THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATEDBY ROYAL CHARTER,1885. Patron -H.M. THE KING. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. PART VI: 1935. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretavy. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE,LONDON,W.C.I. December, 1935. Publications Committee, 193536. W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD (Chairiiian), JOCELYN F. THORPE (President), C. 0. BANNISTER, G. R. CLEMO, W. M. CUMMING, A. E.EVEREST, LEWIS EYNON, H. H. HODGSON, WILLIAM HONNEYMAN, D. JORDAN-LLOYD, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (Hon. Treasurer), A. G. G. LEONARD, J. H. LESTER, C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, T. F. E.RHEAD, F. SOUTHERDEN, ADAM TAIT, ERNEST VANSTONE, W. WARDLAW, H.B.WATSON. 427 Editorial. Bacteriology.-The position of the chemist with regard to the study and practice of bacteriology appears not to be always fully appreciated. Bacteriology, in its narrower sense, is the science which deals with the study of the “Schizomycetes” or “Bacteria ” which are a group of unicellular fungi devoid of chlorophyll. An enormous number of species of bacteria have been in- vestigated and identified, and probably as many more exist but have not yet been investigated. Of those which have been studied it is probably safe to say that only a very small pro- portion have been shown to be “pathogenic” either to man or to animals, and the pathogenic organisms are fortunately not nearly so widely prevalent as those which are harmless.The term Bacteriology has, however, been extended to cover a large number of micro-organisms which are not strictly in- cluded in the group “Schizomycetes.” By a Bacteriologist is often understood a person who practises the study of micro- organisms in general, including the study of other unicellular plants such as the “blastomycetes” or “yeasts” and of multi-cellular plants such as moulds, algae, etc. ,and of micro-organisms usually considered as belonging to the animal kingdom such as the “rotifers,” “spirochaetes,” etc. The study of all micro-organisms which have, or might have, an influence on human health or be directly or indirectly the cause of disease in animals is very properly, from that standpoint, the function of the medical profession, but in recent years a great deal of work has been done on micro-organisms from a purely industrial point of view.The fermentation industries, for example, are almost en-tirely dependent upon the activities of micro-organisms. Yeasts are the organisms directly responsible for the production of alcohol on a commercial scale. Moreover, yeast in bulk is an important industrial product used both in baking and also in the manufacture of materials used for flavouring. Micro-organisms are also extensively studied in connection with such matters as the ripening of cheeses, the manufacture of butyl alcohol and acetone, and in citric and gluconic acid fermentations. 428 In the preparation of a large number of food products, micro-organisms must be studied, from the point of view of their effect in causing deterioration in a purely commercial sense, i.e.quite apart from the question of human health. Other examples of the study of micro-organisms in industry may be cited as follows:- The leather industry,-the effects of bacteria in the soaking and “puering” processes, and the effects of moalds in vegetable tan pits. The textile industries,-the “retting” of flax, the rotting of damp fibres. Agriculture,-the preparation, storage and curing of hay ; the effects of bacteria in the soil. A study of diseases caused in timber by fungi. The standardisation of industrial disinfectants. In certain industries it is more difficult to separate completely the purely commercial from the hygienic aspects of the question.In the dairy industry, for example, micro-organisms must be studied both from the point of view of preventing deterioration and also from that of preventing disease. Selected strains of bacteria are used for improving quality. In the purification of water, chemical and bacteriological work are closely bound together, as they are also in sewage purification. In nearly every water works and sewage disposal works in the country, it is customary to employ a fully-qualified chemist, and these chemists are almost invariably entrusted with the duty of doing the neces- sary chemical and bacteriological work. It must be rare indeed for such works to retain on their staffs any medical man, nor has it ever been suggested that this is necessary or that the work has not been done in a competent manner.Water and sewage undertakings may, however, from time to time bring medical men into consultation, and the chemists frequently work in consultation with local medical officers of health where questions arise with regard to pollution of streams, etc., as a result of the discharge of effluents from factories. A great deal of research on bacteriological questions has been done by chemists-not medical men-among whom Sir Edward and Percy Frankland, G. J. Fowler, A. Harden, B. Dyer, S. G. Paine, H. Raistrick, S. Rideal may be called to mind. Pasteur, who may be regarded as the founder of the science of bacteriology, was a chemist and not a medical man.There can be no doubt but that a study of bacteriology is one of 429 the weapons which chemists employ both in the laboratory and in the works, and many chemists are entirely competent to undertake such work and to appreciate its bearings. CompanyProspectuses.-Attention has lately been directed to a letter addressed by the Chancellor of the Exchequer,- Mr. Neville Chamberlain,-to the Chairman of the London Stock Exchange, and through him to the Banks, Issuing Houses, and Members of the Stock Exchange, wherein he expresses his desire to check dubious and unsound company flotations, especially ventures designed to exploit scientific processes. The Chancellor of the Exchequer states that he is aware that when new projects are brought to the notice of Banks, Issuing Houses and Brokers, they scrutinise them with great care before associating themselves with them, and he recognises the many contacts which exist between industry and science.He comments on the circumstance that within recent times a number of prospectuses have been issued containing claims for the scientific value of particular methods or substances which could not have been endorsed by the best scientific authority. He has ascertained that the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, the Medical Research Council, and the Agricultural Research Council will be willing, if asked to do so in any particular case, to suggest the names of scientists of high standing who could be invited to furnish reports on the scientific merits of the methods or substances for the development or production of which it might be proposed to make a public issue.The publication of this communication from the Chancellor of the Exchequer aroused interest among a number of Fellows and Associates of the Institute, to some of whom it appeared to suggest that the Research Departments mentioned might be disposed themselves to deal professionally with the enquiries thus referred to them. The Institute was assured, however, that the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research had no intention of changing its present policy of referring such questions to the particular learned institutions whose fields of activity were implicated.The professional institutions would willingly co-operate in any measure taken to prevent the wilful misleading of the investing public by unscrupulous promoters, and it appears probable that professional men of science will be called upon more frequently for opinions upon new projects having a scientific 430 basis, to which no exception can be taken, provided reports and certificates consist of straightforward statements of fact and opinion established on adequate scientific investigation. Indeed, the view has already been expressed in the JOURNAL AND PRO-CEEDINGS (Part 11, 1935, page 114)that it would be against the public interest if such certificates were not published, In a comment on the matter published in the issue of Nutwe for 30th November, it is indicated that the safeguard suggested by the Chancellor would not confer on the investor who had lost money the right to prosecute either of the departments concerned; similarly, it is doubtful whether he could, in the majority of cases, obtain any redress from the scientific adviser provided always that the latter had acted with all reasonable care and skill and had given his advice in good faith.Bearing directly on the action of the Chancellor of the Ex- chequer is the consideration that the scientific adviser engaged in any matter concerning company flotation, accepts a serious responsibility and assumes a position of authority which he should be able to justify. This implies knowledge and experience and a recognised status in a professional sense.Cases have been known where deliberate fraud has been practised by pro- moters, for example, in concocting a certificate purporting to have been given by a well-known consultant at a time when he was seriously ill and considered to be at the point of death, and, in another case, by adopting and using in a prospectus for the production of a certain kind of fuel a certificate given previously by an experienced consultant for an entirely separate project. On the other hand, it may have happened occasionally that the man of science has undertaken to give opinions in connection with subjects lying outside his experience or usual sphere of practice, or has perhaps been deceived into subscribing to a report which has not been substantiated by subsequent results. The Officers of the Institute are asked from time to time to give the names of consultants associated with various branches of work, and can do so impartially with the aid of such information as the members themselves have supplied for inclusion in the printed Register of Fellows and Associates.It is very necessary, therefore, that chemists in independent practice should notify the Registrar of the subjects to which they may rightly claim to have paid particular attention, in order that the Register may be maintained as an accurate and informative reference work for these particulars. 431 At the Scottish celebration of the Charter Jubilee of the Institute, reported in this Part (pp.441-4#), Sir Arthur Rose urged that it was of little use to promote industries solely to provide labour, but that they should also be profitable, if they are to provide lasting benefit. Joint-stock enterprise is essentially co-operative effort directed to economic production. It supplies the people with what they require as cheaply as possible, and provides the worker with the most varied opportunities of earning a living. Ownership in joint-stock enterprise is vested, for the most part, in a multitude of small shareholders. In effect, it is ownership for the people by the people and of their own individual volition. It differs from state-ownership and control in that its main consideration is profit-making.Profit-making is the chief in- centive to efficiency in industry, and in turn contributes to the distribution of wealth, the extension of employment and spending capacity: the greater the employment of capital, the greater its earnings, and the more its accumulations for the further extension of business. If it sometimes overreaches itself by overproduction it should not be condemned on that score. So long as the interests of capital and labour are mutually recognised, they are mutually beneficial. The main desideratum at the present time is the solution of the problem of distribution. 432 Proceedings of the Council. Council Meeting, 15th November, 1935.-The Council received from the Chemical Council a report of its proceedings, with particulars of the Standing Orders which it proposed to adopt, and a pamphlet referring to an appeal which it proposed to make for the establishment of a fund for the purposes set forth in the Agreement between the three Chartered Societies,- the Chemical Society, the Society of Chemical Industry, and the Institute. The Council suggested certain amendments in the documents referred to, for the consideration of the Chemical Council.An application from members in the neighbourhood of Derby, Nottingham, Leicester and Loughborough for the formation of a new Section of the Institute to be known as the East Midlands Section was approved. (See page 454.) At the same time, a suggestion was received that the new Section should include Lincolnshire, of which the Council approved, subject to the concurrence of all the Lincolnshire members themselves.Among other matters brought to the notice of the Council were communications received from various sources regarding the action taken by the Chancellor of the Exchequer for the safeguarding of prospective investors in undertakings promoted to exploit scientific processes. (See Editorial,-page 429.) The Council was informed that the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research had no intention of departing from its policy of referring enquiries relating to such matters to the Institute and other professional technical institutions that might be concerned. At the same time, the Department recalled a passage in its report for 1930-31, in which industry was en- couraged to make use of professional consultants, and the con- sultants themselves were advised to maintain touch with the work of the Research Stations of the Department.Reports from the Finance and House Committee, the Nomina- tions, Examinations and Institutions Committee, and the Publications Committee were received and adopted. Council Meeting, 20th December.-The Council received a communication from the Chemical Society agreeing to the suggestion made by the Council of the Institute, on the suggestion 433 of Mr. F. H. Alcock, of Birmingham, that a lecture or lectures be given on the subject of Chemical Nomenclature. The Council was informed that Dr. Clarence Smith had kindly undertaken to deliver such a lecture or lectures, and that Fellows and Associates of the Institute, who are not Fellows of the Society, would be cordially welcomed.The Chemical Society also informed the Council of the Institute that the Harrison Memorial Prize had been awarded to Dr. Leslie Ernest Sutton. A letter was received from the Federal Council for Chemistry announcing that that Council was to be wound up and that its affairs would be handed over to the Royal Society. Further, the Royal Society proposed to form a British National Committee for Chemistry, on which the principal chemical bodies would be represented. Reports from the Standing Committees were received and adopted. The Finance Committee reported improvement in the general account of the Institute during the year, particulars of which will be included in the Annual Report, and stated that further consideration had been given to the method of stating the annual accounts. The Committee found that it was not practicable to submit a “profit and loss account” instead of a “cash statement,” owing to the limited time between the end of the year and the date for the adoption of the Annual Report by the Council, before its publication to the Fellows and Associates.The Benevolent Fund Committee reported that the receipts were lower and the disbursements heavier than in 1934,and that it would be necessary to make a strong appeal to the members for further help during 1936. The Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee reported on a large number of applications, resulting in consider- able additions of new Associates and Students to the Register of the Institute.The Publications Committee reported that it had agreed to allow a circular regarding the aims of the Decimal Association to be issued with the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part VI, not committing the Institute or the Council to any views on the subject, but as a matter of general interest. The Committee also reported that they had considered a suggestion from a member that a portion of the Journal be occasionally allotted to specimen answers to questions which 434 had been set in the Examinations of the Institute. The Com- mittee did not feel justified in recommending the proposal.Lectures.-A lecture by Dr. G.W. Monier-Williams entitled bbPoodand the Consumer,” delivered before the Bristol and South-Western Counties Section of the Institute, at Bristol University, on 7th October, has been published by the Institute as a separate monograph. At the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, on 15th November, Dr. Leslie H. Lampitt gave a lecture before the Institute on bb Laboratory Organisation.” Dr. Lampitt dealt with the organisation of one of the largest industrial laboratories in the country, but his discourse contained many suggestions of value to those engaged in smaller labora- tories. The President, in expressing the thanks of the Fellows and Associates to Dr. Lampitt for his lecture, emphasised the importance of team work and contrasted modern methods with those obtaining in Germany forty years ago.The lecture will be issued shortly as a separate monograph. The Eighteenth Streatfeild Memorial Lecture was delivered at the Institute, on 20th December, by Mr. E. R. Andrews, who spoke on 4b Chemistry and Local Government Administration.” A report will be published in due course. The President said that he had not the good fortune to know Streatfeild, but was impressed by the affection with which he was regarded by old students of “Finsbury.” Professor Gilbert Morgan, in moving the vote of thanks to Mr. Andrews, said that Streatfeild fully merited the tributes paid to his memory. The vote was seconded by Mr. E. M. Hawkins and supported by Messrs.J. H. Coste and H. F. E. Hulton. The President presented the lecturer with the Medal, the gift of the City and Guilds of London Institute, and a copy of a photograph of Streatfeild. 435 Local Sections. [The Institute is not responsible for the views expressed i~ papers read, or in speeches delivered, during meetings and discussions .] Aberdeen and North of Scotland.-At a meeting of the Section, held in the Chemistry Department, Marischal College, Aberdeen, on 25th October, a paper was read by Dr. R. Fraser Thomson, of Scottish Dyes, Ltd., Grangemouth, entitled 64 Recent Developments in Dyestuffs.” Prof. Alex. Findlay took the Chair. Dr. Fraser Thomson has kindly supplied the following abstract :-The subject of the present paper is the vat dyestuffs used for cotton and containing only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.Historically, the story begins with the discovery of indanthrene by Bohn in 1901 and of benzanthrone and dibenzanthrone in 1910by Bally. While indanthrene was the principal vat colour other than indigo, dibenzanthrone was the first vat dyestuff containing no element other than carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Further development was greatly accelerated by the discovery in 1921,of the valuable green dimethoxydibenzanthrone (Cale- don Jade Green}, and research is still being actively pursued to discover new complexes. The vat dyestuffs of this class depend for their properties on a characteristic aromatic structure of fused benzene rings, with at least one pair of carbonyl groups linked by a chain of conjugated double bonds in order to provide the mechanism for reduction and re-oxidation. Apart from the oxygen, they possess high carbon contents like the parent hydrocarbons.Thus dibenzanthrone C,H,,O, contains nearly 90 per cent. carbon and the corresponding hydrocarbon, 95 per cent. The dye itself, prepared in aqueous solution by alkaline reduction of the commercial dyestuff, consists of the leuco-compound of 436 the quinonoid substance. After impregnation of the cotton with this, re-oxidation by air leaves the quinonoid form of the dyestuff attached very firmly to the fibre. This process, in general, gives a high degree of fastness to washing, rubbing, etc.The growth of affinity with complexity in aromatic quinonoid structures presents a fascinating study, and two sets of compounds, derived from naphthalene, pyrene and perylene were compared by the lecturer. It is notable that while benzene, naphthalene, anthracene and pyrene are colourless hydrocarbons, perylene, with five fused benzene rings, is yellow to orange in colour. In the first set were mentioned benzanthraquinone and diphthal- oylnaphthalene (no affinity), dibenzopyrenequinone and anth- anthrone (poor affinity, rendered satisfactory by halogenation) and pyranthrone (good affinity). The satisfactory dyes of this class are all yellow in colour, changed towards red by halogena- tion. In the second set, derived from perylene, were mentioned the dibenzoperylenequinone (red violet-no affinity), recently described independently by Scholl and Heilbron, normal and isodibenzanthrone (high affinity) and dimethoxyisodibenzan-throne (very good affinity).The remarkable influence of the methoxy groups on the shade and properties in the latter case was described in some detail, as it is only the 2 :2’-methoxy groups which possess this property. The parent dihydroxydibenzanthrone, prepared in one typical way by the oxidation of dibenzanthrone, has the structure c588bOH OH This substance is useless as a vat dye, but its colour reactions illustrate very vividly the chemistry of the class and were demonstrated by the lecturer by dye tests on cotton fibre : 437 0 OH 0 ONa NR/ NaOH NR/--t f /\oy ‘OH acid 0 ONa NaO ONa HO OH \/ acid + \/H2-R Ha-R NaO/\ONs Hb \OH blue.red Dimethoxydibenzanthrone also exhibits beautiful colour re-actions. It dissolves in strong sulphuric acid with a cherry-red colour, and this is turned brilliant jade green by nitric acid. The latter solution contains dimethoxydibenzanthrone in a very unstable state, demethylated by dilution in water, but if not diluted, can be restored to the stable red solution, unaffected by dilution with water, by reducing back with copper bronze. These reactions probably indicate that the red solution contains a definite compound, e.g., an oxonium sulphate, split by nitric acid. A vote of thanks was accorded to Dr. Fraser Thomson, on the proposal of Mr.Marshall Robb. The Charter Jubilee of the Institute was celebrated by the Aberdeen and North of Scotland Section on zIst November, on the occasion of the visit to the Section of the President and Mrs. Thorpe. Professor Alexander Findlay presided at a meeting held in the Chemistry Department, Marischal College, in the afternoon, when the President gave an address entitled :-c6 The Chemist, his Origin, Development and Destiny.’’ The President said that the origin of a chemist seemed to rest mainly with the schoolmaster from whom the boy obtained either a liking or an abhorrence of science. He suggested that there seemed to be little inherited inclination towards science, 438 and that, normally, a man who had attained distinction in chemistry did not train his son for the same profession, although the Perkins were outstanding examples to the contrary.It appeared that in some schools chemistry was regarded as one of the less remunerative of the professions and that schoolmasters were apt to direct the boys with the best brains into professions, such as the law, in which higher emoluments were, ceteris paribus, to be expected. Nevertheless, although this was still true of chemistry, it was rapidly becoming less so and it was probable that at no distant future the financial position of the scientific worker would have materially improved, and, when this happened, more boys of higher mental calibre would be attracted towards a scientific career.The development of a chemist was now almost stereotyped up to the point when he commenced to specialise for some specific career. Above all, it was desirable that specialisation should not occur at too early an age and that no student should begin to specialise until he had been trained in the fundamental principles of chemistry and physics, with such mathematics as he might be capable of absorbing. If engineering, with workshop practice and machine drawing could be added, it would be all to the good, Essentially there were three careers open to the student, namely: (I) Academic, (2) Industrial, (3) Research. No one should be advised to enter on an academic career unless he had a definite ‘‘flair ” for teaching and research.An industrial career should be followed by those who had a tendency to succeed in this connection, but it could not be too strongly emphasised that little or no success could be hoped for unless the student were thoroughly grounded in the fundamental principles underlying the science on which the industry he was to follow is based. Moreover, the mere attainment of a degree standard in an honours school was not enough. The student to be efficient must have undergone a further two or, at least, one year’s training in postgraduate work,-work which might either enable him to specialise in some particular branch such as chemical engineering (i.e. engineering as applied to chemistry), or a general training in research methods. It was not the business of the universities to train students in the minutize of technical practice.The trained brain could readily and rapidly pick up such details in the factory. Those who wished to undertake research, and there were many important oppor-tunities of successinthis field, would be well advised to undertake 439 two years’ training in research after graduation. The field open to those who selected research for their career was a very large one especially in those subjects which were related to two or more sciences such as biochemistry, agricultural chemistry, the chemistry of food, and so forth. An increasing numker of sciences were becoming dependent on chemistry and it was doubtful whether it would be possible to continue, for much longer, the development of biochemistry along the empirical lines required by physiology.The only hope appeared to be by means of the now accepted method of the application of structural organic chemistry to biochemical problems. The destiny of the chemist was therefore bright, and in the near future he would take a leading part in the discovery of some of the essential factors underlying the principles of life. Without doubt those discoveries would lead to the better under- standing of disease and would in this way do much to mitigate human suffering and distress. Whether or not it would lead to the elucidation of the meaning of life was an open question. In the evening, members attended a dinner at the Palace Hotel, where the President and Mrs.Thorpe were the guests of honour. Other distinguished guests included the Lord and Lady Provost of Aberdeen), Professor A. Souter (Deputy Vice- Chancellor of the University of Aberdeen), and Mrs. Souter, Sir John B. Orr (Director of the Rowett Research Institute) and Lady Orr, Dr. W. G. Ogg (Director of the Macaulay Institute for Soil Research) and Mrs. Ogg. Professor Alex. Findlay (Chairman of the Section) occupied the chair. The toast of “The Institute of Chemistry ” was proposed by Lord Provost Watt, who declared that he had some connection with chemistry as his father had served his time as a druggist! If it had done nothing else, it helped him to become a journalist, for in the intervals of fitting leeches he spent his time studying shorthand in the “back shop” and read every printed word that he could lay his hand on.(Applause.) He referred to the history of the Institute which, founded in 1877, had now well over six thousand members. It had done a great deal to further the study of chemistry and was recognised throughout the world as the premier professional body in chemistry in this country. The Royal Charter was granted to the Institute in 1885, and it was interesting to him (the Lord Provost) to note 440 that one of the pre-Charter Fellows was Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins, who was president of the British Association in 1933, and with whom he had many dealings, not only in making the arrangements, but also during the very successful conference of that body in Aberdeen.If Sir Frederick was a chemist, he was a type which was to be encouraged, for a more charming, more humble and more able gentleman he had never met. (Applause.) The Lord Provost made particular reference to Aberdeen’s connection with and contribution to chemistry. Aberdeen, he said, had a long and honourable history in the teaching of chemistry. In 1783 the Chair of Chemistry was founded by the widow of Principal Thomas Blackwell, the younger, who be- queathed the lands of Polmuir, from which there was a revenue of l40 per year, and also gave ~GIO per year for a prize essay. In 1790 the most fashionable London physician, Sir William Fordyce, who was the son of a Provost of Aberdeen and was educated at Marischal College, bequeathed jG~ooofor a lectureship in agricultural chemistry and natural history.In Aberdeen there were very old woollen and paper industries, in which the chemical operations of bleaching and dyeing were carried out, and there was also the long-established chemical works in which the Town Council was particularly interested. Coal tar from the gas works was distilled, and the offal from the great fishing industry of Aberdeen was converted into fertilisers. It was very satisfactory that these industries were going strong up to the present day. (Applause.) Coupling with the toast the name of the President of the Institute, the Lord Provost said that Professor Thorpe had, in his capacity as Professor of Organic Chemistry at the Imperial College of Science, done noble work for his country, not only during the war, but also for the safety of mines and in connection with dyestuffs, about which he was probably the world’s greatest authority.(Applause.) In replying to the toast, Professor Thorpe referred to some of the achievements of the Institute since its incorporation. They had seen the introduction of the teaching of chemistry into many of the newer universities where it had not previously had a place, and had done much to look after the interests of those chemists who were unable, through lack of time or money, to attend university classes. Any chemist who wanted advice had only to go to the Institute and he would be given every help and assistance in his work.(Applause.) 441 He was glad to announce that a working agreement had been come to by the Chemical Society, the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institute, so that a joint council had been formed among them. Not only would that result in very much-needed help being given to the Chemical Society, which was a publishing society, but also for the building up of a great scientific library which would be the finest in the world, a scheme which he had very much at heart. (Applause.) The toast of “The Guests” was proposed, in a speech full of humour and anecdote, by Dr. J. F. Tocher, who recalled how he had once been arrested as a spy. During the war he had the job of measuring up the soldiers and classifying their health, and in that capacity he visited a certain military camp.He was looked upon with great suspicion and was brought before several people. It was not until an Aberdonian, who held a prominent position, vouched for him that he was released. Replying, Professor A. Souter said that the Department of Chemistry was now one of the largest and most efficient in the University. He hoped that the presence of Professor Thorpe in Aberdeen would help to impress on the public the value of the members of the Institute. It would be impossible to ex- aggerate the importance of their researches to the life of humanity. If the health of the people had improved, if the expectation of life was much longer, much of the credit was due to chemists and to the Institute.If they had also contributed to the destruction of humanity it had not been by desire but by painful necessity. (Applause.) Sir John Orr, who also replied, expressed his appreciation of the President’s visit and appealed to the Institute to do what it could to improve the status and salaries of junior chemists. The dinner concluded with the toast of “The Chairman,” proposed by Professor J. Hendrick, and “Bon-Accord,” proposed by the Lord Provost. Aberdeen, Edinburgh and G1asgow.-The Scottish Sec- tions of the Institute celebrated the Charter Jubilee by a Dinner and Dance held at the North British Hotel, Edinburgh, on 22nd November. Dr. Birkett Wylam presided, the company numbered over 150, and the guests included-Bailie Aldridge, the Lord Advocate, Mr.T. M. Cooper, K.C., M.P., Sir H. Arthur Rose, Bart., Sir William McKechnie, the President and Mrs. Thorpe, and the Registrar and Mrs. Pilcher. The Lord Advocate, in proposing the toast of “The Institute of Chemistry,” remarked that he was not a chemist in any sense of that elastic expression. His interests had lately been centred rather on electors than on electrons. The thing that impressed him most about chemists was their amazing disrespect for anti- quity, so dear to the legal temperament, and the propensity which they had developed for turning the foundations of their science upside down on the slightest provocation. The science of chemistry and the profession represented there that night had undoubtedly conferred untold benefits on mankind during the fifty years of the Institute’s corporate existence.With regard to the social and economic difficulties of the world to-day, he believed that their profession had the imagination and the ability to grapple with them and to achieve much for the country. Dr. Birkett Wylam, Chairman of the Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section, replying, said that in almost every industry, laboratory control had been substituted for rule of thumb methods of working, and the firm which still believed that it could do without the chemist and physicist was heading for disaster. It could not be denied that science had caused unemployment, but the fault should not be laid entirely at the door of the man of science. The politician and the economist had been slow to understand science, and to appreciate the effects of scientific evolution.The scientist, however, could not escape the conse- quences of his researches, nor could he expect others to accept the whole of the responsibility of controlling the forces which he himself had set loose. In the past he had been much too deeply engrossed in his own work to trouble about the effects of its development upon humanity. The time had come when he must shoulder his responsibilities and apply himself to the solution of the problems of civilisation, and not spend his whole time in the laboratory prying still more deeply into the secrets of nature. How many scientists, true scientist s-Dr . Wylam asked-were to be found in the House of Commons to-day? How many among the Councillors of Edinburgh or Glasgow ? Few, very few.We had the anomaly of the scientist, the most important man in the modern world, taking little, if any, cognisance of the control of scientific evolution. Scientists must think for themselves and not be content to allow others to accept their burdens. He hoped to see closer collaboration between the societies connected with chemistry, and further co-operation with other branches of science ,-physics ,engineering and medicine,-until they had 443 a solid body of scientific opinion, a power in the land, whose policy and whose dictum the nation must hear and must heed. The Registrar of the Institute proposed the toast of “The Lord Provost, the Magistrates, and the City of Edinburgh.” He said that everybody should be thankful to men who, like the Lord Provost and Magistrates, accepted great responsibility and gave their valuable time to the service of the community.Edin-burgh-the northern Athens-had been renowned as a city of learning from the sixteenth century. Its association with chemis- try recalled many great names,-Cullen, Black, Playfair, Crum Brown, Perkin and Walker. It was partly due to Playfair, as Lord Playfair, that the petition, fifty years ago, for a Royal Charter for an hitherto unrecognised profession was successful. The Registrar also reminded the Scottish Sections of four Past Presidents from that side of the Tweed,-Professor John Millar Thomson, Sir George Beilby, Sir James Dobbie, and Professor George Gerald Henderson, to whom the Institute and the pro- fession generally were deeply grateful for valuable services.He added that he would like to take the opportunity of congratulating the Scottish Sections on their organisation and activity, and on their happy thought of coming together to celebrate the Charter Jubilee. The Local Sections did most valuable work in spreading the knowledge of what chemistry did and could do for the common good. Bailie Aldridge, in acknowledging the toast, said that he could claim to be a chemist and to be at home among them. Forty years ago, when he had gone into the brewing industry, in a small brewery in England, they had a laboratory, the equipment of which consisted of a Bunsen burner and two test tubes.There was also a row of bottles which were unlabelled and therefore seldom used! The President of the Institute being called upon to propose the toast of “The Trade of Scotland” referred to the many various developments in different industries in Scotland, and in doing so, remarked that he was particularly interested to know that a firm in Glasgow was putting up what would be one of the largest plants in existence for producing coke. That interested him particularly from the point of view of a chemist, because the by-products of a plant of that kind were exceedingly valuable. He remarked that Sir Arthur Rose had a formidable task in front of him as Commissioner for Special Areas in Scotland, that he 444 was tackling the problem in a businesslike manner, and had already made material progress.Sir Arthur Rose, in reply, said that the progress of chemistry and science had helped to create the difficulties facing them to-day; but the co-operation of technical knowledge and wisdom with the practical application of the business man held out a hope for the future. He thought that in regard to the trade of the country generally there had been an inclination to neglect the shareholder too much. He was satisfied that business could not improve until capital was considered as well as the provision of labour. Industries must be restored to a profitable basis as well as made to provide labour. Their Chairman that night, said Sir Arthur Rose, had been the principal instrument in organising a gas grid for the more economical distribution of gas in the West of Scotland.A Committee of the Board of Trade was going into the whole matter, and the possibility of such a Committee being set up was due almost entirely to Dr. Wylam. Sir William McKechnie replied to the toast of “The Guests,” proposed by Dr. P. F. Gordon. Mr. S. H. Hastie, in proposing the health of the Chairman, referred to the valuable services which Dr. Wylam had rendered in connection with the work of the Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section of the Institute. Dr. Birkett Wylam, in acknowledging the toast, took the opportunity to thank the Secretary and members of the Dinner Committee for their work, which had resulted in a most successful function.Belfast and District.-On 6th November, at the Royal Belfast Academical Institution, Professor R. G. Baskett, Chair- man of the Section, gave a lecture on 66 Modern Fertilisers and their Use in Practice,” of which the following is a brief abstract. It is now nearly IOO years since the introduction of artificial fertilisers into farming practice. Much of the early experimental work was carried out by (Sir) John Bennet Lawes and his co- worker (Sir) Joseph Henry Gilbert, at Rothamsted. Since those days enormous advances had been made until at the present time the world consumption of artificial manures had reached the figure of approximately 40 million tons. 445 The lecturer described the results of various fertiliser trials which emphasised not only the need of crops for individual plant nutrients but also the importance of the balance of the nutrients in artificial fertiliser mixtures.Concrete examples of this were drawn from experiments carried out at Rothamsted and by Dr. Scott Robertson in Essex and in Northern Ireland. Cheap supplies of ammonium salts had been made possible by the com- mercial preparation of synthetic nitrogen compounds made from atmospheric nitrogen and this had resulted in the production of the more concentrated fertilisers which had recently appeared on the market. These new fertilisers had much to commend them in the ease of sowing and in smaller transport costs.In certain isolated cases on rather abnormal soils they had not given as good results as the old mixtures, but it had been shown in many cases that the addition of small quantities of substances which happened to be present in the older fertilisers had done away with the deficiencies of the newer mixtures. The Charter Jubilee was celebrated at the Tenth Annual Dinner of the Section held in the Craigavon Room of the Grand Central Hotel, Belfast, on zznd November. Professor R. G. Baskett presided and there was a good attendance of members and friends. The principal guests of the evening were Mr. D. H. Alexander, Principal of the College of Technology, and Dr. A. G. G. Leonard, Member of Council, and Honorary Secretary of the Irish Free State Section of the Institute.After the loyal toasts had been honoured, Mr. Alexander proposed “The Institute,” to which the Chairman replied. Mr. J. C. A. Brierley proposed “The Visitors,” which was acknowledged by Dr. Leonard. During the evening, through the kindness of Mr. J. Carroll Culbert, a number of films were shown, including one taken of a party of members of the Section when they visited the garden of Mr. J. I. Armytage Moore in April last. Birmingham and Midlands.-At a Joint Meeting with the Birmingham University Biochemical Society, held at the Birmingham University on the 5th December, Professor T. P. Hilditch delivered an address on “A Survey of the Chemical Constitution of Reserve Fats.” The component acids of natural fats are numerous, but the number of major component acids in any one fat (or even one 446 group of fats) is usually small.The glyceride structure of nearly all natural fats tends towards that in which the fatty acids are distributed evenly throughout all the triglyceride molecules : modifications of, or partial exceptions to, this rule are seen in certain fruit-coat fats and in the depot and milk-fats of herbi- vorous (and possibly other) animals. Oleic, palmitic and linoleic acids are the major components of nearly all fruit-coat fats, very many seed-fats, and not a few animal depot fats; in the latter palmitic acid usually forms 25-30 per cent. of the total fatty acids, but in the vegetable kingdom its proportion is usually much lower and may be as low as 2-3 per cent.In many other seed-fats a specific acid (nearly always common to an entire botanical family, or, at least, genus) may also be prominent, e.g., erucic (Cruciferae), petroselinic (Umbellifeme), lauric and myristic (Palmae), or stearic (Gztttiferae, Sapotaceae) . In fats from aquatic animals and vegetation, there is a complex mixture of unsaturated acids of varying carbon content, with relatively high unsaturation in the C,, and C,, series. The general proportions of each group of acids vary according to the origin of the fats, e.g., from freshwater or marine animals (Lovern). The depot fats of reptiles and amphibians (Klenk), rodents and birds (Hilditch) have been shown to have compositions intermediate between those of land and aquatic animals.Review of the large amount of presented data concerning the origin and analysis of the various fats leads to the following conclusions which are of especial biochemical interest :-(I) From a comparison of the fully-saturated glyceride con- tent of artificially hydrogenated fats and of animal depot fats it appears that the stearic glycerides, in which the latter are rich, have been laid down as a result of satura- tion of pre-formed oleic glycerides. The occurrence in small quantities of palmitoleic and of highly-unsaturated CzeZz acids (formerly considered to be “aquatic” in type), in the depot fats of the lower animals and reptiles, is paralleled by the presence of these acids in larger proportions in their liver glycerides (and probably in those of higher animals), while in the liver phosphatides, according to the latest work of Klenk and others, the amount of C-acids is markedly increased, mainly at 447 the expense of oleic and linoleic acids, as compared with liver glycerides. These results have an important bearing on current theories concerning the formation of liver fatty acids; the idea of simple “desaturation” is shown at once to be beside the point, since the increased unsaturation is due to acids of different carbon content in the three groups, liver phosphatides, liver glycerides and depot fat.Moreover, the essential difference between the fatty acids of liver phosphatides and glycerides of the same animal suggests caution in assuming that one is the precursor of the other.Lovern’s analyses of organ and depot fats of the porpoise prove that isovaleric glycerides, the peculiar feature of porpoise and dolphin fats, are concentrated in certain depots (especially the jaw and head) but are absent from the liver and other organs. It is difficult to reconcile these facts with the hypothesis that the liver is the seat of fat formation in the animal. The repeated occurrence of 3, 6, or g carbon chains between centres of unsaturation in the natural unsaturated fats is observed. This is possibly of significance in the consideration of biological synthesis of fatty acids from carbohydrates. Bristol and South-Western Counties.-A lecture on ‘‘ Problems of River Pollution ’’ was delivered on 2nd December, at Bristol University, by Dr. A.Parker, Assistant Director of Water Pollution Research under the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, before the Bristol and South-Western Counties Sections of the Institute and the Society of Chemical Industry. Professor W. E. Garner presided. Dr. Parker described some interesting methods of dealing with sewage and trade effluents with the object of reducing the pollution of rivers and streams. Dr. Parker has supplied the following pr6cis:- Serious deterioration in the condition of the rivers in various parts of this country began with the development of modern industry during the last century and the crowding of the popula- tion in the industrial areas. In the first half of the century large quantities of domestic sewage and practically all waste waters from manufacturing processes were discharged, without any 448 form of preliminary treatment, into the nearest streams.Con-ditions became so bad that by the middle of the century the rivers and streams in the densely populated areas were little better than open foul-smelling sewers. During the second half of the century, largely owing to the work of several Royal Commissions and the powers conferred by the Rivers Pollution Prevention Act, there was some improvement in the condition of several rivers in industrial areas. In the last few decades, new industries have been developed, factories have been set up in areas not previously industrialised, and there have been consequent movements in the population. These changes have led to the pollution of many rivers and streams which were comparatively pure until a few years ago.Further, the growth of the population is increasing the work of disposal of sewage, and improved sanitation is causing a greater demand for supplies of water of good chemical and bacteriological quality. Increasingly large quantities of comparatively pure water are also required for agricultural and industrial processes. Another factor to be taken into account is that available sources, surface and underground, are gradually being allocated, and many rivers, which are to some extent polluted, are already being utilised as sources of supply, after treatment, for domestic and industrial purposes.Fortunately, it is becoming realised that uncontrolled dis- charge of polluting wastes adversely affects not only the health and recreations of the population, but also the interests of industry, agriculture and fisheries. There are, for example, many instances in which unrestricted discharges of waste liquids from factories have rendered water supplies most easily accessible to adjacent factories quite unfit, except after costly treatment, for the purposes for which they are required. Clean da,iry products, for example, are impossible without plentiful supplies of pure water. With regard to the disposal of domestic sewage there are methods of treatment in use in many districts, particularly in the larger inland towns, whereby the sewage liquid can be purified sufficiently to allow of its discharge into rivers and streams without causing serious pollution. These methods, however, are an expense to the community and the total costs including sewerage amount to several shillings per year per head of the population.The expense is undoubtedly justified, but it is highly probable that by systematic scientific investigation the 449 methods can be improved or rendered less costly. One problem which has not yet been satisfactorily solved is that of the disposal of sewage sludge. Some of the sludge after a certain amount of drying is sold as a fertiliser but it does not always find a ready market.So far as trade effluents are concerned, there is an enormous amount of work ahead before practicable methods of dealing in an entirely satisfactory manner with the waste waters from all the various trade and manufacturing processes in operation to-day will be discovered. In addition, new processes and in- dustries are certain to be developed from time to time and these will bring with them new problems of disposal of wastes. In attempting to solve any problem of treatment and disposal of trade wastes, the first step should always be to consider the practicability, taking costs into account, of so modifying the manufacturing processes that the wastes need not be produced or their quantity and polluting character can be reduced.There is frequently the possibility of recovering products of value from the wastes and at the same time improving their quality. The next step is to find satisfactory methods of treatment and dis- posal of the remaining effluents. The Water Pollution Research Board, appointed by the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research in 1927,has initiated a number of investigations in connection with the treatment and disposal of waste waters from beet sugar factories, the treatment and disposal of effluents from dairies and milk products factories, the base-exchange process of water softening, the causes of the corrosive and lead dissolving action of certain waters on mains and service pipes, and chemical and biological problems associated with processes of purification of sewage.In addition, a comprehensive chemical, biological and hydrographical survey of the River Tees has been carried out and an investiga- tion of the River Mersey is in progress. The quantity of waste water from a beet sugar factory of average size is approximately three or four million gallons per day. These wastes, if discharged untreated into a stream, would have about the same polluting effect as the domestic sewage from a population of several hundred thousand people, and the waste waters from all the factories in this country would be equivalent to the domestic sewage from a population of several millions. The investigations completed by the Water Pollution Research Board, however, have shown that after simple preliminary 450 treatment the waste waters can be re-used in the factory processes and there need be little or no effluent for disposal.If necessary the effluent can be effectively purified before discharge by biologi- cal oxidation in percolating filters. With regard to the problem of disposal of effluents from dairies and milk products factories, the work of the Board has already indicated that the washings from churns, other equipment and factory premises can be satisfactorily purified by oxidation by means of percolating filters or by the activated sludge process. These processes, which are similar to those in operation at many sewage disposal works, are now being examined on a large scale in experiments being carried out with the co-operation of the industry.This investigation does not aim at destroying such by-products as whey, skim milk and buttermilk, which are of considerable value as food and should be utilised. The character of the effluents from dairies and milk products factories is indicated by the fact that the polluting effect of the washing wa.ters from a milk-collecting and distributing depot handling 10,000gallons of milk per day is about the same as that of the domestic sewage from a population of 1,000people. As the total quantity of milk produced in this country is more than 1,000 million gallons per annum, the total quantity of waste washing waters is roughly equivalent to the sewage from a population of 400,000. If whey is discharged to a stream instead of being utilised, its effects may be disastrous, as whey is at least IOO times as polluting in character as an equal volume of domestic sewage.Those who contributed to the discussion included Mr. E. Russell, Mr. R. H. Ellis, Mr. Oman Jones, Dr. A. C. Monkhouse and Professor Garner. A vote of thanks was accorded the lecturer on the proposition of Dr. E. B. Maxted. At a meeting of the Section, held on 4th November, at the University of Bristol, Dr. W. G. Savage, President of the Society of Medical Officers of Health, and Medical Officer of Health, Somerset, gave a lecture on ‘‘ Scientific Problems of Milk Pasteurisation.” of which he has kindly provided the following pr6cis :-The title is deliberately chosen so as to exclude the controver- sial problems of pasteurisation which, when the pseudo-scientific matters which are often introduced are excluded, really resolve into questions of administrative expediency and changes of commercial practices.On the scientific side, apart from the accepted and recognised risks of raw milk, the main questions are, does pasteurisation make milk safe and does it affect the nutritive qualities of milk? There is no question as to the efficiency of pasteurisation, when properly performed, since the experimental evidence is complete and conclusive. In this country the only officially recognised method is to heat the milk to 145’--15o’F. and hold it between these temperatures for 30 minutes. A lower temperature is accepted in USA.and the experimental work shows that this is reliable, but a larger margin of safety is pres- cribed in this country. Such heat conditions destroy tubercle bacilli and all other pathogenic bacteria likely to be found in milk. So much work has been done on the chemical changes caused by pasteurisation that we can speak with some assurance. The proportion of soluble calcium is reduced by about 6 per cent., and possibly the phosphates by about the same amount, while there is partial destruction of Vitamin C. Vitamin C is present in such small and variable amounts in milk that it is always wise to supplement it, so that this partial destruction hardly matters. The insignificant losses of calcium and phosphorus are definite advantages, since cows’ milk contains several times as much of them as human milk and so far as it goes it tends to make cows’ milk a little more comparable with human milk and to that extent it is an advantage.The very authoritative Report of the Committee on Cattle Diseases in 1934summed up the matter very fairly : “An unprejudiced survey of the evidence available to-day will leave on most minds a conviction that any recognisable changes of quality induced in milk by pasteurisation rightly conducted are as a whole too small to outweigh the great advan- tage inherent in the protection from infection which the treatment secures and in the public confidence which it inspires.” Important problems do however arise in securing that pasteurisation is efficiently performed. Having to hold the milk at the given temperature adds to the possibility of error.The pasteurisation plant may be incorrectly designed or improperly used. Possible defects are excess of “foam,” dead ends, defective outlet valves, incorrect time control apparatus, inefficient means or usage as regards holding the milk at the correct temperature and inadequate care and sterilisation of the cooler. All these 462 are defects which can be recognised without much difficulty but demand efficient and trained inspectors. A very great aid to efficient control is the provision of automatic recorders which provide permanent records of the actual temperature at which all the milk was held and the precise time for which such holding continued. These need to be placed at the correct places, to be checked from time to time and to be preserved for examination by the visiting inspectors.An integral part of any system of pasteurisation is a staff of trained and efficient inspectors. Further assistance in both checking the working of a pas-teurisation plant and seeing that the milk is kept subsequently under proper conditions is furnished by bacteriological examina- tions. At present only one standard is required, i.e. that the bacteria should be not more than IOO,OOO per cubic centimetre at any time before delivery to the consumer. Other standards may be advanced and found of service. Several chemical tests have been tried and the most recent- that of an estimate of the amount of enzyme phosphatase- promises to be of signal service.This enzyme is present in all milk and fortunately is destroyed under almost exactly the same conditions of time and temperature as that required for official pasteurisation. If therefore it is found to be still present it is evidence of faulty pasteurisation conditions. A reliable method of estimation which can readily be carried out has been evolved which measures the amount of phosphatase present. We are therefore in a position not merely to say whether or not heat treatment has been given but to measure the degree of efficiency or of inefficiency. At present it is unofficial and further scientific work is required, but it seems to be most reliable.Stress is laid upon the possibility of faults in pasteurisation plants, but it should be emphasised that most modern plants are well designed and reliable and not difficult to keep in order. Bymeans of inspection and bacteriological and chemical tests, it is comparatively easy to keep accurate control of all plants and to ensure that they are turning out what is required, i.e., a milk which is safe when pasteurised, from the risk of conveying disease and which is unimpaired as regards its nutritive qualities. The meeting was presided over by Professor W. E. Garner. A discussion followed in which the following participated :-Messrs. F. E. Needs, H. F. Barke and R. H. Ellis. A vote of thanks was accorded the lecturer on the proposition of Dr.R. H. 453 Parry, Medical Officer for Bristol, seconded by Mr. J. A. Robin-son, Chief Foods Inspector, Bristol. On 30th November a representative gathering of the members of the Section met at 13, Eaton Crescent, Clifton, at the kind invitation of Dr. A. C. Fryer. After tea and some music, Dr. Fryer gave a short illustrated .lecture, dealing with the architectural features of several cathe- drals and many points of archaeological interest. Later Dr. Fryer showed several illustrations of early caricatures. Professor W. E. Garner expressed the thanks of the members, referring to Dr. Fryer’s many and varied interesting activities. Cape.-At a joint meeting of the Cape Section of the Institute with the Cape Chemical and Technological Society, held at the Martin Melck House, Cape Town, on 28th June, Mr.W. P. Hirst gave an address on “Petroleum as a Source of New Chemical Industries.” Following a brief survey of the history of the petroleum industry, Mr. Hirst showed the important part played by petro- leum products in modern technology and proceeded to discuss a large number of by-products, formerly regarded as chemical curiosities, which are now available on the large scale and finding wide scope in industry. A number of these were exhibited and their uses explained. Mr. Hirst was warmly complimented on his address. On 30th August, members of the Section paid a visit to the works of J. & A. Buchanan, Ltd., manufacturing confectioners, at Sir Lowry Road, Cape Town.On 11th October, at the Martin Melck House, Dr. W. S. Rapson gave an address on (‘The Vitamins.” Col. J. G. Rose presided and there was a very good attendance. The lecturer dealt with the general nature of the experiments which had led to the isolation of the vitamins. The use of chemi- cal as well as biological methods of assay, he said, had greatly accelerated the investigations of individual vitamins. Up to the present five vitamins had been isolated or prepared in the pure state. Two of these had already been synthesised in the laboratory, and the structures of the other three were known with a fair degree of certainty. 454 Besides these, other vitamins were known or suspected to exist. In considering the individual vitamins, the lecturer dealt briefly with their physiological importance and with the principles underlying their extraction from various sources. More attention was given to their chemical investigation and in particular to the recent investigations of vitamins B, and B,, which have been carried out by R.Williams and by Richard Kuhn and their collaborators. Finally, brief reference was made to the anti- sterility vitamin-vitamin E-and to the evidence for the exis- tence of further components of the B complex. Discussion followed. East Midlands.-A meeting of Fellows and Associates resident in the district of Derby, Nottingham, Leicestei and Loughborough was held at the Technical College, Derby, on 31st October, 1935,to consider the desirability of making applica- tion to the Council of the Institute for the formation of a new Section for the area indicated.The Registrar of the Institute was in attendance, and was requested to open the proceedings. He explained that earlier in the year a number of members in the neighbourhood of Derby had addressed a letter to the Council stating that they were invited to attend meetings in the neighbourhood of Derby of other scientific and technical societies, but that no provision existed whereby the Institute could reciprocate the hospitality extended to them by other Societies. They asked whether they might be authorised to make arrangements for at least one meeting a year. In reply, the Council had suggested that members in Derby and Nottingham might become attached to the new South Yorkshire Section; but as this suggestion did not appear to be acceptable, the Council had directed that a circular letter be issued to the members in Derby, Notts and Leicester asking them whether they would favour the formation of a Local Section.The great majority of replies had been in the affirmative; in fact, there was scarcely any opposition, but one member had suggested possible competi- tion with the Society of Chemical Industry in the Nottingham area. The Council, having given permission to the members in Derbyshire to arrange a meeting, it was felt that the opportunity might be taken to submit for discussion the advisability of applying to the Council for the formation of a Local Section of 455 the Institute to include the districts of Derby, Nottingham, Leicester and Loughborough.The proposal was thereupon discussed by the members present, who unanimously agreed that an application be made to the Council forthwith to form a new Local Section for the area indicated, to be known as the East Midlands Section. A Provisional Committee was appointed as follows :-Derby: Messrs. Ronald Davidson, E. A. Morris and L. G. Tomlinson; Nottingham: Dr. H. H. Barber, or other member of the staff of University College, Nottingham, G. F. Hall and W. Woodhouse; Leicester and Loughborough: Dr. George Malcolm Dyson, Dr. Louis Hunter and Mr. F. C. Bullock. Dr. Dyson was appointed Chairman of the Committee, and Mr.C. W. North, Honorary Secretary. The thanks of the meeting were expressed to Mr. H. C. Olpin, Mr. T. P. Dee and their colleagues, who had initiated the movement, and to the Registrar, for his attendance and assistance in the proceedings. Glasgow and West of Scotland.-The first meeting of the Session was held, jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry, in the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, on 4th October, when Dr. J. Sword gave an interesting address on ‘*The Chemist in the Food Store.” A full report of the lecture and discussion appeared in Chemis-try and Industry for 25th October (Vol. 54, No. 43). The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in the Engineers’ and Shipbuilders’ Institute, Elmbank Crescent, Glasgow, on 18th October, when the following office-bearers and Members of Committee were elected for the session 1935-36:-Chairman : Dr.P. F. Gordon; Vice-chairman : Mr. H. Findlay; Hon. Secretary : Mr. A. R. Jamieson; Hon. Treasurer : Dr. T. S. Stevens; Hon. Assist. Secretary :Mr. H. G. A. Anderson. Mem-bers of Committee : Messrs. J. Armour, T. Gray, J. McLean and J. A. Macnair. Mr. G. D. Muir was elected Hon. Auditor. The Report of the Hon. Secretary on the proceedings of the past session was received and adopted. At the conclusion of the business the members inspected an exhibition of technical books, covering a wide field of pure and 456 applied chemistry and allied sciences, kindly arranged by Messrs. John Smith & Son (Glasgow), Ltd., to whom the Chairman expressed the thanks of the Section.Huddersfie1d.-The opening meeting of the Huddersfield Section was held on 15th October, in Field’s Caf6. Mr. W. D. Scouller presided and among those present were local members of the National Federation of Launderers and members of the technical staff of Messrs. Thos. Broadbent & Sons, Ltd. Mr. A. P. Mieras gave a lecture entitled:- ‘‘Laundering.” The lecture was illustrated by a number of excellent lantern slides showing the great strides the industry has made, especially during the last 13 years, to a great extent due to the policy of the British Launderers Research Association. Mr. Mieras men- tioned that still greater progress was hoped for in the future by co-operation between the industry and the textile research associations.Mr. Mieras described the operation and organisation of a modem laundry in detail, and dispelled many erroneous ideas as to the treatment received by the articles. A discussion followed in which the Chairman, Mr. Randolph, Mr. Corby, Mr. Frank Broadbent, Mr. Nicholls and many others took part. A vote of thanks was proposed by Dr. Livingstone and seconded by Mr. Frank Broadbent, on behalf of the visitors. The November meeting of the Section took the form of a visit to Messrs. Thos. Broadbent & Sons, Ltd., Central Ironworks, Huddersfield. A large party of members and friends were shown the many and intricate operations which go towards the manu- facture of modern hydroextractors and other similar machinery.The party was particularly interested in the latest type of oxy-coal- gas flame for cutting steel and in the newest automatic self- timing hydroextractor for use in laundries. After a two hours’ tour, refreshments were served in the canteen and a vote of thanks to the management for kindly permitting the visit and to those members of the staff who acted as guides, for their courtesy in replying to the many questions, was proposed by Mr. Waller and seconded by Mr. Anderson. Mr. Frank Broadbent responded on behalf of Messrs. Thos. Broadbent & Sons, Ltd. 457 Irish Free State.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in University College, Dublin, on 20th Novem- ber, Mr.B. G. Fagan presiding. The Hon. Treasurer’s balance sheet was presented and approved. The committee was elected as follows :-Mews. J. Bell, B. G. Fagan, G. Van B. Gilmour, A. G. G. Leonard, J. H. Millar, T. J. Nolan, A. O’Farrelly, J. W. Parkes. The meeting approved of Dr. Bell’s nomination as District Member of Council. Dr. Leonard was asked to convey the good wishes of the meeting to the Belfast Section at their Charter Jubilee Dinner on 2znd November. A new rule was approved:-“That the period of office of Chairman shall not exceed three consecutive years.” A meeting of the Section was held on 30th October, in Trinity College, Dublin,-Mr. B. G. Fagan presiding. Dr. W. R. Fearon demonstrated some titration methods which he had found useful in physiological work.Determination of SuZ9hate.-Rhodozonic acid is used as indi- cator. It is preserved in powder form, mixed with powdered potassium chloride in a proportion to contain 0-1per cent. of the indicator, which is unstable in solution. For use in titration I to 3 gr. of the mixture is dissolved in a few c.c.’s of water and 10C.C. of 0.1N barium chloride solution added, when a red-brown colour develops. The mixture is titrated with the sulphate solution, which should be within the range of 0’01N to IN. The end-point is reached when the red colour of the solution is completely changed to pale yellow. If free acid be present the change is from red to colourless. In Dr. Fearon’s opinion, greater accuracy is attained in slightly alkaline solution.Determination of Chloride.-Tartrazin is used as indicator in the form of a 0.1per cent. aqueous solution. Five drops of this are added for every 5 C.C. silver nitrate acidified with nitric acid. On running in the chloride solution, the silver chloride which settles out adsorbs the indicator, becoming yellow itself and leaving a colourless supernatant liquid. As soon as excess of chloride is added the silver chloride becomes white and the liquid yellow. The end-point is sharp. Fehling’s Sugar Reaction.-Addition of two drops of a 5 per cent. solution of CaCI, or BaC1, to a Fehling titration mixture at 468 the final stage of titration, followed by a momentary boiling, causes a rapid flocculation and separation of the copper reduction products.It has been shown, however, by Eynon and Lane (1923)that the presence of alkaline earth metals can interfere seriously with the accuracy of the Fehling method, and for this reason the suggested technique is chiefly of value in the clinical estimation of reducing sugars in albuminous urine where the presence of protective colloids may inhibit completely the separation of the copper reduction products. By employing not more than a couple of drops of the calcium reagent, and adding it only towards the close of the reaction, the error is not large, and is compensated for in clinical work by the sharpness of the end-point. The meeting concluded with a hearty vote of thanks to Dr. Fearon for his interesting demonstration. Leeds Area.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on the 25th November, at the University of Leeds,-Mr.G. J. Denbigh in the Chair. The Report and Financial Statement were adopted. Mr. A. C. Francis, Mr. G. Hagues, Dr. J. A. Jessop and Mr. J. M. Wishart were elected to serve on the Committee. Mr. J. T. Thompson and Mr. A. Woodmansey were elected Honorary Auditors, and Dr. H. Burton was re-elected Honorary Secretary and Treasurer. The Chairman referred to the illness of Dr. Burton, and a resolution was unanimously adopted, expressing the warm appreciation of the members for the work which he has done for the Section and their best wishes for his complete recovery. Dr. F. A. Masongave a lecture on 66 The Technical Utilisation of Acetylene and Acetaldehyde.” Great advances have been made during the last two decades in the utilisation of acetylene as a chemical raw material. While the main source of the gas is still the action of water on calcium carbide, recent developments suggest the possibility of preparing it by heating hydrocarbon oils or gases in an electric arc.Dr. Mason dealt with four main aspects of the utilisation of acetylene, viz., chloroderivatives, acetaldehyde and its deriva- tives, vinyl compounds and plastics, and synthetic rubber. The 459 chloroderivatives, comprising tetrachloroethane, trichloro-ethylene, dichloroe t h ylene, pent achloroe t hane and hexachloro- ethane, are useful non-inflammable solvents, trichloroethylene in particular being very largely used now for dry-cleaning.The latter is also a starting material for the production of chloracetic acid and there is a very interesting direct synthesis of phenyl glycine (for synthetic indigo) from aniline and trichloroethylene in presence of milk of lime. The lecturer next described the process operated by the Shawinigan Co., Ltd., of Canada, in which over I,OOO,OOO cubic feet of acetylene per day are utilised for the manufacture of acetaldehyde, acetic acid, acetic anhydride, vinyl acetate and other products, the plant having a capacity of about 17,500tons of glacial acetic acid per annum. In this country the process is worked to a smaller extent at Billingham, but a great part of the glacial acetic acid required for the acetyl cellulose industry is prepared near Hull by British Industrial Solvents, Ltd.In this case the necessary acetalde- hyde is prepared by catalytic dehydrogenation of ethyl alcohol over a heated silver-gauze catalyst; the greater part of the alde- hyde is then oxidised by air in presence of a manganese catalyst, the total capacity of the works being some 10,000tons glacial acetic acid per annum. A further portion of the aldehyde is converted into aldol by treatment with dilute caustic soda, the product dehydrated to crotonaldehyde and the latter cata- lytically hydrogenated to rt-butyl alcohol, the present output being of the order of 1,500 tons per annum. Vinyl acetate is made at Shawinigan and elsewhere by absorp- tion of acetylene in acetic acid in presence of a mercury catalyst.It readily polymerises to resinous products which are now widely used for the production of varnishes and moulding materials. Finally, Dr. Mason outlined the recent remarkable develop- ments in the production of synthetic rubber. Professor Nieuw- land in America has shown that by passing acetylene into solu- tion of cuprous ammonium chloride, vinyl-acetylene is formed. CH, :CHC i CH is a liquid boiling at 5” and Carothers and the research staff of Du Pont de Nemours, Ltd., have worked out the conditions for its manufacture, as it readily adds on hydrochloric acid to form a-chloro-1 : 3-butadiene, the chlorine analogue of isoprene. Chloroprene readily polymerises to a rubber (“Duprene”) which has properties superior in many respects to those of synthetic isoprene polymers, and plants for 460 its production are now in course of erection in America and Russia.The lecture was admirably illustrated by specimens of materials and slides, kindly loaned by the Shawinigan Co., Ltd., British Industrial Solvents, Ltd., Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., and I.G. Farbenindustrie A.-G. A vote of thanks to the lecturer, proposed by the Chairman and seconded by Mr. C. H. Manley, was carried with acclamation. Liverpool and North-Western.-A Joint Meeting of the Liverpool and North-Western Section of the Institute and the Liverpool Section of the Society of Chemical Industry was held at the City Technical College, Byrom Street, Liverpool, on 21st November,-Mr.B. D. W. Luff in the Chair. Dr. H. H. Evers, of the British American Tobacco Co., Ltd., spoke on “ The Scientific Aspect of Tobacco Manufacture.” Dr. Evers described the various stages of tobacco cultivation and manufacture, and indicated in what directions the industry had availed itself of scientific control and research, Dealing with the influence of soils, fertilisers and climate on the growth of the plant, some account was given of the investigations carried out at various research and experimental stations, particularly in the United States. The curing process to which ripe tobacco was subjected was primarily a drying process, in which the enzymes of the leaf partly converted the starch, protein and nitrogenous substances into simpler derivatives, sugars, amino-acids, amides and ammonia.The extent of these changes depended entirely upon whether the tobacco was air-cured, fire-cured, or flue-cured. Flue-curing, in which the heat was conducted through flues to the leaf hung in the curing barn, was the most modern and scientific method of curing and invariably employed throughout the world for the production of bright tobaccos. The curing was effected in three stages,-“yellowing” the leaf, fixing the colour, and drying the stem. The temperature and relative humidity must be carefully regulated throughout the process, particularly in the first stage when most of the chemical changes took place. Fire-curing produced darker coloured pipe tobaccos of 461 “smoky” aroma, while American Burley was air-cured and Turkish tobaccos, sun-cured .Referring to the grading of leaf, Dr. Evers showed that, apart from physical characteristics such as colour, texture and body, much information regarding quality could be obtained from the analytical determination of organic constituents. Physiological and taste strength had been correlated with such factors as the total ratio of carbohydrates to protein, nicotine to reducing sugar, free nicotine to combined nicotine, and nicotine nitrogen to ammonia nitrogen. As regards nicotine, which was important for its physiological action on the nervous system, it was generally accepted that a high percentage of this constituent indicated a poor quality.To some extent this was true, but tobacco containing large quantities of nicotine also contained large amounts of gum and resin which, in conjunction with nicotine, were responsible for the ill-effects of excessive smoking. The quantity of toxic substances absorbed by the smoker depended to a large extent on the moisture content and rate of burning: with high moisture content and slow burning, the minimum quantity was absorbed by the system. Dealing with the production of manufactured tobaccos, an account was given of the systems in use for conditioning and drying, with particular reference to humidity and temperature conditions. It was shown that a definite relation existed between the moisture content of tobacco and the relative humidity of the atmosphere with which it was in contact, and the corresponding “equilibrium” points could be expressed in the form of a graph for each type of tobacco.The chemist had introduced new processes for the improve- ment of tobaccos by flavouring, fermentation and denicotinisa- tion methods. Analytical specifications and new types of cigarette papers, wrapping materials and adhesives for all purposes, had been standardised. In conclusion, Dr. Evers stressed the fact that there was still plenty of scope for further research, particularly with regard to bright flue-cured tobaccos, the consumption of which in this country had increased enormously since the war and was gradually displacing the darker pipe tobaccos.Closer co-operation between grower and manufacturer as well as between agricultural and manufacturing chemist would contribute much to this advance in scientific knowledge. 462 Lantern slides showing thegrowth and treatment of the tobacco plant were shown and there was a display of tobacco leaves, manufactured tobaccos , etc. In the discussion which followed, the Chairman, Mr. E. T. Williams,Mr. G. H. Turner, Mr. E. Myer and Mr.W. Doran tookpart. A vote of thanks, proposed by Professor C. 0. Bannister and seconded by the Chairman, was accorded to Dr. Evers. The Annual Social Evening was held at the Constitutional Club on 12th December,-Mr. B. D. W. Luff in the Chair. An entertainment, arranged by Messrs.J. Hanley and H. Jasperson, was given by Mr. Oscar Paulson (entertainer), Miss Myfanwy Ffoulkes (soprano), Mr. Ben Crompton (tenor), Mr. Russell Radcliffe (flautist), with Mr. Harry Weatherall at the piano. The thanks of the meeting were accorded to the organisers and artistes for a very enjoyable programme. London and South-Eastern Counties.-On 25th October, the Section organised an informal Dinner, held under the chair- manship of Dr. Leslie H. Lampitt, Vice-chairman, at the Strand Palace Hotel. Mr. F. G.Edmed, the Chairman, was unavoidably prevented from attending. The Dinner was followed by a Dance, both functions being well attended and much enjoyed. The Annual Meeting of the Section was held on 20th November at the Institute.After the official business, a number of films were shown, with sound accompaniment. (1) CATHODE RAY OSCILLOGRAPH. The methods of Modern Radio Research simply explained. This film is followed by demonstra-tions of the oscillograph in a Radio Direction-Finder and in a new type of compass. (2) SHIP-BUILDING.The building of a Modern Ocean Liner. (3) AIRCRAFTDESIGN. Light Alloy Research-The Metallurgical and Aerodynamic Departments of the National Physical Laboratory at work. (4) SHIP DESIGN. The making and testing of Model Hulls at the National Physical Laboratory. The above films were prepared by G.B. Films, Ltd., in co-opera- tion with the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. (5) BAKELITE. “The Material of Infinite Uses” (lent by Messrs. Bakelite, Ltd.).On 4th December, the Section visited the glassworks of Messrs. James Powell & Sons, Ltd., at Harrow, a firm which is mentioned in Pepys’ Diary as carrying on business in 1669 and is thus one of the oldest established industrial firms in the country. 463 The party was conducted over the works by Mr. E. B. Powell, and the process of making fine glassware was shown at all stages, from the making of the pots, a process requiring over a year, to the final polishing of the finished articles, including wine glasses, bowls and decanters, of many designs and ornamentations. Mr. Powell was warmly thanked for his kindness in allowing the visit and for making it so interesting.Manchester and District.-On 10th October, members of the Section were invited to participate in a meeting, held jointly with the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry, in the Central Library, when a lecture was given by Professor N. V. Sidgwick, President of the Chemical Society, on “ Modern Structural Chemistry.” Professor I. M. Heilbron presided. On 1st November, at the Central Library, Manchester, members of the Section participated in a meeting with the Local Sections of the Society of Chemical Industry and the Society of Dyers and Colourists, and with the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, when Professor W. N. Haworth gave a lecture on ‘‘ Starch, Cellulose and Related Carbohydrates.” Mr. L. G. Lawrie, Chairman of the Local Section of the Society of Dyers and Colourists, presided.A prdcis of the lecture has been published in Chemistry and Indz&ry,-8th November, 1935. The Charter Jubilee was celebrated on the occasion of the Annual Dinner and Dance, held at “The Manchester, Ltd.,” on 5th December,-Mr. C. J. T. Cronshaw in the Chair. The guests included His Honour Judge J. B. Leigh, the President and Mrs. Thorpe, Professor A. G. Green, Mr. H. W. Archer, Editor of the (Manchester) Evening News, Dr. R. Veitch Clark, Medical Officer of Health for the city of Manchester, and Mrs. Clark, and the Registrar and Mrs. Pilcher. The toast of “The King” having been duly honoured, Judge Leigh proposed the toast of “The Institute.” He recalled the fact that in his youth, under the encouragement of Francis Jones at Manchester Grammar School, he had himself been attracted to chemistry. Later he studied under Roscoe and Schorlemmer at Owens College, and for a time in Germany under Kekulk, before he deserted to the Law.He remarked on the astonishing progress 464 made in the science and the profession of chemistry during the period of the Institute’s corporate existence, and on the benefits which had thereby accrued to the health and well-being of the community. In coupling the toast with the name of the President, His Honour reminded the members of the early association of Professor and Mrs. Thorpe with Manchester. The President, in acknowledging the toast, referred to the agreement between the three Chartered Chemical Societies indicating their intention to raise a fund for the endowment of chemical publications and of the library of the Chemical Society.Mr. Archer replied to the toast of “The Guests,” proposed by Mr. Cronshaw, who also acknowledged the toast of “The Chair- man,” proposed by Mr. F. Scholefield. The remainder of the evening was devoted to dancing and a cabaret, by “The Mollie Suffield Girls” and “Dawnya and Petrov.” Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast.-On 23rd October, by kind permission of the Directors of Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., members of the Section visited the works of I.C.I. (Fertiliser and Synthetic Products), Ltd., at Billingham. Mr. M. P. Applebey gave a preliminary talk, illustrated with lantern slides, describing the advantages of the site and the development and layout of the works.The party was first shown the rotary kilns of the sulphuric acid plant. The reaction and crystallisation plants for ammonium sulphate were then inspected, followed by the packing of the salt into bags and the wonderful sight presented by the IOO,OOO ton storage silo. The nitric acid and ammonia nitrate plants were also seen. In the evening an informal dinner was held at the Queen’s Hotel, Stockton, Dr. P. L. Robinson, Chairman of the Section, presiding. Fifty members and friends were present. The guests included Mr. W. A. Akers, Mr. and Mrs. M. P. Applebey, Mr. C. S. Robinson and the Registrar of the Institute.Mr. W. A. Akers and the Registrar responded to the toast of “The Guests,” proposed from the Chair. Later, a meeting was held at Norton Hall, jointly with the Norton Hall Scientific Society, when the Registrar of the Institute gave a lecture entitled (( From Boyle to Priestley,” sequel to his lecture on “Alchemists in Art and Literature.” 465 The lecture was illustrated by some sixty lantern slides mainly from old prints. Dr. G. I. Higson presided and moved the vote of thanks which was accorded to the lecturer. Members of the Section were invited to the thirty-first Bedson Lecture, which was delivered by Professor J. W. Cook, of the Cancer Hospital, London, in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, Armstrong College, Newcastle on Tyne, on 8th November.Professor G. R. Clemo, the Chairman of the Bedson Club, presided. Professor Cook took as his subject b4 The Synthesis and Biological Effects of Carcinogenic Hydrocarbons.” He said it had long been known that certain forms of skin cancer were due to occupational causes, such cases being prevalent among workers in the coal-tar and allied industries, in the shale-oil industry, and among mule spinners in cotton mills. This was due to the action of a common constituent of coal-tar, and shale and lubricating oil, the isolation and identification of which was successfully accomplished about three years ago in the research laboratories of the Cancer Hospital, London. A very valuable guide, in the difficult task of separating this substance from the other constituents of the mixtures, was provided by the fact that these tars and oils having carcinogenic properties were all strongly fluorescent. An investigation of the nature of the fluorescence spectrum directed attention to the benzanthracene group of hydrocarbons.Many of these had been prepared artificially in the laboratory, and some had been shown capable of producing cancer in mice. The cancer-producing constituent of coal-tar, etc.-benzpyrene -belonged to this group. More recently it had been found possible to bring about the artificial conversion of substances normally present in the human body, viz., cholic and deoxycholic acids, into a hydrocarbon of the benzanthracene type-methylcholan threne-and this was found to be more powerfully cancer-producing than any other substance yet investigated.The chemical changes by which it was obtained were of the type which were well known to occur in the body, and it might be that cancer in man was due to some such substance as a bile acid undergoing decomposition in an abnormal manner, with conversion into cancer-producing substances. 466 There was no proof as yet that this did take place, but further investigation, on lines such as these, might eventually lead to a better understanding of the factors which underlay malignant disease, and might also, in due time, pave the way for successful efforts towards the ultimate prevention of cancer. The meeting was well attended, and the lecture much appreciated.A joint meeting with the Local Section of the Institute of Metals was held on nth November, when Mr. Stanley Robson, of the National Smelting Co., lectured on the “Zinc Industry.” A detailed and interesting survey of the industry was presented, well illustrated by lantern slides and specimens. The Section celebrated the Charter Jubilee of the Institute by a Dinner, held at the Royal Station Hotel, Newcastle upon Tyne, on 29th November,-Dr. P. L. Robinson in the Chair. The guests included Sir William Marris, K.C.I.E., K.C.S.I. (Principal of Armstrong College) and Lady Marris; the Lord Mayor and Lady Mayoress of Newcastle upon Tyne (Alderman and Mrs. Locke) ;Professor H. L. Riley; Mr. T. B. Tilley (Director of Education for Durham County) ;Mr.G. F. S. Ritson (Secretary, Newcastle and Gateshead Chamber of Commerce); and the President of the Institute and Mrs. Thorpe. Professor Henry Louis, a Pre-Charter Fellow was also among the company. Sir William Marris, proposing the toast of “The Institute of Chemistry,” remarked that to the layman the chemist was a rather terrifying figure. He said-“We are told-and I think we believe-that the modern chemist has at his disposal weapons of destruction that far surpass anything the world has seen hitherto; but we are also told-I am not sure that we believeit equally-that the biological chemist has in view, or thinks he may soon have in view, the means of treating us as a race by subtle manipulations of our physical substance, so that we may be turned from mere men into supermen.If there is anything in this, perhaps, wild dream, I personally do beg of you to press on this latter attainment as rapidly as you can and so qualify us that we should not dream of utilising those poison gases with which you are equally prepared to equip us.” Sir William thought that chemists, rightly or wrongly, had not made their science known to “the man in the street,” in the same way as the physicists and astronomers, 467 Professor Thorpe, replying, said that he thought Sir William did chemists an injustice, if he accused them of being responsible for chemical warfare or anything connected therewith. Dr. A. E. Everest, District Member of Council, proposed the toast of the “City and County of Newcastle upon Tyne,” to which the Lord Mayor responded.Mr. M. P. Applebey, Chairman of the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, replying to the toast of “The Guests,” proposed by Dr. A. A. Hall, referred to the work of Professor Thorpe in promoting a close co-operation among chemical societies, which, he remarked, had long since been secured in the provinces. South Wales (Cardiff and District).-A meeting of the Section was held at the University College, Cardiff, on 31st October, and was addressed by Professor Henry Bassett, who took as his subj.ect Lb Some Aspects of Oxidation and Reduction.” Professor Bassett first discussed the historical aspects of oxidation and reduction and the general sense in which these terms were used.It was not an easy matter to give entirely satisfactory definitions of oxidation and reduction, just as it was difficult to find a satisfactory definition of valency. The definition of “oxidation ” as a process where electrons are lost and of “reduc- tion” as one where electrons are gained was satisfactory for combinations leading to electrovalent linkages, but not for combinations giving other types of linkage. In the formation of ionised hydrogen chloride : .. H*+.Cl: -N H+ C1-.. hydrogen lost an electron, i.e. was oxidised, and chlorine gained an electron, i.e. was reduced. Some of the difficulties which arose when combination led to a co-valency or to co-ordination were mentioned. With the co-valent linkage, the valency was best referred to the number of electrons of each atom involved in the process of combination.Thus, in un-ionised HC1 the valency of both hydrogen and chlorine would be one, but since each atom gained and lost an electron, it became rather forced to differentiate between them and say that one was oxidised and the other reduced: .. .. W+.Cl: H:C1:--f 9. 1% 468 This was much more evident in cases such as methane and carbon tetrachloride. Still greater difficulties arose in the formation of compounds with co-ordination valencies. For example, in H3N+BF3, one could regard the nitrogen as becoming pentavalent, but then on the definition applied to co-valency the valency of boron would remain unaltered.If the co-ordinate link were looked upon as a kind of electrovalency, then the nitrogen would be oxidised and the boron reduced, which was hardly satisfactory. When this reasoning was applied to such com- pounds as hydrated copper sulphate one would have to assume that the copper was more reduced than it was in the cupric ion, Cu++. On the whole, when dealing with compounds formed with co-valent or co-ordinate linkages it was better to restrict the terms oxidation and reduction to cases where oxygen (and possibly some very closely related elements) were involved. Reactions of the type 3HC10 = 2HC1 + HClO, 2co + c + co, 2cu+ f cu + cu++, involving simultaneously an oxidation and a reduction, played a very important part in Inorganic Chemistry.They were found in all cases where an element could act with several valency stages. Examples were known among the compounds of elements of all groups of the Periodic System, except the inert gases and the alkali metals. Many of these reactions were reversible. Some had technical importance, others were of scientific interest as they furnished methods for preparing otherwise inaccessible compounds, for example, by the reaction BZrBr, -+ ZrBr, -+ ZrBr, 350" zirconium dibromide could be obtained, and germanium di-chloride by the action of germanium on germanium tetrachloride Ge + GeCl, -+ 2GeC1, 350" 469 Calcium subchloride was said to exist at high temperatures and to break up into calcium and calcium chloride at lower tem- peratures 2CaC1+ CaCI, +Ca This latter case was analogous to the case of carbon monoxide becoming unstable towards carbon and carbon dioxide.Wherever this type of reaction was reversible, it was profoundly affected by all the factors which altered the positions of equilibria, such as separation of involatile or volatile compounds or formation of complexes. An interesting discussion followed, and the meeting closed with a vote of thanks to the lecturer, proposed by Mr. P. V. Lloyd and seconded by Mr. S. B. Watkins. South Wales (Swansea).-The Section celebrated the Char-ter Jubilee of the Institute, at Swansea, on 25th October. In the afternoon, the President of the Institute, Professor Jocelyn Thorpe, gave an address on “The Chemist and the Career open to him.” The President stated that conditions seemed at the present time to bk more favourable to the young man of ability about to take up a chemical career than at any period in the past.We were, he said, on the threshold of great and important discoveries which would be likely to affect in a marked degree the health and happiness of the human race. These discoveries would be made in the borderline subjects where the outposts of the chemical pioneers met the outposts of the pioneers in other sciences. Advances in chemistry, physics, bacteriology, agri- culture and physiology reached a certain point, from which it seemed that no further progress could be made,-that further penetration, into the unknown country ahead, could not be effected owing to the lack of knowledge of the methods required for clear direction and guidance.Then it happened that two of the pioneers in different sciences met and joined forces,--each using the methods and tools of the other and each imparting to the other their joint experiences and knowledge. In this way, notable steps in progress would be made, and, in making them, chemists, physicists and physiologists would take leading parts. Nevertheless, he said, it would be useless for a chemist to hope to play his part udess he had received a thorough fundamental training in the principles of chemical and physical science. 470 Part of the address was devoted to the question of the right means by which this could be attained.The President pointed out that there was full scope for employment in border-line subjects, with chemistry as the basic science-in academic life, in industry and in industrial research. In the evening, Mr. E. E. Ayling, Chairman of the Section, presided at a dinner held at the Hotel Metropole. The company included the President of the Institute, Alderman T. W. Hughes, Deputy Mayor of Swansea, the Principals of the Colleges and representatives of kindred societies. The toast of “The Institute” was proposed by Mr. W. C. Mitchell, Director of the National Oil Refinery, who remarked that, being interested in the application of chemistry to industrial processes, he felt the world would be a vastly different place if science and chemistry had not modified pre-existing conditions and developed new processes.Chemistry had helped employment, and they must look to new industries for the employment of more people, as well as for the export of new commodities to take the place of those exports which had helped to build up the pre-war prosperity of the country. The President, in reply, said that the Institute was the one body in which he felt there was a close relationship between the profession and the student. Any one could go to the Institute and unburden himself of his troubles, and receive sound advice and guidance. Dr. E. A. Rudge, Chairman of the South Wales (Cardiff) Section, proposed “Swansea,” remarking on the friendly relations existing between the Cardiff and Swansea branches of technical societies.Alderman T. W. Hughes, in reply, said that Swansea was the metallurgical centre of the world, because the various industries had produced a type of workman that could not be beaten for adaptability in Great Britain. He believed that they could adapt themselves to any new industry which was likely to come to Swansea in the future. A good type of technician, allied to a good type of manual worker, was of inestimable value to any industry; with this combination they could face the world. Mr. E. Roosevelt Griffiths replied to the toast of “Kindred Societies,’’ proposed by Mr. E. Thornton; Mr. George Thompson, Principal of the Swansea Technical College, replied to the toast of “The Visitors,” proposed by the Chairman.471 On 8th November, members of the Section were invited to a meeting, arranged by the Chemical Society, and held at University College, Swansea, when Prof. C. S. Gibson gave a lecture on “Recent Advances in the Chemistry of Gold.” In his opening remarks, Prof. Gibson reviewed the chemistry of the halides of gold as described in text-books. He proceeded to deal with the valency of gold as indicated by the reactions of co-ordinated gold compounds, and produced some evidence for the existence of divalent gold as well as the more familiar mono and tervalent gold. Reference:-“A Survey of Modern Inorganic Chemistry,” by G. T. Morgan, pp. 49, 50. The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 29th November at the Central Hotel, Swansea, when the following Officers and Committee were elected:-Chairman, Mr. G.Madel; Hon. Secretary, Mr. R. H. Jones; Committee, Messrs. E. Ayling, E. A. Tyler, C. M. W. Grieb, Dr. P. M. Macnair, Dr. A. G. Ramsay, and Prof. J. E. Coates. At the Hotel Metropole on 6th December, the third meeting of the Swansea Scientific Societies was arranged by the Institute of Petroleum Technologists, and a lecture was given by Mr. W. H. Cadman (of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Co., Limited) entitled “Home Produced Motor Fuel, with special reference to the Scottish Shale Industry’’ (with film and slides). South Yorkshire.-The South Yorkshire Section celebrated the Charter Jubilee of the Institute by a Dinner and Dance, held at the Royal Victoria Hotel, Sheffield, on 23rd November,- Dr.G. Lawton in the Chair. The guests included the Lord Mayor and Lady Mayoress (Alderman F. Thraves and Miss Thraves), The Master Cutler and Mistress Cutler (Sir Samuel Roberts, Bart., and Lady Roberts), the President of the Institute and Mrs. Thorpe, Mr. John Evans (President of the Society of Public Analysts and Member of Council of the Institute), representatives of the Birmingham, Huddersfield and Leeds Sections, the Registrar and Mrs. Pilcher, and the Assistant Secretary. Following the loyal toasts,-Mr. John Evans proposed “The City and Corporation of Sheffield.” He spoke of the early 472 practice of professional chemistry in Sheffield, and of the valuable contributions made by chemists towards building up the industries of the district.The Lord Mayor, in reply, stressed his view that the public did not know sufficient about the work of chemists or show sufficient appreciation of the results of their researches. The Master Cutler, in proposing the toast of the evening, said he had particular reason to be grateful to chemists, because he had been all his life connected with “elderly” coal mines which would have died a long time ago had it not been for the help which he had received from chemists and engineers. He often wondered what chemists would do in the future, and foresaw with horror that it was possible-indeed probable-that before long there would be no need to eat dinners: everything would be supplied in “tabloid” form, washed down with a glass of water.The public owed many of the amenities of life to the efforts of chemists, whom, with engineers, he regarded as the pioneers of modern civilisation. The President said that he was proud to have been the first Sorby Fellow at Sheffield University. He referred especially to the examination work of the Institute, and the movement for co-operation among the three great chartered chemical bodies. In proposing the toast of “The South Yorkshire Section,” the Registrar said that it was situated in an important centre of industry, had a good working Committee and a very keen Honorary Secretary. The Council realised that the Sections were doing a great work and the staff at headquarters appreciated the kindly courtesy which it received from the honorary secretaries and the happy relations existing throughout the organisation of the Institute.The South Yorkshire Section was a young section and promised to be one of the liveliest; it was to be congratulated on having brought together such excellent company on that occasion. Dr. Lawton, responding, acknowledged the good work of the Committee and the Honorary Secretary. Mr. R. Leslie Collett, Assistant Secretary of the Institute, proposed the toast of “The Ladies.” The remainder of the evening was devoted to dancing. Miss Biddy Wall and Mr. H. Price Davies gave an exhibition of ballroom dancing, which was much appreciated. 473 Notes. The .Ramsay Chemical Dinner.-The Ramsay Chemical Dinner was held in the Central Hotel, Glasgow, on 6th December, Sir Thomas Holland, K.C.S.I., K.C.I.E., F.R.S., Principal of Edinburgh University, in the Chair.All the societies in Scotland interested in chemistry participate in this annual event, and the guests on this occasion included Professor F. A. Paneth; Professor N. V. Sidgwick, President of the Chemical Society; Mr. W. A. S. Calder, President of the Society of Chemical Industry; and Sir Daniel M. Stevenson, ’ Bart., Chancellor of Glasgow University. The Institute was represented by Professor G. G. Henderson, Past President. The following report has been abstracted from the Glasgow HeraZd, 7th and 9th December, 1935:-Sir Thomas Holland proposed “The Memory of Sir William Ramsay,” and then “The Profession of Chemistry.” He said that geology (his own subject) was no science in the sense that they thought of science.It was but a summation and an abstract of all the sciences, physical and biological-what they might call a synthetic science, for they had to borrow constituents from the zoologist, the botanist, from the physicist and the mathematician. From the problems which faced his favourite branch of petrology they had to rely more especially on the chemist. He would like to indicate some ways in which chemical investigation could help to solve geological troubles. Chemists were accustomed to reactions that varied from an explosion to slow combustion, and chemists seemed to be impatient of those which must have taken geological ages to produce, such, for example, as a mineral deposit which was left sufficiently con- centrated to be worth working.The reason for their impatience was mainly due to the circumstances that they trusted, and very properly so, only those changes that could be measured quantita- tively. Until geologists could also so treat their problems theirs must remain dubbed an inexact science, 474 Two specific questions were worrying them as geologists. They involved problems in physical chemistry, and especially thermo-chemistry, which was the branch of a subject in which Ramsay had established a wide reputation before he went to London, and there discovered in the atmosphere those inert gases which so stirred the enthusiasm of a wide public well beyond the select circle of chemists. One of the vices which had seized on man with the growth of civilisation was a desire for the use of metals, a desire which was continually extending and would go on growing until the supply became exhausted and civilisation as they knew it must come to an end.The uses of metals were habits of man’s own in- vention, and some day he would have to do without them again. Before then, however, he would either have become extinct or would have learned to change his habits in ways which we could not now foresee. They saw the extravagant habits of miners in digging out only the richest patches of our mineral deposits, of the ore dressers who were forced by imperfect technical methods to adopt wasteful methods in concentrating the only material which was to be handled by the third wastrel-that variety of practical chemist known as the smelter and metallurgist.(Laughter.) “What I want you to be interested in,” Sir Thomas said, “are the laws-if you can find them-that have been operating to produce these local concentrations of minerals which we call ore deposits. Nature is by no means the all-wise, the frugal, the orderly, the perfect, and the never-wasteful goddess that our poets talk about. Such sentiments are what the most charitably minded among you chemists might call deci-normal, or, even stronger, solution of tosh.” But then what could they expect of Nature? In all her efforts at chemical analysis within the earth’s crust she could not rely on a good beaker or a porcelain dish. (Laughter.) She was compelled to use any crevice in a lime-stone or slate, and quite often reversed the reactions which she had started.She washed her precipitates with mineral waters because no distilled water was handy except as rain, which was polluted as soon as it touched the earth, and well before that in Glasgow ! (Laughter.) He would give them a few figures showing at a glance the kind of problems that remained to be solved. We produced 475 annually about 50,000 tons of nickel, and 1,500,000 tons of copper, yet the rocks which made up the crust of the earth contained in the total twice as much nickel as copper.We produced annually just as much lead as we did copper, yet our total resources in lead were about I-10th only of our resources in nickel, and I-5th therefore of our resources in copper. We produced well over I,OOO,OOO tons of zinc every year, yet we had less than one-half as much of zinc as we had of copper available under the continents, and only one-fifth of the total quantity of nickel. Nickel was from 50 to IOO times as abundant in the earth’s crust as tin, although we produced and consumed annually more than three times as much of the latter metal. Surely something was wrong in our relationship ! The different habits of rocks in showing that varying tendency towards rearranging their constituents opened up problems in physical chemistry which were still largely obscure.They must await the birth of another Ramsay before there was much hope of obtaining a satisfactory solution. As it was, the workable ore deposits of the world did not constitute more than about one-millionth of the metals that they knew were lying within accessible distances from the surface of the continental lands. It must be annoying to our financiers to know that in the ocean alone there were some 6,000,000,000 tons of gold-twice as much as was contained in the rocks of the continents down to a mile in depth. Dr. J. F. Tocher, in acknowledging the toast, declared that chemistry was the mother of science and its devotees had given to the world a knowledge of nature and the structure of matter which was of immense benefit to mankind.He said that chemical discoveries had been followed not only by mass production of chemicals for all industries and medicaments to prolong human life, but also by the mass production of the most destructive substances to human life, due to the rivalry of nations where the mere chemist was quite powerless. But the chemist’s job was not to fight; it was to unravel, as Ramsay had done for Rayleigh and as has been done in the case of vitamins. The day would come when they would be able to tell what viruses were in chemical language. The ultimate solution as to what brains and physique they had was likely to be a chemical one; meantime it was a biometrical problem. Sir John Orr, at the British Association meeting at Nonvich in September, rightly drew attention to the poorness of 476 body nourishment and the loss of health in a large section of the community.Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins, in his recent Royal Society address, stated that under-feeding and bad feeding existed to a considerable extent in the country. Ill-health due to this cause should be eliminated by the efforts of Local Authorities backed by the State. But, humanity being what it was, its advancement depended not only on food, clothes, education, and international agreements, but also on how far their knowledge of heredity was discreetly applied to improve the physique, the character, and the mentality of mankind. He said that because politicians believed that, apart from local differences and conditions, there were, internationally, funda- mental differences between peoples.Dr. Tocher said he was on the side of the politicians as against certain anthropologists who evidently didn’t believe much in racial differences. Statesmen had always been confronted with these problems, for national outlooks were determined not only by environmental conditions and past history, but also by dispositions which were inherited. English-speaking nations had cast off more completely than the others many of the worn-out garments of tradition. They had been taught more lessons than any of the others, and they had the greatest aptitude to learn lessons. That was why English-speaking nations were primus inter pares among democracies.That was why they were taking a leading part in the present attempt to form a world-wide peace federation to save humanity from regression to the troglo- dyte, and to help the upward and onward march of civilisation. Professor F. A. Paneth, in reply to the toast of “Our Guests,” proposed by Brig.-Gen. J. W. Walker, said that he came early under the influence of Sir William Ramsay, and recalled that in 1908 when he was still a student at Vienna University, the famous Glasgow scientist gave him and his fellow-students a lecture on the atmosphere. In 1913he spent a most pleasant summer term at Glasgow University, studying under one of Ramsay’s co-workers. He also recalled that he visited this country in 1931,for the Faraday celebrations, as a representative of Konigsberg University (Professor Paneth until recently was Director of Chemical Instruction at Konigsberg University). He said that the Scottish influence on German schools and universities started very much earlier than the eighteenth century, and there was one example in his native town of Vienna, where in the twelfth 477 century Scottish monks were invited to found a monastery and school.Sir Thomas Holland, in an appreciation of Sir William Ramsay, said that they did well at those annual gatherings of chemists to keep alive the memory of one of the most versatile ornaments of their profession. Although Ramsay’s family brought with them the fresh air of East Lothian, he himself was entirely of Glasgow,-in birth, at school, and as a student, as well as a junior member of the staff in the University.With interests so wide one found it difficult to name Ramsay’s most outstanding quality. The imagination of genius was combined with unsurpassed manipulative skill in the laboratory. Out of the laboratory he was in turn a musician, an artist, a linguist, and an athlete of outstanding quality. He remembered well during Ramsay’s visit to his laboratory at Calcutta just 35 years ago, his coming in beaming with boyish interest and full of keenness to see the new things in the life of India. Naturally every geologist would be predisposed to receive a nephew of Sir Andrew Ramsay and would follow his work with special interest because although he was doused with organic compounds at Glasgow-(laughter)-his genius found vent on the inorganic side of his subject, first with problems of physical chemistry, then with the discovery of the inert gases of the atmosphere, and then with the products of radio-active minerals.His genius ranged literally from helium at one end of the atomic scale of numbers to uranium at the other, typifying his breadth of interest in all things. Replying later to the toast of “The Chairman,” proposed by the convener, Mr. Hugh C. Moir, Sir Thomas Holland said that one thing they ought to have learned from the memories of the evening was that while Ramsay had shown his qualities in Glasgow, Glasgow did not succeed in holding him.“You have still young Ramsays in your midst, and often one questions in our universities whether or not we are failing to recognise them in time.” The Lancastrian Frankland Society, which was founded to preserve the memory of Sir Edward Frankland, the first Presi-dent of the Institute, opened its session, on 25th October, with a lecture by Professor G. R. Clemo on “Some Aspects of the Organic 478 Chemistry of Heavy Hydrogen.” On zznd November, Mr. J. Davidson Pratt gave a lectureon “Defence of the Civil Population against Aerial Gas Attack,’’ and, on 11th December, Dr. L. A. Jordan gave an address entitled “On being a Chemist.” The Annual Dinner of the Society will be held on 17th January, when Sir James Irvine, F.R.S., will be elected President on the retire- ment from that office of Professor H.E. Armstrong, F.R.S. Third World Power Conference.-The Third World Power Conference will be held in Washington, U.S.A., from 7th to 12th September, 1936. An outline of the programme of the Conference, received from the American National Com- mittee, includes-National Power Economy :Physical and Statis- tical Basis,--Technical, Economic and Social Trends ;Organisa-tion of the Fuel Industries and of Gas Utilities; National and Regional Planning; Rationalisation of Distribution ; National Power and Resources Policies. Mr. Franklin Rooseyelt, President of the United States, has accepted the office of Honorary President of the Conference, Mr. Harold L. Ickes is Honorary Vice-president and Chairman of the American National Committee; Mr.William F. Durand is Chairman of the Conference, and Vice-chairman of the American National Committee; Mr. Morris L. Cooke, Administrator of Rural Electrification Administration is the Chairman of the Executive Committee; Mr. Joel D. Wolfsohn is the Executive Secretary of the National Power Policy Committee. The Empire Airways-An Exhibition (organised by Imperial Airways) of Working Models, dioramas, photographs, etc., is being heId at the Science Museum, South Kensington, London, and will continue open until 3rst January, 1936,--on weekdays from 10a.m. to 6 p.m. and on Sundays from 2.30 to 6 p.m. The Exhibition which portrays the organisation of air services over Empire routes, is being organised and staged by Imperial Airways, Ltd.A part of the Exhibition is devoted to the design of air ports, including a large model of a modern combined land and air port, and dioramas of three famous Empire air ports. There are also working models showing the part which wireless plays in the control of aircraft when flying in fog or above cloud; the visitor, by pressing a button, will be able to hear the voice of the captain 479 calling for his position and the replies from wireless stations on the ground. Sections are devoted to the building of a flying-boat and a land machine and to aero engines. Operable models of a wind tunnel and a tank enable the visitor to gain some idea of the part which these instruments play in the design of air liners.The Exhibition should prove of considerable educational interest at the present time, and should serve to show the re- markable developments which have taken place in air transport during recent years; by way of comparison, the earlier historical development in aviation can be seen in the usual gallery of the National Aeronautical Collections in the Museum. Professor F. G. Donnan, C.B.E., F.R.S., FeZZow, has been elected a Foreign Member of the Division for Chemistry of the Royal Physiographical Society of Lund, Sweden. The Lords Commissioners of the Treasury have appointed Dr. J. J. Fox, O.B.E., FeZZow, to the post of Government Chemist, as from 17th April, 1936, on the retirement of Sir Robert Robertson, K.B.E.F.R.S., FeZZow. Dr. W. H. Mills, Lord Riverdale, Professor A. Robertson, and Mr. H. B. Shackleton have been appointed members of the Advisory Council to the Committee of the Privy Council for Scientific and Industrial Research. Dr. E. J. Butler, Sir Kenneth Lee, and Professor N. V. Sidgwick have retired from the Council on the completion of their terms of office. Professor Arthur Harden, F.R.S. Fellow, has been awarded the Davy Medal of the Royal Society for his distinguished work in biochemistry, and especially for his fundamental discoveries in the chemistry of alcoholic fermentation. The Selection Committee for the award of the Harrison Memorial Prize has decided that it be given on the present occasion to Mr. Leslie Ernest Sutton, who also was awarded the Meldola Medal in 1932.480 The Annual Chemical Dinner and Dance was held at the Wharncliffe Rooms, Great Central Hotel, on 17th December, Sir John Cadman, G.C.M.G., in the chair. The guest of the evening was Sir Frank Smith, K.C.B., F.R.S., who proposed the toast of “Chemistry,” which was acknowledged by the Chairman. Warning.-Complaints are received from time to time that Fellows and Associates of the Institute have been imposed upon by persons who pretend to be members of the Institute and ask for financial assistance. All such enquiries should be referred to the Registrar, who, as Honorary Secretary of the Benevolent Fund, will give immediate attention to cases of bona fide necessity.481 Obituary. HARRYBOWESdied on 12th November at Heaton Moor, Stockport, in his 67th year. Educated at Manchester Grammar School, he studied for three years at the Royal Institution, Manchester, subsequently becom- ing Assistant to Messrs. Crace-Calvert and Thomson. In 1893 he was appointed Chemist to Messrs. J. F. Hill & Co., at Bowker Bank Print Works (subsequently amalgamated with the Calico Printers’ Association, Ltd.). Later he joined the Grossman Cyanide Syndicate and, in 1903, entered into private practice with Mr. W. E. Sims, first as Analytical and Consulting Chemists, and then as the Reliance Manufacturing Company, of which he became a Director. He was for many years Consultant and Analyst to the Manchester Board of Guardians. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1894.GEORGEALECKCROCKER GOUGHdied on 8th November in his 34th year. He received his training at Battersea Polytechnic, London, obtained the degree of B.Sc. in 1922 and Ph.D. in 1925. In 1926, he was appointed Assistant Research Chemist at The National Institute for Medical Research, at Hampstead, where he remained until his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1924. PENBERTHYSTANLEY HARRISdied in August in his 30th year. He was educated at Taunton’s School, Southampton, and proceeded to University College, Southampton. He graduated B.Sc. (Lond.) in 1927, and continued at College for a year as Demonstrator in Chemistry. In 1928 he entered the Government Laboratory as a Temporary Assistant Chemist, and in the following year became an assistant chemist in the central laboratories of the Shell Marketing Co., Ltd., where he was engaged at the time of his death.He was elected an Associate in 1928. JOHNKENNETH INGLISHAROLD died on 19th September at Wellington, New Zealand, in his 59th year. Born at Christchurch, New Zealand, he received his chemical training at Christ’s College, taking the degrees of M.A. and B.Sc. in 1898. He then proceeded to Edinburgh and, in 1900, graduated B.Sc. in that University, where he gained the Vans Dunlop Scholarship. After spending a year with Ostwald at Leipzig, he was awarded an 1851 Exhibition Science Research Scholarship and came to England to work under Ramsay at University College, London. On completing the tenure of his Scholarship he remained 88 Assistant to Sir William, and in 1906 was awarded the degree of D.Sc.of EdinburghUniversity. In the same year he was appointed Lecturer and Head of the Chemical Laboratory at University College-now the University-Reading, and, in 1907, became Professor of Chemistry in that College, 482 where he remained until 1912, when he was appointed to the Chair of Chemistry at the University of Otago. He was for several years a representative on the Professorial Board of the University Council and served on the Academic Board and on the Senate of the University of New Zealand. He was the author of many papers published in scientific journals. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1911 and served for nearly twenty years as an Honorary Corresponding Secretary for New Zealand.JOHN KERSHAWBAKER CANNINQTON died at Cheltenham in his 74th year. Born at Southport, he studied chemistry at Owens College-now the University-Manches ter, under Roscoe and Schorlemmer, subse- quently proceeding to an appointment at Sutton Lodge Chemical Works, St. Helens, where he redained for twelve years, becoming Chief Chemist and Assistant Works Manager. He then devoted three yeam to the further study of chemistry and allied sciences in England and at Bonn, where he was engaged on research in organic chemistry. In 1895 he returned to London as Research Chemist with Mr. S. Cowper Coles. He subsequently established a private practice in Liverpool, specialising in fuel testing, and retired in 1933.He contributed many articles on fuel to technical journals and was the author, with W. H. Booth, of Fuel Economy and Smoke Prevention (2nd edition, 1925), and of The Recovery and Use of Industrial and Other Wastes (1928). He passed the Examination for the Associateship in 1887 and ww elected a Fellow in 1895. HARRY SMITH died, after a short illness, at Hoylake, Cheshire, on 16th October. Born at Manchester in 1866, he was educated at the Manchester Grammar School, where he studied chemistry under the late Mr. Francis Jones. He continued his studies at Owens College, Victoria University, under Roscoe, and passed the Examination for the Associate- ship of the Institute.For seven years he was associated with William Thomson in the laboratory of Crace-Calvert & Thomson, at Manchester, and in 1897 became chief chemist to W. H. Holmes & Sons, Ltd., of Newcastle upon Tyne, with whom he was engaged on the production of paints, colours and enamels for thirteen years. During this period he read several papers before the Society of Chemical Industry and other Societies-“On Acetylene,” “On the Action of Light upon Brass Lacquers,” and “On the Protection of Iron from Corrosion,”-the last being based on the study of various pigments as protective materials, in the form of paint. He also contributed articles to The Oil and Colour Trades Journal. In 1904 he became manager of the white lead works of Cookson & Co., Ltd., which position he held until 1908, when he retired temporarily on account of illhealth.In 1910 he re-entered business, as manager and chief chemist to the Liverpool Branch of Wilkinson, Heywood & Clark, of London, with whom he continued, throughout the period of the war, and until 1923, when the company became incorporated with Pinchin, Johnson & Co., Ltd. He then accepted an appointment as chief chemist with John Matthews & Co., Ltd., of Liverpool, and in the following year became a director of that company, which position he retained until his retirement this year. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1893. GEORGECOLLEYMORESTURROCKBRIGADIER died at Bristol on 2nd November in his 63rd year. He was educated at Charterhouse and the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, and received his cornmission in the Royal Artillery in 1892.He was appointed to the Indian Ordnance 483 Department in 1897, at the ammunition factory at Dum Dum in 1898, at the powder factory at Kirkee in 1899 and, on promotion to Captain in 1900, was made proof experimental officer. In 1903 he was assistant superin- tendent of the cordite factories in India, and in 1913 reached field rank. He became deputy director of the Ordnance Factories in India in 1916, and Director in 1920. He was promoted Lieut.-Colonel during the war, Colonel in 1921, and Colonel on the Staff in 1924. In that year, he was made Director of the Ordnance Factories and had control of manufacture at the Army Headquarters, Simla.In 1928 he was Deputy Master General of Supply, and later Deputy Master General of Ordnance, India, until his retirement in 1931. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1924. RAMANIE THAKORE,KALYANRAY who died recently in India, in his 35th year, was trained at Gujarat College, Ahmedabad, and at the Royal Institute of Science, Bombay, graduating B.Sc. in 1922. After holding an appointment as Demonstrator in Physics at St. Xavier’s College, Bombay, for one year, he came to England, entered the Royal School of Mines, South Kensington, and obtained the Associateship of the School in Metallurgy in 1926. On returning to India he was appointed Chemist and Metallurgist in the Mechanical Department of the G.I.P.Railway, at Parel, Bombay. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1926. as. GWEN TUNSTALL-BEHRENS,who died on 15th November at the age of 44, was the eldest daughter of Dr. Bernard Dyer. She was educated at Tremarth School, Hampstead, and at Bedford College, London, whence she proceeded to Newnham College, Cambridge, and took a second class in Part I of the Science Tripos, taking as subjects Chemistry, Physics and Botany. She subsequently studied under the late Prof. Crossley at the School of the Pharmaceutical Society, and passed the Intermediate exami- nation of the Institute. She then joined the staff at her father’s laboratory, where she worked throughout the war years and until after the release from army service of her husband, Brian Tunstall-Behrens, M.A.(Oxon), of Porth-en-Alls, St. Hilary, Cornwall, to whom she was married in 1916. She leaves two sons and a daughter. She was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1920. 484 Books and their Contents. The following books have been kindly presented by the authors or publishers and may be seen in the Library of the Institute. “Academic Freedom.” Report of the Conference held at Oxford in August, 1935. Pp. 96. (Cambridge: W. Heffer & Sons, Ltd.) 2s. 6d. net. Introduction ; report of discussions on-academic and professionalfreedom;international professional relief, and the utilisation of science ; appendices: the Auckland resolution; the case of Mr. R. St. John Reade; the cam of Mr.Alexander Hay; academic freedom in U.S.A.; academic freedom in Japan. “Chemistry and Physics, Handbook of .’J A ready-reference book of chemical and physical data. 20th Edition. Charles D. Hodgman. Pp. xiv + 1952. (Cleveland, Ohio: Chemical Rubber Publishing Co.) Six dollars. Mathematical tables ;properties and physical constants ;general chemical tables ;specific gravity and properties of matter; heat ;hygrometric and barometric tables ;sound; electricity and magnetism ; light; quantities and units; miscellaneous. “Elementary Chemistry, A Laboratory Course in.” E. B. R. Prideaux and F. C. Laxton. Pp. xiv + 258. (London: William Heinemann, Ltd.) 3s. A textbook intended primarily as a student’s laboratory companion. The course includes the standard experiments for first examinations in chemistry, with some variations and new combinations which have proved successful,-an introduction to professional courses in chemistry, medicine and pharmacy.“Oil Palm in Malaya, The.” B. Bunting, C. D. V. Georgi and J. N. Milsum. Pp. x + 294. (Kuala Lumpur: Department of Agriculture, Straits Settlements and Federated Malay States.) Two dollars. History; varieties; soils; planting of palms; upkeep of plantation;artscial pollination ; diseases and pests ; ripening and composition of fruit; yield of fruit; manuring of palms; seed selection; harvesting and transport of fruit bunches to factory; preparation of oil palm products; factory control and quality of products; disposal of waste products from factory; layout of factory; packing, shipping and marketing of oil palm products; uses of oil palm products; production costs and returns; present outlook for oil palm products; bibliography; appendix, con- ditions for alienation of land; distribution of exports of oil palm products from Malaya, 1932; factory control procedure; index.485 “Pharmacopoeia, The Extra.” Martindale and Westcott. 20th Edition. Vol. 11. Published by direction of the Council of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. Pp. xxxvi + 890. (London: The Pharmaceutical Press and H. K. Lewis & Co., Ltd.) 22s. 6d. “Practical Chemistry for Public Health Students.” Alan W. Stewart. Third Edition. Pp. xiv + 122. Interleaved for notes. (London: J.Bale, Sons & Danielsson, Ltd.) 7s. 6d. net. Acidimetry and alkalimetry ; air analysis ; water analysis ; analysis of foods and beverages; disinfectants and preservatives ; microscopicalwork and reports; data; examination questions. “Rubber, The Chemistry of.” H. Freundlich. Pp. xi + 72. (London: Methuen & Co., Ltd.) 2s. 6d. net. Latex; rubber; some remarks on the botany of latex-producing plants and on the history of the rubber industry; structure of the latex particles from a botanical point of view; index. “Vitamins in Theory and Practice.’’ Leslie J. Harris. Pp. xix + 240. (Cambridge: University Press.) 8s. 6d. net. Preface; “The A.B.C. of vitamins”; the discovery of vitamins; how many vitamins are there?; beri-beri and vitamin B,; pellagra, and vitamin B,; scurvy and vitamin C; vitamin D and rickets; vitamin A; vitamin E.Diet and sterility; dietetics-what to eat; retrospect: a summary; index. British Standard Specifications have recently been issued for:- No. 627, 1935.-Sampling of Fats and Fatty Oils in Packages or in Bulk. No. 628, 1g35.-Coconut Oil. No. 629, ~gyj.-Ground Nut Oil. No. 630, 1g35.-0live Oil. No. 631, 1935.-Rape Seed Oil. No. 632, 1g35.-Raw Linseed Oil for General Purposes. These Specifications have been prepared by a Technical Committee of the Chemical Divisional Council upon which the Institute is represented. It will assist the work of the Institution if Fellows and Associates of the Institute will adopt these Standards wherever possible.486 A.S.L.1.B.-The Association of Special Libraries and Information Bureau published, in October last, the first number of "Aslib Book-List, "-a quarterly periodical containing brief recommendations of recently published scientific and technical books. (Free to members of Aslib; 10s. 6d. per annum, post free, to non-members.) 44 An Examination of Examinations.''-Attention is directed to a Report under the above title, by Sir Philip Hartog and E. C. Rhodes, issued as part of the International Institute Examinations Committee. Pp. 82. (London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., price IS., by post IS. zd.) The Report is a summary of investigations on the comparison of marks allotted by independent examiners and boards of examiners, to examination scripts, together with a section on a viva voce examination.The examinations under review are mainly those for the School Certificate in history, Latin, French, chemistry md English, but some details are given with regard to University Honours Examinations in mathematics and history. The Report deserves the consideration of all concerned in the conduct of examinations. The British National Committee of the World Power Conference has announced the publication of "Technical Data on Fuel," 4th edition, edited by H. M. Spiers (pp. 344, tables 256, diagrams 66), obtainable from the Office of the Committee, Kingsway, London, W.C.2, 12s. 6d. net, postage 6d. The Report of the Department of Scientific and Indus- trial Research for the year 1934-1935(H.M.Stationery Office; 3s. net), which was received as this Part was going to press, will be further noticed in Part I, 1936. 487 The Register. At the meetings of Council held on 15th November and 20th December, 1935, z new Fellows were elected, I Fellow was re-elected, 16 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 59 Associates were elected, 4 Associates were re-elected, and 57 Students were admitted. New Fellows. Hirst, Edmund Lsngley, M.A. (St. Andrews), DSc. (Bim.), F.R.S., Chemistry Dept., The University, Edgbaston, Birmingham. Thakur, Ram Simha, M.Sc. (Nagpur), D.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), D.I.C., 21, Cromwell Road, London, S.W.7. Re-elected Fellow. Conyers, Fred Gofton, 11, Eastborough, Scarborough.Associates elected to the Fellowship. Angus, William Rogie, M.A., B.Sc. (Aberd.), Ph.D. (Lond.), 148, Meadvale Road, London, W.5. Bhattacharya, Ramkanta, M.Sc. (Allahabad), Ph.D. (Liv.), Paint Research Station, Teddington. Bills, Edwin John, M.Sc. (Birm.), 40, Newstead Road, Kingstanding, Birmingham.Eastick, Frederick Charles, M.A. (Cantab.), Old Lodge, Bridge Road, Maidenhead. Edwards, Cyril, 73, Festing Road, Southsea. Eggleton, William George Elford, B.Sc. (Lond.), Lismor, Courthouse Road, Furze Platt, Maidenhead. Farmbrough, Alfred, India Store Dept., Belvedere Road, London, S.E. 1. Foster, Graham Edward, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), Wellcome Club, Dartford. Haslam, John, M.Sc. (Vict.), Raynham, Middlewich Road, Northwich, Cheshire.Hurst, Richard Henry, Ph.D. (Liv.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, W.C. 1. Krishnaswami, Kolar Ramakrishnaiyer, B.A. (Madras), D.Sc. (Lond.),Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Mysore. Lathbury, Mrs. Kathleen, B.Sc. (Lond.), 42, Sutton Court, Chiswick, London, W.4. Marriott, Robert Henry, D.Sc. (Leeds), 31, Upland Road, Sutton, Surrey. Sexton, Wilfred Archibald Ph.D. (Liv.), Greenmount, Talbot Road, Old Trafford, Manchester. Weiss, Augustus Frederick, B.Sc. (Lond.), Duntulm, Basing Way, Thames Ditton. Wylam, Birkett, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Dun.), 38, Saughtonhall Drive, Edinburgh, 12. New Associates. Allen, Russell James Laurence M.Sc. (W.A.), Institute of Anatomy, Canberra, F.C.T., Australia. 488 Banerjee, Sobhanlal, M.Sc.(Calcutta), 69a, Baloram De Street, Beadon Street P.O., Calcutta, India. Barr, Thomas, B.Sc. (Glas.), A.R.T.C., Chemistry Dept., The University, Manchester. Bartlett, Kenneth Walter William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 8, Frimley Road, Camberle y . Bolton, Frederick James, B.Sc. (Lond.), 121a, Whytecliffe Road, Purley. Carter, Wilson, BSc. (Lond.), 63, Glebe Crescent, Washington, Co. Durham. Craig. Miss Jean Carver Duncan, B.Sc. (Glas.), 40, Walnut Crescent, Glasgow, N. Cross, John Edward, 121, Gillshill Road, Hull. Davies, Henry Mackney, B.Sc. (Wales), 20, Prospect Place, Ogmore Vale, Glam. Davy, Anthony Daniel, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 76, St. James’ Road, London, S.W. 17. Dewhurst, John Reginald, B.Sc. (Lond.), Orsett Rectory, nr.Grays, Essex.Dorling, John William, B.Sc. (Lond.), The Manse, Lapford, Devon. Earp, Donald Percy, M.Sc. (Sheff.), 97, Toothill Road, Loughborough. Eastwood Arthur Handel, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Leeds), 137, Lythalls Lane, Foleshill, Coventry. Fairhead, Edward Cooper, BSc. (Birm.), 131, Broadway Street, Burton- on-Trent. Fotheringham, Thomas Grant Snedden, A.H-W.C., 5, Chancelot Terrace, Ferry Road, Edinburgh. Garforth, Bertram, B.Sc. (Leeds), Ph.D., 9, Cator Lane, Chilwell, Not tingham. Gates, Harry, B.Sc. (Lond.), 4, Neville Road, Bromborough. Glass, Stuart Craigie, A.H.-W.C., 10, Brougham Street, Edinburgh, 3. Gokhale, Vishnu Narayan, B.Ag., BSc. (Bombay), 537, Sadashive Peth, Poona, 2, India. Greenane, Francis Joseph, B.Sc.(Lond.), 50, Lancaster Mews, Lancaster Gate, London, W.2. Griffiths, Harry Noel, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Liv.), Stafford House, Halton, Runcorn. Haigh, Arnold Schofield, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Leeds), 57, Heaton Road, Wilmslow Road, Withington, Manchester. Hamblin, Frederick Thomas, B.Sc. (Bris.), Ashwick, Black Horse Road, Kingswood, nr. Bristol. Hepworth, James Alwyn, B.Sc. (Leeds), 35, Common Lane, East Ardsley, nr. Wakefield. Higgins, William Frederick, B.Sc. (Mane.), 291, Queens Drive, West Derby, Liverpool, 13. Hudson, Alan Roy Victor, B.Sc. (Leeds), 81, Granny Lane, Lower Wortley, Leeds, 12. Jones, William Edward, B.Sc. (Liv.), Ph.D., Victoria University, Man-ches ter . Kerr, Douglas Graham, B.Sc. (Edin.), 8, Merchiston Avenue, Edinburgh.Kirton, Miss Lilias Mary Watson, B.Sc. (Glas), 161, Stirling Street, Alva, Clackmannanshire. Laurie, Leonard Llewelyn, M.Sc. (Lond.), 22, Fields Park Avenue, New- port, Mon. Limmer, Bernard George, B.Sc. (Lond.), 471, Earlham Rise, Norwich. Lovett, Martin, B.Sc. (Lond.), 129, Manygates Lane, Sandal, Wakefield. Lowe, Arthur, M.Sc. (Mane.), Flash Farm, Woodsend Road, Flixton, nr. Manches ter . Marshall, Thomas Moye Berry, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., Messrs. Achille Serre, Ltd., Blackhorse Lane, London, E.17. McMeeking, William, B.Sc. (Glas.), Ph.D., Organic Chemistry Dept., The University, Manchester. Merry, John, A.R.T.C. (Glas.), c/o Messrs. Briggs & Sons, Ltd., Dowrie Works, Elliot, Arbroath, Angus. Mew, William Edmund, B.Sc.(Lond.), 57, Bullar Road, Bitterne Park, Southampton. Mobbs, Thomas Herbert, B.Sc. (Lond.), 69, Hillfield Park, London, N.21. Morgan, Victor Grayson, B.Sc. (Lond.), Ph.D., 71, Alma Street, Abertillery, Mon. Morris, Ernest Devereux, B.Sc. (Lond.), 3, Church Road, Ashtead, Surrey.Neppe, Solly Louis, B.Sc. (Witwatersrand), 16, Corrie Street, Belgravia, Johannesburg, Transvaal. Norris, Walter Ernest, B.Sc.(Lond.), 13, Parkside, London, N.3. Parkinson, Marshall, B.Sc. (Lseds), The Grove, East Keswick, Yorks. Parry, Edryd Gwylfa, B.Sc. (Liv.), Ph.D., 58, Derby Street, Moss Side, Manchester. Price, William Nash, B.Sc. (Lond.), 39, Tuskar Street, London, S.E.lO. Rao, Y. V. Sreenavasa, B.Sc. (Mysore), M.Sc. (Bombay), Institut fur Pharmazie und Nahrungsmittlechemie, An de Universitat, Halle, a.d.Saale. Rawlings, Alan Abraham, B.Sc. (Leeds), 47, Spencer Place, Lee& 7. Ruzicka, Francis Charles Julian, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 94, Middle Lane, London, N.8. Silvester, Richard Morgan, B.Sc. (Birm.), 18, Portman Road, Kings Heath, Birmingham 14. Soden, Andrew Lewis, BSc. (Lond.), Glenmore Lodge, Lambeg, Lisburn, Co. Antrim. Stant, Harry, 35, Queen’s Gate, Northwich, Cheshire. Tayler, Paul Bernard, B.Sc. (Lond.), 7, The Leas, Grove Road, Wallasey. Tier, Donald Richard, B.Sc. (Lond.), 15, Queen Street, Emsworth, Hants. Turnbull, John Gordon Muirhead, B.Sc. (Lond.), The Neuik, South Croft Forest Hall, Northunberland. Walton, William Mitchell Iliffe, B.Sc. (Lond.), Ivy Cottage, West Street, Welford, Rugby. Watt, William, B.Sc.(Lond.), 5, Watson Crescent, Edinburgh. Whiteley, Sidney, B.Sc. (Manc.), 17, Kingsway Crescent, N. Harrow, Middx. Wright, Harold Reginald, B.Sc. (Liv.), 24, Walnut Street, Southport. Re-elected Associates. Evans, Arthur Burke Agard, M.Sc. (McGill), 35, Horse Shoe Lane, Garston, nr. Watford. Pullen, Alfred Norman Douglas, Ph.C., Alfriston, York Drive, Grappenhall, nr.Warrington.Richards, Howard Walter, B.Sc. (Liv.), 31, Coniston Gardens, London, N.W.9. Thomson, Maurice Livingstone, B.Sc. (Glas.), 88, Colchester Drive, Kelvindale, Glasgow. New Students. Ackroyd, Stanley, 140, Lister Lane, Halifax. Anderson, Thomas Hemingway, Wey Cottage, Elrington Road, Hove, 4. Bell, Charles Henry, 2, Lucerne Parade, Belfast.Chandler, Norman Cecil, Ferndale, Park Terrace, Gourock. Clough, James, 20, Duke Street, Clayton-le-Moors, nr. Accrington. Dalley, Richard Arthur, 24, Woodland Park Road, Leeds, 6. 490 Dunford, Raymond Archibald, 152, Windermere Avenue, S. Kenton, Wembley. Edwards, Lawrence John, 137, High Road, Ilford. Elson, Kenneth Herbert, 88, Evesham Road, Leicester. Evans, Charles Bernard, 80, Marlborough Road, Roath, Cardiff. Fell, John, 20, Seaborn Road, Bare, Morecambe. Fill, Matzas Alfonso, 62, Thurlow Park Road, London, S.E., 21. Gowland, James Clifford, 11 0, Silverdale Road, Hull. Grumbaum, Lord Herman Lionel Frederick, 13, Morven Road, London, S.W.17. Harkess, John Mackay, 2 1, Bernard Terrace, Edinburgh.Holden, Norman James, 57, East Park Road, Blackburn. Holmes, Kenneth Wigfield, 20, Venetian Road, London, S.E.5. Horner, George Milnes, Dunelm, Trebor Avenue, Farnham, Surrey. Hoyle, Bernard Edwin, 24, Fieldhouse Road, London, S.W.12. Hutt, Ronald, 45, Atholl Mansions, South Lambeth Road, London, S.W.8. Knight, Frederick Thomas, 58, Vernham Road, London, S.E.18. Laybourn, Harry Haynes, Old Bank House, Wellington Street, Matlock. Lewis, William Maurice, 16, Bennett Street, Garston, Liverpool, 19. Lowry, John Wilfred, 82, Fulham Palace Road, London, W.6. Maddison, Kenneth Alfred, 14, St. Dunstan’s Avenue, London, W.3. Millar, James, 25, Pitt Street, Edinburgh. Millar, Norman Alexander, 3 17, Castlereagh Road, Belfast.Millgate, Gordon Wallace, 9, Courtfield Gardens, London, S.W.5: Mogridge, William John Linton, 23, Cedar Road, Newport, Mon. Moignard, Lionel Arthur, Jesus College, Oxford. Moir, George Albert Andrew, 73, Gordon Road, Chatham. Morse, Miss Eileen Frances, 187, Barnfield Avenue, Kingston, Surrey. Naylor, Kenneth, 44, Pearl Street, Carlinghow, Batley, Yorks. Nicholls, Albert James, 50, Gladstone Street, Hebburn-on-Tyne, Co. Durham. Nicholson, Kenneth Ledgard, Elmtree, Shadwell, Lee&. Noble, Philip Gordon, 54, Hollin Terrace, Marsh, Huddersfield. Pippet, Charles, c/o Anderson, 16, St. Bernard’s Row, Edinburgh. Portis, Charles Leslie, 51, Admaston Road, London, S.E.18. Read, Dennis Rouse, 62, Queen Anne Street, London, W.1. Roach, John, 6, Chestnut Avenue, Widnes.Roberts, Benjamin, 11, Brighton Terrace Road, Sheffield, 10. Robertson, George Gray, 7, River-View Termce, Bo’ness, W. Lothian. Robinson, Joseph Norman, 8, Temple Road, Prenton, Birkenhead. Rowe, George Alston, Imperial College Hostel, Prince Consort Road, London, S.W.7. Sansom, Harold Ernest, 32, Collington Street, Beeston, Notts. Singleton, Richard, 73, Albert Edward Road, Kensington, Liverpool. Smith, Arthur Frederick Philip, 2, St. Andrew’s Road, Enfield. Stanton, Ronald Ernest, 35, Valence Wood Road, Dagenham, Essex. Swanson, Basil Ward, 13, Marden Terrace, Cullercoats, Northumberland. Sweeting, Miss Laurel Felicity Constance, Southernhay, Upper Park, Loughton.Taylor, Cecil, 11, Riversdale Terrace, Sunderland. Telford, John Brooke, Home Lea, Rein Road, W.Ardsley, nr. Wakefield. Topps, James Edward Charles, Sunnyside, College Road, Ringwood, Hants. Weatherhead, Miss Alison Paterson, 10, Gosford Road, Port Seton, Cockenzie, E. Lothian. Wilkie, Malcolm John, 39, Seely Road, London, S.W.17. Williams, William Robert, 16, McLeod Road, London, S.E.2. Young,Edward John, 6, Summerfield Grove, Dudley Road, Birmingham, 18. Fellows. Harry Baker. Harry Bowes. John Kenneth Harold Inglis, M.A., B.Sc. (New Zealand), D.Sc. (Edin.).Harry Smith. George Colleymore Sturrock, C.B.E., R.A. Associates. George Aleck Crocker Gough, Ph.D. (Lond.). Stanley Penberthy Harris, B.Sc. (Lond.).Ramanik Kalyanray Thakore, B.Sc. (Bombay), A.R.S.M. (Mrs.) Gwen Tunstall-Behrens.Student. Edwin Pray. CHANGE OF NAME. Miss Martha Henrietta Craig, B.Se. (N.U.I.), A.R.C.Sc.I., As8ociate, to Mrs. Martha Henrietta Thompson,--on her marriage. 492 Coming Events. 1936 January OF6 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY(Belfast and District Section) : “Chemical Aspects of Nerve Transmission.” Dr. H. BARCROFT,in the Physics Lecture Theatre of the Royal Academical Institution, Belfast, at 7.30 p.m. 8 INSTITUTEOF FUEL:“The Dedusting of Coal.” Mr. G. LINDLEY,at the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W. 1, at 6 p.m. 9 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Liverpool and North-Western Section) :OF “Looking Backwards.” Mr. W..BUCHANANGRAY,at the Constitu- tional Club, India Buildings, Water Street, Liverpool, at 7.30 p.m.SOCIETY OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Bristol Section): “Fused Silica-Its Recent Developments and Applications.” Dr. G. E. STEPHENSON,at the Chemical Department, Bristol University, at 7.30 p.m. OF10 INSTITUTECHEMISTRYand SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY (Manchester Sections) and the CHEMICALSOCIETY: “A Chemical Contribution to the Cancer Enigma.” Dr. J. W. COOK, at the Engineers’ Club, Manchester, at 7 p.m. OIL AND COLOUR CHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION(Manchester Section) : “Some Characteristics of Lithopone and Other Zinc Sulphide Pig- ments.” Dr. H. MILLS, at Reynolds Hall, College of Technology,Manchester, at 7.30 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(Chemical Engineering Group) : “The Handling and Use of Liquid Chlorine.” Mr.F. HOLT, at the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W. 1, at 8 p.m. 11 MANCHESTER LITERARYAND PHILOSOPHICALSOCIETY (Chemical Section): Soiree at 36, George Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m. 13 INSTITUTEOF BREWING (London Section): 32nd Annual General Meeting, at the Horse Shoe Hotel, Tottenham Court Road, London, W.l, at 6 p.m. 14 HULLCHEMICALAND ENGINEERINGSOCIETY:“A Survey of Modern Fatty Oil Processes.” Mr. T. ANDREWS, in the Lecture Room (51),Municipal Technical College, Hull, at 7.45 p.m.INSTITUTE CHEMISTRY(Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North-EastOF Coast Section): “The Function of the Specialist in Society.”Dr. A. COBBAN. OF15 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (London and South-Eastern Counties Section): A Series of Short Papers: “Leather,” Mr.R. F. INNES; “Paper,” Dr. J. GRANT; ‘cW~~l,’’Professor A. T. KING, at the Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1, at 7.30 p.m. 493 JanU=-Y 16 CHEMICALSOCIETY: Discussion on “Stereochemistry,” to be opened by Dr. W. H. MILLS, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. OF17 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY and SOCIETYOF CHEMTCALINDUSTRY (Newcastle Sections) : “The Newcastle Chemical Society.” Dr. J. T. DUNN. INSTITUTEOF FUEL:Debate on “Has the Fuel Oil Tax Justified Itself ? ’’ opened by Mr. H. L. PIRIEand Mr. I. LUBBOCK,at British Industries House, Marble Arch, London, at 6.30 p.m. LANCASTRIAN SOCIETYFRANKLAND : Annual Dinner and Reception COLQWOUNIRVINE,of President-elect, Sir JAMES F.R.S.Address by the retiring President, Professor H. E. ARMSTRONG, F.R.S. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Plastics Group and LiverpoolSection): “Plasticisers in Plastics.” Dr. T. H. DURRANS, in the Muspratt Lecture Theatre, Liverpool University, at 6 p.m. OF20 INSTITUTE CHEMISTRY (Bristol and South-Western Counties Section): “Technical Emulsification.” Dr. W. CLAYTON,at the Chemical Lecture Theatre, Bristol University, at 5.30 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (Leeds Area Section) :“The Industrial Uses of Nitrogen.” Mr. M. P. APPLEBEY. 21 OILAND COLOURCHEMISTS’ (Scottish Section), INSTITUTEASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTRY and SOCIETY OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Glasgow Soctions): “Implied Chemistry.” Dr. L. A. JORDAN, at St.Enoch‘s Hotel, Glasgow, at 7.30 p.m. SOCIETY (Birmingham and Midland Section) :OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY “Recent Progress in Inorganic Chemistry.” Dr. W. WARDLAW, at the University Building, Edmund Street, Birmingham, at 7.30 p.m. OF22 INSTITUTEFUEL:“The Cleaning of Coal Using Dense Media.” Dr. R. A. MOTT, in the Lecture Theatre of the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 6 p.m. OF CHEMISTRY, OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY23 INSTITUTE SOCIETY (Edin-turgh and East of Scotland Section), and the CHEMICALSOCIETY: Some Recent Advances in Surface Chemistry.” Professor E. K. RIDEAL,at the North British Station Hotel, Edinburgh, at 7.30 p.m. OIL AND COLOUR CHEMISTS’ “The Use of Bitumen for ASSOCIATION: Stabilising of Powders, particularly as regards Soils.” BrigadierC. H.HASWELL, at the Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1, at 7.30 p.m. 24 INSTITUTE (Huddersfield Section) : “The Fading of OF CHEMISTRY Dyed Materials in Light.” Mr. F. SCHOLEFIELD. OF27 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Cardiff and District Section): “Recent Studies in the Mechanism of Chemical Reactions.” Mr. C. N. HINSHELWOOD,in the Chemistry and Physics Lecture Theatre, University College, Cardif€, at 7.30 p.m. 28 HULLCHEMICALAND ENGINEERINU and HULL ASSOCIATIONSOCIETY OF ENGINEERS: “Water Treatment.” Mr. P. HAMER, in the Lecture Room (51), Municipal Technical College, Hull, at 7.45 p.m. 29 LEICESTER LITERARY AND PHILOSOPHICALSOCIETY (Chemistry OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRYSection) and INSTITUTION (LeicesterSection): “Colour and Rubber.” Dr.T. J. DRAKELEY,at the College of Technology, Leicester, at 7.30 p.m. 494 January 31 CHEMICAL SOCIETY (Leeds): “The Formation of Nuclei in Solids and Their Rate of Growth.” Professor W. E. GARNER. LITERARYAND PHILOSOPHICALMANCHESTER SOCIETY (Chemical Section): “Labour Conditions in Chemical Works.” Mr. P. K. STANDRING,at 36, George Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m. February 1 MIDLAND CHEMISTS’ DINNER-DANCE,Birmingham. 3 SOCIETY (Plastics Group and London Section) :OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY “Some Aspects of Adhesion.” Dr. A. R. LEE, at the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.1, at 8 p.m. 4 CHEMICALSOCIETY UNIVERSITY :and MANCHESTER CHEMICALSOCIETY “The Structure of Benzene.” Professor C.K. INGOLD,at the University, Manchester, at 4.30 p.m. OF5 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast Section): “Studies in Metallic Corrosion.” Dr. W. S. PATTERSON. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(Food Group) and SOCIETYOF PUBLICANALYSTS,at the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. INSTITUTE (London Section): Visit to New Mogden OF CHEMISTRY Purification Works (West Middlesex Sewage Scheme). 6 BIRMINGHAMPAINTAND VARNISH CLUB: “Coatings for Industrial Purposes.” Dr. H. J. STERN, at the Grand Hotel, Birmingham. :CHEMICAL SOCIETY Ordinary Scientific Meeting at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. SOCIETY INDUSTRYOF CHEMICAL (Birmingham and Midland Section) : “Refractories Technology : A Twenty-five Years’ Retrospect.” Mr.W. J. REES, at University Building, Edmund Street, Birming- ham, at 7.30 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY OF(Bristol Section) and INSTITUTE FUEL:“Technique of Hydrogenation.” Dr. J. G. KING, in the Chemical Department, The University, Bristol, at 7.30 p.m. INSTITUTION7 SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY, OF THE RUBBER INDUSTRY OF (Manchester Sections) :and INSTITUTECHEMISTRY “Patents as Industrial Property.” Mr. W. A. SILVESTER,at the Engineers’ Club, Manchester, at 7 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(Newcastle upon Tyne and North- East Coast): “The Chemist’s Job in a Modern Power Station.” Mr. G. W. Hewson. OF8 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY(South Yorkshire Section), CHEMICAL SOCIETY, and YORRSHIRE BRANCH OF THE SCIENCE MASTERS’ ASSOCIATION: at Sheffield University, at 2.30 p.m. 11 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Belfast and District Section): Practical Demonstrations, in the Physics Lecture Theatre, Royal Belfast Academical Institution, at 7.30 p.m.MANCHESTERLITERARYAND PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY (ChemicalSection) : Joule Memorial Lecture : “The Upper Atmosphere.” Professor E. V. APPLETON,at the Literary and PhilosophicalSociety, 36, George Street, Manchester, at 4 p.m. 495 February 12 CHEMICAL SOC~TY: Sixteenth Faraday Lecture. “Radio-activityand Atomic Theory.” LORD RUTHERFORD OF NELSON, at the Royal Institution, Albemarle Street, London, W.l, at 5.30 p.m. Admission by ticket only.13 INSTITUTECHEMISTRYOF (Liverpool and North-Western Section) : “From Boyle to Priestley.” Mr. R. B. PILCHER,at the Constitu- tional Club, India Buildings, Water Street, Liverpool, at 7.30 p.m. OIL AND COLOVR ASSOCIATIONCHEMISTS’ : “Electron Diffraction.” Professor G. I. FINCH,at the Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C. 1, at 7.30 p.m. 14 OIL AND COLOURCHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION(Manchester Section) : Discussion on “Current Theories with regard to Polymerisation of Drying Oils.” Professor T. P. HILDITCH,at Reynolds Hall, Man- Chester, at 7 p.m. OIL AND COLOUR CHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION(Scottish Section) : “Radia-tion and Paint.” Dr. G. F. NEW, at St. Enoch’s Hotel, Glasgow, at 7.30 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Chemical Engineering Group) : “Some Aspects of Chemical Works Pumping and Acid Handling.” Mr.E. A. REAVELL, at the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W. 1. 16 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (South Yorkshire Section): Symposium, at the Technical College, Chesterfield, at 7.30 p.m. 17 INSTITUTE (Leeds Area Section): “Heavy Water.” OF CHEMISTRY Professor C. K. INCOLD. and OFSOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRYINSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Bristol Sections): “Medicinal Chemicals.” Dr. F. L. PYMAN,in the Chemical Department, The University, Bristol, at 5.30 p.m. 18 HULLCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING : “Creep in EngineeringSOCIETY Practice.” Mr. R. W. BAILEY,at the Lecture Room (51), Municipal Technical College, Park Street, Hull, at 7.45 p.m.INSTITTJTE (Huddersfield Section) : “Carbohydrates and OF CHEMISTRY their Structure.” Professor W. N. HAWORTH. OF19 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (London and South-Eastern Counties Section): “Protection against Lethal Gases.’’ Mr. J. DAVIDSON PRATT, at the Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.l, at 7.30 p.m. LEICESTER LITERARY AND PHILOSOPHICAL : “Hormones.”SOCIETY Dr. J. MASSON GULLAND,at University College, Leicester, at 7.45 p.m. OF20 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY and SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY (Manchester Sections) and CHEMICAL SOCIETY: “Chemistry and Medicine.” Dr. J. F. WILKINSON,at the Central Library, Man- Chester, at 7 p.m. 21 BEDSON CLUB (Newcastle upon Tyne):. 33rd Bedson Lecture: “X-ray Analysis and Chemical Constitution.” Dr.J. D. BERNAL. LANCASTRIAN SOCIETYFRANKLAND : “The Metabolic Products of Moulds and Lichens.” Professor A. ROBERTSON,at the StoreyInstitute, Lancaster, at 8 p.m. 496 February 21 SOCIETY INDUSTRYOF CHE~CAL (Manchester and Liverpool Sections) ; “The Metals in Chemical Industry.” Professor C. H. DESCH. SOCIETYOF DYERSAND COLOURISTS:“The Dyeing of Silk and Rayon.” Dr. F. S. TOMLINSON,at the Literary and Philosophical Society, 36, George Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m. 26 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Irish Free State Section): “Notes on the Unsaturated Fatty Acids.” Dr. P. S. &UP. AND PHILOSOPHICAL (Chemical Section) : “Micro-28 LITERARY SOCIETY chemical Analytical Methods.” Mr. N. STRAFFORD, at 36, GeorgeStreet, Manchester, at 7 p.m.Socm~yOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section): Jubilee Memorial Lecture : “Chemical Elixirs of Life.” Professor I. M. HEILBRON,at the North British Station Hotel, Princes Street, Edinburgh, at 7.30 p.m. SOCIETVOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(Chemical Engineering Group) : Joint Meeting with Nottingham Section and Road and Building Materials Group. Papers on “Cement.’’ March 2 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY: Annual General Meeting, at 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.l, at 8 p.m. OFINSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Bristol and South-Western Counties Section): “Newer Methods in Refining Petroleum Products.” Dr. F. H. GARNER, in the Chemical Lecture Theatre, Bristol University, at 5.30 p.m. OF3 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast Section): “The Economist in the Modern World. Mr.E. D. MCCALLUM. 4 SOCIETYOF PUBLICANALYSTS:Ordinary Meeting, at BurlingtonHouse, Piccadilly, London, W. 1, at 8 p,m. 5 CHEMICAL Ordinary Scientific Meeting, at Burlington House, SOCIETY: Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. SOCIETY INDUSTRYOF CHEMICAL (Bristol Section) : Annual Meeting. “Recent Developments in the Field of Detergent Preparations.” Dr. R. THOMAS,in the Chemical Department, The University, Bristol, at 7.30 p.m. 6 INSTITU~OF CHEMISTRY (South Yorkshire Section): “The Renais- sance of Analysis.” Dr. A. D. MITCHELL, at the County Technical College, Worksop, at 8 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(Manchester Section) : “The Iraq Pipe Line.” Dr. A.E. DUNSTAN,at the Engineers’ Club, Man- Chester, at 7 p.m. 9 SOCIETY (Yorkshire Section) :Annual General OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY Meeting. “Chemical Standards.” 11 INSTITUTE OF CHEMICUOF CHEMISTRY (Cardiff Section) and SOCIETY INDUSTRY(South Wales Section): “Recent Advances in Food Chemistry.” Dr. H. E. Cox, at Technical College, Cardiff, at 7.30 p.m. 12 INSTITUTE (Liverpool and North-West Section) : “FoodOF CHEMISTRY Legislation.” Mr.H. E. MONK, at the Constitutional Club, Liver- pool, at 7.30 p.m. 497 Maxwh 12 OIL AND COLOUR CHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION:“Topical Problems in the Paint Industry.” Mr. H. C. F. RANDALL,at the Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.l, at 7.30 p.m.FRANKLAND :13 LANCASTRIAN SOCIETY “Heavy Water.” Professor H. V. A. BRISCOE,at the Storey Institute, Lancaster, at 8 p.m. OIL AND COLOURCHEMISTS’ASSOCIATION(Scottish Section) :“Modern Trends in the Lacquer Industry.” Dr. D. TRAILL, at St. Enoch’s Hotel, Glasgow, at 7.30 p.m. SOCIETY (Birmingham and Midland Section) :OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY “Boiler Water Conditioning.” Mr. C. W. TOD, at UniversityBuilding, Edmund Street, Birmingham, at 7.30 p.m. INSTITUTE (South Yorkshire Section) and CHEMICALOF CHEMISTRY : “Carbohydrates.” Professor W. N. HAWORTH,SOCIETY at the University, Sheffield, at 5.30 p.m. OF16 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY(Bristol and South-Western Counties Section): Annual General Meeting. “Toxicology.” Dr. G.ROCHE LYNCH,in the Chemical Lecture Theatre, Bristol University, at 5.30 p.m. OF INDUSTRY17 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY and SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (Edinburgh and East of Scotland Sections) : “Peculiar Analyses.” Mr. A. R. JAMIESON, at the North British Station Hotel, Edinburgh, at 7.30 p.m. SOCIETY (Plastics Group) and INSTITUTEOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY OF THE PLASTICSINDUSTRY:“Colours and Pigments used in the Plastics Industry and their Properties.” Mr. K. M. RICHARDS,at British Industries House, Marble Arch, London, W.l, at 7.45 p.m. OF (Huddersfield Section) : Annual General 18 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY Meeting. Show of Industrial Films. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (London Section) : “Oxidation Reducing Potentials.” Dr. S. GLASSTONE,at the Institute of Chemistry,30, Russell Square, London, W.C.l, at 7.30 p.m.19 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Belfast and District Section) : “Industrial Biochemistry in Northern Ireland.” Dr. W. H. GIBSON, in the Physics Lecture Theatre of the Royal Belfast Academical Institu- tion, at 7.30 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (Manchester Section) : Annual General Meeting. “Chemistry and Business.” Dr. H. HEPWORTH. LITERARYAND PHILOSOPHICAL20 LEICESTER SOCIETY:“The Iraq Pipe Line.” Sir JOHNCADMAN,at the College of Technology, Leicester, at 7.30 p.m. OF24 INSTITTJTECHEMISTRY and SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY (Newcastle upon Tyne Sections): “Microchemical Analysis.” Dr. P. L. ROBINSONand Dr. L. A. SAYCE. 27 MANCHESTER LITERARYAND PHILOSOPHICALSOCIETY (Chemical Section): “Co-operation between Chemistry and Medicine.” Dr.A. RENSHAW,at 36, George Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m. 31 HULLCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERINGSOCIETY: “Some Protective Coatings Used in Industry.” Dr. H. J. STERN,in the Lecture Room (61), Municipal Technical College, Park Street, Hull, at 7.45 p.m. 498 General Notices. The Annual General Meeting of the Institute will be held at the Institute, on Monday, 2nd March, 1936,at 8 p.m. Nomination of General Members of the Council.-Attention is directed to the By-laws relating to the nomination of Members of Council:-By-law 26. (1) Any twenty Members, not being Members of the Council, may nominate one eligible Fellow as a candidate for election tw 8 General Member of the Council, but no Member shall nominate more than one such Fellow.(2) Any nomination made under this By-law shall be delivered to the Secretary six weeks at least before the Annual General Meeting, and shall be in the following form: “We, the undersigned, Members of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland, do hereby certify that A.B., of (registered address) ,a Fellow of this Institute, is, in our estimation, a fit and proper person to be a General Member of the Council of the Institute, and we do hereby nominate him asa Candidate for election as a General Member of the Council.” (3) Any such nomination may consist of several documents in like form, each signed by one or more Members. (The name of every candidate nominated in accordance with By-law 26 will be included in the Balloting List.) By-law 24 (2).No person who has been elected as a District Member of the Council for any year of Office shall be eligible for election aa a General Member of +,heCouncil for that year of Office, and if such person is elected as President, Vice-President or Treasurer for that year of Office he shall vacate his Office as a District Member of the Council and the vacancy shall be filled up, as on a casual vacancy. The Officers and General Members of Council who retire at the next Annual General Meeting, 2nd March, 1936, in accordance with the By-laws and are ineligible for re-election to the same offices respectively, are as follows:-PTeSide&. Jocelyn Field Thorpe, C.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S.Vice- Presidenh. William John Atkinson Butterfield, M.A. Sir George Christopher Clayton, C.B.E., Ph.D. Albert Ernest Dunstan, D.Sc. Frank George Edmed, O.B.E., B.Sc. William Henry Roberts, M.Sc. 499 Members of &?uncil. Charles Olden Bannister, A.R.S.M. Henry Edward Cox, D.Sc. Harold Douglas Elkington, M.Sc. George Davidson Elsdon, B.Sc. George Edward Holden, M.B.E., M.Sc. Reginald Haydn Hopkins, D.Sc. James Grieve King, Ph.D., A.R.T.C. Robert Robinson, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S. Frank Southerden, BSc. William Wardlaw, D.Sc. Nominations for the new Council must be delivered at the Institute before 4.30 p.m. on 20th January, 1936. District Members of Council.-The District Members of Council will be as follows:-Birmingham and Midlands : William Alexander Skeen Calder.Bristol and South-Western Counties: Ernest Vanstone, D.Sc. Liverpool and North-West Coast : Albert Edward Findley, B.Sc. M.Eng. London and South-Eastern Counties: John Ralph Nicholls, B.Sc. (Lond.). Manchester and District : Cecil John Turrell Cronshaw, B.Sc. Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast: Percy Lucock Robinson, D.Sc. Yorkshire: Harold Burton, D.Sc. Edinburgh and East of Scotland: Adam Tait. Aberdeen and North of Scotland: Alexander Findlay, D.Sc. Glasgow and West of Scotland: Forsyth James Wilson, Ph.D., DSc. Wales and the County of Monmouth: Ernest Albert Tyler, M.A. Northern Ireland : William Honneyman, B.Sc., Ph.D. Irish Free State: James Bell, M.A., M.B., Sc.D.The Overseas Dominions and elsewhere abroad : James Irvine Orme Masson, M.B.E., D.Sc. Examinations, 1936.-The arrangements for Fellowship and Associateship Examinations after January, 1936, will be as follows:-FORTHE FELLOWSHIP. Last date for entries. Period of examination. Monday, 10th Feb., 1936. 27th April to 2nd May, 1936. *Monday, 6th July, 1936. 21st to 26th Sept., 1936. *For candidates wishing to be examined in Branch G. Industrial Chemistry, or desiring to take Special Examinations, the list will close on 1st June, 1936. 500 FORTHE ASSOCIATESHIP. Last date for entries. Period of examination. Monday, 10th Feb., 1936. 20th to 25th April, 1936. Monday, 6th July, 1936. 14th to 19th Sept., 1936. Beilby Memorial Awards.-From the interest derived from the invested capital of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, at intervals to be determined by the administrators representing the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry, and the Institute of Metals, awards are made to British investigators in science to mark appreciation of records of distinguished original work, preference being given to in- vestigations relating to the special interests of Sir George Beilby, including problems connected with fuel economy, chemical engineering and metallurgy. Awards are made, not on the result of any competition, but in recognition of continuous work of exceptional merit, bearing evidence of distinct advancement in knowledge and practice.The administrators of the Fund are the Presidents, the Honorary Treasurers, and the Secretaries of the three partici- pating Institutions, who will be glad to have their attention directed to outstanding work of the nature indicated.Corres-pondence on this subject should be addressed to the Convener, Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.I. Notice to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute.For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship, may receive the Appointments 501 Register of the Institute, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their professors. Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months.Members and Students who are without employment, are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment , will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period if necessary. The Institute also maintains a List of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students or Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m.and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The Library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is available, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10 a.m. to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.), except during August and the early part of September, when the hours are from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted, at present , to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books. Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books.The Institute has entered into an arrangement with The Science Library, Science Museum, South Kensington, S.W.7, whereby books may be borrowed on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary of the Institute. In addition to its comprehensive sets of literature on cognate subjects, which are not available in specialised libraries, this Library contains an exceptionally extensive collection of works 502 on chemistry. Nine thousand scientific and technical periodicals are received regularly in the Library. All publications added to the Library are recorded in its Weekly Bibliography of Pure and Applied Science, which has a wide circulation among research workers and institutions.Boots ’ Booklovers Library .-Fellows and Associates who desire to subscribe to Boots’ Booklovers Library may obtain forms of application from the Registrar of the Institute. Lewis ’s Lending Library.-Any Fellow or Associate who is not already acquainted with this Library of Scientific and Technical books may obtain a copy of the Prospectus from the Registrar of the Institute. A copy of the Catalogue of the Library (revised to December, 1927,with Supplements 1928-30 and 1931-33) is available in the Library of the Institute. A Bi-monthly list of Additions is also issued. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers (IS.zd. each) for binding the Journal in annual volumes, are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required.Arrangements may be made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19, Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.z, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSon the following terms: buckram cover, IS. zd.; binding, 2s. gd.; postage and packing, 9d.; in all, 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who are giving lectures. Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As the slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration.The Profession of Chemistry’ ’ (Third Edition, 1935), will be supplied gratis to any Fellow, Associate or Registered Student, on application to the Registrar. 503 ATTENDANCES AT MEETINGS OF THE COUNCIL AND COMMITTEESy 1sT MARCH TO 20~sDECEMBER, 1935. Council Councilin Oommittees Committee J, F. Thorpe, Pres. .. .. .. 6 2 28 15 W. J. A. Butterfield, V.-P. .. ..87 6 6 1 Sir G. C. Clayton, V.-P. .. .. ..20 3 1 A. E. Dunstan, V.-P. .. .. .. 0 0 16 2 F. G. Edmed, V.-P. .. .. ..65 3 2 H.H.Hodgson, V.-P. .. .. .. 8 7 21 20 W.H. Roberts, V.-P. .. .. ..45 6 5 P. H. Kirkaldy, Hon. Treas. .. .. 7 4 27 22 6 F. S. Aumonier .. .. .. .. 8 6 13 11 6 C. 0. Bannister .. .. .. ..21 6 0 S. A. Brazier .. .. .. ..20 0 0 1%'. A. S. Calder .. .. .. ..63 10 I.T. Callan .. .. .. ..32 10 F. D. Chattaway .. .. .. ..44 0 0 G. R. Clemo .. .. .. ..24 5 0 H. E. Cox .. .. .. .. ..85 0 07 H. W. Cremer .. .. .. 5 4 14 5 2.I W. M. Cumming .. .. .. ..2 2 5 1 H. D. Elkington .. .. .. ..S6 0 01 G. D. Elsdon .. .. *. ..lo 0 0 John Evans .. .. .. ..31 0 0 A. E. Everest . . .. .. .. 6 3 20 6 L. Eynon .. .. .. .. .. 8 7 19 16 2 A. Findlay (from May,1935) .. .. 3* 1' 0 0 W. R. Hardwick .. .. .. .. 7 1 13 7 I. M. Heilbron . . .. .. ..30 0 0 G. E. Holden .. .. .. ..20 0 0 W.Honneyman .. .. .. .. 2 3 11 0 R. H.Hopkins .. .. .. . .33 11 E. B. Hughes .. .. .. .. 5 3 13 0 2 D. Jordan Lloyd .. *. .. . .35 6 2 1 J. G. King .. .. .. .. ..41 0 0 L. H. Lampitt .. .. .. ..2 4 2 0 A. G. G. Leonard .. .. ..11 5 0 J. H. Lester .. .. .. ..23 5 0 H. Levinstein .. .. .. .. 4 3 14 0 1 J. Macleod .. .. .. .. . .lo 11 J. I. 0. Masson .. .. .. ..12 0 0 C. A. Mitchell .. .. .. ..5 2 6 4 1 T. F. E. Rhead .. .. .. ..51 6 1 P.L. Robinson (from May, 1935) .. 3* 1* 0 0 R. Robinson .. .. .. ..40 5 1 F. Southerden .. .. .. .. 6 1 11 1 A. Tait .. .. .. .. ..01 5 0 E. Vanstone .. .. .. ..63 5 0 W. Wardlaw .. .... .. 4 3 19 1 H.B. Watson . . .. .. ..71 5 0 J. Weir .. .... .. ..lo 0 0 F. J. Wilson .... .... 2 1 0 0 * Ofapossible 6.