TEE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1934. PART 11. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE,LONDON,W.C.I. April, 1934. Publications Committee, 1934-35. W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD (Chairman), JOCELYN F. THORPE (President), C. 0. BANNISTER, J. C. A. BRIERLEY, R. BRUCE, R. M. CAVEN, C. DOREE, A. E. EVEREST, LEWIS EYNON, P. F. GORDON, H. H. HODGSON, J. R. JOHNSON, PATRICK K. KIRKALDY (Hon. Treasurer). A. G. G. LEONARD, J. H. LESTER, C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, T. F. E. RHEAD, F. SOUTHERDEN, ERNEST VANSTONE, W. WARDLAW, H. B. WATSON, A.W. M. WINTLE. Officers and Members -of Council, 1934-35. PRESIDENT : JOCELYN FIELD THORPE, C.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S. VICE-PRESIDENTS : WILLIAM JOHN ATKINSON BUTTERFIELD, M.A. SIR GEORGE CHRISTOPHER CLAYTON, C.B.E., PH.D., M.P. ALBERT ERNEST DUNSTAN, D.Sc. FRANK GEORGE EDMED, O.B.E., B.Sc., A.R.C.S. HERBERT HENRY HODGSON, M.A., B.Sc., PH.D. WILLIAM HENRY ROBERTS, M.Sc. HONORARY TREASURER : PATRICK HENRY KIRKALDY. MEMBERS OF COUNCIL: FREDERIC SUTCLIFFE AUMONIER, B.Sc. : LONDON. CHARLES OLDEN BANNISTER, A.R.S.M., M.ENG.: LIVERPOOL. JESSE CARL ALBERT BRIERLEY, M.Sc. : NORTHERNIRELAND. ROBERT BRUCE: EDINBURGH AND EASTOF SCOTLAND. THOMAS CALLAN, M.Sc., PH.D. : MANCHESTER. ROBERT MARTIN CAVEN, D.Sc. : GLASGOW. FREDERICK DANIEL CHATTAWAY, M.A., PH.D., D.Sc., F.R.S.: HENRY EDWARD COX, M.Sc., PH.D.: LONDON.OXFORD. HERBERT WILLIAM CREMER, M.Sc., M.I.CHEM.E. : LONDON. CHARLES DORGE, M.A., DSc.: LONDON. HAROLD DOUGLAS ELKINGTON, M.Sc. : LONDON. GEORGE DAVIDSON ELSDON, B.Sc. : MANCHESTER. JOHN EVANS, SHEFFIELD. ARTHUR ERNEST EVEREST, DSc., PH.D. : NORTH-EASTCOAST LEWIS EYNON, B.Sc. : LONDON. AND YORESHIRE. PETER FERGUSON GORDON, PH.D.: GLASUOW AND WESTOF .RICHARD HENRY GREAVES, D.Sc. : LONDON. SCOTLAND WILLIAM ROSCOE HARDWICK, B.Sc. : LIVERPOOLAND NORTH-WESTCOAST. GEORGE EDWARD HOLDEN, M.B.E., M.SC.TECH. : MANCHESTEEL. REGINALD HAYDN HOPKINS, D.Sc. : BIRMINGHAM. EDWIN BURNHOPE HUGHES, M.Sc. : LONDONAND SOTJTH-EASTERN COUNTIES. JOSEPH ROBERT JOHNSON : BIRMINGHAMAND MIDLANDS.JAMES GRIEVE KING, PH.D., A.R.T.C. : LONDON. LESLIE HERBERT LAMPITT, D.Sc. : LONDON. ALFRED GODFREY GORDON LEONARD, B.Sc., PH.D.,F.R.C.Sc.1. : IRISHFREESTATBI. JOSEPH HENRY LESTER, M.Sc. : MANCHESTERAND DISTRICT. HERBERT LEVINSTEIN, PH.D. : LONDON. DOROTHY JORDAN LLOYD, M.A., D.Sc. : LONDON. CHARLES AINSWORTH MITCHELL, M.A., D.Sc. : LONDON. THOMAS FRED ERIC RHEAD, M.Sc., M.I.CHEM.E.: BIRMINGHAM. WILLIAM RINTOUL, O.B.E. : LONDON. ROBERT ROBINSON, M.A., D.Sc., LL.D., F.R.S.: OXFORD. SAMUEL SMILES, O.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S. : LONDON. FRANK SOUTHERDEN, B.Sc. : EXETER. ERNEST VANSTONE, D.Sc. : BRISTOL COUNTIES.AND SOUTH-WESTERN WILLIAM WARDLAW, D.Sc. : BIRMINGHAM. HERBERT BEN WATSON, D.Sc.: WALES AND TEE COUNTY OF MONMOUTFX.*EDWARD JOHN WAY: THE OVERSEASDOMINIONSAND ELSEWEERE ALBERT WATKINS MAGGS WINTLE : LIVERPOOL. ABROAD. *Mr. Way retires on completing three years’ service in April. 90 DATES OF COUNCIL MEETINGS: 1934: APRIL 27~~. 1934 : NOVEMBER 16TH. MAY 25~~. DECEMBER 7m. JUNE ~QTH 1935: JANUARY L~TH AND 25~~. JULY 20TR. FEBRUARY 22~~. OCTOBER 1m. CENSORS : 1934-1935. THE PRESIDENT, EX-OFFICIO. SIR GEORGE CHRISTOPHER CLAYTON, C.B.E., PKD., M.P., GEORGE GERALD HENDERSON, D.Sc., LL.D., F.R.S., SIR HERBERT JACKSON, K.B.E., F.R.S., ARTHUR SMITHELLS, C.M.G., D.Sc., F.R.S. Committees for 1934-35. Chairman* FINANCE AND HOUSE COMMITTEE : THE PRESIDENT, WITH F. S. AUMONIER, A. E. DUNSTAN, A. E. EVEREST, W.ROSCOE HARDWICK, LEWIS EYNON, H. H. HODGSON, E. B. HUGHES, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY*, W. WARDLAW, AND A. W. M. WINTLE. LEGAL AND PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEE : THE PRESIDENT, WITH SIR G. C. CLAYTON*, CHARLES DORGE, A. E. DUNSTAN, F. G. EDMED, H. D. ELKINGTON, G. E. HOLDEN, J. G. KING, PATRICKH. KIRKALDY, L. H. LAMPITT, HERBERT LEVINSTEIN, C. A. MITCHELL, AND W. H. ROBERTS. NOMINATIONS EXAMINATIONS AND INSTITUTIONS COMMITTEE : THE PRESIDENT* AND COUNCIL IN COMMITTEE. (VICE-CHAIRMAN: PATRICK H. KIRKALDY.) PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE : TEE PRESIDENT, WITH C. 0. BANNISTER, J. C. A. BRIERLEY, R. BRUCE, W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD*, R. M. CAVEN, C. DORdE, A. E. EVEREST, LEWIS EYNON, P. F. GORDON, H. H. HODGSON, J. R. JOHNSON, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, A.G. G. LEONARD, J. H. LESTER, C. A. MITCHELL, T. F. E. RHEAD, F. SOUTHERDEN, ERNEST VANSTONE, W. WARDLAW,H. B. WATSON, AND A. W. M. WINTLE. 91 SPECIAL COMMITTEES. BENEVOLENT FUND COMMITTEE : THE PRESIDENT, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (HoN. TREASURER)*, TEE FINANCE AND HOUSE COMMITTEE, WITH T. COCKBURN (GLASQOW),H. G. COLMAN, A. COULTHARD (MANCHESTER), W. H. GIBSON (N. IRELAND), E. M. HAWKINS, W. McD. MACKEY (LEEDS), C. PROCTOR, G. RUDD THOMPSON (SOUTH Wms). (In the case of Section representatives, the names of their respective towns or districts are inserted.) PUBLIC APPOINTMENTS COMMITTEE : TEEPRESIDENT, WITH F. W. F. ARNAUD, F. S. AUMONIER, F. D. CHATTAWAY, H. E. COX, CHARLES DORfiE, B. DYER, F. G. EDMED, A. V. ELSDEN, G.D. ELSDON, JOHN EVANS, A. G. FRANCIS, R. H. GREAVES, W. R. HARDWICK, E. M. HAWKINS, E. HINKS, H. H. HODGSON, E. B. HUGHES, J. G. KING, L. H. LAMPITT, S. E. MELLING, A. MORE, W. H. ROBERTS*, EDWARD RUSSELL, J. F. TOCHER, J. A. VOELCKER, AND E. J. WAY, PEDLER FUND COMMITTEE : THE PRESIDENT*, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (VICE-CHAIRMAN), WITH 0. L. BRADY, H. V. A. BRISCOE, R. M. CAVEN, H. G. COLMAN, CHARLES DORGE, G. D. ELSDON, J. J. FOX, E. HINKS, R. H. HOPKINS, L. H. LAMPITT, HERBERT LEVINSTEIN, MISS D. JORDAN LLOYD, T. SLATER PRICE, F. L. PYMAN, E. K. RIDEAL, W. H. ROBERTS, R. ROBINSON, AND S. SMILES. APPOINTMENTS REGISTER COMMITTEE : THE PRESIDENT, WITH C.0. BANNISTER, 0. L. BRADY, THOMAS CALLAN, H. W. CREMER, F. G. EDMED*, L. EYNON, P.F. GORDON, H. H. HODGSON, B. F. HOWARD, G. KING, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, AND D. JORDAN LLOYD. JOINT COMMITTEE OF REPRESENTATIVES OF THE INSTITUTE AND OF THE BOARD OF EDUCATION: THE PRESIDENT*, WITH 0. L. BRADY, H. V. A. BRISCOE, J. E. COATES, A. E. EVEREST, L. EYNON, J. HAWTHORNE, G. G. HENDERSON, R. H. HOPKINS, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, G. T. MORGAN, T. SLATER PRICE, A. SMITHELLS, AND A. JAMIESON WALKER. JOINT COMMITTEE WITH SCOTTISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT : THE PRESIDENT, WITH R. BRUCE, R. M. CAVEN, P. F. GORDON, F. W. HARRIS, G. G. HENDERSON*, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, N. PICTON, T. SLATER PRICE, AND J. WEIR. JOINT COMMITTEE WITH MINISTRY OF EDUCATION FOR NORTHERN IRELAND: THE PRESIDENT, WITH J. C. A. BRIERLEY, W. H. GIBSON, H. GRAHAM, J.HAWTHORNE, G. T. MORGAN, AND T. SLATER PRICE. 92 BOARD OF EXAMINERS FOR THE ASSOCIATESHIP AND FELLOWSHIP, 1934-1935. Chairman: THE PRESIDENT. Three repreaentatives of the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee. Examiners for the Associateship: HENRY VINCENT AIRD BRISCOE, D.Sc. (LoND.), A.R.C.S. OSCAR LISLE BRADY, B.A. (CAPE), D.Sc. (LoND.). Examiners for the Fellowship: Branch A.-INORGANIC CHEMISTRY: JOHN JACOB FOX, O.B.E., DSc. (LoBD.). Branch B.-PEYSICAL CHEMISTRY: HENRY VINCENT AIRD BRISCOE, D.Sc. (LOND.) A.R.C.S. Branch C.-ORGANIC CHEMISTRY: OSCAR LISLE BRADY, B.A. (CAPE), D.Sc. (LoND.) Branch D.-BIOCHEMISTRY : JACK CECIL DRUMMOND, D.Sc. (LOND.) Branch E.~HEMISTRY (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs,and of Water: *S.E. MELLING. THERAPEUTICS, PHARMACOLOGY,AND MICROSCOPY:GERALD ROCHE LYNCH, O.B.E., M.B., B.S. (LoND.), D.P.H. (ENG). Branch F.-AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY: HENRY ALLEN DUG-DALE NEVILLE, M.A., (Cantab.), B.Sc. (LoND.). Branch G.-INDUSTRIKL CHEMISTRY (General Chemical Technology) : THOMAS PERCY HILDITCH, D.Sc. (LoND.). Examiners in the special sections of Branch G will be appointed as required. HON. AUDITORS, 1934-35 : JOSEPH HENRY LANE AND JOHN CHRISTISON WHITE, O.B.E. AUDITOR, 1934-35 : DAVID HENDERSON, Chartered Accountant. SOLICITORS : MESSRS. MARKBY, STEWART & WADESONS, 5, Bishopsgate, London, E.C.2. BANKERS : THE WESTMINSTER BANK, LTD., Bloomsbury Branch, 214, High Holborn, London, W.C. 1. REGISTRAR AND SECRETARY: RICHARD BERTRAM PILCHER, O.B.E., Chartered Secretmy.ASSISTANT SECRETARY : RONALD LESLIE COLLETT, M.A. (CANTAB.),F.I.C. 93 Fifty-Sixth Annual General Meeting. THURSDAY, 1st MARCH, 1934. THEFifty-Sixth Annual General Meeting of the Institute was held at 30, Russell Square, London, on Thursday, 1st March, 1934,at 8 p.m.,-Professor Jocelyn F. Thorpe, C.B.E., F.R.S., President, in the chair. PRESENTATIONTHE MELDOLA MEDAL. OF In opening the proceedings, the President said that his first duty was a very pleasant one. It was to award the Meldola Medal, the gift of the Society of Maccabaeans, to Dr. Maurice Stacey. After graduating five years ago with honours in Chemistry in the University of Birmingham, Dr.Maurice Stacey began a research on the cyclic structure of the glucoheptoses. He developed new experimental methods for the ascent of the sugar series and encountered examples of the Walden Inversion during this study, His first paper was published in the J.C.S., 1931, 2864, with Professor Haworth. He continued this line of work and exhibited a highly skilful technique in his second investi- gation published in 1932. His researches in the carbohydrate field then developed in the direction of the study of the mould polysaccharides obtained by synthesis from glucose. Examining the crude products from a number of these synthetic reactions, he was able to separate and identify a polymannose and a polygalactose, both derived originally by the action of moulds on glucose.He had prepared derivatives of these substances and in one case had worked out the complete constitution and chain-length. This work had been carried out in collaboration with Professor Haworth and Professor Raistrick. Utilizing the same type of reagents which he had found advantageous in the ascent of the sugar series, he took a conspicuous part at Birmingham in the experimental work which resulted in the synthesis of d-and 1-ascorbic acid, and their analogues gluco- ascorbic acid, arabo-ascorbic acid, and galacto-ascorbic acid. It 94 might be said, indeed with truth, that the success of this work was promoted to an exceptional degree by the conspicuous experimental skill which Dr. Stacey had contributed. Dr.Stacey was now the holder of a Beit Medical Fellowship, tenable at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine andin the Chemistry Department of the University of Birmingham. The President, in presenting the medal, reminded Dr. Stacey that it was struck in memory of a very great chemist and a very remarkable man, and expressed the hope that the recipient in his future life might be guided by the example set by Meldola. (Applause.) Dr. Maurice Stacey, in reply, said that he wished to express his sincere appreciation of the great honour which had been bestowed upon him. It had been unexpected but was all the more pleasant for that reason. They had had a very interesting year at Birmingham in their work on ascorbic acid.They had felt, the whole time, that many research workers in England at any rate, were watching them. However, he was very glad that the result had come out as it had done. He felt sure that further work on synthetic analogues of ascorbic acid would throw light upon the relationship between the stereo-chemical structure and Vitamin C activity. With regard to his other work on polysaccharides,-it had been his great honour to work with Professor Haworth and Professor Raistrick, and it was in this field that his future work would lie. He assured the Presi- dent and the Institute that he would do his best to maintain the reputation which the award of the Meldola Medal merited. (Applause.) HON.TREASURER’SREPORT. The Minutes having been signed, the President called upon the Hon.Treasurer to present the annual accounts. Mr. Patrick H. Kirkaldy (Hon Treasurer), said that the accounts were before the meeting. The report of the Council contained a few comments on them, which he thought afforded an explanation of some at least of the points which might be raised here. He hoped that the fact that the Institute had received further arrears of subscriptions might be interpreted as a sign of better times. Every consideration had been shown to those members who had felt obliged to ask that the payment of their fees might be deferred. The policy of not insisting strictly on the fulfilment of the By-laws during times of stress had proved to be in the best interests both of the members and of the Institute; for it was found that those who informed the Institute of their difficulties eventually sent their arrears in full when their circumstances improved. Only the names of those members who had persis- tently ignored letters had been removed for non-payment of subscriptions.Very occasionally, instead of receiving a subscrip- tion, the Committee heard of distress which could be helped from the Benevolent Fund; in other cases it was found that the members concerned had not made use of the Appointments Register, and they had been helped in that and other ways. The Capital Account had been improved through the receipt of legacies from J. G. Gordon and J. E. Legg, for which the Institute was deeply grateful, as well as by entrance fees and life compositions, which were regularly invested.The Council had managed to keep the expenditure down sufficiently to finish the year with a balance large enough to defray the cost of a much enlarged and more useful edition of Oficial Chemical Appoint- ments, which was in proof. The Hon. Treasurer explained that the Postage-ka3 10s. gd. -referred to at the foot of the Extraordinary Expenditure, was the postage on the circulars issued to authorities and officials, from whom the information for inclusion in this book was being obtained. Another item which appeared to call for some explanation was that of Other Printing, Stationery, etc., in which there appeared to have been a considerable rise over the amount for 1932.This was the item from which Lroo in respect of National Cer- tificate Account had been deducted in 1932, and there was a note to that effect at the bottom of the accounts. The scheme for the examinations for National Certificates was administered jointly by the Institute and the Board of Education, in England, and the Institute and the Scottish Education Department, in Scotland. In previous years, after the assessors’ fees and other direct charges had been met, a sum had been allocated from the surplus available from the fees paid in respect of these examinations to the General Account of the Institute as a contri- bution towards the administrative expenses incurred. It would be impossible to assess even approximately the time of the mem- bers of the staff who were engaged on this work or to distribute the cost exactly.For this reason, the amount transferred to the 96 General Fund of the Institute had hitherto been deducted from Other Printing, Stationery, etc. It was felt, however, that the time had come when the actual amount transferred to the General Account of the Institute should be shown in the financial state- ments for the year. Even then the item for Other Printing, Stationery, etc., was higher than that for the previous year, which was to be accounted for mainly by a reprint of the Royal Charter and By-laws, and a rather heavy purchase of stationery towards the end of the financial year. The sum against Rent, Rates, Taxes, Inszcrartce and Telephone was less for 1933, because, as he had explained at the previous Annual General Meeting, an amount for Income Tax had accumu- lated against the Institute, while certain arrangements between the ground landlords (the University of London) and the Inland Revenue Authorities were under discussion.Other expenditure showed little marked variation except where fluctuations were unavoidable. The expenses of Local Sections, for example, were f160 less, but next year might easily be f160 more, while the Travelling Expenses of Members of Council might vary to the extent of E60 or E70, depending on when the requests for payment were received and from whence the members of Council travelled. The Benevolent Fund was, of course, entirely separate from the General Account of the Institute, but, in order to save time, he asked that he might be allowed to deal with it in the same Motion. The receipts for current purposes were sufficient to cover the disbursements, to clear off the deficit, and yet to leave a useful balance of over L230 at the end of the year.However, as the report indicated, in the last few weeks of 1933, the Committee had had to deal with the cases of two members out of work, married, and with families, who had required, and still required, weekly allowances; and also with two widows requiring similar help. Since the beginning of the year, the Committee had added to the list two widows, who were receiving regular allowances, and had assisted two other additional cases with grants.The Committee had learned, or were learning, that in the administra- tion of a fund of this kind, it was impossible to foretell how and when cases might arise. In order to be ready for emergencies, he was compelled to continue, therefore, to press for the generous support of the Fellows and Associates. In conclusion, the Hon. Treasurer thanked the Registrar, the 97 Assistant Secretary, Miss Cawston (the chief Clerk) and Mr. Aitken (the Cashier) for all that they had done to help him during the past year and, in moving “That the Financial Statements for the year 1933 be received and adopted,” asked leave to add “That the thanks of the Fellows and Associates be accorded to the Honorary Auditors, Major J. C. White and Mr.J. H. Lane, for their valuable services.” (Applause). Dr. J. T. Dunn said that he had great pleasure in seconding the motion. He thought that the Fellows and Associates would agree that the accounts as presented by the Hon. Treasurer were extremely satisfactory. They were an index of the extreme care with which Mr. Kirkaldy had done his work and of the interest which he took in it. The President said that the motion was open for discussion. Mr. C. E. Bans asked how the account for “Donations” had been increased by Ezo. The Hon. Treasurer replied that that amount was represented by a donation to the Federal Council for Chemistry. The Federal Council had received nothing from the Institute in 1932. The motion was then put and carried unanimously.REPORTOF COUNCIL. The Report of the Council having been taken as read, the President delivered his Address (p. 101) and moved that the Report be received and adopted. Mr. John Evans, in seconding the motion, said that he had listened with a great deal of interest to the President’s admirable Address, and he would like to be allowed to add that the thanks of the Fellows and Associates be accorded to the President, and that he be asked to allow his Address to be printed and pub- lished in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSin order that it might reach the Fellows and Associates who were unable to be present at the meeting. (Applause.) The President thanked Mr. Evans and concurred in the request. The President then invited comments on the Report.Mr. Bacharach said that the President had referred to the Benevolent Fund. He noticed that in the section of the Council’s Report in which that Fund was mentioned there was no indication given of the number of Fellows and Associates who contributed to the Fund. He wondered whether the figure had been deliberately left out because it was so small that it would make the Institute ashamed of itself; but even, if this 98 were so, it might be worth considering whether the very small- ness of the number might not itself be an incentive to Fellows and Associates who had not hitherto subscribed, to do so. The Registrar (as Hon. Secretary of the Fund), having been requested to reply, said that he did not know the actual number, but in the pamphlet published at the end of the year the names of those subscribing occupied nine pages with four columns to each page, and since each column contained nearly 60 names, the number would be about 2,000.Mr. Bacharach enquired whether it would be possible to include the figure in brackets after the words “annual sub- scriptions” in that section of the Report each year. The Registrar replied that he felt that the Council would be glad to do that.* Mr. Thomas McLachlan said that he would like to thank the President for stressing the importance of not allowing young boys and girls to play with chemicals without supervision. A short time ago a foreign chemist had come to this country and had started a laboratory.This chemist became ill, and his young son was allowed to work in the laboratory, with the result that the unfortunate boy made a quantity of mercury fulminate, which had exploded. He had completely blinded himself in one eye and had largely lost the use of the other, he had lost the tips of every finger of one hand and part of the fingers of the other hand. The speaker (Mr. McLachlan) had had the unpleasant task of clearing up the laboratory afterwards. The motion for the adoption of the Report was then put and carried unanimously. REPORTOF THE SCRUTINEERS. The President called upon the Registrar to read the Report of the Scrutineers (Messrs. Charles A. Adams and J. R. Nicholls) on the election of officers, General Members of Council, and Censors, for the ensuing year. The number of valid voting papers received for the election of Officers was 861.The following were elected:- President: J. F. Thorpe (861). Vice-presidents: Sir G. C. Clayton (848),W. H. Roberts (848), H. H. Hodgson (847), F. G. Edmed (846), W. J. A. Butterfield (843), A. E. Dunstam (842). Hon. Treasurer: Patrick H. Kirkaldy (859). The total number of members who contributed in 1933 ww 1,894. 99 The number of votes cast for General Members of CounciI was 859. The following were elected:-L. H. Lampitt (623), H. Levinstein (619), R. Robinson (613), W. Rintoul (603), R. M. Caven (599), C. A. Mitchell (580), S. Smiles (555), G. D. Elsdon (553), C. 0. Bannister (547), J. G. King (544, C. Do& (518), R.H. Hopkins (515), D. J. Lloyd (515), W. Wardlaw (498), G. E. Holden (495), H. W. Crerner (493), H. E. Cox (491), J. Evans (489), F. D. Chattcbway (488), L. Eynon (486), A. W. M. Wintle (483), T. Callan (477), R. H. Greaves (473), F. S. Aumonier (464), F. Southerden (459), T. F. E. Rhead (456), H. D. Elkington (435). The number of valid voting papers received for the election of Censors was 784. The following were elected:- Sir G. C. Clayton (630), A. Smithells (542), G. G. Henderson (521), Sir H. Jackson (459). The President declared the Officers, Members of Council and Censors who had been named by the Registrar as duly elected. He moved a vote of thanks to the scrutineers, and did so with very great pleasure. They had spent a day and a half on the work, and the Fellows and Associates were greatly indebted to them.Mr. J. H. Lane who seconded the vote of thanks said that, speaking from experience, he knew that the duties were no sinecure. The two gentlemen to whom the vote was being passed had served in this capacity before, and the Institute was doubly indebted to them. The motion was carried by acclamation. ELECTIONOF AUDITORS. The Honorary auditors, Major John C. White and Mr. J. H. Lane, and the Chartered Accountant, Mr. David Henderson, were unanimously re-appointed, Mr. Henderson at a fee of 30 guineas. VOTE OF THANKSTO RETIRING OFFICERS AND MEMBERS OF THE COUNCIL. At the conclusion of the Meeting Mr. Bacharach moved “That the thanks of the Fellows and Associates be accorded to the retiring Vice-president and the retiring Members of the Council for their valuable services.” It seemed to him a little invidious, on these occasions, to label with the word “retiring” those who had been compelled by an iron constitution to abandon duties which had doubtless been as pleasureable as they were burdensome.The life history of a body like the Council of the Institute was very much like that of the undergraduate 100 population of a University: it was always there and yet it was always changing; a third of its body was removed each year and another third replaced it. Fortunately, however, even the separated parts were very often endowed with an immortality not found in the individual organism, and sometimes came back again at a later date.The Fellows and Associates present had received from the President, and from the printed Report of the Council, such a detailed, explicit and highly satisfactory account of the past year’s activities that it would be superfluous for him to attempt to add anything to the written and spoken word. The Fellows and Associates were grateful to all the Officers and the Council for their services. Mr. Burford said it was a privilege to be permitted to second the resolution. The work of the Council had been considerable and continuous during the whole of the year. It might have been a labour of love, but certainly it had shown analtruism which commanded the sincere appreciation of the general body of the members.The motion was carried by acclamation. The meeting then terminated. 101 The President’s Address. In moving that the report of the Council be received and adopted, I must refer, in the first place, to the losses which the Institute has sustained by death. While the number of losses among Fellows, namely, 27, was far less than in the previous year (45) it includes names which I would like to recall on this occasion. Among teachers and educationalists,-such veterans as Professor John Millar Thomson, a Past President, and one who had given very generously of his time, service and abilities to the Institute in its early days; Dr. John Watts, of Oxford; Professor Greenish, the Dean of the School of the Pharmaceutical Society and a Past Member of the Council; Dr.George Tate, another Past Member of Council, and for over forty years a successful teacher in Liverpool and Birkenhead ; then,-less a veteran,- Dr. Henry Lloyd Snape, Past Member of Council, for over twelve years Professor of Chemistry at University College of Wales, Aberystwyth, and Chairman and Director of Education to the Lancashire County Council for nearly twenty years; and Professor William Edward Gibbs, of University College, London, lost to the profession and baulked of a career which seemed so full of promise. Of those holding official appointments under government and municipal authorities, I have to mention-Dr. Walter Craven Ball, Director of Experiments, Chemical Defence Experimental Station, Porton; William Thomas Thomson, Manager of the Royal Naval Cordite Factory, Holton Heath ; John Haworth, Chief Chemist and General Manager to the Sewage Disposal Depart- ment of the Corporation of Sheffield; and Public Analysts,- Alfred Edward Johnson, William Marshall, a Past Member of Council, and William Partridge, a member of the Public Appoint- ments Committee.Then, among industrial chemists,-Dr. Alfred Rke, Past Member of Council and for many years a leading manufacturer of aniline colours, who, after his retirement, devoted himself to public work in the interests of industry, commerce and education ; Thomas Wilson Stuart, a distinguished leader in the heavy chemical industry ; Alexander Dewar, Managing 102 Director of the Greenwich Inlaid Linoleum Co.; Edward Theodore Brewis, Chemist to Messrs. Stafford Allen & Sons, a keen sup- porter of the Institute and regular in attendance at meetings of chemical societies in London ; Frederick Woodward Branson, of Leeds, whose services should be acknowledged in connection with the provision of laboratory glass and porcelain apparatus during the early days of the war, when supplies from the Continent were cut off. The loss of 15 Associates is heavier than usual and much to be deplored. However, notwithstanding these and other losses from various causes, the roll of membership shows an increase of 88 compared with 54 in the previous year. The number of students, on the contrary, shows a decrease, largely owing to economic conditions, which have forced many who would otherwise have come into our ranks to discontinue their professional studies. At the same time, while the number of members known to be disengaged is not more than three per cent., the profession cannot be regarded as seriously overcrowded.There are some who advocate that means should be taken to restrict the number of entrants to the professions generally; but I feel that such a step would be difficult of accomplishment. What is really required is restriction, at an earlier stage, by increasing the stringency of the entrance examinations to the universities and colleges-or otherwise-in order to eliminate the man who is not really good professional material.There is never any difficulty in “placing” a really good man-at least that is my experience. It is the men of lower mental calibre who present difficulty, and they are the kind who ought never to have been allowed to study for admission to the profession. Such might probably have been quite successful in other walks of life, but the time which they have devoted to chemistry has been largely wasted and would have been better devoted to other subjects more fitted to their abilities. I do not believe that you can put more brains into the embryo than nature has provided, and although you can develop such brains as already exist you cannot create what is not there. To-day, I am informed that, taking into account the elections which have taken place during February, and the further losses sustained since the publication of the report, our roll stands at a total of 6,176, and the number of students has recovered to the extent of 36, to a total of 751.103 Thus, I feel that the Institute is consolidating its position and steadily securing the adherence of the coming generation of competent chemists. The position of the Institute as a professional body is reflected in some measure in the large number of matters of public concern in which it has been invited to participate by appointing delegates or representatives, and we are grateful to those who serve in that capacity. The report contains a list of such appointments, of which one of the most important and interesting is aconfer- ence convened at the suggestion of the Federal Council for Chemistry on co-operation among the chemical societies.This Conference has been engaged in investigating a matter which I am inclined to think many regard as far less complicated than it is in actual fact. It is evident that any scheme which involved the complete fusion of the three principal societies must be based on a secure financial foundation , which willbe acceptable to all concerned. The risks of disaster by immature action are too great to warrant an experiment being tried unless the chances of success are very real. Each Society at present fulfils certain specific functions, and it is difficult to name many points at which these functions overlap.If this is so it does not seem likely that much expense, as distinct from other considerations, could be saved by closer union. In the matter of publications there can, however, be no question but that amalgamation would relieve the Chemical Society from some of the burden-which is evidently becoming intolerable. Nevertheless Societies, like individuals, must cut their coats according to their cloth, and if the income is insuffi-cient the expenditure must be curtailed, or further funds obtained. Possibly the solution lies in the adoption of the action taken some years ago by the German Chemical Society and, more recently, by the American Chemical Society, namely, by the segregation of publications and their separate sale. These are matters which have been under consideration at recent conferences. Nothing affecting the members of the Institute can or will be done without their consent, but, for the present, there is one point to which I should like to call attention, without, in any way, prejudicing the action of the Council or of our representa-tives in these conferences.It concerns the question of a library. In 1917, the Chemical Society invited various Societies and Associations concerned with chemistry to co-operate a scheme for extending its library. It was suggested that the Societies and Associations themselves would thereby be relieved of the necessity of purchasing books and, by subscribing to the library of the Chemical Society, would secure for their members the use of a really comprehensive library in return for their support,- the library itself remaining the sole property of the Chemical Society.It was feared by some that the arrangement would not be to the ultimate benefit of the Chemical Society; but the proposal came from the Society, and the object in view, that of forming a really representative library, was clearly something greatly to be desired. Until then the Institute had maintained, and it still main- tains, a library of works of reference suitable for the use of candidates presenting themselves for its examinations. Its expenditure on books and journals, however, has very rarely exceeded E30 per annum, largely due to the fact that many such books have been presented by the authors and publishers.At that time, 1917,the financial position of the Institute was not so sound as it is to-day: it had not even completed its Building Fund, and, at the Annual General Meeting in 1917, Sir William Tilden had asked, in view of the need for economy, what was the policy of the Council of the Institute regarding the library, indicating that he hoped that it would not compete with that of the Chemical Society. For the first few years of the scheme, 1918 to 1920,the Institute subscribed to the Library of the Chemical Society L25 a year; in 1921,E30; in 1922, fl40; in 1923,LIOO; and in 1924,and every year since, E250. Since the scheme started, however, the membership of the Institute has increased from 1,850to over 6,150,and I need hardly say that the use of the library of the Society has been very much appreciated by many members who are not Fellows of the Society. In my opinion, however, the arrangement was a bad one, both for the Chemical Society and for the Institute.For its own purposes, the Institute had already its own reference library for its candidates, and unless a further addition were to be made to its building, it hardly had room for more than that. If it did not require any other library, there was no reason for it to enter into any arrangement with the Chemical Society except to support the general scheme, NOWif it wishes to continue, other Associations and Societies, to Co-oprate with the 105 Chemical Society in its library, the only equitable basis would be that the Institute and other participating societies should share in the cost of upkeep and maintenance of the library in proportion to their membership, making due allowance for overlap; but thc arrangement should include provision by which the participating societies should become partners in the library.As it now exists it belongs to the Chemical Society, but I suggest that it would not be difficult to ensure that all books obtained after a certain date should be the property of the participating bodies and should be so stamped. This would give such bodies real ownership in the library and would justify the expenditure incurred. This, of course, could not apply to runs of Journals, which could not be broken, because if any scheme of this kind were adopted, then the sections of these runs of journals after a certain date would become the property, not of the Chemical Society, but of some joint body, and if that joint body ceased to exist, naturally the Chemical Society would be in a very difficult position; but I think the scheme could apply definitely to all books other than those represented by runs of journals.Fellows and Associates will note also the increasing associa- tion of the Institute with the British Standards Institution. Mr. Butterfield, one of our Vice-presidents, is a Member of the Council of the Chemical Division. Members of the Institute are represented on many committees and panels, whose meetings are held very frequently in this building.We not only give this accommodation, but contribute annually towards the expense of the valuable work of the Institution. Our financial statements for 1933have been submitted by the Honorary Treasurer, and I would like to express to him and to his Committee, in your name, the gratitude of the Institute for the able Management of our affairs, and especially to the Honorary Treasurer himself for the keen interest which he takes in all departments of the business of the Institute. (Applause.) I am sure that you would also wish Mr. Kirkaldy and the Benevolent Fund Committee continued success in the good work which they are doing on behalf of the relatives and dependents of former members, who are in need of temporary help, as well as for those present members who are unemployed or have met with other misfortunes. From my own personal experience as a member of the Com- mittee for several years, I can only say that every case brought 106 to the notice of the Committee is dealt with promptly, reason- ably, and as generously as the state of the fund allows.I hope that every member who is able to help is giving as much as he feels he can afford to this most deserving cause. Moreover, at the risk of encouraging further appeals, I would add that every deserving case is considered confidentially, and with the utmost sympathy. The work of the Legal and Parliamentary Committee, under the Chairmanship of Sir Christopher Clayton, further illustrates the willingness of the Institute to assist in public affairs in which our profession and science may be concerned.I would refer, in particular, to the Pharmacy and Poisons Act, which was passed during the year. Largely through the kind advice and help of Lord Henley and Sir Christopher Clayton, this Act contains a clause which puts beyond doubt the right of the chemist, as well as the pharmacist-for I cannot avoid making the distinction, if only for the sake of clarity-to use the only title by which he has been known throughout the ages and in every country in the world. At the same time, the Institute, being specially entrusted with the duty of certifying to the competence of candidates desirous of becoming public analysts under the Food and Drugs (Adulter- ation) Act, has been accorded the privilege of appointing a representative to the Poisons Board, which has been constituted under the provisions of this Act.The Council has been for- tunate in securing the services of Dr. Gerald Roche Lynch-the Examiner to the Institute in therapeutics, pharmacology and microscopy-in this capacity. I have on a previous occasion remarked upon the fact that far happier relations exist between chemists generally than seemed to exist when the numerical strength of the profession was much smaller, and the members were consequently more sparsely distributed throughout the Empire. To-day, with far greater numbers, and the more frequent opportunities which are now provided for their meeting together, comparatively few are so situated that they cannot, if they wish, take an active part in promoting the advance of their science and the interests of their profession.During the past year I have visited Leeds, Man- Chester, Birmingham and Sheffield, and have noted the satis- factory manner in which chemists are combining in these areas. The old and thoroughly bad segregation into pure and applied, academic and industrial, chemists is rapidly disappearing. 107 The Local Sections of the Institute, both at home and in the Overseas Dominions, and of other bodies, have contributed largely to this change which can only be beneficial to all concerned. The list of papers read, of visits to works and other places of interest, of discussions, demonstrations and exhibitions arranged by the Sections during the past year clearly shows that much can be done, and is being done, to create an even closer bond of fellowship among chemists engaged in all spheres of work.I would urge every member to co-operate by attending meetings of the Sections and by supporting them in their activities. The Council, being desirous of fostering the co-ordination of these activities, convened in June last a conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections, which presented a report containing many useful suggestions, and it is intended that this conference shall be an annual event. I understand, also, that a movement is on foot to form a Local Section in India. The work of the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committeewhich I would remind you is the Council in Com- mittee-continues to call for long sittings, on what is of course one of the most important functions of the Institute, as the pro- fessional body charged with the registration of qualified and competent chemists.In this also, I have to acknowledge the valuable services of Mr. Kirkaldy, who has presided over the deliberations of the Committee with unfailing regularity. (Applause.) I am also informed that sixty-four candidates have entered for the Examinations in April. In his Presidential Address last year, my predecessor, Sir Christopher Clayton, reminded you that over nine hundred candidates had taken the Institute’s Examinations since 1924, in addition to those who had submitted themselves to oral and special examinations.I think that these figures show that the Institute’s Examina- tions are valued, and that they supply an answer to the view, which I have sometimes heard expressed, that it is no longer necessary for the Institute to conduct such examinations itself. It is well known to me that many chemists of experience regard the certificate of having passed the Examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry as of the greatest value, especially where a high standard of laboratory proficiency is required. I would also like to remind you that this examination provides the means whereby candidates who have received 108 adequate training but who, for reasons mainly connected with their employment, have found it necessary to move from one part of the country to another and are unable to take the examinations of universities; may yet attain the status of professional qualified chemists.(Applause.) With regard to the Examinations for the Fellowship, it must be remembered that the Institute’s diplomas in Branch E, The Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs and Water, and Branch F, Agricultural Chemistry, are specifically accepted as qualifying for certain important posts in Government and Municipal service, both at home and overseas, and, moreover, that the Council is willing to admit Associates to examinations for the Fellowship in a very wide range of branches of chemistry, particularly adaptable to their industrial experience.I would like to call the special attention of Associates to these examinations, for I feel sure that those who set themselves seriously to prepare for them, besides achieving the higher grade of membership of the Institute which very rightly carries with it enhanced prestige, will find the necessary reading and prepara- tion involved to be of great value to them in their professional work. The Council has in recent years received an increasing number of applications from Associates for exemption from the examina- tion for the Fellowship, but I would like to assure all members of the Institute that such exemption is only granted where a candidate can produce evidence of having materially contributed to the advancement of knowledge in some branch of chemical work, and of having reached a position of seniority and responsibility.The joint Committees of the Institute, with the Board of Education and the Scottish Education Department respectively, have reported on the increasing number of candidates taking the examinations for National Certificates, and have shown that this work is having a marked and beneficial effect on the training in technical institutions throughout the country. Mr. E. G. Savage, H.M. Senior Chief Inspector of Technical Schools, Board of Education, and Professor G. R. Clemo, Chairman of the North-East Coast Section and Professor of Chemistry at Armstrong College, Newcastle-on-Tyne, attended, by invitation of the Council, at its meeting on January 26th) to participate in a discussion on the place of chemistry in general education,-an old perennial, which is constantly appearing and never seems to die.109 It appears that, on October 28th last, Mr. Savage had stated at a meeting in Newcastle that, in his opinion, chemistry was too difficult a subject for boys under sixteen, and, in general terms, it seemed desirable for them to concentrate rather on Physics and Biology and to leave the formal study of chemistry until after the age of sixteen. In the discussion which followed, it was evident that members of the Council of the Institute were divided on the major issue, although they were satisfied with the attitude taken up by Mr.Savage towards the whole question which was, as he said, still in a very unformed state. Mr. Savage remarked that the Board of Education had not at present expressed any opinion. If the Board decided to adopt his view, he hoped that it would be tried out as an option for a period of five years and that there might be some transi- tional period before it became universal. The opinion of a section of the Council was admirably expressed by Professor Heilbron who said in a letter: “My personal view is that at present too much formal chemistry is being taught in many schools, and I would favour the alteration of the School Certi- ficate whereby General Science should replace the specialised teaching of chemistry to a greater degree than at present apper- tains.After all, only a very small proportion of those in Second- ary Schools ultimately proceed to the University, and it seems to me the wrong method to adopt, to teach physics and chemistry in a formal academic manner to the detriment of a general approach to science. The intensive teaching of chemistry could well form a part of the Higher School Certificate curriculum, and I believe that training in this science commencing at about sixteen years of age would prove more valuable than the detailed approach at an earlier period in the boy’s school curriculum. I do not, however, feel that at the present time any direct action should be taken by the Institute of Chemistry, for without doubt the whole question is at present simply under broad review and no detailed plan has so far been formulated.” The Council appreciates the action of the Newcastle Section in raising the matter.The discussion will be published with an invitation to Fellows and Associates to contribute their views. Personally, I am in full agreement with the statement made by Professor Heilbron, for, after an experience of some thirty- five years of university teaching, I have found that even after the age of sixteen there is a tendency to teach the type of chemistry in the schools which would be better left until later in 110 life. It does not infrequently happen that a student comes to the University fully under the impression that he has learned all there is to be learned at school This, as a rule, does not matter so much, because he soon becomes disillusioned, but, in some cases, the impression is difficult to eradicate.In one case I have in mind, a student was allowed to work in the school laboratoryalone from 8-11 p.m. His notebook is an amazing document. He apparently had access to an old copy of Watt’s Dictionary, and, from this, he selected a number of what he regarded as interesting substances to prepare. These included glyceryl trinitrate, cellulose hexanitrate, ethyl perchlorate, diazobenzene hydroxide, diazobenzene nitrate and diazobenzene picrate. I will read to you just one or two extracts from his notes. Regarding glyceryl trinitrate, he says: “The product was kept in quantities of three cubic centimetres in rubber corked test tubes, highly explosive on very slight provocation; with five grains of fulminate almost totally removed a tree trunk weighing about nine hundred- weight.” Of ethyl perchlorate he says: “An attempt was made to re-distil the product under a layer of water, but it disin-tegrated, as did most of the apparatus and a portion of the investigator.’’ Of diazobenzene nitrate he says : “The crystals were placed in a desiccator over night; further purification was impossible as the diazobenzene was not there the following morning ; neither was the desiccator.’’ (Laughter.) The Third Pedler Research Scholar has been appointed, and Dr.Janet Matthews, who now holds the Scholarship, is engaged at the Imperial College of Science and Technology on the development of inorganic microchemical analysis, a subject in which she has already done work of definite public importance having a direct bearing on the incidence of silicosis among miners; and we may look forward to hearing and seeing two 1ectureAdemonstrations which will be given by Professor Briscoe and Mrs.Matthews on “Microchemical Methods suitable for General Analytical Practice ” during the present month. The Publications and Library Committee, under the Chair- manship of Mr. Butterfield, has not only produced the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,which is mainly devoted to what I may call the domestic affairs of the Institute, but has arranged for lectures, which have since been published as separate monographs, and are, I believe, very greatly appreciated by the members and students.I would mention especially the remarkable series of Lectures given before the Institute during the year under review. Of 111 these, three by Professor Morgan embodied a Survey of Modern Inorganic Chemistry, and constitute one of the most valuable recent publications for students as well as for experienced chemists. They are a monument to the untiring energy and industry of my brother President. The scholarly and able Fifth Gluckstein Lecture by Dr. Levinstein was enjoyed by all, and that by Professor Caven on Priestley constituted a real addition to our knowledge of this remarkable man. Mr. Hulton told us a fascinating story about Beer and gave us an insight into the manner in which the modern beverage is produced.There were also lectures delivered before the London Section, by Mr. Alexander Marcan, before the Manchester Section by Professor Alexander Findlay, and before the Leeds Area Section by Mr. Norman Strafford and by Dr. Glasstone, all of which provided matter of the greatest interest to chemists. I have heard it stated that the publication of these and similar lectures does not properly fall within the province of the Institute as a professional body. A moment’s thought will, however, convince many that this is in no sense the publi- cation of new knowledge but a means of bringing into touch with new developments those of our Fellows and Associates who are not experts in the subjects dealt with.It is the only means by which professional chemists can be brought abreast of the times. The Public Appointments Committee, under the Chairman- ship of Professor Roberts, has continued to watch the interests of chemists holding official positions. The Honorary Corresponding Secretaries in the Overseas Dominions have been very helpful, especially in recent times, in connection with the preparation of the eighth edition of the List of Official Chemical Appointments, which we hope to publish shortly. Finally, the concluding paragraph of the report shows the present state of the Appointments Register, which we are glad to say is slightly better than it was at the date of the previous report. I cannot conclude, however, without expressing our thanks to the retiring Vice-president, Professor Henderson, who has again served a period of three years in that capacity, and to the retiring Members of Council, Professor Comber, Dr.Francis, Professor Heilbron, Lord Henley, Mr. George King, Dr. Naunton, Mr. Perry, Dr. Rideal and Dr. Weir, all of whom have been helpful in our work during the past three years. 112 Proceedings of the Council. Council Meeting, 16th February.-The Council directed that the report of the discussion on the place of chemistry in general education, which tookplace 011 the 26th January, should be published in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSfor the information of Fellows and Associates, together with a statement that comments and opinions from other members would be welcomed and would be considered in due course.A recommendation from the Liverpool and North-Western Section, that the Council should appoint district representatives from each district as ex oficzo members of the Benevolent Fund Committee, was referred to the new Council. The Council decided to make a contribution of ten guineas from the general funds of the Institute to the Sixth International Congress for Scientific Management. The President, Professor Jocelyn F. Thorpe, C.B.E., F.R.S., was re-appointed representative of the Institute on the Advisory Committee on the dyeing of textiles, in connection with the technological examinations of the City and Guilds of London. Reports from the Finance and House Committee, the Benevo- lent Fund Committee, the Publications Committee, and the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Commit tee were received and adopted.The Benevolent Fund Committee reported grants amounting to f16x and the provision of an allowance, at the rate of 30s. a week, to the aged widow of a Fellow. The Publications Committee reported that, following on the lecture-demonstrations to be given by Professor Briscoe and Mrs. Matthews on microchemical methods suitable for general analytical practice, Dr. A. D. Mitchell had kindly consented to give a lecture on “Recent Applications of Indicators and Other Reagents to Chemical Analysis ’’ in October next. The elections, consequent on the recommendations of the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee, are reported at the end of this Part of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 113 The names of the Officers and Members of Council and of the Censors who were elected at the Annual General Meeting on 1st March are given on pages 89 and 90.Council Meeting, 16th March.-Thirty-five Members attended the first meeting of the new Council held on 16th March when the President welcomed the new Members who were in attendance for the first time, and others who had served on the Council previously and had been re-elected, namely :-My. F. S. Aumonier, Dr. Thomas Callan, Dr. F. D. Chattaway, Mr. H. W. Cremer, Mr. John Evans, Mr. Lewis Eynon, Dr. C. Ainsworth Mitchell, Mr. T. F. E. Rhead, and Dr. Ernest Vanstone.The Standing and Special Committees and their Chairmen for the ensuing year were appointed. (See pages 90 and gr.) A request was received from the Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section that provision be made for the election of an additional District Member of Council,-namely for Aberdeen and North of Scotland,-whereby Scotland would be represented by three District Members, including one for Glasgow and West of Scotland. The Council proposes to submit a recom- mendation to this effect at the next Annual General Meeting. The Council concurred in the formation of a Local Section for the Empire of India, of which Mr. G. Watson Douglas is Honorary Secretary. Dr. Gilbert J. Fowler will continue to act as Honorary Corresponding Secretary for India and as Honorary Secretary of the Indian Advisory Committee.Lecture-Demonstrations.-On 14th March, in the Hall of the Institute, Professor H. V. A. Briscoe and Mrs. Janet W. Matthews gave the first of two lecture-demonstrations on ‘‘Microchemical Methods Suitable for General Analytical Practice.” The President (Professor Jocelyn F. Thorpe, C.B.E., F.R.S.), said that, continuing the scheme of lectures, under which the Institute was endeavouring to give its members information regarding recent advances in various branches of work, it was thought that laboratory technique might find a place very fittingly in the programme for the present year. He knew that Professor Briscoe and Mrs. Matthews had 114 undertaken a great task in preparing for the lecture-demonstra- tions from which he felt sure many present would learn something useful.The second lecture-demonstration was given on 26th March. The lectures are being prepared for publication as a separate monograph. Professor Briscoe delivered the first lecture, while Mrs. Matthews, with the aid of a lantern, exhibited the apparatus. At the second lecture-demonstration, given on the 26th March, Mrs. Matthews delivered the lecture, while Professor Briscoe showed reactions, spot tests, etc., with the aid of an epidiascope. At the conclusion of the second lecture, Dr. J. T. Dunn, in moving a vote of thanks, expressed his regret that it had not been possible for him to be present at the first. He recalled that Faraday, in his experimental work, had been meticulous in his attention to details, and had shown in his book Chemical Manipzclation how he delighted in unusual apparatus; for example, he had devoted a sub-section entirely to the uses of paper in experimental work.He (Dr. Dunn) found Mrs. Matthews’ discourse most interesting, and felt compelled immediately to go home and try spot tests and other experiments to which she had referred. Mr. E. M. Hawkins, in seconding, said how much he had been fascinated by the subject and the manner with which it had been dealt both by Professor Briscoe and Mrs. Matthews. He thought that the microchemical methods which had been demonstrated opened the door to work which might, and should, have been done long ago, and he knew that he was voicing the sentiments of all the members present when he expressed thanks on their behalf for two most enjoyable, entertaining and instructive evenings.Professor Briscoe, in reply, said that Mrs. Matthews and he had greatly enjoyed preparing for the lecture-demonstrations, although it had been rather a task to fit it in with their everyday work. They could but feel glad that they had been kindly received, because they both believed that microchemical methods would, in the course of time, be generally adopted. “Beer.”-Mr. H. F. E. Hulton asks that for the first two sentences of the second paragraph on page 26 of his lecture on 115 “Beer,” published by the Institute early in the year, the following be substituted :-“The Journal of the Institute of Brewing, now in its thirty- ninth year, is the leading technical journal of the fermentation industries and is published monthly.From 1895 to 1920,it was edited by my old friend, Mr. Arthur R. Ling, and since then has been edited by my friend and colleague, Mr. Julian Baker.” From 1895 to 1903,the Journal was known as The Jouurnal of the Federated Institutes of Brewing, but the word ‘‘ Federated ” was subsequently dropped. Mr .-now Professor-Ling was Editor from 1895 to 1920, and thus covered a period of both titles. 116 The Place of Chemistry in General Education. AT the meeting held on 26th January, 1934,the Council discussed the place of chemistry in general education.Mr. E. G. Savage, H.M. Senior Chief Inspector and Chief Inspector of Technical Schools, Board of Education, and Professor G. R. Clemo, Chair- man of the North-East Coast Section, and Professor of Chemistry at Armstrong College, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, attended, by invitation of the Council, and were welcomed by the President. The President said that the Council had received the following resolution, from the Newcastle and North-East Coast Section- “That, in view of the intellectual discipline involved in the study of chemistry as an exact science in the schools, and the great and growing dependence of science generally and of industry in particular on chemists, this meeting views with considerable concern the implied policy of the Board of Education in aiming at largely replacing the study of formal chemistry for the School Certificate by general science comprising elementary physics and biology.” The President directed the attention of the Council to the Report of the Panel of Investigators appointed by the Secondary School Examinations Council to enquire into the eight approved School Certificate Examinations held in the summer of 1931.(H.M. Stationery Office, 1932, 27-230, 2s. 6d.) In this Report, it was suggested that no candidate should be allowed to pass, or obtain a credit, in the science group of subjects, unless he had taken a paper in “elementary science.” The tentative syllabus for this paper included elementary physics, elementary biology, and some elementary chemistry, but did not insist upon much quantitative work.Candidates for the School Certificate could also take either one or two or three of the “additional ” subjects, physics, chemistry, and biology; but they could only be exempted from the paper in elementary science if they took all these three in good faith. 117 It was feared by the Newcastle Section that the result of this suggestion might be to reduce the amount of serious chemistry taught to boys under 16. The President called upon Professor Clemo to open the discussion. Professor Clemo dealt with the matter on the lines of the following memorandum- ‘‘In a discussion by the Newcastle Section of the Institute on October 25th and November 8th, the danger of ignorance of chemistry in this scientific age was stressed.On October 28th, Mr. Savage stated in Newcastle that as, in his opinion, chemistry was too difficult for boys under 16, it seemed desirable for them to concentrate on physics and biology and leave the formal study of chemistry until after 16. Reasons which have been advanced for such changes are the rather over-emphasised present-day evil of specialisation in schools, and the fact that 95 per cent. of the Secondary School population of boys pass directly into the world without an elementary knowledge of biology. The proposed new policy is outlined in the report by the Panel of Investigators on the School Certificate Examination for 1931 which, whilst criticising the teaching of physics, had little fault to find with that of chemistry, and yet advocated in the main the discon- tinuance of the latter.Mr. Savage holds that boys of 16, even if they have had four periods of chemistry per week for four years, usually fail to obtain a grasp of the atomic theory, and so he pro- poses ‘to make them a present of it.’ All teachers of experience, with whom I have discussed the subject, disagree with the former view and ridicule the latter. The new idea of teaching physics and biology ‘together with as much chemistry as is necessary to understand those subjects’ leads to various in- consistencies in the Investigators’ report. Thus, colloidal chemistry is to be touched on because of its biological importance (presumably the idea of molecules is to be another present, along with the atomic theory), and yet the study of the acids of phosphorus is to be discontinued.That only the purely descrip- tive side of biology can be dealt with in the absence of a knowledge of the basic and fundamental science of chemistry, and in particular of the atomic theory and the idea of molecular structure, will be clear to most people. Thus, how otherwise can, say, respiration and nutrition be dealt with if students have no 118 knowledge of the structure and therefore properties of CO, and the acids of phosphorus? Much stress is laid nowadays on the iniquity of making the 95 per cent. of Secondary School boys already referred to, get down for the one and only time in their lives to exact work in chemistry, and thereby get some grasp of scientific method.Accordingly, they are to be fed largely on soft mental stuffs which are even now obtainable on the wireless and elsewhere. A serious aspect of this is that such pampering will in many cases ruin the boy from getting down to hard and formal chemistry after 16, and chemistry cannot afford to lose most of the best brains. It would be of interest to learn from Mr. Savage how many of the 23 investigators who produced the report were chemists. Apparently, the panel contained only one, and, moreover, it did not appear to have had the services of any chemist engaged in academic teaching or research. It is perhaps natural that revolutionary changes should be proposed at the expense of accurate chemistry, the beauty and greatness of which lies largely in the fact that it is an exact experimental science.This is borne out by an analysis of the suggested General Science course in Appendix VIII of the report, which shows that during the four years, 54 terms are to be devoted to physics (i.e. much as now), two to chemistry, and four to biology. At present physics and chemistry absorb about equal times, and the proposal is that chemistry shall hand two-thirds of its time to biology. In practice I am told by experienced science masters that in future all boys in small schools and the weaker ones in large schools will take only general science, and in consequence a serious handicap may ensue to the better boys in small schools.The proposed remedy is likely to be worse than the evil above mentioned, and it will go hard with us to make a serious educa- tional slip of this nature, needing maybe many years to rectify, with the advent of such new realists as Japan and Russia. The President of the Royal Society two weeks ago to-day said ‘we have suffered historically for our neglect of chemistry, and the country must not cease its efforts to maintain and increase the efficiency of its schools of chemistry.’” Professor Clemo added that he agreed to the suggestion that biology should be introduced in the education of boys up to 16, but they must first have a basic knowledge of chemistry. He advanced the views of his Section, who had primarily in view the real interests of the boys and of the country.He felt the scheme was bad in reducing the amount of accurate experimental 119 chemistry, and would fail in the all important matter of incul- cating a real grasp of scientific method. The following contribution from Professor R.M. Caven, D.Sc., of the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, was read :-“Whether the teaching of chemistry in schools should preponderate, or whether a place should be given to biology, depends on whether a narrow, vocational training should be introduced early, or whether general culture should take pre- cedence over such training. I say a narrow, vocational training, because training in which chemistry and physics predominate is designed to produce chemists, physicists, or engineers; whilst another kind of vocational training might be designed to produce biologists, bacteriologists, and physicians and surgeons, and in such training biology would predominate over chemistry and physics.These two kinds of vocational training are equally to be deprecated in the interests of a true scientific culture ; and such culture should precede any kind of vocational training. “How then should the study of science by a young child begin? ‘Back to Nature’ should be our slogan. The study of physics and chemistry involves bringing Nature into the labora- tory and analysing her; and such artificial methods should not constitute the first approach to science. Thus, ‘Nature Study’ should be the first theme of school science, so that a love of Nature may be fostered in the heart of the child.This study, indeed, will have both a scientific and an aesthetic value. Huxley’s Physiography : an Introduction to the study of Nature presents this ideal. “I would like to see this supplemented by the physical and chemical history of the earth and atmosphere, including the distribution of elements and compounds, and the reasons for this distribution. This would introduce such fundamental materials as lime, alumina, oxides of iron, silica, and carbon dioxide, the circulation of carbon and nitrogen in nature, and the influence of water. Thus the way would be prepared for some elementary biology, as the world was prepared for the advent of life. And so the child’s love of ‘ beasties’ and flowers would be encouraged, and some elementary ideas of the classification of animals and plants could be taught.This would lead to the rudiments of physiology, vegetable, animal, and human, and to some instruction by a wise teacher in personal hygiene. So the introduction to science would be completed, perhaps at the age of twelve. 120 “Meanwhile, the young mind should have been trained to habits of exactitude by mathematics, and the principles of measurement. This opens the way in the secondary school course to the study of the General Properties of Matter, and elementary physics. Only when a foundation of physics has been laid should chemistry be begun; and the principles common to physics and chemistry, particularly the properties of solids, liquids, and gases, should be dealt with first.“Detailed description of many of the elements and their compounds should not be attempted in the school course, nor should technical processes be described. Indeed, specific elements should only be chosen to illustrate general principles of chemical classification; the pupil’s brain should not become a lumber-room, stored with unrelated chemical facts. “Whether the scholar proceeds afterwards to the University, or not, the thoroughgoing inculcation of fundamental chemical laws, and of the need for exact quantitative experiments to establish them, should be insisted on. Such subjects as the methods of determining equivalent, atomic, and molecular weights, gaseous and liquid diffusion, and the qualitative and quantitative aspects of chemical change, can be taught; and whilst the scholars may perform simple quantitative experiments, including exercises in volumetric analysis, they should understand that a greater degree of accuracy than they are likely to obtain needs to be reached to establish quantitative laws.This kind of accuracy may be illustrated by reference to the classical work of great chemists. “In view of these remarks, I may make a few comments on the SCIENCEsection in the Blue Book. (I) That the subject most commonly taken should be chem- istry I consider a mistake. It may be more easy and attractive in some respects than physics, but should never precede physics.(2) Biology is an essential part of “General Science,” .and should always form part of the school curriculum, at least in the earlier years; though whether it should be continued to the end of the secondary school course, or should give way to an intenser study of physics and chemistry, will depend upon circumstances. Thus I agree with the first suggestion under (c) on p. 122 of the Blue Book. 121 (3) I agree that the Applied Sciences mentioned at the bottom of p. 123 should be dropped. To teach metallurgy, for instance, in a school course, I regard as absurd. (4) Practical examinations are not a good test of a scholar’s attainments or ability; but the note-book record, com-piled during his course, is. Therefore laboratory records may be examined; and the proposal of practical questions in the theoretical examination is a good one.“These remarks are sufficient to indicate my views in general on this interesting topic.” A letter from Professor I. M. Heilbron, D.S.O., D.Sc., F.R.S., of the University of Manchester, was circulated and read at the meeting and a verbatim quotation from it was made by the President in his Address to the Annual General Meeting (p. 109). The letter, as subsequently revised by Professor Heilbron, reads as follows:- “I very much regret that I now find it will be impossible for me to get to London to-morrow to attend the Council Meeting. I would much like to have heard the various expressions of opinion regarding this difficult question of the teaching of chemistry in schools.My personal view is that at present over- much formal academic chemistry is being taught, and I would favour the alteration of the School Certificate so that General Science should replace the specialised teaching of chemistry to a greater degree than at present appertains. After all, only a very small proport ion of those in Secondary Schools ultimately proceed to the University, and it seems to me inadvisable to attempt to teach specialised chemistry at the expense of a more fundamental and general approach to science. The formal teaching of chemistry could well be delayed until the Higher School Certificate standard is reached, and I believe that training in this science commencing at about sixteen years of age would prove infinitely more valuable than the detailed approach at an earlier period in the boy’s school curriculum.I do not, however, consider that at the present time any direct action need be taken by the Institute of Chemistry, for without doubt the whole question is at present simply under broad review, and until a detailed plan is formulated only a watching brief is called for .” The following statement from Professor R. H. Hopkins, DSc., of the University of Birmingham, was read :- “Although at first sight the proposals made in the Report would appear to be hostile to the interests of chemists, in that the subject of chemistry would take a less important place in the school curriculum, there are points of view in favour of the proposals even from the chemist’s standpoint.(a) A broader outlook on science at the outset of training is of advantage to the chemist during his training. (b) Whilst a smaller attention to chemistry up to the School Certificate stage may mean less chemistry taught in the school up to the final leaving stage, this means that more chemistry will be learnt by the chemist in a University or other approved Institution, in which--e.g., first-class equipment and facilities are available. (c) The profession is overcrowded, and a little encouragement towards other branches of science would perhaps eliminate a few half-hearted students. Chemistry wants recruits who have such enthusiasrm that they choose the subject from the widest possible select ion.Apart from the above considerations, we, as chemists, should not take too narrow and sectional a view of the matter, and even from such sectional viewpoint, it is doubtful whether the proposals are detrimental to our interests. An appreciation of the function of the chemist and his value to the community may be obtained by the layman quite as well if science teaching is on the lines suggested as if more detailed chemistry is taught in the schools.” Mr. Savage said that he did not consider that the exact composition of the Panel of Investigators was of great importance, but he would point out that the Panel did, in fact, include five representatives of science, two physicists, two biologists, and one chemist.He had not reckoned himself among the chemists, although he had taught chemistry more than physics, and such research work that he had been able to do had been in physical chemistry. He agreed with Professor Clemo that the chief thing to consider was the interest of the children. He agreed that the statement made by Professor Clemo was in general accurate. He reminded the Council that there was only a certain amount of time available for science. Boys would usually take chemistry and physics, and no biology; girls botany, and little else. The choice varied very much according to the equipment of the schools. Most boys took only one science,-- chemistry or physics,-although some took both. Those who remained at school after 16 could specialise in science in prepara- tion for the Higher School Certificate.He felt that boys and girls were led too early into the formal aspects of their subject: they were expected to examine the trees before they could see the wood, whereas they needed a wider view of things. Mr. Savage reviewed the scheme suggested by the Panel of Investigators, and emphasised that where the boys took science, they could not take one science subject alone unless they knew something of general science as a whole. One merit of the scheme was that the syllabus for the suggested paper in elementary science only required 11or 12“period years.” This left a further 11 “period years” which could be used for any extra studies in chemistry or physics or biology as the individual schools might prefer, and as the individual pupils appeared to have a bent for such studies.The proposed compulsory paper left plenty of time for formal work in any special subject the schools might choose. He felt that the views of Professor Heilbron and Professor Hopkins fairly represented his own views on the matter. Dr. H. H. Hodgson, Head of the Departments of Chemistry, Technical College, Huddersfield, said that chemistry as a subject was the one science in which it was possible to combine effectively instruction in both theory and practice. In the teaching of chemistry, there was something definite which the boy could grasp. In his experience, boys learnt more if concrete examples could be given them, and he would not, therefore, be in favour of reducing the number of hours devoted to chemistry.He feared that the suggested course in elementary science was some- what vague and indefinite, and that the intellectual training would not be so valuable. Dr. A. E. Everest, Director, Messrs. J. W. Leitch & Co., Ltd., Huddersfield, said that the Council was greatly indebted to the Newcastle Section for introducing this important subject. At first, he had felt very disturbed at the introduction of more physics and biology to the displacement of chemistry, and that the Institute should regard such a step with disfavour. On the other hand, when he examined the published scheme, he did not regard it so seriously as at the first disclosure. He did feel, however, that the teaching of chemistry trained the mind in accuracy as, in a somewhat different way, did physics, to a 124 greater extent than the teaching of biology.He considered that fundamental ideas must be settled in a scholar’s mind before passing to the university. He did not mind the suggested scheme so long as it was not to the detriment of chemistry, and so long as the subjects were well taught, but he feared that the suggestion might be the result of a desire to make matters easier for the teacher and the scholar through glossing over with generalisations. He wished to assure the Board of Education that, as a member of the Council of the Institute, he welcomed the introduction of biology into the school curriculum, but would emphasise the importance of accuracy as a training for individuality.Professor C. H. Desch, D.Sc., F.R.S., Superintendent, Depart- ment of Metallurgy, National Physical Laboratory, agreed in general terms with the Report of the Panel of Investigators. He greatly approved of the desire to distinguish between Matricu- lation and the School Certificate. Only a small proportion of children went to the University, and, for those who did not do so, a general insight into the fundamental ideas of science was better than any attempt at specialised teaching in chemistry. With regard to the remarks of Dr. Everest, in his view the teaching of formal chemistry was easier than the teaching of general science, and he foresaw a difficulty in providing com- petent teachers of general science during the next few years.Referring to Professor Caven’s advocacy of Huxley’s “Physiography,” he regarded this book, in its original form as admirable, but it had been largely spoiled in revision. Every child should be taught some biology, and such teaching should not involve looseness or inaccuracy in study. He felt that a detailed course in chemistry was unsuitable for boys under 16. Professor Samuel Smiles, D.Sc., F.R.S., Daniel1 Professor of Chemistry, King’s College, University of London, said that, in his opinion, the training of a chemist would be improved by ensuring a better and wider general education at the preliminary stages. The scheme proposed by the Board of Education ap- peared to assist this object, and he did not think that the changes involved would, in the long run, adversely affect the training of a chemist, but would probably have a favourable influence.He was, therefore, not opposed to the scheme. Mr. J. C. A. Brierley, Headmaster, Science Department, Royal Academical Institution, Belfast, said that the education of boys was his life’s work. He taught physics and chemistry, 125 but the business of the school was not to produce chemists or physicists, but to prepare youth to live; the preparation for earning their living came later. At his School, so far as science was concerned, the first year (10-11 years of age) was spent on Nature Study; the second (11-12) on the study of the human body, and the next (12-13) on the study of astronomy.The time occupied during each of these years was four periods of 40 minutes per week, throughout the school year. The next two years (13-15) were concerned with the study of physics and chemistry, separately, but alongside one another for seven periods per week. After this, the boys went along different paths. Those who elected to take the science side, for the next two years took both physics and chemistry, giving six periods per week to each. Those who remained after this stage prepared for University scholarships. The teaching of biology was rightly coming into the scheme of things, but he thought it was better to leave this until boys were 16 or 17, when they had acquired a foundation of physics and chemistry.Mr. Savage here reminded the Council that the School Certificate Examination concerned only boys of 16 and under, and that 95 per cent. left at this stage. Mr. Brierley said that he was naturally speaking of boys in his own institution, who remained there until the age of 18. He feared that if they substituted biology for chemistry at too early a stage they would be substituting a subject which might easily become "sloppy," for one providing the best mental training. At his school great stress was laid on the development of scientific methods of thought, the discussion of methods and results, of what is evidence, and the making of good workmen. These matters seemed to him of much more importance than the mere acquisition of a large number of facts; indeed these latter might, to a large extent, be left to take care of themselves. It was here that he felt at variance with the proposal to introduce a course which was a medley of physics, chemistry, and biology.This would mean that the pupils would have put before them a considerable number of facts over a large field, but scientific training would seem to go to the wall, for the sake of mere information. 126 His own experience over a long period was that little of value was gained except by experiment-qualitative and quantitative- on the part of the pupils themselves, preceded and followed by discussion. Professor W. H. Roberts, City Analyst, and Associate Professor of Public Health Chemistry in the University, Liverpool, said that many chemists were lacking in a knowledge of biology, and found it necessary to acquire it later in life.He agreed in general terms with the views expressed by Professor Heilbron. He understood that Mr. Savage did not intend to imply that the time allotted to chemistry should disappear, or even that it should occupy only one-third of the total time allotted to science, as Mr. Savage, in his suggested allocation of periods had used only about one-half the time usually devoted to chemistry, physics and biology. He was in favour of separating the School Certificate from Matriculation. Mr. W. J. A. Butterfield, M.A., one of the Gas Referees appointed by the Board of Trade, thought that we should con- sider the subject in its broadest aspect.He asked whether it was the intention of the Board of Education to apply the same principles to other groups of subjects, as well as to the science group. What would be thought of the suggestion that individual languages should be removed from the curriculum, and for them substituted a course in general comparative philology? He thought there was as much to be said for teaching only one branch of science as for teaching only one foreign language, for, after English and mathematics, all this elementary teaching was important mainly as training in the art of learning. Chemistry was as good a subject after the age of say 14,as a foreign language or other subject, from the point of view of its effect on general mental development.He recalled that when he was a young man, candidates for the London Matriculation had to take seven subjects, whereas, for "Smalls " (Oxford) and "Little-Go " (Cambridge), three only were required. On consideration, in retrospect, he thought that there was much to be said for the smaller number of specific subjects. He agreed that this question of the requirements for the School Certificate was best considered without regard to the future vocation of the pupil. Dr. R. H. Greaves, Director of' Metallurgical Research, Royal Arsenal, Woolwich, agreed with the views expressed by 127 Professor Heilbron. He thought that the boys should be afforded every opportunity of learning science, but that, at the same time, they should be safeguarded against early specialisation. His experience was that, if teaching of chemistry was deferred until after the age of 16, it did not adversely affect training for chemistry as a career later.Laboratory assistants who came to him at the age of 17 with the School Certificate, which had not included any science, often made quite as rapid progress as those who had learnt chemistry at school. Much depended on enthusiasm. Those who took the broadest training at school were quite capable of specialisation later. He considered that the teaching of science often occupied time, some of which, in the pupils’ interests, might better be devoted to languages and literature. Mr. George King, M.Sc., Messrs. Albright and Wilson, Oldbury, near Birmingham, said that the Institute insisted on a high standard of general education, and its members were men of wide interests.It was sometimes said that chemists were only interested in the work of their own laboratories. This should not be the case of the chemist who conformed to Institute standards. There was much to be said for the suggestions made in the Report of the Investigators, provided that it did give some training in exact science. Speaking as one in close touch with industry, he had found that, in making junior appoint- ments, character was the first thing to be considered, and then a knowledge of fundamental chemistry. Special knowledge could be taught in the industry itself. At school, the aim should be to train citizens and not chemists.He supported the views of Professors Heilbron and Caven. Mr. F. Southerden, Director of Messrs. Evans, Gadd & Co., Ltd., enquired as to the amount of laboratory work it was proposed to include in the new scheme, and whether, in the absence of a practical examination, laboratory notebooks would be submitted to the examiners. Mr. Savage thought that about half the total time allotted to science would be spent in the laboratory as at present, but this depended on the accommodation available in the individual schools. With regard to practical examinations, the Investigators disliked them generally, because they often overweighted 128 the evidence given by the written papers.There were grave difficulties in setting practical examinations where the number of candidates was large. Mr. Savage agreed that practical work should be done, but he did not believe that it could be properly tested by practical examinations. He feared that the matter would not be solved if the pupils’ practical books were sent up for inspection by examiners, since the time was all too short for this to be properly done. He reminded the Council that schools were under fairly close inspection, and thought that it was perfectly safe to rely upon inspection by H.M. Inspectors to see that the practical work was adequate and suitable, having regard to all the conditions. Mr. J. R. Johnson, Messrs. Cadbury Brothers, commented on the fact that employers of all kinds now insisted upon the pro- duction of examination certificates.The prevailing tendency of teaching chemistry in schools set, in his opinion, many boys thinking that they could take up this subject as a livelihood. If more sciences were taught, there would be a greater freedom of choice in careers. He agreed, however, that accurate work must be taught. Professor Clemo, in replying to the discussion, said that his points would be largely met if the Board of Education could assure him that laboratory work in chemistry, including the quantitative aspect, would not be omitted, and that there would be time for the teaching of formal chemistry for those who desired it. He would like to know what the probabilities were of the scheme being adopted by the Board, and said that he thought the difficulty, with regard to the ignorance of the 95 per cent.of any biology, might be best met by studying physics and chem- istry, say from 13 to 15, and then for biology to be compulsory from 15 to 16. Mr. Savage thanked the Council for asking him to be present, and said that he had heard many suggestions which would be very valuable. Twelve months ago, the Headmasters’ Associa- tion had refused to accept the scheme, but this year they had passed it, although by a small majority. The Science Masters’ Association had, however, adopted the scheme by a majority of two to one. The Board of Education had not at present expressed any opinion on the scheme. If they decided to adopt it, he hoped 129 that it would be tried as an option for a period of five years, and that there might be some transitional period before it became universal.The President expressed the thanks of the Council to Professor Clemo and Mr. Savage for coming to the Institute and participat- ing in the discussion. A report would be prepared, and the Council would, in due course, give further consideration to the matter. 130 Local Sections. Aberdeen and North of Scotland.-A meeting of the Section was held in Marischal College, Aberdeen, on 7th March, when two films were shown: (i) “The Manufacture of Nobel- Glasgow High Explosives for Blasting Purposes,” and (ii) “Grass-land Management, ” kindly lent by Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd.Professor James Hendrick presided and there was a large attendance of members and friends. The films were well received, in particular the former which showed the various processes in the manufacture of explosives at Ardeer. At the conclusion, the chairman expressed the appreciation of the audience by moving that a letter of thanks be sent to Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., for their kindness in lending the films. Belfast and District.-At a meeting held at the Royal Belfast Academical Institution on 15th February, Mr. J. C. A. Brierley spoke on bb Some Aspects of Modern Astronomy.” Mr. Brierley introduced his subject by reference to the enormous extension of human travel and interest. Distances, which meant months to previous generations, were now reduced to days, and, similarly, astronomical interest had passed from the solar system, first to the Milky Way, and now to the problem of the Spiral Nebulae.The lecturer dealt first with modem ideas on the Spiral Nebulae,-each a gigantic Catherine wheel, similar to our Milky Way, which had a diameter of something of the order of 400,000 light-years. He said that these nebulae, already at incomprehensible distances, seemed to be moving from us at speeds which increased proportionally to their distances. This led to the question of their ultimate destination, and, using as analogy a two-dimensional being living on the surface of a sphere, he showed the possible failure of three-dimensional geometry in the study of vast distances and dealt with the conception of a fourth dimension-possibly in time-and the curvature of space.From this he went on to the interesting speculation as to whether the nebulae might perhaps eventually complete the circuit and begin to approach our local system again. Mr. Brierley then spoke of some of the more remarkable stars in our own nebula. So far as was known, the masses of the stars were all comparable with that of the sun; but in two groups of stars the sizes were vastly different. First the Giant Stars, represented by Betelgeuse, Antares, etc. The diameter of Betelgeuse was over zoo million miles-more than twice that of the earth's orbit. Its average density, therefore, must be of the order of IO-~ that of water.At the other extreme was the group of stars known as White Dwarfs-typified by Sirius B, which had a volume approximately that of the earth, and therefore a density of about one ton per cubic inch. Such a density was even more difficult to conceive than the low density of the Giant Stars, but the suggested explanation was that matter in the White Dwarfs consisted of atoms stripped of many of their electrons, and so of a volume many times less than their terrestrial volume. In speaking of temperature, Mr. Brierley said that this could be considered from many aspects-the astronomer used it as a measure of the energy of motion of molecules or atoms. The temperature of interstellar space approached within a few degrees of absolute zero, in one sense.But matter in so rarefied a form did not obey ordinary laws, and its temperature, from the astronomer's point of view, was possibly close to the surface temperature of the stars. Interstellar space was at the same time intensely cold and intensely hot! The surface of the sun had a temperature of about 6000' C., which increased rapidly in the interior until at the centre it was of the order of 40,000,000" C. Proceeding to discuss the source of stellar energy, the lecturer. mentioned the Helmholtz-Kelvin contraction theory, and then gave an account of Eddington's theory that the source of the energy was the cancelling out of protons and electrons-the annihilation of matter. In the subsequent discussion, Mr.Brierley suggested that originally there had been an unstable equilibrium between the gravitational and repulsive forces in the universe. The repulsive forces won, with the result that we had an expanding universe. In answering a question about the source of energy of the White Dwarfs he pointed out that Eddington's theory would still be applicable, as their high density did not require their constituent atoms to be completely stripped of electrons, On 20th March, at the Royal Belfast Academical Institution, Mr. H. T. Currie gave a lecture on (6 Paper Manufacture,” in which he dealt with the following subject-matter:- Fibrous materials used in the manufacture of paper, with special reference to wood pulp and the processes used in the manufacture of mechanical wood pulp, sulphite wood pulp, sulphate wood pulp, and soda wood pulp.Paper-making, ancient and modern,-with special reference to paper made from wood pulp and the methods used for producing papers, ranging, on the one hand, from papers of the blotting paper class made with a minimum amount of hydration and fibrillation and a maximum amount of cutting, to papers of the grease-proof and Kraft class made with a maximum amount of hydration and fibrillation and a minimum amount of cutting of the respective fibres. The technical control in paper manufacture,-with special reference to the evaluation of wood pulp in the unbeaten and beaten state, and the bearing of the evaluation tests on the selection of suitable furnishes, and in controlling the bleaching and beating processes for the production of papers ranging from blotting paper to grease-proof and Kraft-type papers. Graphical illustration of the characteristics of the various grades of wood pulp, and the application of these records in the manufacture of special papers in which the properties demanded by specification are contradictory in nature, such as maximum opacity and strength but specified amount of loading. The estimation of alpha-cellulose and lignin, and the deter- mination of copper number, the relation of lignin to bleachability and of alpha-cellulose to hydration.The importance of pH control in sizing operations using resin soaps and sulphate of alumina in the beating engine; the effect of sulphur compounds derived from the use of antichlor, and from residues of sulphur compounds in the raw materials, upon bronze paints and other metallic bodies, especially when combined with high acidity in the paper.Quantity and quality of water used in paper-making, purifica- tion of effluents by sedimentation methods, use of chlorination-coagulation process, its effect on the yield of finished paper, and as a factor in control of slime-forming bacteria derived from the 133 raw materials and from vegetable growths (algae slime) in the water and settling tanks. Dendritic growths resulting on storage of finished paper in humid atmospheres derived from specks of bronze and copper from the bronze-beating rolls and bed-plate knives.Dimensions of various paper-making fibres, permanence of paper and artificial ageing tests in the laboratory by heat treatment. Relation of alpha-cellulose content and lignin content to permanence, yellowing of paper due to lignin, resinous compounds, and compounds of iron. Bristol and South-Western.-A well-attended meeting of the Section was held at the Bristol University on 19th February, under the chairmanship of Dr. Ernest Vanstone, when Dr. J. H. Quastel, Director of Research, Cardiff City Mental Hospital, read a paper on “The Study of Chemical Processes in Animal Tissues.” Dr. Quastel stated that chemical processes in animal tissues might be characterised as follows :-They took place heterogeneously, i.e.they were usually surface phenomena. (Illustrative of this was the recent work on the chemical basis of narcosis, where it had been shown that narcotics exerted their hypnotic power by competing with a cell substratum, which was important in carbohydrate metabolism for a particular catalyst in the brain. The competition resulted in a diminution in the amount of the nerve cells, and narcosis might ensue.) Apparently simple chemical reactions might take place in a complex manner involving a number of steps each of which was controlled by a separate catalyst, e.g.-the transformation of ammonium carbonate into urea in the liver and the breakdown of glucose into lactic acid. In tissues such as liver, a number of chemical processes could only proceed if structural integrity of .the cell tissue were intact, which was illustrated by the fact that the oxi- dation of fatty acids-which was one of the dominant features of metabolism in the liverentirely ceased if the liver was cut up into small fragments or minced, though histologically the hepatic cells were apparently un-damaged. Energy was required to preserve this structural integrity of tissue.134 One of the major problems of biochemistry was to discover how such energy, derived for the most part from oxidation changes, was utilised for cell reactivity. An interesting discussion ensued in which the following took part, Drs. Vanstone, A. C. Monkhouse, W. E. Garner, M. Travers, R. C. Menzies and Edward Russell.A hearty vote of thanks was accorded Dr. Quastel, on the proposal of Mr. Russell, seconded by Mr. Bright. Through the courtesy of Professor Francis and Professor Garner, the members of the Bristol and South-Western Counties Section are invited to take advantage of the facilities of the Worsley Chemical Library, Bristol University. In addition to the normal University hours, the Library is open, except during the month of August, on Tuesday and Wednesday evenings between the hours of 6.30 p.m. and 9.30 p.m. for reference purposes. Members using the Library are expected to conform to the University Library Regulations, and to sign the attendance book at each visit. The entrance to the Library is in Woodland Road. The Annual Meeting of the Section was held at Bristol University, on 23rd March. The Officers and Committee of the Section for the year 1934/35were elected as follows :-Chairman, Prof.W. H. Garner; Committee, Mr. F. Southerden, Mr. F. P. Hornby, Mr. Osman Jones, Dr. R. C. Menzies, and Dr. A. C. Monkhouse; Hon. Auditors, Dr. H. F. Dean and Mr. F. E. Needs; Secretary, Mr. E. Lewis. The retiring Chairman of the Section, Dr. Ernest Vanstone, then gave an address on “The Chemistry and Nutritive Value of Grass,” which was illustrated by means of lantern slides and a cine-matograph film. The meeting was presided over by the President of the Institute, Prof. Jocelyn Thorpe, C.B.E., F.R.S. Dr. Vanstone dealt with the statistical aspects of grassland within the British Empire, in which the annual crop of grass is one of the main sources of wealth.In the United Kingdom alone there are over 22 million acres of grassland compared with 10million acres under the plough, Experiments had been carried out in Northumberland dealing with the influence on cattle growth and quality of meat, by treating the pastures with various types of phosphates. Phos-phate treatment of land had also given increased hay crops in Essex and increased milk yields in other areas. Reference was made to the important experiments which had been carried out at Aberystwyth on the chemical composition of grasses, and to the Cambridge Experiments on the cutting of grass at regular intervals and feeding these crops to sheep, in which it had been shown that young grass possessed the highest feeding values.At Aberdeen, the mineral composition of grass had been specially studied. Examples of diseases due to mineral deficiency were shown on the screen. Many pastures were deficient in lime and phosphoric acid and this led to malnutrition and mal- formation of the bones. At the Research Station of Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., the intensive manuring of grass was being studied, and also the system of rotational grazing, together with problems asso- ciated with the drying and preservation of grass. These showed that it was possible to extend the grazing season, and so save the cost of purchased foods. Lastly, the importance of the vitamin content of grass was discussed.It had been shown that butter from cows on pasture was richer in carotin than that from cows given other foods. Subsequent to the meeting an informal dinner, which the President also attended, was held at the Royal Hotel, Bristol. Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-The fifth meeting of the session was held on 15th February, in the North British Station Hotel, Edinburgh, under the auspices of the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry. Mr. W. M. Ames, Chairman of the Local Section of the Society, presided, and Dr. L. H. Lampitt delivered the Society of Chemical Industry Jubilee Memorial Lecture entitled ‘‘ Some Fundamental Scientific Problems in the Food Industry.” Dr. Lampitt confined his remarks to the more purely scientific aspect of food science and commented on the problems of food preservation. The vital problem in food preservation was to find a means by which a judgment could be formed of the changes 136 which occurred during preservation.Our present methods of analysis only served as an indication of one small part of the value of any foodstuff, and it had now become a question of the changes induced by treatment in the substances which were present in small amounts. He maintained that, if it were known in chemical terms on what freshness depended, the problem could be tackled from a more fundamental standpoint. Although a considerable amount of work had been done on the subject of meat, much more was left yet to be done. The chemistry of fruit formed the next section oi the paper.Dr. Lampitt described recent work on fruit acids, and stressed the difficulties of this type of work. The impossibility of preserving orange juice, with its fresh flavour, was mentioned as an illustrative example in this section. Tea, decaffeinated, was drinkable, but the removal of tannin left the tea with no tea quality of flavour. In conclusion, Dr. Lampitt referred to the chemistry of milk. The variables were so many that there was some excuse for the little advance made. The pasteurisation controversy was touched on, while the degree of change caused by bacteria was a factor often ignored in chemical study: the breed and period of lactation had been considered, and yet the bacterial aspect had been almost entirely left out.Excluding the vitamin question, it would appear that an appreciation of the composition of milk might have been of great importance as light might have been thrown on the changes effected by the pasteurisation treatment; that changes did occur was, of course, well known. A vote of thanks was accorded to Dr. Lampitt on the motion of Professor Forsyth Wilson. The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 27th February, in the North British Station Hotel, Edinburgh,- Mr. Adam Tait in the chair. The Hon. Secretary submitted the annual report and financial statement for the year ended 30th September, 1933,which were approved. The meeting then proceeded to elect members to fill vacancies on the Committee for the ensuing year as follows-as members of Committee: Messrs.Henry Elder, A. P. Mieras, Walter Smith, D. C. Wilson; as Hon. Auditor: Mr. J.W. Romanes; and as Hon. Secretary: Mr. G. Elliot Dodds. A vote of thanks was accorded to the retiring members of Committee. After the ordinary business of the meeting, a discussion took place on the desirability of closer co-operation between the various chemical societies. The feeling ,was expressed that some such scheme was desirable, especially with a view to cutting down the number of publications. In addition, it was felt that the general body of members of the Institute should be kept informed of the progress of the negotiations. GlasgowandWest of Scotland.-A joint meeting, arranged by the Local Section of the Institute, of all Chemical Societies in the Glasgow district, was held on and February, at the Royal Technical College, when Dr.F. S. Sinnatt, Director of H.M. Fuel Research Station, gave an address on 66 Some Recent Developments in Fuel Research.” Professor R. M. Caven, Chairman of the Local Section of the Institute, presided. Dr. Sinnatt summarised some of the work being carried out by the Fuel Research Board. He said that recently he had described the work on the low temperature carbonisation of coal in the Young Memorial Lecture which he gave in Paisley before the North British Association of Gas Engineers. He proposed to confine the present lecture to problems in which the chemical aspects were important.He divided his subject into three sections, the survey of the coal seams of the country and the investigation of the constitution of coal; the hydrogenation of coal and tar; and the purification of fine coal. Before the formation of the Fuel Research Board no systematic investigation or survey had been made of the coal seams of the country. One of the major programmes of the Board was to make a complete examination of all the coal seams. British coals ranged in rank from anthracite to lignite. Each coalfield required the attention of a special survey staff, since the problems could only be solved by officers making frequent visits to the collieries for consultations with the technical staffs of the collieries. The magnitude of the work might be gathered from the fact that, in Lancashire, for example, the twenty known seams differed materially in their properties and in their uses.Up to the present some seventy seams had been investigated in the country, either partially or completely; each seam exhibited characteristic variations in properties from locality to locality. There was a tendency among those not alive to the magnitude 138 of the coal interests to dismiss such variations in the properties of the seams as unworthy of study. It must be realised, however, that there were some three million tons of coal per square mile in a seam three feet in thickness. The properties of the seams frequently varied in less than this distance, and consequently it was essential, where such a large weight of coal was in question, that a systematic study should be made.The survey had shown that the properties of coals in certain coalfields changed systema- tically, and it was possible to plot on a map the percentage of volatile matter and tar produced on carbonisation, etc., and thus to reduce the number of points at which seam sections were obtained. In other areas it was necessary to make a much more detailed study. As an instance it had been found that in one coal area little change occurred in the properties of a particular seam in a distance of over 10miles, whereas in another direction the volatile matter fell 5 per cent. in about 2 miles. In a second coalfield the volatile matter of the seam followed fairly regular contours, ranging from 29 to 42 per cent.It would be recognised at once that the economical utilisation of such coal depended upon the complete knowledge of its properties in any particular point in the coalfield. It was becoming increasingly important that all connected with the utilisation of coal should follow the work of the Survey. It was not possible for the Coal Survey to do more than to generalise upon the variations which were occurring, and collieries were becoming alive to the need for analyses of the coal seams they were winning in order to detect minor variations. The survey of a seam was not considered complete until consignments selected with the greatest care from the coalfield had been examined in the large-scale units at the Fuel Research Station.By this means it was possible for those engaged in the utilisation of the coal to translate the variations found in the laboratory into large-scale practice. Dr. Sinnatt pointed out that the scientific examination of coal was becoming increasingly complicated. He instanced the work which was being done upon the determination of chlorine and sulphur, and the forms in which they occurred in coal, and the examination of coal ash for elements present in small quantity, particularly germanium, lead, zinc and molybdenum, which might be of importance as catalysts in hydrogenation and other processes. The speaker then touched upon the investigations being carried out upon the constitution of coal.Professor Bone had shown that, although coals might differ in rank, they might have a similar fundamental structure. He had also suggested that the coal substance was made up of nuclei comprised of six- membered rings. He had found quite definitely that the oxidation of coal gave rise to benzene carboxylic acids, and, as part of his investigation, it had been necessary for him not only to identify these acids, but to devise means by which they could be separated. The second problem dealt with by the speaker was the hydrogenation of tar and coal, and he described the results obtained at the Fuel Research Station upop the progressive hydrogenation of coal. He showed that a new series of products could be obtained from coal by this treatment.The initial products were high in phenols, and the final products contained hydrocarbons only. Considerable interest attached to the utilisation of the various products. The speaker then described the plant which had been developed at the Fuel Research Station for the continuous hydrogenation of low-temperature tar and distillates from high- temperature tars. This plant was capable of treating 50 litres a day, and progress was being made in the erection of a unit capable of treating 1000to 1500 litres a day. The motor spirit produced from low-temperature tar was rich in aromatic hydrocarbons, and had an Octane Number of 88. The speaker then dealt with the problems encountered in the purification of fine coal, and described briefly the work which had been done upon vacuum froth flotation and the precipitation of fine coal from suspensions in water.He pointed out that at the Fuel Research Station the vacuum flotation method for the treatment of certain coals had been considerably improved by the addition of coagulating agents which caused the preci- pitation of the fine impurities which might otherwise be carried over with the clean coal. In the vacuum-flotation process the coal separated as a froth which, when the pressure was brought to atmospheric pressure, collapsed and yielded a product which drained rapidly to 16-22 per cent. water. He mentioned the fact that a new process had recently been devised in which the dry fine coal was treated with air under pressure (2 atmos.), and, after treatment with oil in the presence of water, was brought to atmospheric pressure.This yielded a similar result to that obtained in the vacuum process, and might develop into an alternate means of treatment. The precipitation of fine coal 140 from suspensions was effected by coagulating agents of which, as types, lime, starch and gelatin, were effective. Gelatin was giving interesting results in the experimental work when applied preferably in the form of an aqueous solution of size. It had been found that one part in zoo,ooo of slurry brought about a precipitation which was up to ten times as rapid as that obtained when no reagent was present. Lantern slides were shown illustrating many activities of the Fuel Research Department.An interesting discussion followed, in which several members and visitors participated, and a vote of thanks was accorded to Dr. Sinnatt, on the motion of Professor G. G. Henderson. The members of the Section were invited to a joint meeting arranged by the Chemical Society on the 9th February at the Royal Technical College, when Sir Robert Robertson, Govern- ment Chemist, gave an address on L6 Diamonds.” A report of the meeting has been published in Chemistry and Industry, Huddersfie1d.-At Field’s Caf6, Huddersfield, on 13th February, Mr. H. Webster Moss presided at a meeting of the Section, at which Mr. W. T. Astbury, of the Textile Physics Laboratory of the University of Leeds, gave a lecture on (* The Industrial Application of X-ray Analysis.” of which the following is a synopsis:- Fundamentally, X-ray “vision ” is analogous to ordinary optical vision, but on account of the shortness of X-ray wave- lengths it reveals the nature and degree of molecular organisation: for instance, two X-ray photographs show immediately that stretched rubber is in a higher state of molecular organisation than unstretched rubber.We may conveniently classify the successive stages of structural organisation as follows:-(a) Atoms to molecules, (6) molecules to crystals, and (c) crystals to aggregates; but the final properties of a body represent the total consequences of these, and X-ray analysis is capable of supplying information about all three.X-ray analysis is the study of the chemistry of the solid state, and as such offers many unique advantages; for example, it 141 requires only minute quantities of material, is often applicable in situ, and in general avoids all destruction or decomposition. Present-day knowledge of the stereo-chemistry of inorganic compounds,-such as, in particular, the silicates and many other minerals,-rests almost entirely on the results of X-ray analysis ; while in the field of the study of animal fibres progress without it might have been held up indefinitely. It is thus an industrial tool of the highest importance, chiefly because it is a far-reaching method of fundamental research, and not simply a method of making rapid and fool-proof industrial tests.There are four main fields of application :-(I) fundamental research into the structure of molecules (this really includes all the next three and has supplied the material, during the last 20 years, of an enormous and revolutionary literature); (2) identification; (3) study of states of aggregation; and (4) study of changes of state (transformations). Proceeding at once to :-(2) The X-ray photograph is a molecular “passport” or identity photograph, and serves very simply to show at a glance whether two substances or products are actually identical or not, even though their molecular composition may be unknown. A very comprehensive example of this, of prime importance to industrial science, is the demonstration by X-rays that all the celluloses are fundamentally the same compound, as also all the natural silks (fibroin), and all the animal hairs (keratin), respectively.(3) X-ray analysis is peculiarly adapted to the study of states of aggregation and all stages of particle orientation ranging from the purely random arrangement of a “powder” to the highly oriented systems of cold-worked metals, textile fibres, etc., Departures from random orientation are accom-panied by corresponding specialisation of properties, as is seen, for example, in the swelling, “lousiness,” lustre, extensibility, and strength of silks and rayons, the hardness of cold-worked metals, and the nature of electrolytic deposits, etc. The dimen- sions of submicroscopic particles can also be measured by X-ray methods, and there is clearly great scope for this special applica- tion in the study of dyes, paints, steels and other alloys, and of the phenomena of catalysis.Crystal distortion, also, may be detected by X-ray methods. (4) The change of state of rubber on stretching (mentioned above) is a striking example of the power of X-ray technique 142 in the field of transformations, and more recently we have again the discovery of the intra-molecular transformation, on stretch- ing, of the fibre substance of animal hairs, which has laid the foundations of the stereo-chemistry of silk, keratin, collagen, etc., and unified the elastic and other properties of textile fibres into one comprehensive scheme. The nature of the mercerisation of cellulose has also been revealed by X-ray examination, as well as the details of numerous temperature changes, in particular those associated with the phenomena of alloy formation.The whole theory of alloy formation is now being built up with great precision, To summarise, the wide applicability of X-ray analysis arises from the fact that almost every solid is crystalline to some extent, so that crystallography is the borderline subject par excellence : indeed, it is a universal helper. The lecture was illustrated with lantern slides. A vote of thanks was accorded to Mr. Astbury, on the motion of Dr. A. E. Everest, seconded by Dr. W. R. H. Hurtley. The Fourteenth Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on the mst March at Field’s Caf6, Huddersfield,-Mr.H. Webster Moss in the chair. The reports of the Honorary Treasurer and Honorary Secre- tary were approved. The Honorary Secretary showed that the attendance at meetings had been well maintained, and the lectures very much appreciated. The following members were elected to the Committee, Dr. H. H. Hodgson, Messrs. H. S. Pink, C. E. Randolph and W. D. Scouller. A vote of thanks was accorded to the retiring Chairman, Mr. Moss, and to the retiring members of the Committee, Mr. E. W. Holmes, Dr. S. Coffey, and Dr. H. W. Stephen. Thanks were also accorded to the Honorary Auditor, Mr. C. E. Randolph, who retired from office on being elected to the Committee. Mr. N. Hallwas elected Honorary Auditor in his place.Dr. A. E. Everest, District Member of Council, referred to the work of the Institute during the past year, and Dr. H. H. Hodgson reported on the arrangements of the Advisory Com- mittee to the Yorkshire Council for Further Education, for the holding of post-graduate courses in chemistry in the West Riding during the session 1934/1g35. On the conclusion of the formal business, films were exhibited 143 illustrating Scottish Oils, Ltd., and Acetylene Welding, which were much appreciated. India.-The question of the formation of an Indian Section of the Institute has been under consideration for some years past. Dr. Gilbert J. Fowler, Honorary Corresponding Secretary in India, made arrangements for members attending the Indian Science Congress, held early in January at Poona, to meet together for further consideration of the proposition.Professor H. B. Dunnicliff, President of the Chemical Section of the Indian Science Congress, having been asked to preside, Dr. Fowler stated the object of the meeting, and quoted many letters received by him in support of the proposal, which was unanimously approved. A Committee was formed consisting of the following:- Mr. N. Brodie (Calcutta), Dr. S. Krishna (Dehra Dun), Mr. A. F. MacCullock (Madras), Dr. K. G. Naik (Baroda), and Dr. K. Venkataram (Lahore); and Mr. G. Watson Douglas, of the State Laboratory, Bhopal, was appointed Hon. Secretary and Treasurer of the Section. Irish Free State.-A meeting of the Section was held on 21st March, in Trinity College, Dublin,-Mr.B. G. Fagan and, later, Prof. A. O’Farrelly presiding. Prof. E. A. Werner gave a demonstration of the estimation of the water-content of peat by the method of distillation with a hydrocarbon oil. Using xylene (b.pt. 13S0-142’) he found that 60 C.C. were required to remove all the water from 5 gr. of peat containing 90 per cent. H,O. An oil (b.pt. 155~-1S0~)obtained from the Coalite Co. was found very satisfactory, 30 C.C. being sufficient. The peat sample (5 gr.) is distilled with 30 C.C. of the oil and the distillate of water and oil is received in a tube graduated in percentages of water. It is possible to obtain a result in ten minutes within z per cent. of the results obtained by drying in an oven to constant weight.The rapidity and reasonable accuracy of the method make it suitable where a large number of estimations is required, as is the case at present in the Irish Free State in connection with the Government’s campaign for the utilisation of peat as a fuel. A process of peat-winning is at present being developed whereby 144 the water-content is reduced by compression from 66 per cent. to xo per cent. Mr. W. J. Stringer demonstrated two microscope tests, one for sodium and one for lead. The test for sodium depends upon the formation of a charac- teristic crystalline triple-acetate precipitate having the formula +q.Na00C.CH3.Zn00C.CH3.zU02(OOC.CH,)The zinc is re-placeable by other metals; but the test is specific for sodium and is therefore useful for the detection of sodium in presence of the other alkalis.The test for lead depends upon the formation of a triple nitrite 2KN0,.Cu(N02),.PbN0,; the potassium and copper may be replaced by many other metals but the lead only by barium and strontium. A description of the tests may be found in Chemical Micro-scopy, by Chamot and Mason, pp. 52 and 184 respectively,-1931 edition. Leeds Area.-At a meeting of the Section, held on 19th February, at the University of Leeds, the Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize were presented to Mr. Walter Lee for his Esasy on “The Chemical Education of Part-time Students,” by Professor F. Challenger, who presided. In making the presentation, the chairman congratulated Mr.Lee on his success, and indicated some aspects of the work of Sir Edward Frankland which were of special interest. He said that the Institute no longer stood alone in desiring that the memory of a brilliant experimentalist and most original inves- tigator should be perpetuated. He referred to the formation of the Lancastrian Frankland Society, enumerated its aims and objects, and drew attention to the delivery on the 18th January, (the anniversary of Frankland’s birth), by Professor H. E. Armstrong, of the “Frankland Oration,” which constituted a very interesting historical reminiscence, The chairman then mentioned the cherished memory of Frankland in the University of Manchester, where was displayed the original tube in which he discovered zinc methyl.In connection with this important discovery, he read a letter from his former Chief at the University of Birmingham-Professor Percy F. Frankland, F.R.S.,-who stated that “the discovery of the organo-metallic compounds by my father nearly ninety years ago was one of the earliest as well 145 as one of the most important of his contributions to chemical science. The organo-metallic compounds are not only of im- portance on account of the invaluable service which they have rendered in the synthesis of carbon compounds, but they are of special interest as it was in his study of these compounds that my father soon discovered one of the most fundamental regularities in the atomic combinations of the elements, which is generally known as the Law of Atomic Valency, and which was enunciated by him in a paper communicated to the Royal Society in 1852.The recognition of this basic regularity has shaped the whole evolution of chemical science, more especially in the domain of its “organic” branch, to the present day. The causes underlying this extraordinary regularity remained hidden for more than half a century, but have now been revealed with a considerable amount of clarity through the classical investigations in atomic physics by Sir J. J. Thomson, Lord Rutherford, and others, which have excited the wonder of the whole intellectual world.” Professor Challenger added that the modern water supply, with its purification and examination, could be looked upon as Frankland’s most enduring monument.The Institute of Chemistry by awarding of the Frankland medal, stimulated interest in his work. Mr. C. H. Manley, with whom Mr. Lee has been working for over 5 years, also added his congratulations. Professor H. J. Channon, addressed the meeting on ‘‘Some Chemical Aspects of Nutrition,” of which he has kindly supplied the following pr6cis:- An account was given of the more important advances which have been made in the last few years in that knowledge of fat metabolism which has been gained by dietary methods. The modifications in the nature of the fat caused, by supplying animals with fats, in abnormally high amount, or with fats which are not present in the customary food of the animal, was considered: the effect of factors other than the nature of the food fat was also discussed.It was indicated that it was unlikely that knowledge as to the essential processes involved in the metabolism of fatty acids would be greatly advanced by this line of approach. The findings of American workers,-that animals would not grow on a diet complete in all known essentials, but fat-free,-were then considered, and the relationship of 146 their observations, namely, that very small amounts of certain unsaturated acids would cause normal growth in animals on a fat-free diet,-to the hypothesis of Leathes concerning the ability of the liver to “desaturate” fatty acids,-was discussed. This led to a consideration of the function of the liver in fat metabolism, and it was pointed out that many facts,-such as the mobilisation of fat to the liver caused by the action of certain drugs, or which occurred in certain pathological conditions, and the high degree of unsaturation of the liver acids and in particular of the phosphatide acids,-made it appear certain that the liver was carrying out some essential r61e in fat meta- bolism.Recent work of the Toronto School showed that fatty livers could be induced by diets of high fat-content, and that these fatty livers could be both prevented and cured by the daily administration of small amounts of choline. This effect of choline had been investigated by the lecturer in a joint study with the Toronto workers, and the attempts to gain further insight into the mechanism of the action of choline in fat mobilisation were described in some detail.All the findings pointed to the fact that lecithin was playing some essential part in this process, and it was pointed out that the prevention and cure of fatty livers by choline administration provided a new method for studying fat metabolism from which considerable advances might be anticipated. In reply to various questions, Professor Channon stated that lecithin, and to a certain extent betaine, could be used in place of choline for the cure and prevention of fatty livers. p-aminoethyl alcohol, however, was inactive. Choline was relatively non-toxic. The question whether choline could be used as an antidote for phosphorus poisoning had not been investigated.A vote of thanks, moved by Dr. A. Wormall, was carried with acclamation. A joint meeting of the Section with the Leeds University Chemical Society was held on 6th March, in the Chemistry Department of the University,-Professor H. M. Dawson, F.R.S., in the chair. At 5.30 p.m., two films entitled, “The Scottish Shale Oil Industry,” and “The Story of Bakelite Resinoid” were shown. The meeting was fortunate in that Dr. A. E. Dunstan, Chief Chemist of the Anglo-Persian Oil Company, was present to explain and comment on the Shale Oil film. His remarks were followed with great interest by an audience of about zoo. 147 At 7.15pm., Professor F. G. Tryhorn read a paper on ‘‘Micro-Methods in Inorganic Chemistry.” Professor Tryhorn said that micro-analysis had developed in two directions: (a) the quantitative analysis of organic com- pounds, and (b)increased sensitivity in the detection of inorganic substances. The first systematic development of the technique with inorganic materials had been made by Behrens, who had examined (microscopically) minute amounts of precipitates, and characterised the substances from their crystalline form.This method, whilst qualitative in nature, could be used to detect certain elements in quantities as small as 0.0001 mg. The further development of this type of qualitative analysis was due to Emich, who introduced the method of capillary filtration. Emich also developed the quantitative technique, involving the use of centrifugal separation of precipitates in capillary tubes, and improved the Nernst torsion balance.A brief reference was made to the drop reactions of Feigl, and the lecturer demonstrated the reactions used to detect minute amounts of Ni, Al, Mn and Zn. The use of the photoelectric cell with the coloured solutions obtained, for example, from very small amounts of salicylic acid and an excess of ferric chloride, for the determination of, e.g. salicylic acid, was illustrated. Potentio-metric methods, including the “polarograph,” which involved the “dropping mercury cathode ” used for micro-analysis, were then outlined. Probably the simplest method of detection of various metallic elements was to photograph the spectrum of the unknown compound or mixture and compare it with the spectrum of “R.U.” powder (which contained 53 elements in such proportions that only a few of the principal lines of each element were given).The lecturer referred briefly to the applications of these micro-methods in industrial and forensic work and in systematic qualit at ive analysis. A vote of thanks to the lecturer, proposed by Professor R. Whytlaw-Gray, F.R.S., was carried with acclamation. Mr. G. J. Denbigh, M.Sc., F.I.C., the new chairman of the Leeds Area Section of the Institute, thanked the Leeds University Chemical Society for inviting the Section to participate in the meetings. Liverpool and North-Western.-On 8th February, at a meeting of the Section held at the Constitutional Club, Dr.H. A. 148 Mitchell, Medical Director, Evans Biological Institution, Runcorn, gave a lecture on the interpretation and application of blood chemistry in medicine. London and South-Eastern Counties.-At a meeting of the Section held on zIst February at the Institute, Dr. E. Frank-land Armstrong, F.R.S., opened a discussion on “Some Problems of the Chemical Profession.” Mr. F. G. Edmed, Chairman of the Section, presided. Dr. Armstrong alluded to the fact that the chemical profession, unlike some others, was not and never could be a closed one, since it consisted of chemists engaged in widely different avoca- tions having the one thing in common that they had all had a training in chemistry.Putting aside such questions as the need to-day for a much larger section of the population, including politicians and leaders of finance, commerce and industry, to have had a scientific training in addition to, if not largely instead of, a wholly classical and literary education, he emphasised the desirability of setting and maintaining a very high standard for the chemical profession, even going so far as to assert that no one should be encouraged to enter the profession who had not a real love for the subject, and was prepared to devote his career to its enrichment. They were better without those who merely entered chemistry with the sole object of making it an easy or lucrative occupation. Although ancient, the profession was only now beginning to organise on a professional basis and their progress must neces- sarily be slow and groping.There could not be too many informal and frank discussions on the aims of the chemist, such as the Institute was organising, and he saw in the Institute perhaps the best means of enabling chemists to realise the highest ideals. While paying every possible tribute to those gifted enthusiasts who devoted their whole lives to chemical discovery, particularly that of a fundamental character, he wished definitely to urge that chemists as a class had also other, he would even say higher, duties to perform-namely to seek, with the aid of their chemical information, their powers of analysis and their fundamental desire to distinguish truth from falsehood, to bring greater happiness to mankind, to secure not only material ease by the making of new products of general 149 utility, but also social happiness through the scientific under- standing of the needs of all.He stressed in particular the need for the chemist to be essentially a thinking man, one qualified and able to employ his mind in the largely neglected art of thinking. He would not have him restrict his thinking to the sphere of his science as must necessarily be done by those engaged wholly in research, but would urge that the power of thinking, learned in this way, be used in later years for the advancement of civic and social ends. The average individual seldom, if ever, thought; he was content to accept what he found around him, and all too many chemists were prone to complain of their lot, rather than to think of a way to improve it.Many ardent thinkers in the sphere of politics were prone on account of their lack of training, (training of the synthetic constructive type which is so large a feature of the discipline of chemistry), to think destructively and to wish to tear down the existing forms of government and society, without having elaborated anything to displace them. It seemed to him likely that the scientist, and the chemist in particular, had a great opportunity, if not a definite call, to think constructively. In any case, far too much inertia charac- terised the profession, and if chemists complained, individually or collectively, that their position and influence, socially, politically and commercially, as well as financially, was not what it should be, the fault was their own and the remedy in their own hands.They must cultivate the power of thinking. Dr. Armstrong alluded to the marked failure of the chemists to organise and to work together as a single unit, due in the main to the qualities of analysis and criticism and scepticism resulting from their training. He felt also that though the last decade had seen an amazing change in this respect, chemists as a class were still not sufficiently sociable. With few excep- tions, worldly success and influence depended on the cultivation of all sorts of qualifications in addition to substantial technical knowledge, and though, perhaps, to the hard-worked student, the acquisition of all the qualifications necessary to make him an “Admirable Crichton ” of chemistry seemed impossible, he assured them that it was worth while making the attempt.He mentioned the desire of many of the older men to place their experience, through the media of such societies as the Institute, freely at the disposal of the younger men, who in their turn 160 must come forward to help the cause of progress of their pro-fession, even if they were inarticulate ; criticism from a distance, unless constructive, would help them nowhere. United as one body, speaking with one voice, the profession might travel forward to an ever higher standard of success. He instanced the victories gained in connection with the tariff protections accorded to the industry and the recent legislation on patents, as indications of what common action could achieve.To have vision, to see where others do not, to have the moral aspect of this capacity for vision which the world labels independence, must be the goal of every chemist. To achieve independence by unity was the real problem of the chemical profession. An interesting discussion followed in which many members participated. Mr. F. G. Edmed presided at a meeting of the Section held on zrst March, when Professor A. C. Chibnall, lectured on Recent Developments in the Bio-Chemistry of Plant Life.” Professor Chibnall opened his discourse with a few remarks illustrating the difference between animal and plant metabolism, and stated that he would try to emphasise recent advances in plant metabolism by drawing analogies where possible with the more familiar facts of animal metabolism.He first described the difficulties attending experiments directed towards the elucidation of plant metabolism. The plant makes all its essential organic compounds-proteins, carbohydrates, fats, etc.-from inorganic material taken from the soil, carbon dioxide taken from the air, water and sunlight. Except in a few cases it has not been possible to feed preformed organic material; this fact, together with the absence of a “blood stream” which can be “tapped” for analysis and excretionary products corresponding to the urine and faeces, makes it difficult to find out what influence, if any, the organic material synthesised in one organ of the plant has on the metabolism of another. As the plant requires no vitamins its metabolism must be considered on a higher plane to that of the animal, and it is therefore interesting to observe that hormones, which the animal makes itself in certain specialised organs, and which exert a profound influence on the metabolism of the animal as a whole, have been recently shown by Went and his colleagues to be present in oats (Avena sativa).151 These substances, called auxins, are synthesised in the tips of the coleoptiles, and on downward translocation they control absolutely that aspect of plant growth which is due to cell elongation. Differences in local concentrations of auxin therefore are responsible for the well-known phenomena of phototropism and geotropism.Kogl has worked at the chemistry of these substances, and finds that the best source is normal urine. From it by a 21,000fold concentration he has so far obtained 400 mg. of a crystalline material which he calls auxin A. This substance has the formula C,,H,,O,, and contains one double bond, three hydroxyl groups, one carboxyl group and a five-membered ring. To it the following structure has been provisionally assigned. f c-c c* CH-CH(0H) *CH,*CH(OH)*CH(OH)*CO,H Direct isolation from plant sources (maize germ oil and malt) has been achieved with considerable difficulty, and accompanying the auxin A previously found in urine is a second and equally potent hormone called auxin B. This appears to have a similar structure, with the side-chain modified to R-CH,OHCH,CO. CH,.CO,H.When tested on oat seedlings a diurnal variation in the potency of auxin A has been found, and this has been correlated with the effect of weak electric currents on the trans- port of the hormone, which is an acid. The lecturer next discussed possible conditions in the plant which might give rise to such currents, and illustrated his arguments by drawing on the recent work of Ruhland dealing with acid plants. In Begonia hydrocotyZifoZia the vacuole sap of the leaf cells has a pH as low as 1-1-1.z-near1y as acid in fact as gastric juice. Yet in the same cells the chloroplasts must be at $H 6-7.Haas, Hill and Cannan have shown that the pigment hermidin present in the leaves of Mercuyialis is held 95 per cent. reduced, corresponding to rH 10, yet the chloroplasts must be in equilibrium with atmospheric oxygen, probably around rH 18. These two observations show a possible potential difference of 0.2-0.3 volt between the chloroplasts and vacuoles, and though in such leaf cells conditions must be static, they suggest that in the actively metabolising coleoptile tips the generation of weak electric currents might be possible. Reference was also made to Ruhland’s work on the protein metabolism in these very acid plants such as Begonia, showing that breakdown of protein leads to large accumulations of ammonium salts instead of asparagine or glutamine.Finally, he drew attention to recent work on the infiltration of leaves with various nutrient solutions, a method first introduced by Bjorksth. This made it possible to feed leaf cells with organic substances of known composition, and in the hands of Mothes it had been possible to demonstrate for the first time an equili- brium in leaves between asparagine, aspartic acid, fumaric acid, malic acid and succinic acid. The lecture was followed by a discussion. Malaya.-A very well attended meeting was held in the Government Analyst’s Laboratory, Singapore, on 14th December, 1933,when the Chairman, Mr. Morris Jamieson, gave a lecture on bb Scientific Methods of Investigation employed by the Paris Police,” being an account of his observations made during a month’s sojourn with the Service de l’Identit6 Judiciaire in Paris.He described the organisation of this department, which comprised a finger-print and portrait record branch, a photo-graphic branch, and a physico-chemical laboratory, and was directed by a chemist; the general departmental methods of dealing with criminal investigations ; the nature of the instruc- tions given to Investigating Officers; and the laboratory methods employed. The applicability of some of these laboratory methods in general, and to Malayan conditions in particular, was critically examined. The Continental system, of Police Department experts, and the English system, of independent experts, were contrasted, and attention drawn to grave disabilities associated with both.The lecturer remarked on the fortunate compromise whichthe arrange- ments of the Colony allowed, and which was so suited to its needs, where disinterested official expert evidence was available from scientific departments-notably the Government Analyst’s Department-quite separate from, and independent of, the Police. The lecture was followed by extensive discussion on the 153 laboratory methods and on the scope of evidence, in which the Attorney-General, who was present as a visitor, participated. Manchester and District.-Members of the Section were entertained by an exhibition of films of scientific and industrial interest at a meeting held on 8th February, including:- “Cups and Saucers” (making of pottery).“Britain’s Countryside ” (industrial and rural). “Oil” (main processes in oil production). “Five Skilled Craftsmen ’’ (forging, pipe bending, metal spinning). “The Fens ’’ (agricultural).“Down Under” (root growth). “The Strangler” (life of the Dodder). “Plants of the Underworld” (mushrooms). “Peas and Cues” (the pea plant). At the Annual General Meeting of the Section, held on 15th March, Mr. F. Scholefield in the chair, the following new members of Committee were elected:-Mr. S. A. Brazier, Mr. S. E. Melling, Mr. T. Homer, and Dr. W. Hubball. Mr. L. Thompson and Mr. H. H. Stocks were appointed Honorary Auditors. Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North-East Coast.-On 1st March an opportunity was afforded members of the Section to attend the Sixteenth Earl Grey Memorial Lecture on “The Anatomist and the Engineer,” delivered in the King’s Hall of Armstrong College, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, by Prof.D’Arcy Wentworth Thompson, C.B., F.R.S., Professor of Natural History in the University of St. Andrews. Prof, Thompson’s fascinating discourse with blackboard and lantern slide illustrations was greatly enjoyed by all present. Upon the invitation of the Bedson Club, members also attended the 25th Bedson Lecture at Armstrong College, on 2nd March, when Prof. J. Kendall, F.R.S., of the University of Edinburgh, gave an entertaining address on “Elements, Old and New.” Prof. Kendall outlined the course of chemical theory relating to elements from the earliest times to the present day.The cordial thanks of the meeting were expressed to Prof. Kendall by the Chairman, Prof. Riley. Prof. G. R. Clemo, Chairman of the Section, presided at the Chemical and Allied Industries Annual North-East Coast Dinner, held at the Royal Station Hotel, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, on 16th March, under the joint auspices of the local chemical societies. The toast of “Research and Industry” was proposed by Mr. W. E. Mordecai, President of the Coke Oven Managers’ Associa- tion. Mr. R. H. F. Houstoun of the Thermal Syndicate, Wallsend-on-Tyne, replied. Dr. J. T. Dunn, in proposing the health of the Chairman, referred to his valuable services to chemistry in the district.The remainder of the evening was devoted to dancing and music. New Zealand.-The sixth Annual Conference of the New Zedand Section was held at Victoria University, Wellington, on 25th and 26th January. After the Annual Dinner, the Section held its Annual General Meeting, when the following were elected Officers and Committee for the ensuing year:-Chairman: Mr. G. A. Lawrence; Commit- tee: Mr. F. H. V. Fielder (Auckland) ; Dr. G. M. Moir, Mr. A. D. Monro, and Mr. M. L. H. Stewart (Wellington); Mr. E. W. Hullett (Christchurch) ; and Professor J. K. H. Inglis (Dunedin) ; Honorary Auditor: Mr. T. A. Glendinning; Honorary Secretary and Treasurer: Mr. Philip White. At the conclusion of the business, the retiring Chairman of the Section, Mr.W. Donovan, Dominion Analyst, delivered an address entitled, “A Consideration of the Possibilities of the Production of Motor Fuel and Lubricants in New Zealand,” of which the following is a brief summary:- “The total yearly imports of petroleum products amounted to IOO million gallons, including the crude oil re-exported in bunkers of ocean-going vessels. The present production of crude petroleum in New Zealand was only zoo,ooo gallons per year, but the search for a more productive field was being actively continued. The larger gasworks could, if necessary, recover 400,000 gallons benzol per year. There was no cheap source of fermentable starch in the country, for the production of power alcohol. It might be possible, however, to import and ferment molasses.There was an abundant supply of whey, which could be used if at any time a commercial method of fermenting lactose to ethyl alcohol were devised. 166 “The use of compressed gas and producer gas for motor vehicles was dealt with, the latter being considered well worth a trial in the Dominion. ‘‘Many New Zealand coals were suitable for hydrogenation, and all local requirements of liquid fuel and lubricants could be met by adopting this process. From the rather meagre information available, plant to produce 100 million gallons per year would cost ~TIZ,OOO,OOO erected, and a loss of Customs revenue amounting to Ez ,500,ooo annually would be entailed. Against this a million tons of coal would be required each year, and considerable labour would also be employed in working and maintaining the necessary plant.Consideration of the question should be deferred until the I.C.I. plant at Billingham was producing on a commercial scale, and accurate process and production costs were available.” The meeting was continued on January 26th, when the following resolution was passed with acclamation :-“This meeting desires to place on record its appreciation of the great value of the association of Professor Easterfield with the N.Z. Section of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland, since its inception. It congratulates him on his splendid record of service to science generally in New Zealand, wishes him a happy journey to England and a safe return, and a long period of quiet enjoyment in his retirement.” Professor Easterfield having replied,-the following series of short papers was given:-Dr.R. M. Dolby.-“The Buffer Capacity of Milk and Whey.” Mr. F. B. Shoreland.--“ The Colorimetric Determination of Vitamin A.” Mr. S. H. J. Wilson.-“The Use of Ultra Violet Light in Chemical Analysis.’ Mr. E. B. Davies.-“ Mechanical Analysis of Soil.” Mr. F. C. Caugh1ey.-“The Glass Electrode in the Determin- ation of pH.” Interesting discussions on each paper took place in which the members and the numerous visitors took part. After lunch a visit was made to Messrs. Metter’s Ltd., Porce- lain Enamellers, Petone. The processes of casting, scouring and enamelling were clearly explained and the visit was very much appreciated by all.156 South Wales.-On 8th February before a joint meeting of the Local Sections of the Institute and of the Society of Chemical Industry, Dr. H. B. Watson gave a lecture on (( Polarity and Chemical Reactions.” Permanent molecular dipoles, due to the unequal sharing of the covalent pair by two atoms, give rise to “Inductive Effects,’’ manifested in the dissociation constants of carboxylic acids and in chemical reactions of varied types. The dipole moment of a monosubstituted methane or benzene may be regarded as a numerical expression of the polarity of a group. In certain cases a quantitative relationship may be traced between dipole moment and dissociation constant or energy of activation, but this is not general owing to the intervention of polar effects of different character and other complicating factors.The lecture will shortly be published in Chemistry and Industry. 157 Notes. Safeguards in the Laboratory.-The importance of taking precautions against accidents in school laboratories was referred to by the President in his Address, and also by Mr. McLachlan, at the Annual General Meeting; attention is also called to it in the chapter on teaching in the Institute’s handbook, The Profession of Chemistry.’ ’ Canon T. J. Kirkland, Fellow, Headmaster of the King’s School, Ely, has forwarded to the Institute a copy of a pamphlet entitled “Safeguards in the Laboratory” and of a Warning Notice suitable for display in school laboratories. These have been published by the Science Masters’ Association and the Association of Women Science Teachers.Copies of the pamphlet and notice can be obtained from Canon Kirkland, price 6d. post tree. These publications were noticed in the issue of Nature of the 17th February, with the following comments :-“The pamphlet contains a number of very useful hints for first aid in the laboratory, which have been compiled by the Science Masters’ Association and the Association of Women Science Teachers, and it should be very useful in the school laboratory. It should be noted, however, that the adminis- tration of an emetic, particularly salt solution, as stated, is not advisable in the case of mercuric chloride without first giving immediately white of egg: the section on poisons is not sufficiently detailed to be of much real value .. .” In the Warning Notice, the following statement appears :-“Laboratory Materials must be used only for purposes sanctioned by the master in charge and it is not permissible to go beyond the instructions of the master in any experiment.’ The necessity for restricting pupils in this respect will be generally agreed, but it might be objected by some teachers that this restriction, unless interpreted with some elasticity, might have a prejudicial effect upon the spirit of enquiry which must be maintained from the beginning if the student is to become an investigator or something more than a routine worker.158 Short Courses for Teachers.-A course for teachers of chemistry arranged by the Board of Education will be held in London from Monday, 16th July, to Saturday, mst July, inclu- sive, and will be under the direction of Mr. C. H. Creasey, O.B.E., assisted by Dr. F. A. Mason, H.M.I., and other Inspectors of the Board. The main purpose of the course will be to consider the methods of instruction in National Certificate courses, but a proportion of the time will be devoted to the study of recent advances in Pure and Applied Chemistry. The course will consist of- (a) Lectures on the general methods and devices of teaching. (b) Discussions on the method of dealing with selected sections or aspects of the subjects of the National Certificate course.(c) Demonstrations on experimental illustrations of Physical Chemistry. (a) Special lectures on modern large scale inorganic and organic processes, and other topics. (e) Visits to Works or Laboratories. Through the kindness of the Warden and Committee, accom- modation will be provided at the Imperial College Hostel, South Kensington, at an inclusive charge of 5s. 6d. per day for bed and breakfast. Other meals will be charged separately according to tariff. Among those who have undertaken to give the special lectures are Professor J. F. Thorpe, C.B.E., F.R.S., President of the Institute, Mr. M. P. Applebey, M.A., of Imperial Chemical Industries, Dr. Charles Dorke, Dr. F. A. Mason, H.M.I., and Dr.P. C. L. Thorne, H.M.I. Professor Thorpe’s lectures will be given at the Institute of Chemistry, but all the other lectures will be delivered in the Chelsea Polytechnic. It is expected that visits will be paid to the Beckton By-products Works of the Gas Light and Coke Co., and to the Factory and Laboratories of Messrs. Joseph Lyons & Co., Ltd. Forms of application may be obtained from the Secretary, Board of Education, Whitehall, London, S.W.1, not later than March 31st. The form should be returned through the Local Education Authority under which the teacher is working. No fee will be charged for the course, and the Board repay travelling expenses if and in so far as these exceed 10s. 159 Mr. John Evans, Member of the Council of the Institute, has been elected President of the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists, in succession to Mr.F. W. F. Arnaud, Fellow. Dr. P. F. Gordon, Member of the Council of the Institute, has been appointed head of the Chemistry Department of Coatbridge Technical College. Dr. H. F. Harwood, Associate, of the Imperial College of Science and Technology, has received the designation of Reader in Analytical Chemistry in the University of London. Mr. H. J. Page, M.B.E., Fellow, of the Imperial Chemical Industries Experimental Station for Agricultural Research, has been elected a Fellow of University College, London. Professor Harold Raistrick and Dr. Samuel Sugden, Fellows, have been nominated for election as Fellows of the Royal Society.160 Obituary. WILLIAMBAIRDdied at Clapton on 21st February, in his 66th year. Educated at Airdrie Academy and Gwetsherrie Academy, Coatbridge, he studied chemistry under Mills and Sexton at Anderson’s College-later the Royal Technical College-Glasgow. From 1888 to 1891 he was an Assistant to Professor Mills, and then obtained an appointment with Donald’s Ice-Chlorine Co., Ltd., Kilwinning, Ayrshire. In 1893 he joined the scientific staff of Messrs. Lewis Berger & Sons, Ltd., Paint Manufacturers, Homerton, London, as assistant to William Thorp, Fellow. In 1901 he was appointed chief chemist to that Company, for which he produced many new products and with which he remained until 1931, when he retired owing to ill-health.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1919. WILLIAM EDGAR BAKES, of Eltham, died in hospital, on 21st March, as the result of an accident on the previous day, in his 37th year. Educated at Archbishop Holgate Grammar School, York, and at the University of Leeds, he graduated B.Sc. and proceeded to M.Sc., in 1922, and D.Sc., in 1932. From 1911 to 1914, before entering on his course at the University of Leeds, he was a junior chemist with Messrs. Rowntree & Co. From 1917 to 1919, he served with the Special Brigade, Royal Engineers, in France and Belgium. On demobilisation, he obtained an appointment as a chemist at the Royal Naval Cordite Factory, Holton Heath, under the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, and was engaged upon investigations connected with the production of power alcohol.In 1927, he was transferred to the Fuel Research Station at East Greenwich, for work on the utilisation of fuel, on which he was still engaged at the time of his death. Under a nom de plume, he was the author of several books, and of numerous articles contributed to popular journals, dealing with the chemistry of foods, bacteriology, and domestic problems. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1922. STANLEYBOWMANdied at Teddington on 9th March, in his 46th year. He was educated at the Gateshead Higher Grade School and Secondary School, and at Rutherford Technical College, Newcastle-upon- Tyne. He was first engaged as a chemist at Johnstone’s Cement Works, Gateshead, and after eight years’ experience as an assistant chemist with the United Alkali Co.was for a time employed in the Dockyard Laboratory at Chatham, before he joined the service of the Anglo-Persian Oil Co. in 1914. He was engaged in the Laboratory of the Company at Putney until 1921, when, having passed the Examination for the Associateship of the Institute in 1920, he was given charge of the analytical work at the Research Station at Sunbury, where he continued until 1932, when he was compelled, through ill-health, to relinquish his work. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1920 and a Fellow in 1923. 161 ~WAIJRICE LINNZLL,died, as the result of an accident while climbing on Ben Nevis, during the recent Easter week-end, in his 26th year.Born at Stockport, he was educated at Stramongate School, Kendal, and at the University of Manchester, where he graduated B.Sc. with honours in chemistry in 1930. In September of that year, he obtained an appointment as a research chemist with Messrs. Ellis Jones & Co. (Stockport), Ltd., of Tiviot Colour Works, with whom he remained until his death. He was one of the leading spirits in a group of expert rock climbers among Manchester University students and, two years ago, had taken part in an expedition in the Himalayas. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1931. BENJAMIN MELLOR died on 13th November, 1933, in hisSTANLEY 42ndyear. Educated at Heckmondwike Secondary School and at the Victoria University of Manchester, he was Woodiwis Exhibitioner in 191 1 and graduated B.Sc. with first-class honours in chemistry in 1913, pro-ceeding to M.Sc.in the following year. He was subsequently, from 1914, engaged as a chemist with Nobels Explosives Co., Ltd., and continued with Imperial Chemical Industries until his death. He was sent on several occasions to represent his employers in the United States, and also managed a factory for them in Australia for a period of twelve months. In June, 1032, he was appointed Factory Manager at their Leather Cloth Factory, at Hyde, Cheshire, which position he held at the time of his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1919. Mrs. LLLUN COLLIERMISSELBROOK(n&Bevan), who died at Singapore in July last, in her 32nd year, was educated at the High School for Girls, Swansea, and at Swansea Technical College.She graduated B.Sc. in the University of Wales in 1923, proceeding to M.Sc. in 1925, and, in the following year, obtained an appointment as chemistry mistress at the Girls’ County School, Barry. In 1930 she obtained an appointment in the Raffles Girls’ School, Singapore, and later married Mr. B. L. Missel- brook of the Norwich Union Fire Office. She was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1926. HAROLDOMARNOLANdied at Guildford, Surrey, on 22nd February, at the age of 61 years. Educated at St. Anne’s School, Redhill, and at the Liverpool Institute, he spent a short period of study in University College, Liverpool, before entering Guy’s Hospital, where he continued chemistry and toxicology under Charles E. Groves and John Wade.He graduated M.B. (Lond.) in 1896 and proceeded to M.D. in 1903; also LL.B. (Lond.), in 1897, and LL.D. in 1903. From 1804 to 1896 he was assistant to Dr. Armand Ruffer, Director of the British Institute of Preventive Medicine, and thereafter worked for some time at the Bacteriological Farm of the Institute, at Sudbury. After passing the final examination of the Institute in 1897, he practised in medicine and chemistry in Egypt and later in the United States. During recent years, he travelled in Central America and, in 1930 and 1931, was a member of an expedition for scientific inquiry in the South Polar regions.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1898. Corrigenda.-In JOURNAL Part I,pp. 68 and 80-AND PROCEEDINGS, for Arthur Hamilton Burr, read Alfred Hamilton Burr, and for 29th December, read 28th December. 162 Books and their Contents. The following books have been kindly presented to the Institute by the Authors or Publishers and may be seen in the Library. “Boyle, The Honble. Robert, Addenda to a Bibliography of.” J. F. Fulton. Pp. iii + 28. (Oxford Bibliographical Society, Proceedings and Papers: Volume 111, Part 3, Pp. 339-365.) Introduction, relating to the sale of the Library of the Honble. Robert Boyle ;Addenda to sections dealing with separate works, contributions to other works, collected works, biography and criticism, biographies and commentaries; index.“Fire Risk and Fire Extinction, Chemistry in Relation to.” A. M. Cameron. Pp. xiv + 278. (London: Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, Ltd.) 7s. 6d. net. Historical; combustion; flame; gases; liquids; mineral and vegetable oils; solids; spontaneous combustion; explosions; dust; hazards of certain industrial processes ; storage; fire extinction and fire-proofing; index. “Foundry Practice, A Manual of.” J. Laing and R. T. Rolfe. Pp. vii + 276. (London: Chapman & Hall.) 15s. Principles of moulding and core-making; moulding tackle and tech- nique; plate, machine and loam moulding; metallurgy and melting of cast iron; special methods; non-ferrous founding. Appendix. “High-pressure Chemical Plant, The Design and Construction of.” Harold Tongue.Pp. ix+420. (London: Chapman & Hall.) 30s. Compressors; use of pressure in preparation and purification of indus-trial gases; design of pressure vessels ; measurement of pressure;valves, fittings and pipework; materials for high pressure plant at high temperatures; effect of low temperatures on ferrous and non-ferrous materials ; the chemical autoclave ;catalytic circulatory plants; the manufacture of large pressure vessels for high temperature service. Appendix and Indexes. Industrial Administration, Fundamentals of : An Introduction to Industrial Organisation Management and Economics.” E. T. Elbourne. Pp. xx+644. (London: Macdonald and Evans.) 12s. 6d. Growth of industrialisation ; main features of early technological development; scope of modern industry; origin and development of the commercial system ; international trade and exchange ; natural resources and commodities of world trade ;fhancial responsibility md 163 control; the limited company and partnership; other forms of organisa-tion; elements of commercial law; outline of industrial legislation; industrial relations in practice ;organisation of production ;organisationof distribution ; significance of development and research ; financial statements, depreciation and valuation ;principles of industrial account- ing; principles of costing and estimating; control of expenditure ; statistics and graphs ;office organisation and method ;general principles of management ;divisionof functions; the human factor.Appendix A- rating, taxation and insurance ; Appendix B-table of dates; biblio- graphical index; index of names; index of commodities and trades; general index; list of charts, diagrams and tables. “Manometric Methods as Applied to the Measurement of. Cell Respiration and Other Processes.” Malcolm Dixon. Pp. xii + 122. (Cambridge University Press.) 5s. Types of manometers-constant-pressure,constant-volume and differ- ential. Methods of measuring respiration-methods of Dickens and Simer, Warburg, and Dixon and Keilin. “Nitrogen Conservation, An Introduction to the Biochemistry of .” Gilbert J. Fowler. This volume includes the substance of the lectures delivered at Patna University, by the Author as Sakhraj Ray Reader in Natural Science.Pp. viii + 280. (London: Edward Arnold & Co.) 12s. 6d. Methods and reagents of biochemical research; sources of organicnitrogen; building up and breaking down of nitrogenous matter; chemistry of ammonia formation ; nitrification; decomposition of non-nitrogenous organic matter by micro-organisms ;nitrogen fixation ; chemistry of sewage purification ;activated sludge process ; disposal of solid refuse; assimilation of nitrogen by plants; sulphur cycle; some examples of nitrogen conservation. Appendices; Bibliography. “Pharmaceutical Formulas.” Volume I. S. W. Woolley and G. P. Forrester. 10th Edition: revised and re-written. Pp. xvi+ 1146. (London: The Chemist and Druggist.) 15s.Contains The Chemist and Druggist Book of selected formulas from the British, United States and other pharmacopaeias, together with non-official formulas from various sources, including numerous descrip- tions of practical methods employed in the manufacture of pharma- ceutical preparations and other information of use to pharmacistsand manufacturers, comprising also a selection of formulas for “known, admitted, and approved remedies ” from former editions and from The Chemist and Druggist Diaries. Volume 11. G. P. Forrester. 10th Edition: revised and rewritten. Pp. xx+984. (London: The Chemist and Drug-gist.) 15s. The Chemist’s Recipe Book of formulas for adhesives, beverages, cleaning materials, culinary and household requisites, horticultural and agricultural preparations, inks, lozenges, perfumes, photographic preparations, polishes, soaps, toilet articles, varnishes, veterinary preparations, etc., including numerous descriptions of practical methods employed in their manufacture and other information of use to pharma-cists and manufacturers.164 “Soil Analysis.” C. Harold Wright. Pp. viii+236. (London: Thomas Murby & Co.) 12s.6d. A laboratory manual of physical and chemical methods for the examination of soil. British Standards Institution.-The British Standards Institution has recently issued revised Standards, for-No. 65-1934 for Salt-Glazed Ware Pipes; No. 187-1934 Sand-Lime (Calcium-Silicate) Bricks ; and New Standards-No. 539-1934 for Dimensions of Drain Fittings, Salt-glazed Ware and Salt-glazed Glass (Vitreous) Enamelled Fireclay ;No.540-1934 for Salt-glazed Glass (Vitreous) Enamelled Fireclay Pipes. The above are obtainable from the Publications Department, British Standards Institution, 28, Victoria Street, London, S.W.I,-zs. each. The Handbook of Information and Indexed List of British Standard Specifications,- January, 1g34,-has recently been published by the Institution, price IS., obtainable from the Publications Department, British Standards Institution, 28, Victoria Street, London, S.W.I. U Sands, Clays and Minerals.”-The first number of Volume I1 of this magazine contains, inter alia, articles on: “The Analysis of Zircon Sand,” by W. R. Schoeller; “Tungsten and its Uses,’’ by L.Sanderson; “The Decay of Building Stones through Soot,” by A. R. Warnes; “Practical Tests on Refractory Cements,” by W. 0. Lake; “Sands for Building Purposes,” by C. J. Morreau. Published by A. L. Curtis, Chatteris,-3s. 6d., post free. Messrs. Baillihre, Tindall & Cox have published a manual of “Volumetric Analysis” by H. P. Starck,-pp. viii + 224: 7s.,-and also an Appendix of “Qualitative Analysis Tables ” -pp. 3s. 6d., post free gd. Books Purchased. Adulteration and Analysis of Foods and Drugs. J. F. Liverseege. London, 1932. The British Pharmacopceia, 1932. London, 1932. The Extra Pharmacopceia. Vols. I and 11. London, 1932. The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles.Vols.I and 11. Oxford, 1933. A Text-Book of Inorganic Chemistry. Vol. VI, Part 11. Phos-phorus. E. B. R. Prideaux. London, 1934. 165 The Library, 1933-34, Since the issue of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part 11, 1933,the Council has had much pleasure in acknowledging the following gifts :-MESSRS. BLACKIE& SON, LTD.: Infra-Red Photography. S. 0. Rawling. London, 1933. EDGARBOOTH,EsQ.,B.Sc.: An Elementary Introduction to Piiysics. E. Booth. London, 1932. THE BRITISH DRUG HOUSES, LTD.: The B.D.H. Book of Reagents for Delicate Analysis and “Spot” Tests. Second and enlarged edition. London, 1933. BRITISH NON-FERROUS :METALS RESEAFXH ASSOCIATION Metallurgical Analysis by the Spectrograph. D. M. Smith. London, 1933. A.M. CAMERON,EsQ., B-So., F.I.C. : Chemistry in relation to Fire Risk and Fire Extinction. A. M. Cameron. London, 1933. CAMBRIDGEUNIVERSITY :PRESS Manometric Methods as applied to the Measurement of Cell Respiration and otjherProcesses. M. Dixon. Foreword by Sir F. G. Hopkina. Cambridge, 1934. A Text-Book of Chemistry. H. A. Wootton and C. W. R. Hooker. Cambridge, 1933. MESSRS. CHAPMAN& HALL,LTD.: The Design and Construction of High Pressure Chemical Plant. H. Tongue. London, 1934. A Manual of Foundry Practice. J. Laing and R. T. Rolfe. London, 1934. THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST: Pharmaceutical Formulas. Vol. I. Tenth edition. S. W. Woolleyand G. P. Forrester. London, 1929. Pharmaceutical Formulas. Vol. 11. G. P. Forrester. London, 1934.NORMANEVERS,EsQ., B.Sc., F.I.C. : The Chemistry of Drugs. N. Evers. London, 1933. DR. G. J. FOWLER,F.I.C.: An Introduction to the Bio-Chemistry of Nitrogen Conservation. G.J.Fowler. London, 1934. DR. J. F. FULTON,M.A.: A Bibliography of the Honourable Robert Boyle. J. F. Fulton. Oxford, 1932. Addenda to the Bibliography of the Honourable Robert Boyle.J. F. Fulton. 166 R. 0. GIBSON,EsQ., M.Sc., A.I.C. : The Viscosity of Gases at High Pressures. Amsterdam, 1933. MESSRS. GURNEY& JACKSON: A Text-Book of Inorganic Chemistry. F. Ephraim. English edition by P. C. L. Thorne. Second edition revised and enlarged. London, 1934. MESSRS. W. HEFFER & SONS, LTD.: Basic German for Science Students. M. L. Barker.Cambridge, 1933, MESSRS. HERMANNET CIE: Trait6 de Chimie Organique. Parts I and 11. A. E. Tchitchibabine, Paris, 1933. SOCIETYINTERNATIONALOF LEATHERTRADES’CHEMISTS: The Swelling of Proteins, and Allied Phenomena. London, 1933. DR. S. JUDDLEWIS,F.I.C.: Spectroscopy. In Science and Industry. S. Judd Lewis. London and Blasgow, 1933. MESSRS. LONQMANS,GREEN& CO.: Introduction to Physical Chemistry. A. Findlay. London, 1933. Organic and Bio-Chemistry. R. H. A. Plimmer. London, 1933. MERSEY & IRWELL COMMITTEE:JOINT Proceedings of the Joint Committee for the year ending 31st March, 1933. Preston, 1933. DR. H. D. O’SULLIVAN: The Life and Work of C. O’Sullivan, F.R.S. H. D. O’Sullivan-Buernsey . SIR ISAAC & SONS, LTD.: PITMAN Spices and Condiments.H. S. Redgrove. London, 1933. RIBBLEJOINT :COMMITTEE Proceedings of the Joint Committee for the year ending 31st March, 1933. Preston, 1933. RUBBER GROWERS’ INC.ASSOCIATION, : Rubber in Chemical Engineering. H. P. Stevens and M. B. Donald. London, 1933. F. G. H. TATE,EsQ., F.I.C.: Spirit Tables. Specific Gravity. P. G. H. Tate. London, 1933. UNITED STEEL COMPANIES, LTD.: Standard Methods of Analysis of Iron, Steel and Ferro-Alloys.Shefield, 1933. H. YOUNG,Esg.: A Record of the Scientific Work of Sir James Dewar. London, 1933. The Register. At the meeting of Council held on 16th February, 7 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 38 Associates were elected, and 53 Students were admitted.The Council regrets to report the deaths of 4 Fellows, and 4 Associates. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Ellis, Bernard Albert, M.A. (Cantab.), Government Laboratory, Clement’s Inn Passage, Strand, London, W.C.2. Groves, Miss Ruby Caroline, M.Sc. (Birm.), Barnbogle, Richmond Road East, New Barnet. Jones, Edward Richard, Ph.D. (Wales), M.B., Ch.B. (Liv.), Chelsea House, Osborne Street, Rhos, Wrexham. Marsh, John Thompson, M.Sc. (Manc.), 30, Granville Road, Fallodeld, Manchester. Rees, Ralph Llewellyn, M.A. (Cantab.), 50, Norton Road, Wembley, Middx. Stokoe, Hector Vivian Thurlbeck, B.Sc. (Lond.), Wealdstone Smelting & Refining Co., Ltd., 181, High Street, Wealdstone, Middx. Woodhead, Donald Whitley, M.Sc. (Manc.), 19, Compton Road, Buxton.New Associates. Angus, George Easley, B.Sc. (Cape Town), Elbon, 5th Avenue, Fish Hoeck, Cape, S. Africa. Archard, Theodore Edward, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 109, Cam Lane, Acomb, York. Arndell, Leslie, B.Sc. (Lond. and Manc.), 15, Cranmore Gardens, Lisburn Road, Belfast. Barbour, Robert Foster, B.Sc. (Glas.), c/o Burrell, 13, Rothwell Road, Garforth, Newcastle. Binns, Caleb, B.Sc. (Lond.), 3, Oxford Villas, Guiseley, nr. Leeds. Boon, William Robert, B.Sc. (Lond.), 76, Croham Valley Road, Sebdon, Surrey.Boxer, Stanley Edward, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 24, Brigstock Road, Belvedere. Breakey, Andrew Geoffrey, B.A. (T.C.D.), 4, Sandford Road, Ranelagh, Dublin. Broughton, Geoffrey, B.Sc. (Lond.), 1, Carnforth Avenue, Castleton, nr.Rochdale. Charlish, George Edward, B.Sc. (Lond.), 175, Owen Road, Wolverhampton. Crow, Thomas Benedict, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Birm.), Avondale, Vicarage Road, Smethwick, Staffs. Denbigh, Kenneth George, B.Sc. (Leeds), 42, Barnsley Road North, Wakefield. Dent, Charles Enrique, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 161, Lauderdale Road, London, W.9. Fergusson, William Carr, B.Sc. (Lond.), 14, Clive Road, Belvedere. Frayne, James Lawrence, B.Sc. (Lond.), Camel, Hawthorne Avenue, Long Eaton, Nottingham. Galloway, Alfred Scott, B.Sc. (St. Andrews), Old Manse, Brechin, Angus. 168 Comm, Albert Stanley, Ph.D. (Bris.), 34, Hermihge Road, Higher Crump- all,Manchester, 8. Greenstein, Abraham Woolf, 485, Manning Rdad, Durban, S.Africa. Hargreaves, Stanley, B.Sc. (Lond.), 15, Lincoln Street, Blackburn. Harrison, Arthur Vernon, B.Sc. (Lond.), 78, Lister Street, West Hartlepool, Co. Durham. Jay, Henry Cecil, 12, Ashleigh Grove, West Jesmond, Newcastle-on-Tyne. Johnson, Wilfred, 34, Sidcup Road, London, S.E.12. Johnston, Alexander, B.Sc. (Glas.), Messrs. H. J. Packer & Co., Ltd., Greenbank, Bristol, 5. Jonas, Richard, Dr. Ing. (Berlin), 9, Craven Hill Gardens, London, W.2. Lowry, Raymond Arthur, B.Sc. (Lond.), 89, Leander Road, London, S.W.2. Miller, George Leslie, B.Sc. (Q.U.B.), Oakleigh, Cregagh Road, Belfast. Morley, John Frederick, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 3, WhitbyRoad, S. Harrow, Middx. McGavin, William Keith, M.Sc. (N.Z.),c/o The Laboratory, Shell Company of New Zealand, Ltd., Wellington, N.Z.Nurse, Frederick Aldis, B.Sc. (Lond.), The Mill, Dunmere, Bodmin, Corn- wall. Philpot, Miss Joan Peake, B.Sc. (Lond.), Waveney, Fullmer Road, Gerrards cross. Rigg, John Gordon, B.Sc. (Liv.), 32, Thirlmere Street, Wallasey. Roberts, David, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Wales), 135, Highfield Road, Rock Ferry, Birkenhead. Salkeld, Charles Edward, B.Sc. (Lond.), 306, Clapham Road, London, s.w.9. Skinner, Albert Eric, B.Sc. (Lond.), Thicket Cottage, Littlewick Green, Maidenhead. Soppet, Cyril Pearson, B.Sc. (Birm.), 62, Manville Road, London, S.W.17. Stacey, Maurice, Ph.D. (Birm.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, W.C. 1. Treharne, Glynmor John, M.Sc. (Wales), Waunfawr, Pontyberem, Llanelly.Whitlock, Leslie George, 56, Moat Drive, Harrow. New Students. Austing, Cyril Edward, 15, Calmont Road, Bromley Hill, Kent. Batty, Alton McAllan, 26, Walcott Street, Mt. Lawley, W. Australia. Bone, Austin Roy, 57, Charlton Road, London, S.E.3. Boyes, James Douglas Codrington, Tostig, Belvedere Park, Hornsea, E. Yorks. Bradley, Frederick Way, 94, Uplands Road, London, N.8. Camberg, Philip, 160, Bruntsfield Place, Edinburgh. Casson, Arthur Leslie, 29, Lee Street, Holderness Road, Hull. Chatfield, Ronald Fox, 62, Clemens Street, Leamington Spa. Christian, John, Imperial College Hostel, Prince Consort Road, London, s.w.7. Clement, George Honor, 37, Northampton Street, Bath. Clinton, Thomas Gerard, 36, Duchy Street, Seedley, Salford.Cook, George Alfred, Craiglea, Polmont, Stirlingshire. Dothie, Harold James, 178, Victoria Road, Alexandra Park, London, N.22. Evans, Ivor Burford Needham, Arlington, Sketty, Swansea. Fearey, James Edgar, 122, Brunswick Avenue, Beverley Road, Hull. Firrell, John Pindar, 14, Priory Hill, Dartford. Fletcher, Philip Brameombe, 110, Nottingham Road, Long Eaton, Nottingham.Geard, Donald Henry, 68, Crescent Road, New Barnet. Gilbert, Eric Douglas, East Lynne, Steven’s Lane, Breaston, nr. Derby. 169 Gillies, Donald George, 193, Park Avenue, Hull. Goddard, Eric, 47, Longsight Road, Holcombe Crook, nr. Bury.Grainger, Arthur, 9, Old Barn Road, Poulton, nr. Wallaaey.Harper, William Kenneth, 11, Walton Vale, Walton, Liverpool, 9.Heppenstall, Miss Mollie Eileen, 236, Stanley Park Road, Carshalton. Hodges, John, 28, Harries Street, Tenby, S. Wales. Horricks, Francis, 14, St. Brendans Road, Withington, Mancheater. Hull, Charles, Oak Tree Cottage, Pickersleigh Road, Great Malvern, Worcs. Jones, Arthur George, 8, Lizban Street, London, S.E.3. Jones, William Richard, 135, Lower Seedley Road, Seedley, Salford. Jordan, Denis Oswald, 22, OaMeld Road, London, N.14. Kelly, Robert, 91, Holbeck Street, Meld, Liverpool, 4. Lay, James Owen, 104, Lion Road, Bexley Heath. McFarlane, Robert, 848, Padiham Road, Burnley. McKay, Alan, 308, Cottingham Road, Hull. Meiklejohn, Andrew McLay, Tulliallan, Garven Road, Stevenston, Ayrshire. Mew, William Edmund, 57, Bullar Road, Bitterne Park, Southampton.Owen, Leslie William, 260, Norwood Road, London, S.E.27. Payne, Reginald Charles, 69, Pagitt Street, Chatham. Pedelty, William Hopper, 44, Ullet Road, Liverpool, 17. Rose, Leslie, 15, Highland Road, Earlsdon, Coventry. Shaman, Ivan Michael, 1, Morella Road, London, S.W.12. Silvester, Alfred, 78, North Circular Road, London, N.13. Summers, Andrew, 32, Wallace Street, Grangemouth, Stirlingshire. Sweet, Frank Alexander, 58, Bigyn Hill, Llanelly, Carm. Tittensor, Eric, 52, Owen Street, St. Helens. Tiverton, Right Hon. John Anthony Hardinge Gfiard, Viscount, 61, Oakley Street, London, S.W.3. Tunnicliffe, George Ernest, 28, Belgrave Road, Anlaby Road, Hull. Walker, Alexander Robert Pettigrew, 50, Leopold Road, St.Andrew’s Park, Bristol. Walker, Miss Anita Mary, 9, Dowsett Avenue, Southend-on-Sea. Ward, Roy Yates, 23, Lower Downs Road, London, S.W.20. Weedon, Miss Christine Lois, 17, Putney Common, London, S.W.15. White, Harold, A.M.C.T., I.C.1.-Rexine-Ltd., Hyde, Cheshire. Wiseman, Leonard Albert, 4, Cavendish Road, London, N.4. DEATHS. Fellows. William Baird. Stanley Bowman. Fred Ibbotson, B.Sc. (Lond.), D.Met. (Sheffield), F.R.C.Sc.1. Harold Omar Nolan, M.D., LL.D. (Lond.). Associates. William Edgar Bakes, D.Sc. (Lee&).Maurice Linnell, B.Sc. (Manc.). Benjamin Stanley Mellor, M.Sc. (Vict.).(Mrs.) Lilian Collier Misselbrook (n& Bevan), M.Sc. (Wales). CHANGE OF NAME. Ralph Harry Klein, Pellow, to Ralph Harry Kenyon.Edward Taylor Austin, Student, to Edward Taylor-Austin. Tadhg F. Twomey, Student, to Tadhg F. Tuama. 170 Coming Events. 1934 April 11 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(London Section) :Visit to The General Electric Company’s Research Laboratories (Wembley ), after-noon. 12 OIL AND COLOUR CHEMISTS’ASSOCIATION:“The Manufacture of Oilskins.” Mr. J. MILLIGAN,at the Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.l, at 7.30 p.m. OF CHEMICALINDUSTRYSOCIETY (Midland Section) : Dance at Tony’s Ballroom, Hurst Street, Birmingham. 8 p.m. to 1 a.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Nottingham Section): “Recent Developments in the Field of Petroleum.” Dr. A. E. DUNSTAN,at Derby Technical College. SOCIETY17 ROYAL STATISTICAL : Centenary Meeting.University College, London, W.C. 1, 4.45 for 5.15 p.m. 18 ROYALMICROSCOPICALSOCIETY: Ordinary Meeting, at B.M.A. House, Tavistock Square, London, W.C.l, at 5 for 5.30 p.m. 18 SOCIETY (Chemical Engineering Group), OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY Joint Meeting with the Institution of Chemical Engineers and the Institute of Fuel: “Economic Generation of Steam in Chemical Works” by Messrs. F. H. PREECEand B. SAMUELS. “The Economic Usage of Steam in Chemical Works” byW. F. CAREY. At the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, W-l., at 6 p.m. 19 THE CHEMICALSOCIETY:“The Periodic Law of Mendeleeff and its Interpretation.” LORD RUTHERFORD, at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W. 1, at 8 p.m. 19 INSTITUTIONOF MININGAND METALLURGY: General Meeting, at the Geological Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 5.30 p.m.OF WELDINGENGINEERS19 INSTITUTION : North-Eastern Branch. “A General Survey of Metallic Arc Welding with particulars of some Welded Products.” Mr. D. G. SINFIELD, at Neville Hall, Westgate Road, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. OF CHEMICALINDUSTRYSOCIETY (Birmingham Section) : “Some Remarkable Properties of Nascent Soap.” Mr. A. RAYNER, at the University Buildings, Edmund Street, Birmingham, at 7.30 p.m. :OIL AND COLOUR CHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION“Thixotropy.”Mr. J. PRYCEJONES,at the Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C. 1. 171 April 25 INSTITUTEOF FUEL:“The Development and Use of the Velox Boiler.” Dr.ADOLPH MEYER,at the Institution of Mechani- cal Engineers, Storey’s Gate, Westminster, S.W. 1, at 6 p.m. INSTITUTION OF WELDING ENGINEERS : North-Western Branch. Annual General Meeting. “Recent Developments in Atomic Hydrogen Welding.” Mr. J. A. DORRAT, at the Manchester College of Technology, Sackville Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m. 26 INSTITUTION ENGINEERSOF ELECTRICAL : 25th Kelvin Lecture : “Electrical Phenomena at extremely Low Temperatures.” Professor J. C. MCLENNAN,F.R.S., at 5.30 for 6 p.m. May 2 SOCIETYOF PUBLICANALYSTSAND OTHER ANALYTICAL CHEMISTS: Ordinary Meeting, at the Chemical Society,Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W. 1, at 8 p.m. 3 THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY: “Unicellular Chemistry.” Dr. J. VARGASEYRE, at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m.7 SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(London Section): Annual General Meeting. Chairman’s Address (Dr. J. J. Fox) at the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. 10 INSTITUTE (London Section): Visit to the South- OF CHEMISTRY Eastern Agricultural College, Wye, Kent-all day. 17 THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY: Ordinary Scientific Meeting, at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. 29 CHADWICK LECTURE. “The National Food Supply and PUBLIC Public Health.” Dr. JOHNBOYD ORR, at the Royal United Service Institution, Whitehall, S.W. 1. June 5 to 8 INSTITUTION 71st Annual Meeting, inOF GASENGINEERS. London. 7 THE CHEMICALSOCIETY: Discussion on “Chemical Synthesis under Pressure,” and a visit to the Chemical Research Laboratories, Teddington, at 3 p.m.JdY 9 to 14 THE ROYAL SANITARY INSTITUTE:Health Congress at Bristol. (Dr. L. H. LAMPITT, Chairman, Food Group,Society of Chemical Industry, will read a paper on 10th July.) 16 to 20 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY:AMU~ General Meeting in Cardiff. 172 General Notices. Examinations.-Examinations for the Associateship will be held in London and Glasgow, from 17th to 22nd September. The list of entries will be closed on Monday, 9th July. (Notebooks can be received up to 7th September.) Examinations for the Fellowship will be held in London from 24th to 29th September. The list of entries will be closed on 9th July, except for candidates in Branch G :Industrial Chemistry, whose applications should be received before 4th June.The Meldola Medal (the gift of the Society of Maccabzans) is awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise and is brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st December prior to the award. The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work. The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person. The next award will be made in January, 1935. The Council will be glad to have attention directed, before 31st December, 1934, to work of the character indicated. Beilby Memorial Awards.-From the interest derived from the invested capital of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, at intervals to be determined by the administrators representing the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry, and the Institute of Metals, awards are made to British investigators in science to mark appreciation of records of distinguished original work, preference being given to in- vestigations relating to the special interests of Sir George Beilby, including problems connected with fuel economy, chemical engineering, and metallurgy.Awards are made, not on the result of any competition, but in recognition of continuous work of exceptional merit, bearing evidence of distinct advancement in knowledge and practice. The administrators of the Fund are the Presidents, the Honorary Treasurers, and the Secretaries of the three partici- pating Institutions, who will next meet in October, 1934, and will be glad, in the meantime, to have their attention directed to outstanding work of the nature indicated.Correspondence 173 on this subject should be addressed to the Convener, Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.I. Notice to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute.For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship, may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their professors. Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s.for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employment are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period, if necessary. The Institute also maintains a List of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students or Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m.and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Insti tut e’s practical examinations. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is available, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use 174 of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10a.m. to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.), except during August and the early part of September, when the hours are from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted, at present, to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books. Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books.FORTHE LOANOF BOOKSREGULATIONS FROM THE SCIENCE LIBRARY TO FELLOWS OF THE INSTITUTEAND ASSOCIATES OF CHEMISTRY. I. The Institute has entered into an arrangement with the Science Library, Science Museum, South Kensington, S.W.7, whereby books may be borrowed on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary. 2. Members, Fellows, and Associates wishing to borrow books from the Science Library are required to give to the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary a written undertaking to bear the cost of replacement of any work lost or damaged, and to return to the office of the Institute for cancellation, the duplicate (pink) requisition forms obtained from the Library when the books are returned.3. Subsequently, borrowers may call, either personally or by representative, at the office of the Institute, and obtain signed requisitions, by means of which the works may be obtained from the Science Library. 4. Or, books can be sent by post to Fellows and Associates on written application (specifying the volume or volumes re- quired) to the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary, who will complete and transmit to the Science Library the necessary requisition forms, and the books will be posted direct from the Library. Postage will be charged to the borrower and collected from him by the Science Library authorities. 5.The regulations of the Science Library require that books on loan shall be returned at once if asked for by the Keeper of the Library; otherwise within fifteen days, or sooner, if they can be dispensed with. Fellows and Associates are earnestly re- quested to comply with this regulation, and to return books within the period specified, without waiting for a reminder from the Library. Applications for the extension of the loan period may be granted if circumstances permit. 175 6. A Hand-list of the periodicals in the Science Library may be consulted at the office of the Institute, or copies of the Hand- list (with Supplement) may be obtained direct from the Science Library for 2s. 8d. post free. An extensive author and subject catalogue is accessible at the Science Library, and bibliographies of special subjects are compiled by its expert staff as and when required.Boots Booklovers’ Library.-Fellows and Associates who desire to take advantage of the special arrangements made with Boots Booklovers’ Library are reminded that forms can be obtained on application to the Registrar. The previous subscription arranged for members of the Institute expired on the 1st March, and fresh application forms must be obtained by those members who desire to continue for a further year’s service. The attention of such members is specially directed to the necessity for the renewal of subscriptions or the return of the last volumes and membership tokens to the respective branches of issue. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers (IS.2d. each) for binding the Journal in annual volumes, are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required. Arrangements may be made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19,Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSon the following terms: buckram cover, IS. 2d.; binding, 2s. gd.; postage and packing, gd.; in all, 4. 8d. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who wish to give lectures. Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used.Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration. A new edition of the Register will be published in the Autumn of this year. Corrections of addresses, degrees, occupations, etc., should be notified to the Registrar without delay. LOCAL SECTIONS OF THE INSTITUTE Sectim. Hon. Seeretarim. Aberdeen and North of Patrick Mitchell, M.A., B.Sc. (Aberd.), A.I.C., Scotland: 47, Hamilton Place, Aberdeen. BirminghamandMidlands: Dr. F. W. Norris, A.R.C.S., A.I.C., 91, Witherford Way, Selly Oak, Birmingham.Briatol and South-Weatern E. Lewis, M.I.Chem.E., F.I.C., 22, Upper Counties: Cranbrook Road, Redland, Bristol, 6. Cape of Good Hope: Dr. William Pugh, B.Sc., F.I.C., The University, Cape Town. Edinburgh and East of G. Elliot Dodds, A.H.W.C., A.I.C., 30, Castle Scotland: Avenue, Corstorphine, Edinburgh, 12. Glasgow and West of A. R. Jamieson, B.Sc., F.I.C., 20, Trongate,Scotland: Glasgow, C. 1. Huddersfield: Dr. R. J. Connor, A.I.C., 415, Wakefield Road, Dalton, Huddersfield. India: G. Watson Douglas, B.Xc., A.I.C., The State Laboratory, Bhopal, Central India. Ireland (Belfast) : C. S. McDowell, B.Sc., A.I.C., 19, Harberton Avenue, Belfast. ,, (Dublin): Dr. A. G. G. Leonard, F.I.C., 18, Belgrave Road, Dublin. Lee& Area: Dr. H.Burton, M.Sc., F.I.C., The University, Leeds. Liverpool and North- W. F. Buist, B.Sc., F.I.C., Airdrie, Kilburn Western : Avenue, Eastham, Cheshire. London and South-Eastem Mark Bogod, A.R.C.S., F.I.C., c/o The Institute Countiea: of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, w.c.1. Malaya : J. F. Clark, M.Sc., A.R.C.S., F.I.C., Analyst’s Department, Municipality, Singapore,Straits Settlements. Mancheater and District: Dr. Albert Coulthard, F.I.C., 136, Barlow Moor Road, West Didsbury, Mancheater. Newcastle-on-Tyne and M. A. W. Brown, M.Sc., A.I.C., The Bield, Norfh-East Coast: The Crescent, Wallsend-on-Tyne. New Zealand: Philip White, B.Sc., A.R.C.S., F.I.C,, Dominion Laboratory, Wellington, C. 1, New Zealand. South Wales: R. H. Jones, F.I.C., Glen View, Pontardawe Road, Clydach, Swansea.ADVERTISEMENTS. JOURNAL AND PRocEEDINaS.-The terms for advertiaements in the Journal and Proceedings of the Institute can be obtained on application to the Registrar. Advertisements are subject to the approval of the Publications Committee. No Commission is allowed to Agents.The circulationis over 7000--chiefly to analytical, consulting and technological chemists, professors and teachers of chemistry, and to University and Institution LibrarieB. The advertisement pages are offered especially to manufacturers of leboratory glamware, porcelain and silica ware, of filter paper, chemical and physical apparatus, balances, microscopes, and laboratory require- ments generally; also to publishers of scientific books and to booksellers.