mitigating these effects by applying a sodium salt ? TUESDAY and WEDNESDA Y, 6th and 7th SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Report on the suitability of the substances (A) and (B)for liming sour land. 2. Report on the mixed fertiliser (C) and estimate two plant food constituents in it. THURSDAY and FRIDA Y, 8th and 9th SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.each day. 1. Identify and make a complete analysis of the feeding stuff (D).2. Report upon the sample of milk (E). Branch G : Industrial Chemistry, with special reference to Cocoa and Chocolate. MONDAY, 19th SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Only FIVE questions to be attempted.) 1. Compare the so-called “destructive hydrogenation” of coal tar with the “hardening” of fats. Discuss the different types of catalysts and the working conditions required in each case. 2. Describe some form of gas analysis apparatus with which you are familiar, and its application in the following cases:- (a) Flue gas analysis; (b) Analysis of a mixture of hydrogen, methane and ethane. 3. What are the principal causes of waste in boiler practice ? What are the general methods of controlling the combustion of fuel in steam-raising plant ? 4.Describe briefly methods for:- (a) Measuring the flow of liquids in tubes; (b) Maintenance of a definite temperature in a chemical process; (c) Maintenance of a definite pressure in a chemical process. 5. You are required to design and equip a “development ” laboratoryin which “semi-scale” experiments may be conducted, and in which work’ from the research laboratory is to be transferred and brought to a com-mercial status. Give your recommendations respecting layout, permanent plant, and any other factors of importance. 6. How would you determine the viscosity of aliquid andthe plasticity 7. Discuss the determination of the pH value. Mention some cases of a fluid ? What is thixotropy ? 402 in your own esperience where pH is an important figure.8. What criteria do you employ in selecting chemical staff for:-(a) Research laboratory; (b) Development laboratory; and (c) The works ? 2 to 5 p.m. 1. Discuss the crystallisation and melting-points of glycerides. Do the results of recent researches on the glycerides of cocoa butter offer any explanation for its crystallisation and melting-point charac-teristics ? What technical bearing have these characteristics in chocolate manufacture ? 2. Discuss the various types of cacao used in cocoa and chocolate manufacture, indicating any special characteristics of the individual varieties of interest to the manufacturer.In examining a parcel of beans for qnality, to what points would you pay attention? Describe any procedure or tests used in assessing the quality of the beans. 3. Describe the various forms in which milk is used in the chocolate and confectionery industry. To what extent arc the constituents of the milk, e.g. the proteins, affected by the different methods employed in their manufacture ? Discuss briefly the use of each form in the manufacture of typical chocolate and confectionery products, indicating their individual advan- tages, and/or disadvantages. 4. Discuss the Preservatives Regulations in relating to chocolate and confectionery, mentioning preservatives which may be legitimately present, although not in accordance with Part 1 of the First Schedule.Explain why exception cannot be taken to their presence in these cases. 5. What defects of confectionery are produced by micro-organisms ? Give examples, stating the probable sources of the organism, and suggesting methods of prevention. 6. State what forms of rancidity are met with in fats or fatty sub- stances as used in ths chocolate and confectionery industries. Discuss recent researches on the subject, with particular reference to the prevention of oxidation rancidity. TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 20th to 23rd SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.each day. 1. Identify the ingredients in sample (A) and determine their propor- 2. Report on the sample of gelatin (R), with particular reference to tions. Give an opinion on its suitability as a solvent in preparing essences.its use in the manufacture of confectioncry jellies. 3. Analyse the sample of confectionery (C) and give a recipe for its manufacture. 4. Report on the fat in sample (D), giving your opinion on its suitability for use in an edible produof. 403 Metallurgy, with special reference to Iron and Steel. MONDAY, 19th SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Only FIVE questions, which must include at least one of either No. 1or No. 2, to be attempted. Answer briefly and to the point.) 1. Give a brief outline of the chemical processes and reactions in- volved in the production of the following alloys :-(a) Silico-manganese; (b) Ferro-chromium; (c) Ferro-vanadium. 2.Give a brief outline of the chemical aspects of metallic corrosion and of the methods of protection usually adopted. 3. Describe the chemistry of the blast furnace smelting of iron ores and show how the various reactions can be applied to the production of a metal of a required composition and a slag of saleable value. 4. Enumerate the developments which, in your opinion, have been of major importance in non-ferrous metallurgy during the present century. Write a short essay on any ONE of these. 5. Write a short essay on the development of electric furnaces for the manufacture of alloy steel, giving special attention to any recent improvements with which you may be familiar. 6. For any one series of non-ferrous alloys explain, with the aid of the thermal equilibrium diagram, which of the series would be susceptible to heat-treatment, and the influence of such heat treatment upon their physical properties.7. Discuss any special methods of casting familiar to you which have been devised to obviate the formation of imperfections in a commercial ingot . 8. Describe the mechanical and heat treatment of high-speed steel and explain the effects of these treatments on the structure and properties of the metal. 2 to 5 p.m. (Only FIVE questions to be attempted. Answer briefly and to the point.) 1. How would you carry through the complete analysis of a sample of high-speed tool steel ? 2. Discuss, critically, one or more methods suitable for the determina- 3. Give a detailed description of a method in common use for the tion of non-metallic inclusions in steel.determination of oxygen in steel. 4. Outline a method suitable for the complete analysis of ONE of the following:-(a) Cryolite ; (b) Crude zirconia; (c) Fluorspar. 5. How would you carry out the determination of phosphorus in the following materials :-(a) Phosphor-tin; (b) Phosphor-bronze; (c) Ferro-vanadium 9 404 6. Discuss, critically, the various methods available for the rapid, routine determination of sulphur in carbon steels. 7. Write a short essay on the application of ONE of tho following to metallurgical analysis :-(a) Colorimetric methods; (b) Electrolytic methods ; (c) The spectrograph.8. Outline schemes suitable for the complete analysis of:-(a) Ilmenite; (b) Chromite; (c) Molybdenite. TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 20th to 23rd SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Sample (4)is a piece of heat-treated aiioy-steel. Find what heat treatment it has received, using any methods that you may think necessary, 2. As far as time permits, make complete analyses of:-(b) Iron ore; (c) An aluminium alloy. EXAMINATIONS INFOR THE ASSOCIATESHIP GENERAL CHEMISTRY. INORGANICPHYSICALAND CHEMISTRY. The work of many of the candidates in Inorganic and Physical Chemistry was undistinguished. A number of candidates would have been well advised to defer entering for an examination of this standard until they were better prepared.Practically every candidate attempted the necessary number of questions required on each of the two papers. Unfortunately many of the answers displayed an absence of knowledge of fundamental chemical facts, and this was not compensated for-if such compensation is possible-by a reasonable knowledge of specialised branches. The wide range of knowledge demanded of candidates is appre- ciated by the Examiners, but the choice of questions gives every opportunity to show a satisfactory standard. The practical work was good except in one exercise. The results of the molecular weight determination were disappointing. ORGANICCHEMISTRY. Theory,-Many candidates showed an inadequate grasp of the subject, as in the case of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry.Some were very ill-prepared and ought not to have presented themselves. Each of the eight questions was answered by approximately the same number of candidates-in some cases in a very satisfactory manner. In general, the answers to question three lacked balance, too little attention being devoted to the analytical and degradative work which necessarily precedes the synthesis of a complex organic compound. 405 Practical.-Several candidates were either led astray or suffered loss of time through placing too much reliance on a melting-point determination unsupported by the necessary chemical evidence. Otherwise the work calls for no special comment. Translations.-These were generally fairly well done.EXAMINATIONSTHE FELLOWSHIP.FOR In the examination in Branch E, the work-both written and practical-was well done. It is suggested that future candi- dates should pay still further attention to the preparation of certificates for use under the Food and Drugs (Adulteration) Act, and to the section-cutting and the staining and permanent mounting of sections. In the other Branches of the Examination for Fellowship, the work was of a satisfactorily high standard, except in one case, where the candidate, whose laboratory work was good, did not show sufficient experience and knowledge of his subject. PASS LIST. Examination in General Chemistry for the Associateship. Allchin, John Pratt, Central Technical College, Birmingham. Blake, Arthur John, The Polytechnic, Regent Street, London.Bloomfield, Cyril Josiah, The Polytechnic, Regent Street, London. Cowin, Robert Archibald, Harris Institute, Preston. Ferguson, William Grossart, Royal Technical College, Glasgow. Fraser, Alan Robert, City Technical College, Liverpool. Hardie, Hugh Grant Macpherson, Heriot- Watt College, Edinburgh ; and Robert Gordon's College, Aberdeen. Love, John, Paisley Technical College. Malcolm, James McLaren, Royal Technical College, Glasgow. Reynolds, Ralph Frederick, College of Technology, Leicester. Robertson, Stewart McFeat, Royal Technical College, Glasgow. Shamash, Ezra, B.Sc. (Lond.), University College, Hull. Stephenson, Arthur Dennis, Leeds College of Technology.Swire, William Hedley, Wigan and District Mining and Technical College.Examinations for the Fellowship. In Branch A: Inorganic Chemistry, with special reference to Manufacture of Steel-Hughes, Martin Luther, B.Sc. (Lond.). In Branch E: The Chemistry, including Microscopy, of Food and Drugs,and of Water-Pinder, Jack Leake, B.Sc. (Lond.).Smith, Henry Geoffrey, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Leeds). Templeton, William Hugh, BSc. (Lond.). In Branch 1": Agricultural Chemktry- Holman, William Ian Maxwell, B.Sc.Agr. (Sydney). Koch, Douglas Everard Vernon, B.Sc. (Lond.). InMetallurgy, with apecia1 reference to Iron and Steel- Lloyd, Douglas Howard. 406 Notes. The British and American Associations for the Ad-vancement of Science.-At the meeting of the British Association, held at Cambridge in August, Lord Rayleigh, its President, referred to the connexion of science with warfare.He clearly demonstrated that discoveries of science which have been applied to warfare had often been made with no such object in view and, indeed, had sometimes been neglected by the dis- coverers as of little practical value. The General Committee of the Association, at its final meeting, appointed a provisional committee to report on the formation of a Division to deal with the social and international relations of science. It was felt that since the American Association for the Advancement of Science had aims and interest much in common with those of the British Association, closer liaison between them would promote international co-operation and goodwill.It was suggested, therefore, that in alternate years, an American representative should be invited to deliver an address at the Annual Meeting of the British Association and, similarly, a representative of the British Association should address members of the American Association at their summer meetings-such addresses to be devoted to topics of broad scientific interest, and usually, but not necessarily, dealing with the relations of science and society which would be the concern of the new Division referred to above. Mankind has yet to learn that knowledge and power of science should not be misused. As already suggested in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part 111, much can be done by the inculcation in the minds of the young of the value of accuracy,-implying accuracy in thinking and observation, the importance of truth, and the avoidance of exaggeration.It is to be hoped that the proposed new Division of the British Association, by means of enquiry, publication and conferences, will be able to achieve something towards the solution of the difficult problem which they will take in hand. 407 Harrison Memorial Prize.-In accordance with the Trust Deed governing the Harrison Memorial Fund, the Selection Com- mittee consisting of the Presidents of the Chemical Society, the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry and the Pharmaceutical Society, will proceed to make an award of the Harrison Memorial Prize in December next.The Prize, of the value of about LI~Owill be awarded to the chemist of either sex, being a natural born British subject and not at the time over 30 years of age, who, in the opinion of the Selection Committee, during the previous five years has conducted the most meritorious and promising original investigations in any branch of pure or applied chemistry and published the results of those investigations in a scientific periodical or periodicals. Provided that, in the opinion of the Selection Committee, there is a candidate of sufficient distinction to warrant an award of the Prize, the next award will be made in December, 1938. Applications, five copies of which must be submitted, should contain the following information :-Name (in full).Age (birth certificate must accompany application). Degrees (name of University where obtained). Other qualifications. Experience. Titles of published papers, with authors’ names, including full references to publication. Where research was carried out. Testimonials and references. Any other particulars bearing on the application. The Selection Committee is prepared to receive applications, nominations, or information as to candidates eligible for the Prize. Any such communication must be received by: The President, The Chemical Society, Burlington House , Piccadilly, London, W.1, not later than Thursday, 1st December, 1938. SCIENCE IN PARLIAMENT. Silicosis.-In the House of Commons on 6th July, the Secretary for Mines was asked whether he was aware, that by the adoption and strict enforcement of a number of preventive measures, the incidence of silicosis in the Rand Mines in South Africa had been reduced by go per cent., and whether he would 408 consider the desirability of arranging for those now engaged in investigating the problem of silicosis in the anthracite mines of South Wales to visit the Rand Mines with a view to reporting upon the practicability of adopting those methods of prevention in the coal mines of this country.In reply the Secretary for Mines stated that full information as to the measures taken in South Africa were available in this country, and it was known that the methods referred to had had substantial success under the rather different conditions prevailing there.It was, therefore, not considered desirable to arrange for a visit to the Rand by the investigators at present working for the Medical Research Council in South Wales, especially in view of the importance of avoiding any interruption of their present researches. Insect Pests.-On 11th July, in the House of Commons, the Minister of Agriculture stated that a preliminary note of the results of experiments with methallyl chloride carried out in a Dutch scientific laboratory had recently appeared in an English scientific journal, and it was understood that full results would shortly be published. He was not aware that any experiments with the substance, for agricultural or horticultural purposes, had been carried out in this country.Food and Drugs.-In the House of Commons, on 12th July, the Food and Drugs Bill was read the third time and passed with amendments. Land FertiZiity (Town Refuse).-In the House of Commons, on 18th July, the Minister of Agriculture was asked whether his attention had been called to the valuable organic matter in the rubbish and waste products of the towns as a ready means of restoring the fertility of the soil; and whether he would take steps to make this better known and more easily available. In reply, the Minister stated that steps had already been taken to draw attention to this use of town refuse, and to the methods adopted by certain local authorities in dealing with the material in the interests of farmers.Patent Medicines.--In the House of Lords, on 26th July, Lord Horder strongly criticised the trade in Patent Medicines, and asked the Government to take action to control the ex-ploitation of public credulity. He estimated that the vendors of 409 patent medicines, which were often deleterious to health, were bleeding the public-and the poorest people for the most part- of between ~2~-30,000,000a year. He regarded the advertise- ments by which they were sold-often grossly misleading, if not fraudulent-as being a graver danger than quack medicines, and he indicated that he had the sympathy of reputable news- papers and representatives of other media of advertising in pressing for some reform. He thought that a Government measure dealing with this matter would be a suitable corollary to the efforts being made to improve national fitness.Viscount Gage, replying for the Government, promised that the Minister of Health would examine Lord Horder’s speech and consider whether some warning about the use of drugs could be incorporated in the educational side of the national fitness movement. Water SuPfdies.-In the House of Commons, on 28th July, the Minister of Health stated that the Central Advisory Water Committee, under the chairmanship of Lord Milne, had just issued its first report and that a committee would consider the question as to how better relations and more co-operation could be brought about between the several interests concerned. When the final report was received the whole question of water supply would have the fullest consideration.The Inland Water Survey Committee was engaged in a national survey of water resources. Mr. F. W. Clifford, Librarian of the Chemical Society, represented the Institute at the 14th International Con-ference for Documentation held at Oxford in September. He also represented the Chemical Society and the Faraday Society. Mr. Clifford reported that the 350 members of the Conference included delegates of 30 governments and 150 scientific and learned societies, research institutions and international asso-ciations. One hundred and six papers were communicated, covering a very wide field. The more important dealt with the making of abstracts from periodical literature ; applications of indexing systems; the practical use of bibliographies ; teaching of documentation ; theories of cataloguing and classification; organisation of information services; and tools for library co-operation. 410 The large number of papers, together with the extensive hospitality provided by H.M.Government, the Vice-Chancellor, the civic authorities and others, considerably limited the time available for discussion. The most valuable feature of the proceedings was that the many opportunities for social contact created a definite atmos- phere of international friendship and goodwill which prevailed throughout the Conference. Kent Chemical Club.-Chemists in Kent have lately considered the suggestion of forming a chemical club to be styled the Kent Chemical Club; the membership to be open to anyone habitually engaged in chemical or allied scientific work, the annual subscription to be 2s.6d., and the annual programme to consist of four lectures and one or two social meetings. (Mr. W. F. Stephenson, B.Sc., A.I.C., Medway Technical College, Gillingham, is the Hon. Secretary of the Club.) Mr. Edward Collins, Fellow, has been appointed Government Analyst, Mauritius. Dr. James Brierley Firth, Member of CounciZ, recently Senior Lecturer at University College, Nottingham, has been appointed Director of the North Western Forensic Science Laboratory (Home Office) at Preston, Lancs. Professor Guy Frederic Marrian, Fellow, Associate-Professor of Biochemistry at the University of Toronto, has been appointed to the Chair of Chemistry in relation to Medicine, at the Univer- sity of Edinburgh.Professor Marrian was awarded the Meldola Medal in 1931. Sir Gilbert Thomas Morgan, O.B.E., F.R.S., FelZow, until recently Director of the Chemical Research Laboratory of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, has been appointed Chairman of the Research Fund Committee of the Institute of Brewing. Sir Gilbert Morgan has recently received the degree of Honorary LL.D. (St. Andrews). Professor Ronald George Wreyford Norrish, F.R.S., Fellow, has been elected a Member of the Council of the Senate of the University of Cambridge, in succession to Professor F. L. Engledow, who has resigned.411 Dr. Henry Julius Salomon Sand, Fellow,is retiring at Christmas from his appointment as Head of the Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry at the Sir John Cass Technical Institute. Dr. E. de Barry Barnett, Fellow, Head of the Department of Organic and Applied Chemistry, will be Head of the combined Chemistry Departments as from 1st January, 1939. Dr. Krishnasami Venkataraman, Fellow, Reader in Dyeing and Printing, University of Bombay, has been appointed Mody Professor and Head of the Department of Chemical Technology in the University, in succession to Professor R. B. Forster, Fellow. 412 National Certificates in Chemistry. England and Wales Assessors-Professor Sir Gilbert T. Morgan, O.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S., Organic Chemistry and Chemical Technology; Professor T.Slater Price, O.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S., Inorganic and Physical Chemistry; and Professor J. E. Coates, O.B.E., D.Sc., Physics, The Council has received the Report of the Joint Committee of the Institute and the Board of Education on the examinations for National Certificates in Chemistry (England and Wales). The following is an abstract of the Report:- During the present session two schools have submitted candidates for the first time in the Senior grade and one school in the Advanced grade. The number of entries in the Senior grade was 287, of whom 151 passed, compared with 217 in 1937, of whom 119 passed. In the Advanced grade there were 82 candidates, of whom 62 passed.In 1937 there were 54 candidates, of whom 43 passed. Of the 82 candidates, 64 had previously obtained the Ordinary Certificate, and of the 62 successful candidates 51 had previously obtained the Ordinary Certificate. The standard of the question papers has been maintained but the results show that the standard of attainment is rather lower than that of last year. The English of many candidates was weak. The practical work was of a higher standard than the theoretical, as is often the case with part-time students. On the work in the Advanced grade very little comment is necessary. The candidates are students who have surmounted the difficulties of the senior course and have thus a good foundation on which to build. Scotland Assessor-Dr.Norman Picton. Liaison with the English scheme has been maintained by consultation between Dr. Picton and Sir Gilbert Morgan. 413 For the Ordinary Certificate, 8 candidates entered and 7 passed, and for the Higher Certificate, 7 candidates entered and 3 passed. Northern Ireland In Northern Ireland the examinations are conducted by Examiners appointed by the Ministry of Education, and their recommendations are approved by the Council after obtaining the advice of Sir Gilbert Morgan. Four candidates entered; two passed. 414 Obituary. JOHNWILLIAMSBEVAN,whose death occured early this year at Swansea at the age of 82 years, received his chemical training with his father, Mr. J. W. Bevan of Redruth, professional chemist arid assayer.He was then a pupil fcr a year in the laboratory of the Morfu Copper Works, Swansea, before he became assistant to the late Dr. I$l.‘illiam Morgan, public analyst for Swansea. In 1880, he was appointed manager of lead smelting works, first in Ireland and later in Bristol, and was subsequently associated with the Morriston Spelter M70rks, Glamorgan. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888. GOSLINGFREDERICK died on 29th September in his 60th year. Born in London, he received his chemical training at the People’s Palace Techni- cal School-now Queen Mary’s College-and in 1893, entered the employ- ment of Dr. H. Wilson Hake, lecturer at the Westminster Hospital Medical School. In 1896, he was appointed chemist to Messrs.Thornas Tyrer & Co., Ltd., becoming chief chemist three years lator. In 1906 he became works manager, which post he held at the time of his death. During1914-18 he was associated with the work of the Royal Naval Experimental Station, Stratford. He was elected an Associate in 1921. ALANHAYTHORNTHWAITEdied at Gidea Park, Essex, on the 7th September in his 45th year. He received his chemical training at the Imperial College of Science and Technology, graduating B.Sc. with first- class honours in chemistry in 1914. After leaving college, he was a student with Messrs. Muter and Hackman for about 18 months. In 1917, he was appointed chemist in the salvarsan and neosalvarsan department of Messrs. May & Baker, Ltd., where he was responsible for the analytical control of these products. Later he became departmental manager, and then works manager, which position he held at the time of his death.He was elected an Associate in 1917 and a Fellow in 1920. WAMANNARHAR HIRWEdied in Bombay on 11th August, following an operation. Born in 1898, he was educatod at New English School, Poona, and Fergusson College, Poona. He graduated B.A., and B.Sc., in the University of Bombay, 1921 and 1923, respectively. In June, 1923, he joined the Royal Institute of Science, Bombay, of which he was elected a Fellow during the session 1924-26. He was awarded M.Sc. (Bombay) in 1926, for a thesis entitled “Nitrosalicylic Acids.” In June, 1926, he joined the chemical staff of the Wilson College, Bombay, and in 1929, he proceeded to an appointment at the Royal Institute of Science, where he continued to work until a week before his death.He published a number of papers on derivatives of salicylic acid in journals in India and elsewhere. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1937. 415 PATRICK KIRKALDYHENRY died at Cricklewood on 14th September,in his 68th year. The son of John Givens Kirkaldy, he was educated at the Brewers Company’s School, studied at King’s College, London, under Professor John Millar Thomson, F.R.S., and gained the Daniel1 Scholarship for original research in 1894. In the same year, he was appointed assistant demonstrator in the college, where he assisted in the training of many candidates for the Associateship of the Institute.In 1909, he became assistant professor, which position he held until 1919, when he retired and was elected a Fellow of the College. In the meantime, during the war, the college undertook work in connexion with the production of benzol and toluol, to which he wholeheartedly gave his services, declining to accept any recognition from the State. After his retirement, he held an appoint- ment as Examiner to the Pharmaceutical Society from 1920 almost continuously until 1936. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1893 and a Fellow in 1897. He was &st elected to the Council of the Institute in 1916, and thereafter served for three periods, namely, from 1916 to 1919, 1920 to 1923, 1936 to 1938. He was a Vice-president from 1923 to 1924, and Honorary Treasurer from 1924 to 1036.Thus for nearly twenty years he actively participated in the work of the Institute, regularly attending meetings of the Council and Committees. As Honorary Treasurer, he was Chairman of the Finance and House Committee and the Benevolent Fund Committee, and Vice-Chairman-for about 12 years virtually Chairman-of the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee. He was also Chairman for 2 years of the Lectures and Library Committee. He was the first Chairman of the London and South-Eastern Counties Section, and represented the Institute on the Chemical Council from 1935 to 1936. In 1931, Mr. Kirkaldy presented the Institute with a Chippendale bookcase, which was placed in the Council Room, and with a desk for the Library.At the funeral at Chipperfield, Herts., the Institute was represented by the Registrar, and tributes of flowers were sent in the name of the Institute and from its staff. JAMES died at Bournemouth on 28th August, at the age O’SULLIVAN of 83. He studied chemistry at the Royal College of Science, South Kensington, under Professor-later Sir-Edward Frankland, obtaining a first-class certificate in Inorganic and Organic Chemistry. In 1877 he joined his brother Cornelius O’Sullivan, F.R.S., who had been appointed ten years earlier, brewer and chemist to Messrs. Bass, Ratcliff and Gretton, Ltd., at Burton-on-Trent. He succeeded his brother as chief chemist and continued in that position until his retirement in 1925.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1887. TRENHAM REEKS died at Streatham Hill, on 19th September, HOWARD at the age of 78 years. He received his scientific training under Professor (Sir) Edward Frankland, at the Royal School of Mines, London, and obtained the Associateship of the School (A.R.S.M.) in 1880. In 1881 he became assistant to E. Jackson, A.R,.S.M., and, in 1885, assistant to Dr. Augustus Voelcker & Sons, Agricultural Chemists. Subsequently, he was for many years in practice in Queen Victoria Street, in the City of London, as an analytical chemist and assayer. He was electad an Associate of the Institute in 1883, and a Fellow in 1840. 416 Books and their Contents.The following books have been kindly presented by the authors or publishers and may be seen in the Library of the Institute:-“Applied Chemistry, Thorpe’s Dictionary of.” J. F. Thorpe and M. A. Whiteley, assisted by eminent contributors. 4th Edition. Vol. I1 (BI-Chemical Analysis). Pp. xxiii + 711. (London: Longmans Green & Co.) 63s. ‘‘Chemistry, The Elements of.” William Foster. 3rd Edi- tion (2nd printing). Pp. xx + 706. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 10s. 6d. Chemical terms; matter and its changes; compounds and mixtures; oxygen; combustion ; hydrogen; laws of gases ; kinetic theory ; combina-tion by weight ;atomic theory ;symbols and formulas ; valence, compound formation, nomenclature; equations and calculations ; water and hydrates; solution; carbon, fuel and energy ;oxides of carbon; molecular and atomic weights; ozone and hydrogen peroxide; oxidation; chlorine ; hydrogen chloride ; hydrochloric acid ; acids, bases and salts ; chemical equilibrium ;theory of ionization; acids, bases and salts ; ionic equilibria; halogen family; sulphur and sulphides ; oxides and acids of sulphur;classification of the elements; radioactivity; structure of the atom; nitrogen and the atmosphere; ammonia; nitric acid and the oxides of nitrogen; explosives ; nitrogen family ; organic chemistry; hydrocarbons ; fuel and flame; some common organic compounds; plant and animal foods; some plant and animal products; silicon and boron; colloid chemistry ; metals and alloys; metallurgy ; alkali metals ; alkaline earth metals; the iron family; copper, silver and gold; zinc group; aluminium and its compounds; tin and lead; electrochemistry; chromium and manganese; platinum and related metals ; less familiar elements.“Industrial Chemistry.” W. T. Read. 2nd Edition. Pp. ix + 605. (New York: John Wiley & Sons, Ind.; London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 25s. Relation of chemistry to industry; work of chemists and chemical engineers; chemical organisation; sources of information ; analyticalcontrol in chemical industry ; chemical economics ; unit operations and equipment ; materials of construction ; units and calculations; power plant chemistry; sulphur and sulphuric acid; fixed nitrogen ; silicate industries ; sodium, calcium and magnesium compounds; mixed ferti- Iisers; hydrochloric acid; electrochemical industries; metallurgy;petroleum; animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes; carbohydrate industries; protein industries; rubber; coal products; synthetic drugs,dyes and resins; explosives; paints and varnishes.417 “Inorganic Chemistry, A Text-book of.” Edited by J. Newton Friend. Vol. VI, Part IV: Arsenic. R. H. Vallance. Pp. xxxi + 351. (London: Charles Griffin & Co., Ltd.) 25s. Introductory :position of arsenic in periodic table; occurrence of arsenic ; arsenic and its properties; metallic arsenides ; arsenic and hydrogen; arsenic and the halogens; lower oxides of arsenic and the metallic arsenites ; arsenic pentoxide and the arscnates ; arsenic and sulphur; arsenic and the elements of Groups V, IV and 111; physiological proper- ties of arsenic compounds ; arsenical sprays and dusts; detection and estimation of arsenic.’‘Inorganic Analysis, Quantitative, with special reference to the analysis of Clays, Silicates and Related Minerals.” J. W. Mellor and H. V. Thompson. 2nd Edition. Pp. xxxi + 784. (London: Charles Griffin & Co., Ltd.) 42s. Part I : General : WeigRing, measurements of volumes ; volumetric analysis ; colorimetry and turbidimetry ;filtration and washing ; heatingand drying; pulvorisation and grinding; sampling; reagents. Part I1 : Typical silicate analyses-Clays ; the determination of volatile matters ; opening-up silicates ; determination of the silica; ammonia precipitate ; determination of iron, titanium, calcium, magnesium and alkalies; abbreviated analyses and analytical errors ; electro-analysis.Part I11: Analysis of glasses, glazes, colours and complex silicates : Analysis of glazes, glasses, enamels and colours ;determination of arsenic ;antimony,tin, lead, bismuth and mercury, copper and cadmium, zinc, manganese, cobalt and nickel. Part IV : Special Methods-Bases : determination of molybdenum, tungsten, columbium (niobium) and tantalum; gold platinum and selenium ; aluminium and beryllium compounds ; specialmethods for compounds ; determination of chromium, vanadium and uranium; zirconium, thorium and the rare earths; special methods for the determination of barium, strontium, calcium arid magnesium and of alkalies and their salts; Part IT:Special Methods-Acids and non- metals ; determination of carbon-free and combined-water, boron, phosphorus, sulphur, the halogens ; the rational analysis of clays; list of solvents for procipitates in Munroe’s crucible.“Science and Nutrition.” A. L. Bacharach. Pp. xiv + 154. (London: C. A. Watts & Co., Ltd.) 2s. 6d. Section I: Experimental Basis : The use of animal experiments. Section I1 : Classical nutritional science : Major food constituents ; carbohydratechemistry; carbohydrates in the body; chemistry of fats; fats in the body; chemistry of proteins; amino-acids in the body. Section 111: Minerals: Major mineral elements ; the hormones-iodine ; traces ; Section IV: Vitamins: vitamins in general ; detecting, measuring and identifying vitamins; deficiency diseases.Section V : Diet and Human Health: Necessity for the optimal; absence of the optimal. “The Central”-the Journal of the Old Students of the Central Institution, Central Technical College and the City and Guilds (Engineering) College,-No. 83, Vol. XXXV, published in June, was almost entirely devoted to the life and work of Henry Edward Armstrong, F.R.S., constituting a memorial, 418 chiefly compiled by his son, Dr. E. F. Armstrong, F.R.S. Follow-ing a short autobiography covering the years 1848-79, accounts are given of the origin and development of the colleges and of Professor Armstrong’s connexion with them. The section “In Memoriam” is drawn from many tributes paid to him; Miss E.M. Rich deals with his educational work, and Mr. Charles E. Browne, with his interest in Christ’s Hospital. The Safety in Mines Research Board. Sixteenth Annual Report of. Including a Report of Matters dealt with by the Health Advisory Committee, 1937. Pp. 136. (London : H.M. Stationery Office.) General ; safety instruction ; progress of safety researches; progress in health researches ; co-operation with other countries ; appendices. The British Standards Institution has recently for-warded the following specifications (2s. each, 2s. zd. postfree) :-No. 320-1938. Vermilion for Paints. No. 333-1938. Red Pigment (Red Lakes, Toner or Pigment Dyestuff) for Paints. No. 515-1938. Carbolic Acids 60’s. (Superseding No.515-1933.)No. 517-1938. Cresylic Acid of High Orthocresol Content. (Superseding No. 517-1933.) No. 521-1938. Cresylic Acid (50/55 per cent. Metacresol). (Superseding No. 521-1933.) No. 522-1938. Orthocresol, Metacresol and Paracresol. (Superseding No. 523-1933.) No. 523-1938. Phenol. (Superseding No. 523-1933.) No. 524-1938. Refined Cresylic Acid. No. 808-1938. Modified Technique of the Chick-Martin Test for Disinfectants. No. 809-1938. Sampling of Dairy Products. C.E. 8746. List of British Standards. Professor J. B. S. Haldane, in A.R.P. (Gollancz, 7s. 6d.), makes a comprehensive study of the problems of resistance to acrial attack. While he regards the officially recommended precautions against gas and incendiary bombs as reasonably effective, he condemns the precautions against high explosive bombs, in that they tend to promote a false sense of security.His constructivc proposals include the digging of trenches in 419 public parks and gardens and a two-year plan for the construction of a tunnel-and-shelter system giving full protection to the entire population. Professor Haldane, in association with Professor Marrack and Professor Bernal, has also produced a mimeographed plan for A.R.P. (obtainable for qd., from Mr. F. J. Sander, 85, Beech-wood Road, Sanderstead, Surrey), with a detailed scheme for a definite site in the borough of St. Pancras, including three important railway termini, a densely populated working-class area and a better class residential district with many open spaces.The scheme is based on the assumption that all four types of attack, i.e. machine-gun and gas, incendiary and high explosive bombs, might be used, and figures are quoted as to the destructive and penetrative powers of these weapons. It is proposed that all children up to the age of 14, the mothers of those up to the age of 5, everybody over the age of 70, and the sick and infirm would be evacuated before the commencement of hostilities. The remain- der of the population would be protected by shelters, which would take the form of a system of tunnels in the London clay, 5oft. below the surface. The tunnels would be of inverted U-section, lined with steel sheeting and hand excavated, access- able by staggered staircases, each shelter to accommodate, roughly 500 people, in communication with other shelters having independent staircases.The shelters would be equipped with electric light, ventilation plant, gas-lock, hot and cold water supply, decontamination and dressing-rooms and chemical closets. The cost is estimated at LII a head. A brief section deals with medical arrangements. The proposals also include the planning of medical arrangements for England as a whole and the immediate development of hospital services on the outskirts of London,-the sick and casualties to be dealt with by the same organisation. Mr. E. C. Large, the author of “Sugar in the Air,” has pro- duced a new novel entitled “Asleep in the Afternoon,” in which he introduces a gadget for sleep induction.The author is a chemist, and the book, which has some scientific implications, gives the uninitiated an insight into the ramifica- tions of high finance. (Jonathan Cape, London: 7s. 6d. net.) 420 The Register. At the meeting of Council held on zIst October, 193S, 2 new Fellows were elected, 19 Associates were elected to the Fellow- ship, I Fellow was re-elected, 62 new Associates were elected, I Associate was re-elected, and 28 Students were admitted. The Council regrets to record the deaths of 5 Fellows and 2 Associates. New Fellows. Chakravarti, Satyendra Nath, M.Sc. (Lucknow), D.Phi1. (Oxon.), Chemical Examiner to the Government, United Provinces and Central Provinces, Agra, India.Hebdon, Edward Alan William, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.M.I.Chem.E., North End, Crofton Lane, Orpington, Kent. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Barnicoat, Cuthbert Richmond, M.Sc. (N.Z.), Ph.D. (Minnesota), Depart- ment of Scientific and Industrial Research, Wellington, N.Z. Chari, Tirukurungudi Sesha Tiruvenkata, B.A. (Madras), Chemical Examiner, Custom House, Madras, India. Evans, Eric Bertram, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 19, Roxborough Avenue, Isleworth. Hughes, Martin Luther, B.Sc. (Lond.), 21, Townhill Road, Cwmgwyn, Swansea. Ives, David James Gibbs, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 80, Wildwood Road, London, N.W. 11. Jatkar, Shankar Khando Kulkarni, M.Sc. (Bombay), Department of General Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.Joyce, Percy Erasmus, B.Sc. (Lond.), M.Inst.P.T., 58, Yamashita Cho, Yokohama, Japan. Lloyd, Douglas Howard, 76, Croftdowne Road, Harborne, Birmingham, 17. Lowe, Leonard Thornton, B.Sc. (Mane.), Institute of Agriculture, Usk, Mon. Maiden, Alan Mulock, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Liv.), 70, Seymour Grove, Old Trafford, Manchester, 16. Milner, Francis Highland, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 4, Erncroft Way,Twickenham. Norrish, Ronald George Wreyford, M.A., Ph.D., Sc.D. (Cantab.), F.R.S., 7, Park Terrace, Cambridge. Phillips, Henry Wilfred Lewis, M.A. (Cantab.), Glencoin, West Avenue, Stockton Heath, nr. Warrington. Pinder, Jack Leake, B.Sc. (Lond.), 22, Central Avenue, Leicester. Smith, Henry Geoffrey, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Leeds), 75, Chandos Avenue, London, N.20.Steel, Arnold Kirk, M.C., 6, Kerry Avenue, Stanmore, Middx. Templeton, William Hugh, B.Sc. (Lond.), 30, Nevern Square, London, s.w.5. 421 Woodmansey, Arnold, M.Sc, (Leeds), 3 1, St. Hilda’s Road, Harrogate. Yudkin, John, M.A., Ph.D., M.B. (Cantab.), BSc. (Lond.), 1, KneightonBrae, Hills Road, Cambridge. Re-elected Fellow. Hayman, Jack Vernon Johnson, A.C.G.I., 99, Harrow Road, Auburn, N.S.W., Australia. New Associates. Allchin, John Pratt, 57, Alexander Road, Acocks Green, Birmingham. Alner, David John, B.Sc. (Lond.), 30, Intermediate Road, Brynmawr, Breconshire. Anderson, Thomas Hemingway, B.Sc. (Lond.), M‘ey Cottage, Elrington Road, Hove, 4. Bain, Graeme Harold, M.Sc. (Cape), Brookwood, Sandown Road, Ronde- bosch, Cape Town, S.Africa. Bell, William Maurice, B.Sc. (Liv.), Borrowash House, Borrowash, Derby. Benney, John Howard, B.Sc. (Lond.), 100, Summergangs Road, Hull. Bevan, Stanley Cecil, B.Sc. (Lond.), Aylwood, Heavitree, Exeter. Blake, Arthur John, 150, Purley Downs Road, Sanderstead, Surrey. Bloomfield, Cyril Josiah, 58, Edric Road, New Cross, London, S.E.14. Brandon, Thomas William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 24, Geneva Road, Thornton Heath. Callow, Alan Edward, B.Sc. (Liv.), 30, Kingsley Road, Wallasey. Collison, Miss Dorothy Louisa, B.Sc. (Lond.), 43, Cambridge Court, Amhurst Park, Stamford Hill, London, N.16. Cowin, Robert Archibald, 27, Bare Avenue, Morecambe. Cullum, Thomas Vernon, B.Sc. (Lond.), 55, Lawrence Road, London, E.6.Cusworth, Miss Beatrice Margaret, B.Sc. (Lond.), 55, Nunnery Lane, York. Davies, David Richard Aylmer, B.Sc. (Wales), City Analyst’s Laboratory, 67, Surrey Street, Sheffield. Dickson, George Kenneth, B.Sc. (Lond.), 52, Broome Manor Lane, Swindon. Dinnis, Goorge, B.Sc. (Lond.), 63, Cranbourne Gardens, London, N.W. 11. Duke, John Reginald Claude, B.Sc. (Lond.), 27, Redesdale Gardens, Isleworth. Edwards, Walter Robert Newton, B.Sc. (Birm.), 9, Iris Close, Selly Oak, Birmingham, 29. Elliott, Gordon Henry, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S.,*D.I.C., Depart- ment of Textil e Industries, The University, Leods. Ferguson, William Grossart, 106, Carleith Quadrant, Glasgow, S.W. 1. Fraser, Alan Robert, 4, Bristol Road, Liverpool 15. Gilbert, Wilfred, A.M.C.T., The Reliance Firebrick & Pottery Co., Ltd., Barakar P.O., E.I.R., India.Greaves, John Harry, B. Sc. (Lond.), 58, Durlston Road, Kingston-on- Thames. Hardie, Hugh Grant Macpherson, 7, Hosefiel d Avenue, Aberdeen. Harris, Jack Oatway, B.Sc. (Lond.), 16, Tremayne Terrace, Torpoint, Cornwall. Hewlett, Wilfrid Lewis, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 29, Openshaw Road, London, S.E.2. Hills, Walter Hyde, B.A. (Cantab.), Oxford Works, Worsley Bridge Road, Lowor Spdenham. Hudson, Bertram James Frank, B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), Springlands, Wen- dover Road, Stoke Mandevil 1e, Aylcsbury, Bucks. Jones, William Elwyn, B.Sc. (Wales), Minofferen, Blaenau Festiniog, Merioneth, 422 Linton, Keith Frank Astell, B.Sc. (Lond.), 39, Elmstead Lane, Chislehurst.Lord, Percy, B.Sc. (Manc.), Highfield, Causeway Head Road, Dore, Sheffield. Love, John, 5, Henderson Street, Paiqleg-, Scotland. Malcolm, James hlclaren, 3, Clunie Road, Glasgow, S.W.2. McBride, John Albert, B.Sc. (Lond.), 25, Ings Road, Hull. Merrick Leslie, M.Sc.Tech. (Msnc.), A.M.C.T., 18, Rosehay Lane, Fails- worth, Manchester. Niyogi, Bibhutibhusan, B.Sc. (Calcutta), Dopartmont of Chemistry and Assaying, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad, E.I.R., India. Ogilvie, John Oliphant, B.Sc. (Lond.), 43, Paris Street, Grangemouth, Stirlingshire. Phillips, Leslie, B.Sc. (Lond.), 30, Gwyther Street, Pembroke Dock. Platt, Percy John, B.Sc. (Lond.), 27, Ings Road, Hull. Reynolds, Ralph Frederick, High Street, Tideswell, Buxton. Robertson, Stewart McFeat, 95, Kinghorn Drive, Glasgow, S.4.Robinson, Harry, B.Sc. (Manc.), 98, Hurtley Street, Burnley, Lancs. Segrove, Herbert Daymond, B.Sc. (Sheff.), 45, Wake Road, Sheffield, 7. Shamash, Ezra, B.Sc. (Lond.), 131, Hammersmith Road, London, W.14. Slater, Stanley Nelson, M.Sc. (N.Z.), St. Catherine’s Society, St. Aldate’s, Oxford. Smith, Albert, B.Sc. (Lond.), 50, Millham Street, Blackburn. Stephenson, Arthur Dennis, 13, Mayville Road, Leeds, 6. Stones, Thomas, B.Sc. (Lond.), 91, Queen’s Road, Blackburn. Stuckey, Robert Edwin, B.Sc. (Lond.), 7, Belsize Avenue, London, N.W.3. Swire, William Hedley, 56, Crawford Avenue, Leyland, nr. Preston. Tailby, Sydney Russell, B.Sc. (Lond.), St. Aubyns, Barrowfield, Dyke Road, Hove.Terakopoff, Miss Alla, B.Sc. (Lond.), 47, Rodenhurst Road, London, s.W.4. Thomson, John Francis, B.Sc. (Lond.), Grouville, St. Mary’s Avenue, London, E.11. Tully, John Patrick, B.Sc. (Manitoba), Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo, B.C., Canada. Tummin-Katti, Muppanna C., M.Sc., Ph.D. (Illinois), Karnatak Chemical Works, Gadag, M. & S.M. Rly., India. Tyabji, Amin hl., Ph.D. (Zurich), 33, French Road, Bombay, 7, India. Tyson, John Tyson, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 10, Hurlingham Court, London, S.W.G. Walker, Howard Eric, B.Sc. (Lond.), Corton, Hillcrest Road, Loughton. Whetstone, John, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Birm.), 50, Greenland Road, Selly Park, Birmingham, 29. Young, Hugh McCulloch, B.Sc. (Lond.), 17, Winchester Street, Nottingham.Re-elected Associate. Knowles, William Maurice Foster, B.Sc. (Lond.), Eastwood, Portishead, Somerset. New Students. Bache, Herbert Josiah, 21, Inchcape Avenue, Handsworth Wood, Bir-mingham.Bruce, David Rodger, 19, Allander Street, Glasgow, N. Cleland, Robert Lang, Heatheryhill, Glenboig, Lanarkshire. Deans, Ashwynn Archibald, Rootfield, Broadloan, Renfrew. Donkin, James, 13, Kendal Street, Blackburn. Ellarby, Eric, 498, Holden Road, Leigh, Lancs. Garrard, John Vanhome, 18, Spencer Road, South Croydon. 423 Gunton, Albert George, 70, Carlton Vale, London, N.W.6. Harbour, Donald William, 48, Bernard Street, London, 'cV.C.1. Hewitt, Thomas Geoffrey, 330, North Road, Anlaby Road, Hull. Hogg, Leslie Turnbull, 4, Hindley Gardens, Fenham, Newcastle-on-Tyne, 4.Holliday, Leslie, 16, Sugarwell Road, Meanwood, Leeds, 7. Holmes, Walter, 11, Cleveleys Avenue, Scale Hall, Lancaster. Jackson, George Henry, 44,Kenilworth Road, London, M7.5. Johnson, John Terrence George, Lyndhurst, Rodborough Avenue, Stroud. Kemp, George Henry, 31, Thurloe U'alk, Grays. Key, Cyril Charles, 1, Clifden Road, Brentford, Middx. Pearson, Ronald Mead, 61, Greylands Avenue, Norton, Stockton-on-Tees. Phillips, William John, B.Sc. (Lond.), 53a, Ridley Road, London, E.7. Putman, John Harold, 43, St. Paul's Road, London, N.17. Rhodes, William Kenneth, 95, Hastings Street, Marshfields, Bradford. Roberts, Charles Tindal, View Park, Foulford Road, Cowdenbeath, Fife. Rose, Victor John, Tudor Lodge, Underhill Road, South Benfleet. Scott, Bertram Eric, 68, Bedford Road, Ilford.Scott, Robert Orr, 74, Marlborough Avenue, Glasgow, K.1. Thompson, Alec Charles, 24,Bradford Road West, Batley, Yorks. Thorpe, William Frederick Albert, 10, Douglas Road, Blackheath, Bir- mingham. Wright, James Macer, 18, Thornsett Road, London, S.E. 20. DEATHS. Fellows. Thomas Baker, D.Sc. (Dun.), M.Met. (Sheffield), F.Inst .P. John Williams Bevan. Alan Haythornthwaite, B.Sc., Ph.D.(Lond.), A.R.C.S. James O'Sullivan. Trenham Howard Reeks. A.R.S.M. Associates. Frederick Gosling. Narharwarman Hirwe, B.A., M.Sc. (Bombay). CHANGE OF NAME (Miss) Louisa Mary Hargreaves, B.Sc. (Lond.), Associate, to Mrs. Louisa Mary Williams,-on her marriage.(Miss) Nora Innes McGhee, Associate, to (Mrs.) Nora Innes Good,-on her marriage. (Miss) Gertrude Margaret Staynes, B.Sc. (Lond.), Associate, to (Mrs.)Gertrude Margaret Grimwade,-on her marriage. (Miss) Helen Margaret Stocks, B.Sc. (Lond.), Associate, to (Mrs.) Helen Margaret Lewis,---on her marriage. Abraham Wechsler, M.Sc. (Lond.), Associate, to Abraham Wexler, bydeed and public announcement in The Times. Coming Events. 1938 Nov. 7 CHEMICAL SOCIETY: “Recent Progress in the Chemistry of the Starches.” Professor E. L. Hirst, F.R.S., in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, The University, Liverpool, at 6 p.m. OF CHEMICALINDUSTRYSOCIETY (London Section and Chemical Engineering Group) : “The Theory and Development of HighVacuum Distillation.” Dr.C. R. Burch and Dr. W. J. D. van Dijck. “The General Technique of Molecular Distillation.” Mr. G. Burrows and Mr. E. W. Fawcett. “The Application of Molecular Distillation to the Concentration of Vitamins.” Mr. W. Jewell, Dr. T. H. Mead and Mr. J. W. Phipps, at Burling- ton House, Piccadilly, London, W. 1. OF8 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (East Anglian Section): “War Time Chemical Problems.” Mr. H. B. Brown, at the Central Public Library, Ipswich, at 7.30 p.m. INSTITUTE OF DYERSAND COLOURISTSOF CHEMISTRYand SOCIETY (Huddersfield Sections): “The Life and Work of Sir W. H. Perkin.” Professor F. M. Rowe. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(Plastics Group) : “Plasticity.”Dr. R. F. Hanstock, at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 7.30 p.m.SOCIETYPHARMACEUTICAL : “Hornccopathy and its Pharmaceutical Aspects.” Dr. 0. Leeser, at 17, Bloomsbury Square, London, W.C.l, at 8.30 p.m. 9 SOCIETY (Food Group): “Control of DairyOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY Products in Holland.” Dr. C. I. Kruisheer, at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, W.C.l, at 8 p.m. 10 CHEMICALSOCIETY: “Chemical Carcinogenic Agents.” Professor J. W. Cook, F.R.S., in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, University College, Swansea, at 6 p.m. INSTITUTEOF FUEL:“Welsh Smokeless Coal for Open Fires.” Dr. Margaret Fishenden, in the Meeting Room of the Geological Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 6 p.m. 11 BRITISH ASSOCIATION CHEMISTS(Notts. and DorLy Section):OF “Colour Cinematography.” Mr.P. R. Hawtin, at the Brailsford Caf6, Green Lane, Derby, at 7.30 p.m. BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS(Manchester Section) :“Chemi-cal Aspect of Air Raid Precautions.” CHEMICALSOCIETY: “The Structure of Films adsorbed at Solid Surfaces.” Dr. D. H. Bangham, in the Lecture Theatre of the new Chemistry Building, The University, Leeds, at 7.30 p.m. PHYSICAL : Twenty-third Guthrie Lscture : “The Trans- SOCIETY formations of Energy and the Mechanical Work of Musc~~s.” Prof. A. V. Hill, O.B.E., F.R.S., in the Physics Dept., Imperial College of Science, Imperial Institute Road, S.W.7, at 5.15 p.m. 425 Nov. 14 INSTITUTEOF BREWING (London Section): Paper by Dr. Erik Helm, at the Horse Shoe Hotel, Tottenham Court Road, London, W.l, at 6 p.m.16 HULLCHEMICALAND ENGINEERINGSOCIETY: “Modern Develop- ments in the Aluminium Industry.” Mr. N. D. Pullen, in the Lecture Room (Room 51), Municipal Technical College, Park Street, Hull, at 7.45 p.m. INSTITUTECHEMISTRY, SOCIETY OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRYOF (Manchester Sections), CHEMICAL SOCIETY,SOCIETYOF DYERS MANCHESTERAND COLOURISTS, LITERARYAND PHILOSOPHI-CAL SOCIETY jointly with: “Camouflage in Nature and War.” Dr. H. B. Cott, in the Reynolds Hall, College of Technology,Manchester, at 7 p.m. 16 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (London and South-Eastern Counties OF Section): Annual General Meeting and Smoking Concert, at the Palace Hotel, Bloomsbury Street, London, W.C.l, at 7.30 p.m.17 CHEMICALSOCIETY: “Some Carbohydrate Problems.” Professor W. N. Haworth, F.R.S., at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.1, at 8 p.m. INSTITUTE (Midland Counties Section) :“Some Aspects OF BREWING of the Use of Wheat Malt in Brewing.” Col. J. H. Collett and Mr. J. W. Green, at the White Horse Hotel, Congreve Street, Birmingham, at 6.30 p.m. INSTITUTEOF BREWING (Yorkshire and North-Eastern Section) : “Cooperage.” Mr. W. Lindsay, at the Great Northern Hotel, Leeds. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North East Coast Section) and the NORTON HALL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY: “The Dyestuffs Industry.” Dr. C. J. T. Cronshaw, at Norton Hall. 18 CHEMICALSOCIETY: “The Hydrogen Bond.” Dr. J. Monteath Robertson, at the Royal Technical College, 204 George Street, Glasgow, at 7.30 p.m.INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY : “opium.” Twenty-first Streatfeild Memorial Lecture. Mr. J. R. Nicholls, at 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.l, tat 8 p.m. OF CHEMISTRYINSTITUTE and SOCIETY OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (Liverpool Sections) : “The Discharge of Crude Sewage into the Estuary of the River Mersey.” Dr. B. A. Southgate, at The University of Liverpool, at 6 p.m. SOCIETY INDUSTRYOF CHEMICAL (Chemical Engineering Group and Nottingham Section): “Refractories in Industrial Service.” Mr. W. J. Rees, at Nottingham. OF DYERSSOCIETY AND COLOURISTS:“Some Principles of Drying.”Mr. W. Cohen. “Textile Drying Machinery.” Mr. W. H. Spooner, at 36, George Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m. 19 INSTITUTEOB CHEMISTRY(Belfast and District Section): Annual Dinner ah the Grand Central Hotel, Belfast.21 CHEMICAL CLUB: “Some Modern Approaches to Problems of Psychiotry.” Dr. I. Frost, in the Olub Smoke Room, 2 White-hll &w+, Loaden, S.W.l, a& 8.16 p.m. 426 Nov. 21 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Huddersfield Section) : “Identifications in Criminology.” Dr. C. Ainsworth Mitchell. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Leeds Area Section) : Annual General Meeting. “Some Infra-red Themes.” Dr. J. J. Fox, C.B., O.B.E., at Lee&. INSTITUTION OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY(Manchoster Section) : “Some Aspects of the Dust Problem as encountered in Rubber Manufacture.” Mr. A. E. T. Neale, at tho Engineers’ Club, Albert Square, Manchester, at 7.30 p.m.22 ANNUAL CHEMICAL DINNER: at the Connaught Rooms, Great Queen Street, London, W.C.2, at 7 p.m. for 7.30 p.m. INSTITUTEBREWING(Scottish Section) “Colloidal Aspect ofOF Caramelisation Products.” Mr. J. S. Baxter, at the Caledonian Hotel, Edinburgh. INSTITUTE (East Anglian Section) and the NORWICH OF CHEMISTRY SOCIETYMEDICOCHIRURGICAL : “Food and Medicine.” Mr. A. L. Bacharach, at the Technical College, Norwich. MANCHESTERCHEMICALCLUB: Ivan Levenstein Memorial Lecture : “Manchester Chemistry and Chemists of the Nineties.” Prof. A. G. Green, F.R.S. 23 ASSOCIATION WOEKERSOF SCIENTIFIC : “The Film in Education.” Prof. W. C. Cullis, C.B.E., in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, University College, Gower’s Street, London, W.C.l, at 8.15 p.m.INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Dublin Section): Annual GeneralOF Meeting, at University College, Upper Merrion Street, Dublin, at 8 p.m. INSTITUTECHEMISTRY(Leeds Area Section) : Dinner-Dance.OF 24 CHEMICALSOCIETY:Sir William Henry Perkin Centenary Lecture. Dr. H. Levinstein, in the Leathersellers’ Hall, St. Helens Place, London, E.C.3, at 5 p.m. SOCIETYCHEMICAL : “Some Chemical Aspects of a WidespreadPhenomenon-Biological Methylation.” Professor F. Challenger, in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, University College, University Park, Nottingham, at 5.15 p.m. INSTITUTEOF BREWING(North of England Section) : “Metallic Corrosion.” Dr. It. Seligman, at the Midland Hotel, Manchester. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Bristol and South Western Counties Section): “Two New Types of Indicator.” Dr.A. D. Mitchell, in the Chemical Department of the University, Woodland Road, Bristol, at 5.30 p.m. 25 CHEMICALSOCIETY:“The Origins of the Atomic Theory.” Professor J. R. Partington, M.B.E., in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, University College, Bangor, at 5.30 p.m. INSTITUTION : Third Hinchley Memorial OF CHEMICALENGINEERS Lecture: “Fog and Mist from the Physico-Chemical Standpoint.” Professor J. C. Philip, O.B.E., F.R.S.,at the Institution of Civil Engineers, Great George Street, Westminster, S.W. 1, at 6.30 p.m. MANCHESTER AND PHILOSOPHICALLITERARY SOCIETY(ChemicalSection): “Automatic Fire Protection.” Mr. H. E. Mellor., at 36, George Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m. Nov. 26 BRITISH ASSOCIATION : 2 1st Annual General Meeting, OF CHEMISTS at the Waldorf Hotel, Aldwych, London, W.C.2, at 3 p.m.; 21st Anniversary Banquet, at 6.30 for 7 p.m.28 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY(Cardiff and District Section) and the OF CHEMICAL :SOCIETY “Some Topics in Inorganic Chemistry.” Professor W. Wardlaw, at University College, Cathays Park, Cardiff, at 7 p.m. OF CHEMISTRYINSTITUTE AND SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (Edinburgh and East of Scotland Sections) : “Chemistry in the Service of the Community.” Mr. A. R. Jamieson, in the North British Station Hotel, Princes Street, Edinburgh, at 7.30 p.m. AND ENGINEERING “The Chemistry of 29 HULL CHEMICAL SOCIETY: Vitamins.” Dr. R. Gordon Booth, in t,he Lecture Room (Room 51), Municipal Technical College, Park Street, Hull, at 7.45 p.m.MANCHESTER AND PHILOSOPHICAL :LITERARY SOCIETY“Money.” Professor Polanyi, at 36, George Street, Manchester, at 5.30 p.m. 30 SOCIETYFOR THE STUDYOF ALCHEMY AND EARLY CHEMISTRY: “From Magic to Science.” Nr. J. C. Gregory. Dec. 1 CHEMICALSOCIETY:Discussion on “Aggregation of Ions in Paraffin-chain Salt Solutions.” To be opened by Dr. G. s. Hartley, at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Liverpool and North- Western Section) : Social Evening. SOCIETY (Chemical Engineering Group and OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY Bristol Section) : “Some Aspects of the Viscose Industry. ” Mr. G. S. Heaven, at the Chemical Department of the University, Woodland Road, at 7.30 p.m.2 INSTITUTEOF FUEL: A Symposium on the Measurement of Gas Temperatures, in the Lecture Theatre, The Institution of Electrical Engineers, Savoy Place, Victoria Embankment, London, W.C.2, at 10.30 a.m. RAMSAY CHEMICAL DINNER. At the Central Station Hotel, Glasgow, at 7 p.m. ROYALINSTITUTIONOF GREAT BRITAIN: “The Scientist and the Philosopher.” Lord Samuel, P.C., G.C.B., G.B.E., at 21, Albemarle Street, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. OF CHEMICALINDUSTRYSOCIETY (Manchester Section) : “Planning Permanent Profits-Applying Scientific Management to Scientific Products.” Mr. L. Urwick, at the Constitutional Club, St. Ann Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m. 5 CHEMICALSOCIETY:Meeting for the reading of original papers, in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, The University, Manchester, at 7 p.m.OF CHEMISTRYINSTITUTE AND SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (Edinburgh and East of Scotland Sections): “Brewing.”Mr. A. Clark Doull, in the Scottish Dyes Recreation Hall, Grangemouth, at 7.30 p.m. 428 Dec. 5 SOCIETY (Road and Building Materials OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY Group and London Section) : “Building Materials in Relation to Air Raid Precautions.” Mr. A. R. Astbury, in the Rooms of the Chemical Society, Burlington Home, London, W. 1, at 8 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Yorkshire Section) : Jubilee Memorial Lecture :“The Chemistry of Solid Carbon.” Professor H. L. Riley, at Leeds. OF6 BRITISH ASSOCIATION CHEMISTS (Notts. and Derby Section) : Public Meeting. OF7 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY: Tenth Gluckstein Memorial Lecture.Dr. W. H. Hatfield, F.R.S., at 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1, at 8 p.m. INSTITUTECHEMISTRY(Dublin Section) : ‘‘The Poulaphouca OF Scheme.” Mr. H. D. Thornton, at Trinity College, Dublin. INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY(London and South-Eastern Counties Section): Visit to Battersea Power Station. SOCIETY ANALYSTS:Ordinary Meeting, at the Rooms of OF PUBLIC the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccaclilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. INSTITUTEOF BREWING(Yorkshire and North-Eastern Section) : “Further Developments of Refrigeration in the BrewingIndustry.” Mr. W. F. Ball, at the Great Northern Hotel, Leeds. INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Manchester and District Section):OF Annual Dinner and Dance. OF PETROLEUM:INSTITUTE “Light Oil for Autom9bile Engines.” Mr.C. G. Williams, at the Engineers’ Club, Albert Square, Manchoster, at 7.15 p.m. OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY8 SOCIETY (Plastics Group) : “Plastics for Electrical Insulation.” Mr. L. Massey, at Manchester. 9 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(South Wales Section) : “Engine Knock and Its Effect on Fuel Development.” Professor A. C. G. Egerton, F.R.S., at the Hotel Metropole, Swansea, at 7 p.m. OIL AND COLOURCHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION: “Emulsion Paints.” Mr. E. A. Brown, at the Constitutional Club, St. Ann Strest, Manchester, at 7 p.m. ROYALINSTITUTIONOF GREAT BRITAIN: “The Properties and Structure of Protein Films.” Dr. Irving Langmuir, at 21, Albemarle Street, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. OF12 INSTITUTEBREWING(London Section): “A Review of the Season.” Mr.A. F. Johnston, at the Horse Shoe Hotel, Tottenham Court Road, London, W. 1 ,at 6 p.m. 13 HULLCHEMICALAND ENGINEERING and HULL ASSOCIA- SOCIETY TION OF ENGINEERS:“Flour Milling.” Mr. J. F. Lockwood, in the Lecture Room (Room 51), Municipal Technical College, Park Street, Hull, at 7.45 p.m, INSTITUTEOF BREWING (Scottish Section) : “Modern Develop- ments in the Utilisation of Exhaust Steam in the Brewery.”Mr. J. E. Belliss, at the Caledonian Hotel, Edinburgh. 429 Dec. 13 INSTITUTION ENGINEERSOF CHEMICAL : “The Principles of Designof Modern Industrial Furnaces.” Mr. C. Webb, in the Rooms of the Geological Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 6 p.m.OF14 INSTITUTEBREWING (Burton-on-Trent Section) : “Recent Developments in Battling Practice.” Mr. A. J. C. Cosbie, at the Queen’s Hotel, Burton-on-Trent. :15 CHEMICAL SOCIETY Seventeenth Faraday Lecture entitled “Monolayers on Solids.” Dr. Irving Langmuir, in the Lecture Theatre of the Royal Institution, at 6 p.m. Admission byticket only. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (Manchester and District Section): “Humour and Humanism in Chemistry.” Professor J. Read, F.R.S., at the Constitutional Club, St. Ann Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m. 16 CHEMICALCLUB: “Unspilt Milk.” Professor H. D. Kay, at the Chemical Club, 2, Whitehall Court, London, S.W.1, at 8.15 p.m INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRYAND SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (Edinburgh and East of Scotland Sections): “Some Recent Advances in Biochemistry and Medicine.” Mr.W. A. Broom, in the North British Station Hotel, Princes Street, Edinburgh, at 7.30 p.m. LITERARYAND PHILOSOPHICALMANCHESTER SOCIETY (Cheqical OF DYERSAND COLOURISTS:Section) and SOCIETY The Perkin Centenary Lecture-“The Life and Work of Sir William Henry Perkin.” Professor F. M. Rowe, at 36, George Street, Man- Chester, at 7 p.m. OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY19 INSTITUTION (Manchester Section) : A paper to be given by Mr. S. A. Brazier, at the Engineers’ Club, Albert Square, Manchester, at 7.30 p.m. 1939. Jan. 3 SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (Road and Building Materials Group): “Problems in the Control of Road Materials.” Dr. W. H. Glanville, in the Rooms of the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.1, at 8 p.m. 4 INSTITUTE (Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North East OF CHEMISTRY Coast Section) and SOCIETY OF CHEMICAL :“Glass. ”INDUSTRY Professor W. E. S. Turner, O.B.E. 5 INSTITUTEPETROLEUMOF : “Modern Methods Applied to the Manufacture of Lubricating Oils.” Mr. E. J. Dunstan, at the Engineers’ Club, Albert Square, Manchester, at 7.15 p.m. 6 INSTITUTE (South Wales Section): Business Meeting, OF CHEMISTRY at the Mackworth Hotel, Swansea, at 6.30 p.m. 9 INSTITUTEOF BREWING (London Section): Two Short Papers on Hops, by a Grower and a Merchant, at the Horse Shoe Hotel, Tottenham Court Road, London, W.l, at 6 p.m. INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY(Belfast and District Section) : “Absorp-tion of Gases.” Mr.A. H. 0. Johnson, in the Physics Lecture Theatre, Royal Belfast Academical Institution, at 7.30 p.m. 430 Jan. 9 10 12 13 16 17 18 19 20 SOCIETY INDUSTRYOF CHEMICAL (Chemical Engineering Group and London Section) : “Creep in Non-Ferrous Metals.” Dr. J. McKeown, at Burlington Rouse, Piccadilly, London, W.1. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(Plastics Group) : “Paper for Plastics.” Mr. J. G. Abel, at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 7.30 p.m. INSTITUTEBREWING (North of England Section) : “Chai:~OF Transmission.” Messrs. Hans Renold, at the Midland Hotel, Manchester. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Liverpool and North- Western Section) : “Chemical Warfare and the Civil Population). Major General C.H. Foulkes, C.B., C.M.G., D.S.O. INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Manchester and District Section):OF “Some Aspects of Forestry Research.” Mr. W. G. Campbell, at the Constitutional Club, St. Ann Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m. SOCIETY (Bristol Section) :Meeting devoted OF CHEMICALINDIJSTRY to papors on current work. To be held in the Chemical Depart- ment of the University, Woodland Road, Bristol, at 7.30 p.m. OIL AND COLOURCHEMISTS’ (Manchester Section) :ASSO~IATION “Nitro Cellulose Lacquers.” Mr. C. Hall, at the Constitutional Club, St. Ann Street, Manchestcr, at 7 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Leeds Area Section) : “Advances in the Chemistry of Dyestuffs.” Professor F. 31. Rowe, at Leeds. HULLCHEMICAL SOCIETYAND ENGINEERING : “Alchemy, Ancient and Modern.” Mr.E. H. Hall, in the Lecture Room (Room 51),Municipal Technical College, Park Street, Hull, at 7.45 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(East Anglian Section) : “Tasting Tests.” Mr. H. M. Mason, at the Technical College, Norwich. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North-East Coast Section) : “The Rights and Wrongs of Modern Nationalism.” Professor J. L. Morrison. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (London and South-Eastern Counties Section): I‘ Chemical and Physical Factors Influencing the Distribution of Plants.” Professor E. J. Salisbury, F.R.S., at The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, W.C.l. CHEMICALSOCIETY: Meeting for the reading of original papers, at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m.OFINSTITUTEBREWING(Yorkshire and North-Eastern Section) : Annual Meeting. “English Barleys of 1938.” Mr. G. P. Haworth. “Foreign Barleys of 1938.” Mr. S. K. Thorpe, at the Great Northern Hotel, Leeds. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Glasgow and West of Scotland Section) : Refresher Lecture : “Recent Advances in Pharmaceutical Chemistry.” Mr. E. J. Schorn. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Food Group and Liverpool Sect4on): “The Deterioration of Fat in Foods.” Dr. C. H. Lea, in the Chemistry Department, The University, Liverpool, at 6 p.m. 431 Jan. 20 SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(South Wales Section) : Jubilee Memorial Lecture. “The Chemistry of Solid Carbon.” Professor H. L. Riley, at the University College, Cathays Park, Cardiff, at 7 p.m.23 CHEMICAL CLVB: “Some Undeveloped Pictures.” Dr. 0. F. Bloch, in the Club Smoke Room, 2, Whitehall Court, London, S.W.1, at 8.15 p.m. :CHEMICALSOCIETY “Recent Synthetic Studies in Immuno-chemistry.” Professor C. R. Harington, F.R.S., in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, The University, Edgbaston, at 5 p.m. INSTITUTE7: 24 BREWING (Scottish Section): Annual General The Function of Oxygen in the Brewery.” Meeting. Dr. Marc Van Laer, at the Caledonian Hotel, Edinburgh. OFINSTITUTE CHEMISTRY (Huddersfield Section): “X-rays,Electrons and the Structure of Metals.” Dr. A. G. Quarrell. 26 BRITISHASSOCIATIONOF CHEMISTS(Liverpool Section) : Lecturettes by Members, at Liverpool university, Brownlow Street En- trance, at 7.30 p.m.INSTITUTIONCHEMICAL ENGINEERS and INSTITUTIONOF OF STRUCTURAL :ENGINEERS “Floors for Industrial Purposes.”Mr. R. Fitzmaurice and Dr. F. M. Lea, at 11 Upper Belgrave Street, London, S.W.1, at 6.30 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (Bristol and South- Western Counties Section): “Recent Progress in Biochemical and Medical Research.” Mr. A. W. Broom, in the Chemical Department of the University, Woodland Road, Bristol, at 5.30 p.m. 27 BEDSON CLUB: “The Dimensions of Some Organic Molecules.” Dr. J. Monteath Robertson, in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, King’s College, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, at 6.45 p.m. CHEMICALSOCIETY,INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRYAND SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (Edinburgh and East of Scotland Sections) :INDUSTRY “Carcinogenic Chemical Compounds.” Professor J.W. Cook, F.R.S., at the North British Station Hotel, Edinburgh, at 7.30 p.m. CHEMICALSOCIETY:Meeting for the reading of original papers, in the Lecture Theatre of the new Chemistry Building, The University, Leeds, at 7 p.m. OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRYINSTITUTION (Manchester Section) : Annual Dinner-Dance. LITERARYMANCHESTER AND PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY (Chemical Section): “Some General Aspects of Paper Making.” Dr. H. A. Harrison, at 36, George Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m. 30 CHEMICALSOCIETY: “The Structure of Sesquiterpenes and Their Derivatives. Professor J. L. Simonsen, F.R.S., in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, The University, Birmingham, at 5 p.m. 31 HULLCHEMICALAND ENGINEERING : “Steam Trawlers.” SOCIETY Mr.A. Addy, in the Lecture Room (Room 51), Municipal Technical College, Park Street, Hull, at 7.45 p.m. March. 1 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY:Annual General Meeting, at 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.l, at 8 p.m. 432 General Notices. Streatfeild Memorial Lecture.-Mr. John Ralph Nicholls, Fellow, of the Government Laboratory, has kindly consented to give the Twenty-first Memorial Lecture, at the Institute, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1, on Friday, 18thNovember, 1938, at 8 p.m. Mr. Nicholls has selected for his subject, “Opium.” Gluckstein Memorial Lecture.-Dr. William Herbert Hatfield, F.R.S., a Director of Thos. Firth & John Brown, Ltd., who is also Honorary Research Director of the Committees of the British Iron and Steel Federation on Heterogeneity of Ingots and Corrosion, has kindly consented to give the Tenth Gluckstein Memorial Lecture, in the Hall of the Institute, on Wednesday, 7th December next, at 8 p.m.Examinations, 1939.-Examinations for the Associateship will be held as follows:- Period of Examination. Last date for entries. Last date for notebooks. 9th to 14th Jan., 1939. 7th Nov., 1938. 30th Dec., 1938. 17th to 22nd April, 6th Feb., 1939. 24th Mar., 1939. 1939. 11thto 16th Sept., 1939. 10th July, 1939. 1st Sept., 1939. Examinations for the Fellowship will be held as follows:- Period of Examination. Last date for entries.* 24th to 29th April, 1939. 6th February, 1939. 18th to 23rd Sept., 1939.10th July, 1939. If the number of candidates should render it necessary, Examinations may also be held during the succeeding week. Forms of application and further particulars can be obtained from the Registrar. The Meldola Medal (the gift of the Society of Maccabaeans) is normally awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise and is brought to the 433 notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st Decem-ber prior to the award. The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work. The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person. The next award will be decided in January, 1939. The Council will be glad to have attention directed, before 31st December, 1938, to work of the character indicated.Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize for Registered Students.-A medal and prize (EIO 10s.) for the best essay, not exceeding 3,000 words, will be awarded in January, 1939, and will be presented at the next Annual General Meeting, or at a meeting of the Local Section to which the successful competitor is attached. * For candidates wishing to be examined in Branch G Industrial Chemistry, or desiring to take special examinations, the list will close on the 6th January and 9th June respectively. Entries are limited to Registered Students of the Institute who are under 22 years of age at the time of forwarding the essay. The object of the essay is to induce Registered Students to develop a sense of professional public spirit and to devote thought to questions of professional interest and to the position of chemists in the life of the community-the essay to be on a subject of professional, rather than technical or purely chemical importance.Having due regard to the objects stated above, Registered Students are informed that the Council is prepared to consider an essay on any subject which has a bearing on chemistry or chemical work, provided that it does not deal with any purely chemical, technical, or historical aspect. Each essay must be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the Local Section of the district in which the competitor resides (see list of Local Sections at the end of the JOURNAL) on or before the 31st December, 1935, and must be accom- panied by a signed declaration that it is the independent work of the competitor.Essays will be valued partly for literary style and technique, but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein. 434 The Committee of each Local Section will be asked to select, from those received, not more than three essays considered to be worthy of the award. The essays selected by the Local Sections will be referred to assessors appointed by the Council. On the report of the assessors the Council will decide whether, and to whom an award shall be made. The award will not be made more than once to any individual competitor. Election of District Members of Council.-Fellows and Associates are reminded that, for the election of District Members of the Council, to take office from 1st March, 1939, nominations should be received at the offices of the Institute on or before Monday, 12th December, 1938.I. In accordance with By-Law 30 (I), the Districts were defined by the Institute in General Meeting held on 7th March, 1921, amended on 1st March, 1923, on 1st March, 1935, and March, 1937:-Birmingham and Midlands, including the Counties of Hereford, Salop, Stafford, Worcester, Warwick, Rutland and Northampton. Bristol and South-JYestern Counties, including the Counties of Gloucester, Wilts, Dorset, Somerset, Devon and Cornwall. East Midlands and South Yorkshire, including the Counties of Derby, Nottingham and Leicester, and the Lindsey Division of Lincoln; and that portion of Southern Yorkshire, including the towns of Doncaster, Rotherham, Shefield, and district im-mediately contiguous thereto which have been allotted to the South Yorkshire Section; together with the Parts of Holland and the Kesteven Division of Lincoln.Liverpool and Korth-West Coast, including the Counties of Flint, Westmorland and Cumberland, and so much of the Counties of Chester and Lancaster as lies to the west of the line drawn through the centre of the postal district of Wigan and Warrington; the towns of Wigan and Warrington and all towns on the line, of which the greater portion of the postal district lies to the west of the line. The Isle of Man. London and South-Eastern Counties, including the Counties of Middlesex, Kent, Sussex, Surrey, Berks, Oxford, Buckingham, Hertford, Esses, Bedford, Cambridge, Suffolk, h’orfolk, Hunting- don, Hants, with the lsle of Wight and the Channel Islands.Manchester and District, including so much of the Counties of Lancaster and Chester as lies to the east of the line drawn through the postal districts of Wigan and Warrington as aforesaid. Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North-East Coast, including tho Counties of Pu’orthumberland and Durham. Yorkshire, except those portions of Southern Yorkshire referred to in (iii) above. Edinburgh and East of Scotland, including the Counties of Perth, Fife,. 5iiiross, Clackmannan, Stirling, Linlithgow, Edinburgh, Haddington, Berwick, Peebles, Selkirk and Roxburgh.435 (5) Aberdeen and North of Scotland, including the Counties of Caithness, Sutherland, Ross and Cromarty, Nairn, Elgin, Banff, Aberdeen, Inverness, Kincardine, and Angus (Forfar). (xi) Glasgow and West of Scotland, including the Counties of Argyll, Durnbarton, Renfrew, Lanark, Ayr, FYigtown, Kirkcudbright and Dumfries. (xii) Wales, excluding the County of Flint, see (iv), the County of Monmouth. (xiii) Northern Ireland, as defined in the Government of Ireland Act, 1920, and subsequent e:mctnents relating thereto. (xiv) Irish Free State, as defined in the Government of Ireland Act, 1920, and subsequent enactme:its relating thereto. (xv> The Commonwealth of Australia, the Dominion of Canada, the Dominion of h’ew Zealand, the Union of South Africa, the Empire of India, the Crown Colonies and elsewhere abroad.The Council have adopted the following Rules for the election of District Members of Council. 11. (1) Any five Members whose registered addresses are within any one District, as defined and adopted by the Institute in General Meeting, may nominate one eligible Fellow as a candidate for election as a District Member of Council for that District, but no member shall nominate more, than one such Fellow; except that the Committee of any Local Section constituted in accordance with By-Law 94 2(u) may, as such, nominate one candidate for such election, or if there be more than one Local Section in a District the Committees of all the Local Sections in that District shall sit jointly for the purpose of nominating one Candidate for such election.(2) Any nomination made under these Rules shall be delivered to the Secretary at the Offices of the Institute on or before the second Moicdayin December in the year preceding the date of election, and shall be in the following form :-“\Ye, the undersigned, Members of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland, do hereby certify that A.U., of (registered address) , a Fellow of this Institute, is, in our estimation, a fit and proper person to be a District Member of the Council of the Institute, and we do hereby nominate him as a candidate for election as a District Member of Council.” (3) Any such nomination may consist of several clocuments in like form, each signed by one or more Members.Nominations for District XV should be received not later than 31st August . 111. (1) On or before the fifth day of January in any year, the Council shall cause to be sent to every Member in each district in the manner prescribed by By-Law 81, a balloting list containing the names of the candidates nominated for election as District Members of Council for such District, and the balloting list shall indicate which, if any, of the candidates has been nominated by the Committee or Committees of the Local Section or Sections in the respective District; except that in the case of District XV this rule shall read as if “September” (in the year previous) were substituted for “January.” (2) Each Member desirous of voting-(a) Shall record his vote for a District Member of the Council by making a cross against the name of the candidbte for whose election he desires to vote, but no Member shall vote for more than one such candidate.(b) Shall deliver or transmit his balloting list in a sealed envelope bearing on the outside the signature of the Member, addressed to the Secretary, at the office of the Institute, so that it be received not later than by the first post on the third Monday in January in the year for which the election is being held. IV. (1) The envelopes containing the balloting list shall, on the Thursday next after the third Monday in January in the year in which the election is held, be opened by two Scrutineers, neither Members of the Council, nor candidates nominated for election as District Members of the Council, who shall be nominated by the Council in December of the year preceding the election at a meeting convened specially for that purpose.(2) The balloting list of any member who on the Thursday next after the third Monday in January is in arrear with any subscription or other sum payable by him to the Institute under the By-Laws shall be disallowed. (3) The Scrutineers shall present their Report to the Council at a meeting, on the Friday next after the third Monday in January, specially convened for that purpose. (4)The candidate receiving the greatest number of votes in each District respectively shall be elected and, in any case of an equality of votes, the Council shall decide the matter by ballot.. (5) If at any time after the balloting lists have been sent to members, and before the dissolution of the Annual General Meeting, any candidate who would otherwise have been elected has died or has with- drawn his nomination or has in any way become ineligible for Membership of the Council, then the candidate having the next greatest number of votes shall be elected, or if there be no such candidate, the vacancy shall be filled as provided in Rule V. (6) The election of District Members of Council shall be notified to members when they are served with the balloting list for the election of General Members of Council at the Annual General Meeting.V. After the first election any vacancy among the District Members of the Council occurring between the Annual General Meetings, owing to death, resignation, removal or otherwise, shall be filled by the election by the Committee of the Local Section, in the respective District of one eligible Fellow; or if there be more than one Local Section in the District the Committees of all the Sections therein shall hold a joint meeting for the purpose of such election. Notice convening a meeting for this purpose shall be sent by the Secretary of the Institute to all the members of the Committee or Committees of the Section or Sections concerned at least fourteen days before the date of the meeting. If there be no Local Section within a District, a casual vacancy shall be filled by the election by the Council of one eligible Fellow from the Fellows resident in that District.If there be a casual vacancy in the case of the District Member of Council for District (XV),such vacancy shall be filled by the Council by the election of one eligible Fellow. 437 The Fellows whose names are given below are the present Members of Council for the Districts indicated. Those whose names are given in italics will have completed the period of three years' service on the Council, and will retire in accordance with By-Law 23. Birmingham and Midlands : Deric Williams Parkes, M.C., B.A.,B.Sc. Bristol and South-Western Counties :Edgar Lewis, M.1.Chem.E. East Midlands and South Yorkshire :"George Malcolm Dyson, B.A..B.Sc.. Ph.D. Liverpool andNorth-West Coast :Albert Edward Pindley, M.Eng.,B.Sc. London and South-Eastern Counties :John Ralph Nicholls, B.Sc. Manchester and District : Cecil John Turrell Cronshaw, D.Sc. Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast :Archibald Alexander Hall, M.Sc., Ph.D. Yorkshire: Harold Burton, D.Sc., Ph.D. Edinburgh and East of Scotland: William Melville Ames, M.A., B.Sc. Aberdeen and North of Scotland: William Godden, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. Glasgow and West of Scotland: John William Hawley, B.Sc. Wales and the County of Monmouth: Ernest Albert Tyler, M.A. Northern Ireland: George Scott Robertson, D.Sc. Irish Free State :James Bell, M.A., M.D., Sc.D. The Overseas Dominions and elsewhere abroad :Harold Augustine Tempany, C.B.E., D.Sc.Notices to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar . Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and A4ssociates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship, may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute, provided that their applications for this privilege are endorsed by their professors, 438 Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register.Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Memhers and Students who are without employment are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period if necessary. The Institute also maintains a List of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examiriat ions.Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Tiegistered Students or Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10 a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The Library is primarily intended for the use of caiitlidates during the Institute's practical examinat ions Under the Deed of Agreement between the Chemical Society, the Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry, dated July, 1935,the comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is available, for the use of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10 a.m. to 9 p.m.on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.), except during August and the early part of September, when thc hours are from 10a.m. to 5 p.m. Members and Students of the Institute using the 1,iI)r:u-y uf the S-ciety are required to conform to the rules of the Socicuty regarding the use of its books. The Institute has entered into an arrangcnicnt wiLh The Science Library,Science Museum, Sout 1, Kensington, S.iV.7, whereby books may be borrowed on productiun of requi4tions signed by the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary of the Institute. In addition to its compwlicnsive sets of literature on cognate subjects, which are not available in specialised libraries, this Library contains an ex(-eptionally extensive collection of works on chemistry.Nine thousand scientific and technical periodicals 439 are received regularly in the Library. All publications added to the Library are recorded in its U‘eekly Bibliography of Pure and Applied Science, which has a wide circulation among research workers and ins ti tu tions. Boots’ Booklovers Library.-Under the arrangements made on behalf of Fellows and Associates of the Institute, subscriptions to Boots’ Booklovers Library expire on 1st March. Application forms can be obtained from the Registrar of the Institute. Lewis’s Lending Library.-Any Fellow or Associate who is not already acquainted with this Library of Scientific and technical books may obtain a copy of the Prospectus from the Registrar of the Institute.A copy of the Catalogue of the Library (revised to December, 1927,with Supplements 1928-30 and 1931-33)is available in the Library of the Institute. A Bi-monthly list of Additions is also issued. Covers for Journal.-Blembers who desire covers (IS. 2d. each) for binding the Journal in annual volumes, are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required. Arrangements may be made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19, Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDIKGSon the following terms: buckram cover, IS. zd.; binding, 2s.gd.; postage and packing, 9d.; in all, 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who are giving lectures. Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As the slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date cn which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registmtion. 440 All requests for changes in the Register should be addressed to the Registrar, and not to the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections.''The Profession of Chemistry" (Fourth Edition, 1938) is now available. Copies will be supplied gratis to any Fellow, Associate or Registered Student, on application to the Registrar. The Annual Chemical Dinner, 1938, will be held at the Connaught Rooms, Gt. Queen's Street, London, W.C.2, on Tuesday, zznd November, at 7 for 7.30 p.m. Fellows, Associates and Registered Students of the Institute and Members of other Societies and Institutions interested in chemistry are invited to participate. Dinner will be followed by a Dance. There will be no speeches. Tickets, price 12s. 6d. for each lady or gentleman, including gratuities but not wine, are obtainable from Mr. F. A. Greene, The Chemical Club, 2, Whitehall Court, London, S.W.1.Institute of Chemistry Benevolent Fund. Founded in 1920 as a memorial to Fellows, Associates and Students who died in the service of their country, 1914-18. Contributions may be forwarded to The Hon. Treasurer, BENEVOLENT INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY,FUND, 30, RUSSELLSQUARE,LONDON,1V.C.r.