摘要:

LOCAL SECTIONS OF THE INSTITUTE Sections. Hon. Secretaries. Aberdeen and North of R. Craven, B.Sc., A.R.C.S., F.I.C., 2, Scotland: Richmondhill Gardens, Aberdeen. Birmingham and Midlands : Garfield Thomas, M.Sc., A.I.C., 38, Kelmscott Road, Harborne, Birmingham. Bristol and South-Western E. Lewis, M.I.Chem.E., F.I.C., 22, UpperCounties: Cranbrook Road, Redland, Bristol, 6. Cape of Good Hope : Dr. William Pugh, B.Sc., F.I.C., The University, Cape Town. Edinburgh and East of G. Elliot Dodds, A.H.W.C., A.I.C., 30, Castle Scotland: Avenue, Corstorphine, Edinburgh, 12. Glasgow and West of A. R. Jamieson, B.Sc., F.I.C., 20, Trongate, Scotland: Glasgow, C.l. Huddersfield: Dr. E. H. Goodyear, A.I.C., Holme Royd, Kennedy Avenue, Fixby, Huddersfield. India : G.Watson Douglas, B.Sc., A.I.C., The State Laboratory, Bhopal, Central India. Ireland (Belfast) : C. S, McDowell, B.Sc., A.I.C., 19, Harberton Avenue, Belfast. ,, (Dublin): Dr. A. G. G. Leonard, F.I.C., 18, Belgravo Road, Dublin. Leech Area: Dr. H. Burton, M.Sc., F.I.C., The University, Leeds. Liverpool and North-Glynne W. Beaumont, B.I.C., The Harbour. Western : master’s Old House, Liverpool. London and South-Eastern Mark Bogod, A.R.C.S., F.I.C., c/o The In- Counties: stitute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C. 1. Malaya: J. F. Clark, M.Sc., A.R.C.S., F.I.C., Analyst’sDepartment, Municipality, Singapore, Straits Settlements. Manchester and District : Dr. Albert Coulthard, F.I.C., 136, Barlow Moor Road, West Didsbury, Manchester.Newcastle upon Tyne and Dr. W. E. Scott, M.Sc., A.I.C., Rossie House, North -Eas t Coast Canning Street, Hebburn-on-Tyne. New Zealand: Philip White, B.Sc., A.R.C.S., F.I.C., Dominion Laboratory, Wellington, C. 1, New Zealand. South Wales- Cardiff: Dr. W. Cule Davies, A.I.C., University College, Cardiff. Swansea: R. H. Jones, F.I.C., Glen View, Cae Bryn Avenue, Sketty Green, Swansea. South Yorkahire : Wm. Wall, BSc., A.I.C., Bramcote, Harstoft Avenue, Worksop, Notts. ADVERTISEMENTS. JOURNALPROCEEDINGS.-The terms for advertisements in theAND Journal and Proceedings of the Institute can be obtained on applicationto the Registrar. Advertisements are subject to the approval of the Publications Committee. No Commission is allowed to Agents.The circulation is over 76OO-chieffy to analytical, consulting and technological chemists, professors and teachers of chemistry, and to University and Institution Libraries. The advertisement pages are offered especially to manufacturers of laboratory glassware, porcelain and silica ware, of filter paper, chemical and physical apparatus, balances, microscopes, and laboratory require- ments generally; also to publishers of scientific boob and to booksellers. PUBLICATIONS OF THE INSTITUTE LECTURES: “Chemists and Dividends.” S. M. Gluckstein. 29. net.* “The Chemist in the Photographic Industry.” 0.F. Bloch, F.I.C. 29. net. “Ventilation Conditions-Normal and Abnormal-and their Inves tiga- tion.” Robert C.Frederick, F.I.C. 29. net.* “The World’s Sugar Industry.” Lewis Eynon, B.Sc., F.I.C. 28. net. t “The Chemist and Commerce.” Leslie H. Lampitt, D.Sc., F.I.C. 29. net.* “Some Notes on the Cinchona Industry.” Bernard F. Howard, F.I.C. 2s. net. t “The Transmutation of the Chemist.” A. E. Dunstan, D.Sc., F.I.C. 29. net. “What is Probable Error?” J. F. Tocher, D.Sc., F.I.C. 2s. 6d. net.* “Recent Advances in the Fermentation Industries.” J. Vargas Eyre, M.A., Ph.D., F.I.C. 29. net. t “Chemistry and the Community.” Sir Frank E. Smith, K.C.B., C.B.E., F.R.S. 29. net. “The Relation of Food to Disease.” Stanley Dixon, M.Sc., F.I.C. 2s. 6d. net. “Outline of an Electrochemical (Electronic) Theory of the Course of Organic Reactions.” Robert Robinson, M.A., D.Sc., LL.D., F.R.S., F.I.C.28. 6d. net. “The Nature of Simple Molecules and of Elementary Processes.” A. J. Allmand, M.C., D.Sc., F.R.S., F.I.C. 29. 6d. net.* “Rubber.” W. A. Williams, F.I.C. 2s. net.t “Chemistry and Life.” Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins, M.A., M.B., D.Sc., LL.D., P.R.S. 2s. net. “Joseph Priestley: 1733-1804.” (Illustrated.) R. M. Caven, D.Sc., F.I.C. 28. 6d. net. “Science and the Community.” Alexander Findlay, M.A., D.Sc., Ph.D., F.I.C. 28. net. “The Chemist in the Far East.” Alexander Marcan, F.I.C. 2s. net. “The Detection and Determination of Small Amounts of Substances by Colorimetric Methods.” Norman Strafford, M.Sc., F.I.C. 2s. 6d. net. “A Survey of Modern Inorganic Chemistry.” G. T. Morgan, O.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S., F.I.C.29. 6d. net. “Alchemists, in Art and Literature.’’ (Illustrated.) Richard B. Pilcher, O.B.E., Registrar and Secretary of the Institute. 29. 6d. net.* “Beer.” H. F. E. Hulton, F.I.C. 2s. net. “Electrometric Methods in Physical and Analytical Chemistry.” Samuel Glasstone, D.Sc., F.I.C. 2s. 6d. net. t “The Chemist aa a Directing Force in Industry.” Herbert Levinstein, Ph.D., M.Sc., F.I.C. 29. net. “Micro-chemical Methods suitable for General Analytical Practice.” (Illustrated.) H. V. A. Briscoe, A.R.C.S., D.Sc., F.I.C., and Janet W. Matthews, A.R.C.S., Ph.D., F.I.C. 2s. 6d. net. “New Indicators and other Reagents employed in Volumetric Analysis.” A. D. Mitchell, D.Sc., F.I.C.* “Quinine Manufacture in India.” 28. net. G. E. Shaw, B.Sc., F.I.C. 2s. net. “Fifty Years of Chemistry.” Arthur E. Everest, D.Sc., F.I.C. 2s. net. t “Chemistry and the Body Politic.” Sir William H. Bragg, O.M., K.B.E., F.R.S. 29. net. FOR T-ADMISSIONOF STUDENTS, AND FELLOWS.REGULATIONS ASSOCIATES &a$&?. EXAMINATIONPAPERS.Annual Sets. 1s. post free. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS(1920 and after). Six Parts annurtlly. 29. each net. OFFIUIALCHEwcm APPOINTMENTS.8th Edition (1934). 5s. net. (ToRegistered Students, 2s.) TEE PROFESSIONCKEMISTRY. Third Edition (1935). 29. 6d. net.OF REGISTER OF FELLOWS, AsSOCIATES AND STUDENTS, 1934. 5s. net. * StreatfeiZd Memorial Lectures. t Qluckstein MemoriaE Lectures.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG935590X001

出版商:RSC    

年代:1935

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CBEBIISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER,1885. Patron -H.M. THE KING. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. PART 11: 1935. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE,LONDON,W.C.1 April, 1935. Publications Committee, 1935136. W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD (Chairwan), JOCELYN F. THORPE (Prestdenl), C. 0. BANNISTER, G. R. CLEMO, W. M. CUMMING, A. E. EVEREST, LEWIS EYNON, H. H. HODGSON, WILLIAM HONNEYMAN, D. JORDAN-LLOYD, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (Hoiz. Treasure+) A. G. G. LEONARD, J. H. LESTER, C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, T. F. E. RHEAD, F. SOUTHERDEN, ADAM TAIT, ERNEST VANSTONE, W. WARDLAW, H.B. WATSON. Officers and Members of Council, 1935-36. PRESIDENT: JOCELYN FIELD THORPE, C.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S. VICGPRESIDENTS : WILLIAM JOHN ATKINSON BUTTERFIELD, M.A. SIR GEORGE CHRISTOPHER CLAYTON, C.B.E., PH.D., M.P. ALBERT ERNEST DUNSTAN, D.Sc. FRANK GEORGE EDNED, O.B.E., B.Sc., A.R.C.S. HERBERT HENRY HODGSON, M.A., B.Sc., PH.D. WILLIAM HENRY ROBERTS, M.Sc. HONORARY TREASURER : PATRICK HENRY KIRKALDY. MEMBERS OF COUNCIL: FREDERIC SUTCLIFFE AUMONIER, B.Sc. : LONDON. CHARLES OLDEN BANNISTER, A.R.S.M., M.ENG. : LIVERPOOL. SIDNEY ALBERT BRAZIER, M.Sc. : MANCHESTER. WILLIAM ALEXANDER SKEEN CALDER : BIRMINGHAMAND THOMAS CALLAN, M.Sc., PH.D. : MANCHESTER. [MIDLANDS. FREDERICK DANIEL CHATTAWAY, M.A., PH.D., D.Sc., F.R.S. : OXFORD.GEORGE ROGER CLEMO, DSc., D.PHIL. : NEWCASTLEUPON TYNE. HENRY EDWARD COX, PH.D., D.Sc.: LONDON. HERBERT WILLIAM CREMER, RI.Sc., M.I.CHEM.E. : LONDON. WILLIAM MURDOCH CUMMING, D.Sc. : GLASGOW. HAROLD DOUGLAS ELKINGTON, M.Sc. : LONDON. GEORGE DAVIDSON ELSDON, B.Sc. : MANCHESTER. JOHN EVANS : SHEFFIELD. ARTHUR ERNEST EVEREST, PH.D., D.Sc. :NORTH-EASTCOASTAND LEWIS EYNON, BSc. : LONDON. [YORKSHIRE. WILLIAM ROSCOE HARDWICK, B.Sc. : LIVERPOOLAND NORTH-WEST COAST. ISIDOR MORRIS HEILBRON, D.S.O., D.Sc., F.R.S. : MANCHESTER. GEORGE EDWARD HOLDEN, M.B.E., M.SC.TECH. : MANCHESTER. WILLIAM HONNEYMAN, B.Sc., PH.D. : NORTHERNIRELAND. REGINALD HAYDN HOPKINS, D.Sc. : BIRMINQHAM. EDWIN BURNHOPE HUGHES, M.Sc. : LONDONAND SOUTH-EASTERN DOROTHY JORDAN-LLOYD, M.A., D.Sc.: LONDON. [COUNTIES.JAMES GRIEVE KING, PH.D., A.R.T.C.: LONDON. LESLIE HERBERT LAMPITT, D.Sc. : LONDON. ALFRED GODFREY GORDON LEONARD, B.Sc., PH.D., F.R.C.Sc.1.: IRISH FREESTATE. JOSEPH HENRY LESTER, M.Sc. : MANCHESTERAND DISTRICT. HERBERT LEVINSTEIN, PH.D. : LONDON. JAMES MACLEOD : GLASGOW. JAMES IRVINE ORME MASSON, M.B.E., D.Sc.: THE OVERSEAS DOMINIONSAND ELSEWHEREABROAD. CHARLES AINSWORTH MITCHELL, M.A., D.Sc. : LONDON. THOMAS FRED ERIC RHEAD, M.Sc., M.I.CHEM.E. : BIRMINGHAM. ROBERT ROBINSON, M.A., D.Sc., LL.D., F.R.S. : OXFORD. FRANK SOUTHERDEN, B.Sc. : EXETER. ADAM TAIT: EDINBURGH AND EASTOF SCOTL-4ND. ERNEST VANSTONE, D.Sc. : BRISTOLAND SOUTH-WESTERN WILLIAM WARDLAW, D.Sc.: BIRMINGHAM. [COUNTIES. HERBERT BEN WATSON, D.Sc.: WALES AND THE COUNTYOF JOHN WEIR, M.A., PH.D.: ARDROSSAN. [MONMOUTH. FORSYTH JAMES WILSON, PH.D., D.Sc.: GLASGOW AND WESTOF SCOTLAND. District Members of Council will also be elected to represent Aberdeen an& the North of Scotland, and Newcastle upon Tyne and the North-East Coast, respectively. 104 DATES OF COUNCIL MEETINGS: 1935: APRIL 12TH. 1935: NOVEMBER 15~~. MAY 24~~. DECEMBER 20~~. JUNE 21s~. 1936: JANUARY 24~~ AND 31~~. JULY 19~~. FEBRUARY 21s~. OCTOBER 18~~. CENSORS: 1935-1936. THE PRESIDENT, EX-OFFICIO. SIR GEORGE CHRISTOPHER CLAYTON, C.B.E., PH.D., M.P., CHARLES AINSWORTH MITCHELL, M.A., D.Sc., GILBERT THOMAS MORGAN, O.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S., ROBERT ROBINSON, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S.Committees for 1935-36. Chairman* FINANCE AND HOUSE COMMITTEE : THE PRESIDENT, WITH F. S. AUMONIER, H. W. CREMER, A. E. DUNSTAN, A. E. EVEREST, LEWIS EYNON, W. ROSCOE HARDWICK, H. H. HODGSON, E. B. HUGHES, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY*, HERBERT LEVINSTEIN, AND W. WARDLAW. LEGAL AND PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEE : THE PRESIDENT, WITH SIR G. C. CLAYTON*, W. A. S. CALDER, A. E. DUNSTAN, I?. G. EDMED, H. D. ELKINGTON, G. E. HOLDEN, J. G. KING, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY,L. H. LAMPITT, HERBERT LEVINSTEIN, C. A. MITCHELL, AND W. H. ROBERTS. NOMINATIONS EXAMINATIONS AND INSTITUTIONS COMMITTEE : THE PRESIDENT* AND COUNCIL IN COMMITTEE. (VICE-CHAIRMAN:PATRICK H. KIRKALDY.) PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE : THE PRESIDENT, WITH C.0. BANNISTER, W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD*, G. R. CLEMO, W. M. CUMMING, A. E. EVEREST, LEWIS EYNON, H. H. HODGSON, W. HONNEYMAN, D. JORDAN-LLOYD, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, A. G. G. LEONARD, J. H. LESTER, C. A. MITCHELL, T. F. E. RHEAD, F. SOUTHERDEN, ADAM TAIT, ERNEST VANSTONE, WILLIAM WARDLAW, AND H. B. WATSON. 105 SPECIAL COMMITTEES. BENEVOLENT FUND COMMITTEE : THE PRESIDENT, PATRICK IS. KIRKALDY (HoN. TREASURER)*, THE FINANCE AND HOUSE COMMITTEE, WITH T. COCKBURN (GLASGOW),H. G. COLMAN, A. COULTHARD (MANCHESTER), E. M. HAWKINS, W. HONNEYMAN (N. IRELAND),W. McD. MACKEY (LEEDS), C. PROCTOR, F. SOUTHERDEN ( BRISTOL), AND G. RUDD THOMPSON (SOUTH WALES). (In the case of Section representatives, the names of their respective towns or districts are inserted.} PUBLIC APPOINTMENTS COMMITTEE : THE PRESIDENT, WITH F.W. F. ARNAUD, F. S. AUMONIER, F. D. CHATTAWAY,H. E. COX, B. DYER, F. G. EDMED, A. V. ELSDEN, G. D. ELSDON, JOHN EVANS, A. G. FRANCIS, R. H. GREAVES, W. R. HARDWICK, E. M. HAWKINS, I. M. HEILBRON, E. HINKS, H. H. HODGSON, E. B. HUGHES, J. G. KING, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, L. H. LAMPITT, J. I. 0.MASSON, S. E. MELLING, A. MORE, W. H. ROBERTS*, AND J. F. TOCHER. PEDLER FUND COMMITTEE : THE PRESIDENT*, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (VICE- CHAIRMAN)^ WITH 0. L. BRADY, H. V. A. BRISCOE, H. W. CREMER, W. M. CUM-MING, CHARLES DOREE,’ J. J. FOX, I. M. HEILBRON, R. H. HOPKINS, L. H. LAMPITT, HERBERT LEVINSTEIN, D. JORDAN LLOYD, J. I. 0. MASSON, T. SLATER PRICE, E. K. RIDEAL, R.ROBINSON, AND H. B. WATSON. APPOINTMENTS REGISTER COMMITTEE : THE PRESIDENT, WITH C. 0. BANNISTER, W. A. S. CALDER, THOMAS CALLAN, H. W. CREMER, A. E. DUNSTAN, F. G. EDMED*, L. EYNON, H. H. HODGSON, B. F. HOWARD, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, L. H. LAMPITT, D. JORDAN LLOYD, AND J. MACLEOD. NATIONALCERTIFICATESIN CHEMISTRY. JOINT COMMITTEE OF REPRESENTATIVES OF THE INSTITUTE AND OF THE BOARD OF EDUCATION: THE PRESIDENT*, WITH H. V. A. BRISCOE, J. E. COATES, A. E. EVEREST, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, G. T. MORGAN, AND T. SLATER PRICE. JOINT COMMITTEE WITH SCOTTISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT : THE PRESIDENT, WITH R. BRUCE, W. M. CUMMING, P. F. GORDON, G. G. HENDERSON*, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, J. MACLEOD, N. PICTON, T. SLATER PRICE, J. WEIR, AND F. J.WILSON. JOINT COMMITTEE WITH MINISTRY OF EDUCATION FOR NORTHERN IRELAND : THE PRESIDENT, WITH J. C. A. BRIERLEY, W. H. GIBSON, J. HAWTHORNE, W. HONNEYMAN, G. T. MORGAN, AND T.SLATER PRICE. 106 BOARD OF EXAMINERS FOR THE ASS0CIATESHIP AND FELLOWSHIP, 1935-1 936. Chairman : THE PRESIDENT. Three representatives of the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee. Examinersfor the Associateship : HENRY VINCENT AIRD BRISCOE, D.Sc. (LoND.), A.R.C.S. OSCAR LISLE BRADY, B.A. (CAPE), D.Sc. (LoND.). Examinersfor the Pellowship : Branch A.-INOROANIC CHEMISTRY: HENRY VINCENT AIRD IIRISCOE, DSc. (LoND.), A.R.C.S. Branch B.-PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY : ERIC KEIGHTLEY RIDEAL, M.B.E., D.Sc. (LoND.), F.R.S. Branch C.-ORGANIC CHEMISTRY: OSCAR LISLE BRADY, B.A.(CAPE), D.Sc. (LoND.) Branch D.-BIOCHEMISTRY: HAROLD RAISTRICK, B.A., Sc.D. (CANTAB.),D.Sc. (LEEDS), F.R.S. Branch E.-CHEMISTRY (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs, and of Water: S. E. MELLING. THERAPEUTICS, PHARMACOLOGY,AND MICROSCOPY:GERALD ROCHE LYNCH, O.B.E., M.B., B.S. (LoND.), D.P.H. (Ex). Branch F.-AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY: NORMAN MEDERSON COMBER, D.Sc. (LoND.), A.R.C.S. Branch G.-INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY(General Chemical Technology) : THOMAS PERCY HILDITCH, D.Sc. (LoND.). Examiners in the special sections of Branch G will be appointed as re-quired. HON. AUDITORS, 1935-36 : JOSEPH HENRY LANE AND JOHN CHRISTISON WHITE, O.B.E. AUDITOR, 1935-36 : DAVID HENDERSON, Chartered Accountant. SOLICITORS : MESSRS.MARKBY, STEWART & WADESONS, 5, Bishopsgate, London, E.C.2. BANKERS : THE WESTMINSTER BANK, LTD., Bloomsbury Branch, 214, High Holborn, London, W.C.1. REGISTRAR AND SECRETARY : RICHARD BERTRAM PILCHER, O.B.E., Chartered Secretary. ASSISTANT SECRETARY : RONALD LESLIE COLLETT, M.A. (CANTAB.),F.I.C. Patron: H.M. THE KING HE President and Council of the Institute areTmuch gratified to inform the Fellows and Associates that His Majesty the King has been graciously pleased to accord his Patronage to the Institute. British chemists recall His Majesty’s recognition and appreciation, at all times during his reign, of the benefits which have been derived from the advance in the knowledge of chemistry and of its applications to the affairs of State and to Industry and Commerce.The President and Council feel that this mark of His Majesty’s favour, received in the year of the happy celebration of His Majesty’s Silver Jubilee and of the completion by the Institute of its fiftieth year of incorporation under Royal Charter, will give great satisfaction and encouragement to the profession which the Institute represents, and add to the deep gratitude that chemists, in common with all other men of science, owe to their Sovereign. 108 Editorial. The Charter Jubilee of the Institute.-The Council hopes that as many Fellows and Associates as possible will endeavour to attend the celebration of the Charter Jubilee of the Institute to be held in London on 9th and 10th July, 1935.The Institute was founded in October, 1877, and received its Charter on 13th June, 1885. The Council of that time originally intended to promote a Private Bill to dissolve and re-incorporate the old Institute under an Act of Parliament with powers to confer certificates of com- petency or qualification after examination. The Bill was pre- sented in the House of Lords in February, 1884, read for the first time, and referred to the Examiners. On 26th February, the Lord Chancellor informed the House that the Examiners had reported that the Standing Orders had been complied with, but in the opinion of Lord Redesdale, then Chairman of Committees, the objects sought were not such as should be brought before the House in a Private Bill and, as pressure of business precluded the introduction of the measure as a Public Bill, it was decided that the Institute should petition for a Royal Charter.The Petition was presented on the 15th July, 1884, but the Royal Charter was not granted until 13th June, 1885. Opposi-tion was expressed on the ground that the Institute sought to make a profession of science, to encourage people to earn their livelihood by chemistry! That was perfectly true: it did: and there were important people who felt such a proposition to be very repugnant. Fortunately, however, Her Majesty Queen Victoria having taken the petition into Her Royal consideration and being satis- fied that the intentions of the petitioners were “laudable and deserving of encouragement,” .. . “constituted, erected and in- corporated into one body politic and corporate” the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland, and granted the Royal Charter. It was promoted to the ranks of those institutions which had been distinguished by this mark of recognition by the Crown, and thus became a Corporation-a legal entity-under Charter 109 with power to grant certificates of qualification to chemists, a most valuable privilege. The Institute is in good company: it stands high in the list and in the estimation of other professional bodies. Professor William Odling, Waynflete Professor of Chemistry at Oxford, then President, showed at the inaugural meeting held in November, 1885, that, by the granting of the Charter, official recognition had been given to chemistry as a profession.At that time, it was only gradually becoming evident that professional chemists were necessary to the public and to governmental service, as well as to industry and manufacturing undertakings. The Institute was charged with the duty of providing competent chemists to fulfil these requirements. Professor Odling remarked that there still existed a number of persons who maintained that it was degrading to science to make it subservient to the requirements, or contributory to the support, of mankind. He recalled many distinguished men of science of that and of a bygone generation who had been actively engaged in professional work, whose eminence could not be denied, and who could not have been accused of practising for ignoble ends.He added that leading men in the professions of medicine and engineering acquired and retained their positions, not necessarily by their contributions to pathology or mechanics, but because their very status was in itself evidence of high scientific ability combined with high moral attainments. The question has sometimes been asked and somewhat crudely-of what use is a Charter? The past hundred years has been a period of remarkable advancement in all branches of professional endeavour fostered by the great chartered societies and institutions, under the encouragement of the Crown. They may be said to have become part of the machinery of the State, for the Government looks constantly to such bodies for advice and assistance, which they are ever ready to afford.The institutions enjoy a real and valuable recognition of the position which they have attained and occupied in the world, and of their right as such to speak for the professions which they represent. They have to accept, however, the responsibilities of maintaining the standard of their requirements for membership, and of safeguarding the honour of their professions respectively. Royal Charters confer powers and privileges, but also impose 110 duties and obligations; so that the institutions or their members may sometimes feel that their liberty is restricted under the constitution of such charters, but at other times find an advan- tage in the fact that their powers are thus limited.In general, the provisions of such charters restrict the activities of the institutions, and the expenditure of their funds, to the objects for which they have been subscribed by the members. To return to Professor Odling. He proceeded to consider what advantages would be gained from the particular organisation of the Institute by (I) chemical science, (2)the public, (3) the Fellows and Associates themselves. Gain to chemical science, he said, would accrue from the duties entrusted to the Council of the Institute to promote the extension and improvement of chemical education : not only would the thorough training required for admission to the Institute enable the members more adequately to pursue their profession, but the official organisation of the members into a recognised professional body would attract to the profession men of the highest ability and culture.The conduct of original enquiry would be stimulated, and the community would gain by the increasing application of chemistry to public health, to the detection of adulteration of food, to agriculture, and to the arts and manufactures. The gain to the Fellows and Associates would lie in the fact that they would be united in a common endeavour to raise the character and increase the influence of their profession, thus contributing to the public estimation in which it was held. The growing respect for the profession would, in return, react to the social and material advantage of its individual members, and they would be able to exert a corporate, not merely individual, influence in matters affecting the status and interests of their profession. Therefore, he said, it was incumbent on every member to do all in his power to raise the esteem in which his profession was held and to consolidate that power by his individual character and conduct, by the soundness of his professional work, and by his scrupulous avoidance of everything which in other professions would be held derogatory.On occasions, a member, with unconstitutional tendencies- usually temporary-has found some pet proposition frustrated by the provisions of the constitution under which the Institute must perform its duties, and has been known to cry-"Then alter the Charter!”; but such outbursts are heard but seldom, and not for long.The petition and the Charter of the Institute were framed by wise and far-seeing people, and the fact that it has stood for fifty years unaltered, is proof that in the main its povisions were sound and salutary, even though in some respects their implications are becoming archaic. For example, prominence is given to “analytical and con- sulting chemistry”; but it must be remembered that this expres- sion was used to emphasise that the Institute was not concerned with pharmaceutical chemistry. In any case, the claims of the profession, as thus described, were emphasised, as Professor Odling had mentioned, in relation to their importance in the rapidly increasing application of chemistry to matters of public concern, and it was rightly held to be for the public benefit that the Institute should be given “power to afford facilities for the better education and examination of persons desirous of qualify- ing themselves to be public and technical analysts and chemical advisers on scientific subjects of public importance” and power to grant certificates of competency; further, that such incor- poration by Royal Charter would be a public recognition of the importance of the profession and would tend gradually to raise its character and thus to secure for the community the existence of a class of persons well qualified to be employed in the responsible and difficult duties often devolving upon them.’’ After all, the powers conferred by the Charter are very wide, and some have not yet been exercised. In addition to holding examinations, granting certificates and maintaining a Register of qualified chemists, the Council has the power of acquiring a library, a hall or halls, laboratory or laboratories, the power to appoint professors and lecturers as well as examiners, the power to give prizes, to found professorships, lectureships and scholar- ships, and to print and publish reports, documents or papers of any kind; to establish and conduct classes for instruction in chemistry and the allied sciences, and to purchase apparatus and appliances for chemical and experimental pursuits, and to expend funds in otherwise Promoting the objects of the Institute.With all these powers, it has not encroached on the domain of other bodies; but it is well to remember that it has such powers to be exercised as and when it may be found expedient to bring them into operation. 112 On the occasion of the Charter Jubilee Celebration, the President and Council hope to entertain as many as possible of the Fellows and Associates who were elected before the Charter was granted, or had passed the examination for the Associateship before that time but had not attained their majority. MEMBERS ELECTED UP TO AND INCLUDING JUNE, 1885. BASCOMBE,Frederick. Associate 1878; Fellow 1882. BROTHERS,Horace Edward, B.Sc. (Lond. and Vict.). Associate 1885; Fellow 1889.CRIPER,William Risdon, A.R.S.M. Fellow 1880. DOBBIN, Leonard, Ph.D. (Wiirzburg). Associate 1880; Fellow 1885. Member of Council: 1924-1927. DYER, Bernard, D.Sc. (Lond.). Associate 1878; Fellow 1880. Member of Council: 1889-1892; 1893-1896; 1897-1899; 1903-1906; 1907-1908; 1926-1929. Examiner : 1899-1903 ; 191 5-1925. Vice-president : 1908-1 9 10. Censor: 19 1 9-1924. FERGIUSON, William Bates, K.C., M.A. (Oxon.). Fellow 1879. FRANKLAND,Professor Percy Faraday, C.B.E., Officer of the Order of SS. Maurice and Lazarus, Hon. LL.D. (St. Andrews and Birm.), B.Sc. (Lond.), Hon. M.Sc. (Birm.), Ph.D. (Wcmburg), Sc.D. (Dublin),D.Sc. (Sheffield), A.R.S.M., J.P., F.R.S. Associate 1882; Fellow 1884. Member of Council: 1888-1891; 1896-1898; 1900-1903.Examiner: 1896-1900. Vice-president: 1903-1906; 1909-1912. President: 1906-1909. Censor: 1906-1 92 1. GRAHAM,Christopher Colborne, M.B.E., J.P. Associate 1879; Fellow 1882. GREENAWAY,Alfred John. Fellow 1877. Member of Council: 1892-1895; 1902-1905. HoDGKmsoN, Professor William Richard Eaton, C.B.E., Ph.D. (Wiirzburg).Fellow 1878. Examiner: 1880-1882. Member of Council: 1899-1902; 1908-1911; 1914-1917. HOPKINS, Professor Sir Frederick Gowland, M. A. (Cantab.), M.B. (Lond.),DSc. (Oxon., Lond. and Manc.), Hon. Sc,D. (T.C.D.), LL.D. (Birm.,Aberd. and St. Andrews), M.R.C.S. (Eng.), F.R.C.P. (Lond.), P.R.S., Nobel Laureate, 1929. Associate 1884; Fellow 1887. Examiner: 1905-1 909; 1914-1 928.Member of Council: 1909-1912. HUTCHINSON,Thomas James. Associate 1878; Fellow-1882. HCXLEY,James Henry, A.R.S.M. Fellow 1877. 113 JAGO,William, J.P., Barrister-&Law. Associate 1878; Fellow 1884. KINCIZETT,Charles Thomas. Fellow 1877. Member of Council: 1877-1882; 1893-1894. LOUIS,Professor Henry, M.A., D.Sc. (Dunelm), A.R.S.M., M.1nst.C.E. Fellow 1880. MACNAB,William, C.B.E., M.1.Chem.E. Associate 1882; Fellow 1887. Member of Council: 1893-1896; 1907-1910; 1913-1916; 1918-1921. Vice-president: 1921-1924. ,MCGOWAN,GEORGE,Ph.D. (Leipzig). Associate 1878; Fellow 1881. Member of Council: 1908-1911; Vice-president: 1911-1914. Censor: 1914-1915. MATTHEWS,Charles George, J.P. Associate 1878; Fellow 1883.NEVILL (Neison), Edmund Neville, F.R.S. Fellow 1877. NEWTH, George Samuel. Fellow 1878. ODLMG,Walter. Fellow 1878. REEKS, Trenham Howard, A.R.S.M. Associate 1883; Fellow 1890. SHEPHERD,Harcourt Henry Benjamin. Fellow 1878. SLATTER,George William, A.R.C.Sc.1. Fellow 1880. SMITH, Henry Russell. Associate 1878; Fellow 1882. THORNE,Leonard Temple, Ph.D. (Wiirzburg). Associate 1878; Fellow 1884. TOMS,Frederic Woodland. Associate 1878; Fellow 1883. YOUNG,William Charles. Fellow 1878. Passed Examination for Associateship before the Charter, while under twenty-one years of age (now F.I.C.). COLMAN,Harold Govett, Ph.D. (Wiirzburg), D.Sc. (Manc.). Fellow 1904. Examiner : 19 15-1921. Member of Council: 1908-191 1 ; 1923-1926.Vice-president:1926-1929. HARDEN,Arthur, Ph.D. (Erlangen), D.Sc., Hon. LL.D. (Manc.), F.R.S., Nobel Laureate 1929. Fellow 1904. Examiner : 1906-1 9 10 ; 19 19-1 925. Member of Council: 1913-1916. Vice-president: 1916-1919. SIEBOLD,Alfred. Associate 1886; Fellow 1889. 114 Company Prospectuses and Professional Certificates. -Regarding the publication of reports given by chemists in con- nection with the prospectuses of limited liability companies, where chemical processes are concerned, a Fellow urges the opinion that such reports should be encouraged and should be published with the scientific data, opinion and name of the chemist responsible. In the “Comments” in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part I, 1935, page 10,it was agreed that it was desirable, where there was proper justification for the certificate being published in a prospectus, that the signature of the chemist should be attached to such certificate.The names of auditors, bankers, solicitors and brokers are usually set out in the prospectus. In many cases the report of the chemist is important to the investor. Complaints have rarely been made regarding such professional certificates, when published in connection with company flotation, although cases have occurred in which deliberate fraud has been practised by company promoters, who have misused certificates by concealing adverse opinions or by adding statements which did not appear in the original reports. The practice appears to have been established that the pub- lication of a certificate in a prospectus is allowable, provided that it consists of straightforward statements of fact and of opinion based upon scientific investigation, and, further, the view has been generally accepted that it would be against the public interest if such certificates were not so published.The investing public is entitled to the guidance which fre- quently only a chemist is qualified to give regarding the funda- mental nature of the raw materials or the products or the pro- cesses which fall within the ambit of the operations of an under- taking. Obviously, each individual who desires such guidance cannot be expected personally to seek professional advice on such matters, although a few large-scale investors may take that step.Prospective shareholders, however, properly look to the directors of the company to supply the report and opinion of an independent chemical consultant just as they expect to be presented with reports and opinions of engineers, surveyors and accountants, on matters relevant to their professions. Such reports and opinions, then, are matters of public concern, and in this respect differ from those addressed to individual clients or firms, which are essentially confidential and copyright 115 communications. Reports falling within the latter category may not properly be published or disclosed to others without the consent of their respective authors, who may even have occasion from time to time to make almost identical reports to other clients.The consultant must obviously have a due sense of his responsibility in this connection,-responsibility which should be recognised by the company, since the consultant, who in such cases is cited as an authority, is required to place his accumulated experience at the disposal of the public. Consequently, the fees legitimately charged for reports for publication in company pros- pectuses are often relatively high compared with those charged for private reports to individual clients. Nevertheless, a professional man must in any case resist any inclination to frame his reports otherwise than in the interests of the prospective investors, who are entitled to the whole truth and nothing but the truth.The report must not be modified in any way detrimental to the true interests of the investing public. It should embody the salient chemical or analytical data, with any necessary explanatory information on which the chemist bases his opinion. The public requires a fair and impartial statement. Anyprofessional man who lends his name to a doubtful or speculative proposition takes the grave risk of becoming discredited both by the public and by his professional brethren. 116 Fifty-Seventh Annual General Meeting. FRIDAY, 1st MARCH, 1935. The Fifty-seventh Annual General Meeting of the Institute was held at 30, Russell Square, London, on Friday, 1st March, 1935, at 8 p.m.,-Professor Jocelyn F. Thorpe, C.B.E., F.R.S., President, in the chair.ANNUALACCOUNTS. The Minutes of the fifty-sixth Annual General Meeting having been signed, the President called upon the Honorary Treasurer to present the annual accounts for the year 1934. Mr. Patrick H. Kirkaldy (Hon. Treasurer) said that it would not be necessary for him to occupy the time of the meeting for more than a few minutes. He was sure that the members had all read the Report of the Council. The paragraphs relating to the Finance and House Committee and the Financial Statement gave them the facts, but he thought that it might be well to refer to some of the main points. In the year 1933 economies had been effected in order that a fairly substantial balance-kI,IgI 4s. 6d.-could be brought forward into the Account of 1934.This was done to assist in defraying the cost of the Register and "Official Chemical Appoint- ments,"-which amounted to L1,516 7s. Id.,-both falling due for publication during the year. The investments of the Institute had been modified, by the advice of the Stockbrokers to the Institute, and an additional sum of i-41 17s. IId. had been invested, which, together with the Redemption Premium of LIIO 8s. 4d., increased the Reserves by L652 6s. 3d. Against this, however, there was an overdraft at the Bank of j6440 2s. od. at the end of the year, so that the Cash Account showed an excess of receipts over expenditure of fTz12 4s. 3d., in spite of some unusual non-recurring expenditure. From the Statement of Assets and Liabilities it would be gathered that the total value of the resources of the Institute showed, owing to the variation of the investments and the rise in 117 market prices, a considerable appreciation over the valuation at the close of the previous year.The Finance and House Committee had attempted to set out the Accounts rather more on the lines of a public company, so that the statement of the general account would show more definitely the “profit or loss ” for the year. Difficulty had been experienced in reconciling the old form with the new, and the Committee would continue its researches. He (the Hon. Treasurer) added that he would like to thank Mr. E. B. Hughes for the time which he had spent and the trouble that he had taken in this connexion.With regard to the Benevolent Fund, he was glad to say that the number of individual subscribers had been increased by 264, from 1,935 subscribers in 1933 to 2,199 in 1934. The total received in subscriptions and donations was increased by k382 11s.3d., from ;fT1,0968s. 5d. to ;51,478 19s. 8d. This, he thought they would agree, represented progress, and he added that it was very necessary, for the calls on the fund were far heavier than they had been for some years past. So far as the Committee could foresee at present, it would find difficulty in continuing the assistance which was now being afforded to all deserving cases, unless the support of the Fellows and Associates was fully maintained. The Committee was gradually augmenting the Capital Account, the income from which was very usefully applied to current purposes.The Hon. Treasurer then submitted the Accounts for 1934-35 for the consideration of the meeting, and moved that they be received and adopted; also, that the best thanks of the Fellows and Associates be accorded to the Honorary Auditors, Major J. C. White and Mr. J.H. Lane, and to Mr. David Henderson, Chartered Accountant, for their services. Professor W. H. Roberts said that he had great pleasure in seconding the resolution proposed by the Hon. Treasurer. They were all indebted to the Honorary Auditors,-Major White and Mr. Lane,-and also to Mr. David Henderson. The motion was then put and carried unanimously. REPORTOF THE COUNCIL.The Report of the Council having been taken as read, the President delivered his address (see p. IZI), and moved that the Report be received and adopted. 118 Mr. Lewis Eynon said that he had much pleasure in seconding the motion that the Report of the Council be received and adopted. He was sure that he would be voicing the feelings of the meeting when he added how much he appreciated the President’s Address, particularly the latter part, dealing with our present system of education. In some particulars the Address was of rather an iconoclastic nature, and perhaps it was all the better for that. He hoped that the President would allow it to be printed in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS(applause). The motion was then put and carried unanimously.REPORTOF THE SCRUTINEERS. The President called upon the Registrar to read the Report of the Scrutineers (Messrs. Charles A. Adams and C. A. Bassett) on the ballot for the election of Officers, General Members of Council and Censors, for the ensuing year. The number of valid voting papers received for the election of Officers was 1,068. The following were elected:- President: J. F. Thorpe (1,066). Vice-presidents: Sir G. C. Clayton (1,068), H. H. Hodgson (1,068),A. E. Dunstan (1,067), W. H. Roberts (1,067), F, G. Edmed (1,066),W. J. A. Butterfield (1,065). Ron. Treasurer : Patrick H. Kirkaldy (1,067). The number of votes cast for General Members of Council was 1,067. The following were elected:- I. M.Heilbron (717), H. Levinstein (698), L. H. Lampitt (695),R. Robinson (695), C. A. Mitchell (665), C. 0. Bannister (660), F. S. Aumonier (648), T. Callan (628), J. 0. King (621), F. D. Chattaway (618),R. H. Hopkins (618), G. D. Elsdon (617), T. F. E. Rhead (610), D. Jordan-Lloyd (607), H. W. Cremer (598), H. E. Cox (577), L. Eynon (574), J. Macleod (563), W. M. Cumming (557), G. R. Clemo (552), J. Evans (552),W. Wardlaw (552), G. E. Holden (546), J. Weir (529), F. Southerden (528),S. A. Brazier (525), H. D. Elkington (522). The number of valid voting papers received for the election of Censors was 979. The following were elected:- Sir. G. C. Clayton (832), G. T. Morgan (830), C. A. Mitchell (732),R. Robinson (686). The President then declared that the Officers, General Members of the Council and Censors named by the Registrar had been duly elected.(Applause.) Mr. R. C. Frederick, in moving a vote of thanks to the Scrutineers, said that on hearing the results of the elections the members realised the large amount of work which was necessary before these results could be announced. The Fellows and Associates were all very grateful to the Scrutineers for their 119 unselfish work on behalf of the Institute, and he had much pleasure in proposing an expression of their hearty appreciation to Mr. Adams and Mr. Bassett. Mr. C. E. Barrs having seconded, the motion was then put and carried unanimously. ELECTIONOF AUDITORS. The Honorary Auditors, Major White and Mr.Lane, were reappointed, and Mr. David Henderson, Chartered Accountant, was also reappointed at a remuneration of forty guineas. The meeting proceeded to the special business of which notice had been given on the agenda. SPECIAL BUSINESS. The President moved : (a) That the Resolution of the Extraordinary General Meeting of 7th March, 1921,defining Districts for the election of District Members of Council, be rescinded so far as Districts (vi) to (xii), inclusive, are concerned; (6) That in lieu of the Districts hitherto defined as (vi) to (xii), there be defined as follows:- (vi) Newcastle upon Tyne and North-east Coast, includ- ing the Counties of Northumberland and Durham. (vii) Yorkshire. (viii) Edinburgh and East of Scotland, including the Counties of Perth, Fife, Kinross, Clackmannan, Stirling, Linlithgow, Edinburgh, Haddington, Ber- wick, Peebles, Selkirk and Roxburgh.(ix) Aberdeen and North of Scotland, including the Countiesof Caithness, Sutherland, Ross and Cromarty, Nairn, Elgin, Banff, Aberdeen, Inverness, Kincardine and Angus (Forfar). (x) Glasgow and West of Scotland, including the Coun- ties of Argyll, Dunbarton, Renfrew, Lanark, Ayr, Wigtown, Kirkcudbright and Dumfries. (xi) Wales (excluding the County of Flint, see iii). The County of Monmouth. (xii) Northern Ireland, as defined in the Government of Ireland Act, 1920,and subsequent enactments relat- ing theret 0. 120 (xiii) The Irish Free State, as defined in the Government of Ireland Act, 1920,and subsequent enactments relat- ing there to.(xiv) The Commonwealth of Australia, the Dominion of Canada, the Dominion of New Zealand, the Union of South Africa, the Empire of India, the Crown Colon- ies and elsewhere abroad. The motion was put to the meeting and carried unanimously. VOTEOF THANKS MEMBERSOF THE COUNCIL.TO THE RETIRING Mr. Charles Proctor, I.S.O., said that if he was not the oldest member present, at all events, he had been a member of the Institute for nearly 50 years-(applause)-and had seen a great many, almost all, of the Presidents and Vice-presidents. He had attended almost every annual general meeting, and had known some of the early Presidents, including Sir Edward Frankland, under whom he had the pleasure of being a student, and Dr.James Bell, with whom he started work in the Government Laboratory, and others, who had done a great deal in the early days of the Institute. But the success of the Institute had been much greater than had been expected in those early years, and he felt that that was due to the succeeding Presidents, Vice- Presidents, and Members of the Council who had since worked for it. He complimented the present President (applause) who had been re-elected for the ensuing year, and the Treasurer, who, not only gave great attention to the finances and to the ordinary affairs of the Council, but also to the Benevolent Fund. His proposal, however, concerned the retiring Members of Council, who had completed three years’ service and were not eligible for re-election under the By-Laws.To these members he moved a cordial vote of thanks. Mr. Okell, in seconding the vote of thanks, said that it would be unbecoming on his part to add anything to what had been said by Mr. Proctor. He had spent so many years abroad that, in the past, he had not enjoyed Mr. Proctor’s opportunities of acquiring a full knowledge of the work done by the officers and by the Council. But since his return he had had some such opportuni- ties, and he felt that the Institute had every reason to congratu- late itself on its good fortune in possessing officers and members of Council who had rendered it such good service. (Applause.) The President, having replied on behalf of the retiring Members of Council, then declared the meeting closed.121 The President’s Address. PROFESSORJ. F. THORPE, c.B.E., D.SC., F.R.S. INpresenting the Report of Council for your consideration I am glad to be able to direct your attention to the continued increase of the membership, in spite of heavy losses by death and other causes, The number of members has increased by 143 to a total of 6,285, and at the same time the number of registered students has been increased by 68. We have lost from our roll many whose memories we shall cherish, including some who had attained distinction in various fields of work. I feel that it is rather invidious to make a selection, but I would remind you that among those who have left us the Council has had to deplore the loss of one of its own body, Professor Robert Martin Caven, of the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, who only two years ago delivered in this hall a delightful lecture on Joseph Priestley.Caven had well upheld the traditions of that College, and his loss is keenly felt. Among other teachers may be mentioned Professor Schofield, of the University of Sydney, Mr. Holroyd, head of the Chemistry Department of the Blackburn Technical College, and the Rev. Francis Samuel Young, for over 30 years headmaster of Bishop’s Stortford College. Among industrial chemists,-William Dalrymple Borland will be remembered for his work on explosives, particularly the production of smokeless sporting powders ; Sir Richard Garton, not only as the head of a great industrial undertaking, but as one of the foremost promoters of the British Empire Cancer Cam- paign ; Fred Ibbotson, metallurgist , of Sheffield; Carl Olof Lund- holm, formerly of Nobels Explosives Co., at Ardeer; W.G. Whiffen, another leader of industry, to whom the Imperial College of Science is gratefully indebted; and William Francis John Wood, better known as Frank Wood, the head of Wood Bros. Glass Co., Ltd., to whom chemists were so greatly indebted for undertaking the production of laboratory glassware in this country during the war. In Government employ,-Marcus Bell, of Melbourne, for 122 many years Superintendent of the Laboratories of the Munitions Supply Board in Australia; W.A. Guthrie, formerly Petroleum Research Chemist to the Egyptian Government, and Dr. J. Walter Leather, formerly Imperial Agricultural Chemist in the Indian Agricultural Service ; and among those in independent practice, John William Biggart of Greenock; Thomas Hughes, of Cardiff; Lewis Gordon Paul, of Huddersfield; Charles Henry Ridsdale, of Middlesbrough; Alfred Walter Stokes ; and that great veteran, Robert Rattray Tatlock, an original Fellow of the Institute, who passed away in his 98th year. I would like to mention two more Fellows,-George Edward Brown, for 30 years editor of the British Journal of Photograehy; and Richard Jackson Moss, for over 40 years Registrar of the Royal Dublin Society. Since the publication of the Report we have had to deplore a further loss to which I must refer on this occasion.Dr. Andrew Jamieson Walker, who had been one of the representatives of the Board of Education on the Joint Com-mittee of the Board and the Institute for the award of National Certificates, had only lately retired from his office as an inspector under the Board of Education, and had kindly consented to serve as one of the representatives of the Institute on the Joint Committee. From the inception of the scheme, Dr. Walker had been the liaison officer between the Board and the Institute, and no one could have better performed that duty. He will be very greatly missed by all his colleagues. Not only this year, but in previous years, we have lost several members through accidents.No fewer than five have been killed during the past year, but in no instance due to their professional work. The number seems very high, and calls for comment. The Council concluded the discussion on the place of chemistry in general education up to the age of 16 years,-to which I referred a year ago. There was, I think naturally, a distinct difference of opinion on the question of introducing biology into the school curriculum, to the possible sacrifice of part of the time now devoted to chemistry; and, therefore , the Council decided not to communicate any resolution, but to forward to the Board of Education the reports of the discussion as published in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS.This was the fairest thing to do in the circumstances.123 The Council has acknowledged its indebtedness to Professor Clemo for raising the matter, and feels that the Institute at least served a good purpose in providing an arena for a very useful discussion on a very difficult subject, on which the decision of the Board of Education will be awaited with great interest. Our friendly relations with other bodies are evidenced by the large number of occasions on which the Institute has been represented, and the many matters in which members of the Institute have given their services during the year. The Council is greatly indebted to those who have helped the Institute in this way. Special thanks are due to Dr. Roche Lynch for his services as our representative on the Poisons Board,-a statutory appoint- ment of no little responsibility, which I fear occupies much of his time.For myself, I would like to say that it has been a great pleasure as well as an honour to represent the Institute on many occasions. I do not propose to refer to the work of the Finance and House Committee and the Benevolent Fund Committee, except to repeat how much we are indebted to the Honorary Treasurer and his colleagues for the care and attention which they give to the business of these committees,-(applause)-and to endorse most warmly the appeal for the fullest support for the Benevolent Fund, in order that the Committee may deal adequately with the cases that come before it. On Legal and Parliamentary matters, we have again to thank Sir Christopher Clayton for watching the interests of Chemistry in the House of Commons.The activities of the Local Sections are well illustrated by the list of papers read before them and of functions which have been held under their auspices. The Council is grateful to the Com-mittees and Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections and all who have assisted in their proceedings. The increased work of the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee, which also sits mainly under the chair- manship of the Honorary Treasurer, is reflected in the increase in the membership and in the number of registered students, to which I have already referred. The Publications and Library Committee, under the chair- manship of Mr. Butterfield, also shows a good record of work, 124 would like to direct special attention to the new feature, namely, the editorial articles which have been introduced in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, on the suggestion of the Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections.I shall be interested, however, to see whether there will not be some difficulty in maintaining the supply of articles on professional, rather than scientific, subjects. The question of our British chemical publications will, I hope, come nearer to solution under the suggested scheme of co-operation. This is not a matter that affects the publications of the Institute to any great extent, although it is a matter of grave moment to the other Societies. Recently the Institute has accom- plished real service to Chemistry by causing papers, dealing with subjects of general interest, to be read and published.(Applause). These papers constitute very valuable monographs on the subjects with which they deal, and have been found of the greatest service to advanced students, for which I personally can vouch. This is an important departure which serves the purpose, not only of providing for an urgent need, but also of relieving the other Societies of some of the burden of publication. The attendance at these lectures shows that they are thoroughly appreciated, and it would be better if a larger hall were available and more facilities were given for the admission of boaaJide students who are not yet members of the Institute. I must take this opportunity to comment also on the excellent lecture-demonstrations given by Professor Briscoe and Dr.Janet Matthews on ‘‘Micro-chemical Methods,” which were so greatly enjoyed by those who were able to be present, and subsequently by those who read them as a publication, for which there has since been a considerable demand. Dr. A. D. Mitchell’s valuable lecture on “New Indicators and Other Reagents employed in Volumetric Analysis ” also constitutes a very welcome addition to our publications. Mr. George Elliott Shaw’s lecture on “Quinine Manufacture in India” afforded a striking story of the experience of a chemist called upon to establish an industry under most exacting con- ditions; and Lord Melchett’s address on “Is Nature wiser than Man,”-the Seventh Gluckstein Memorial Lecture,-of which I understand an abstract has now been received for publication, affords much food for thought on an intricate and rather different subject from that which is usually offered for our assimilation.Heavy work was entailed by the production of the Register 125 and the List of Official Appointments, which, besides being valuable books of reference to many of us, afford striking evidence of the increased influence of chemistry in commerce, industry and affairs of the State. Indeed, when we come to compare the present Register with the list of members fifty years ago, shortly before the Institute obtained its Royal Charter, it may not be out of place to remark that the roll at that time was less than 350.It is scarcely necessary for me to refer in further detail to the Report, which, I think, constitutes a good record, but before moving that it be received and adopted I would like to express my thanks to my colleagues on the Council, and particularly to those whose term of office comes to an end to-day; and now to make some remarks-apart from the Report-which I have prepared for the present occasion. The Bishop of Southwark in his diocesan letter says: “It is not unreasonable to expect that, by the end of the century, human beings all over the world will be living in conditions which so far as the material aspects of life are concerned, will have been standardised.” He adds, “It might quite possibly prove to be the most ignoble and miserable of all ages.” The Bishop evidently had in mind the standardisation of effort and the standardisation of endeavour, with the consequent clutch of the dead-hand of fatalism and all that that implies. He did not deal with the mechanisation of the human race, by which is meant not the production of Robots, but the mechanisation of the human mind and the consequent transformation of the human body into a machine.This implies the destruction of individualism, and although this Address deals with only a very small section of the subject, it, nevertheless, deals with an important section; but if any success is to be achieved in combating any tendency which modern conditions may show towards mental mechanisation and standardisation, it can only be done by dealing with each section of human activity as a unit, because the whole subject is far too complex for general treatment, which if attempted may well lead to erroneous conclusions.This Address deals, therefore, only with that section of science with which the Institute is especially interested, namely, Chemis- try as a profession, both in academic life and in industry. 126 Probably one of the most striking developments which has taken place during the past forty years in academic and industrial chemistry has been in connexion with the application of team work towards the solution of any problem which may be of interest and importance at the moment.This method of attack was by no means new even forty years ago, because it had been applied with full success during the middle part of the nineteenth century in the great chemical schools which had been created in the German Universities by such men as Bunsen, von Baeyer, Vic- tor Meyer and others. Later it migrated to this country and found its chief exponent in the younger Perkin who created the Manchester School of Organic Chemistry-a research organisa- tion certainly equal to anything of its kind on the continent. The team-work carried on by this means was not, however, quite the same thing as team-work as we understand it to-day. It must be remembered that the heads of these schools were in every sense of the phrase-Great Chemists-men of wide interests and broad outlook, whose work covered a variety of different fields in their special subjects.For although the school might have some major line of work as, for example, the sugar investiga- tions in the Berlin Laboratory of Emil Fischer, in which a number of research students might be engaged, there were always investigations into other questions of moment, some of which might be related to, and others totally unconnected with, the chief line of work. Thus there was always scope for the expression of individual-ism, and the men who showed that they possessed this quality became quickly separated from those without it and ultimately became leaders themselves. This quality of individualism can be described, I think, as an expression of the subconscious mind.It cannot be instilled, and those who have not got it can never acquire it; but in those who have it, it may often remain dormant or stunted unless brought out and developed by circumstance or by someone who has himself been endowed with it. Most certainly, those without it cannot hope to be more than workers under direction, however great their manipulative skill or their knowledge may be. Nevertheless, this quality of individualism is very much more widely distributed than it is imagined to be, and it is only because we fail to recognise it and, in failing to recognise it, take no steps to ensure its development, that it seems to be of such rare occurrence. 127 In this country individualism is probably more prevalent than in any other.It seems to be a characteristic of our people, making itself felt in all manner of different ways. I think that there is a higher proportion of individualists to ordinary people among us than anywhere else, a fact which tends to detract from the value of team-work as now understood, because a team of individualists would naturally, unless in periods of great national need, find it difficult to act together. In normal times, the individualists drift off either to plough some lonely furrow or to start some new society for the prevention or propagation of something, and of this they take charge. Perhaps I ought to state here what, in my view, is the modern meaning of “team-work” because I have already said that the team-work as carried on in the great research schools is not quite the same thing as that now implied by the phrase.The former, so far from suppressing individualism, tended rather to develop and foster it. Does team-work in its modern sense do the same? Modern team-work in this country was developed during the war when everyone, whether individualist or not, was prepared to sink all personal feelings and work for the good of the State under some recognised leader. Such leaders were quickly forthcoming, and among them were many men who would probably have remained in comparative obscurity in normal times. By such means, the rate of progress and output were little short of miraculous, and everyone was fully alive to the value and, indeed, the necessity of the method used; but what is good in war time is not necessarily so in times of peace.War time team-work has been adopted in many of our Research Associations and by many industrial firms in their research laboratories, and there is no doubt that valuable and important results are obtained thereby. It is not of the value of the method as a means of output that I am doubtful, but rather of the effect on the individual as a unit. Mass production must necessarily kill craftsmanship. Does team-work kill individualism or, rather, prevent its development? and if this is so, is it possible so to arrange matters that while retaining the value of the method as a means of co-ordinating output, the soul of the individual may not be destroyed thereby? These questions have arisen in my mind owing to the fact that it happens sometimes that reports of good research work are published as the results of investigations of a team without 128 any indication of the individuals actually responsible for its initiation and accomplishment.This seems to me to be a clear example of the suppression of individualism. Of course, it may be argued that it is nothing of the kind: that within his own sphere the individual was allowed to develop without hindrance. But there can be no question that one of the chief aids to the development of individuality, namely, the impetus of acknowledg-ment and publication, was here suppressed, by divorcing the in- dividual from the results of his work.It must be recognised that a great deal of industrial research leads to results which have to be kept secret in the interests of the firm paying for the research. After all, this is a business proposition, and no firm is likely to be sufficiently altruistic as to spend money on work from which it is unlikely to obtain any financial advantage. Nevertheless, as soon as a patent applica- tion is filed,-with the name of the first and true inventor,-it is usually safe to publish results, and many firms realising this and the effect that publicity has on the individual, place no obstacle in the way of publication. But even these enlightened firms sometimes forget the team workers, and the output of work actually done in the industrial laboratories, which is pub- lished under the names of the workers, is comparatively small.It is the increase in this kind of work and the attachment of the names of the authors to it that is needed. Not only is this desirable in the interests of industrial development generally, but it is also required in order that the individual worker may be able to show that he is capable of taking up other work, should circumstances render such a step necessary. In what manner this quality of individualism can be detected and developed is open to discussion. In extreme cases its presence is obvious: the occurrence in the individual of high originality of outlook cannot escape notice. Probably what is called genius is the highest form of individualism, although it has always seemed to me that to describe genius “as an infinite capacity for taking pains’’ constitutes one of the worst definitions I know. The genius does not need to take pains-he gets there without any conscious effort, and in a fraction of the time taken by his less favoured fellows.This form of high individualism cannot be suppressed, and when it occurs its presence is never in doubt. The difficulty arises when an attempt is made to determine, among a number of normal students, who have individuality and who are without and never likely to acquire it. 129 It is doubtful if our modern system of education helps us much here. The necessity for having large classes renders it not always possible for close touch to be set up between teacher and individual student.In effect, a third-year student in an Honours School will have been spoon-fed ever since he could talk and has had no oppor-tunity of thinking for himself. How then is it possible for him, should he possess latent individualism, to show it, or to prove that he is one of those who are fitted to become leaders? It is evident that some further discriminating test is re-quired beyond that provided by the usual course of training and examination, and I am one of those who think that the establishment of the Ph.D. degree in many of our Universities has provided it. I am aware that this degree is regarded in many quarters as a failure, and already in some Universities it has been discontinued, while in others its continuance is problematical.But, whatever may have been the cause of its failure in other subjects, in chemistry and particularly in my own subject of Organic Chemistry, it has proved an admirable means of distin- guishing between those who possess individuality and those who do not. I feel that not only have these men shown themselves to possess individuality, but they have also acquired a degree which the leaders of industry in this particular section of chemis- try have come to recognise as an indication that these men have undergone a training in research methods and have carried out research work which has proved them to possess self-reliance, patience and initiative-three qualities of impor- tance to chemists which manufacturers have learnt by experience to appreciate, whether they desire the chemist for work in their research laboratories or for employment on their works.It is believed that three months after graduation, the student will give evidence of the possession of originality, and that at this stage it is possible to say definitely if he is likely to profit by a full training in research methods of the usual two years’ duration. Unfortunately in this connection it is only possible to speak personally and from the point of view of one University. The lack of any standardisation in science training in our Universities is really deplorable. Incidentally, I might also call to your attention the lack of a common entrance examination to the Universities.I know of many cases where a student has actually been exempted from the intermediate examination of one University, and when he 130 has perforce removed to another part of the country, and has been obliged to continue his training in some other University, he has been told that he must go back to the beginning of his training and pass the matriculation examination of his new University. This also seems to me to be deplorable. The full recognition of the Body which is sufficiently repre- sentative to define the meaning of the term “qualified” chemist is urgently to be desired, and it is possible that such full recogni- tion may arise out of the co-ordination of chemical activity of the three chief chemical societies which is now under discussion.For many years after its foundation, the Institute, by its system of qualifying examinations, set a standard which had a profound influence on the development of the Schools of Chemistry in our newer Universities as they one by one came into existence. It was inevitable that as the instruction provided in these Schools developed, the higher honours graduates issuing from them possessed all the qualifications demanded by the Institute for its Associateship, and that the need for requiring them to pass the Institute’s examinations no longer existed. In conse- quence, with the concurrence of an Extraordinary General Meeting, it has been the practice of the Council for some years past to exempt from examination by the Institute those gradu- ates who, in its opinion, possessed the necessary qualifications.Nevertheless the number of candidates who still present them- selves for examination is large, and it is evident that these examinations still fulfil a want,-for example, there will be nearly 80 candidates in April next. The Institute could not do otherwise than accept the quali- fications given by Universities, but there are some institutions whose courses of instruction are not yet fully developed to the necessary standard, and it is clear that the Institute, as a register- ing body whose qualifications can be accepted without question by the chemical community, still serves a useful purpose in providing the examination for candidates studying in such institutions.There is another custom, to which I must refer, which has grown up among us during the past twenty years or so, and which may or may not have a profound effect on the development of individualism, and that is the custom of research control by committees. The custom has arisen through a variety of causes, but chiefly because of the need which appeared of directing 131 the work of a number of individuals, spread over a wide area, towards the solution of some urgent problem. This again was an outcome of the war, and remained as a convenient means towards the same ends in time of peace. H. T. Tizard, in his address to section L of the British Association at Aberdeen last year, said: “I would go so far as to say that individuality, which should be a natural growth in Universities, needs to be deliber- ately encouraged in these days of committee rule.Any step taken to discourage it is a step downward.” Control by com- mittees is not by any means a bad thing if done properly, that is to say by a committee of persons having wide breadth of view and strong human sympathy. Given such, it is probably one of the best means for the solution of urgent problems that we possess. In the wrong hands it is undoubtedly the most potent influence that can be employed to destroy personal initiative and individuality. It is a bad feature of committee control of team-work when the members of a team cannot acquire personal merit for any discovery that may be made.The merit belongs to the team as a whole, because one of the essential features of team-work is that there should be free discussion among the members of the team. I remember, long before the war, when I was working at one of the big German factories, in 1896 or thereabouts, noticing that there was little or no intercourse between the members of the re-search section. They never seemed to talk to one another and, at lunch, occupied separate tables. There was complete absence of any form of team-work, and each member of the section was fear- ful lest he should communicate something of what he was doing to his fellow workers, and thereby lose the credit which he considered was his due. This was the competitive method which has now prac- tically died out.It served its purpose and undoubtedly led to re- sults. It was entirely selfish, as all individualism must be if it is to benefit the individual. Team-work requires the suppression of self in the interests of the team, and ultimately of the employer. Employers should bear this in mind and see that credit is given wherever possible. In conclusion, I would like to quote a passage or two from that wonderful Rectorial Address which General Smuts gave to the University of St. Andrews last October, because, although he dealt with a much wider area than I have done, his remarks apply nevertheless with some force to the narrower field with which this address deals. He says: “The sturdy individualism which inspired progress in the past, which made Rome, which made Scotland,”-he was addressing Scottish people -“which has created all our best human values, seems to be decaying in the atmosphere of confusion and disillusion of our day.. . . The disappearance of the sturdy, independent-minded, freedom-loving individual and his replacement by a servile standardisation mass-mentality is the greatest human menace of our time. . . . Intellectual freedom is disappearing with political freedom. Freedom of conscience, of speech, of the Press, of thought and teaching, is in extreme danger. One party in the State usurps power, and suppresses its opponents and becomes the State. The Press is made to write to order, and public opinion is manufactured for the support of the autocracy. Even freedom of religion is no longer safe, and religious persecution, after being long considered obsolete, once more shows its horrid head.” Impossible, you will say, that this can ever apply to science and to the advancement of science by research.You may be right, although one has to remember that it is not so very long ago that intolerance in the form of religious persecution pre- vented the advance and distribution of scientific knowledge, and it is only yesterday that the scorn of the classic for the scientist pervaded all our public schools and older Universities. Indeed, the habilitation of science has grown with our modern Universi- ties, and this growth has had the inevitable repercussion on our older Universities.Nevertheless, it must be remembered that even our older Universities are now no longer financially in- dependent of the State, and although there is, at present, no indication of anything but formal control, the future is not without certain disquieting features. I would take this opportunity to remind the Fellows and Associates that the Institute completes its fiftieth year under Royal Charter in June next. I take great pleasure in announcing that in order to mark this occasion, which happily falls in the year of His Majesty’s Silver Jubilee, the King has been graciously pleased to accord his Patronage to the Institute. (Applause.) I would express the hope that as many members as possible will participate in the celebration, to be held on 9th and 10th July, of which you will receive due notice.Now, with your permission, I will move formally-That the Report of Council for the year r934-35 be received and adopted. (Vide ante). 133 Proceedings of the Council. Council Meeting, 22nd February.-The President an-nounced that His Majesty the King had been graciously pleased to accord his Patronage to the Institute. The Council received a letter and report with a draft agree- ment attached from Mr. J. Davidson Pratt, chairman of the Provisional Chemical Council. The agreement was carefully considered and slightly amended, and the Council decided that a copy thereof be sent to the Fellows and Associates, with a letter and explanatory notes from the President, and forms for reply, in order that members might indicate whether or not they were in favour of the President signing the proposed agree- ment on behalf of the Institute.The documents referred to above have been issued to all Fellows and Associates in Great Britain and Ireland, with the request that they should reply on or before 1st May. The purpose of the proposed agreement is to distribute more generally the burden of the expense involved in publishing new chemical knowledge and in maintaining the library of the Chemical Society, which has for some years past been available to the members of all contributing Societies. At the same time, the President has mentioned in his letter to the members, that the agreement is to be regarded as the first experiment in the elaboration of a scheme having for its ultimate object the closer co-operation of the chief societies dealing with chemistry, in order that their usefulness in their respective spheres may be enhanced.The leaflet of explanatory notes was approved jointly by the Presidents of the Chemical Society, the Institute and the Society of Chemical Industry, and showed that, under the agreement, a fund would be established as a charity within the meaning of the Finance Act of 1920, for the object and purposes stated; that the Library of the Chemical Society would receive from the Institute and the Society of Chemical Industry contributions considerably in excess of those at present subscribed by these two Bodies, and 134 that it was hoped that the Chemical Council would receive financial help from companies and firms which reap direct benefit from the applications of chemistry to industry.For the present, it is proposed that the agreement shall remain in operation for seven years, by which time further co-operation between the chemical bodies may be effected for the ultimate benefit of all concerned. The Council contributed j65 5s. towards a Conference on Industrial Physics, held under the auspices of the Institute of Physics, from 28th to 30th March, in Manchester University and in the College of Technology, Manchester, on “Vacuum Devices in Research and Industry.” The Council also contributed E5 5s. to the Third International Congress of Soil Science, to be held at Oxford from 30th July to 7th August, under the presidency of Sir John Russell.Communications were received from the Huddersfield and Leeds Area Sections concurring in the proposal that a Local Section be formed for Sheffield and the surrounding district, which it is hoped may be inaugurated in the near future. A proposal was received for the formation of a separate organisation of the Institute in the South Wales district, with a separate committee and grant. It was pointed out that most of the members in the South Wales Section were more closely con- nected with the Cardiff area, than with Swansea. The Council, therefore, inclined to the view that an application from the Cardiff members for the formation of a separate Section should be favourably entertained, and directed that the South Wales Section should be informed accordingly.The Council considered a letter from a Fellow suggesting that the Institute should deal with the question of probable variation of tests and tolerances, in order to assist chemists in dealing with differences which arise between vendors and purchasers. It was felt, however, that the Institute could not undertake this work, part of which has already been undertaken by other institutions representing various industries, and that, generally, it could best be undertaken by such institutions. The Council recorded its special thanks to Dr. G. Roche Lynch for his services as the representative of the Institute on the Poisons Board, under the Pharmacy and Poisons Act, 1933, 135 which had entailed many long attendances at meetings since the appointment of the Board.Reportswere received from the Finance and House Committee, the Benevolent Fund Committee, and the Nominations, Examina- tions and Institutions Committee. The Publications Committee directed special attention to the request received from a Fellow for further expression of views on the question of the issue and publication of reports given in con- nection with the prospectuses of public companies (see page 114). On the Report of the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee , certain modifications were made in the appointments of Examiners (see page 106).The thanks of the Council were accorded to the retiring Examiners, Dr. J. J. Fox, Professor J. C. Drummond, and Professor H. A. D. Neville, for their services. At the conclusion of the meeting, the President expressed his thanks to the retiring Members of Council for their services. The names of the Officers and Members of Council and of the Censors who were elected at the Annual General Meeting on 1st March are given on pages 103 and 104. Council Meeting, 15th March.-In the unavoidable absence of the President, Professor W. H. Roberts, Vice-president, took the chair and welcomed the new members who were in attendance for the first time, namely Messrs. W. A. S. Calder and William Honneyman, and Professor F. J. Wilson who had served on the Council previously and had been re-elected.The Standing and Special Committees and their Chairmen for the ensuing year were appointed (see pages 104-105). The Council authorised the formation of a new Section of the Institute for Cardiff and the District East of Bridgend, including Monmout hshire. It was reported that correspondence was proceeding between the promoters of the proposed Sheffield Section and the Huddersfield and Leeds Area Sections, with a view to defining the areas of these Sections respectively. It was reported that copies of the proposed agreement between the Institute, the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry, together with explanatory notes and some personal notes over the signatures of the three Presidents, were being sent to all Fellows and Associates, and that the voting post cards were to be returned on or before 1st May (see pages 136-144).136 Further arrangements in connection with the Charter Jubilee Celebration were under consideration and will be notified in due course. The Council received a report from the Board of Examiners on the examination, held Overseas, of three candidates for the Associateship. One candidate was successful and was duly elected. The attention of the Council was called to the provisions of the Government of India Bill, now before Parliament, especially having regard to the practice of professions in India and Burma. The Officers were directed to confer with the President and with Sir Christopher Clayton on the question whether, and, if so, what action could be taken in the matter.In the evening of the same day (15th March), in the Hall of the Institute, Dr. A. E. Everest, Member of Council, delivered a lecture entitled “Fifty Years of Chemistry,”-Mr. W. J. A. Butterfield, Vice-president, in the Chair. This lecture will be published, in due course, as a separate monograph. Co-operatiom-On zIst March, the President addressed the following letter to the Fellows and Associates of the Institute :-To the Fellows and Associates of the Institute of Chemistry LADIESAND GENTLEMEN, At a meeting held on 22nd February, the Council decided by a majority of 19 to 3 to recommend the enclosed proposed agreement to the favourable consideration of Fellows and Associates, because it is felt that the best interests of the Institute and of Chemistry generally would be served if the agreement were ratified.This agreement is to be regarded as the first experiment in the elaboration of a scheme having for its ultimate object the closer co-operation of the chief Societies dealing with chemistry, in order that their usefulness, in their respective spheres, may be enhanced. I have to ask you, therefore, to consider the document care- fully and to reply “ Yes” or “No” in the enclosed post card, indicating whether or not you are in favour of my signature being attached to the document on your behalf. In either case, 137 $lease vote. All answers must be in the hands of the Registrar by IST MAY.This will give ample time for discussions among the Sections. Although I do not wish in any way to influence their decision, I would ask each Fellow and Associate to vote in accordance with his or her own personal views, and I should add that, although I did not vote at the Council meeting, I am in the fullest accord with the action taken by the majority of that Body. Yours faithfully, JOCELYN THORPE, President. PROPOSED AGREEMENT AN AGREEMENTmade this day of 1935 BETWEEN the CHEMICAL SOCIETY (incorporated by Royal Charter 1848) having its Registered Address at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.I , THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND (incorporated by Royal Charter 1885) having its Registered Address at 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1 and the SOCIETY OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY (incorporated by Royal Charter 1907) having its Registered Address at Central House, Finsbury Square, London, E.C.2 (hereinafter called “the constituent bodies ”).WHEREAS the constituent bodies have established a Fund (hereinafter called “the Fund”) to be administered by the Chemical Council hereinafter referred to and having for its sole object the allocation of grants to the constituent bodies for Charitable purposes especially for the co-ordination of scientific and educational publications, the publication of new discoveries in chemical science and of their application to the arts and manufactures, the promotion of research, the maintenance of a library for research and education purposes and the provision and equipment of a suitable building or buildings for all or any of the purposes aforesaid.NOW IT IS HEREBY AGREED AND DECLARED by and between the constituent bodies as follows:-(I) There shall be set up as soon as possible after the signing of this Agreement a body to be called “The Chemical Council” (hereinafter referred to as “the Council”) which will consist of not less than twelve members of whom three shall be nominated 138 by the Council of the Chemical Society, three by the Council of the Institute of Chemistry and three by the Council of the Society of Chemical Industry while the remaining three members shall be three representatives of industry co-opted in the first instance by the other nine members on the nomination of The Association of British Chemical Manufacturers.(2)The Council shall be empowered from time to time to co-opt as members of the Council representatives of other bodies but only with the separate and collective approval of the respective Councils of the Chemical Society the Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry. (3) The object and purposes of the Council shall be those set out in the preamble to this Agreement and the promotion of any other object of charitable scientific or educational interest which may be approved by each of the Councils of the constituent bodies. (4) For the better promotion of the object and purposes hereinbefore mentioned there shall be vested in the Council the collection and allocation of funds contributed by the constituent bodies and from outside sources for the promotion and support of such objects and the co-ordination of the activities and administration of the constituent bodies in relation to the object and purposes of this Agreement.(5) There shall be vested in the Council the general adminis- tration of the funds available for the educational and scientific publications of the constituent bodies but provided always that each constituent body shall be entitled to decide as heretofore what matter shall appear in its publications. The Council of each constituent body shall after consultation with the Chemical Council appoint its Editorial staff. (6) The Library at present belonging to the Chemical Society and located at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.1, shall remain the property of the Chemical Society but provided always that- (a) The management of the Library shall be delegated by the Council of the Chemical Society to a joint library com- mittee consisting of representatives nominated by the Councils of the constituent bodies and any other organisa- tions contributing to its maintenance, The representation 139 on the library committee shall be determined by the Council on the basis of the total contributions to the library funds.The library committee shall be responsible to the Council. (b) The expenditure on fittings, furniture, books, periodicalsand binding shall after being submitted to and approved by the Council of the Chemical Society be borne solely by that Society.(c) The net annual maintenance expenditure (that is the total salaries, wages, superannuation, printing, stationery , postages, lighting, heating, storage and insurance, less contributions from sources other than from the constituent bodies) shall be borne by the constituent bodies in proportion to their membership with due allowance for overlap and excluding those not yet admitted to full membership. (7) The Council may in its discretion allocate special funds to the Library in diminution of the contributions to be made by the constituent bodies under Clause 6 (c) above. (8) All members of any of the constituent bodies (and in addition registered students of the Institute of Chemistry and Associate members of the Society of Chemical Industry) shall have the right to use the Library on equal terms under regulations to be laid down by the joint library committee, and approved by the Council.(9) The existing arrangements between the Chemical Society and other bodies at present contributing towards the main- tenance of the Library shall be continued until regulations as to contributions shall be determined by the Council and approved by the Councils of the constituent bodies. (10)Societies not at present contributing to the funds of the Library of the Chemical Society shall be admitted to the use of the Library under regulations to be approved by the Council.(11) The Council shall present an annual Report and State- ment of Accounts to each of the constituent bodies. (12) The income and property of the Council from wheresoever derived shall be applied solely towards the promotion of the 140 object and purposes of the Council as thereinbefore set forth, and no portion shall be paid or transferred directly or indirectly by way of dividend bonus or otherwise howsoever by way of profit to members of the Council. All money not required immediately for the purposes of the Fund may be invested at the discretion of the Council in duly authorised Trustee securities in the name of the nominees of the Bankers of the Council and on behalf thereof. (13) The Council shall have power from time to time to make such rules and regulations as it shall see fit for the conduct of its business including rules regarding the number of members who shall constitute a quorum and the retirement by rotation of its members.Provided always that any rules and regulations made by the Council shall be subject to the approval of each of the Councils of the constituent bodies. No member of Council shall serve for more than three con- secutive years, but shall be eligible for reappointment after the lapse of twelve Calendar months. Provided always that the members of the first Council shall serve for three years and thereafter one third of the members of the first Council shall retire at the end of each year, but shall be eligible for reappoint- ment as hereinbefore mentioned. Failing agreement the members to retire at the end of each year shall be decided by lot.(14)This agreement is to be for seven years from the date hereof subject to the right of any one of the constituent bodies to retire therefrom at the end of seven years upon giving one year’s previous notice in writing to the other constituent bodies and after the expiration of seven years shall continue for successive periods of three years, subject always to the right of any one of the constituent bodies to retire therefrom by giving one year’s notice expiring at the end of any triennial period to the other constituent bodies. Provided always that it shall be competent for the con-stituent bodies by mutual agreement at any time during the currency of this agreement or any extension thereof to set up a permanent and centralised body to take the place of the present arrangement.IN WITNESS whereof these presents have been entered into the day and year first above written. 141 Signed and sealed on behalf of The Chemical Society in the presence of the Council of the Society. President. ................................................................................................................................. ... Hon. Treasurer. 7 .................................................................................................................................... I1 .................................................................................................................................... SeZEriieS..................................................................................................................................... J Signed and sealed on behalf of The Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland. President.n .................................................................................................................................... Hon. Treasurer. Registrar and Secretary. Signed and sealed on behalf of The Society of Chemical Industry. ......................-................................................................................................ Member8 of Council. ........................................................................................................................ I .................................................................................................................................... General Secretary.NOTES ON THE PROPOSED AGREEMENT 14th March, I935. PREAMBLE. The proposal to establish a “Fund” under an agreement arose as the outcome of many discussions between representa- tives of the Councils of the three participating Bodies, as being likely to make the scheme elastic and yet achieve the objects desired. Stated briefly, these objects are: (a) The collection of funds from outside sources, for example, from Industrial firms. (b) The reception of legacies from testators who may wish to leave money to “chemistry” generally rather than to ear- mark it for some particular Body.(c) The collection of funds to provide new accommodation as and when occasion may arise. (d) The allocation of funds within the organisation in such manner as may be provided for by the terms of this agreement. 142 CLAUSE I. Is self-explanatory. The nomination of three members by the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers is to be regarded as a temporary measure pending the determination of the best manner in which “Industry” can be represented. CLAUSE2. It should be noted that the inclusion of representation on the Council of “other bodies” is very carefully safeguarded. CLAUSE3. This clause is regarded by the solicitors as necessary in order that the “Fund” may not be subject to Income Tax.Of the three constituent bodies the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry are regarded by the Commissioners as “ Charitable Institutions,” and as such are free from Income Tax. CLAUSE4. This clause arises out of the preamble and is self-explanatory. CLAUSE5. This clause provides for complete freedom of action in respect of the matter published by each constituent Body. It aims at the possible provision of means by which the business procedure of publication may be simplified, and economies may be effected. CLAUSE6. (a) and (b) are self-explanatory. (c) Under this section, the three constituent Bodies under- take to contribute to “the net annual expenditure” of the Chemical Library a proportion based on their respective memberships, due allowance having been made for overlap and excluding those not yet admitted to full membership (that is to say,-Registered Students of the Institute of Chemistry and Associate Members of the Society of Chemical Industry). Hitherto, the Institute has contributed j6z50 and the Society of Chemical Industry LIOOyearly to the upkeep of the Chemical Society’s Library.Under this agreement these sums would be increased to L654 and j6~SrespectivelyJ-these figures being based on the full membership of the Institute and the Society, and on the maintenance cost of the Library, for the Year 1933. 143 (Personal Note by the Presidents of the three constitzcent Bodies.) These sums are substantial and mean an annual increased cost to the Institute of about ;6400 and to the Society of Chemical Industry of about flyjo,-sums which Will increase if the membership of these Bodies should increase at a greater rate than that of the Chemical Society.Neverthe-less, it must be remembered that it is one of the essential features of the agreement. None of the Bodies can stand alone. Each represents one of the three great branches of chemistry, namely, the Chemical Society, representing pure chemistry; the Institute, the profession of chemistry; and the Society of Chemical Industry, industrial chemistry. These three branches are essential to the growth of the tree as a whole, and the well-being of any one is essential to the well-being of the others.If the three Bodies are to justify their positions as members of a Triple Alliance, they must see that nothing is allowed to occur derogatory to any one of them or to the alliance as a whole. Chemistry, repre- sented by three prosperous and healthy organisations, each dealing effectively with its own particular branch, but each closely bound to the other by ties of mutual goodwill and understanding, and encouraged by Industry, can stand four-square to any adverse influence and can place chemistry in a position which it has not hitherto occupied. (Noieends). CLAUSE7. This clause enables the contributions of the three constituent Bodies towards the Library to be diminished should (a) further Societies or Institutions be added to the list of those contribut- ing to the upkeep of the Library, or (b) Sums become available for distribution from monies at the disposal of the Chemical Council.By increasing the contributions to the Library of the Chemical Society funds will be released for the publication of new knowledge and abstracts. CLAUSES8 TO 11 are self-explanatory. CLAUSE12. This clause is required in order to constitute the “Fund” as one raised for “charitable purposes,” and, therefore, not subject to Income Tax. By constituting the nominees of the Bankers of the Chemical Council as Trustees of the Fund, the 144 constant alteration which would arise through the changes in personnel on the Council, is avoided.CLAUSE13 (Second Section.) This provides for the change in personnel referred to in the note on Clause 12 above. In order to ensure continuity of effort, it is provided that the first Council shall remain intact for three years, CLAUSE14. The term of seven years has been selected in order that contributors to the “Fund” may be able to continue their contributions over that period and be in a position to deduct Income Tax which could then be recovered by the “Fund” from the Inland Revenue Authorities in accordance with the terms of the Finance Act of 1920. (Personal Note by the three Presidents.) Doubtless some who read these notes may ask-“But what effect will this agreement have on the subscriptions paid to the three constituent bodies? ” In this connection, it must be remembered that, unlike individuals, the life of a Society is not determined by time.Years, therefore, are of less account in relation to policy. Organisations,-such as ours,-obtain the bulk of their annual incomes from the subscriptions of their members, and these incomes are dependent on the membership being maintained. It is wise, therefore, in the first instance, to proceed cautiously and to make no drastic move which might seriously affect the financial positions of the constituent bodies. The agreement represents, therefore, an experiment which is to be tried over a period of years. If it fails, recourse will be had to the status quo. If it succeeds, however, it is reason-able to suppose that a way will be found by which subscrip- tions to the three organisations may be reduced.It is evident that this object will be in the minds of the proposed Chemical Council from the beginning. G. T.MORGAN, President, The Chemical Society. JOCELYN THORPE, President, The Institute of ChemiSt?y. EDWIN THOMPSON, President, The Society of Chemical Industry. ‘‘Is Nature Wiser than Man?” BY THE RT. HON. LORD MELCHETT. Abstract of the (Sixth) S. M. Gluckstein Memorial Lecture, given by the Rt. Hon. Lord Melchett, before the Institute of Chemistry, on the 15th November, 1g34,-Professor Jocelyn F. Thorpe, C.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S., President, in the chair. IN opening the proceedings, the President said that it should be unnecessary for him to remind the meeting that the Gluckstein Memorial Lecture was instituted to preserve the memory of a man, who, although not a chemist himself, had shown very great interest in the work of the profession of chemistry, and had taken no small part in developing the methods by which science could be utilised in furthering the interests of an industrial enterprise.On the present occasion they had the honour to welcome Lord Melchett, himself a believer in the practical applications of chemistry, the son of a leader in industry, and a grandson of Dr. Ludwig Mond, a Fellow of the Institute almost from its foundation, for over thirty years, until his death twenty-five years ago. The title of the address which Lord Melchett was to give was in the form of a question “Is Nature Wiser than Man? ” It would be interesting to see how he would develop that theme.Lord Melchett said that he greatly appreciated the honour of being asked to deliver the S. M. Gluckstein Memorial Lecture for 1934. The title which he had selected was an absurd one, but he selected it deliberately because we lived in an absurd age. He would invite his audience to come up with him in a balloon or an aeroplane to observe Man and to see what he was doing. It was generally agreed-by which people usually mean that it is their own unconsidered opinion-that the history of conscious man probably extended over zo,ooo or 30,000 years-he was not particular to a thousand or so: the exact period was not relevant.The point was that, throughout that time, Man had been engaged in an intense struggle against the forces of Nature, such asfamine, which was usually followed by disease, and war; for famine often arose from overcrowded conditions and consequent shortage 146 of food, or there might be famine of other necessities, such as metals. These conditions, and forces such as heat and cold, fire and flood, impelled Man to become aggressive towards his more fortunate neighbours, whose territory was more fruitful or more attractive. The School of Plato was in existence, roughly speaking, from 500 B.C. to A.D. 500. At this time Man appeared to be making an attempt to arrive at a rational view of life and to establish principles and a system of knowledge.This 1,000 years was a period of intellectual progress, and then came a lull for about another 1,000years, i.e. until the sixteenth century, when such men as Francis Bacon and Galileo initiated an advance on a larger scale, which in the succeeding centuries gathered im- petus until, with the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, and par- ticularly in the present century, Man found himself, for the first time, in the position of being able to make everything in abund- ance, so far as he was personally able to do so by the physical act of production. At the present time, there was no technical difficulty in obtaining, or even in doubling the supply of any necessary commodity. Take, for example, co$per,-there were abundant supplies available for our needs for a long time, without the necessity of seeking further deposits or working on low grade ores.The same could be said of tirt,-plenty; and of wheat, the production of which could be increased enormously by optimum scientific methods, and so with other things. Man had arrived at this power after zo,ooo to 30,000 years-not a long time in the history of the Earth. He could not only produce all he required, but he possessed the knowledge to preserve things by cold and hot methods, by refrigeration and vacuum, conveniently and cheaply. With all this, what was his relation to Nature? Of course, he had created nothing, but had found out a great deal of what there is to know of matter in general. He had acquired great power over what he had at his disposal.His real wealth was nothing more than his power over natural forces and matter, and in this respect he was an exceedingly wealthy creature, especially compared with his early ancestors. A well-known public man was in the habit of carrying a flint arrow-head in his pocket to cheer him up when he felt depressed and to remind him of the great advance in knowledge and in the attainments of Man. Yet, socially, if regarded as a whole from the balloon, with all his wealth and physical well-being, Man was constantly 147 destroying good things of his own making, or restricting their output, while, on the other hand, the masses were suffering from starvation, shortage of essential things, and hardships.With the powers he possessed, instead of abundance of leisure, there was a predominance of hard labour and misery. With no shortage of things necessary to his physical welfare and every- thing easily available, yet, from a bird’s eye view of him, one could discern little of the symptoms of satisfaction and happiness which one would expect. He had to face the fact that he was still slowly emerging from a cataclysmic war-the greatest the world had known and declared to be the last,-and yet could not free himself from the possibility and fear of another, even more devastating and horrible than the last. Why? Was it because the mass of mankind were so bellicose that they must be for ever fighting? If anyone visited the great cities of Europe, he would not find them peopled with hot- blooded savages, but by people generally peaceful, content to earn their livings, and-as advised by Voltaire in his final philosophic judgment-to cultivate their gardens.People were not usually bellicose in any country, but they could be driven against the wall and forced to defend themselves. What of the leaders? Even the most outspoken and aggres- sive of them were on the whole peaceful. What then was all the conflict about? why was there any question of war? The whole system of things lacked control: no one controlled it, and it didn’t do anything that it ought to do. Take for example the problem of unemployment. It does in reality not exist: the problem is mal-distribution of leisure.The machine is out of control and no one knows how to run it; but we live in a most interesting age-the age of the first men with plenty on earth. In China, in its early history, they had similar conditions. The country was governed by a series of Emperors with the advice of a “brains trust”; but it did not succeed. The country was well-governed and prosperous, but the system did not survive. It is not often that mankind has the chance of solving the problem of plenty; it might need many trials and the oppor- tunities might only occur every thousand years. Man was at the cross-roads, and faced with Nature’s Way and Mads Way. It might be regarded as impertinent to say so, but it seemed that war, disease and famine, were Nature’s Way of progress 148 in the development of Man and of other species-animal and vegetable, and of other species lying between these forms of life.The way of Nature led to destruction or to radical improvement, by an incessant conflict. Under the control of Man, with the forces of Nature mitigated or subdued, might he not become weaker and sloppier, and “peter out”? That line of thought- which savoured of the Nietzsche school-suggested that Man could only become dominant super-Man by violence and aggression ; he could only thus establish his place in the sun by emulating Nature’s Way. Mads Waywas in general to reverse the process. It did not amuse him to fight and scrap for his existence,-to fight three men every time he wished to speak to his wife; and so he framed laws.He preferred law and order, to agree to conventions, to give others their rights, and to protect life and property,- the sole purpose of all early tribal laws and customs. All Roman law and British law was largely based on it. It was held in such high esteem in this country simply and solely as a means to avoid and mitigate conflict, and to establish undisputed rights. Laws implied restraint and were all opposed to Nature’s Way,-the right of might. Great changes had taken place in this respect within very recent times. When the House of Commons rose, a police officer cried, “Who goes home?” Everybody did; but one hundred years ago, getting about London was not so simple. Members of the House of Commons, often rather timid people, were in danger of being molested and robbed, and watchmen were assigned to take them in groups to their homes, in order that they might avoid footpads.To-day, they arrived home without that trouble; but there was control and restraint. We might summarise the situation by saying that as against Nature’s weapons of famine, disease and war, we had Man’s weapons of plenty, health and peace, and, to a certain extent, we had succeeded in establishing these. The question was whether these methods would eventually destroy Man by under- mining his constitution, reducing his vigour, and thus bringing about his deterioration ? Yet, on the whole, the greatest strides in civilisation in Egypt, Greece, Rome and Europe, were made when Man was most under control; but it was not easy to compare the present times with the ancient.England was one of the most civilised countries in the world, 149 and to-day Europe was held out as the greatest stronghold of civilisation existing, but around the core of civilisation there was a vacuum. England had enjoyed nearly a thousand years without foreign invasion-practically a thousand years of peace so far as the homes and property of the people were concerned, except for civil war. All her wars had been conducted abroad: it was a very different thing from war in one’s own country. Some liked to imagine that this was due to the sturdy English character, but it was much more due to the English Channel, that we had not experienced the trials and hardships of other states.Regarded dispassionately much of our progress was to be attributed to our isolation from the shocks of the world, and to an existence under peace and good government at home, so that the progress of civilisation was unimpeded. The Way of Natwe-with famine, disease and war-had the opposite effect, and sometimes destroyed civilisation altogether. The title of the lecture was intended to contrast the wisdom of the methods of Nature with that of the methods of Man. But, one had little reason to assume that civilisation neces- sarily implied the deterioration or destruction of the species. Man’s Way was not altogether untrue to Nature. The basic point was that Man had progressed and in a comparatively short period in the history of the earth, and had acquired the wonderful position which he held to-day.A single original cell, occurring in ideal conditions for its nourishment, was unable to continue in the single state, and so it split up into two. For all we knew, we might in the progress of time do something similar ourselves. War was not then always the method of Nature. Probably the existence of a vast abundance of all good things was the way of Nature, and, if we could assist in the production of an abundance and avoid war, we might arrive in a comparatively short time to the attainment of a civilisation, and the acquisition of knowledge and intelligence, that would make the progress of the last two or three thousand years appear a very small affair.We were moving towards a period of control of which economic nationalism was a symptom-but he (Lord Melchett) would not dwell on that subject, on which his views had already been published. In any case, it behoved every man to do his best to keep his own affairs straight. The threat of the total collapse of the economic system, with which the world was faced a few years ago, was far more alarming than that of war, and the amazing thing was that it stopped. Nobody knew why; but it stopped and prosperity was coming back. The idea had become implanted in our minds that we must live under a greater degree of control than ever we had done in the past, and reap greater advantages by co-operation and negotiation. Such a condition would, however, constitute a grave danger to individualism, which was of the greatest impor- tance if we were to have the advantages of sound leadership, and a supply of men and women with marked individual characteristics.The schools were to-day fostering this important trait of individualism and encouraging the young folk to achieve and express individuality . Even in this troubled world there was good reason to have confidence that Man would achieve better things, but he would leave, as food for thought, the question whether methods pro- ductive of peace and abundance were better than hardships and trials for the good of the species. The President, in moving a vote of thanks to Lord Melchett, said that he hoped that a report would be prepared and published in order that they might consider and reflect upon it at their leisure.He suggested that the nations in ancient times knew much more than we now gave them credit for. They were wise people, and probably knew much about things since re- discovered, but they had been suppressed. Lord Melchett had referred to the destruction of good things. He (the President) had seen the fires at Santos, where huge quantities of coffee were destroyed for “market control.” In Canada, he had asked a farmer what happened to the wheat land after two or three crops had been gathered, and was told that when it was exhausted it was sold to Englishmen! He agreed with Lord Melchett that it was very necessary to encourage individuality. Individuality and the saving grace of humour were the chief attributes of our countrymen.The Institute was very grateful to Lord Melchett, who was a very busy man, for his kindness in giving them such an interesting lecture. Replying, Lord Melchett agreed with the President that the individuality and humour of the British contributed much to their influence in the affairs of the world. 151 Local Sections. [The Institute is not responsible for the views expressed in papers read, or in speeches delivered during discussion.] Aberdeen and North of Scotland.-Professor Alex. Findlay presided at a meeting of the Aberdeen Local Section of the Institute of Chemistry, held in the Chemistry Department, Marischal College, on 1st March, when an address was given by Dr.Robert Roger, entitled, ‘‘The Use of Polarimetric Methods in Determining Constitutions and Reaction Mechanisms.” The lecturer pointed out that work on the determination of chemical constitution by polarimetric methods can be sub- divided into two types :-(a) Constructive-where systematic changes are made in the structure of a parent compound and the subsequent effect on the rotatory power noted. Examples of such are found in the work of Rupe on the effect of unsaturated links on optical activity; the work of Rule on optical activity and the polarity of groups attached to the asymmetric carbon atom ; the peculiar variation of rotatory power in compounds containing long chains of carbon atoms (Pickard and Kenyon). (b) Deductive-where the results obtained in (a) are used to decide constitution of compounds, particularly in the case of substances capable of existing in more than one form.Typical of this type is the work of Singh and his co-workers on the con- stitution of compounds such as $-iminocamphordiphenylamine; the proving of the “bornylene” structure of certain camphor derivatives by Rupe ; the relationship between keto-enols by Lowry. Another aspect of this work is the connection between the rotatory powers of certain optically active aldehydic derivatives and the dissociation constants of the acids obtained from the aldehydes by oxidation (Betti). Determination of reaction mechanism-Certain reactions such as glycol dehydration and deamination of amino-alcohols lend themselves to polarimetric study.Various mechanisms have been 152 suggested for such reactions and investigation on optically active compounds show that certain of these mechanisms are not general (examples from the work of McKenzie and his co-workers). Within recent years there has been a tendency to picture these actions as occurring along ionic lines (see work of Robinson, Mills, Migita, etc.). Much important work has been done in America by Jones, Wallis and their co-workers on transforma- tions of the Beckman, Lossen types, and has shown that such explanations do not always suffice and that the Meisenheimer idea of partial or residual valencies must also be considered.A discussion followed, and a vote of thanks was passed to the lecturer. The meeting was followed by an informal dinner, at the Imperial Hotel, at which Dr. Roger was the guest of the evening. Belfast and District.-At a meeting of the Section held on 14th February, in the Agricultural Chemistry Department of Queen’s University, Belfast , demonstrations were given by the following:-Dr. W. Honneyman: “Detection of Lead Stains on Fabrics.” Mr. R. H. Common: “Estimation of Free Ammonia by the Conway and Byrne Method.” Dr. J. Hawthorne : “Volumetric Estimation of Lactose in Milk,” and “Detection of Inflammable Gases.” Dr. J. Houston: “A Miscometer.” Messrs. T. C. C. Adam and H. F.Henderson : “Microprojector.” Mr. R.H. Common: “ Estimation of Phosphorus with Modified Fiske and Subbarrow Method.” Birmingham and Midlands.-The fourth meeting of the session was held at Birmingham University on 13th February, 1935. Mr. A. W. Knapp, Chairman of the Section, introduced Dr. C. Ainsworth Mitchell, M.A., DSc., Member of ComciE, who delivered an address on *‘Recent Advances in the Examination of Documents.” Aniline dyes have been used in inks for about fifty to sixty years, so that if writing purports to be older than sixty years and is found to contain those dyes, there is clear evidence of forgery. Before the war a large variety of dyes was used in ink manufacture, but, to-day, most manufacturers use the same blue dye in their blue-black inks. Consequently, chemical tests 153 for differentiating inks were more often used than they are to- day.The comparison of the ink used on documents with that from known sources, calls for the use of a microscope and, some- times, some form of tintometer. In distinguishing writing with marking ink (containing silver) tests with hydrochloric acid are of value. The reaction between silver compounds and halogens may also be used in the opposite direction. It has been found that the chlorides and sulphates contained in all inks diffuse away very slowly from the pen tracing into the surrounding paper, so that if the document is treated with silver nitrate and then with formaldehyde-to reduce silver chloride to metal-it is possible to tell how far this diffusion has proceeded, and therefore to differentiate between old and recent writing.Another test, which is useful in deciding this point, depends upon the discovery that iron tannate in writing ink slowly forms a resinous layer which protects the dyestuff, so that certain chemicals, when added to writing made, let us say, twelve years ago, do not cause the ink to run, whereas the same reagents applied to writing made within one year of the test cause the ink to run freely. It is often possible by microscopical examination (with oblique lighting) of writing to determine whether one entry on a docu- ment was made before or after another. With crossed pencil marking it is easy to decide which line was made first. Where a pencil stroke crosses a mark in blue-black ink it can also be ascertained whether the pencilmark was made over the ink or vice-versa, but where a pencil stroke crosses one made with stamping ink it is impossible to decide which stroke is uppermost. For the examination of crossed strokes in copying-pencil the docu- ment may be carefully charred between two pieces of wire gauze; observation of the silver streaks of the residual graphite (which is usually a constituent of copying-ink pencil pigments) then shows which stroke was made first.Controlled ashing may also be used in the examination of documents which have been partly burned, for careful continuation of the calcination between wire gauze leaves the carbon black of printer’s ink, the graphite marks of blacklead pencil (both being less easily burned than paper), and the iron oxide from writing ink readily distinguishable on the white ash of the paper.In giving evidence in Court the demonstration of the micro- scope alone is not as satisfactory as the production of a photo-micrograph. Therefore photography is largely used, not only 164 for pictorial recording-to show additions to documents-but also in other tests for forgeries. In one case, investigated by Dr. Mitchell, the signature on a document purporting to date from the seventeenth century, was shown to be a forgery not only by the fact that it was written in silver ink, but also by the occurrence of split strokes in several of the letters-indicating that a steel pen had been used.In this branch of the work use is also made of the fact that the ordinary photographic plate is partly “colour blind,” so that inks which may appear alike on visual examina- tion may be shown by photography to be different. For some purposes the use of ultra-violet rays affords valuable information ; for example, copying pencil pigments and typing inks may be differentiated, and finger prints dusted with titanium white are clearly revealed by their fluorescence. Although stamp can- cellations may be bleached sufficiently to avoid detection by close visual examination, the use of ultra-violet light at once detects obliterated marks. Recently it has been shown by Danckwortt that ultra-violet rays are useful for the examination of adhesives : for this purpose photographs are made on ordinary photographic plates with (I) ordinary lighting, (2) with ultra-violet rays with a “black” glass screen, (3) ultra-violet rays without a screen; the sets of pictures obtained may be used to distinguish between different kinds of adhesives.Various pigments which appear identical to the naked eye can be distinguished by infra-red photography. Dyes, too, differ in their behaviour towards infra-red rays, so that some coloured inks appear dark on an infra-red plate, whilst others are not recorded at all. Screens of diluted blue-black ink have also been used in photography of the sediments in ink used on documents: moth-wings, sand, asbestos, potato starch, calcium oxalate and vegetable fibres are some of the substances that have been found in writing from various sources.Bristol and South-Western.-At a joint meeting of the University of Bristol Chemical Society and the Local Sections of the Institute and the Society of Chemical Industry, held on 5th February, in the University of Bristol, Mr. N. F. H. Bright gave a lecture on “Some Recent Developments in the Chemistry of Solids.” The lecturer dealt with the underlying theory of the decom- position of solids, developed by Langmuir, to show the criteria 155 for decomposition at nuclei, or uniformly throughout the solid, and then reviewed six pieces of research which had recently been, or were at present being carried out in the University of Bristol Laboratories, under the supervision of Professor W.E. Garner. This work was divided into two sections :-I. IRREVERSIBLE(OR EXOTHERMIC) DECOMPOSITIONS. (a) Potassium Azide.-This was the work of Mr. D. J. B. Marke. After describing the apparatus used, the lecturer said that this decomposition appeared to go in two stages, the first of which only occurred with the solid azide and represented decom- position at corner and edge molecules. This was followed by a logarithmic acceleration period during which the crystal develops a "honeycomb " appearance. Lack of reproducibility of results suggested the designing of an apparatus to study the decomposi- tion in presence of a constant vapour pressure of potassium. This apparatus was described, and enabled it to be shown that decomposition would occur in these circumstances at 60-70' below that at which it obtained normally.(b) Nitrogen Iodide.-This was the work of Mr. W. E. Latchem. The lecturer described the preparation of this sub- stance and the apparatus used to study its decomposition. Preliminary results showed that at 0' C., there was an induction period of the order of an hour, during which nothing happened. This was followed by an accelerating thermal reaction which proceeded up to 50 per cent. more of the total decomposition. Then followed a detonation which completed the decomposition. (c) Ammonium Dichzromate.-This was the lecturer's own work. This decomposition was demonstrated and the apparatus used was described. The two interesting facts emerging from this investigation were that the substance decomposed from small black pin-shaped nuclei, all running parallel into the crystal, and having a length which appeared to be independent of temperature, and time of heating; also, that little nitrogen appeared to be evolved in the early stages of the reaction, but mostly water and a little ammonia.2. REVERSIBLE(ENDOTHERMIC) DECoMPosITIoNs.-These were dehydration reactions with salt hydrates. (a) The dehydration of Copper Sulphate Pentahydrate to Mono-hydrate.-This was the lecturer's own work and is described more fully in a paper by Bright and Garner (J.Chem. SOC.,1g34,1872). 166 (b) The efect of Radium Radiations on the dehydration of Copper Su1phate.-This was a preliminary investigation by Mr. N.W. D. Beese, and the lecturer. It appeared that radium radiations increase the number of nuclei and cut down the induction period, without markedly affecting the rate of growth of the centres. (c) The dehydration of Nickel Sulphate He9tahydrate.-This was the work of Mr. W. R. Southan, President of the University of Bristol Chemical Society, 1934-35. The apparatus and technique employed were very similar to that used by the lecturer for copper sulphate (vide supra), but the results obtained differed markedly. There was an induction period followed by an acceleration in which the number of centres was proportional to the square of the time (instead of the direct measure of time, as for copper sulphate).The shape of the nuclei was different, and the critical increments of the induction period and of the rate of growth of nuclei (again linear) were not the same order, whereas with copper sulphate, they were. The lecture was illustrated by lantern slides, demonstrations, apparatus and exhibits under the microscope. A vote of thanks was proposed by Mr. F. J. Veal. At a meeting of the Section held at Bristol University on 18th February, a lecture was delivered by Mr. W. A. Damon, Chief Inspector, Alkali, etc. Works Act, Ministry of Health, on “Modern Trends in the Manufacture of Sulphurfc Acid.” The lecturer traced the lead chamber process of sulphuric acid manufacture from the time of its inception in 1746. He showed that the separate items of plant, burners, towers and chambers each possessed their special significance, the Glover tower being particularly important, for as much as 30 per cent.of the total make might be produced therein. Modern chamber design had been gradually improved with a steady tendency towards intensification. The Opl, Moritz and Mills-Packard systems, the ammonia oxidation method of nitre supply and the latest practice of water-washing exit gases were described. The control of plant by skilled chemists would result in lower costs of production, greater efficiency and less atmospheric pollution. A series of slides was exhibited showing stages in the construction and details of modern rectangular chamber plants :Mills-Packard, Gaillard-Parrish and the Petersen systems.157 Mr. Damon said that of the 850,000 tons of acid produced annually in this country, some zoo,ooo tons were made by the contact system. Bristol had played a great part in the develop- ment of this industry, for a Bristolian, Phillips, was the first to employ platinum for the purpose, and the Imperial Smelting Corporation had been much to the fore in the development of the process. Overcoming great difficulties, they had succeeded in converting waste sulphurous gases into a saleable commodity, thus benefiting themselves and effectively reducing atmospheric pollution. Roughly, IOO,OOO tons of acid were produced annually from this source. Mention was made of a plant in the North which produced cement clinker and sulphuric acid by the roasting of native gypsum.The lecturer concluded by expressing a belief that more use would be made in the future of waste sulphur contained in smelter gases, and possibly also of that in the flue gases arising from large coal consuming plants.The meeting was presided over by Professor W. E. Garner, and among those who contributed to the discussion were Mr. S. R. Robson, Dr. A. C. Monkhouse, Professor Morris Travers and Mr. R. D. Littlefield. The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at Bristol University on Monday, 18th March,-Professor W. E. Garner in the chair. After the adoption of the financial statement for the year end- ing February 28th, Mr. F. E. Needs was elected member 0: com-mittee in place of Dr.R. C. Menzies. The officers and committee of the section for 1935-36 will be as follows :-Chairman, Professor W. E. Garner; Committee, Mr. F. P. Hornby, Mr. Osman Jones, Dr. A. C. Monkhouse, Mr. F. E. Needs, Mr. F. Southerden; Hon. Auditor, Dr. H. F. Dean; Hon. Secretary, Mr. E. Lewis. After the business meeting, an address was given by Professor W. E. Garner (Chairman of the Section), entitled: “The Initiation of Flame.” of which the following is an abstract. The suggestion made by Nernst that the reaction between hydrogen and chlorine was a chain reaction, has had a far-reaching influence on our views with regard to the nature of flame. The statement of the theory of the chain reaction by Christiansen and its development by subsequent workers has 158 made it possible to give a satisfactory explanation of many phenomena met with in flame which were not understood on the older thennal theories.The discovery of the two pressure limits in the case of the flames of phosphorus and sulphur led, in the hands of Semenoff, to the modern theory of the initiation of flame. According to this theory, flame arises when a reaction,- started either on the walls of the containing vessel or in the gas phase itself,--extends through the gas phase by means of reaction chains of infinite length. In explanation of the two limits, it is postulated that the chain length becomes finite at the lower limit, because the active reaction centres are destroyed by the walls, and becomes finite at the upper pressure limit, because, on account of the greater frequency of triple collisions at the higher pressures, the reaction centres are destroyed in the gas phase.The discovery of the upper and lower limits of flame for the hydro- gen, carbon monoxide, methane and other hydrocarbon flames has made it possible to apply the chain theory to these cases also. Hinshelwood and Semenoff have by means of experimental and theoretical investigations into the phenomena of such flames provided us with satisfactory chemical mechanisms of the pro- cesses occurring in low pressure flames. In high pressure flames it is probable that thermal effects have to be taken into account to a much greater extent than at low pressures.The lecture was illustrated by experiments on the sulphur and carbon bisulphide flames. On the proposition of Dr. E. Vanstone, a vote of thanks was accorded the lecturer. Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 19th February, in the North British Station Hotel. Mr. W. M. Ames presided. The Secretary’s report and the financial statement were taken as read, and approved. Mr. D. C. Wilson moved that the Committee’s nomination of Office Bearers to fill vacancies be approved. This motion was seconded by Mr. J. J. Crombie and carried unanimously. The Office Bearers elected were as follows:-Chairman, Mr. S. H. Hastie, O.B.E., M.C. ;Vice-Chairman, Dr. Birkett Wylam; Secretary, Mr.G. Elliot Dodds; Committee Members (to fill vacancies) Messrs. R. G. M. Dakers, W. G. Hiscock, J. Sandilands, A. M. Smith, and A. Tait. Mr. J. W. Romanes was re-elected honorary auditor. The 159 meeting concluded with a hearty vote of thanks to the retiring office bearers. A joint meeting of the Local Section of the Institute, with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry and Fellows of the Chemical Society, was held on 19th February, in the North British Station Hotel,-Mr. W. M. Ames presiding. In introducing the speaker for the evening, Mr. A. P. Mieras, the chairman mentioned the loyal service that Mr. Mieras had given to the Local Sections of both the Institute and the Society of Chemical Industry, of the committees of which he was a very active member.Mr. Mieras dealt with the subject of Laundering.” After tracing the beginnings of large scale laundering from the invention of the first rotary washer in 1782 to the introduction of hydro-extractors and flat-work ironers in the middle of the nineteenth century, Mr. Mieras gave a number of interesting statistics to show the importance of the present day laundry industry, both financially and as employers of labour. He outlined the policies of the National Federation of Laun- derers, Ltd. and The British Launderers’ Research Association, and briefly mentioned some of the work accomplished by the latter in the 13 years of its existence. Mr. Mieras then took his audience step by step through a modern laundry, from the collecting, through the sorting, marking and washing departments to the hydro-extractors and other dryers, and thence to the ironing, and finally, the checking and packing for delivery to the customer.As a subsequent speaker said “The lecturer described each and all of these processes with such a mass of interesting detail that everyone present must have felt that, had he the capital, he could have gone home and started a laundry.” Mr. Mieras concluded by remarking on the safety of clothes as treated in the modern laundry, and stressed the fact that in such a laundry, lost or damaged articles never exceeded 0001 per cent. of those handled. Messrs. J. J. Crombie, G. Elliot Dodds, J. W. Ingham, J. Sandilands, Walter Smith, D.C. Wilson and H. Wilson partici- pated in the ensuing discussion. Some of the points raised were, the relative costs of home and laundry washing, the difficulties in washing cheap woollen articles without shrinkage, the low 160 percentage of woollen articles handled by laundries, and troubles consequent upon the use of non-fast colours. The meeting concluded with a vote of thanks to Mr. Mieras, moved by Dr. A. M. Smith. Glasgow and West of Scotland.-A joint meeting of the Local Sections of the Institute and the Society of Chemical Industry was held in the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, on 18th January. Papers were read by Dr. W. M. Hampton, on (‘Some Physical Properties of Glass.” and by Mr. J. Boyd, on ‘(Glass Silk, and Heat and Sound Insulation.” Mr.T. Cockburn, Chairman of the Local Section of the Institute, occupied the chair. Dr. Hampton dealt with the physical properties of glass and explained that a property like tensile strength was not constant in a large bulk of solid glass. It had been shown that the tensile strength of glass in thin threads was much higher than that of glass in larger sizes, and that the finer the thread, the greater the tensile strength. Thus a mattress made of glass silk had a much higher tensile strength than a block of solid glass of the same thickness, and any variations in the tensile strength of the individual glass threads was negligible owing to the large number of threads present. Mr. Boyd said that the problem of heat insulation had received considerable attention in recent times, and its importance was being more appreciated.Until comparatively recent times the choice of insulating materials was confined more or less to cork, mud, clay and mixtures of these with straw, but, with increasing steam temperatures and superheat, the demand for an insulating material which would withstand high temperature had increased. The use of spun glass originated in Germany during the war, and in 1930,Messrs. Chance Brothers commenced its manufacture at their Firhill Works, Glasgow. Despite the adverse trade conditions, this venture had proved successful, and glass silk as an insulating material had made steady progress. A new industry had thus been established, producing materials capable of meeting the most stringent requirements of modern engineering.An invitation was extended to the members of the Glasgow and Edinburgh Sections of the Institute to attend the Jubilee 161 Memorial Lecture, arranged by the Society of Chemical Industry, on 1st February, at the Royal Technical College, Glasgow. Mr. W. M. Ames occupied the chair. The lecture was delivered by Prof. T. P. Hilditch, who chose as his subject “The Fats-New Lines in an Old Chapter of OrganicChemistry.” A full report of the lecture appeared in Chemistryand Industry, 15th February, p. 139,and the following is merely a synopsis of the principal subjects, as given by the lecturer: A few illustrations of how the general build or composition of any fat can now be stated (at least broadly, sometimes within narrow limits) by reference to its botanical or zoological origin.Some of the factors in glyceride structure and fatty acid composition which determine the suitability of particular fats for different uses. Recent work on fish and other aquatic fats; and some slight similarities between the depot fats of some of the lower animals and those of fishes. Other peculiarities recently reported in the fatty acids of some natural fats. Recent developments in fat hydrogenation : (I) the glyceride structure of hydrogenated fats, and (2) the reduction of fatty acids to higher fatty alcohols. Modern work on the detergent, emulsifying and/or wetting value of (a) ordinary soaps, and (b) “soapless detergents ” which usually contain a long-chain alkyl group linked to a sulphate or sulphonate radical.The curious similarity in type between a modern higher-alcohol-sulphonate detergent and the natural lecithins or phosphatides. On 20th December, Mr. A. R. Jamieson, Honorary Secretary of the Section, gave a short address to the City Business Club, Glasgow, at a luncheon meeting held at the C’adora Restaurant, on “The Chemist and the Community.” Huddersfie1d.-A meeting of the Section was held in Field’s Cafk, Huddersfield, on Tuesday, 12th February,-Mr. W. D. Scouller presiding. Dr. P. Lewis-Dale gave a lecture entitled “Chemistry in the Service of the Railway.” The lecture was illustrated by lantern slides.162 Dr. Lewis-Dale has kindly supplied the following precis :-He outlined the scope of the work of the railway chemist, referring to the very large amounts of coal, oil, water and other stores used, and the numerous ancillary undertakings of the great railway companies. He emphasised the importance of the chemical work which concerned all, or nearly all, the departments of the railways. He pointed out that the first railway chemist was appointed in 1864, before the periodic table was conceived, and when benzene was without its familiar hexagonal formula. The author then gave a description of the part of the chemist’s work occurring only on the railways which had no counterpart in other undertakings. The railway companies were general carriers, and it was fitting he should show the chemists’ contributions to the actual business of carrying.He explained the railway classification of goods so far as was necessary to show why the chemist could help towards, and, indeed, was an essential factor in, the correct classification of many commodities. In really a surprising number of cases, the chemical composition of a commodity affected its classification, yet of course the classification was not based on chemical composition. The chemists’ function was not to classify but to assist the commercial departments to classify commodities correctly. Knowledge of what a substance is made of was useful only as a guide to what a substance is. He instanced cases where a simple chemical is called by a “fancy ” proprietary name and sold at a very high price as compared with that of the chemical of which it is composed.The railway classification provided generic entries which applied in such cases. Many “patent ” medicines were composed of single common chemicals or mixtures of two or more such chemicals. Their proper classification, of course, was “Medicines,” which in the railway classification was “Drugs.” Perhaps the chemist’s most intimate contact with carriage of goods was the devising of safety regulations, and therefore goods with dangerous properties were of special interest. He alluded to the regulations for carriage by railway of explosives, inflammable liquids, com-pressed and liquefied gases, dangerous corrosive and poisonous chemicals and miscellaneous substances with dangerous or objectionable properties. The regulations had been drawn up during the course of years on the recommendations of chemists, and were designed for and directed towards the safety of the travelling public and the railway staffs.They included 163 measures for keeping away from foodstuffs many poisons and objectionable substances-thus protecting the public. He stressed the necessity for somewhat similar regulations to be applied to transport by road, and cited the Report of the Chief Inspector of Explosives as evidence that the same view was held in official quarters. The railway companies were continually reviewing their regulations, and if any proved unnecessary or too onerous, they were withdrawn or amended.On the other hand, the railways would not withdraw the conditions they thought necessary for safety in order to gain traffic, even though, in fact, loss of traffic had resulted in some instances. The author then described other phases of chemists’ work of exclusively railway interest. He referred to such subjects as chemical treatment of weed growth on the permanent way, in water troughs, etc., and to special oils and wicks for signal lamps, and gave a detailed description of the requirements for, and the construction of, satisfactory fog signals. He stated that the steam locomotive was almost exclusively a railway machine, and referred to several interesting problems connected with it.The most important was that of combustion. Detailed experi- ments were now being carried out with the view of ascertaining more about the furnace efficiency of the steam locomotive under service conditions. In addition to the factors affecting combustion in a stationary installation, there were many others in a locomotive, chief among them being the necessarily limited size of the combustion chamber, the draught and its variation, the varying power-requirement due to speed, wind and gradient. He exhibited some graphs showing variation in carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and oxygen in the exhaust gases. As he pointed out, to an engineer in control of a stationary plant, such graphs would seem like a nightmare. The results of the series of experiments would no doubt be published when further progress had been made; the author’s object in mentioning the work was only to give an outstanding example of chemical work on a purely railway problem.The lecture was followed by an interesting discussion, and a vote of thanks was accorded to the lecturer on the motion of Mr. N. Hall, seconded by Dr. Lowe. The Fifteenth Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in Field’s Cafd, Huddersfield, on Wednesday, 13th March,- Mr, W. D. Scouller presiding. 164 The reports of the Hon. Treasurer and Hon. Secretary were presented and approved. In the Honorary Secretary’s report reference was made to meetings of the Section which have already been reported in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, to the fact that theand Technical College authorities had asked the Section to co-operate in commemorating their Jubilee Year.During these celebrations, Dr. Everest gave a lecture on “Fifty Years of Chemistry,” which has since been given in slightly modified form before the Institute at headquarters. Dr. Lowe was elected to the Committee on the-retirement by rule of the Hon. Treasurer, Dr. H. H. Goldthorpe. Dr. E. H. Goodyear was elected Honorary Secretary of the Section, on the retirement of Dr. R. J. Connor, who had held the office for a period of three years. A vote of thanks was accorded to the retiring Hon. Secretary and Hon. Treasurer and to the Hon. Auditor, Mr. N. Hall, on the motion of Dr. H. H. Hodgson, seconded by Mr.F. Robinson. Mr. N. Hall was re-elected Hon. Auditor. Dr. A. E. Everest, District Member of Council, gave an account of the work of the Institute during the session which, together with some interesting comments on current affairs, completed the business meeting. At the conclusion of the formal business, films were exhibited illustrating the manufacture of crystal glass by Stuart & Sons, Ltd., Stourbridge, and the manufacture of Nobel-Glasgow high explosive for blasting purposes, which were much appreciated. India.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at the University of Calcutta, on 5th January,-Professor H. B. Dunnicliff, presiding. The report for the year 1934 stated that the inaugural meeting of the Section was held in Bombay during the Science Congress Week in January, when about 40 members were present.A Committee, representing the major geographical divisions of India was appointed, and the general outline of the scope of the activities of the Section was discussed. A series of joint meetings, under the Presidency of Sir C. V. Raman, was held at the Central College, Bangalore, from 30th March to 2nd April, 1934, in which a number of members of the Section participated. On the same occasion, visits were paid to 165 the Government Sugar Cane Farm, and the Sugar Factory at Mandya. A meeting of members in the Punjab was held in April, at Lahore, and a joint meeting, with members of the Bombay Branch of the Indian Chemical Society was held at the Royal Institute of Science, Bombay, when a paper entitled 'I Absorption of Dyes by Cellulose," wits read by Dr.A. M. Patel. The following were elected to the Committee for the year 1935 :-Mr. G. C. Mitter (Bombay) ,Dr. D. H. Peacock (Rangoon) , Dr. E. Spenser (Calcutta), Dr. B. B. Dey (Madras), Dr. J. N. Ray (Lahore), Dr. S. Krishna (Dehra Dun), and Mr. G. W. Douglas (Bhopal), Hon. Secretary. The Section has a membership of over zoo in India, Burma and Ceylon. Rules for the Section are now being formulated. Members representing each area, respectively, will be asked to convene meetings for the furtherance of matters of mutual interest. Irish Free State.-A meeting of the Section was held in Trinity College, Dublin, on 13th March, Mr.B. G. Fagan pre- siding. Prof. E. A. Werner gave a demonstration of some properties of peat in connection with the purification of certain organic liquids. At a previous meeting Prof. Werner had explained how he had used a hydrocarbon oil supplied by the Coalite Company for the estimation of the water content of peat. The oil boiled be- tween 155" and 180' C. and was yellowish brown in colour. The colour deepened gradually on standing and a brown deposit separated. When freshly distilled, the oil was pale yellow in colour but darkened on standing. He noticed, however, that when he distilled 35 C.C. of the oil mixed with 5 gr. of peat, that the distilled oil remained pale yellow after long standing. The action of the peat was found to be due to its adsorption of or combination with the sulphur compounds present in the oil.Analysis of the materials gave the following results :-Sulphur in original oil = 0.168 per cent.; S in peat (a) 0.35 per cent., S. in peat (b) 0.377 per cent. S in polymerised material (deposit) from oil 3-52per cent. S in oil after distillation from peat 0.007 per cent. S in peat (a) after distilling 5 gr. peat with 35 C.C. oil 0.42 percent. ,, (b) 0.438 per cent. 'J 3) 3, '2 '9 '9 166 As the oil is manufactured for use as a fuel-oil such a process of purification might be beneficial. Prof. Werner then showed a water-white sample of aniline which had been distilled from peat about two months previously, and had not altered since.Orthotoluidine and metacresol could also be purified by this method, while furfural gave partial purification. It seemed, however, that peat only removed basic sulphur compounds as nitrobenzene was not improved and thiophene could not be removed from benzene by this method. Urea.-Professor Werner then showed a specimen of urea synthesised from ammonium hydroxide and carbon dioxide by first adding ammonium hydroxide to peat and then bubbling car- bon dioxide into the mass. This reaction took place at ordinary @essure and was the first synthesis of urea from ammonia and carbon dioxide to be so achieved. Cane and Beet Sugars.-Professor Werner found that when I gr. each of cane and beet sugars were placed in crucibles and kept in a bell jar over water that in 120 hours the cane-sugar had absorbed 20.55 per cent.of its weight of water and the beet sugar 23.82 per cent. So far he had found an application of Heisch’s test for polluted water to be infallible in distinguishing between “pure” samples of cane and beet sugars. The tests were carried out as follows:- Ten gr. of sugar was added to 200 C.C. of distilled water; the solution was boiled and allowed to cool. Two C.C. tap water and 5 drops of 2 per cent. sodium phosphate solution were added. (Dublin water contains 300 organisms per c.c.) The solution on standing for 6 days showed opalescence due to the growth of organisms if the sugar was derived from beet but none if cane sugar was used. The explanation is that the impurities in beet sugar contain nitrogen compounds which are essential for the growth of the organisms. If beet sugar contained 0.01 per cent.of betaine, 10gr. of the sugar would contain enough nitrogen for the produc- tion 2.4 x 106 organisms. Dr. Gilmour proposed and Mr. Freeman of the Irish Sugar ManufacturingCo. seconded a very hearty vote of thanks to Prof. Werner for his interesting address and demonstration. Leeds Area.-A well-attended meeting of the Section was held at the University, Leeds, on 2Ist January, under the 167 chairmanship of Mr. G. J. Denbigh, when Messrs. W. R. Atkin and F. C. Thompson read a paper on ‘‘Methods for the Determination of Hydrogen-Ion Concentration.” The following prkcis has been kindly supplied by the authors: “From the practical point of view it is best to speak of pH measurement, since pH and not hydrogen-ion concentration, is the figure directly obtained as a linear function of the E.M.F.given by the electrometric methods of measurement. Actually, in practice, hydrogen-ion concentration is a derived figure found by further calculation from pH, and whilst errors in E.M.F. measure- ments give proportional errors in $H, this is not the case with hydrogen-ion concentrations. Furthermore, modern thermo-dynamical theory discusses hydrogen-ion ‘activities ’ and not ‘concentrations’ and whilst the two may be nearly equivalent in ionically dilute solutions, we prefer for practical purposes to short-circuit the discussion by regarding pH as a measure of acidity, directly obtained by various experimental means.“The older methods were attempts to determine actual hydrogen-ion concentrations, and employed various reactions catalysed by acids or alkalies, such as ester or sugar hydrolysis, etc., and also conductivity. Recent work by Prof. H. M. Dawson, has demonstrated the complexity of catalytic reactions. Conductivity determinations are only useful for acidity measure- ments under relatively simple conditions. Modern methods in general use comprise the following :-(a) hydrogen electrode, (b)quinhydrone electrode, (c) glass electrode, and (d) colorimetric met hods with indicators. “The hydrogen electrode method from its very nature must always be the standard reference method.It has, however, certain disadvantages such as its liability to poisoning, and the errors caused by the presence of reducible substances, when an oxidation-reduction potential is superimposed on the ordinary hydrogen potential. The quinhydrone electrode depends on the constancy of the quinone-hydroquinone ratio, and therefore any constituent of the solution reacting with either component gives rise to errors. Such substances include bases which react with quinone, certain oxidising agents, proteins, and alkalies. The glass electrode will measure fiH in many solutions, particularly those containing reactive substances, for which the other elec- trodes are unsuitable. Nevertheless, too high alkalinities interfere 168 with the glass electrode and it must also be admitted that the experimental technique is very far from simple.An electrostatic E.M.F. measurement has to be made, and leakages, particularly those due to humidity, can be very troublesome. Colorimetric methods depend on the shade assumed by known indicators added to the solutions. These colours are, of course, standardised against buffers of known j5H. With coloured solutions compensa- tion for the colour must be made by the use of a comparator, and for highly coloured solutions a special dilution technique has been devised. Indicator methods are at best approximate, and subject to several errors, but are nevertheless of great use inindustrial work. In solutions of known constituents such as acids, alkalies, and certain salts, it is often possible to calculate the @Hfrom the theory of ionic equilibria.Also in some cases special methods can be used, for instance in determining the alkalinity or $(OH) of lime suspensions containing sulphides such as are employed in the leather industry for the removal of hair from hides and skins. The lecture concluded with demonstrations of the methods referred to above.” The cordial thanks of the meeting were expressed by the chairman. Mr. G. J. Denbigh presided at a meeting of the Section held at The University, Leeds, on 18th February, when Dr. F. L. Usher, Reader in Colloid Chemistry in the University of Leeds, gave a lecture on (‘Advances in Colloid Chemistry.” Dr.Usher has kindly supplied the following precis:- “In order to present a coherent picture of a subject having the scope indicated by the title it is necessary to delimit it, and the method adopted is to follow the narrow path of progress inwhat may be considered the central problems of ‘pure ’ colloid chemis- try. These may be defined as follows:-(I) Mechanism of formation of colloidal systems, (2)causes of stability, (3) mechan-ism of transformation into non-colloidal systems, (4) relation of colloidal to molecular dispersions, (5)structure and behaviour of highly complex molecules. ‘‘The production of colloidal systems by ‘dispersion ’ methods raises practical rather than theoretical problems, and the chief recent advances have been in the construction of improved machinery for making sprays and emulsions.The recent 169 (October, 1934)work of Taylor has for the first time given an insight into the hydrodynamical conditions under which an emulsion can be formed. An interesting novelty in the applica- tion of ‘condensation ’ methods is the production of solutions of colloidal air which under suitable conditions are stable for 50 days. Progress in our understanding of the origin of colloidal particles is typified by the work of Zsigmondy and his school, on colloidal gold. Freundlich, Zocher and others have shown, in their investigations on the shape of colloidal particles, the great value of observations made with the aid of polarised light. “The conditions of stability of lyophobic sols have long been known in a general sense, but the quantitative studies of typical sols by the Vienna school under Pauli, to whom we largely owe the fruitful idea of ‘surface dissociation,’ have greatly enriched the subject by improving our understanding of the nature and behaviour of stabilising ions. A recent contribution of funda-mental significance is due to Verwey and Kruyt (1933),who have found that stabilising ions may have a linear rather than a super- ficial distribution.The extension to much greater depths of Perrin’s work on the gravitational distribution of particles has shown that under ordinary conditions lyophobic sols owe their uniform concentration to the continuous disturbance of the ‘Perrin ’ equilibrium by convection currents. “A new field of investigation has been opened up by the researches of Whytlaw-Gray and his collaborators on smokes, and their experiments on the kinetics of coagulation, together with those of Tuorila on gold sols, have provided confirmation of the essential correctness of the theory of von Smoluchowski. “Problems concerning the relation of colloidal to true solutions have been greatly illuminated by detailed studies of lyophilic substances such as soaps (McBain) and other colloidal electrolytes, and by the application of modern theories of electrolytic dis- sociation.Other important advances are the recent development of the theory of membrane equilibrium, so as to include non-ideal systems (Donnan), and the studies by Staudinger, Meyer and Mark, Astbury and others, of the formation, behaviour, and structure of highly polymerised compounds.” A vote of thanks to the lecturer was proposed by Dr. R. D. Abell and carried with acclamation. Liverpool and North-Western.-A meeting of the Section was held at the Constitutional Club, India Buildings, Water 170 Street, Liverpool, on the 14th February,-Mr. A. E. Findley in the Chair,-when Professor J. McLean Thompson, of Liverpool University, read a paper entitled:- (( The Limitation of Growth and its R61e in Reproduction : a Structural Problem with a Biochemical Basis.” Professor Thompson dealt extensively with the subjects of plant growth and plant reproduction. He explained and illustrated, by means of lantern slides, the nature of many plant structures, their orientation and development.Coming to the question of reproduction, he showed that, in the flowering, growth is diverted from its normal course and expresses itself in either fertile or sterile organs. The former were of high protein content, while the latter in addition to being deficient in nitrogenous products were of abnormal cellular stature. Professor Thompson further stated that many interesting growth problems called for the attention of the chemist in their elucidation. The paper provoked a good discussion in which the Chairman, Mr. V. Biske, Dr. J. A. Hill, Dr. R. F. Corran, Mr. E. H. Shepherd, Dr. R. A. Morton and Professor Hilditch took part. A vote of thanks was accorded to Professor McLean Thompson for his paper and to the vice-chairman, Mr.G. E. Knowles, for providing and operating the lantern. A meeting of the Section was held at the Constitutional Club, Water Street, Liverpool, on the 14th March, 1g35-Mr. A. E. Findley in the Chair-when Dr. J. D. A. Johnson of the Liverpool Central Technical School read a paper entitled :-‘‘Natural Colouring-Matters.” With a few outstanding exceptions, the majority of natural colouring-matters have been found to fall into a number of classes. These are the flavones, the flavonols, the anthocyanins, the carotinoids and the porphyrin pigments. The more important substances which do not fall under any of these headings are the dyestuffs indigo, brazilin and hzematoxylin.With the first- mentioned all are familiar, but to the average chemist, hzema- toxylin is a name associated with staining operations in related sciences. Interesting as has been the study of brazilin and hzematoxylin, they have not been the centre of such interest as has been aroused in connection with the groups of substances given above. 171 The flavones and flavonols were examined by A. G. Perkin to whom our knowledge gained from the analytical side is primarily due ; von Kostanecki approached the subject from the synthetical angle and placed it in a sound position. Neverthe-less, there are certain flavones and flavonols which could not be prepared by any of von Kostanecki’s methods but these are much more conveniently prepared by processes elaborated by Robinson and his colleagues.The distribution of flavones and flavonols is wide; flavone itself has been observed in the form of a “bloom” or “meal” on the flowers or stems of Primula pulverulenta: other substances of the group are present in the flowers, leaves, buds, stems and roots of various plants. Of their origin we know little or nothing. It is possible that they are formed from, or con- verted into, the anthocyanidins with which they show structural similarities. The anthocyanidins rarely occur in the free state; in the few cases where their isolation has been reported, it is most probable that hydrolysis of an anthocyanin has taken place during extrac- tion. The anthocyanins are partially responsible for the blues, violets, mauves, pinks and reds of flowers; they are glucosides from which the sugar molecule is readily displaced leading to anthocyanidins.Both anthocyanins and anthocyanidins are salts of oxonium oxygen and their colour is dependent not only upon their structure but also upon the hydrogen ion concentration of the solution. Robinson has shown how the position of the hydroxyl groups in the molecule may be determined from the behaviour of the colouring-matter towards alkali and ferric chloride. Related to the anthocyanidins, is a pigment called carajurin, which is the essential colouring-matter present in carajura used for face adornment by certain South American tribes. This has been converted into scutellareinidin chloride, a synthetic antho- cyanidin, by simple reactions. Carotin, treated as a chemical curiosity until its possible identity with vitamin-A was mooted, has become a centre of activity.It is a hydrocarbon the colour of which is due to a system of conjugated ethylenic linkages; it has been shown to be a condensed isoprene derivative. Actually, the pigment as ordinarily isolated is a mixture of a,p, and y carotins, the latter being present in but small amount. Carotin is optically active, differing in this respect from its two isomers. Closely related to carotin is lycopin, the chief colouring-matter of the tomato, and 172 it has been shown that 18 and y carotin antl lycopin form a graded series. Only 18 and y carotins possess vitamin-A activity which is connected with the presence of the p-ionone skeleton which they possess.Bixin, crocetin and physalin are other interesting members of the group of carotinoids, the first two being acids and the last-mentioned an ester. The porphyrin pigments have received close attention at the hands of Hans Fischer and his school. The most important members are chlorophyll and haemin, and Fischer has been able to show that the molecular skeletons of these two substances are essentially the same. Willstatter’s analytical work on chloro- phyll and Nencki and Kiister’s work on haemin, have been supplemented and the problem attacked from the synthetical angle. Degradation products of chlorophyll such as phytol, phyllo-, pyrro- and rhodo-porphyrins as well as phylloerythrin have been synthesised and as the latter especially is closely related to chlorophyll it is but one short step, though apparently not an easy one, to the synthesis of chlorophyll itself.About the details of the chlorophyll molecule there is still some doubt, but haemin has been completely synthesised. A large number of illustrations of formulae, etc., was provided by the use of an Epidiascope. In the discussion the Chairman, Mr. Marsh, Dr. Corran and Mr. Hickson took part. The meeting concluded with a hearty vote of thanks to Dr. Johnson for his paper. NoTE.-The list under Liverpool and North-Western, in the Report of Council (Jour. & Procs., Part I., 1935,p. 20) should have included a lecture given by Professor Channon, on 8th March, 1934,on “The R81e of Phosphorus in Nutrition.” London and South-Eastern Counties.-On the 16th January, at the Institute, the Section held a joint meeting with the Oil and Colour Chemists’ Association and participated in a discussion on 44 Limitations of Chemical Analyses,” opened by Mr.C. A. Klein and Dr. J. J. Fox. Mr. F. G. Edmed, Chairman of the London and South-Eastern Counties Section of the Institute, presided and was supported by Mr. G. A. Campbell, President of the Association. Mr. Klein remarked that business in materials to the value of millions sterling depended on accurate analysis, and industrial 173 operations depended in a large measure on the accuracy of chemical analysis.Mere quantitative analysis, except in the case of a very few materials, gave not more than half the picture. It was possible to have two materials identical in composition, which behaved entirely differently in industrial processes. He suggested that attention should be paid to the methods of works tests, which were designed to determine properties not ordinarily determin- able by chemical analysis. The British Standards Committee, which had dealt with specifications for pigments, had held about 70 meetings. There was practically no disagreement on questions of chemical analysis, but when problems arose concerning the solid condition and the properties of materials as solid, the progress made by the Com- mittee was greatly retarded. He then referred to the fetish of making analytical results add up to roo, which he felt was largely due to the fact that com- mercial men looked for results to be stated in that form.Quantitative analysis presented no real difficulty in manipula-' tion, and, as a chemist, he refused to hand over problems to the physicist. Although the physical and chemical conditions were closely inter-related, it was not known how far the physical condition was determined by the chemical composition. Gravi-metric analysis ignored almost completely the constitutional analysis of the material. More attention should be paid to the observations made by the skilled craftsman: he might not use scientific language, but his practical intuition was often remarkable. The analyst, when he endeavoured to ascertain the composi- tion of a material and desired to get it into solution, did not realise that the process of solution at once destroyed the original material.Therefore, he held that it was untrue to talk about the solution of a solid. The material had been destroyed and was no longer recognisable, except in respect of mass constituents, and the even distribution of different mass constituents was frequently extremely difficult,-in many cases, impossible. There might be six samples of oxides of lead identical on chemical analysis, but differing entirely in their behaviour on a large scale. Discrimination should be exercised in the interpretation of analyses made to-day and of analyses made many years ago. Referring to the training of chemists, he expressed the view that students should be made to carry out complete analyses 174 until they get them accurate, and should have the faults in their work explained to them. It seemed to him that students were required to concentrate on organic chemistry rather than on analysis, because analysis was not the fashionable thing. He would like to see more quantitative work introduced into organic chemistry. It was a common thing for an analyst to feel pleased when he obtained 50 per cent.yield in the laboratory, but the industrialist could not be satisfied with that. Progress in chemistry depended on analysis and synthesis. Each was equally important, but each insufficient in itself.In discussing the limitations of chemical analysis, it was important to realise what these limitations were, and why they existed, which would only be possible when a true realisation of the proper limits was recognised. Dr. J. J. Fox reiterated his view that there was need in this country for Chairs of analytical chemistry; compared with other countries, we were sadly lacking in that respect. There was much to be said for analytical chemistry as a subject for study. He was greatly interested in the application of physical methods to chemical analysis. Indeed, he often endeavoured to find a physical method, as well as a chemical one. In this connection, he made special reference to the spectrograph.The composition of a perfectly satisfactory white lead might vary very much. There must be a minimum of lead oxide, but he was not going to say what that minimum should be. He raised the question of physical condition, on which Mr. Klein was one of the earliest workers. He did not think he had carried out much chemical work and that had not involved physical de- terminations, and, therefore, when it was suggested that we should make more use of physical apparatus and methods, he was in thorough agreement with the proposal; but was bound to add that, he himself, as well as other chemists, had always been interested in physical methods. Referring to the value of analysis of paints, he said that if he wanted a paint he would ask for what he wanted and see that he got it.The simple paints with which he had had to deal 30 or so years ago had been replaced and to-day they had to deal with materials which were sometimes not capable of being examined completely. With ready-mixed paints in general this was a difficulty, and therefore, it was necessary to utilise physical methods. There was, again, particle size, on which Mr. Klein had 175 been engaged. They wanted to know what the film would look like and how it was going to behave, while regard should be paid, especially in varnishes, to dispersivity-if there were such a word-and viscosity. Speaking of specifications, Dr. Fox drew attention to zinc white, saying that, although in the past con- sideration had been given to whether the percentage of zinc oxide was 99.5 per cent., or some such figure, there was little said in the specifications about the particle size and nothing about particle form, which was also important.There were methods of determining oil absorption, which gave satisfactory results in the hands of one man, but would frequently not give similar results in the hands of other people. Therefore, he was inclined to deprecate rigid adherence to 99.5 per cent. without knowledge of the other factors to which he had referred. In the subsequent discussion, Dr. L. A. Jordan dealt with the wasted effort in chemical analysis, particularly in analysing zinc oxide. He had come to the conclusion that the amount of laboratory activity which was spent in analysing zinc oxide was appalling and of no value.He referred to the wide variation in results obtained, adding that when the results were wrong the method was blamed, not the chemist. Dr. H. J. Stern said that if Dr. Fox could explain the necessity for the War Office or the Admiralty insisting on 99-5 per cent. zinc oxide, it would be useful. Dr. Fox replied that the high degrees of purity were perhaps not essential except in certain cases, and the War Office and the Admiralty were ‘such cases. Dr. Stern, continuing, said that surely the basis of any examination,whether chemical or physical, must depend on what was going to be done with the material subsequently. Taking the case of an essential oil, the buyer would want to know whether it was what was known as “pure” or whether it came up to any definite standard, and so long as the purchaser ob-tained an oil which was within I per cent.of what he required, he would probably be satisfied. On the other hand, there would be cases in which a material, for example, was bought for its content of, say, chromium oxide, and, in such a case, very definite analysis would be required. There might be a barytes which for some reason did not sinter as well as another sample with similar chemical analysis, and, in such a case, the value of chemical analysis began to break down. Surely in such instances a physical as well as a chemical test was necessary? Clays 176 were sometimes bought on chemical analysis, but in this case chemical analysis was of very little importance.Referring to the need for accurate analysis, Dr. Stern em- phasised the point that very special precautions had to be taken to get an analysis showing, say, one part in 5,000, and added that such precautions were not ordinarily taken even to get 99.9 per cent. The usual practice was to estimate impurities and, in that connection, physical methods were of great assistance. In further discussion, Dr. Fox said that, by the aid of physical tests which were being carried out daily, he had no doubt as to the possibility of reproducing a product. In testing a cellulose lacquer to see if it were likely to be a good one for a particular purpose, the volatile matter might be tested to see whether there were “high or low boilers,” and it would be necessary to as- certain the physical condition of pigments, base, etc.He had not suggested that it would be impossible to analyse such a substance; indeed he never admitted analysis was impossible. Taking an oil paint, they wanted to know the thinners it contained, how it worked, and the nature of the film. The condition of the medium was also of importance; and when all this information had been obtained a most important thing to know was how economical it was in use. Dr. Stem mentioned the resins and referred to a case in which a works chemist was asked how much resin there was in a varnish and of what sort. That kind of question arose every day. Dr. Fox said that in his view the elaborate tests that had been laid down for determining the amount of oil in a varnish told very little more than an approximate test by extraction.It was impossible, in general, with varnish, to say, except approx- imately, how much oil there was. The practical man might say whether it was a long or a short oil varnish, but it was generally impossible to identify all the resins with certainty and the proportions of them. He doubted whether that sort of thing was wanted, but it might be possible by long research. The works chemist might from his experience and judgment arrive at a fairly good idea of the composition; but if it were required to know how much of the different oils and resins was present it could not be done, as a rule, without lengthy inquiry.Dr. Stern said that that was the great point. The unfortunate works chemist was put in the position of saying, “I cannot tell you,” if he were an honest man; yet the buyer-who was usually 177 the important man-or the works manager, wanted a result to several decimal places. Mr. Klein said that his reply would be,--"I cannot tell you, nor can any one else." Dr. Bhattacharya suggested that it was hardly possible to determinelthe resins in an oil varnish with any accuracy, owing to our lack of knowledge of the constitution of the resins themselves. Dr. J. 0. Cutter remarked that, sixty years ago, Bunsen had said that a chemist without any physics was useless, and that was probably more true to-day than then.The importance of physical methods had been emphasised. A primary need of the paint and varnish industry was a knowledge, on the scientific side, of the character which, as had been mentioned, had been gained by the craftsmen for the past fifty years, which would enable chemists to devise the tests which were required. The greatest difficulty was to know what they were seeking, and that could only be settled by an examination of the work of the craftsman, and only in that way would it be possible to secure sufficient data to devise chemical tests which would give the information required. Mr. Burn suggested that there was not so much a limitation of chemical analysis, as a limitation of the analyst. The works chemist rarely troubled himself to work out his own methods, preferring to wait for the research chemist to provide him with cut-and-dried methods.Dr. Fox said that he could not allow that opinion to pass unchallenged. Knowing many works chemists, he was aware of the difficulties under which they worked, but he was also aware of the valuable work which they did, and he felt that firms got full value for their money. He denied any suggestion that works chemists were behind the times; the trouble was that they were expected to carry out, within two or three days, work which might constitute a lengthy research problem. They were often expected to give an opinion quickly on things about which very little was known. The constitution of the resins was an example, and the speaker who had said that little was known about the constitution of natural resins had mentioned an important point; yet the works chemist was expected to say definitely what was the composition of any varnish put before him.Mr. Klein, in closing the discussion, expressed the view that the attitude towards the works chemist which was so often encountered, was one of the most regrettable things in the 178 profession. The research chemist should come into closer contact with the works chemist for the benefit of all concerned. At a meeting of the Section held at the Institute on 20th February, Dr. R. P. Linstead gave a lecture on ''A New Class of Synthetic Pigments." The lecture dealt with the investigation of the phthalocy- anines.The first member of this group to be discovered was found in technical phthalimide prepared at the works of Messrs. Scottish Dyes, Ltd. The passage of a stream of ammonia into molten phthalic anhydride in the presence of metallic iron led to the formation of considerable quantities of a dark blue in- soluble compound containing combined iron. Investigation has shown that the essential process was one of addition of ammonia, loss of water, and fixation of the metal. A large class of similar substances had now been prepared by heating various metals or their salts with the dehydration products of phthalamide, viz. phthalonitrile and o-cyanobenzamide. The investigation of the phthalocyanines so formed was hampered by their extreme insolubility but a special technique for their crystallisation and sublimation had been devised by Drs.C. E. Dent and A. R. Lowe. The metallic derivatives fell into two general classes, (a) those of the more electronegative metals, which are precipitated unchanged when their solutions in sulphuric acid are poured into water; (b) those of the more electropositive metals which by this treatment lose their metal to yield a metal-free parent compound. The metal-free com- pound could be reconverted into a metallic compound by heating with the metal in a high boiling solvent. The phthalocyanines were all intensely coloured substances usually blue or bluish green. They showed a remarkable stability to heat and could be sublimed in vacuo with little decomposition at about 580" C.Dilute acids and alkalis had no action but the compounds rapidly underwent fission into phthalimide and ammonia by acid-oxidising agents, the metal (if any) being liberated as its salt. They all dissolved in con- centrated sulphuric acid and were insoluble in nearly all solvents except a few high boiling bases and naphthalene derivatives, and even in these the solubility was rarely greater than I per cent. at the boiling point. 179 The phthalocyanines had the general formula (C,H,(CN)J4Me, where Me is a divalent metal, or two hydrogen atoms in the case of the metal-free compound. Their constitution was discussed and it was shown that the structures originally proposed by the speaker had been confirmed by the X-ray analysis of large crystals obtained by sublimation.A unique determination of the molecular weight had also been possible by combining the results of the chemical and X-ray methods. This also supported the structure. Special interest attached to their structural resemblance to the naturally occurring porphyrins, such as haemin and chlorophyll. The lecture was illustrated by experiments and by the exhibition of specimens and apparatus. A discussion followed in which the possible commercial applications of the pigments were mentioned, and the lecturer was called upon to defend the apparent dissymmetry of his formula. A vote of thanks, proposed by Mr. F. G. Edmed, from the Chair, was accorded to the lecturer. Manchester and District.-Mr. C.J. T. Cronshaw has been elected Chairman of the Manchester and District Section, in succession to Mr. Fred Scholefield. Manchester and District Students’ Section.-On aand February, in the Students’ Common Room of the College of Technology, Manchester, Mr. H. Stevenson gave a lecture on “Stainless Steels ” to the Manchester Students’ Section. Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast.-The twenty-ninth Bedson lecture was delivered by Professor C. R. Harington, on 8th February, in Armstrong College, Newcastle upon Tyne, on the subject of Lb The Biochemistry of the Thyroid Gland.” Dr. Harington dealt with the history of the anatomical and pathological aspects of the gland, and the work which led up to the isolation and synthesis of thyroxin, and, lastly, the problem presented by the observation that the physiological activity of the gland is proportional, not to its thyroxin, but to its total iodine content.The only other iodine-containing substance is 3 :5-di-iodotyrosine, and the conclusion drawn is that thyroxin as isolated is an artefact, and that the actual active secretion con- tains a polypeptide containing both iodine-containing sub-stances, and probably also other amino-acids. 180 A meeting of the Section was held in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of Armstrong College, on 20th February, Dr. P. L. Robinson presiding. Dr. L. A. Sayce gave a lecture entitled:- ‘‘Modern Methods in Photography,” of which the following is an abstract.The origin of photography dates from the observation of Scheele (circa, 1780), that precipitated silver chloride is reduced on exposure to light. In 1802, Thomas Wedgewood exposed paper steeped in silver nitrate solution and dried, beneath glass plates painted with some design and showed that a picture was produced. Later it was shown that sodium thiosulphate could be used to remove the excess salt and render the image permanent. The cameura obscuura was well known at this time and attempts were made to produce pictures in it, but these were defeated by the extreme slowness of the process. Niepce and Daguerre (1827-44) acted on polished silver plates with iodine vapour, and developed the image formed after an exposure of about half an hour with mercury vapour.The exposure was later shortened by the use of bromine, but in 1840 Fox Talbot showed that silver chloride on paper, briefly exposed and treated with a reducing agent, developed an invisible latent image and gave us photography essentially as we have it now. Maddox and Joseph Swan suspended silver bromide in gelatine, and made the process more portable. Eastman turned to good account the celluloid base (film). This was illustrated with experiments, and the modern processes were outlined,-the plate, or film, being coated with the precipitated, ripened, cooled and washed gelatine emulsion, the exposed plate developed, fixed and washed, and the positive similarly treated. The making of a photostat negative was then demonstrated.It was found that the gelatine enhanced the effect of the light, and this property which varied from batch to batch was finally traced to a substance “gelatine X,” which proved to be allyl isothiocyanate which ammonia, -in the ripening process, converted to allyl thiocarbamide. The gelatine, besides holding the grains of silver salt, acted as a protective colloid in the reduction. The lecturer then dealt with colour sensitivity, and with the making of the panchromatic plate-in which the rendering of the tone of coloured objects, taken through a suitable filter, agrees with that of the eye; and, further, with the extension of the process to 181 photography with the invisible infra-red. The characteristics of these photographs were then explained, the whole being illustrated with a large number of lantern slides.Passing then to photographic apparatus, Dr. Sayce exhibited a number of plates and films; also stand cameras of various ages and designs, culminating in the latest model of the Leica with accessories, and the full range of lenses and filters. Many enlargements from the lecturer’s own miniature negatives were also shown. A notable exhibit was a camera recently designed by the lecturer and produced by Messrs. W. Watson and Sons, Ltd., for copying, for general record work in factories and museums, for photo-micrography and for enlarging its own negatives. The camera is remarkable for its simplicity and, as standard cinematograph films are used with it, the low cost of operation.An interesting discussion took place, and a vote of thanks was accorded to the lecturer. New Zealand.-The Seventh Annual Conference of the New Zealand Section was held at the High School, Hamilton, on 24th January. The Officers and Committee elected for the ensuing year were:-Chairman, Mr. G. A. Lawrence; Committee, Mr. F. H. V. Fielder (Auckland), Dr. G. M. Moir, Mr. A. D. Monro and Mr. M. L. Stewart (Wellington), Mr. E. W. Hullett (Christchurch), Prof. J.K. Inglis (Dunedin) ;Hon. Auditor, Mr. T. A. Glendinning; Hon. Secretary and Treasurer, Mr. P. White. The Secretary reported an increase in membership, and the increased interest shown in the Section promised well for the future. In connection with the Annual Meeting, arrangements had been made for a Joint Conference of the New Zealand Section with the New Zealand Institute of Chemistry, to be held on 24th and 25th January, at Hamilton.A .successful Conference was held, which brought members of both Institutes into personal touch with one another. Visits were made to the following factories :-Hamilton Gas Works, Hamilton Water Works, The New Zealand Co-operative Dairy Co.’s Factory, The New Zealand Co-operative Dairy Co.’s Laboratories, Glaxo Factory, and Dr. H. E.Annett’sExperimental Farm. I82 The following papers were read, in addition to the Chairman’s Annual Address :-Mr. W. Williams-“ Oxidation of Butter Fat and Oxidation Flavours.” Dr. J. C. Andrews-“ Copper in Mammalian Tissues.” Mr.H. H. Edwards-“ The Photo-electric Cell.” Mr. P. White-‘‘pH Control in the Tannery.” Mr. L. S. Spackman-“Cellulose Pulp from New Zealand Flax (Phormium Tenax) .” Mr. M. L. H. Stewart--“Some Chemical Aspects of Diesel Fuel Oil.” Dr. H. E. Annett-“ Research and Practical Farming.” Mr. P. R. Parr-“ Laboratory Organisation.” The Chairman of the New Zealand Section of the Institute of Chemistry gave the Annual Address, which was entitled “Chemistry in the Development of the Freezing Industry.” The following is a summary of the address. The rapid expansion of production in the Colonies, and the necessity of disposing of this surplus produce, coupled with the demand in Europe for food, provided the incentive to hasten the development of artificial methods of producing cold to preserve perishable goods over long periods.The history of this development was given, showing how, in the early stages, science played a surprisingly small part. It was only about 30 years ago that the chemist was first employed in the N.Z. freezing industry. The greatest improvements effected by the chemist have been in dealing with by-products. The first necessity in the scientific control of any industry is that the managers and foremen should appreciate the significance of analyses and other data pertaining to the products being handled. At the same time they must know that for uniformity of production, processes must be uniform to the last detail. Rapid deterioration took place in animal products if they were allowed to accumulate without cooling. This fact required demonstrating not only to the foremen, but to the management, because of the frequent tendency for the killing capacity to outstrip the capacity of the by-products department.When this happened, the quality of the fat, dried blood, meals, etc., fell away. 183 The chemist had established the fertiliser industry as an outlet for the by-products which previously were either buried or burnt. Of more recent origin was the development of meat meals as feeding stuffs, and this outlet was capable of being further extended. Great advances had been made in the refining of fats, especially in connection with the inhibition of rancidity.Bykeeping a check on the quality, and pointing out the reasons for defects, the standard had been considerably raised. Special attention was being devoted to improving the quality oi hides, skins and pelts, in order to preserve them in as near their original state as possible. The demand for sausage casings had made it worth while to treat the intestines for this purpose. The great strides made in our knowledge of the therapeutic value of extracts from glands, and the research work being carried out in this branch of medicine might result in a consider- able demand for these products in the future. The improvement of the quality of our products, increased efficiency of production, and new avenues for the utilisation of waste materials were pre-eminently scientific problems, and curtailment of investigational work would be a calamity. Prof.H. G. Denham, as President of the N.Z. Institute of Chemistry, also gave a paper on the “Work of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research,” of which body he is a member of Council. 184 Notes, International Congress for Scientific Management.-- An invitation to attend the Sixth International Congress for Scientific Management to be held in London from 15th to 20th July, 1935,has been extended by the Council of the Congress to all those who are interested in any phase of management, whether agricultural, commercial, domestic or industrial. The Congress will afford a common meeting ground for discussions on the applications and theory of management.H.R.H. the Prince of Wales is the Patron of the Congress, and it is expected that he will open the proceedings. The Govern- ment will invite members to a reception, and another reception will take place in the Guildhall of the City of London, by invita- tion of the Lord Mayor and Corporation. Papers by managers of eminence have been promised, and representatives from many parts of the world are making arrange- ments to be present. The final details will be printed in the Congress handbook, which will be issued to members, together with information regarding travelling rates and hotels. Membership forms and further particulars can be obtained from the Secretary, Sixth International Congress for Scientific Management, 21, Tothill Street, London, S.W.I.The British Chemical Plant Manufacturers' Associa- tion has announced that arrangements are being made for an exhibition to be held in conjunction with the Chemical Engineer- ing Congress in June, 1936. Potential exhibitors should com- municate immediately with the Association (166, Piccadilly, London, W.I), asking for a copy of their letter, G.2716, containing further particulars of the arrangements. Dr. Herbert Levinstein, Member of the Council of the Institute, has been elected President of the Institution of Chemical Engineers. The Senate of Trinity College, Dublin, has conferred the degree of Sc.D., honoris causa, on Professor Gilbert T. Morgan, O.B.E., F.R.S., Fellow, The Medal of Liverpool University Chemical Society has been presented to Professor Henry Basset t , FeZZow.Obituary. GEORGEBELASCOHARRY died at Stoke-on-Trent in September, 1933, in his 37th year. Educated at Simon Langton’s School, Canterbury, and at Ramsgate County School, he proceeded, in 1914, to East London College and graduated B.Sc. (Lond.) with first class honours, in 1917, in which year he was appointed a junior assistant chemist at the Government Laboratory. In 1918 he became a junior lecturer in chemistry at Batter- sea Polytechnic, and in 1921 joined the staff of the Longton Technical School, Stoke-on-Trent, of which at the time of his death he was Principal. He was elected an Associate in 1921. JOHNGATECLIFFdied in Birmingham Hospital, after an operation, on 10th February, in his 51st year.He received his early education at Southport, PI oceeding in 1904 t,o Yorkshire College-later the University- Leeds, where he obtained the degree of B.Sc. (Vict.), and, in the following year, passed the Final Examination in Mineral Chemisty for the Associate- ship of the Institute. Early in his career, he held apointments in the laboratory of the Midland Railway Company at Derby, and at Messrs. Bray’s Gas Mantle Works, at Leeds, before 1917, when he became works chemist at the Lodge Plug Works at Rugby, where he remained until his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1905. ARNOLDPHILIPdied at Upper Norwood on 16th February in his 75th year. From 1878 to 1882 he studied chemistry at the Royal School of Mines, securing the diploma of A.R.S.M.in metallurgy, and graduating B.Sc. (Lond.). On leaving the Royal School of Mines, he first acted as assistant to Dr. Meymott Tidy, Professor of Forensic Medicine at the London Hospital and Consultant to the Home Office, and then worked for several years with Charles E. Groves, F.R.S. He left. Groves to establish a laboratory at Coopers Hill Engineering College, Staines, where he held the position of consulting chemist to the Engineering Department of the India Office. Attracted by the rapidly growing science of applied electricity he next took a course of study at the City and Guilds Engineering College, following which he became Assistant Professor of Electrical Engineering and Applied Physics at the Heriot Watt College, Edinburgh, and obtained the diploma of A.M.I.E.E.From Edinburgh he went to the Merchant Venturers’ College, Bristol, to become Professor of the same subject. In 1902, he was appointed Admiralty Chemist, which position he held until his retirement in 1926. Under his direction, his department grew rapidly in size and influence. Mr. Philip served on many important Admiralty Committees, as well as on the Committees of the Institute of Metals and of the Institution of Petroleum Technologists. He was the author of numerous papers on chemical, metallurgical and electrical subjects, and his inventive powers found scope in the design of many special forms of apparatus, some of which were patented.During the war he invented and supervised the production on a large scale of special devices used extensively in the Navy. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1883 and a Fellow in 1887. 186 ANDREWJAMIESONWALKER died suddenly at Harpenden on 13th February,in his 62nd year. Having been Junior Scholar in classics and modern languages and Senior Scholar in chemistry at Queen’s College, Galway, he graduated B.A. (R.U.I.) in chemistry and physics in 1894. From 1893 to 1896 he continued as a demonstrator in the same College and then proceeded to Heidelberg, where he was engaged on research under Victor Meyer, and was awarded the Ph.D. degree in chemistry, physics and mineralogy. In the following year he wm appointed assistant lecturer in chemistry at the Borough Polytechnic Institute and in 1900 head of the Chemistry Department at Derby Technical College, which position he held for sixteen years.Having devoted considerable attention to coal-tar dyes and intermediates, he was for a short time managing partner in the Cowan Dye and Chemical Company before he became engaged on research for Major and Co., of London and Hull, with whom he remained until 1920, in which year he was appointed an inspector of technical schools under the Board of Education. From the first conference with representa- tives of the Board, for the inauguration of the scheme for the sward of National Certificates in Chemistry in England and Wales, he rendered very valuable service in the initiation and working of that scheme.On his retirement from his appointment under the Board, he kindly consented to continue as a representative of the Institute on the Joint Committee, and had attended a meeting on the day of his death. Jointly with Dr. 0. E. Mott, he was the author of an Introduction to Volumetric Analysis ( 1905), and translated Holleman’s Textbook of OrganicChemistry (6th Edition, 1925). He also contributed Volume 11: on the Alkali Metals and their Congeners, to Dr. Newton Friend‘s Textbook of Inorganic Chemistry (1920), and published several papers in the Journal of the Chemical Society and the Berichte. In 1913, although not at that time a Fellow of the Institute, he made a valuable contribution to the conference of professors of chemistry, held under the auspices of the Institute, to consider the relation of the qualifica- tions of the Institute to those of other educational institutions, and cognate matters, the result of which culminated in the adoption of the present Regulations for the admission of honours graduates to the Associateship of the Institute.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1917. 187 Books and their Contents. The following books have been kindly presented to the lnstitute by the authors or publishers, and may be seen inthe Library of the Institute :-“British Chemicals and Their Manufacturers.” Official Directory of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers (Incor- porated). In English and in five other languages :-French, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, and German.Pp. 460 ; with an Addendum Sheet to the Official Directory of Members of the British Chemical Plant Manufacturers’ Association (I933 Edition). “German-English Dictionary for Chemists. I’ A. M. Patterson. 2nd Edition. Pp xx+412. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.). 15s. “The Natural Logarithm. ” Sir Charles Vernon Boys, F.R.S. Pp. 31. (London: Wightman & Co. Ltd.) 2s. “Hutchinson’s Technical and Scientific Encyclopaedia ” : Terms, processes and data in Pure and Applied Science; construction and engineering ; the principal manufacturing industries, and the skilled trades; with a working bibliography, naming 3,000 books and other sources of information. Edited by C.F. Tweney and I. P. Shirshov. In three volumes. Vol. I: A to Direction Finding. Pp. viii+672. [London: Hutchinson & Co. (Publishers), 1,td.I 28s. od., one volume; L4 4s. set of three volumes. “ Applied Chemistry, Reports of the Progress of .” Issued by the Society of Chemical Industry. Vol. XIX. 1934. Pp. 836. The British Standards Institution has recently published the following :-British Standard Specification for Portable Chemical Fire Extinguishers of the Acid Alkali Type (Excluding Foam Type) (No. 138-1935), and British Standard Specification for General Purpose LaboratoryThermometers (No. 593-1935). 188 The Library, 1934-35. Since the issue of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part 11, 1934,the Council has had much pleasure in acknowledging the following gifts :-OFASSOCIATION BRITISHCHEMICAL MANUFACTURERS: British Chemicals and their manufacturers.London, 1935. MESSRS. G. BELL& SONS, LTD.: An Introduction to Plant Bio-Chemistry. C. C. Steele. London, 1934. DR. S. C. BLACKTIN, M.Sc., A.I.C.: Dust. S. C. Blacktin. London, 1934. DR. 0.L. BRADY, F.I.C.: A Method for the Identification of Pure Organic Compounds. Vols. I, I1 and IV. S. P. Mulliken. London and New York. THE BRITISH DRUQ HOUSES,LTD.: “Analar ” Standards for Laboratory Chemicals. London 1934. The B.D.H. Book of Reagents for “Spot” Tests and Delicate Analysis. Third and enlarged edition. London, 1934. MESSRS. CHAPMAN& HALL, LTD. : Conductometric Analysis. H. T.S. Britton. London, 1934. The Diffraction of X-Rays and Electrons by Amorphous Solids, Liquids, and Gases. J. T. Randall. London, 1934. The Electronic Structure and Properties of Matter. C. H. D. Clark. London, 1934. A German-English Dictionary for Chemists. A. M. Patterson. Second edition. London, 1936. MESSRS. CONSTABLE& Co., LTD.: Mechanical Technology. G. F. Charnock. Second edition, revised and enlarged by F. W. Partington. London, 1934. DR. W. R. FEARON,F.I.C.: An Introduction to Bio-Chemistry. W. R. Fearon. London, 1934. THOMASHARTLEY,EsQ.,F.I.C. : Books of Historical Interest. MESSRS. ADAMHILGER,LTD.: Clinical and Pathological Applications of Spectrum Analysis. Walther & Werner Gerlach. London, 1934. The Practice of Absorption Spectrophotometry with Hilger Instru- ments.F. Twyman and C. B. Allsopp. Second edition. London, 1934. 189 MESSRS.HOPKIN& WILLUS, LTD.: “Analar ” Standards for Laboratory Chemicals. London, 1934. Organic Reagents for Metals. The Staff of the Research Laboratory of Messrs. Hopkin & Williams, Ltd. Second edition. London, 1934. MESSRS. HUTCHINSON& Co., LTD.: Hutchinson’s Technical and Scientific Encyclopzdia. Edited byC. F. Tweney and I. P. Shirshov. London, 1935. THE INDUSTRIALCHEMIST: A Summary of Food Laws and Regulations. C. L. Hinton. London, 1934. DR. D. W. KENT-JONES,B.Sc., F.I.C.: The Practice and Science of Breadmaking. D. W. Kent-Jones. Liverpool, 1934. MESSRS. LONGMANS,GREEN& Co.: A Practical Chemistry for Higher School Certificate and Intermediate Students.G. P. McHugh. London, 1934. The Atom. J. Tutin. London, 1934. A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry. J. W. Mellor. Vol. XI11 (Part 2). London, 1934. The Spirit of Chemistry. A. Findlay. London, 1934. Thorpe’s Dictionary of Applied Chemistry. Editors : Jocelyn F. Thorpe and M. A. Whiteley. Supplement T’ol. I. London, 1934. Uncle Joe’s Nonsense. J. W. Mellor. London, 1934. MESSRS. MACDONALD& EVANS: Fundamentals of Industrial Administration. E. T. Elbourne. London, 1934. MERSEYAND IRWELL COMMITTEE:JOINT Proceedings of the Joint Committee for the year ending 31st March, 1934. Preston, 1934. J. R. NICHOLLS, EsQ., B.Sc., F.I.C.: Aids to the *4nalysis of Food and Drugs. C. G. Moor and W. Partridge. Fifth edition revised and partly re-written by J. R. Nicholls. London, 1934. MESSRS. OLIVER & BOYD: Practical Bacteriology. An Introductory Course for Students of Agriculture. A. Cunningham. Second edition revised and en-larged. Edinburgh and London, 1934. THE PHARMACEUTICAL :PRESS The British Pharmaceutical Codex, 1934. London, 1934. SIR ISAAC & SONS, LTD.: PITMAN Higher Control. A Manual for Company Directors, Secretaries and Accountants. T. G. Rose. London, 1934. THE RIBBLE JOINTCOMMITTEE: Proceedings of the Joint Committee for the year ending 31st March, 1934. Preston, 1934. ROYALSCOTTISH OF ARTS:SOCIETY The Modern l170rld and the Engineer.Edinburgh, 1934. SOUTHMETROPOLITAN GAS COMPANY: The Solid Products of the Carbonisation of Coal. London, 1934. 190 DR. H. P. STEVENS,M.A., F.I.C., and W. H. STEVENS,EsQ., A.R.C.S., F.I.C. : Rubber. Fourth edition. H. P. and W. H. Stevens. London, 1934. DR. A. J. V. UNDERWOOD,F.I.C. : A Manual of Microchemical Analysis. H. Behrens. London and New York, 1894. C. HAROLDWRIGHT,EsQ., M.A., F.I.C. : Soil Analysis. C. H. WRIGHT. London, 1934. Books Purchased. “Gas!” The Story of the Special Brigade. Major-General C. H. Foulkes. Edinburgh and London, 1934. The Mineral Industry during 1933. Edited by G. A. Roush. London, 1934. A Text-Book of Organic Chemistry. J. Schmidt. English edition by H. G. Rule. Second edition, revised and extended.London, 1932. Systematic Organic Chemistry. W. M. Cumming, I. V. Hopper, and T. S. Wheeler. Second edition, revised. London, 1931. Gift.-Mr. W. Cameron Walker, Associate, has kindly presented to the Institute a photograph taken from an oil painting of Joseph Priestley (c. 1763),which is at present preserved in a private collection in Cheshire. (Nature, 17th June and 21st October, 1933, and Lee& Phil. SOC.Proc., Vol. 11, Part XII.) 191 The Register. At the meeting of Council held on zznd February, 1935, 5 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 33 Associates were elected, I Associatewas re-elected, and 50 Students were admitted. The Council regrets to report the deaths of one Fellow and two Associates.Associates elected to the Fellowship. Boizot, George Edward, B.Sc. (Lond.), 49, Cumberland Street, London, s.w.1. Hague, Ernest Noel, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Sheffield), P.O. Box 1, Chertsey Road, Sunbury -on-Thames. Hunwicke, Roderick Francis, B.Sc. (Lond.), Salisbury Cottage, Hadley Highstone, Barnet. Lever, David, B.Sc. (Glas.), A.R.T.C., Royal Technical College, Glasgow. Lockwood, Harold Claude, B.Sc. (Lond.), 6, Hawthorne Road, Kings Norton, Birmingham. New Associates. Andrews, William Frederick, B.Sc. (Lond. & Birm.), M.Sc. (Lond.), Depart- ment of Chemistry and Physics, Technical College, Doncaster. Baker, Herbert Charles, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.I.R.I., 135, Norval Road, N. Wembley.Banfield, Thomas Arthur, B.Sc. (Lond.), 196, Bristol Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham 5.Bell, Basil Lawn, B.Sc. (Lond.), 63, North Quay House, Gt. Yarmouth. Berry, John Edward Walter, B.Sc. (Lond.), 14, Clarina Street, Lincoln. Catton, Reginald George, B.A. (Cantab.), 126, Waterloo Road, Norwich. Davison, James William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 99, Coster Street, Middlesbrough. Dyson, Ralph James Hardy, B.Sc. (Lond.), 82, Beech Street, Paddock, Huddersfield. Edwards, Ronald Leslie, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 14, Upper William Street, Liverpool 3. Elliott, Reginald Langham, B.Sc. (Lond.), c/o 47, Birkby Hall Road, Birkby, Huddersfield. Foster, Barry Bruce, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 57, Onslow Gardens, Walling- ton, Surrey. Gibson, Harry Baxter, B.Sc. (Leeds), 2, Castle View, Walton, Wakefield. Grieve, William Scott Minto, M.Sc., Ph.D.(Manc.), 52, Monica Grove, Levenshulme, Manchester. Hind, Harold George, B.Sc. (Lond.), Cromleigh, Debdale Lane, Mansfield, Notts. Houghton, Albert Aubrey, B.Sc. (Lond.), Imperial College of Science and Technology, S. Kensington, London, S.W.7. Jackson, James, B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), 13, Kensington Gardens, Hale, Cheshire. Macdonald, Duncan Mackenzie, 29, Windermere Road, London, N. 10. 192 McGillivray, Ivor Henderson, M.Sc., (S.A.), Ph.D. (Liv.), c/o African Ex- plosives and Industries, Umbogintwini, Natal, S. Africa. Morrison, John, A. H.-W. C., Braemar, Bentfield, Burntisland, Fife. Moss, Leonard Alfred Edward, B.Sc. (Lond.), 10, Eastwood Street, London, S.W.16. Newman, Arthur Charles Clifford, B.Sc.(Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 87, Cleave Road, Gillingham. Parker, Harold Walter, B.Sc. (Lond.), 278, Park Road, London, N.8. Pettigrew, John Bell, B.Sc. (Glas.), Dunvegan, Academy Street, Coat- bridge, Lanarkshire. Porter, Hubert Thomas, B.Sc. (Lond.), 148, Redbridge Lane, Ilford. Price, Christopher Williams, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Liv.), c/o Paint Research Station, Teddington. Radcliffe, Cedric Burton, M.Sc. (N.Z.), c/o Glaxo Laboratories, P.O. Box 259, Hamilton, N.Z. Rao, Aragula Nagaraja, B.Sc. (Mysore), M.Sc. (Calcutta), Dr. Ing. (Berlin), Department of Chemistry, Central College, Bangalore, India. Ryan, Herbert Alan, B.Sc. (Lond.), 35, Vista Drive, Ilford. Shipley, Roland Halstead, B.Sc. (Reading), 26, Priest Hill, Caversham, Reading.Thomas, Frederick William, B.Sc.(Lond.), 62, HigMeld Road, Cheadle Hulme, Cheshire. Walker, Joseph Francis, B.Sc. (Glas.), 35, Holborn Gardens, Menstrie, Clackmannanshire. Wiles, Alfred Eric, B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), A.M.C.T., 15, South Avenue, Burnage Lane, Levenshulme, Manchester. Wrather, Harry Coupe, M.Sc. (Manc.), Arnold School, Blackpool. &-elected Associate. Blair, James, B.Sc. (Leeds), The Clayton Aniline Co., Ltd., 40, Southwark Street, London, S.E.1. New Students. Bailey, Herbert Sidney Wheatcroft, Beech House, Church Street, Matlock. Bolton, Frank Monkman, 33, Cardinal Grove, Dewsbury Road, Leeds 11. Bootman, Hedley, 167, Wakefield Road, Drighlington, Bradford, Yorks. Boyle, John Gerard, 7, Fothringham Road, Ayr.Boylin, James Laurence, 54, Lodge Hill Road, Selly Oak, Birmingham. Bradly, Hugh, Woodclyffe, World’s End Lane, Chelsfield, Kent. Breckon, Clifford, 1, Foster Street, Morley, Leeds. Bridges, Clarence, The Smithy, Little Leigh, nr. Northwich, Cheshire. Cameron, William Mitchell, 80, Carnwadric Road, Thornliebank, Glasgow. Catt-Camfield, Albert George, 167, Wandsworth Bridge Road, London, S.W.6. Christian, Harold William, Wensum House, Hartington Road, London, W.4 Clark, Harold Victor, 60, Cardigan Road, London, E.3. Coghlan, Miss Ruth Magdalen, 28, Stuart Avenue, London, N.W.9. CJomber, Denys Irvine, Lloyds Bank House, Usk, Mon. Cross, Frank Baynham, 10, Somerleyton Road, London, S.W.9. Dutton, Leonard Cartlidge, 88a, Market Street, Hoylake, Wirral.Dutton, William Leslie, 3, Beaconsfield Road, Widnes. Dyson, Peter, 71, Bannerdale Road, Sheffield 7. Emlyn, James Alan, Beverley, Cooper Avenue S., Liverpool 19. Fels, Miss Margaret, 73, Cholmly Gardens, London, N.W.6. Francis, Jack, 179, Vicarage Road, Watford. Galleymore, Harry Reginald, 6, Hardwick Street, Cambridge. 193 Gorter, Benjamin de, la, Western Road, Brighton. Gospel, James Fred, 93, London Road, Newark, Notts. Jacobs, Stanley, 48, Augustus Street, London, N.W.l. Jones, Osman John, 42, Woodland Road, Northfield, Birmingham. Knight, George Alfred, 39, St. Giles Road, Cavendish, Derby. Lawrence, Albert Edward Thomas, Bury Cross, Bury Road, Gosport. Leggett, Horace Frederick, 43, High Durham Street, Bishop Auckland, Co.Durham. Macara, Thomas James Rew, 20, Denton Road, London, N.8. Masters, Miss Margery Enid Maude, One Tree Cottage, Lower Ham Road, Kingston, Surrey. McMillan, Eric Archibald, 5, Bartram Road, London, S.E.4. Mintern, Ronald Albert, 44, Hendrick Avenue, London, S.W. 12. Owens, Basil Ernest, 41, Kinnoul Road, London, W.6. Phillipson, John Maddison, Wesley Manse, Hill Road, Dursley, Glos. Pink, Gordon William, 68, Haverhill Road, London, S.W.12. Rayner, Peter Levitt, 95, Reginald Terrace, Lee& 7. Robb, Charles Alexander, 32, Cardigan Drive, Cliftonville, Belfast. Scott, John, 25, Eastmead Avenue, Greenford, Middx. Shearing, Edwin Albert, 23, Recreation Road, Andover, Hants. Skelton, George Francis, 27, Southcoates Lane, Holderness Road, Hull.Smith, Jarvis, 19, Justice Street, Belgrave, Leicester. Stott, Joe, 10, Clifton Street, Accrington. Taylor, Ernest Alexander, 87, Smith Avenue, Odsal, Bradford. Tew, Reginald Percy, 42, Paulsgrove Road, North End, Portsmouth. Towler, Glynn Spencer, 223, Stainbeck Road, Leeds 7. Urie, Alexander, 86, Rosslyn Avenue, Rutherglen, Glasgow. Ware, Lancelot Lionel, 65, The Chase, Wallington, Surrey. Whetstone, John, 1, Leamington Road, Coventry, Young, Geoffrey Tyndale, 124, Selly Park Road, Selly Park, Birmingham. DEATHS. Fellow. Andrew Jamieson Walker, B.A. (R.U.I.), Ph.D. (Heid.) Associates. Harry George Belasco, B.Sc. (Lond.). John Gatecliff, B.Sc. (Vict.). 194 Coming Events. 1935 April OF PETROLJWM : “The Boundary9 INSTITUTION TECHNOLOGISTS atFriction of Oxidised Lubricating Oils.” Dr.E. R. REDGROVE, the Royal Society of Arts, John Street, Adelphi, London, W.C.2, at 5.30p.m. 9 SOCIETY (Birmingham and Midland Section) :OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY “A New Type of Hydrogen Electrode for pH Determina,tion”-Mr. H. C. LOCKWOOD;“Some Properties of Sodium Meta- phosphate”-Mr. S. BARRATT; “The R.A.B.R.M. Thickness Guage and Hardness Tester”-Dr. G. W. USHERWOOD:at University Buildings, Edmund Street, Birmingham, at 7.30 p.m. 10 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Road and Building Materials Group): “Composition and Properties of Portland Cement.” Mr. F. C. LEA. “Some factors affecting the Durability of Cast Stone.” Mr. F. L. BRADY. 1Z INSTITUTECHEMISTRY(Liverpool and North-Western Counties OF Section):Annual General Meeting.Demonstration of Laboratory Aids. 11 OIL AND COLOUR CHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION:“Modern Methods of Oil Refining, with special reference to Varnish Oils.” Mr. C. W. A. MUNDY, at the Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1, at 7.30 p.m. 12 OIL AND COLOUR CHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION(ManChester Section) : Annual Meeting and “Smoker,” at the “Manchester,” Ltd. Restaurant. 9 12 SOCIETYOF DYERSAND COLOURISTS(Manchester Section): Annurtl Meeting. 12 SOCIETYOF DYERSAND COLOURISTS(Scottish Section): Annual General Meeting. Symposium. 17 INSTITUTIONOF CHEMICAL ENGINEERS:Joint meeting with the Society of Chemicaf‘Industry (Food Group) : “Heat Exchange in Food Factories.” Steam Equipment for the Food Industries.” At the Federation of British Industries, 21, Tothill Street, London, S.W,1. OF24 INSTITUTE CHEMISTRY (London and South-Eastern Counties Section): Visit to London Power Co., Battersea.26 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Chemical Engineering Group) : Annual General Meeting and Dinner, at the Waldorf Hotel, London. 29 UNITEDDAIRIESRESEARCH ReceptFon, at Wood Lane, LABORATORIES. Shepherd’s Bush, W.12, at 2.30 p.m. 195 Mag 1 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Plastics Group) : Annual General Meeting, at the Federation of British Industries, 31, Tothill Street, London, S.W.l, at 7.30 p.m. 1 SOCIETYOF PUBLICANALYSTS:Ordinary Meeting, at The Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.1, at 8 p.m.1-3 IRON : Annual Meeting at the Institution ofAND STEELINSTITUTE Civil Engineers, Great George Street, London, S.W.l. AND STEEL INSTITUTE:2 IRON Annual Dinner at the Connaught Rooms, Great Queen Street, London, W.C.2, at 7 for 7.30 p.m. OF CHEMICAL (London Section) : Annual General 13 SOCIETY INDUSTRY Meeting. “Chemotherapy.” Dr. F. L. PYMAN, F.R.S., at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. OF TECHNOLOGISTS14 INSTITUTIONPETROLEUM : “Drilling Muds.” Mr. P. EVANS and Mr. A. REID, at the Royal Society of Arts, John Street, Adelphi, London, W.C.2, at 5.30 p.m. 15 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Road and Building Materials Group): Annual General Meeting in London. General &scussion on Chemical Research in the Road and Building Industries.SOCIETY,INSTITUTECHEMISTRY,17-18 CHEMICAL OF and SOCIETY OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY:Joint Meeting of Scottish Sections, at Aberdeen ; Informal Dinner and Excursion. (Further details to be announced later.) 30-SOCIETY (Food Group) : Visit to Laboratories OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY June 6 of Paris and Brussels. JdY 1-5 SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY:Annual Meeting in Glasgow. 9-10 INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY: CHARTER JUBILEE CELEBRATION. July to October ELECTRODEPOSITION EXHIBITION 1935, at the Science Museum, South Kensington, London. Open free to the public from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. (Sundays, 2.30 p.m. to 6 p.m.) Particulars can be obtained from the Electrodepositom’ Technical Society, Northampton Polytechnic Institute, London, E.C.1.Sept. 27-28 CONGRESS CHEMISTRY in Brussels. OF INDUSTRIAL 196 General Notices. Examinations.-Examinations for the Associateship will be held in London and Glasgow from 16th to 21st September. The list of entries will be closed on Monday, 8th July. (Notebooks can be received up to 9th September.) Examinations for the Fellowship will be held in London from 23rd to 28th September. The list of entries will be closed on Monday, 8th July, except for candidates in Branch G, In- dustrial Chemistry, or for those desiring special examinations whose applications should be received before 3rd June. The Meldola Medal (the gift of the Society of Maccabzans) is normally awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise and is brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st Decem- ber prior to the award.The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work. The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person. The next award will be decided in January, 1936. The Council will be glad to have attention directed, before 31st December, 1935,to work of the character indicated. Beilby Memorial Awards.-From the interest derived from the invested capital of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, at intervals to be determined by the administrators representing the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry, and the Institute of Metals, awards will be made to British investigators in science to mark appreciation of records of distinguished original work, preference being given to in- vestigations relating to the special interests of Sir George Beilby, including problems connected with fuel economy, chemical engineering, and metallurgy.197 Awards will be made, not on the result of any competition, but in recognition of continuous work of exceptional merit, bearing evidence of distinct advancement in knowledge and practice. The administrators of the Fund are the Presidents, the Honorary Treasurers, and the Secretaries of the three partici- pating Institutions, who will beglad to have their attention directed to outstanding work of the nature indicated.Correspondence on this subject should be addressed to the Convener, Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1. Notice to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship, may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their professors.Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employment are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period if necessary.The Institute also maintains a List of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. 198 Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students or Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The Library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinat ions. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is available, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from ro a.m.to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.), except during August and the early part of September, when the hours are from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted, at present, to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books. Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. The Institute has entered into an arrangement with The Science Library, Science Museum, South Kensington, S.W.7, whereby books may be borrowed on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary.Regulations for the loan of books will be found in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part V, 1934, page 386, or may be obtained from the Registrar. Boots ’ Booklovers Library.-The current subscription arranged for members of the Institute expired on 1st March, and fresh application forms must be obtained (from the Registrar of the Institute) by those members who desire to continue for a further year’s service. The attention of such members is specially directed to the necessity for the renewal of their subscriptions or the return of the last volumes and the membership tokens to the respective branches of issues. Members who have had the use of the library but who do not desire to continue it should return the tokens and volumes to the branch of issue immediately after the date of expiration.Any subscriber detaining the property of the library beyond the period for which he has subscribed must be charged for such 199 detention at the ordinary subscription rates for the number of days during which the books are retained beyond the expiry date. Whether subscribers renew or not, the tokens at present in use must be surrendered upon expiry. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers (IS. zd. each) for binding the Journal in annual volumes, are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required. Arrangements may be made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., r7-19,Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSon the following terms: buckram cover, IS.zd.; binding, 2s. gd.; postage and packing, gd.; in all, 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who are giving lectures. Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As the slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9355900101

出版商:RSC    

年代:1935

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. Patron -H.M. THE KING. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. PART 111: 1935. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE,LONDON,W.C.I. June, 1935. Publications Committee, 193536. W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD (Chairman), JOCELYN F. THORPE (President), C. 0. BANNISTER, G. R. CLEMO, W. M. CUMMING, A. E.EVEREST, LEWIS EYNON, H. H. HODGSON, WILLIAM HONNEYMAN, D. JORDAN-LLOYD, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (Hon. Treasurer) A. G. G. LEONARD, J. H. LESTER, C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, T. F. E.RHEAD, F.SOUTHERDEN, ADAM TAIT, ERNEST VANSTONE, W.WARDLAW, H.B. WATSON. His Majesty’s Silver Jubilee. On the occasion of the Celebration of His Majesty’s Silver Jubilee, the following address was engrossed and forwarded to the Secretary of State, Home Office, to be laid before His Majesty. @ap it plea$^ ~OUE@aje$tp-afie pre$ibPnt, tfte Council, tbt JFelloW anb B$miate$ o€ afie’3jngtitute of aLfiemietty o€ @teat Britain anb Yrelanb, Jnrottporateb br Rpl Cftarter. @out: @aje$tp’$ lopal $ub jtct6 anb butiful s’erbant6,tteiotcing in tfie fabout: o€ gottr Wajebty’s’ patronage,ftumblp tenbet: tfieic fieaxt€eit congratulation6 on tfte occas’ton o€ tije Ceiebration oE ?%mr @aje$tf$ airbet: Jubiiee, anb unite in tfte ferbent pcapec tbat @,our !ipaie$tp ma! iong be s’pareb to tteigit obec a bspp?anb conttn teb peoyk.Sigm anb Oeaieb for anb on broaff of tke ’Jnstitute of aorrnistrp ol &rat Britain anb ’Jrefanb, toe ttoefft@ bap of aIprif, ] 936, Jocelyn Thorpe, PRESIDENT.@ Patrick H. Kirkaldy, TREASURER. Richard B. Pikher, REGISTRARAND SECRETARY. On 7th May, the day following the Celebration, a message was received from the Secretary of State that he had been commanded by the King to convey to the Institute His Majesty’s thanks for the loyal and dutiful resolution passed by the President and Council, Fellows and Associates of the Institute, and to assure them that His Majesty deeply appreciated the sentiments of loyalty and affection to which it gave expression. 204 Editorial. A Retrospect:1910-1935.-1n 1910,the Institute-which had then been established nearly a third of a century and incor- porated under Royal Charter nearly a quarter of a century,-offered its loyal congratulations to His Majesty King George V on the occasion of his Coronation.At that time, the profession of chemistry, in relation to public affairs, industry and commerce, stood in a very different position from that which it occupies to-day. The total member- ship of the Institute was less than 1,300,and many who contem- plated a career in chemistry were discouraged by the difficulty of making a start and the lack of prospects. Indeed, it was gener- ally held that it was not a profession for a young man without means, and it was a common occurrence for a professor, or amanu- facturing firm, or a private practitioner to “make a vacancy,” at no salary or at a very nominal one, where the beginner might “mark time” until he could hear of an appointment where he was really wanted.Often, although he had good qualifications, he would be required to pay a premium, possibly repayable as salary, to be allowed to gain experience on the staff of an established consultant. At that time and with the right type of consultant, it was well worth the venture. In general, however, the Council of the Institute discouraged, as it still does, the system of articled pupilage, because the training of a chemist necessitates a broad and systematic education, not only in chemistry but in allied sciences. In view of the approaching termination of the lease of the premises of the Institute, then in Bloomsbury Square, a fund for new buildings had been opened in 1909,and an arrangement made, for those who found it convenient, to make their contribu- tions by instalments spread over a number of years, in order that the total amount required might be available in due time for the work to be put in hand.The scheme was successful, and notwithstanding the interference of the war during the latter part of 1914,the building in Russell Square, larger and more expensive than had been contemplated, was completed and paid for, although the Council was obliged to draw temporarily on the modest capital reserves of the Institute. 205 The President of the Institute in 1910was Dr.George Beilby, the distinguished chemical engineer, who later received a knight-hood for exceptional service during the war. During his term of office, at the suggestion of Professor-now Sir-Herbert Jackson, a scheme of lectures was inaugurated with the object of bringing the younger generation of chemists into direct touch with well-established men who had been successful in various branches of work. The scheme was temporarily suspended during the war, but afterwards revived, and developed by the addition of the Streatfeild and Gluckstein Memorial Lectures. The collection of monographs, published during the past twenty-five years, covers such subjects as cement, gas, cellulose, sugar, quinine, rubber, fermentation and brewing, and, associated with industry generally,-fire risks, industrial gases and fumes, works- costing, and ventilation; patents, contracts of service, copyright, and other legal subjects affecting chemists; the progress of the profession in connection with affairs of State; chemistry and medicine, the bearing of chemistry on health and food; and a valuable series of “refresher lectures” on recent advances in pure science and in laboratory methods.The Institute, which had been founded before many of the modern universities had become incorporated, or were in a position to provide professional technical training, had, through the co-operation of the leading teachers, undoubtedly taken a part in determining the standard of education required for a career in chemistry, and its own qualifications were already well recognised as signifying sound professional training and ability.In 1912,Dr. Beilby was succeeded by Professor Meldola, during whose term of office an important conference of professors of chemistry was held to consider the relation between the qualifica- tions of the Institute and those of the universities and colleges. It was clear that some concordant scheme of joint action was desirable in the cause of chemistry as a whole, and that some- thing could be done to prevent a waste of resources owing to the overlap of examination systems. Sir James Dobbie, notwith- standing his heavy duties as Government Chemist, succeeded Professor Meldola in 1915,and gave particular attention to steps to be taken to modify the regulations of the Institute, and its general policy.Thus, the ultimate outcome of the conference held under the Chairmanship of Professor Meldola was incorporated in the Regulations adopted at an Extraordinary General Meeting in April, 1918, when special provision was 206 made for admitting to the Institute graduates with high honours in chemistry who had completed a four-year course, or the equivalent, and had otherwise fulfilled the conditions necessary for qualification. From the early days of the war and until the Armistice, the nature of the activities of the Institute was temporarily changed. The Council took immediate action, jointly with the Society of Public Analysts, and later co-operating with the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research and the Department of Optical Munitions and Glassware Supply (Ministry of Munitions) to encourage the production of reagents and chemi- cals, glass and porcelain, filter-paper and apparatus, which had hitherto been obtained from abroad.The Institute also was the chief agency through which chemists were recruited for all services required by the Government, including-the Admir-alty, especially for the Royal Naval Experimental Station, Stratford; the War Office, in connexion with gas warfare, offensive and defensive, the Royal Army Ordnance Corps, etc.; the Royal Air Force (Hydrogen Officers, Kite Balloon Section), Aero- nautical Inspection Department, and Royal Aircraft Factory; Ministry of Munitions, Department of Explosives Supplies ; and other Government Departments and controlled establishments. In 1915 the Institute participated in conferences on the neglect of science in education and similar matters, and co-operated with other societies in supporting the Royal Society in its representations to the Government on the importance of developing chemical industry, the ultimate outcome of which was the establishment of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research.With the return of peace, the Institute was much concerned with the re-settlement of ex-service chemists in civil employment. Employers having realised how helpful chemists could be in almost every industry, the demand for trained and qualified men became greatly increased, with a consequent increase in British chemical personnel.The Appointments Register of the Institute then became, and continued to be, of good service. The number of members known to be unemployed was for several years less than one per cent.; at the worst, it hardly exceeded three per cent., and to-day, with a membership of 6,300, is less than two per cent., while conditions generally have improved. During the Presidency of Sir Herbert Jackson, Local Sections, of which there are now 20, were formed in various parts of the 207 country, as well as overseas,-a movement which has been remarkably successful in affording opportunities for social inter- course amongst chemists,-while provision was also made for the election of District Members of Council.As a memorial to members and students who died in the war, a Benevolent Fund was established, and this has been of great assistance to the widows and dependents of deceased members, as well as to those who have fallen on bad times, unemployment, illness or other misfortune. Towards the end of Sir Herbert Jackson’s period of office, the scheme was inaugurated, jointly with the Board of Education (England and Wales) and later with the Scottish Education Department, and the Ministry of Education, Northern Ireland, for the award of National Certificates in Chemistry. This undoubtedly has exercised a beneficial effect upon the standard of training provided in the Technical Colleges and Schools.In recent years, Technical Colleges have increasingly shown a desire to be included in the list of institutions recognised for training candidates for the Associateship of the Institute. This has enabled the Council of the Institute to bring its influence to bear upon the standard of training and equipment of these Colleges. Thorough systematic training for the profession of chemistry can now be obtained in a very much larger number of centres than heretofore. During the presidency of Mr. A. Chaston Chapman and that of Professor G. G. Henderson the Institute continued to increase in numbers and influence, and in 1927,during the presidency of Professor Arthur Smithells, the Jubilee of the foundation of the Institute was celebrated under the Patronage of H.R.H.The Prince of Wales. Successive Councils have consistently watched, in the public interest, legislation on which chemistry has a bearing. Dr.-now Sir Christopher-Clayton, who succeeded Professor Smithells as President in 1930, rendered valuable service in the House of Commons, as did also Lord Henley (then a Member of Council) in the House of Lords, in connexion with the Pharmacy and Poisons Act, under which a chemist who is not also a pharmacist can now legally describe himself by his proper title,-except in connexion with the sale of goods by retail. Sir Christopher Clayton has been very helpful, moreover, in matters concerning dyestuffs, gas, the Patents and Designs Act, and the employment of alien chemists. 208 The present President, Professor Jocelyn Thorpe, has devoted much time to the problem of bringing about closer co-operation between chemical societies, which now shows promise of being in some measure effected. He has recently been much gratified to be able to announce that His Majesty the King, who has ever been an ardent advocate of the cause of science and of the fullest utilisation of the benefits that science confers, has been graciously pleased, on the occasion of the celebration of the Charter Jubilee of the Institute, to accord the Institute his Patronage.The organisation of the profession has progressed steadily; the standards of professional competence and integrity have been fully maintained, and it will continue to be the endeavour of the Institute, in co-operation with other societies interested in chemistry, to pursue and develop its work for the common weal in every direction within its power.The above article (prepared by the Registrar), was pzablished in a slightly abbreviated form, in ‘‘The Chemical Age,” 4th May, 1935. The Charter Jubilee Celebration: 9th and 10th July, 1935.-The arrangements for the Celebration of the Charter Jubilee of the Institute were notified to the Fellows and Associates early in May. Invitations to the Banquet-to be held at the Dorchester Hotel, Park Lane, London, W.1, on Tuesday, 9th July-have been accepted by many distinguished guests. The company will include-Major-General the Right Hon.The Earl of Athlone, K.G., P.C., and Her Royal Highness Princess Alice of Albany, Countess of Athlone; The Right Hon. Christopher Addison, P.C., M.P.; Prof. H. E. Armstrong, F.R.S.; The Right Hon. Lord Ashfield; Sir Ernest Bennett, M.P.; The Bishop of Birmingham (the Right Rev. E.W. Barnes, D.D., F.R.S.) ;Sir Charles Vernon Boys, F.R.S. ; Sir William H. Bragg, O.M., K.B.E., F.R.S. ; The Right Hon. Ernest Brown, M.C., M.P., Minister of Labour; Dr. E. L. Burgin, M.P.; Sir John Cadman, G.C.M.G.; Dr. Charles C. Carpenter, C.B.E. ; Sir Christopher Clayton, C.B.E., M.P. ; The Right Hon. the Earl of Crawford and Balcarres, P.C., K.T.; Sir Edward Crowe, K.C.M.G.; Sir Henry Dale, C.B.E., F.R.S. ; The Right Hon. Lord Dawson of Penn, P.C., G.C.V.O., K.C.B., K.C.M.G.; Lieut.-General Sir Hugh J. Elles, K.C.M.G., 209 K.C.V.O., C.B., D.S.O.; Sir Alfred Faulkner, C.B., C.B.E.; The Right Hon. Lord Gainford, P.C.; Sir Richard A. Gregory, Bart., F.R.S. ; Dr. J. S. Haldane, C.H., F.R.S. ; Sir A. Daniel Hall, K.C.B., F.R.S. ; Sir Edward Harding, K.C.B., K.C.M.G. ; Briga-dier-General Sir Harold B. Hartley, C.B.E., M.C., F.R.S. ; Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins, O.M., P.R.S. ; R. S. Hudson, M.P. ; Sir Harry Lindsay, K.C.I.E., C.B.E.; Colonel Sir Henry Lyons, F.R.S.; The Right Hon. Lord Macmillan, P.C.; Sir Harry McGowan, K.B.E. ;SirW. W. McKechnie, K.B.E., C.B. ; The Right Hon. Lord Melchett; Sir B. N. Mitra, K.C.S.I., C.I.E., High Commissioner for India; Mr. S.M. Lanigan O’Keeffe, C.M.G., High Commissioner for Southern Rhodesia ; Sir E.Henry Pelham, K.C.B.; Sir Joseph E. Petavel, K.B.E., F.R.S.; The Right Hon. Lord Plender, G.B.E.; Sir William J. Pope, K.B.E., F.R.S.; The Right Hon. Lord Rayleigh, F.R.S.; Sir Arthur Robinson, G.C.B., C.B.E.; the Right Hon. Lord Rutherford of Nelson, O.M., F.R.S. ; Major Sir Isidore Salmon, C.B.E., M.P. ; The Right Hon. Sir Herbert Samuel, P.C., G.C.B., G.B.E., M.P. ; Sir Russell Scott, K.C.B., C.S.I., I.S.O. ; Mr. Geoffrey H. Shakespeare, M.P. ; Mr. Colin Smith, M.V.O., O.B.E., Registrar, H.M. Privy Council; Sir Frank E. Smith, K.C.B., C.B.E., F.R.S.; Sir Findlater Stewart, G.C.I.E., K.C.B., C.S.I. ; Sir C. J. Howell Thomas, K.C.B., K.C.M.G.; The Right Hon. Lord Trent; Sir Holburt Waring, Bart ., C.B.E.; Sir David Milne Watson ; Lieut.-Colonel Sir Arnold Wilson, K.C.I.E., C.S.I., C.M.G. ; The Right Hon. Sir E. Hilton Young, P.C., G.B.E., D.S.O., D.S.C., M.P., The Presidents of Scientific and Professional Societies and Institutions ; representatives of the Civil Service, Education, etc. ; and pre- Charter Members of the Institute. Fellows and Associates, intending to be present at the Banquet, should make early application for tickets-12s. 6d. each (for ladies or gentlemen). The latest date for the issue of tickets will be Tuesday, 2nd July. On the following evening-Wednesday, 10th July-Fellows and Associates will be afforded an excellent opportunity of renewing acquaintances and meeting old friends at a Reception, with Dancing and a “Cabaret,”-to which also a large and distinguished company is expected.Tickets of admission,-free of charge, but not transferable-will be sent to every Fellow or Associate (for himself and a lady), who notifies his or her acceptance of the invitation on the appropriate form, before midday, 2nd July. 210 A limited number of additional tickets for guests of members will be available at 10s. 6d. each. “Country members’’ who are attached to Local Sections and intend to participate in the Celebration, are advised to com- municate with the Honorary Secretaries of their respective Sections, with a view to forming parties and thus securing the best facilities for obtaining railway tickets. The name of Mr. William Ellis Vinson was accidentally omit- ted from the list of members elected up to and including June, 1885, mentioned on pages IIZ and 113 of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part 11, 1935.Mr. Vinson was elected a Fellow in 1880. Of thirty-one pre-Charter members, at least ten are expected to be present at the Jubilee Banquet. Those who are unable to attend have sent messages of regret, cordial greetings to their contemporaries and good wishes for the success of the Celebration. Professor Percy F. Frankland, C.B.E., F.R.S., Past President, writing from Loch Awe, Argyllshiw, to express regret that he and Mrs. Frankland are unable to accept the invitation of the President and Council to the Jubilee Banquet, says that, although unable to be present in the flesh at this important gathering, yet they will as surely be there in spirit, sharing in thought the commemorative celebration of this cardinal event in the history of the Institute.“I am afraid,” he says, “I must be one of the few still living who have been in close touch with the Institute from its inception, and I have been a witness of its growth and development from the seed planted by the founders in a soil which for a number of years appeared to be but little suited to the maintenance of a healthy and vigorous organism. The young plant germinated in a climate by no means stimulating or sympathetic and ill-winds blew on it even from quarters whence only balmy breezes of encouragement might have been anticipated. “After eight years of inconspicuous vegetation, however, the founders of the Institute had, notwithstanding these adverse climatic conditions, succeeded in raising from the ‘grain of mustard-seed ’ a new species of plant-the organised Profession of Chemistry-possessed of sufficient vitality and promise that 211 it could demand a place in the catalogue of the Chartered Associations of the country.“I have a lively recollection of the meeting at Burlington House at which our then President in the felicitous and incisive phrases, of which Professor Odling was recognised as the un- rivalled master amongst his contemporary colleagues, communi- cated the gratifying news to the assembled Fellows and Associates that the Institute had been incorporated by Royal Charter.“With the acquisition of this Charter, the Profession of Chemistry became for the first time recognised as a definite and integral part of the Kztltw of the country, and enabled the members of the Institute to rank themselves alongside of those belonging to the venerable professions of the Church, of the Law, and of Medicine. “The organisation of chemists as a professional body has not only been of great advantage to its members but has also been of signal service to the general public by providing the com- munity with a chemicd personnel possessing attainments certified by the Institute. “As to the recognised value of this organisation, the most eloquent testimony is borne by the fact that the membership of the Institute, which numbered only a few hundreds in the days of its founders, has grown to as many thousands to-day.Moreover, the great advantage accruing from such a professional organisation of men of science is further attested by the recent foundation of an Institute of Physics for which we look forward to a future development as widely beneficial both to its members and to the public as that of our Institute of Chemistry, which has so fully confirmed the wisdom and foresight of its illustrious founders more than half a century ago.” In conclusion, Professor Frankland adds that “the fortunes of the Institute have been such conspicuous milestones during the greater part of my life’s course, that I could not allow the honour of the invitation to be the guest of the President and Council at the forthcoming Banquet to receive from me only a formal reply.” COMMENTS The Publications Committee has no desire to limit the period for communicating “Comments ” in the case of members resident in the Overseas Dominions, or elsewhere abroad, and feels that 212 they should not be debarred from expressing their views on any subject dealt with in the Editorial articles, but would suggest that they might make use of the Air Mail.Further Comments on the “Editorial” dealing with Adver- tising and Trade Certificates-published in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part VI, 1934, pages 391-396-have been received from a Fellow in New Zealand, who expresses his appreciation of the provision of such articles and states that the views expressed regarding “business card ” press announcements have been the subject of an interesting discussion which he has had with a member of the medical profession in the Dominion.He suggests that : “The solution of the problem depends on the meaning of the word advertisement. An advertisement is a notification to the public, but a notification to the public is not necessarily an advertisement ; otherwise the medical practitioner would not be allowed to make use of a brass plate on his front door and gate. We have in this town a medical practitioner dwelling next door to a ‘chiropracter’; the door and the gate of the former residence has the usual brass plate, whiIst in the garden of the latter is erected a sign board measuring twelve feet by four; the announcement is displayed in dark blue letters on a white background.The visible difference between the two announcements is that of size and colour, but from the viewpoint of professional etiquette the dis-similarity is enormous. The business-card announcement in the press, as used by the medical profession in New Zealand, may be a notification to the public that the practitioner has- (I) commenced to practise; (2) changed consulting rooms ; (3) left practice temporarily and made consequent arrange- ments ; (4) resumed practice ; or (5) relinquished practice. (A specimen of this type of announcement was enclosed.) “The writer of the Editorial has assumed primarily that the reason for requiring a ‘business card’ announcement in the press is for the sake of advertisement and, by displaying this lack of confidence, has placed the chemical practitioner on the same level of mentality as the aforementioned ‘chiro- practer.’ “The opposite opinion is that a suitable ‘business-card’ press announcement is equivalent to a brass-plate notification and this contention is supported by the attitude of the medical 213 profession in New Zealand with the consent of the British Medical Association.In order to clarify the situation it would be advantageous to obtain a more exact definition between the terms of advertisement and notification, but in the meantime there is every reason to assume that the chemical practitioner in Great Britain and the Dominions would use the system of the ‘business card’ press announcement in the same manner as the medical practitioners in New Zealand.” The use of the (‘business-card” has not been countenanced by the Institute for the profession of chemistry.The size of a brass plate or other such notice is a matter of taste. Laboratories are commonly situated in buildings where there are other o@ces and places of business and it as necessary for each tenant to indicate the situation of his particular ofice or laboratory; but, even when the practitioner occupies the whole building, a modest brass plate has always been customary in the professions; a larger notice on a hoarding would surely be regarded as inadmissible.This, however, is hardly to be compared with the reiterated advertisement of a ‘‘business-card” in the lay or technical press. Professional men in England do not notify by advertisement in the press that they have established practice, or that they have taken somebody into partnership, although a personal announcement may appear, as news, to the efect that a practice has been established or that somebody has been taken into partnership or that the practice has been transferred. That is not regarded as the same thing as appealing to the Public for the purpose of soliciting practice; usually such information is sent only to clients of an existing practice, when a change is being made, of which they should be informed. “Business-cards,” itz any case, are liablt! to abuse,-+acti- tioners vying with one another in regard to the size of the cards and to their claims to be authorities in various branches of work.If once the practice were started, if it ever were comtenanced, it is doubtful whether at would be of any advantage to anybody but those concerned with revenue from advertisements. There aye about 70 independent practitioners of chemistry in London. The puhlica- tion of their “business-cards” in the daily press, with similar advertisements from the practitioners of other professions would in itself create a very diferent view of professional life and of the status of professional men from that which has always been regarded as desirable. 214 Proceedings of the Council.Council Meeting, 12th April.-Arising from previous Minutes, Sir Christopher Clayton reported that amendments to the Government of India Bill had been moved in the House of Commons on 28th March and accepted by the Attorney-General, whereby it is hoped that safeguards against unfair disqualification from practising, by professional men and women in India, for which provision had been made in the case of the medical pro- fession, would be extended to other professions. The Council received the Report of the Federal Council for Chemistry for the year 1934,together with the proposal that international matters previously dealt with by the Federal Council, should in future be dealt with by a National Committee for Chemistry, constituted under the Royal Society on the same lines as British National Committees already formed for other subjects; and that home affairs of general interest to chemists should be referred to the proposed new Chemical Council, so that the Federal Council would then cease to exist.The Council of the Institute decided that, so far as the Federal Council had previously dealt with international matters, it had no objection to such functions being transferred to a Committee for Chemistry under the Royal Society. The letter from the Federal Council, however, appeared to suggest that the proposed Chemical Council would act as a General Committee of Chemistry dealing with home affairs, while in the view of the Council of the Institute, the new Chemical Council could deal adequately with matters submitted to it which came within the scope of the proposed agreement, and when this was not the case should refer them to the Council of the Body properly concerned.The Council agreed, after consulting Sir Christopher Clayton, that the Institute should appoint a representative to the Parlia- mentary Science Committee, on the understanding that the Institute’s annual contribution would not exceed ten guineas. 215 The Parliamentary Science Committee is a non-party body seek- ing to procure fuller consideration for the methods and results of science in the treatment of social problems and in public affairs generally. The Committee will furnish Members of Parliament with authoritative information, and generally endeavour to ensure that the scientific aspect of motions discussed in either House is adequately presented; the Committee will raise ques- tions on scientific issues of matters receiving public attention, and examine Bills which involve subjects of scientific interest.The contributing Societies will receive a summary of all such matters dealt with by Parliament, together with a Sessional Index. Mr. E. M. Hawkins, Fellow, was appointed to represent the Institute at the Fourth British Glass Convention held at Folkestone from 16th to 18th May. A communication was received from a Fellow regarding the payment of fees for “broadcasting.” From subsequent corre- spondence it transpired that there had been a misunderstanding. Professional men ordinarily receive fees for such services.Anyperson, however, who is asked to participate in the programmes known as “In Town To-night ” receives only his expenses. Reports were received from the Finance and House, Benevolent Fund, Publications, and Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committees, as well as from the Joint Committee of the Institute and the Board of Education re National Certifi- cates. On the recommendation of the Finance and House Committee, a donation of twenty-five guineas was forwarded to the Prince of Wales’ Fund for King George’s Jubilee Trust. The Benevolent Fund Committee reported on fourteen cases which are receiving assistance. The Publications Committee reported that Dr.Everest’s lecture on “Fifty Years of Chemistry” and the Institute’s hand- book, “The Profession of Chemistry,” were in final proof. The Committee acknowledged the valuable help and advice received from various members to whom chapters of the handbook had been specially referred for criticism. (Copies of “The Profession of Chemistry” can be obtained by any Fellow or Associate or Registered Student, free of charge, on application to the Registrar.) 216 Council Meeting,24th May.-The President welcomed the newly-elected District Members of Council, for District (vi)-Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North-East Coast : Dr. Percy Lucock Robinson; and for District (ix)-Aberdeen and North of Scotland: Professor Alexander Findlay.The President presented to the Institute, on behalf of himself and Mrs. Thorpe, a handsome silver inkstand, in commemoration of the Celebration of the Charter Jubilee of the Institute. Professor W. H. Roberts, Vice-president, in expressing the very cordial appreciation and thanks of the Council to the President and Mrs..Thorpe, added that the gift would not only commemorate the Charter Jubilee, but serve as a reminder of the keen interest which the President had always taken in the affairs of the Institute, and of the valuable services which he had rendered during his term of office. A letter was submitted from the Glasgow and West of Scotland Section directing attention to the deaths of two young children following the use of hydrocyanic acid gas for fumigation purposes at Aldershot, the circumstances being similar to those which occurred in a case in Glasgow in 1930,when the Council made representations to the Home Office and to the Ministry of Health.The Glasgow Section urged that the Institute should press for action to insure that properly qualified persons were in charge of such work, and that a certificate of clearance from a competent person should be obtained before the premises which had been fumigated were certified as fit for habitation. Sir Christopher Clayton, to whom the matter had been referred, subsequently reported that he had mentioned the matter in official quarters, and learned that it was under con- sideration. In his view, it was advisable that the work of fumigation should be entrusted to competent persons who should also be made responsible for the certificate of clearance.The Liverpool and North-Western Section transmitted a resolution requesting the Council to enquire as to the accuracy or otherwise of the statement which had often been made that the chief positions as chemists and other technical officers attached to Beet Sugar Factories in this country were very frequently filled by aliens. The Section felt that the publication of the report of the Commission on the Sugar Industry furnished an oppor- tunity of raising the question with a view to a vigorous protest being made if the statement were correct. Sir Christopher Clayton reported that he had made enquiries on this matter also.So far as he could learn from the infonna- tion which he had received, very few alien chemists were employed in the industry in this country, but he would inquire further into the matter. Mr. S. A. Brazier was appointed as the delegate of the Insti- tute to a Conference convened by the British Standards Institu- tion to consider the desirability of making provision for the standardisation and co-ordination of tests for rubber and rubber products. Dr. Lampitt was appointed as the delegate of the Institute to the XVme Congr6s International de Chimie Industrielle, to be held at Brussels from the and to 28th September. A letter, signed by two Fellows and six Associates resident in Derby and district, contained the request that at least one lecture on a chemical subject should be given annually in the Derby district, under the auspices of the Institute, and also a suggestion that a Sub-committee, responsible to the Council, be appointed to deal with the matter.In the letter it was stated that other Societies in the neighbourhood invited members of the Institute to attend meetings, but they were unable to reciprocate. The Council considered that the new Section for Sheffield, Hull and the North Midlands would probably satisfy this need, but 218 if the members concerned wished to make arrangements for a lecture to be given at Derby, the Council would be prepared to consider a definite proposal. A letter was received from a Fellow in the West of England complaining of the interference in private consulting and analytical practice by the staffs of hospitals and educational institutions.The consideration of the matter was deferred for investigation. Mr. J. H. Lester was appointed to represent the Institute at the Silver Jubilee Conference of the Textile Institute to be held at Ilkley from 12th to 14th June. The Draft Rules of the new Cardiff and District Section and of the “South Yorkshire Coalfield Section ” were submitted and approved, except that the Council suggested the latter Section should be known as the “Sheffield, Hull and North Midlands Section,” if Hull be included. A letter was received from the British Standards Institution, stating that a Committee had been appointed to prepare a British Standards Specification for Chemical Symbols and Abbreviations, and inviting the Council to nominate a member to serve on the Committee. The Council, being informed that the Federal Council had decided to adhere to the existing system of Symbols and Abbreviations as laid down by the Chemical Society, preferred not to take any action in the matter.From the Manchester Section committee, a resolution was received to the effect that there was a feeling on the part of Associates that, in view of the relatively large proportion of Associates to Fellows, the privileges of Associates and their powers to assist in the control of the affairs of the Institute might well be increased. The Committee of the Manchester Section suggested that the whole subject of the numbers and privileges of Fellows and Associates respectively was worthy of re-examina- tion by the Council.The privileges of Associates are practically the same as those €or Fellows, except that they are debarred from serving on the Council. It is felt that, in any case, Associates should not be in a position to adjudicate upon applications from Associates for admission to the Fellowship. The Council did not feel called upon to take any immediate action in the matter. Reports were received from the Finance and House, the Benevolent Fund, and the Nominations, Examinations and 219 Institutions Committees, including the Report of the Board of Examiners on the April-May Examinations. It was reported that Sir William H.Brag O.M., F.R.S had kindly consented to deliver the Seventh S. M. Gluckstein Memorial Lecture on 15th October, and that Dr. Leslie H. Lampitt, Member of Council, had kindly consented to give a lecture on “Laboratory Organisation ” on 15th November. (Notices of these lectures will be given in due course.) The President reported progress in the arrangements for the Charter Jubilee Celebrations of the Institute. The Council received the report on the voting regarding the proposed agreement between the Chemical Society, the Institute, and the Society of Chemical Industry, as follows:- (‘Yes.” “No.” Fellows . . .. .. 940 49 Associates .. .. .. 1813 80 2753 129 2882 Spoilt Cards .. .. .. .. .. .. 13 -Total number of votes . ... .. .. 2895 Voting cards were sent to 5408 Fellows and Associates in Great Britain and Ireland. The Council proceeded to consider communications, including resolutions from the Birmingham and Huddersfield Sections, regarding the proposed agreement and some suggested amend- ments thereto. The suggested amendments were merely of a “verbal” nature, but these will be carefully considered by the Presidents of the three bodies with a view to their incorporation in the final document, which will now be prepared for completion, the President and officers of the Institute being duly authorised to deal with the matter. 220 Local Sections. The Institute is not responsible for the views expressed in papers read, or in speeches delivered during discussions.In general, each Honorary Secretary takes the responsibility of ensuring the accuracy of reports of papers read before his Section, and of the discussions. Discussions are more difficult to report when the procedure of formal debate is relaxed. In-deed, in such circumstances, it is almost impossible, even when a shorthand writer is in attendance, to obtain a strictly accurate, yet succinct, record of the proceedings. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part 11, contained a report, prepared by a reporter on behalf of the technical press, of a meeting of the London and South Eastern Counties Section, held jointly with the Oil and Colour Chemists’ Association. Dr. H. J. Stern states that in this report remarks were attributed to him which had been made by other speakers.Thus he disavows all remarks so attributed on page 175 and on the first half of page 176, adding that some of his remarks were not reported and others inaccurately. It is understood that a corrected record will be published in the Journal of the Oil and Colour Chemists’ Association. Aberdeen and North of Scotland.-A meeting of the Section was held in the Chemistry Department, Marischal College, on 25th April, when a paper was read by Dr. Archibald Clow, M.A., entitled Heavy Hydrogen-Research Applications.” Prof. Alex. Findlay took the chair. Until 1927 the homogeneity of hydrogen and the conception of but two fundamental particles, the proton and electron, were regarded as the incontrovertible basis of chemistry, although some time before Lord Rutherford had suggested the possible existence of other fundamental entities.In 1927 Heisenberg and Hunt, from quantum mechanical considerations, suggested that normal hydrogen consisted of two types of molecule, the first with antiparallel nuclear spin and even rotational quantum numbers, the second with parallel nuclear spin and odd rotational quantum numbers-para and ortho hydrogen respectively, and three years later Bonhoeffer and Harteck were able to prepare 9-H, by adsorbing normal H, on catalysts at liquid air temperatures. Reactions involving the ortho-para-conversion are among the simplest possible chemical reactions, and the homogeneous, heterogeneous and photochemical conversion has been investi- gated, as well as the conversion on paramagnetic catalysts, from which considerable information has been obtained about the mechanism of reactions, the relation between adsorption and catalysis, etc..The discovery, preparation,. and properties of heavy hydrogen have been extensively dealt with in the literature, notably the close agreement between the ratio for H:Of6 as obtained by Aston, and the chemists’ value; the discovery of Ole, 017,and 018 by Giauque and Johnson with its consequent change in the above ratio; Birge and Menzel’s suggestion that the discrepancy was due to the existence of an isotope of mass z and its discovery in the spectrum of hydrogen by Urey, Brickwede and Murphy, followed by the discovery of heavy water by Washburn and Urey.Deuterium is found to be many times more effective than hydrogen as an atomic bombardant. The pioneer work was done by Cockcroft and Walton in the construction of an apparatus for the production of particles of high energy used to bombard lithium and boron. Later Rutherford, Kinsey and Oliphant showed that when lithium is bombarded with protons, particles of three ranges are obtained. To explain the longest range it is suggested that- ,Li7 + lH1 = ,He4 + ,He4 Dee was able to obtain expansion chamber photographs cor- responding to this reaction. For the short range particles two suggestions have been put forward- ,Li7 + lH1 = ,He5 + zHe3 ,Li6 +lH1 = ,He4 + ,He3 When deutrons are used instead of protons a much greater effect is obtained.There are, first of all, particles of much longer range than those obtained with protons and then, instead of the two shorter ranges, a continuous energy spectrum of particles is obtained. The first of these is explained by the disintegration of an unstable atom produced by the combination of Lie and a deutron-,Li6 4-.r)z = ,He4 _l-T~4 222 while the continuous energy spectrum is explained by aaalogy with the disintegration of Bll on bombardment with ,HL ,Li7 + = ,He4 + ,He4 +on1 there being a large emission of particles and neutrons in this transmutation. Most of these reactions have been photographed and there is an excellent agreement between the distances travelled by the particles and mass and energy considerations. Oliphant, Harteck and Rutherford have bombarded deuterium with itself by preparing three different deutero-compounds and placing them on a heavy metal target, the compounds being ND4Cl, (ND4),S04,and &PO,.Proton and a particle bombard- ment of these compounds produced no emission but deutrons under the same conditions gives a great emission suggesting- 1D2+1D2=1H1+1H3 producing an isotope of hydrogen of mass three, which has been photographed and from the range its mass calculated-H3= 3.0151. Alternatively the energy rich a particle produced by the union of the two deutrons might break up to give a helium isotope and a neutron, indicating that the proton and electron are no longer sufficient to explain these atomic reactions.Among the most interesting reactions of deuterium are the exchange reactions between it and light hydrogen which throw light on a type of equilibrium of which nothing was known until the discovery of deuterium. Thus, while benzene will not react with heavy water, sucrose and glucose will exchange their hydroxylic hydrogen atoms for deuterium atoms. This also takes place with acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, acetone, etc.. Since in the latter case an alkali is necessary to bring about the exchange, it is suggested that it may depend on a keto-enol equilibrium. Brief reference was made to the biological signi- ficance of deuterium. On the motion of Professor Hendrick a vote of thanks was accorded the lecturer.The annual general meeting was then held. The Secretary’s report and financial statement were read and approved. On the motion of Mr. W. Godden, seconded by Dr. Strathdee, Professor Alex. Findlay was unanimously elected Chairman. Professor Findlay, from the chair, moved the re-election of the Won. Secretary and the present committee, this proposal being carried unanimously. 223 The officers for the session 1935-36 are:-Chairman, Professor Alex. Findlay; Hon. Secretary, R. Craven; Committee :Professor J. Hendrick, Mr. Andrew Dargie, Captain J. S. Allan, Mr. W. Godden, Mr. M. J. M. Robb, and Mr. P. Mitchell. The meeting then adjourned. Aberdeen, Edinburgh and G1asgow.-The joint Scottish meeting of The Chemical Society, The Institute of Chemistry, and the Society of Chemical Industry, was held in the Chemistry Department of Marischal College on 17th May.The chair was taken by Professor Alex. Findlay. A paper, illustrated with lantern slides, was read by Dr. Ian M. Robertson, on “The Agricultural Utilisation of Peat Land.” Dr. Robertson said that in regions where the climate is humid, water loving plants usually flourish on the wetter parts of the land surface. The dead and broken parts .of these plants fall to the ground where they are covered by water, which more or less excludes air and micro-organisms and retards decomposition and putrefaction. The gradual accumulation of organic matter produces in time the substance known as Moor-land.Since peat is formed from plant debris, it follows that the type of peat found in any particular area will depend on the nature of vegetation, which in turn depends on climate, and on the surface characteristics existing within the area. Thus it is possible (I) To classify moorland areas by studying the climatic and topographic conditions, and (2)to subdivide peats according to the nature of the plants from which they are formed. Take, for example, an area where the topography is such that drainage water can collect in hollows. Reeds (phragmites) and sedges (carex) soon fill up the area to the level of the ground water and form a Fen. (Niederungsmoor and Karr.) The Fen peat can be subdivided into reed and sedge peat. As the land becomes drier, trees may spread over the surface, forming what is known as Carr.The peat here is known as brushwood or forest peat. Once this stage is reached the further development of the peat depends on climate. If dry conditions prevail, wood- land will persist, but in moist climates the growth of mosses, heather, etc., is favoured, and may ultimately replace the forest. This type of moorland is quite different in most respects from the 224 Fen type and is known as a Moss. After the moss has reached its maximum development, erosion sets in with the formation of channels and hags. Various types of peat mosses have been recognised, but it is sufficient to mention two. One is characterised by a convex surface and may be called raised moss (Hochmoor and Hogmosse).It is to be found on flat ground in the lower parts of the south and north-east of Scotland. Another type is associated with wetter climate and is found in the north-west and on the higher ground in the other parts of the country. It spreads over hill- sides as well as flat ground and may be termed creeping moss. Since climate has such a marked effect on the nature of a peat formation it follows that by sectioning a peat deposit and examining the various layers for plant remains, pollen grains, etc., it is possible to reconstruct the climatic history of the area. Five distinct post-glacial periods are recognised. Properties of Peat--Chemical.-Since the formation of peat is due to the accummulation of plant remains, it follows that a pure peat is mainly organic, although there is always a small amount of mineral matter derived from the plants, and often a considerable amount from the presence of flush water or mineral soil.The changes accompanying the conversion, or humification, of plant remains are very imperfectly understood, but it is clear, that the most important result in the formation of the brown colloidal humic acids. These organic acids have a harmful effect on plant life, in virtue of (I) their direct action on the plant and (2) their power of decomposing mineral salts (e.g. manure salts) to free acid. The composition of humic acid is unknown, but it is believed to be a complex ligno-protein. Other substances present in organic soils include cellulose, hemi- celluloses, lignin, proteids, and waxes.There is considerable variation in the composition of the organic matter in peat, but the usual range is: carbon 56-60 per cent., hydrogen 5-6 per cent., oxygen 34-36 per cent., and nitrogen 1-4 per cent. The form in which the nitrogen occurs varies, but much of it is protein-nitrogen, and is unavailable to the plant until biological and chemical processes become active. The inorganic substances found in peat vary in amount and composition according to the conditions under which the peat is formed. For example, in a Fen, where the ground water is rich in mineral matter, a peat is formed which has a relatively high content of nitrogen, potash, phosphoric acid and lime.In a Moss type, on the other hand, the content of mineral matter is exceedingly low. The amounts of nutrient present in a form available to plants may be determined by means of a pot test and have been shown to be very small in uncultivated soils. Physical.-The physical properties of peat soils also vary greatly from those of mineral soils, and this is due largely to the high percentage of organic colloids. Peat soil is very light, the volume weight being about 1/7 to 1/8 that of mineral soil. On account of the loose structure and lack of compactness when dry, peat soils are difficult to walk on and do not give good root hold for plants unless rolling is carried out. In the natural state a peat soil may contain well over go per cent.water, whilst for optimum conditions for plant growth somewhere in the neighbourhood of 85 per cent. is required. Much of the water is, however, held within the peat and cannot be absorbed by the plant roots. Symptoms of drought appear once the water content falls to about 60 per cent., and if dried out the soil becomes dusty, blows about and does not readiiy re-wet. The control of the water supply is therefore a problem demanding great care and attention. The high water-holding capacity of peat makes it a cold, badly aerated soil under moist conditions. In the dry state, it warms readily and, conversely, radiates its heat rapidly, giving large fluctuations in soil temperature in the course of a day. The application of sand, clay, etc., makes the soil warmer by cutting down the radiation, but also reduces the evaporation.BioZogicaL-Under natural conditions the high acidity (pH 3-5-4) and waterlogging which usually prevail in peat soils reduce bacterial activity to a minimum, and where bacteria are present they are found mainly in the surface layers. Bacteria bringing about the decomposition of protein with the formation of ammonia are found, but do not become active until conditions are improved by drainage, cultivation, liming and manuring. In particular the bacterial activity is stimulated by an application of farmyard manure. Nitrifying bacteria are absent from peat soils, but appear in the upper layers of a cultivated soil after acidity has been reduced by an application of lirne.The optimum condition is reached when the acidity has been neutralised, but at this point denitrifying bacteria are also very active, and it is therefore highly undesirable to reduce the acidity too far. The nodule bacteria which enable legumes to utilise atmo- spheric nitrogen are usually absent in uncultivated peat, but where sheep grazing has been carried out they are often abundant. It is advisable, however, to inoculate legumes before sowing. In Scotland, less than one-sixth of the total land surface consists of arable land. Most of the remainder, apart from land under forest, is used for grazing. Much of it is of very poor quality and could be reclaimed or improved. During the latter part of the eighteenth and the first half of the nineteenth century there was great activity in land reclamation in Scotland, but, towards the end of the century, the vigorous campaign had practically come to an end.This was perhaps due to the fact that the best and most accessible land had been reclaimed, but it must also be noted that economic causes played a large part. However, the recent developments in motor traction and implements, increased knowledge of fertilisers and more abundant supplies at a reasonable price, researches on grasses and other agricultural plants, have again altered the situation and the possibilities of improving further areas of poor land are again being explored. A vote of thanks was accorded to Dr. Robertson on the motion of Dr.A. Lauder, of the Edinburgh and East of Scotland College of Agriculture, who pointed out the importance of the research activities of the Macaulay Institute in the reclamation of the poorer classes of land, and dwelt on its importance in the development of agriculture in Scotland. The meeting was followed by an informal dinner in the Imperial Hotel, in which the members joined in song and story. Speeches were made by Professor Findlay, who presided; Dr. A. Lauder, Professor W. M. Cumming, Dr. A. Crawford, and Dr. B. Wylam, representing the three societies, who discoursed on the advantages of co-operation on the lines suggested at the meetings of the societies held in London during the past twelve months. The general opinion of the members being that the sooner close co-operation between the Chemical Society, Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry were effected the better would be the state of the chemical profession as a whole.Votes of thanks to the speakers were accorded on the motion of Dr. J. F. Tocher. Visit to Macauulay Institute.-On 18th May, members of the three Societies visited the Macaulay Institute of Soil Re- search, where they were entertained by the Director, Dr. W. G. egg.Dr. W. G. Ogg stated that the establishment of the Institute, in 1930, had been made possible by the generosity of a Scots- Canadian, Mr. T. B. Macaulay of Montreal. It was the national soil research station for Scotland and, in addition to the labora- tories and experimental grounds at Craigiebuckler, there was a demonstration farm on peat land in the Island of Lewis.Dr. W. G. Ogg introduced the visitors to his staff, who des-cribed their research activities, as follows :-Dr. A. B. Stewart, on- ‘(Soil Fertility Investigations on Ordinary Mineral Soils.” The more important soil properties favouring plant growth are associated with satisfactory drainage conditions, production of a good tilth and the presence of adequate supplies of suitable plant foods. The principal plant foods in which a soil is likely to be deficient are nitrogen, potash, phosphoric acid and lime and, in soil fertility investigations at the Institute, particular attention is being paid to methods for the determination of the amounts of these substances which are present in the soil in a form in which plants can assimilate them.There are three main groups of methods by means of which the content of the soil in readily soluble or available plant food may be determined, viz. : (I) Field experiments; (2)Pot experiments, and (3) Laboratory methods. In the first two of these the yields of growing plants are used to calculate the plant food content. Methods of this description give reliable results, but they are rather cumbersome and require a whole season for one determination. Laboratory methods depend on the extraction of the readily soluble nutrient in the soil and the subsequent analysis of this extract, and the results of such analyses, when correlated with the results of field and pot experiments, can be interpreted to yield valuable information.In soil fertility investigations, the procedure generally adopted is to carry out field and pot experiments on a selected number of soil types and, at the same time, to examine samples of these soils by means of different physical and chemical methods. The 228 laboratory methods which give the best correlation with the results of field and pot methods are then used for the estimation of the plant food content of ordinary soil samples. Any farmer may have samples of his soil tested and, from the results of the analyses, advice is given on problems of soil treatment. Dr. R. Hart, BSc. and Dr. A. Muir, BSc., on- ‘‘Mineralogy of Soils and Survey Work.” In survey work, soils are studied in sections from the surface layer down to the parent material in the field, and further analysis carried out in the laboratory. Soils can be characterised in this way and their distribution mapped.Various areas in N.E. Scotland are being studied. The parent materials of Scottish cultivated soils are mainly glacial deposits of varied texture and composition, the determination of the mineral content of these gives information as to the relative frequency and state of weathering of potash, lime and phosphate bearing minerals. Mr, H. D. Welsh, on- ‘‘Lysimeter Investigations .” The work carried out upon the lysimeter investigations was described. The lysimeters are three blocks of soil in sit%, each one-thousandth of an acre in area, enclosed in slate slabs so arranged that all the drainage waters passing through are collected and measured daily.With these lysimeters the amounts of manurial constituents removed in the drainage waters are determined, and, as analyses are made of the fertilisers added and of the crops removed, a complete record is obtained of the weights of the constituents lost in the drainage. Mr. J. M. Shewan, B.Sc.- Work on humus has been extended to include qualitative chemical changes during soil profile formation, as well as the usual quantitative measurements. The application of the principle of “proximate analysis,’’ as used in wood technology, served as the basis for such an investigation and has been success- fully applied to several humus types.Professor W. M. Cumming, in proposing a vote of thanks to Dr. Ogg, expressed great appreciation of the care and forethought on the part of Dr. Ogg and his staff in making the visit such a success. 229 The party then proceeded by private cars to Potarch for lunch, after which Dr. A. Lauder spoke of his keen interest in all the activities of the Joint Scottish Meeting. Finally the party, after touring Deeside and visiting Ballater and Balmoral, met for tea at Dinnet, where Professor A. Findlay, chairman of the Aberdeen and North of Scotland Section of the Institute of Chemistry, again presided. Professor W. M. Cumming expressed the cordial appreciation of all the guests and remarked on the great value of such meetings in fostering a spirit of unity among all members of the chemical profession.Belfast and District.-At a meeting held in the Royal Belfast Academical Institution on 19th March, Mr. G. B. Brook, Chief Chemist of the British Aluminium Co., Ltd., read a paper, in continuation of one which he had previously given before the Institute of Water Engineers, on ‘6 The Degradation of Concrete resulting from Contact with Acid Moorland Waters.” Arising out of a major investigation made in the Company’s Laboratories with a view to discovering the best material for resisting the acid attack of peaty water, the author stated that he had tested over a hundred materials or treatments. Although many materials applied to concrete protect it from attack, it was obviously desirable that the material finally selected should if possible be a concrete per se in order to ensure that the strength of the material was retained. Many bitu- minous substances afforded a certain and in some cases a very excellent protection during a period of 13 years, and these are still on test, but the outstanding and most resistant material was a French cement having an aluminous base.An exhibit showed that this particular material had resisted the attack of the most acid moorland water found on the watershed, and this for a period of 13 years. Concrete made with ordinary Portland cement showed a maximum attack with disintegration at a period of less than a year.The particular interest that the matter had to The British Aluminium Co. was in the construction of water conduits and concrete-lined tunnels forming part of the hydro-electric scheme at Kinlochleven, Argyll. Particularly was it of interest at the period the investigation was carried out in view of the enormous 230 amount of money involved in the construction of the Ben Nevis Tunnel, 15 miles long and 15 feet in diameter, which was to be lined with smooth concrete to ensure a minimum loss of power. Hence it was of the greatest importance that whatever material was used for the lining of the tunnel should resist as long as possible the attack of the water with resultant roughening of the sides and consequent loss of power.The increasing use of concrete has given this investigation an importance far greater than it originally had, and the author and his colleagues are gratified to find that the information thus obtained has been of considerable use to others in entirely different fields. To water engineers and to those who have control of trade effluents and sewage the matter is one of prime importance, and it has a less, but still important, indirect application to the making of roads and to the general protection of concrete structures. The lecture was illustrated by lantern slides and specimens. The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in the “Merrythought ” Cafk, on 9th May, Dr. W. Honneyman presiding, pending the election of the new Chairman.The following Office bearers and Committee for next Session were elected:-Mr. R. G. Baskett, Chairman; Dr. W. Honney-man, Hon. Treasurer; Mr. C. S. McDowell, Hon. Secretary; Dr. T. E. Ellison and Messrs. H. T. Currie, J. C. Baird and J. W. Porter, Members of Committee. The accounts and financial statement of the Hon. Treasurer were adopted and the Annual Report discussed. Provisional arrangements for next Session were made. Birmingham and Midlands.-At the Annual Meeting of this Section, held at the St. Edmund’s Restaurant, Birmingham, on 30th March, following a long discussion on co-operation between Chemical Bodies, the following resolution was adopted :-“That this Meeting supports the action of the Council of “the Institute of Chemistry in regard to the Proposed Agree- “ment on Co-operation with the Chemical Society and the “Society of Chemical Industry, and expresses the hope that “in its deliberations the Council will bear in mind not only “the interest of the Institute’s own members, but also the “good of Chemistry and all Chemists.” During the evening Dr.Woodhouse showed two series of specimens illustrating pregnancy tests depending on anterior 231 pituitary hormone, and cancer production by tar and by pure substances derived therefrom ; Mr. Lockwood demonstrated methods for the detection and identification of metallic particles; Mr. Scorah displayed a large number of pieces of laboratory apparatus of his own manufacture, having standard, inter-changeable ground-glass joints. It was decided that this Section should supplement the Headquarters Celebrations of the Jubilee of the granting of the Charter of the Institute by holding a Dinner in October next, and, in a less formal way, at the time of the Annual Outing in June.The following Officers and Committee were elected for the- Session, 1935-36:-Chairman, Prof. R. H. Hopkins ; Vice-Chair-man, Mr. J. R. Johnson; Hon. Treasurer, Dr. A. G. R. White- house; Hon. Secretary, Mr. G. Thomas; Committee, Dr. Cooper Duff, Mr. A. W. Knapp, Dr. F. W. Norris, Mr. T. F. E. Khead, Dr. W. Wardlaw, Mr. A. Churchman, Mr. T. L. Harris, Mr. W. J. Price, Mr. A. R. Runeckles. District Member of Council (and ex-opcio Member of Com-mittee), Mr. W. A. S.Calder. Hon. Auditors-Messrs. W. H. Barlow and W. T. Collis. Cardiff and District.-A meeting inaugurating the new Section was held on 8th May, at the Technical College, Cardiff, Dr. H. B. Watson, District Member of Council for Wales and the County of Monmouth, in the Chair. A number of suggestions, concerning the name of the section and the local rules, submitted by Dr. E. A. Rudge, were discussed at length. It was decided that the new section should be known as the “Cardiff and District Section,” serving an area including that part of Glamorgan east of Bridgend, together with Bridgend, and the counties of Breconshire and Monmouthshire. These decisions and the draft of the local rules were to be submitted for the consideration of the Council.The following members were elected to the Committee:- Chairman, Dr. E. A. Rudge; Hon. Secretary, Dr. W. Cule Davies; Dr. N. M. Cullinane, Mr. S. Dixon, Mr. D. Hicks, Dr. M. Jowett, Mr. P. V. Lloyd, and Mr. S. B. Watkins. Mr. H. F. Adams was appointed Hon. Auditor. For next session it is hoped to arrange an attractive pro- gramme covering the many interests of the area. 232 Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-The final ordinary meeting of the session was held jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry and Fellows of the Chemical Society on 12th March, in the North British Station Hotel, Edinburgh, Dr. Bain presiding. After the minutes of the meeting of 19th February had been read and approved, the chairman introduced Mr.W. M. Ames, the retiring chairman of the Local Section of the Society of Chemi- cal Industry, who read a paper entitled, “The Chemist and the Community.” Mr. Ames’ paper was printed in full in “Chemistry and Industry,” of 26th April, pages 383-387. The address provoked a most lively discussion in which a large number of members participated and the meeting con- cluded with a very cordial vote of thanks to the speaker. Glasgow and West of Scotland.-Dr. W. M. Hampton requests that, in the brief abstract received from the Glasgow Section oi his lecture on “Some Physical Properties of Glass,” the statement that “a mattress made of glass silk had a much higher tensile strength than a block of solid glass of the same thickness” should read “a mattress built of a large number of threads of glass will have a higher tensile strength than a solid block of glass of the same sectional area.” (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part 11, 1935, p.160.) On qth.February, a meeting of the Section was held at the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, when Dr. James Craik, of Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., Explosives Group, delivered a I‘ refresher lecture ” on Recent Advances in Technical Chemistry.?’ Dr. Craik covered a very wide field, dealing, in general terms, with-synthetic ammonia and ammonia oxidation ; sulphuric acid; hydrogenation of coal; plastics; textiles and cellulose derivatives; detergents, wetting out agents, and emulsifiers; and synthetic rubber and rubber derivatives.Huddersfie1d.-An Extraordinary Meeting of the Section was held on 16th April in the Technical College, Huddersfield, when the chairman, Mr, W. D. Scouller, called upon Dr. A. E. Everest to open a discussion on the proposed agreement between the Chemical Society, the Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry. 233 Dr. Everest gave a critical account of the nature of the proposed agreement, indicating in particular that the representa- tion of the Institute on the proposed Chemical Council would not be in proportion to the proposed contribution to the Fund, and that it appeared that the Council would have no control over the nature of the publications of the other Societies. Dr. Hodgson then gave a resum6 of the history of attempts at co-operation culminating in the present proposal.Mr. H. H. Gray spoke against the proposal on the grounds that, since the Chemical Society had failed to carry out its obligations, he was not in favour of giving assistance to that body, but would rather see control of publications in the hands of some other body and, further, that the main function of the Institute was the furthering of the interests of professional chemists. Mr. G. B. Jones then spoke strongly in favour of the Agree- ment. He considered that, as this was the result of four years consideration by the Committee responsible, there could be no doubt it was the best arrangement. He had heard no convincing argument against co-operation and felt that most of the opposition rose from the fear of losing something, and that the formation of a Chemical Council to speak for Chemists and Chemistry would supply a great need.Mr. H. Webster Moss spoke against the proposal, suggesting that there was a danger that it might lead to a weakening of the present position of the Institute by an influx of a large number of unqualified persons. Mr. A. 0. Jones also emphasised that the Institute would have no control over the nature and amount of publications financed by the proposed Fund. Dr. A. Y. Livingstone said there was a danger of loss of status of members of the Institute, and the only advantage offered was a vague possibility of reduced subscription. On a point of information Dr.Everest stated that the number of visits to the Chemical Society Library during the past year was 8549, of which 5367 were paid by Fellows of the Chemical Society and 3182 by members of contributing Societies. Dr. Lowe, Mr. Salkeld and Dr. Connor also participated in the discussion. After considerable further discussion on the desirability of recording the feeling of the meeting,--on the motion of Mr. G. B. Jones it was agreed that the Secretary should be asked to forwardthe following statement to the Registrar:- 234 “That alter a very interesting discussion, whilst it was apparent that the great majority of members present were not in favour of the proposed Agreement between the Chemical Society, the Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry as presented in the circular letter, it was clear that the speakers agreed with some form of co-operation.” India.-The Honorary Secretary of the Indian Section, Mr.G. W. Douglas, has returned to England on leave, and the affairs of the Section had been kindly undertaken by Dr. E. Spencer, c/o Messrs. Bird & Co., P.O. Box 46, Calcutta. A joint session of the Indian Academy of Sciences, the Indian Chemical Society (Madras Branch), the Indian Section, of the Institute, the Society of Biological Chemists (India) and the South Indian Science Association was held from 18th to zIst April, both days inclusive,-Sir C. V. Raman, F.R.S., presiding. The meetings were held in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, Central College, Bangalore. Members were welcomed by Dr.G. J. Fowler, who expressed great satisfaction at the spirit of co-operation disclosed by the session. He also referred to the proposed agreement between the Chemical Society, the Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry, the object of which was to administer a joint fund for common purposes, such as the maintenance of a library and the co-ordination of scientific and technical publications. Sir C. V. Raman, in an inaugural address, dealt with the various Indian organisations concerned with science. He then recounted the outstanding work done by students of the new Physics Department of the Indian Institute of Science, and referred to his own work on the structure of irridescent shells with a view to ascertaining what contributed to their great strength.Addresses were given by Dr. A. Govinda Rao, on the structure of molecules, and by Mr. B. Sanjiva Rao, on the chemistry of rubber. Sir C. V. and Lady Raman entertained the members at an “At home” on the 18th April, and in the evening a lecture was given by Professor B. Venkatesachar, who also addressed the members on the following day on recent advances in physics. On the 19th April, visits were paid to the Transformer Factory and Electrical Laboratory, and to the White Lead Syndicate. In the evening, Dr. V. K. Badami gave a lecture on “Sugar Cane in Mysore.” 235 On 20th April, further original papers were submitted, and the afternoon was devoted to visits to industrial and testing laboratories.On zIst April, a visit was paid to the Mysore Iron Works, Bhadravati. Liverpool and North Western.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at the Constitutional Club, India Buildings, Liverpool, on 11th April-Mr. A. E. Findley in the Chair. Dr. R. F. Corran, Mr. R. R. Butler, Mr. G. E. Knowles and Mr. A. T. Parsons were elected to the Committee. Messrs. R. B. Croad and L. V. Cocks were re-elected Honorary Auditors. Mr. G. W. Beaumont was re-appointed Honorary Secretary and Mr. J. F. Hardwick, Honorary Assistant Secretary. Professor W. H. Roberts, Honorary Treasurer, was unable to be present and thus could not give his annual report. The Honorary Secretary therefore reported on the Section expenses for the year, and submitted his own Report.At the Section Committee Meeting held before the General Meeting Mr. B. D. W. Luff was elected Chairman, Mr. A. E. Findley was elected Vice-chairman, and Professor W. H. Roberts was re-elected Honorary Treasurer. A discussion took place at the Committee Meeting regarding the proposed agreement between the Chemical Society, the In- stitute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry. The decision of the Committee was a unanimous affirmative to the question on the card and this decision was communicated to the Members at the General Meeting. At the conclusion of the business of the General Meeting the Chairman thanked the Vice-chairman, Mr. G. E. Knowles, for his services at many of the past meetings as provider and operator of the lantern.The retiring officers were thanked for their services. Mr. E. Gabriel Jones drew attention to the statement which had often been made to the effect that the chief positions as chemists and other technical officers attached to beet sugar factories in this country were very frequently filled by aliens. After some discussion the following resolution was drafted and read to the Members at a later stage of the meeting, when, on 236 the motion of Mr. Gabriel Jones, seconded by Mr. C. E. Mold, the following resolution was adopted :-“ That this meeting requests the Council of the Institute to enquire as to the accuracy or otherwise of the statement, which has often been made, that the chief positions as chemists and other technical officers attached to beet sugar factories in this country are very frequently filled by aliens.In the opinion of this meeting, the publication of the recent Report of the Com- mission on the Sugar Industry of this country furnishes an oppor- tunity of raising this question with a view to a vigorous protest being made if these allegations are found to be correct.” The latter part of the evening was devoted to demonstrations, opening with a short display by the Honorary Assistant Secretary of the Section’s new lantern, which was found to be satisfactory. A display of Laboratory Aids, organised by Mr. L. V. Cocks, followed, when many interesting contrivances were shown, each exhibitor demonstrating the particular features of his own apparatus.A vote of thanks was accorded to Mr. Cocks and to the exhibitors. London and South-Eastern Counties.-At a meeting held at the Institute on 20th March, Dr. A. E. Dunstan gave a lecture on Recent Developments in Petroleum Research.” Dr. Dunstan dealt mainly with the utilisation of the vast quantities of natural gas in oil deposits. In 1929 the quantities of paraffin hydrocarbons available, expressed in millions of cubic feet, were stated to be: methane, 2,015,ooo; ethane, 336,150; propane, 111,415 ; and butane, 64,980. The quantities of gaseous olefines available were more difficult to estimate because of the considerable variation in the gases produced in cracking operations.A figure of 275,000 million cu. ft. might be taken as the volume of cracker gas produced in 1930, and of this it was estimated that the quantities of gaseous olefine hydrocarbons available from this source, expressed in millions of cu. ft. were: ethylene, 16,500; propylene, 22,000 ; butylene, 11,000. From these figures it was estimated that the potential yield of benzene from the paraffins and olefines (methane excluded) by pyrolysis was of the order of 4,750,ooo tons per year. Alter-natively, if quantitative de-hydrogenation of the paraffins to olefines and quantitative polymerisation of the olefines to low- boiling liquid hydrocarbons were assumed, the potential liquid yield was 17,750,000 tons per year.Tests were now in progress to determine the value of the higher boiling polymerides of the olefines as Diesel fuel. Wagner produced gasoline by treating mixtures of ethylene, propylene, and butylenes at a temperature of 350° to 700OF. (177’ to 371Oc.) under pressures of 600 to 1500 lb. per sq. in. (p.2to 105.4 kg. per sq. cm.) in the presence of chlorides of aluminium, nickel, iron, and titanium, or in the presence of activated charcoal, silica gel, or fuller’s earth. Aluminium chloride and boron fluoride were used by Nash and Stanley in the conversion of olefines to synthetic lubricating oils. Sullivan, Voorhees, Neeley, and Shankland converted olefines to synthetic lubricating oils by polymerisation in the presence of aluminium chloride.Synthetic resins have been prepared from olefines and diolefines obtained from cracked petroleum distillates. Varnishes made with this resin dried exceedingly fast and were highly resistant to water, alkali, and acid. The resin was thermoplastic and could be moulded when mixed with suitable fillers. Dr. Dunstan discussed the separation of “Paraffinic” and ‘Naphthenic’’ constituents of an oil by solvent extraction, and referred to the rapidly increasing range of synthetic products made by various Corporations in U.S.A. In the discussion which followed, the point was raised that it appeared that the petroleum industry was endeavouring to turn parafiins and olefines into aromatics, while the coal industry was engaged in research on the reverse process.Dr. Dunstan replied that the question at issue was largely one of national economics, and as such, did not directly concern chemistry. On 3rd April a visit was paid by about 50 members of the Section to the Lighting Service Bureau, Savoy Hill. Mr. H. A. Lingard gave an instructive address on *‘Modern Electric Lighting Practice,” including a short history of the development of electric lighting, the influence of lighting on industrial efficiency and its value in architectural decoration. Many illustrations were given, 238 and the use of a photo-electric cell in the determination of the value of lighting methods was effectively demonstrated. On 24th April, a party of members of the Section visited the Battersea Station of the London Power Co.-a model of efficiency and cleanliness.The control of power by automatic devices is evident in every part of the building, from the automatic coal feed and mechanical stokers to the enormous electrical control panel, where the absence of human beings is especially remarkable. The smoke washing plant and sulphur control are of special interest to chemists. Here grit is removed by centrifugal force, and exhaust products of the furnaces are removed by washing, resulting in a white smoke from the chimney stacks, which will suit the most critical Londoner, and in a river effluent which will, by sludge concentration and dilution of the remainder, satisfy the Thames authorities. Only two generators are in operation at present, while a third, capable of an output (110,000 kw.) equal to the combined output of the other two, is being erected.Only half the station, however, has been built, and a symmetrically placed second half is planned, wherein three more generators can be installed. Electricity everywhere-except the gas for the Bunsen burners in the laboratory. The members were kindly entertained to tea after a most enjoyable and instructive afternoon. A party of members of the Section enjoyed the hospitality of the Anglo-Persian Oil Co., at the Research Dept. at Sunbury on 11th May, when they were welcomed by Mr. D. G. Smith and were divided into small groups in the charge of guides to view the extensive laboratories. These comprised-one for the routine testing of oils and motor spirit; others for special dis- tillations, including distillation of lubricating oils in very high vacuum; for gas analysis by a special method using the vapour pressure of the gases after condensing them with liquid air; for the purification of lubricating oils by solvent extraction; a dark room for the testing of burning oils, including a photo- electric device for measuring the deposit on the lamp glasses; and a physical laboratory with an instrument-making workshop.The technical laboratories had plant for the continuous distillation of lubricating oils and motor spirits, and also a pot-still and a continuous counter current refining plant, all designed to simulate refinery practice. Another section was 239 devoted to the development of the detection and elimination of gum and potential gum in motor spirit.Experimental plant for liquid phase cracking and also for high pressure gas work was seen in another building, and the grouping of the controls and instruments, so as to enable the whole process to be followed, was particularly noteworthy. The station has a very large engine testing shop divided into sections for petrol and oil engines. Representative types of commercial engines are kept and used for tests on fuels and lubricating oils. An interesting demonstration was made of the use of a cathode ray oscillograph in the study of the indicator diagram of a Diesel engine. The instrument could, by the turn of a switch, either show the pressure diagram or differentiate it to give the rate of change of pressure diagram.Aphotoelectric device to measure the smokiness of the exhaust of an engine was also shown. On the petrol side, several of the special engines devoted to the measuring of the anti-knock value or octane number of fuels were exhibited. The boiler-house, power-house, and engineering workshops which exist both for supply and for experimental purposes were also inspected. On reassembling, the party was greeted by Dr. A. E. Dunstan, to whom a vote of thanks was accorded. He replied that he was very happy to greet his fellow members of the Section and hoped they had had an interesting visit. Manchester and District.-The Annual General Meeting was held on zIst March, in the Queen’s Hotel, Piccadilly, Manchester, Mr.F. Scholefield in the Chair. Mr. D. Cardwell, Mr. G. J. Sherratt, Mr. E. N. Marchant, and Dr. H. A. Thomas were elected members of the Committee. A vote of thanks was passed to the Hon. Auditors, Mr. H. H. Stocks and Mr. L. Thompson, who were re-elected. After thanking the Committee for the help and support given to him through two years of office, Mr. Scholefield vacated the chair in favour of Mr. C. J. T. Cronshaw. A paper was given by Mr. S. M. Neale, Lecturer in Cellulose Chemistry in the College of Technology, Manchester, entitled “Direct Dyestuffs and Cellulose : Some Speculationsregarding the R81e of Salt in the Dyeing Process.” This lecture was based chiefly on the results of quantitative 240 measurements of dyestuff absorption, carried out at the Man-Chester College of Technology by Mr.Neale and his collaborators, Messrs. Boulton, Stringfellow, Hanson, Garvie, Griffiths, and Dr. Patel. The lecturer limited his remarks to the dyestuff Sky Blue FF (Colour Index No. 518) and its absorption by cellulose. The experimental results which were shown were concerned only with the effect upon the absorption of the following three factors:-(a) Concentration of sodium chloride added to the dyebath. (b) Concentration of dyestuff. (c) Kind of cellulose. FIG. 1. DYE ABS? % The the factor was eliminated by considering only data which had been obtained by dyeing to equilibrium, for four hours at gooC.It had been shown that this was a reversible equilibrium which could be approached from either side. In the course of work already described in published papers (J. Text. Inst., 1933,24,145;Trans. Farad. SOC.,1933,29,1167; 1934, 30,271,386,395,and 905) the time factor had been investigated, 241 together with the effects of temperature, constitution of dyestuff, nature of electrolyte, and so on. Experimental data shown in the form of lantern slides (Figs. I and 2) illustrated the effect of the concentration of FIG.2. SKY-BLUE EF. 7 P' #' DYE ,/' I ABST % 2 I 0 NaCl sodium chloride upon the absorption of Sky Blue FF by various forms of cellulose. In each case the absorption from pure dye solutions was negligibly small.The absorption by cotton and by mercerised cotton, when plotted against the concentration of salt, gave curves continuously concave to the axis of concentra-tion,whereas the absorption by oxidised cotton or by commercial viscose sheet gave sigmoid curves. The effect of oxidation of cellulose was markedly to reduce the absorption of Sky Blue, and the reduction was propor-tionately greater when the salt concentration was low. The 242 extent of oxidation of the cellulose used (about five milliequiva- lents of oxygen per IOO grams of cellulose) was so slight that the large effect observed could hardly be ascribed to destruction of the absorbing surface. Experimental curves were shown comparing the effect upon the dyestuff absorption of increasing the concentration of dyestuff, with that of increasing the concentration of salt. These served to emphasise the importance of the salt effect, for they showed that if the salt content of a dyebath was doubled, the absorption by cellulose was increased much more than if the concentration of dyestuff was doubled.The lecturer suggested that a quantitative theory of the salt effect could be based upon a consideration of the ionic equilibria in the system. The dyestuff was to be regarded as a fully dissociated electrolyte of the type Na,R, and only the negative ions were absorbed by cellulose. The absorption of these negative ions-which constitutes dyeing-necessitated a concentrated cloud of sodions in their vicinity, so as to preserve electrical neutrality. The escaping tendency of these sodions therefore represents a force tending to oppose adsorption.If Na, and Na, represent the concentra- tions of sodions in the “cloud” and in the external solution, then the free energy decrease due to this concentration difference consequent upon the escape of one sodion (together with a corresponding anion) will be RT/N log NaJN+ This will be a measure of the escaping tendency (due to the concentration of sodions alone) and it will evidently decrease as sodium chloride is added to the system, since this adds Na to both the numerator and the denominator. To devise a quantitative theory of the effect it is only necessary to ascribe a figure to the volume of the “cloud.” This was taken rather arbitrarily as the volume of water taken up by cotton from saturated vapour, and it was assumed that the distribution of ions between the “cloud” and the dyebath was determined by :-(a) The absorption of R ions by cellulose in amounts pro- (b) The application of the Donnan equation to the ions portional to their concentration in the “ cloud.” Na, R, and C1.RJR, = (Cl,)4 / (Cl,)4 = (NaJ4/(Na1)*= A4 243 where the subscripts I and 2 denote the ionic concentrations in the cloud and in the external solution respectively. Qualitatively, this treatment emphasises the importance of A, the ionic distribution ratio. As already indicated Na, is greater than N%, but the effect of the difference is emphasised by raising the ratio to the fourth power, since the dyestuff anion R carries four negative charges.This explains the very large effect which salt exerts upon the absorption of dye. Quantitatively, the lecturer showed that these assumptions gave a remarkably accurate forecast of the actual variations of absorption with (a) concentration of dyestuff; (b) concentration of added salt, over the ranges shown in the figures. It was further suggested that the remarkably large depression of absorption consequent upon oxidation of the cellulose could also be explained in terms of this ionic theory. The existence in the oxidised cellulose of the group COOH would lead to a concentration of diffusible cations (H ions and Na ions from COO Na according to the PH) in the cloud. This would decrease the ratio NaJNa, and therefore depress the absorption of dye, especially at low concentration of added salt.This was precisely the effect observed. A consideration of the behaviour of the insoluble acidic oxycellulose in presence of sodium chloride and water only, however, led to a novel and rather striking conclusion. According to the Donnan theory HJH, = NaJNa, so that, in presence of excess Na when Na, becomes equal to N%, the hydrions which arise from the dissociation of the oxycellulose acidic groups, and which are normally bound to the fibre by electrical forces, should be able to escape quite freely into the external solution.In other words, oxycellulose prepared by oxidation in alkaline solution, and subsequently washed with acid and water in the usual way, should, in presence of salt, behave as quite a strong acid. This was demonstrated by an experiment in which it was shown that (I) the water poured off oxycellulose was neutral to methyl(2) the indicator added to the oxycellulose in water showed (3) when sodium chloride wits added the solution became red ; a feeble change towards the acid side; 244 very acid (9H 4 approx.). Indeed, in presence of an excess of salt, it was quite prac- ticable to determine the carboxylic acid group in oxycellulose by direct titration with alkali, using an indicator turning at about pH 6.Dr. Arthur Geake considered that Mr. Neale’s theory could be evolved without the use of the two arbitrary constants. Mr. Neale, however, stated that one of these constants (the water absorption) was not altogether arbitrary but on its value depended the precise variation of absorption with the salt concentration. The other (the absorption constant for the dyestuff) was employed in order to give a numerical agreement so that the observed and calculated curves could be superimposed and were not just proportional. Mr. H. Singer enquired whether any quantitative measure- ments had been made on the dyed fibre. He thought it would be interesting if the dyed fibre were steeped in water and also in salt solution to see whether the dyeing process could be reversed, and whether the results obtained from these stripping experiments would agree with the results of employing different concentrations of salt in the dyeing experiments. Mr.Neale stated that a reversible equilibrium was reached when viscose was immersed in hot dye solution; the same values of absorption were ultimately reached whether the equilibrium was approached from above or from below. Mr. T. Horner enquired what methods Mr. Neale employed for purifying the Sky Blue FF. Mr. Neale explained that he employed two methods- (I) The dye obtained from pure intermediates was purified. (2) The commercial dye was purified. The sky blue FF was dissolved in water and salted out with sodium acetate together with alcohol if necessary, then re-precipitation was performed three times and the dye washed with boiling alcohol three times. Mr.H. Singer referred to the possibility of dyeingcotton and viscose uniformly. He enquired about the effect of high concentrations on the solidity of shade obtained. From experience in the dyeing trade it appeared that the higher the concentration of dye the more solid the shades. 245 Mr. Nede stated that he always understood that in heavy shades there were greater differences in the depth of shade, thus, at 0.3 per cent, Chlorazol Sky Blue FFS a solid shade on viscose and cotton was obtained, whereas in heavier shades less solidity was obtained; also in weaker shades than 0.3 per cent. the shades were less solid.Mr. Singer also referred to the effect of the length of liquor on the solidity of the shade obtained and stated that in a length of liquor of 10:I more solid shades were obtained than in a 60:I liquor. Mr. H. A. Turner discussed the effect of the orientation of viscose and oxidised cellulose fibres. In the oriented fibre, as in viscose, after spinning some of the carboxyl groups were probably turned inwards towards the centre of the fibre and therefore protected, whereas with oxycellulose they would be exposed. This discussion followed on a remark made by the lecturer during his lecture that it appeared that viscose was slightly oxidised. Mr. Turner considered that it would be interesting to fix the mobile hydrogen ion in the carboxyl groups with an immobile ion and then test the absorbing power of theoxycelldose.He suggested that oxycellulose should be dyed with methylene blue and then the absorption of Sky Blue FFS on this dyed fibre, in which the carboxyl group should be protected, be studied. The lecturer agreed that this was an interesting suggestion but thought that the methylene blue compound of the oxycellulose might possibly ionise. He agreed that an oxidised oriented fibre might behave differently from that of an oxidised un-oriented fibre, probably because more of the carboxyl groups in the unoriented fibre are tucked away. Mr. J. D. Blakeley touched on the effect of common salt on the bleaching effect of hypochlorite. He wondered whether the sodium chloride would have the effect of increasing the acidity of the hypochlorite and consequently giving eventually a neutral solution.He was thinking of the effect of sodium chloride on the carboxyl groups in oxidised cotton: they rendered the hydro- gen ion mobile and consequently increased the acidity. The lecturer explained, however, that the effects he described took place because the oxidised cellulose in the presence of aqueous sodium chloride represent a two-phase system, the carboxylic acid being solid and insoluble, whereas in the case of hypochlorite and sodium chloride there was only a one-phase system present. Mr. G. E. Collins referred to a paper in the Joumal of the 246 Society of Dyers & Colourists in which the authors described an experiment of passing sodium chloride solution through a wad of cellulose and obtaining a constant supply of acid.He con- sidered that the authors must have employed a modified cellulose containing carboxyl groups. He enquired whether the possibility of applying this new technique with salt solution for the quanti- tative examination of modified celluloses had been developed. He thought it would be a useful method. Mr. R. Gaunt enquired whether this effect of the salt solution occurred with hydrocellulose ;the lecturer replied that it did not. There was, therefore, a method for distinguishing between oxycellulose of the acidic type and hydrocellulose. The lecturer agreed that in the work referred to by Mr. Collins, oxidised cellulose must have been used.Even so, a consfafit supply of acid was inconceivable. He proposed to apply the method now opened up for the purpose of quantitative examination of oxycelluloses. Its advantage over the existing empirical methods would lie not in speed or in convenience, but in the possibility of determining the actual number of carboxylic acid groups present. A vote of thanks to the lecturer was proposed by Mr. Paul, who stated that the title of the lecture did not do justice to its scope and seconded by Mr. Horner who suggested that Mr. Neale appeared to be working along promising lines. Newcastle-upon -Tyne and North-East Coast.-Members of the Section were invited to attend the 30th Bedson Lecture, which was delivered by Dr.G. Roche Lynch in Amstrong College, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, on 16th May, the subject selected being ‘(Poisons and their Detection.” After a brief outline of the history of poisoning from ancient times up to the era of scientific investigation beginning with Marsh, about a century ago, and Stas in 1850, Dr. Roche Lynch discussed the general characteristics of poisons. With the excep- tion of a few of animal origin, such as snake-venom and certain serums, tolerance toward all poisons increased with repeated small doses. This was so in the case of narcotics, alkaloids, metals, and even of castor oil. This seemed to be due to growing immunity of the cells as well as to increased rate of excretion or destruction. In general, detoxication took place mainly in the liver with increasing efficiency, the processes seeming to be developments of natural responses.Quite large amounts of the heavy metals had been found, lead up to 146 parts per million being demonstrated in normal bone where no industrial or similar causative contact had occurred. Some difficulty arose with the modern synthetic medicinals; these had often only a narrow margin between the medicinal and the toxic doses and little allowance for idiosyncrasy. Many of them were completely destroyed, or changed in the tissues into something else in a short time. The barbituric acid group was particularly dangerous, and should be brought under regulation. They were all hypno- tics, but their behaviour from a toxicological standpoint was very different.Some of these compounds were almost completely destroyed in the body, so that analysis only revealed a trace, and others were readily found in considerable quantity both in the excreta and in the organs. Opinion, therefore, as to the cause of death must depend on the type of barbiturate present and the amount isolated. The lecturer then passed on to deal in greater detail with arsenic, strychnine, and carbon monoxide, illustrating his remarks with references to, and exhibits from, famous criminal cases. The lecture attracted a record attendance of members and guests of the Club. South Wales.-Meetings have been held at Cardiff and Swansea to consider the formation of a separate organisation for East Glamorgan and Monmouthshire with headquarters at Cardiff.The main object was to overcome the disadvantage attaching to the constitution of the South Wales Section, in that Cardiff and Swansea are in no way conveniently situated for purposes of administration and joint meetings. It was felt, moreover, that a measure of self-administration would result in greater virility and interest in the affairs of the Institute. A resolution strongly recommending the formation of a separate section had been approved by the Council. The new section will have power to elect its own officers and committee, and be directly responsible to the Council. The original South Wales Section will continue to serve the interests of members resident west of Bridgend, including the Swansea area, and West Wales.248 The following lectures have been given in Swansea during 1935 jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry:-“ Hydro-genation: Present and Future” by Dr. W. Idris Jones; and “Drikold ” by Mr. F. Heywood. These lectures were reported in Chemistry and Industry. The Chemical Society extended in- vitations to Institute members to attend the following lectures in Swansea :-“ Isothermal Sol-gel Transformations )’ by Prof. H. Freundlich, and “Recent Work on Molecular Structure” by Dr. N. V. Sidgwick, F.R.S. *South Yorkshire Coalfield.-The inaugural meeting was held at the Doncaster Technical College on 12th April, Dr. G. Lawton occupying the Chair. The following officers and committee were elected for the ensuing year:-Dr.G. Lawton, Chairman; Mr. W. Wall, Hon. Secretary; Dr. A. R. Bowen, Hon. Treasurer; Mr. J. Evans, Dr. E. Gregory, Dr. W. A. Kirkby, Mr. W. F. Andrews, Mr. H. C. Hillary and Mr. A. H. Churchouse, Committee; Dr. A. W. Chapman, Hon. Auditor. It is proposed to make a number of visits to works during the summer months. * The Council has suggested that this Section be known as the “Shefield, Hull and North Midlands Swtion,” if Hull be included. 249 April-May Examinations, 1935. Abstract of the Report of the Board of Ennmitr-8. Examinations were held at the times and places mentioned below :-No. NO. For the Aasochtmhip- Examined. Passed. General Chemistry: at the Institute and also at the University, Manchester,-1st-6th April 42 19 For the Fdbwship-Branch A.Inorganic Chemistry, with specialreference to the Metallurgy of Iron and Steel, at the Institute and at the Royal School of Mines, London,-29th April-3rd May .. .. .. .. .. 1 1 Branch C. Organic Chemistry with special refer- ence to Terpenes and Synthetic Perfumes, at the Institute and in the Laboratories of Mr. W. H. Simmons, Fellow, 8th-12th April .. .. .. .. .. 1 0 Branch D. Biochemistry-With special reference to Chemical Pathology and the Chemistry of the Hormones . . 1 0 With special reference to PhysiologicalChemistry .. .. .. .. .. 1 1 At the Institute and at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine,- 8th-12th April .... .. .. Branch E. Chemistry, including Microscopy, of Food and Drugs, and of Water: at the Institute,-Bth-lSth April .. .. 22 14 Branch P. Agricultural Chemistry: at the Uni- versity, Reading,-29th Aprid3rd May . . 1 1 BTanch CT. Industrial Chemistry :at the University, Liverpool, and in the Laboratories of the City Analyst, Liverpool,-Bt?t,-12th April : With special reference to Contact Catalysis 1 1 With special reference to Oils and Fats . . 1 0 Special Examimtwn- In General Analytical Chemistry: at the Institute: lst5th April .. .. .. -1 1-72 38 250 In the Examination for the Associateship in General Chemis- try:-Two candidates failed to satisfy the Examiners in their theory papers only, and one in the practical work only.Two candidates failed only in organic theory, 2 in organic practical, and 1 in inorganic practical. Two candidates failed only in German translation, and 1 in French only. In the Examinations for the Fellowship:- Branch C. Organic Chemistry. The candidate satisfied the Exam- iners in his written papers, but was obliged to withdraw from the practical work owing to illness. Branch E. Chemistry and Microscopy of Food and Drugs. One candidate failed to satisfy the Examiners in his written papers and in his practical work in Therapeutics , Pharmacology and Microscopy, and one candidate failed only in practical Therapeutics, Pharmacology and Microscopy. Branch Q. Industrial Chemistry. One candidate satisfied the Examiners in his written papers but failed to do so in his practical work.EXAMINATIONTHE ASSOCIATESHIP GENERALFOR IN CHEMISTRY. INORGANICCHEMIsTRY.-In the written papers the questions proved well within the capacity of the better candidates, and, with one exception, were very generally attempted. The exception was the question relating to the colour change of cobalt salts, which was attempted by only three candidates. It seems strange that there is not more general interest in this remarkable phenomenon. A common error was to write of a reduction of ammonium dichromate to chromate, in which, of course, no reduction in the chemical sense is involved. Since a number of those making this error formulated the change correctly, it seems probable that the mistake is due to a careless use of words, quite in- excusable in the case of a term having so clear and important a connotation in chemistry.The same tendency is seen in other matters, for example the confusion of hydrolytic with ionic dissociation and of liquid crystals with solid solutions. Every student should realise the great importance of learning and using the language of chemistry with meticulous precision. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY.-The organic theory paper was, on the whole, poorly answered by the weaker candidates. The aliphatic portion of the subject was better known than the aromatic. Too few of the candidates were well acquainted with the common reactions and properties of aromatic compounds. Few candi- dates knew the action of nitrous acid on o-phenylenediamine, 251 many prepared indigo from aniline through anthranilic acid, C6H6 COOH and the formula I was frequently given for benzilic C6H6 COOH acid.The question on oximes produced uneven answers, but quite a number of candidates knew nothing of the views on this subject initiated by Meisenheimer as long ago as 1921. Candi-dates are becoming better acquainted with the methods of con- sulting the literature, though some still seem to be unaware of the standard formulz indexes. The practical organic exercises were carried out better than usual, and quite a good standard was attained. EXAMINATION BRANCHFOR THE FELLOWSHIP: E. WRITTENPAPERs.-Generdy the papers were well answered. The question on milk, involving a calculation on the content of non-fatty solids, produced, however, some rather disappointing answers.While all the candidates were well acquainted with the cryoscopic examination of milk, relatively few considered in any detail the really significant points which govern a final opinion as to abnormality. Those candidates who were employed in the laboratories of drug or pharmaceutical business houses showed weakness when confronted with milk or milk product problems. They would be well advised to remedy this defect by obtaining experience, if possible, in the laboratories of Public Analysts or other labora- tories where food products are dealt with daily. It was again notable that many candidates had no thorough experience of problems connected with water.They may have performed many analyses along conventional lines, but were not clear as to their interpretation. Candidates would be well advised to avail themselves of any opportunities to visit waterworks and sewage disposal works in order to improve their knowledge of the mechanism of the biochemical reactions and processes involved. It is a matter for surprise that many candidates use the soap test as a specific one for the estimation of total and permanent hardness in water. The presence, as in the present case, of sodium bicarbonate misled certain candidates but, on the whole, this exercise was well performed. 252 PRACTICALWORK.-A much higher all-round level of pro-ficiency was reached in this than in previous examinations. In the examination of the margarine, the required constants were accurately obtained, and in only one or two cases was an in-correct opinion expressed.The presence of prohibited colours or preservatives was detected. The baking powder gave little difficulty; candidates, on the whole, being very near the mark in their general opinion on its quality. The wording of the question relating to whisky might have been read with greater care. Candidates would be well advised to spend the first quarter of an hour or twenty minutes of the day thinking over the problem and all that it demands. They would thus conserve time and energy. The microscopical work was, in general, quitexthe most satisfactory part of the examination.The diagnostic features of the individual spices were well illustrated and correctly described. THERAPEUTICS, AND MICROSCOPY.-Apleas-PHARMACOLOGY ing feature of the examination wasthe generally high level shown in the practical work, and the general handling of the sample of stomach content, which contained linimentum belladonnae. The papers were less well done, and some of the candidates would do well to familiarise themselves with more recent methods. A few seem to have had little or no opportunity of studying crude drugs. This is a definite part of the examination and cannot be ignored. Taking the candidates as a whole, the standard was better than usual. PASS LIST. Examination in General Chemistry for the Assochteahip.Baldry, Frank, Central Technical College, Birmingham. Blench, Ronald Oliver, Rutherford Technical College, Newcastle-upon- Tyne.Bosch, Ralph William van den, The Polytechnic, Regent Street, London. Caveney, Alan Joseph, Central Technical School, Liverpool. Emlyn, James Alan, Central Technical School, Liverpool. Etches, Kenneth Charles, University College and The Technical College, Hull. Hughes, Harrtld Stuart, Chelsea Polytechnic and Battersea Polytechnic, London. Johnson, Thomas Edwin, A.M.C.T., College of Technology, Mancheater. Kenny, Robert Leopold, B.Sc. (Lond.) , Chelsea Polytechnic, London. Maber, Wilfred Frank, B.Sc. (Lond.), trained under Thomas Stsnhouse, B.Sc., F.I.C. Parkinson, Theodore Lawrence, B.Sc. (Lond.), University College, London.Pearson, Leslie, Central Technical College, Birmingham. Perkins, George, The Sir John Caas Technical Institute, London. Powers, Walter Rudd, Central Technical School, Liverpool. 253 Roberson, Edwin Cecil, B.Sc. (Lond.), The Polytechnic, Regent Street, London. Wells, Robert Stirling, B.A. (Cantab.), The University, Cambridge. Welton, Miss Winifred Ed&, B.Sc. (London), Chelsea Polytechnic and Birkbeck College, London. White, Harold, A.M.C.T., College of Technology, Manchester. Williams, Robert Arthur, Wigan and District Mining and Technical College. For the Fellowship, In Branch A :Inorganic Chemistry, with special reference to the Metallurgyof Iron and Steel : Stephens, Robert Charles Farquhar. In Branch D : Biochemistry, with special reference to PhysiologicalChemistry : Bavin, Eric Morrison, B.Sc.(Lond.). In Branch E :The Chemistry, including Microscopy, of Food and Drugs,and of Water : Barker, James Hamld, B.Sc. (Lond.). Branson, Victor Cecil, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C. Edwards, Cyril, B.Sc. (Lond.). Freeman, John Albert, B.Sc., B.Pharm. (Lond.). Hall, George Frederick, M.B.E., BSc. (Lond.). Keightley, William Maurice. Lawton, Henry Kenneth, Ph.D. (Liv.). Macdonald, Charles Alexander, B.Sc. (Lond.). Matthews, Robert Karran. Nanji, Homi Ruttonji, B.Sc. (Bombay), Ph.D. (Lond.), D.I.C. Smth, Arthur, B.Sc. (Lond.). Stevens, Sidney George Edward, BSc. (Lond.). Weber, John Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.). Wright, Reginald Frank, B.Sc.(Lond.), A.R.C.S. In Branch P :Agricultural Chemistry : Cole, Louis Wilfrid Leyland, M.Sc. (Lond.). In Branch G :Industrial Chemistry, with special reference to Contact CatalyysiS in Industry : Dee, Thomas Pride, B.Sc. (Lond.). SpeCial Examination in General Analytical Chemistry : Burns, Ronald Hosendoff, B.Sc. (Lond.). The following papers and exercises were set:- Examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry. MONDAY, 1st APRIL, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Attempt FIVE qumtions only. Answer briefly and to the point. Giveformulae and equations where possible.) 1. Examine critically the thesis that the current theory of the atom 2. Explain and justify the assumptions underlying the kinetic theory 3. Discuss briefly THREE of the following subjects:-(a) fluorine is founded on the Periodic Classification.of gases and show that from them it is possible to deduce Boyle’s Law. oxides; (b) active nitrogen; (c) salt-like hydrides; (d) intermetallic com- pounds; (e) the basic properties of iodine. 254 4. Write a short essay on ONE of the following topics:- (a) The significance of the solubility product; (b) The osmotic pressure of concentrated solutions; (c) The utility of the Phase Rule. 5. Outline the chief points of similarity and dissimilarity in three of the following pairs of elements :-(a) thallium-lead; (b) molybdenum-uranium; (c) nitrogen-phosphorus; (d) boron-silicon. 6. Discuss the explanations which have been proposed for the fact that the colour of an aqueous solution of a cobalt salt changes from red to blue on addition of alcohol or strong hydrochloric acid. 7.Write an essay on ONE of the following:- (a) The relative merite of “physical” and “chemical” methods for determining accurate atomic weights; (b) The spatial configuration of co-ordination compounds; (c) Persulphides and peroxides; (d) The discovery of hafnium; (e) The nature of solution. 2 to 5 p.m. (Attempt FIVE questions only. Answer brie$y and to the point. Give fomulue and equations where possible.) 1. Write a short historical essay upon the influence of density determinations on the progress of chemistry. 2. Describe carefully how you would proceed in the laboratory to obtain PURE specimens of:- (a) Selenium from a mixture of alkali sulphate and selenate; (b) Ceria from monazite; (c) Metallic lead from solder; (d) Chromic chloride from ammonium dichromate.3. What is the “parachor” and how is it used in chemistry? 4. Explain briefly the significance of the terms: (a) fluid crystals; (b) hydrolytic dissociation; (c) transport number; (d)partition coefficient. 5. What advances in chemical science are associated with the names of Humphry Davy, Faraday, Graham and Cannizzaro ? 6. Describe and explain the colour changes which may be observed when acidified solutions of the following substances are reduced by zinc in the absence of air: K,Cr,O,, V,Os,TiO,, WO,.7. Give examples showing how methods and results of analysis may be affected by-(a) the formation of complex ions; (b)aaIt-hydrolysis; (c) colloidal phenomena; (d) adsorption. TUESDAY, 2nd APRIL, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Attempt FIVE questions only. Answer briefly and to the point. Give formulae and equations where possible.) 1. Indicate briefly the most important methods of preparing aliphatic and aromatic mono- and di-carboxylic acids. 2. If you were asked to prepare an organic compound, what steps would you take to discover whether it had been previously made, and, if so, the best method of preparing it? 3. Write an account of EITHER (a) the ketones OR (b) the pyrones. 4. Describe how you would prepare a solution of the corresponding 255 diazonium salt from (a) aniline; (b) 2: 4-dinitroaniline; (c) /3-amino-anthraquinone. What is the action of nitrous acid on salts of (a)o-phenylenediamine; (b) m-phenylenediamine; (c) ethyl aminoacetate ; (d) piperidine; (e) tetramethylenediamine.5. Write a brief account of the geometrical isomerism of the oximes indicating the methods adopted for the determination of the configuration of the isomerides. 6. Outline three characteristic methods used in determining the constitution of alkaloids, illustrating your answer by reference to any one compound. 7. Indicate, by equations and brief notes of the reagents used, practical laboratory methods for preparing four of the following com- pounds : (a) p-dinitrobenzene from benzene; (b) indigo from aniline; (c) cinnamic acid from benzene; (d) cyclopentanone from phenol; (e)dimethylisopropyl carbinol from acetone; (f) benzilic acid from benzalde- hyde. 2 to 3.30 p.m.Translation from French and German technical literature. WEDNESDAY, 3rd APRIL, 10 a.m. to 4.30 pm. 1. The solution (D) contains approximately 10 per cent. of glucose. Determine the amount volumetrically. Anhydrous glucose and Fehling’s solutions of convenient strength are provided. 2. Identify the compound (E). (p-Bromoaniline, or o-bromo-benzoic acid or thiourea.) THURSDAY, 4th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 4.30 pm. 1. From the aniline (A) provided, prepare a crystalline specimen of benzeneazoresorcinol. 2. From the sample of diphenylamine (B) prepare a pure crystallised 3.From the ester (C) prepare a pure crystallised specimen of the acid. specimen of nitrosodiphenylamine. (Methyl salicylate.) Quantity as well as quality will be considered when judging the specimens. FRIDAY, 5th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. The solution (F) contains potassium chlorate, sodium sulphate and manganese sulphate. You are required to standardise the silver nitrate solution supplied and determine the chlorate volumetrically ;also to determine the sulphate and manganese gravimetrically. The VOLUMETRIC determination must be completed and reported upon to-day ;the gravimetric exercises may be completed and reported upon to-morrow. State the results of your standardisation in terms of normality and of the determinations as grams of ClO,, SO, and Mn per litre of (F).2. Identify the simple substances (G) and (H). (G = Lithium fluoride; H = Selenium dioxide.) 256 SATURDAY, 6th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Complete exercise 1 from yesterday. 2. Analyse qualitatively the mixture (J)which contains six radicals. (Calcium chromate, cadmium carbonate, and lead sulphate; OR calcium chromate, cadmium bromide, and silver nitrate; OR calcium chromate, oadmium sulphate, and mercurous chloride.) Examination for the Fellowship. Branch A. Inorganic Chemistry, with special reference to the Metallurgy of Iron and Steel. MONDAY, 29th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Attempt SIX questions only. Answer briefly and to the point.) 1.Write an essay on one of the following:- (a) The existence of free atoms and radicals in chemical reactions. (b) Isotopes. (c) The use of the spectroscope in inorganic analysis. (d) The corrosion of metals. 2. Give an account of the compounds of hydrogen and boron. 3. For the production of oils from coal by the “hydrogenation process,” hydrogen is required in relatively large quantities. How can this hydrogen be economically produced ? 4. What are the chief sources of titanium? How is it reIated to contiguous elements in the Periodic Classification ? Describe brieflyhow you would estimate titanium, zirconium and aluminium in a mineral containing them. 5. Give typical analyses of producer gas, Mond gas and water gas.Discuss the reactions involved in the manufacture of each of them. 6. Describe briefly the methods employed in the detection and deter- mination of small amounts of metallic constituents in ores and alloys. 7. Compare and contrast the chemical and physical properties of chromium, molybdenum, tungsten and vanadium. 8. Give a short account of any chemical or metallurgical process with which you are personally familiar. 2 to 6 p.m. (Answer SIX questions only. Answer briefly and to the point.) 1. If you were given two thermo-junction wires consisting of pure platinum and platinum alloy containing 10 per cent. of rhodium, how would you proceed to construct and standardise a thermo-junction so that it could be used to take cooling curves of alloys from 1400”C.down to 500” C.? 2. Sketch and discuss briefly the “lines” of a modern blast furnace, having a height of approximately 90 feet, measured from the bottom of the hearth to the foot of the main bell. Describe all the important parts of the furnace, with the exception of the mechanical charger and the dis- tributing gear. 3. Discuss the destructive influences, mechanical and chemical, to which the lining of a blast furnace is exposed. 257 4. Describe the working of a charge in a basic open-hearth furnace, using the “hot-metal” process. State the composition of a suitable pig-iron for the process. 5. Give a short description of an acid Bessemer converter, and des- cribe briefly the method of making steel by the process.6. Describe a process for the manufacture of weldless steel tubes. What limits of analysis and mechanical tests are usually specified for weldless steel boiler tubes ? 7. What methods would you adopt for the sampling and analysis of a consignment of ferro-manganese? 8. How would you ascertain whether a nickel chromium steel forging is free from temper brittleness? TUESDAY, 30th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Make a complete analysis of the sample of alloy steel. (This exercise may be completed to-morrow, if necessary.) WEDNESDAY, 1st MAY, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Make a complete analysis of the sample of basic slag. (This exercise may be completed to-morrow, if necessary.) THURSDAY, 2nd MAY, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Determine the percentages of the following metals in the sample of “white metal”: (a) antimony; (b) copper, (c) iron; (d) lead and (e) tin.(Thkexercise my be completed to-rnorrouc, if necessary.) FRIDAY, 3rd MAY, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Five samples of commercial alloys, three non-ferrous and two ferrous, are supplied. Sketch and describe the micro-structures of the specimens, and identify the alloys. 2. The two samples of steel supplied have failed in service. Reporton the causes of the failures. Branch C. Organic Chemistry, with special reference to Terpenes and Synthetic Perfumes. MONDAY, 8th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FOUR questions to be attempted. TWO from each part.) PART I. 1. Outline the researches which resulted in establishing the constitu- 2. Discuss briefly the stability of large ring ketones and show how 3. Suggest methods of synthesis of phenyl ethyl alcohol, cinnamic tion of camphor.the structure of civetone has been established. aldehyde, acetophenone, coumarin, vanillin. 4. How has the constitution of a-santalol been established? 5. Give the constitutional formulae of indole and scatole, and indicate methods by which these compounds may be synthesised. 258 PART 11. 6. Describe methods for the preparation of solutions of diazonium salts. How may the diazonium group be replaced by the following atoms or groups:-Br, I, H, OH, COOK? 7. Compare and contrast the reactions of aliphatic aldehydes and ketones. 8. Outline the theory of optical isomerism and indicate the various ways of resolving racemic mixtures, explaining the basis of each method.9. How may the following compounds be prepared :-(a) piperidine,(b) quinoline; (c) diethylmalonate; (d) resorcinol; (e) benzil ? 2 to 5 p.m. (SIX questions only to be attempted.) 1. Classify according to constitution the more important alcohols used in perfumery, giving also the essential oils in which they chiefly occur. Give a brief outline of the methods which may be used for the determination and separation of alcohols. 2. What products of use in perfumery may be obtained from castor oil? Describe the preparation of any one of these. 3. Describe the method of preparation of thymol and menthol from Eucalyptus Dives. 4.What do you understand by a fixative? Describe some of the more important fixatives used (a) in perfumes, and (b) in soap. 5. Give the chemical name and constitution of any four of the fol- lowing :-aubepine, bromelia, trefle, j asmin aldehyde, bromstyrol, styrone, geranium crystals. 6. Describe the various forms of artificial musk, giving their constitu- tion and properties. 7. Give an account of recent work on the application of micro- chemical methods to the examination of synthetic perfumes. 8. Describe three methods by which cineole may be separated from eucalyptus oil. TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 9th to 12th APRIL. 1. Report on the quality of the sample of Linalyl acetate. (Contained ethyl phthalate.) 2. Determine the amount of piperitone in the sample of Eucalyptus 3.Report on the suitability of the sample of Thyme oil for the pre- 4. Determine the composition of the given mixture of synthetic 6. Examine the samples of benzaldehyde (contained chlorine) and Dives. paration of Thymol. perfumes. (Vanillin and Xylol musk.) terpineol (contained mineral acid) for their suitability for soap perfumery. 6. Prepare derivatives of the given specimens of cinnamic aldehyde and anisaldehyde for the purpose of their characterisation. 259 Branch D. Biochemistry, with special reference to PhysiologicalChemistry. MONDAY, 8th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FOUR questions to be attempted.) 1. Discuss the contributions to biochemistry of any two of the following:-(a) Paul Ehrlich; (b) Sir Frederick Hopkins; (c) Karl Land- steiner; (d) Carl Neuberg.2. Give an account of recent work on the molecular structure of the pol ysaccharides. 3. Write an essay on the proteases and discuss their biological significance. 4. Discuss the chemical and biological significance of the hormones. 5. Give essential details for the preparation of any three of the following :-(a) carnosine; (b) glutathione; (c) mannose; (d) inositol; (e) sdrenalin; (f)stearic acid. 6. What is the present state of our knowledge of the molecular structure of vitamin B,? Discuss the biological significance of this substance. 2 to 5 p.m. (FOUR questions to be attempted.) 1. Write an essay on the relationship between chemical constitution and physiological action.2. Discuss the recent work on the molecular structure of the fats. 3. What do you understand by the following terms: (a) Isoelectric point; (b) rH; (c) Chromatographic adsorption analysis; (d) Anaerobic respiration. 4. Give an account of recent developments in the synthesis and use of new drugs for the treatment of malaria. 5. Write an essay on the chemical structure and biological significance of chlorophyll. 6. Give an account of recent work on the chemical processes involved in muscular contraction. TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 9th to 12th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Identify as far as possible the substances (A), (B), (C) and (D).(A =Sodium glutamate; B =Mannitol; C =Salicylanilide;D =S-hydroxy-quinoline sulphate.) 2. Prepare from the samples of milk (E), lard (F) and gelatin (G)provided, pure specimens of lactose, glycerol and glycine ethyl ester hydrochloride respectively. 3.Identify the enzyme in powder (H) and determine the optimum 4. Specimen (K) is a solution containing two carbohydrates. You conditions of its action. (H = Diastase.) are required to identify and estimate these. (Lactose and glucose.) 260 Branch D. Biochemistry, with special reference to Chemical Pathology and the Chemistry of the Hormones. MONDAY, 8th APRIL, 10 am. to 1 p.m. See Biochemistry, with special reference to Physiological Chemistry, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m., on p; 259. 2 to 5 p.m. (FNE questions to be attempted.) 1.During the examination for life insurance of a young man who was apparently in perfect health, the urine was found to reduce Fehling’s Solution. As a result he is sent to you, as a chemical pathologist for examination. State exactly what investigations you would make on him, and indicate what deductions may be drawn from your examination. 2. Write a short critical essay on “Function Testing,” more especially from the point of view of the clinical value of such tests. Illustrate your answer mainly with reference to the liver. 3. Discuss the value of the colloidal gold reaction and other colloid precipitating reactions of the cerebro-spinal fluid. What is the theoretical explanation of the test ? 4. Describe the technique of the Van den Bergh reaction and indicate its usefulness in clinical medicine.5. In what conditions may you expect to find alteration in the blood calcium? Discuss critically the methods available for the deter- mination of calcium in blood. 6. What normal and abnormal pigments may be found in urine? Indicate their significance. TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 9th to 12th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. each day. 1. Identify the enzyme in powder (A) and determine the optimum conditions of its action. (A = Pepsin.) 2. Identify as far as possible the substances (B) and (C). (B = Xylose; C = Sodium tetra-iodo-phenolphthalein.) 3. Prepare from the sample of gluten flour (D) provided a pure specimen of glutaminic acid. 4. Examine microscopically the sample of urine (E).5. Examine qualitatively the urine (F) for abnormal constituents. 6. Determine the urea, chlorides and total non-protein nitrogen in the sample of blood (G). 7. The sample of urine (H)was obtained by catheter from a patient who was brought into hospital unconscious and who, it was suspected, had taken a narcotic drug. Examine the specimen for the presence of any such drug. Branch E. The chemistry, including Microscopy, of Food and Drugs, and of Water. MONDAY, 8th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. From the following results of a preliminary examination of a sample of milk-Specific gravity at 15.5” C., 1030.6; Fat (Gerber), 3.5 per cent.; calculate the content of non-fatty solids. 261 Describe in full detail the procedure you would adopt in order to arrive at a correct opinion upon the nature of the sample.Explain the significance of the data obtained, and illustrate your answer by hypo- the tical results. 2. Trace the mechanism of the biochemical changes involved in (a)aijrobic clarification, and (6) anaerobic fermentation of liquid organic refuse. To what practical use are the products of such natural changes put 9 3. Discuss the authority of the British Pharmacopoeia, illustrating your answer by reference to any classical Appeal Court decisions. What analytical use is made in the 1932 edition of the B.P. of any four of .the following reagents :-cadmium iodide, titanous chloride, ammonium vanadate, diphenylamine, hydroxylamine hydrochloride, o-cresol and resorcinol.(Awer in a separate notebook.) 4. What are the chief alkaloids of Cinchona Bark? What are their chief uses in medicine? Mention the chief preparations of the British Pharmacopaeia, giving dosage. 5. How would you examine viscera for the presence of one of the “barbituric acid” group of drugs ? Having isolated a suspected substance how would you proceed to cofirm it and to determine which member of the series you were dealing with? 6. How would you examine a sample of blood taken from a person whom it was suspected had died from coal gas poisoning? 2 to 5 p.m. 1. State briefly the considerations which would guide you in discussing with an Authority what action (if any) should be taken in the following cmes:-(a) “Caffeine-free coffee” showing on analysis 0.1 per cent.caffeine. (b) Margarine containing 15 per cent. of butter. (c) “Soda-mint” tablets containing a little talc. (d) Methylene blue in canned peas. (e) A small amount of sulphur dioxide in chipped potatoes. (f) Stout containing la parts per million of arsenic as 40,. (9) Compound mustard containing 25 per cent. maize starch. (h) Shredded suet containing 20 per cent. of rice flour. 2. Describe the relative importance of the various analytical deter- minations at present applied to raw, and to treated, water and indicate standards or limits which you consider desirable. 3. Explain clearly the terms printed in italics in the following description:-“Linseed consists of the dried ripe seeds of Linum usitatissimum Linn.Small, brown, glossy, nearly flat seeds . . . Ovate and obliquely pointed; surface Glabrous and minutely pitted. Internally yellowish- white with thin Endospem and two large oily Cotyledons. In the Testa isodiametric epidermal cells having mucilaginous outer walls, a middle Parenchymatow layer, Sclerenchyma of narrow longitudinally elongated cells with thick Lignified walls. . . . In the cotyledons Aleurone grains up to 20 Mkrm in diameter. . . .” 262 4. Describe the appearance of the residues left after ignition of the following substances :-tea, rice, coffee, bread, chicory, precipitated sulphur, hyoscyamus, ground cinnamon, saffron and sodium salicylate tablets.As these articles may be subject to “adulteration,” can you add any useful observation as to behaviour on ignition of one or other of them? Taking any three of the above instances, define what supplementary examination of the ash you would propose to confirm your observations. 5. What methods are available for the determination of moisture in food material? Discuss the advantages of each method and indicate to what type of comestible it is applicable. TUESDAY, 9th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Make a complete examination of the margarine (A) provided and report fully on the sample. (Mixed animal and vegetable fats, with varying butter-fat and moisture contents.) WEDNESDAY, 10th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. The sample of baking powder (B) is said to contain a cream of tartar substitute.Analyse it qualitatively to determine the nature of this ingredient. What is your general opinion on the quality of the powder ? (Acid sodium pyrophosphate, OR acid calcium phosphatecontaining excessive calcium sulphate, OR acid ammonium phosphate.) 2. Report upon the sample of ground ginger (C). (Exhaustedground ginger, with turmeric and black pepper.) THURSDAY, 11th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Determine the alcoholic strength of the whiskey (D) and extend your examination to ascertain its potability in view of the fact that the spirit has been stored in a metal pocket-flask. Draft a certificate tomeet all the requirements of the Food & Drugs (Adulteration) Act, 1928. (Whiskey of variable degrees U.P.containing heavy traces of nickel.) 2. Report upon the milk of sulphur (E). (Precipitated sulphur or sublimed sulphur arsenically contaminated, or mixed with calcium sulphate.) FRIDAY, 12th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Estimate the dissolved oxygen and nitric nitrogen contents of the Water (F) and show, further, how the “hardness” of the supply is distributed. 2. Specimen (a)is a mixed spice. Specimens (H), (I)and (K),are individual spices. Examine the latter and illustrate your descriptions by diagrams of the anatomical elements which serve to distinguish one from another, By these means, ascertain whether (G) contains (H),(I)and (K). (Nutmeg, cinnamon and coriander and mixture; or mace, cayenne and allspice and mixture.) SATURDAY, 13th APRIL, 10 a.m.to 5 p.m. 1. Assume that (L) is a sample of stomach contents obtained at a post mortem examination from a person who had been found dead. Ex-amine the sample for tho presence of poison and if found, state in what form the poison was taken. A search for inorganic poisons may be omitted. (Porridge containing Linimentum belladonnae.) 2. Examine microscopically and report on the powder (M). Credit will be given for careful drawings of the structure seen. (Pulv. Glycer- rhizae Co.) 3. Identify the powder (N). (Chloramina.) 263 Branch F. Agricultural Chemistry. MONDAY, 29th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (SIX questions only to be attempted.) 1. How are the chemical reactions brought about by soil organisms affected by the hydrogen-ion concentration of the soil ? Quote instances in connection with (a)the normal soil organisms, and (b)organisms causing plant diseases.2. Describe the more prominent physical and chemica.1 problems associated with projects of land reclamation. 3. What is meant by the availability of the phosphate and potassium constituents of the soil? How would you determine avaiEability by(a) chemical and (b) biological methods ? 4. How are the following determinations made, what information do they afford and what relation, if any, do the values obtained bear to one another-( a) Lime Requirement (Hutchinson and McLellan); (b) Exchangeable Calcium (Hissink) P 5. Describe the composition and chemical properties of dung and liquid manure.What losses occur in these two manures when stored and what steps can be taken to minimise such losses? 6. Discuss the possibility of similar soils arising from different parent materials and dissimilar soils from the same parent material. Describe a typical podsol and a typical laterite. 7. Describe the composition and properties of the more common potmsium fertilisers and discuss their use in connection with (a)various types of soil and (b) various crops. 8. What are the principal changes which take place during:- (a)The curdling of milk by souring; (b) The coagulation of milk by rennet; and (c) The ripening of cheese. MONDAY, 29th APRIL, 2 to 5 prn. (SIX questions only to be attempted.) 1. Discuss the value of milk as a food.To what extent, if at all, do you consider t.he value is affected by (a)pasteurising; (b) sterilising,and (c) drying. 2. Information is received that the water of a certain well is thought to be contaminated. Describe how you would investigate the complaint. 3. Write a short essay on the mineral requirements of farm animals. 4. Describe the Balance Method and Comparative Slaughter Method for the investigation of problems in animal nutrition. Discuss the merits and demerits of the two methods. 5. Write down a ration for a cow giving three gallons of milk per day. Using average figures for the composition of the feeding stuffs employed, show how t,he ration satisfies the nutritional requirements of the animal. 6.Outline the methods of preparing silage, explaining the changes which occur in the process and their effect upon the feeding value of the material . 7. Discuss the errors inherent in, and the limitations of, the routine method of analysis of a feeding stuff. 264 8. Describe any recent work you have read, or taken part in, on- (a) Insecticides and fungicides; OR (b) the nutritional requirements of fruit trees; OR (c) The classification of soils. TUESDAY and WEDNESDAY, 30th APRIL and 1st MAY, 10 a.m. to 5 pm. each day. 1. Investigate t,he nature of the fertiliser (A) and estimate all con- stituents of manurial importance. (A poultry manure containing a drier.) 2. Material (B) was sold as a dressing for lawns. Investigate its composition qualitatively and estimate two active constituents. (Lawnsand : silver sand, ammonium sulphate and ferrous sulphate.) TH URSDAY and FRIDA Y, 2nd and 3rd MA Y, 10 a.m.to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Analyse completely the feeding stuff (C) and comment on its composition. (Very young grass, dried and ground: very high protein, high ash and low fibre.) 2. Estimate the protein and fat in the cheese (D). Comment on the possible origin and character of the cheese. (Canadian cheese.) Branch G. Industrial Chemistry, with special reference to Contact Catalysis. MONDAY, 8th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. [Answer Question 1, and any three (but not more than three) other questions.] 1. Taking as illustration any process or processes with which YOU are familiar, write an essay on the precautions to be observed in a factory in order to guard the employees engaged in the process from injury to health and from accident, and to avoid the risk of fire or explosion.2. What processes are in common use for removing hardness from water for industrial purposes ? Which would you consider most suitable for (a)boiler-feed water; (b)water required for scouring or washing purposes in the textile industries ? 3. Describe a plant suitable for the separation of a homogeneous liquid mixture into components of different boiling-points (one of which may be non-volatile at the temperature and pressure employed). 4. What are the chief economic features which differentiate the manufacture of a ‘Lheavy” from that of a “fine” chemical? Analyse and contrast the incidence of the chief cost factors in the two classes.5. Describe the construction and operation of a plant for separating a semi-solid paste into a solid and a liquid, both of which may have a market value. Give instances in which such a process is actually used. 6. Give an account of a convenient method by which the flow of a gas or a liquid through a tube may be measured. 2 to 6 p.m. (FIVE questions only to be answered.) 1. Describe the behaviour of different metals and metallic oxides m regards their powers of inducing actions of (a)reduction or oxidation,and (b) hydration or dehydration. What industrial applications have been made of these properties? 265 2.Give an account of the manufacture of nitric acid by catalytic oxidation of ammonia. 3. Discuss, in a short essay, the interplay of economic factors and of modern technical processes, as illustrated by the production of acetone and its related products. 4. What is understood by the terms “catalyst promotor,” “catalyst poison,” and ‘‘beneficial poisoning” ? What explanations have been offered to account for these phenomena, and how may they affect the operation of technical catalytic processes. 5. Give an account of the method by which tar oils may be converted into light hydrocarbons by treatment with hydrogen in presence of a catalyst. 6. Discuss recent views as to the mechanism of contact catalysis. 7. Describe the production of maleic acid from benzene by catalytic oxidation.What uses have been proposed for maleic acid? 8. Describe the various products which can be obtained, by catalytic processes, from water gas, giving due attention to the catalysts and con- ditions which are necessary in the different cases, and to the precautions to be observed in order to conserve catalyst activity and to maintain the efficiency of each process. TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 9th to 12th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Examine the efficiency of the substance (A) as a catalyst in the esterification of equimolecular quantities of (a) ethyl alcohol and acetic acid; (b)phenol and acetic acid; (c) ethyl alcohol and benzoic acid. (A)= Camphor-fl-sulphonic acid) 2. Examine the material (B) in order to determine whether by suit- able treatment, it can be converted into a practicable contact catalyst.If so, in what technical processes would you suggest that it might be useful, and what is your opinion as to the general merits or otherwise of this form of catalyst ? (B = Fused cuprous oxide) 3. Discuss the potentialities of the materials (C), (D) and (E) as supports for a metallic or metallic oxide catalyst designed for reactions in the liquid stmate. (C = Silver sand, D = Silica gel, E = Supersel) 4. From the nickel sulphate provided, prepare a specimen suitable (after subsequent reduction in hydrogen) for use as a catalyst infat- hydrogenation. 5. It is desired to employ the crude cresylic acid (F)as raw material in the production of methylcyclohexanols by catalytic hydrogenation in the liquid phase.Examine (F) with the objects of detecting impurities likely to be toxic to a nickel catalyst, and of suggesting a suitable method for its purification prior to use in the hydrogenation process. Branch G. Industrial Chemistry, with special reference to Oils and Fats (excluding Mineral and Essential Oils) and SoapManufacture. MONDAY, 8th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. See Industrial Chemistry, with special reference to Contact Catalysis, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m., p. 264. 266 2 to 5 p.m. (FIVE questions only to be answered.) 1. Give a critical account of the methods available for the detection and determination of hydrogenated fats in margarine. 2.Discuss the current views of the detergent action of aqueous soap solutions. 3. What is known at the present time as to the chemical constitution of the various marine animal fats? 4. What contributions to the chemistry of fats have been made by :-Polenske, Bomer, Tsujimoto, Normann ? 5. Give a detailed account of recently devised processes whereby fats may be refined by removal of free fatty acids by distillation. 6. Discuss the results which have been obtained by the application of X-rays to the study of the higher fatty acids and their glycerides. 7. Give an account of the substances which are naturally present in, or which may be added to, fats in order to retard their oxidation when exposed to the atmosphere. What is known as to the chemical constitution of such compounds, natural or synthetic? How would you explain their action ? 8.Outline the history of our knowledge of the chemical structure of oleic acid, from the time of Chevreul to the present day. TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 9th to 12th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Investigate the fat (A) in sufficient detail to present a full report as to its nature. (A = Hydrogenated palm oil.) 2. Prepare and characterise specimens of dihydroxystearic, tetra- hydroxystearic and azelaic acids from the liquid (B), which is a mixture of methyl oleate and methyl linoleate. (The candidate is recommended, before planning his work, to consult the following references in addition to the standard textbooks : Journ. Chem. Soc., 1925, 127,1628; Journ.Xoc. Chem. Ind., 1925, 44,43T.) 3. Analyse the sample of crude glycerine (C). 4. Determine the general nature of the subatances (D), (E) and (F).(D = Technical “lorol,” E = Whale oil, F = Cod-liver oil.) General Analytical Chemistry. MONDAY, 1st APRIL, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FOUR questions to be answered.) 1. Give an outline of the theory of the potentiometric method of titration, illustrating your answer by reference to acid-alkali titrations, precipitation processes and oxidation methods. 2. Describe how you would proceed to examine a mineral oil sub- mitted to you as a lubricant. Why are the tests you use carried out, and what importance do you attach to them in evaluating a lubricating Oil P 267 3.What do you understand by the “solubility product” in relation to quantitative analytical operations ? How is the solubility product applied in the case of the less sparingly soluble substances? Show how advantage of widely differing solubility products may be utilised in the case of two ions forming slightly soluble compounds with a third ion. 4. Give a full account of the “titration error” in quantitative work, illustrating your answer by a consideration of Mohr’s titration of chloride, and acid-alkali titrations. 5. Write an essay on adsorption effects in quantitative precipitations. Adequate illustration by reference to practice will be expected in your answer. 6. Describe some of the methods available for determining fluorine in minerals, when present in (a)substantial proportions and (b) in minute amounts. What methods may be employed for determining this element in water supplies ? MONDAY, 1st APRIL, 2 to 5 p.m.(FOUR questions to be anmered.) 1. Write an essay on the use of metal electrodes, showing how they may be applied to titrations of various kinds. 2. Describe in some detail the methods which are employed in technical gas analysis, using as illustrations the analysis of coal gas, and flue gas. What methods would you employ for the accurate determination of traces of carbon monoxide in air ? Discuss the accuracy of the methods proposed for the determination of oxygen in gaseous mixtures of hydro-oarbons, hydrogen and air, where air is the major constituent. 3.Write an essay on the use of potassium iodate in quantitative analysis, giving at least six examples of its employment for this purpose. 4. How would you analyse an aluminium alloy containing copper, iron, silicon, magnesium, and possibly some zinc, with traces of lead? Give an account of the degree of accuracy you consider attained by your method, and state the &&sons for your opinion. 5. What do you know of the methods employed for conductometric titrations ? Describe the principles of the different apparatus proposed, and any advantage you think they possess over the Kohlrausch apparatus. 6. Write an essay on the principles of colorimetric methods of analysisdealing particularly with the question of their accuracy. Give an account of the application of photoelectric cells, including ‘I boundary -layer ” cells as aids to colorimetric determinations.TUESDAY, 2nd APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Determine the iron, chromium, silicon and carbon in the iron alloy (A). (This exercise may be completed to-morrow. Iron and chromium results must be given in to-day.) WEDNESDAY, 3rd APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Report on the sample of metal polishing liquid (B). (Tripolipowder, ammonia and white spirit.) 2. Complete the previous day’s test. 3. Examine the paint pigment (C) quantitatively. This test may 268 be carried forward to the next two days. (Barium sulphate, titanium oxide, zinc axide, with small proportions of iron oxide and lead chromate for tinting purposes.) THURSDAY, 4th APRIL, 10 am.to 5 p.m. 1. Continue yesterday’s exercise 3. 2. Identify the pigment (D). (Cadmium sulphide and cadmium nelenide.) FRIDAY, 5th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 pm. 1. Complete Wednesday’s exercise 3. 2. Identify pigment (E). (Cadmium sulphide and barium sulphate.) 3. Examine the sample of water (F)for suitability as a boiler feed. If necessary, prescribe a treatment to make the water fit for use with a boiler working at 100 lbs. pressure. (Two-thirds London tap water, one-third distilled water.) 269 Notes. Microchemical Club.-The next meeting of the Micro- chemical Club will be held at the National Physical Laboratory on Saturday, 13th July, at 11 a.m. Professor H. V.A. Briscoe will give an address on a new micro-flotation method of deter-mining liquid densities. Professor H. D. Kay will speak on a method for the detection of small amounts of improperly pas- teurised milk. Dr. L. J. Harris will lecture on the titration curve method. After luncheon, parts of the Laboratory will be open to inspection by the visitors, by kind invitation of Sir Joseph Petavel. The Annual Conference of the Working Association for Combating and Preventing Corrosion will be held at Berlin on 18th and 19th November, 1935, under the auspices of the Verein Deutscher Chemiker E.V. (Berlin W.35 , Potsdamer Str. 103a). The subject selected for discussion is “Corrosion from Water,’’- the damage caused by corrosion from water being regarded probably as of the most serious consequence economically.In connexion with this subject the important question of Corrosion from salt Sea-water will also be discussed. The fifteenth International Congress of Industrial Chemistry will be held from aand to 28th September, 1935, in Brussels, where also an International Exhibition will be open during the same period. Oral English.-The Association of Teachers of Speech and Drama, at its first general meeting at the Conference of Educa-tional Associations, held at University College, London, in January, passed a resolution directing attention to the importance of oral English in training colleges, schools and institutions for adult education, and recommended that an oral test in English should form part of the first school examination throughout the country.An Agricultural Bibliography Committee has been formed with the object of making provision for a special Biblio- graphy on Agriculture and Allied Industries. As a result of 270 negotiations with the Science Museum authorities, permission has been obtained from the Board of Education for the proposed bibliography to be set up at the Science Library, provided the scheme is developed under the control of the Keeper of the Library. The Agricultural Bibliography Committee, however, will control financial and general operations, and, for a definite period of three years, the Science Library will be relieved of any cost. The Committee seeks to form a guarantee fund for the first three years, during which time it is thought that all existing organisations dealing with the collection of information useful to agriculture will be co-operating in a common scheme.The expense involved is estimated at about fs~,oooannually to be raised by voluntary contributions; so that an annual subscription of 10s. a year (minimum) will suffice if 2,000 sub-scribers will participate in promoting this object, while it is hoped that industrial concerns will subscribe a minimum of fl5 5s. Those who participate during 1935 will be classed as Original Subscribers. The fund will be placed at the disposal of the Keeper of the Science Library and utilised for the general service of the scheme, particularly the employment of classifiers.Further information can be obtained from the Honorary Secretary, W. P. Dreaper, O.B.E., F.I.C., 27, Willow Road, London, N.W.3. The Ramsay Memorial Fellowship Trustees will consider at the end of June applications for a RAMSAYMEMORIAL FELLOWSHIP of the value of fl250 aFOR CHEMICALRESEARCH, year. Particulars of the award can be obtained from the Secretary, Ramsay Memorial Fellowship Trust, University College, Gower Street, London, W.C.I. Among the Honours conferred by the King on the occasion of His Majesty’s birthday and in commemoration of the completion of the twenty-fifth year of his reign, are the following:- Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins, P.R.S.,-The Order of Merit ; Dr. Frank Sturdy Sinnatt,-C.B.; and Dr.Frank Thomas Shutt, -C ,B,E. 271 Dr. Frank Shutt, who was formerly Dominion Chemist, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, has also been awarded the Sir Joseph Flavelle medal, by the Royal Society of Canada. Professor Alexander Findlay has been elected Member of Council for District IX (Aberdeen and the North of Scotland). Dr. Percy Lucock Robinson has been elected Member of Council for District VI (Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North-East Coast). Dr. Douglas Creese Harrison, Associate, has been appointed to the Chair of Bio-chemistry in Queen’s University, Belfast. Gift of Portraits.-Mr. G. H. Lunge, grandson of Professor George Lunge, author of Technical Methods of Chemical Analysis and various technological works, has kindly presented to the Institute a copy of a photograph of his grandfather, and photographs of Bunsen, Pkhiney, Weldon, Kotz and Wallach.272 Obituary. EDWARD died at Swansea on 14th May, in his 62nd year. ANDERSON He studied at the Royal School of Mines under Edward Frankland and W. R. Hodgkinson. From 1907, he was Chief Chemist to Williams Foster & Co., Pascoe Grenfell & Sons, Ltd., of Swansea, with whom he remained until 1926. He subsequently held an appointment at the National Oil Refiners at Skewen, but owing to ill-health was obliged to relinquish work in 1930. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1917, and served for several periods on the Committee of the South Wales Section. LEONARD died suddenly at Bournemouth, on 28th April, ARCHBUTT in his 77th year.Educated at private schools and at University College School, London, he was an articled pupil with the late Alfred H. Allen of Sheffield, to whom he was for some time chief assistant before he was appointed chief chemist to the Midland Railway Company,-latterly the London Midland and Scottish Railway Company-which position he held from 1881 until 1923, when he retired. From 1893 until his retirement he was active at the Railway Clearing House, London, as a member of the Standing Committee of Goods Managers on Explosives and other dangerous goods,-later known as the Dangerous Goods Committee. He was the first Chairman of the Committee of Railway Chemists from 1894 until 1905, serving again in that capacity during 1913 and from 1920 to 1923.During the war he was a member of a Standing Committee on the Convey- ance of Explosives for H.M. Government. He was joint author with R. M. Deeley of a standard treatise on Lubrication and Lubricants, now in its fifth edition. He contributed many original papers and notes published in The Analyst from 1884 to 1913, twenty original papers published in the Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry from 1886 to 1921, and several papers to the Institute of Metals. He was the joint inventor of the Archbutt-Deeley Water-Softening process, and jointauthor of an important paper on “The Thermo-dynamics of the Automatic Vacuum Brake,” published in The Engineer (1890). He also carried out pioneer work on the failure of lead sheathing of electric cables, the results of which were published by the Faraday Society, 1921.He was President of the Society of Public Analysts from 1912 to 1913, being the first chemist other than a public analyst to occupy that position. He served on the Council of the Society of Chemical Industry and was twice Chairman of the Nottingham Section of that Society. He was a member of the Council of the Institute of Metals from 1911 to 1924, serving on the Corrosion Research, the Atmospheric Corrosion Research, and the Fresh Water Corrosion Research Committees of that Institute, and was a prominent member, sometime Chairman, of the Derby Society of Engineers. He was also interested in local affairs at Derby, especially in educational matters. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888 and served aa a Member of Council for five periods.273 JOSEPH died at Pendlebury, Manchester, on 12th December, BURTON 1934, in his 67th year. Trained under Hartley at the Royal College of Science, Dublin, he passed the examination for the Associateship of the Institute and then devoted his attention to the study of ceramics, becoming managing director of the Pilkington Tile & Pottery Co., Ltd., at Clifton Junction, near Manchester, with which he was associated for over forty years. He was responsible for the researches which led to the production of the “Royal Lancastrian” ware. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1891. ARTHUR STANLEYCLARK died at Sunderland on 4th May, in his 46th year.Educated at Richmond (Surrey) County School, he received his training at University College, London, graduating B.Sc., with second class honours in 1910, in which year he was appointed an Assistant Chemist at the Royal Gunpowder Factory, Waltham Abbey. In 1912, he pro- ceeded to Mexico as Assistant Chemist at the Oil Refinery of s. Pearson & Son (Mexican Eagle Oil Co.), at Minatitlan, returning to England in 1915, on receiving an appointment as chemist in charge of the aulphuric acid concentrating plant and, later of the vitriol plant of Messrs. Chance and Hunt, Ltd., Oldbury, Birmingham. In 1922 Mr. Clark joined the technical staff of the Washington Chemical Company, Branch of Turner and Newell, Ltd., and was associated with the establishment of the Research and Development Department inaugurated by the Company, of which Depart- ment he was given charge, a position he held until his death.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1918. WALTERHENRYCOLEMAN died suddenly at Ealing on 3rd April, in his 71st year. Born at Dover, and educated at Dover College, he proceeded to King’s College, London, and subsequentIy attended classes at Fimbury Technical College. After completing his college career, he took up an appointment as a schoolmaster in the North of England. In 1892 he joined the staff of the Gas Light and Coke Co., as research chemist, and was stationed at the Beckton Products Works, where in the following year he was promoted to the full charge of the cyanogen department.In 1898 he became chemical manager of the Clayton Works of Messrs. Hardman and Holden, Ltd., at Manchester, and eventually chief chemist and general technical manager. In 1913 he resigned from this position and, in conjunction with others, founded the Standard Chemical Products Co., Ltd., and British Phenoloids Co., Ltd., situated at Irvine, Ayrshire; of both companies he was a director. In 1923 he returned to London as Research Chemist to the National Benzol Company, which position he held till 1930, when he was appointed consultant chemist to the company. From this position he retired at the end of 1934, three months before his death. He was closely identified with various scientific societies.He was a member of council of the Society of Chemical Industry for many years, a member of the Institution of Mining Engineers, and took an active interest in the affairs of the Chemical Industry Club. He waa elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1918 and served as District Member of Council for the Glasgow and West of Scotland Section from 1926 to 1929. CHARLESFREDERICKCROSSdied at Hove on 15th April, in his 80th year. The son of Charles J. Cross, J.P., of Brentford, he was educated at King’s College, London, Zurich University and Polytechnikum, and Owens College, Manchester. He graduated B.Sc. (Lond.), and became 274 engaged from 1879 to 1881 at Barrow-in-Furness, in investigations on the constitution of jute fibre-substance.These researches he continued at the Jodrell Laboratory, Kew, in collaboration with Edward J. Bevan, with whom he entered into partnership in consulting and analytical practice in 1885. In 1892, associated with Bevan and Clayton Beadle, he discovered and patented the viscose process of treating cellulose, the technical and commercial developments of which were subsequentlyundertaken through the Viscose Syndicates (London, Breslau and Paris), and the Viscose Spinning Syndicate. Mr. Sidney S. Napper, writing in Nature on 18th May, 1935, estimates that the market capitalisation of the artificial silk industry in Great Britain would amount to more than €70,000,000. He says :-“Cross discovered that, by virtue of the alcoholic properties of cellulose, a soluble xanthate could be obtained on reaction with caustic soda and carbon disulphide.Working at Kew with Stearn and Topham, who were at first interested in the application of the new discovery to the manufacture of electric lamp filaments, the practical difficulties in spinning a continuous textile fibre were overcome, and the viscose silk industry was born. At first the solution of cellulose xanthate was expressed through a number of fine holes into a solution of ammonium sulphate; the use of an acid bath, which resulted in the formation of a cellulose thread in one operation, was not arrived at until years later. The reception of the thread in a centrifugal box, which collected, drained and twisted it in one operation, due to Topham, has remained the standard practice up to the present day.” Cross was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1917, and was awarded the Medal of the Society of Chemical Industry in 1916, and the Research Medal of the Worshipful Company of Dyers in 1918.He was President of the Society of Dyers and Colourists from 1918 to 1920, and Perkin Medallist in 1923. In 1897 he deliyred a course of Cantor lectures before the (Royal) Society of Arts on The Industrial Uses of Cellulose,” and in 1920, a second course on “Recent Research in the Cellulose Industry.” He also delivered, before the Institute, in 1912, two lectures on “Cellulose’.’ which were published as a separate monograph. He was the author, jointly with E. J. Bevan, of Researches on Cellulose, 1895-1900, continued later with Dr.Charles Dorbe, 1910-21; also with Bevan, of a textbook on Paper Making (1907and 1920); with Clayton Beadle and R. W. Sindall, of “C.B.S. Standard Units and Standard Paper Tests” (1903); and of many articles on these subjects in English and German technical journals. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1898, and served as a member of Council from 1914 to 1917, and as a Vice-president from 1917 to 1920. WILLIAMRICHARD HODGRINSONEATON died suddenly at Blackheath on 8th April in his 84th year. Born at Sheffield, he was educated at the Royal Grammar School in that city. He studied under (Sir) Edward Frankland at the Royal School of Mines, London, where he subsequently became senior demonstrator and lecturer.He then went to Wurzburg University, where he conducted research under Professor Wislicenus, and obtained the degree of Ph.D. On his return, he assisted (Sir) Edward Frankland and (Sir) T. E. Thorpe at the Royal College of Science, until 1885, when he proceeded to the Ordnance College, Woolwich, now the Military College of Science, as Professor of Chemistry and Physics, a position he held until his retirement in 1918. In that year he was appointed a Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire. While in Germany, he translated a text-book on Organic Chemistry by Wislicenus, and afterwards edited and revised the 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th editions of Valentin’s Course of Qualitative Amlysis. He was also the author of 275 Note-Books on Analysis and on Theoretical Chemistry, and of various technical papers, including a service treatise on eXplosives. He was responsible for several inventions for the War Office.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1878, served as an Examiner from 1880 to 1882, and as a Member of Council for three periods. ERNEST LAWRENCE PECKdied on 3rd May at Cheam, Surrey, in his 61st year. The son of Watson Peck, of Blundellsands, Liverpool, he entered Liverpool University in 1893, graduated with first class honours, passed the examination for the Associateship of the Institute in 1896, and subsequently proceeded to M.Sc. (Liv.). He continued his studies at the University of Jena, and was awarded the degree of Ph.D. for a thesis entitled “Ueber die Diacetbernsteinsauremethylester” in 1898. He then worked for a year with Dr.Julius Lewkowitsch in London, before he became chemist to Messrs. Tyson, Richmond and Jones, Soap Manu- facturers of Liverpool, with whom he remained until the year 1908, when he joined the staff of Lever Brothers, Ltd. He was soon promoted to the position of assistant works manager at Port Sunlight. Subsequently he became a deputy director of Lever Brothers, Ltd., and in 1922 was appointed a director of R. S. Hudson, Ltd., which position he held up to October, 1930, when he left to take up an appointment with the head- quarters staff of Lever Brothers, Ltd., in London. He retired in January, 1932. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1900.JAMESROBERTSONdied at Strathaven, Lanarkshire, on 28th August, 1934, in his 32nd year. Educated at Coatbridge High School and Secon- dary School, he proceeded to the University of Glasgow and graduated B.Sc. in 1923. He was a science master under the Lanarkshire Education Authorities, first at Glencairn Public School, and subsequently at Bellshill Academy and Strathaven Academy. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1930. PERCYARTHURWILLIAMSELF, who died at Croydon, after a short illness, on 27th May, in his 52nd year, was educated at Kingston School, Yeovil. Originally intending to pursue pharmacy, he studied at the School of the Pharmaceutical Society, passed the Major examination in 1906, and gained the Pereira Medal of the Society in the same year.He graduated B.Sc. (Lond.), and passed the Final Examination of the Institute in Branch (e), the Chemistry of Food and Drugs and of Water, in 1909. He worked as research assistant to Professor Greenish before he joined (Colonel) Edward F. Harrison, Pellow, in partnership in an analytical and consulting practice in Chancery Lane, London, where he continued until his death. Colonel Harrison died in 1918, but the practice was continued by Mr. Self, who later took into partnership Mr. C. E. Cofield, Fellow. Mr. Self was the author or joint-author of several papers contributed to the Phar- maceutical Conference, and to the Pharmaceutical Journal, the latter including some useful comments on the suggested Poisons List and Poisons Rules, which were published in the Pharmaceutical Journal and forwarded to the Poisons Board appointed under the Pharmacy and Poisons Act, 1933.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1909 and a Fellow in 1912. Mr. Norrnan Evers represented the Institute at his funeral. 276 Sir JAMESWALKERdied at Edinburgh on the 6th May, at the age of 72 years. The son of James Walker, of Dundee, he was educated at the High School, Dundee, and at the Universities of Edinburgh (188%87),Munich (1887-88) and Leipzig (1888-89). He obtained the degrees of D.Sc. at Edinburgh and Ph.D. at Leipzig, and was later awarded the honorary degree of LL.D. by the Universities of St. Andrews and Edinburgh. From 1890 to 1893 he was research assistant to Crum Brown at Edinburgh.From 1893 to 1894 he was an assistant under Ramsay at University College, London. From 1894 to 1908 he was Professor of Chemistry in University College, Dundee, and thereafter was Professor of Chemistryin the University of Edinburgh until his retirement in 1928, with the title of Emeritus Professor. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1900, and was President of the Chemical Society (1921-23). He was the author of An Introduction to Physical Chemistry (10thedition, 1927), and of a textbook on Inorganic Chemistry (16th edition, 1927), and of many papers contributed to the Transactionsof the Chemical Society and other journals. He rendered valuable service during the war as a manager of H.M.Factory, Craigleith. He served periods as a member of the Advisory Council of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, the Fuel Research Board, the University Grants Committee and the Carnegie Trust. He received the honour of knighthood in 1921. He was awarded the Davy Medsl of the Royal Society in 1926. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1916, and served on the Council from 1921-24. 277 Books and their Contents. The following books have recently been presented by the authors or publishers. Copies may be seen in the Library of the Institute. “Applied Chemistry. A Practical Handbook for Students of Household Science and Public Health.” C. Kenneth Tinkler and Helen Masters. Pp. xii + 296.(London: Technical Press, Ltd.). 15s. net. Vol. 1.-Water analysis; water-softeners and “soda substitutes ”; soap; textile fibres; bleaching agents ; dry-cleaning; air analysis, etc. ; gaseous fuels; liquid and solid fuels; materials used for the protection of wood, metal and other surfaces. “Applied Chemistry, Origins and Development of.” J. R. Partington. Pp. xii + 597., (London: Longmans Green & Co., Ltd.) 45s. History of Applied Chemistry : Egypt, Babylonia and Assyria; Bgean Civilisation:Troy and Cyprus; Asia Minor, Persia, Phoenicia, Palestine. Additional Notes and Indexes. “Les Mati6res Colorantes Artificielles.” Georges Martin. Pp. 212 + 11. (Librairie Armand Colin. Paris.) 19frs. 50. G6nhralitks; Teminologie, les colorants du commerce; classification ; les matieres premieres ; les matieres intermkdiaires; colorants nitrosks et colorants nitr6s; colorants azoiques ; colorants du diph6nylm6thane et du triphhnylmhthane, du xanthene, de l’acridine, de la quinol6ine, thiazoliques, indamines, indoanilines, indophhols, aziniques, oxaziniques thiaziniques, au soufre, cetoniques et quinoniques ;indigoides ;indigosols; analyse des matiQes colorantes.Ouvrages B consulter. “Optical Rotatory Power.” T. Martin Lowry. Pp. xiv + 484. (London: Longmans Green & Co., Ltd.) 30s. net. Historical and general; polarimetry (development of polarimetricapparatus); special cases (application of special polarimetric methods beyond the characterisation and identification of optically-activecompounds); theoretical considerations (optical rotatory power of crystals and solutions).278 “Physical Chemistry, A Text-Book of.” J. Newton Friend. Volume 11. Principles Involved in Chemical Reactivity. Pp. xii + 484. (London: Griffin & Co.) 24s. net. Thermochemistry ; chemical equilibria in homogeneous systems ; reaction velocity and chemical change in homogeneous systems; com- bustion in gases; heterogeneous equilibrium and the phase rule; catalysis; electro-chemistry ; structure of the atom; structure of the molecule; chemical thermodynamics. “A School Chemistry: Revision Notes and Questions.” F. W. Goddard and S. R. Humby. Pp. xiii + 238. (London: Longmans Green & Co.) 2s. 6d. net. The book is intended to supplement the ordinary text-book for pupilspreparing to take the School Certificate or Matriculation.It is a notebook of essential facts and theories. I‘ Thorpe’s Dictionary of Applied Chemistry.” Supplement :-Vol. 11: N to 2. Jocelyn F. Thorpe and M. A. Whiteley. Pp. xx + 727. (London: Longmans, Green & Co., Ltd.) 60s. net. The British Standards Institution has recently published the following Specificat ions :-No. 138-1935 for Portable Chemical Fire Extinguishers of the Acid Alkali Type (excluding Foam Type). No. 593-1935 for General Purpose Laboratory Thermometers. No. 604-1935 for Graduated Measuring Cylinders. No. 611-1935 for Petri Dishes. No. 612-1935 for Nessler Cylinders. National Physical Laboratory: Report for the year 1934.Pp.iv + 260. (H.M. Stationery Office: for the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research.) 13s. net. Report of Executive Committee. Report of Director. Reports of Physics, Electricity, Radio, Metrology, Engineering, Metallurgy, and Aerodynamics Departments. William Froude Laboratory. Publica-tions, etc. Sewage.-The City of Manchester Rivers Department has published a brochure on the Inauguration of Extensions of Davyhulme Sewage Works, and Descriptive Notes of the Davy- hulme and Withington Sewage Works. Mr. James Kewley, Fellow, has forwarded to the Library a copy of a booklet entitled “The Story of Bitumen” compiled by Dr. Forbes of the Amsterdam Laboratory of “Shell.” The 279 pamphlet deals with the history of bitumen from the earliest times to the nineteenth century.Exploitation of the sources of supply ;production and refining; petroleum in warfare; applications of bitumen (as a building material, as a water- proofing agent, as a road-building material in antiquity) ; applicationsof bitumen in more recent times (lighting, heating, paints, magic and medicine; mummification). (Illustrations). Bibliography. Mr. J. H. Totton and Dr. J. Hawthorne, Fellows, have kindly presented to the Institute a copy of Dr. Joseph Black’s Lectures on the Elements of Chemistry, delivered in the University of Edinburgh, published from his manuscripts by John Robison, in two volumes, Edinburgh, 1803. From the Anglo-German Academic Bureau (75, Gower Street, London, W.C.1) the Institute has received No.I of Vol. I of Research and Progress, published in January, 1935, a new quarterly, the object of which is to give to Anglo-Saxon readers a regular account on the progress of science andlearning in Germany. Research and Progress is the English version of Forschungen und Fortschritte, which has been published for some years past by the Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft. It is hoped that this new quarterly will provide better information on what is going on in Germany in the various fields of science and learning. Obtainable from the Editorial Offices, Berlin N.W. 7,Unter den Linden 38, 6s. a year (post free). John Tyndal1.-Mr. H. Young, who published a “Record of the Scientific Work of Sir James Dewar” in 1933,has produced a similar monograph on the work of John Tyndall.(Chiswick Press: 5s. net). Obtainable from H. Young, 16, Causton Road, London, N.6. Italy.-The Italian State Tourist Department has forwarded to the Institute a copy of a volume entitled “Le Visage de L’Italie” with an introduction by Benito Mussolini, profusely illustrated, recently published in Rome. Messrs. Hutchinson & Co., Ltd. (134,Paternoster Row, London, E.C.4), have started a scientific department for the publication of works on pure and applied science and textbooks for school and university students. 280 The Register. At the meetings of Council held on 12th April and 24th May, 27 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 65 Associates were elected, and 67 Students were admitted.The Council regrets to record the deaths of eight Fellows and three Associates. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Aynsley, Ernest Edgar, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Dun.),46,Grosvenor Road, Jesmond, Newcastle upon Tyne, 2. Barker, James Harald, B.Sc. (Lond.), 27, Eastcote Road, South Harrow, Middx. Bavin, Eric Morrison, B.Sc. (Lond.), 125, Morley Avenue, Mapperley, Nottingham. Branson, Victor Cecil, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 67, LangdaleGardens, Hove, 3. Bywaters, Michael Fawckner, M.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., S.A. Frigorifxo Anglo, Barretos, Est. de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Craven, Ernest Cecil, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.Inst.P., Eastleigh, Hedon Road, Preston, Hull. Craven, Reginald, B.Sc.(Lond.), A.R.C.S., 2, Richmondhill Gardens, Aberdeen. Dee, Thomas Pride, B.Sc. (Lond.), Woody Green, Darley Park Road, Derby.Dodds, Herbert Henry, M.Sc. (Mane.), M.S. (Louisiana), South African Sugar Experiment Station, Mount Edgecombe, Natal, S. Africa. Freeman, John Albert, B.Sc., B.Pharm. (Lond.), 40, King’s Avenue, Howlow, Middx. Hall, George Frederick, M.B.E., B.Sc. (Lond.), 26, Hereford Road, Arno Vale, Nottingham. Jelley, Edwin Ernest, B.So., Ph.D. (Lond.), Kodak Research Laboratories, Harrow, Middx. Keightley, Walter Maurice, 27, Worcester Road, Arnold, Nottingham. King, Herbert Joseph Seymour, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 36, Elmwood, Welwyn Garden City, Herts. Kingan, Robert, Experimental Station, Porton, Wilts. Lawton, Henry Kenneth, Ph.D.(Liv.), 47, Wheatcroft Road, Liverpool, 18. Lewis, Arnold Herbert, B.Sc. (Lond.), Elmwood, Raymill Park Road, Maidenhead. Macdonald, Charles Alexander, B.Sc. (Lond.), Cairndaie, Le Hocq, Jersey, C.I. Moyes, Robert Baird, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.H-W.C., 43, Woodend Drive, Jordanhill, Glasgow, W.3. Nickolls, Lewis Charles, M.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., Metropolitan Police College, Hendon, London, N.W.4. Rao, Keshaviah Aswath Narain, D.Sc. (Lond.), D.I.C., Government Industrial & Testing Laboratory, Malleswaram, Bangalore, S. India. 281 Slater, Robert Henry, D.Sc. @din.), Depart,ment of Chemical Pathology, St. Mary’s Hospital, London, W.2. Smith, Arthur, B.Sc. (Lond.), 2, Marcham Avenue, Ena Street, Boulevard, Hull.Stephens, Robert Charles Farquhar, 17, Greenhill Road, Griffithstown, Pontypool, Mon. Tompsett, Sidney Lionel, B.Sc. (Lond.), Ph.D. (Glas.), 91, Balgraybank Street, Balornock, Glasgow. Whitehouse, Alan George Raine, M.Sc.Ph.D. (Birm.), 15, Wye Cliff R,oad, Handsworth, Birmingham, Wright, Reginald Frank, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 10, Holmes Avenue, Hove, Sussex. New Associates. Acharya, Cadambi Narasimha, B.A., M.Sc. (Madras), Rothamsted Experi- mental Station, Harpenden. Baldry, Frank, 124, Nansen Road, Sparkhill, Birmingham. Blackmore, Frederick William, B.A. (T.C.D.), 4, Summerhill, St. Luke’s, Cork, I.F.S. Blench, Ronald Oliver, Eldon House, South Parade, Whitley Bay,Northumberland. Bomback, Richard Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.), 3, Kingsfield Avenue, North Harrow.Bosch, Ralph William van den, 25, Nightingale Square, London, S.W.12. Buch, Frank Edward, B.Sc. (Cape), P.O. Box 119, Luanshya, Northern Rhodesia. Cachia, Vincent Anthony, B.Sc. (Lond.), 42, Cambridge Road, London, s.w.ll. Caveney, Alan Joseph, 10, Exeter Road, Ellesmere Port, Wirral, Cheshire. Chari, Tirukurungudy Sesha Tiruvenkata, B.A. (Madras), Asst. Chemical Examiner, Custom House, Calcutta, India. Clarkson, William Whyte, B.Sc. (Glas.), 130, Victoria Place, Falkirk, Stirlingshire.Cluer, Abraham, B.Sc. (Lond.), Highbury, Vale Road, Whitby, Cheshire. Coates, Arnold Coulson, B.Sc. (Lond.), Barriebarn, Kinloehleven, Argyll- shire. Crooks, William Milsted, B.Sc. (Lond.), c/o Burma Mines, Ltd., Namtu, N.S.S., Burma.Darbishire, Otto Bernhard, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 33, Wickham Avenue, Shirley, Croydon. Dean, Harry Kenneth, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Liv.), 140, Court Road, Orpington, Kent. Dent, Lionel James, B.Sc. (Lond.), 82, Prince’s Avenue, London, W.3. Doe, Cedric Alfred Friend, B.Sc. (Lond.), 30, Court,field Avenue, Harrow. Dracass, William Robert, M.Sc. (Lond.), 56, Stockwell Park Road, London, S.W.9. Emlyn, James Alan, Beverley, Cooper Avenue S., Liverpool, 19. Etches, Kenneth Charles, Elim, George Street, Cottingham, E. Yorks. Fawns, Humphrey Theodore, M.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 35, Heathurst Road, Sanderstead, Surrey. GilI, Ernest, B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), 24, Greenland Street, Manchester, 8. Hebbs, Lewis Goodin Spire, 102, Powys Lane, London, N.13.Howie, George, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Glas.), A.R.T.C., 13, Braeside Avenue, Rutherglen, Lanarkshire. Hughes, Harald Stuart, 12, Ranelagh Gardens, London, W.6. Johnson, Thomas Edwin, A.M.C.T., 50, Old Road, Blackley, Manchester, 9. 282 Jones, David Edward, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Wales), 37, Pinewood Road, Uplands, Swansea. Kenny, Robert Leopold, B.Sc. (Lond.), 1, Cranmore Avenue, Osterley, Middx. Lascelles, Henry Wilfred, B.A. (Cantab.), 56, Crow Hill North, Middleton, Manchester. Maber, Wilfred Frank, B.Sc. (Lond.), 37, Mill Lane, Wareham, Dorset. McIlroy, Robert Joseph, M.Sc. (N.Z.), Victoria University College,Wellington, N.Z. Morritt, Leonard, B.Sc.Tech. (Mane.), 81, Windmill Lane, North Reddish, Stockport.Nealy, David, B.Sc.(Liv.), Brigham, nr. Cockermouth, Cumberland. O’Neill, William Clarke, B.A. (T.C.D.), 9, Trinity College, Dublin. Parkinson, Theodore Lawrence, B.Sc. (Lond.), 90, Barons Court Road, London, W. 14. Pearson, Leslie, 48, Runnymede Road, Hall Green, Birmingham, 11. Perkins, George, 10, Warwick Road, Southall, Middx. Pillay, P. Parameswaren, B.A., M.Sc. (Madras), Observatory Slope, Trivandrum, S. India. Powers, Walter Rudd, 25, Woodchurch Lane, Birkenhead. Ransome, Gerard Lionel, B.Sc. (Lond.), Grosvenor Buildings, Museum Street, Ipswich. Reed, Sydney James, 396, James Reckitt Avenue, Hull. Roberson, Edwin Cecil, B.Sc. (Lond.), 88, Messina Avenue, London, N.W.6. Roberts, Kenneth Charles, M.Sc. (N.Z.), Ph.D. (Lond.), King’s College, Strand, London, W.C.2.Rodriguez, Gabriel, c/o Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture, St. Augustine, Trinidad, B.W.I. Roseveare, Alee Henry Sargent, B.Sc. (Lond.), Brea Vean, Mount Wise, Newquay, Cornwall. Sampson, Philip Thomas, B.Sc. (Lond.), 19, Park Crescent, Harrow Weald. Sebba, Felix, M.Sc. (Cape), Bute, Ottery Road, Wynberg, Cape, S. Africa. Silman, Abraham Harold, B.Sc. (Lond.), 3, Barnetts Mansions, Middlesex Street, London, E. 1. Simpson, Oswald John, B.Sc. (Birm.), 34, Fernbank Road, Alum Rock, Birmingham, 8. Spooner, Edgar Clynton Ross, M.Sc. (Tas.),B.E., Hertford College, Oxford. Straw, Harold Thomas, M.Sc. (Lond.), Midland Agricultural College, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough. Thomas, George Edward, B.Sc. (Lond.), 826, Spring Bank West, Hull.Timms, Malcolm Storar, B.Sc. (Lond.), 28, Whitm-re Road, Beckenham, Kent. Tyler, Cyril, B.Sc. (Lee&), 19, Headlands Road, Ossett, Yorks. Venables, Percy Frederick Ronald, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Liv.), 238, Fosse Road S., Leicester. Walker, Michael Leycester, B.A., M.Sc. (Oxon.), 24, Swenage Road, London, S.W.18. Wellburn, Edgar Robert, B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), Gwynfa, Oxspring, Penistone Wells, Robert Stirling, B.A. (Cantab.), 2, Prospect Road, Totley Rise, nr. Sheffield. Welton, Miss Winifred Edris, B.Sc. (Lond.), 44, Mount Nod Road, London, S.W.16. White, Harold, A.M.C.T., I.C.I. (Rexine), Ltd., Hyde, Cheshire. Williams, Benjamin Haydn, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Liv.), Haulfryn, Smithy Hill, Pentrebychan, Wrexham. Williams, Robert Arthur, 33 1, Wargrave Road, Newton-le-Willows, Lanes.Windridge, Mark Edwin Douglas, M.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), St. Brelades, Manor Road, Oxley, Wolverhampton. Young, Harold Sidney, R.Sc. (Lond.), 38, Culverden Road, London, S.W.12. 283 New Students. Alton, Michael David Lester, 22, Holmbush Road, London, S.W.15. Baker, Wilfred Hubert, 9, Melville Road, Stretford, Manchester. Beattie, Arthur Leonard, 8, Thorpewood Avenue, London, S.E.26. Bell, John Alexander, 3, Hawthorne Avenue, Acrefair, Wrexham. Benger, Reginald Clemence, 16, Church Road, Mitcham. Best, Arthur Pickup, Courtfield, Park Lane, Great Harwood, nr.Blackburn. Brockwell, Arthur John, 6, Cherry Orchard, Stakes. Brown, Ernest Gustav, 54, Langdon Park Road, London, N.6.Brown, Miss Kathleen Fane, 199, Oswald Road, Chorlton-cum-Hardy. Crompton, Thomas, 53, Greenway Street, Darwen. Davies, Gordon Arthur, 16, Park View Road, London, N.3. Dawson, Eric Coning, Engelberg, Topcliffe Road, Thirsk, Yorks. Dickson, George Kenneth, 52, Broome Manor Lane, Swindon. Drew, Harold Henry Lennox, Halcroft, Northfield Gardens, S. Shields. Duerden, Alan, 330, Railway Street, Nelson, Lancs. Duveen, Denis Ian, 114, Peters Court, Porchester Road, London, W.2. Edwards, Iorwerth, 8, Queen Street, Rhos, Wrexham. Edwardson, Joseph Norman, 15, Birch Gardens, St. Helens. Finlay, Robert, 12, Osborne Terrace, S. Shields. French, Alan, 37, Elborough Street, London, S.W. 18. Gadsby, Gordon Neville, 89, Loxley Road, Stratford-on-Avon.Gardner, John Albert, Imperial College Hostel, Prince Consort Road, London, S.W.7. Greaves, John Harry, 58, Durlston Road, Kingston-on-Thames. Halstead, Philip Edward, 22, Elgar Avenue, London, S.W. 16. Hammond, Wallace Thomas Craven, 26, Haydon Road, Oxhey, Herts. Harrison, Geoffrey Ernest, 9, Marshall Terrace, Cross Gates, Leeds. Hickman, John Richard, 4, Dorset Road, London, W.5. Hughes, Miss Mary, 211, Sherwood Street, Nottingham. Jones, Ernest, 7, Walnut Cottages, Rhosddu, Wrexham. Keeler, Walter Richard Cubitt, 49, Harley Road, Gt. Yarmouth. Knott, Edward Bowes, 6, Devon Road, Warley Woods, Birmingham. Learmonth, Eric Mitchell, The Salisbury Hotel, Harrogate. Lee, Lawrence James, 6, Talbot Street, St. Helens. MacCormac, Michael, 44, Ouseley Road, London, S.W. 12.Marmoy, Frank Bentley Ridgen, 2 1, The Crescent, Maidenhead. Mayell, Cyril, 54, Dee Cottages, Flint, N. Wales. McEwen, George Charles, 1, Saxon Road, London, E.3. Middlebrook, William Robert, 9, Wood Rhydding, Ilkley, Yorks. Miles, Frederick Alan, 29, Butterley Hill, Ripley, Derby. Norris, Edward Frank, 16, Havelock Road, Bexhill-on-Sea. Parmella, Ralph, 16, Stokesley Crescent, Billingham, Stockton-on-Tees. Pollard, Arthur George, 134, Green Lane, Edgware, Middx. Pragnell, Bernard Archie, Kismet, Kingsway, Petts Wood, Kent. Prentice, William, 55, Highfield Road, Middlesbrough. Prigge, Arthur Chambers, Saint Pancras, Perenure, Dublin. Pringle, Graham Taylor, 67, Fintry Drive, Glasgow, S.4. Rawson, Edwin Stanley, 1, Trinity Road, Liscard, Wallasey. Read, Frederick Edward, The Baths, Trafalgar Road, London, S.E.lO.Roberts, Ellis Gwynne, Bryn Alyn, Rossett, nr. Wrexham. Robshaw, Walter Arnold, 62, Beechley Road, Wrexham. Saddington, Kenneth, 38, Vane Street, Hull. Scott, Barry Alderson, 53, Carleton Road, London, N.7. Shalders, Miss Gladys Mary, 224, New Cross Road, London, S.E.14. Sharples, George, 7, Kingston Drive, Sale, Manchester. Simons, Charles, 187, High Road, London, N.15. 284 Simpson, Gilbert George, 15, Brunswick Street, West Gorton, Manchester. Snowden, Frederick Forster, 17, Windermere Road, Stockton-on-Tees. Stephenson, Arthur Dennis, 13, Mayville Road, Headingley, Leeds, 6. Stroud, Gaston Albert, 26, Barrow Road, London, S.W.16.Ter-Akopoff, Miss Alla, 81, Priory Road, Kew Gardens. Thomas, Alec William, 33, Cavendish Avenue, Gillingham, Kent. Tonkin, James Henry, 70, King Street, South Bank, Yorks. Wallace, Eben Richard, 12, Clarence Road, Birkenhead. Whittaker, John Pollard, Rossendale, Derby Road, Draycott, Derby. Wilson, Andrew Cook, 4, Harrison Drive, Glasgow, S.W.l. Woodfine, Robert John, 4, Whelton Terrace, Rhosddu, Wrexham. Wray, Robert Stuart Jones, Granville, Halkyn Road, Flint, N. Wales. DEATHS. Fellows. Edward Anderson. Leonard Archbutt. Walter Henry Coleman. Charles Frederick Cross, B.Sc. (Lond.), F.R.S. William Richard Eaton Hodgkinson, C.B.E., Ph.D. (Wurzburg). Ernest Lawrence Peck, M.Sc. (Liv.), Ph.D. (Jena).Percy Arthur William Self, B.Sc.(Lond.). Sir James Walker, Ph.D. (Leipzig), D.Sc. (Edin.), Hon. LL.D. (St. Andrew’s and Edin.), F.R.S. Associates. Joseph Burton. Arthur Stanley Clark, B.Sc. (Lond.).James Robertson, B.Sc. (Glasgow). CHANGE OF NAME. Solomon Greenberg, Associate, to Solomon Greenburgh-by Deed Poll. ERRATuM.-Jownal and Proceedings, Part II, page 192, for Arthur Charles Cliflord Newman, read Arthur Charles Cecil Newman. Coming Events. 1935 June 1st HULLCHEMICALAND ENGINEERING SEC-SOCIETY and PORKSHIRE TION OF SOCIETY Visit to Hull Works OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY: of British Industrial Solvents, Ltd. CHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION4th OIL AND COLOTJR AND PAINTINDUSTRIES CLUB:Joint Meeting and Informal Dinner at Overseas Buyers’ Club, British Industries House, Marble Arch, London, W.l, at 7 p.m.4th-INSTITUTIONOF GAS ENGINEERS: Annual General Meeting, at 7th Institution of Civil Engineers, Great George Street, London, S.W.l. 6th CHEMICAL SOCIETY: Ordinary Scientific Meeting, at BurlingtonHouse, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. 12th BRITISH SCIENCE GUILD:“Gas Defence.” Mr. J. DAVIDSONPRATT, at Royal Society of Arts, John Street, Adelphi, London, W.C.2, at 4.30 p.m. 12th-TEXTILEINSTITUTE: Jubilee Conference, at Ilkley. 14th 2 1st INSTITUTION TECHNOLOGISTSOF PETROLEUM : Summer Meeting at Royal Society of Arts, John Street, Adelphi, London, W.C.2, 10.30 a.m. to 12.30 p.m.; 2.30 to 4.30 p.m.INSTITUTION TECHNOLOGISTSOF PETROLEUM : Jubilee Banquet at Park Lane Hotel, at 7 p.m.22nd-INSTITUTION :Chemical Engineering Con- OF CHEMICALENGINEERS 27th gress, at the Central Hall, Westminster, London, S.W.l. July to October ELECTRODEPOSITIONEXHIBITION 1935, at the Science Museum, South Kensington, London. Open free to the public from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. (Sundays, 2.30 p.m, to 6 p.m.) Particulars can be obtained from the Electrodepositors’ Technical Society, Northampton Polytechnic Institute, London, E.C. 1. July1st SOCIETY INDUSTRYOF CHEMICAL : Annual Meeting in Glasgow. 6th 9th-INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY : JUBILEE CELEBRATION. 10th Banquet at Dorchester Hotel, Park Lane, W.1, at 6.45 for 7.30 p.m. Reception, Dance and Cabaret, at Dorchester Hotel, Park Lane, W.l, at 8.30 p.m.13th INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (Manchester Section) : Summer Meeting at the Marbury Hall Country Club. 15th-SIXTHINTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT,CONGRESSFOR SCIENTIFIC at 20th Central Hall, Westminster, London, S.W. 1. Sept. FOR THE ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE,at4th-BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF 11th Norwich. CONGRESSOF INDUSTBIAL22nd-FIFTEENTH CBEMISTRYin Brussels. 28th 286 General Notices. Examinations.-Examinations for the Associateship will be held in London and Glasgow from 16th to 2Ist September. The list of entries will be closed on Monday, 8th July. (Notebooks can be received up to 9th September.) Examinations for the Fellowship will be held in London from 23rd to 28th September. The list of entries will be closed on Monday, 8th July, except for candidates in Branch G, In- dustrial Chemistry, or for those desiring special examinations whose applications should be received before 3rd June. The Meldola Medal (the gift of the Society of Maccabaeans) is normally awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise and is brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st Decem-ber prior to the award.The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work. The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person. The next award will be decided in January, 1936. The Council will be glad to have attention directed, before 31st December, 1935, to work of the character indicated. Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize for Registered Students.-A medal and prize (LIO 10s.) for the best essay, not exceeding 3,000 words, will be awarded in January, 1936, and will be presented at the next Annual General Meeting, or at a meeting of the Local Section to which the successful competitor Is attached.287 Entries are limited to registered students who are less than 22 years of age at the time of forwarding the essay. The object of the essay is to induce Registered Students to develop a sense of professional public spirit and to devote thought to questions of professional interest and to the position of chemists in the life of the community-the essay to be on a subject of professional, rather than technical or purely chemical importance.Having due regard to the objects stated above, Registered Students are informed that the Council is prepared to consider an essay on any subject which has a bearing on chemistry or chemical work, provided that it does not deal with any purely chemical, technical, or historical subject. The following are suggested-“The Value of Compulsory Research as part of the Pre-graduate Curriculum.” “Science Training as an Aid to a Business Career.” ‘I Examinations : their Advantages and Disadvantages, from the Point of View of (a) the Student, (b) the Teacher, and (c) the Examiner.” The subjects of the seven previous Essays have been- 1927. “The Importance of Chemistry to the Welfare of the People.” 1928.“The Importance of General Education to the Professional Chemist .” IdThe Cultural Value of Science.” 1929. 1930. ‘I Chemical Education from the Student’s Point of View.” 1931. “Why I have chosen Chemistry as a Profession.” 1932. Some Aspects of Chemical Research.” I‘ (Selected by the successful competitor.) 1933. The Chemical Education of Part-time Students.” (Selected by the successful competitor.) Each essay must be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the Local Section of the district in which the competitor resides (see list of Local Sections at the end of the JOURNAL) on or before 288 the 31st December, 1935,and must be accompanied by a signed declaration that it is the independent work of the competitor. Essays will be valued partly for literary style and technique, but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein. The Committee of each Local Section will be asked to select, from those received, not more than three essays considered to be worthy of the award. The essays selected by the Local Sections will be referred to assessors appointed by the Council.On the report of the assessors, the Council will decide whether, and to whom, an award be made. The award will not be made more than once to any individual corn pet it or. Beilby Memorial Awards.-From the interest derived from the invested capital of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, at intervals to be determined by the administrators representing the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry, and the Institute of Metals, awards will be made to British investigators in science to mark appreciation of records of distinguished original work, preference being given to in- vestigations relating to the special interests of Sir George Beilby, including problems connected with fuel economy, chemical engineering and metallurgy.Awards will be made, not on the result of any competition, but in recognition of continuous work of exceptional merit, bearing evidence of distinct advancement in knowledge and practice. The administrators of the Fund are the Presidents, the Honorary Treasurers, and the Secretaries of the three partici- pating Institutions, who will be glad to have their attention directed to outstanding work of the nature indicated.Corres-pondence on this subject should be addressed to the Convener, Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.I. Notice to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. 289 Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualifred chemists.Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship, may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their professors. Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employment, are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period if necessary. The Institute also maintains a List of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations.Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students or Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The Library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is available, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10a.m.to 9 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.), except during August and the early part of September, when the hours are from 10a.m. to 5 p.m. 290 Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted, at present, to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books. Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. The Institute has entered into an arrangement with The Science Library, Science Museum, South Kensington, S.W.7, whereby books may be borrowed on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary.Regulations for the loan of books will be found in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part V, 1934,page 386,or may be obtained from the Registrar. Boots’ Booklovers Library.-The current subscription arranged for members of the Institute expired on 1st March, and fresh application forms must be obtained (from the Registrar of the Institute) by those members who desire to continue for a further year’s service. The attention of such members is specially directed to the necessity for the renewal of their subscriptions or the return of the last volumes and the membership tokens to the respective branches of issues. Members who have had the use of the library but who do not desire to continue it should return the tokens and volumes to the branch of issue immediately after the date of expiration, Any subscriber detaining the property of the library beyond the period for which he has subscribed must be charged for such detention at the ordinary subscription rates for the number of days during which the books are retained beyond the expiry date.Whether subscribers renew or not, the tokens at present in use must be surrendered upon expiry. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers (IS. zd. each) for binding the Journal in annual volumes, are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required. Arrangements may be made with Messrs.A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19,Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.z, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSon the following terms: buckram cover, IS. zd.; binding, 2s. 9d.; postage and packing, 9d.; in all, 4s. 8d. 291 Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who are giving lectures. Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As the slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of addresses are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration.Institute of Chemistry Benevolent Fund. Founded in 1920 as a memorial to Fellows, Associates and Students who died in the service of their country, 1914-18, Contributions may be forwarded to The Hon. Treasurer, FUND,INSTITUTEBENEVOLENT OF CHEMISTRY, 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, W.C.1.LONDON, LOCAL SECTIONS OF THE INSTITUTE Sectim. Hon. Secretaries. Aberdeen and North of Scotland: R. Craven, B.Sc., A.R.C.S., A.I.C., Richmondhill Gardens, Aberdeon. 2, Birmingham and Midlands : Garfield Thomas, M.Sc., A.I.C., 38, Kelmscott Road, Harborne, Birmingham. Bristol and South-Western E. Lewis, M.I.Chem.E., F.I.C., 22, UpperCounties: Cranbrook Road, Redland, Bristol, 6.Cape of Good Hope : Dr. William Pugh, B.Sc., F.I.C., The University, Cape Town. Edinburgh and Eaat of G. Elliot Dodds, A.H.W.C., A.I.C., 30, Castle Scotland: Avenue, Corstorphine, Edinburgh, 12. Glaagow and West of A. R. Jamieson, B.Sc., F.I.C., 20, Trongate,Scotland: Glasgow, C.l. Huddersfield: Dr. E. H. Goodyear, A.I.C., Dalton Grange Club, Bradley Mills Road, Huddersfield. India : G. Watson Douglas, B.Sc., A.I.C., The State Laboratory, Bhopal, Central India. Ireland (Belfast) : C. S. McDowell, B.Sc., A.I.C., 19, Harberton Avenue, Belfast. ,, (Dublin): Dr. A. G. G. Leonard, F.I.C., 18, Belgrave Road, Dublin. Lee& Area: Dr. H. Burton, M.Sc., F.I.C., The University, Leede. Liverpool and North- Glynne W. Beaumont, F.I.C., The Harbour- Western : master’s Old House, Liverpool.London and South-Eastern Mark Bogod,A.R.C.S., F.I.C.,c/o The Institute Counties: of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, w.c.1. Malaya : J. F. Clark, M.Sc., A.R.C.S., F.I.C., Analyst’s Department, Municipality, Singapore,Straits Settlements. Manchester and District: Dr. Albert CouIthard, F.I.C., 136, Barlow Moor Road, West Didsbury, Manchester. Newcsstle-on-Tyne and Dr. W. E. Scott, M.Sc., A.I.C., Rossie House, North-East Comt : Canning Street, Hebburn-on-Tyne. New Zealand: Philip White, B.Sc., A.R.C.S., F.I.C., Dominion Laboratory, Wellington, C.1, New Zealand. Sheffield (South Yorks Wm. Wall, B.Sc., A.I.C., Bramcote, Harstoft Coalfield): Avenue, Worksop, Notts. 8South Wales- Cardiff: Dr.W. Cule Davies, A.I.C., University College, Cardiff. Swansea: R, H. Jones, F.I.C., Glen View, Cae Bryn Avenue, Sketty Green, Swansea. ADVERTISEMENTS. JOURNALAND PROCEEDINQs.-The terma for advertisements in the Journal and Proceedings of the Institute can be obtained on application to the Registrar. Advertisements are subject to the approval of the Publications Committee. No Commission is allowed to Agents.The circulation is over 7600-chiefly to analytical, consulting and technological chemists, professors and teachers of chemistry, and to University and Institution Libraries. The advertisement pages are offered especially to manufacturers of laboratory glassware, porcelain and silica ware, of filter paper, chemical and physical apparatus, balances, microscopes, and laboratory require- ments generally; also to publishers of scientific books and to booksellers.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9355900201

出版商:RSC    

年代:1935

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER,1885. Patron -H.M. THE KING. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS PART IV: 1935. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARELONDONW.C.I. August, 1935. Publications Committee, 1935-36. W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD (Chairman), JOCELYN F. THORP€ (President), C. 0. BANNISTER, G. R. CLEMO, W. M. CUMMING, A. E. EVEREST, LEWIS EYNON, H. H.HODGSON, WILLIAM HONNEYMAN, D. JORDAN-LLOYD, PATRICK H.KIRKALDY (How. Treasurer), A. G. G. LEONARD, J. H. LESTER, C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, T. F. E. RHEAD, F. SOUTHERDEN, ADAM TAIT, ERNEST VANSTONE, W. WARDLAW, H.B. WATSON. 295 Editorial. The Charter Jubilee.-A full report of the Celebration of the Charter Jubilee of the Institute was published as a separate brochure in August. The Banquet was held on 9th July, at the Dorchester Hotel, the President, Professor Jocelyn Thorpe, C.B.E., F.R.S., in the chair. The company numbered over 640 Fellows, Associates and guests, including the Right Hon. the Earl of Athlone, K.G., and Her Royal Highness Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone. The loyal toasts having been honoured, the toast of “The Institute’’ was proposed by Lord Athlone, who referred to the early history of the Institute, and the grant of its Royal Charter in ~885,as well as to the aims and objects and present work of the Institute, and expressed the hope that it would continue to flourish.The President, on rising to reply, said that in the name of the Fellows and Associates, he had sent a letter of good wishes to His Majesty the King, the Patron of the Institute, and had received in reply a gracious message; this was received with cheers. Having replied to the toast, the President proposed “The Pre-Charter Fellows,” stating the Council had presented to each of them a bronze medal bearing the portrait of Edward Frankland, the first President of the Institute. Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins, O.M., President of the Royal Society, who had passed the examination for the Associate- ship of the Institute in 1884, acknowledged the toast, and returned thanks on behalf of the Pre-Charter Fellows for the medals which had been presented to them.“The Houses of Parliament and the Public Services” was proposed by Professor F. G. Donnan, C.B.E., F.R.S., and acknowledged by the Earl of Crawford and Balcarres, K.T., F.R.S., and Dr. E. L. Burgin, M.P., Parliamentary Secretary of the Board of Trade. 296 Professor Arthur Smithells, C.M.G., F.R.S., proposed “The Visitors,” including the ladies, to which Lord Macmillan, Lord of Appeal, replied. The final toast of “The Chairman,” proposed by Sir Robert Robertson, K.B.E., F.R.S., was received with musical honours, and briefly acknowledged by the President. On the following day, the President forwarded to His Majesty the King, on behalf of the Fellows and Associates, a letter of thanks for the message of congratulation and good wishes, which His Majesty had been pleased to send to them.Over I,400 Fellows, Associates, and their friends accepted the invitation to a Reception and Dance held in the evening of Wednesday, 10th July, at the Dorchester Hotel, which afforded an exceptional opportunity for renewing old friendships. The guests were received by the President and Mrs. Thorpe. A Cabaret programme of performances by “The Old Time Singers” and by Mr. Charles Hayes, entertainer, was much appreciated. Dancing was continued until past midnight, the music being provided by Colombo’s Band. At a meeting of Council held on 19th July, resolutions were passed tendering congratulations to the President on the success of the Celebration, and recording the appreciation of the Council of the valuable services which the President had rendered to the Institute in connection with the arrangements.The Council further offered their sincere thanks to Mrs. Thorpe for the gracious manner in which she had assisted the President, both at the Banquet and at the Reception. The Council further accorded their best thanks to the Fellows and Associates who had acted as Stewards during the Celebrations. The President, in reply, thanked the Council for the Resolution and acknowledged, in appreciative terms, the work of the officers and staff of the Institute. The Council also recorded its thanks for the messages of congratulation and goodwill which had been received from Societies and Institutions, as well as from the Overseas Sections of the Institute, on the occasion of the Charter Jubilee Celebra- tions.297 Report of the Poisons Board.-The Report of the Poisons Board with regard to the Poisons List and Draft Poisons Rules, prepared in accordance with the Pharmacy and Poisons Act, 1933,has been published (Stationery Office, IS.). Misconception appears to have arisen with regard to the proposed Rule 27, which reads :-‘I Manufacture of Pharmaceutical Preparations. “27. In all establishments in which pharmaceutical pre- parations containing any poison are manufactured for the purpose of the internal treatment of human ailments, the preparations shall be manufactured by, or under the supervision of-(a) a registered pharmacist; or (b) a fellow or associate of the Institute of Chemistry; or (c) a duly qualified medical practitioner; or (d) a person who, for a continuous period of at least three years before the date on which these rules come into operation, was continuously engaged in the manufacture of pharmaceutical preparations containing poisons and prepared for the internal treatment of human ailments, and has furnished to the registrar of the Pharmaceutical Society a statement in writing, verified by a statutory declaration, to that effect.’’ In the Report of the Board, the following paragraphs are relative to this proposed Rule:- “Safeguards against Medicines Containing Excessive Quantities of Poison.“41.The public interest manifestly requires that the compounding of medicines containing poisons to be taken internally shall be in the hands of properly qualified persons. In so far as medicines compounded in pharmacies are con- cerned, the compounding of such as contain poisons is restricted to registered pharmacists by section 19(4). There remains the compounding of medicines obtained already compounded by the pharmacist from the wholesaler or manufacturer. To meet the latter type of compounding we propose Rule 27, to which we shall refer later in this Report.’’ ‘‘ Control of the Manufacture of Pharmaceutical Preparations. “65. A principle of the Pharmacy Act, 1868, that is reproduced in section 19 of the Act of 1933, is that medicines containing a poison should be compounded by a person duly qualified to do so.The principle is, however, applied by the Act specifically in pharmacies only, whereas the practice 298 whereby the bulk of the nation’s medicines were made up from ingredients in pharmacies has become so modified that to-day large numbers of remedies commonly prescribed by doctors are compounded, not in the pharmacy, but by some manufacturing house which supplies the pharmacy. More-over, there is an increasing tendency for the remedies which can be prepared and compounded in the individual pharmacy to be replaced by newer remedies capable of preparation only by complicated chemical processes and on a large scale.These newer remedies, increasing in number, frequently possess a proprietary name which is quoted specifically by the doctor in his prescription. “It is to be inferred from the inclusion in section 23 of the power to require persons in control of the manufacture of pharmaceutical preparations containing poisons to be registered pharmacists or persons possessing the prescribed qualification in chemistry, that it was considered necessary in the public interest that the compounding of medicines containing poisons wherever undertaken, should be in the hands of qualified persons. “As the risk to the public which is to be met is the danger of swallowing a medicine containing more than the therapeutic dose of a poison, it will be unnecessary to exercise this power to the full extent of covering all pharmaceutical preparations, and the rule to be made need apply only to the manufacture of preparations for the purpose of the internal treatment of human ailments.Although the supervision of the manu-facture of pharmaceutical products is peculiarly the province of the profession of pharmacy, circumstances may require that members of the medical and chemical professions should on occasion be so employed. We therefore recommend that the control of the manufacture of pharmaceutical preparations for the internal treatment of human ailments should be restricted to registered pharmacists, medical practitioners, Fellows and Associates of the Institute of Chemistry, and-in order to avoid hardship to those persons who, whilst possessing none of these qualifications, have been engaged in the past in the control of the manufacture of pharmaceutical preparations and by reason of their experience may be taken to have become adequately trained-persons who have been so engaged for a continuous period of three years.“There is a further class of persons to be considered. Many chemists obtain their training in chemistry at univer- sities or technical colleges at which they take a degree, or a diploma in Science, and they are frequently chemists of a highstanding. A university degree or diploma in Science does 299 not, however, necessarily imply that the holder is qualified in chemistry. The suggestion was made to us by the Institute of Chemistry and the Association of British Chemical Manu- facturers that, in order to deal with the difficulty created by this class and other persons who, whilst possessing neither medical, nor pharmaceutical qualifications nor those of the Institute of Chemistry, might be considered from their training or experience to be entitled to supervise the manufacture of pharmaceutical preparations, an additional class of personsshould be included in the Rule.This class should, it was suggested, consist of other persons licensed by the Home Office on the advice of a committee consisting of representatives of the Pharmaceutical Society, the Institute of Chemistry,the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers and the Wholesale Drug Trade Association.We feel unable to accept this suggestion as there are several objections to such a scheme, not the least of which is that its validity would seriously be open to question. The powers given by section 23 (I) (i)are confined to restricting control of manufacture to ‘registered pharmacists or persons possessing the Prescribed qualifications in chemistry’. A system of licensing is clearly not contem- plated. “We are faced with the fact that there is in this country no recognised body other than the Institute of Chemistry that issues certificates or other documentary evidence of com-petency in chemistry as such. Moreover, a university degree or diploma cannot be withdrawn, whereas the Institute occupies in respect of the chemical profession much the same position in this regard as do the General Medical Council and the Council of the Pharmaceutical Society in respect of the medical and pharmaceutical professions respectively.It can withdraw its qualifications in cases of professional misconduct. We think it important that the right to supervise the manufacture of medicines containing poison should be capable of with- drawal. “Having regard to the provision made for the case of persons now engaged in the supervision of the manufacture of pharmaceutical preparations, we do not feel that in practice our proposals will create any hardship since we understand that the byelaws of the Institute of Chemistry admit of exemption from the Institute’s own examinations in a case in which the Council of the Institute is satisfied that the candidate possesses the necessary knowledge and experience.In the event, therefore, of a chemist having, say, a university Science degree of honours standing in chemistry, wishing to enter upon the manufacture of pharmaceutical preparations, 300 it will be open to him to apply for the necessary qualifications without taking a further examination, and any such applica-tion will doubtless receive the fullest consideration by the Institute.” In the first place, it has been imagined in certain quarters that the Rule applies, or might be held by a Court of Law to apply, not only to the manufacture of pharmaceutical prepara- tions containing poisons for the purpose of the internal treatment of human ailments, but also to the manufacture of the poisons themselves; that is to say, that the supervision of the manufacture of such common substances as copper sulphate or hydrochloric acid would in future have to be undertaken by a person coming within one of the four categories mentioned in the Rule.Paragraph 41 of the Report and a letter which the Chairman of the Poisons Board has published in The Times (11th July) make it abundantly clear, however, that the intention of the Act, and also of the Board in preparing the Rules, was to limit the restriction entirely to the manufacture or “compounding ” of the pharmaceutical preparations themselves, and thus to complete the safeguarding of the public in respect of medicines which are not made up in the retail pharmacy but in the whole- sale houses.Furthermore, the obvious intention of the Act and of the Board would in all reasonable probability prevent any prosecu- tion from being instituted against a person not included in one of the above categories if he is engaged in supervising the pre- paration of a substance which is listed as a poison. It might be advisable, however, before the Rule became law, that this obvious intention should be actually incorporated in the wording of the Rule itself. It will be seen from the Report that the Institute suggested that a further class of persons (such as University graduates, and others qualified by training or experience, though not members of the Institute), should be included under a system of licensing, but that the Board gave its reasons for not adopting that suggestion.The Institute neither asked for any restriction in the matter nor suggested, in the first instance, that Fellows and Associates should be included, nor of course is the Institute responsible for the wording of the Report. Moreover, the Institute’s representative on the Board was specially asked to ensure that in the published report it should be made clear 301 that the Institute had asked that other chemists, in addition to its own members, should be included. The decision whether the Rule should stand as suggested by the Board, or whether it should be modified in any way is a matter for the decision of the Home Secretary, subject to the concurrence of Parliament.With regard to other matters contained in the Rules, the Institute has made representations to the Board directly and through its representative, with a view to ensuring the greatest possible measure of freedom in the supply of poisons to chemists engaged in research or analytical work, and in the universities, colleges and other teaching institutions, and for the purpose of examinations. 302 Proceedings of the Council. Council Meeting, 21st June.-In response to an invitation received from the British Standards Institution to appoint a representative of the Institu'te on the Technical Committee dealing with Chemical Symbols and Abbreviations, the Council had decided, in May, that it preferred not to take any action in the matter, but rather to leave it to the Chemical Society. A further letter was received from the Institution stating that the Chemical Divisional Council was of opinion that it would be of considerable assistance if a specification were issued by the National Standards Organisation. It was not intended to interfere with, or supplant, the standard symbols adopted by the Chemical Society, but rather to take from that standard and from other sources, if necessary, a number of the more commonly used symbols and abbreviations, with a view to their issue as a national standard.The Council, thereupon, decided to invite Dr. A. D. Mitchell, who, it was understood, had been appointed as representative of the Chemical Society, to represent the Institute also in the matter.The Agreement for co-operation with the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry having been received from the solicitors, the President explained the verbal amend- ments which had been introduced, and stated that Mr. E. J. MacGillivray had examined the document and had found nothing in it that was inconsistent with the Charter and By-laws of either of the three bodies. The Council, therefore, directed that the document be signed and sealed in accordance with the By-laws. The President, with Mr. Patrick H. Kirkaldy, Honorary Treasurer, and Mr. F. G. Edmed, Vice-president, were appointed the first representatives on the Institute of the Chemical Council.A letter having been received from the Home Office requesting the Institute to appoint representatives to attend a Conference regarding Air-Raid Precautions, the Council appointed the 303 President, with Mr. Lewis Eynon and Professor Robert Robinson, Members of Council, and the Registrar, to represent the Institute in this matter. Letters were also received from the Home Office and the Ministry of Health on the subject of fumigation of ships and buildings with hydrogen cyanide. The Departments informed the Institute that the question of formulating the regulations relating to fumigation was receiving attention, but that legisla- tion would be necessary before the regulations could be enforced. Early in the year, the Council had notified the Secretaries of other scientific and professional institutions that the Institute did not expect to receive illuminated addresses on the occasion of the Charter Jubilee, but the Council was much gratified to receive a resolution under the Seal of the Society of Chemical Industry conveying a message of congratulation and goodwill, and recalling that the Institute and the Society had throughout the whole fifty years worked each in its own sphere in friendliness and harmony.Reports, mainly dealing with routine business, were received from the Finance and House Committee, the Benevolent Fund Committee, the Publications Committee, the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee, and the Charter Jubilee Celebration Committee.Council Meeting 19th July.-Before proceeding to the business, the Council congratulated the President on the success of the Charter Jubilee Celebration and accorded its appreciation of the valuable services which the President and Mrs. Thorpe had rendered on that occasion. The President, in reply, acknowledged the services of the officers and staff of the Institute. The Council further accorded its thanks to the Fellows and Associates who acted as stewards. Further congratulations and good wishes were received from representatives of institutions as well as from Sections of the Institute Overseas, for which the Council expressed their thanks. Letters of thanks to the President and Council were also received from the Pre-Charter Fellows for the gift of bronze medals bearing the head of Sir Edward Frankland, the first President of the Institute.304 In expressing their appreciation of the gift of the Medals, several of the pre-Chart er Fellows recalled their early associa- tion with the Institute and its first President, Sir Edward Frankland,-with whom some had worked either as students or as assistants,-at the same time paying a tribute to the artistic value and appropriateness of the gift. The President reported that representatives of the Institute had attended a meeting at the Air-Raid Precautions Department, and had agreed that the Institute should help, so far as possible, in securing the services of the personnel necessary for the detec- tion of poisonous gases, and in otherwise rendering assistance.In continuation of the correspondence with members resident in the neighbourhood of Derby, the Council decided to authorise a small Committee of local members to arrange a meeting in that centre during the coming session, and requested the Registrar to ascertain from the members in Nottingham, Derby, Leicester and Loughborough, whether they desired to form a separate section or to make other arrangements; also, at the same time, to inform the Secretary of the South Yorkshire Section of the action taken. Regarding the Agreement for co-operation between the Institute, the Chemical Society, and the Society of Chemical Industry, the Council considered a letter received from a Fellow who suggested that in view of the Agreement, members of the Institute who were not Fellows of the Chemical Society should not be excluded from offering original work for publication in the Journal of the Chemical Society.The Council directed that the suggestion should be brought to the notice of the Chemical Council. The Council concurred in the appointment of the Registrar of the Institute as Honorary Secretary of the Chemical Council constituted under the Agreement for co-operation between the Institute, the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry. Mr. S. A. Brazier reported that he had attended a Conference df the British Standards Institution on the question of standardis-ation and co-ordination of tests for rubber and rubber products.Mr. Brazier received the thanks of the Council, and was requested to continue to represent the Institute in this matter. A letter from the Provisional Committee on Academic Freedom, inviting the Council to appoint a delegate to attend a Conference to be held in August, at Oxford, was discussed. 305 The Committee stated that it had been formed to support English professors, lecturers and teachers, whose freedom to express their opinions had been attacked, and the object of the Conference was to hear reports and to discuss means for affording help to professional workers throughout the world, means for the support of the principle of academic freedom and for the effective utilisa- tion of science.The Council did not feel disposed to appoint a delegate without further information, but requested that the Provisional Committee would forward to the Institute further particulars of the movement and a report of the Conference, when it was available. (See p. 318.) Reports from the Standing Committees were received and adopted, and also a Report from the Joint Committee of the Institute and the Scottish Education Department w National Certificates in Chemistry. On the recommendation of the Finance and House Committee, a contribution of E250 was forwarded for the library purposes of the Chemical Society. The Council also considered the Report of the Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections (see page 307). A dis-cussion followed on the request that the Council should consider what steps the Institute should take to encourage the development of new industries in depressed areas, and the matter was referred to the Legal and Parliamentary Committee.It is recorded above that, at the Council Meeting held on 19th July, the suggestion that the Council should consider what steps the Institute could take to encourage the development of new industries in depressed areas was referred to the Legal and Parliamentary Committee. Subsequently the Honorary Secretary of the Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast Section forwarded copies of reports on Science and Industry, prepared by various local Sub-Com- mittees constituted to enquire into industries in the district, which will also be referred to the Legal and Parliamentary Committee.The replies to the enquiry addressed to members resident within the Nottingham, Derby, Leicester, Loughborough and Chesterfield area, were overwhelmingly in favour of a Section for the East Midlands, to include Derby (with Glossop, Ilkeston and Matlock), Leicester (with Hinckley, Loughborough, Market Harborough), and Nottingham (with Mansfield and Newark). 306 It was suggested, however, that Buxton should be attached to Manchester, and Chesterfield and Worksop be included in the recently formed South Yorkshire Section. It was also gathered from the replies that members would be in favour of holding meetings in turn, in Derby, Leicester, Loughborough and Nottingham.It will be noted that the Council has authorised the members in Derby, by whom the general question was raised, to arrange one meeting during the coming session. Although the Council has not made any stipulation as to the business which is to be conducted at that meeting, it has been suggested that the proposition to form a new section in the East Midlands should be discused, and if the members be agreed thereon, an application for the formation of a new section be prepared for the considera- tion of the Council. 307 Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. WEDNESDAY,IOTH JULY, 1935,AT 10 A.M. The third conference of Honorary Secreatries of Local Sections was held at the Institute on Wednesday, 10th July.The following attended :-Mr. G. W. Beaumont, Liverpool and North-Western. Mr. Mark Bogod, London and South-Eastern Counties. Dr. A. Coulthard, Manchester and District. Mr. R. Craven, Aberdeen and North of Scotland. Dr. W. Cule Davies, Cardiff. Mr. G. J. Denbigh, Leech Area-vice Dr. Harold Burt,on. Mr. G. Elliot Dodds, Edinburgh and East of Scotland. Mr. A. R. Jamieson, Glasgow and West of Scotland. Mr. R. H. Jones, Swmea. Dr. A. C;. G. Leonard, Dublin. Mr. E. Lewis, Bristol and South-Western Counties. Mr. C. S. McDowell, Belfast. Mr. C. E. Salkeld, Huddersfield-vice Dr. F,. H. Goodyear.Dr. W. E. Scott, Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North-East Coast. Mr. G. Thomas, Birmingham and Midlands. Mr. Wm. Wall, Sheffield (South Yorkshire). The Registrar and the Assistant Secretary.Every Section in Great Britain and Ireland was represented. Dr. Coulthard was elected to the chair, and the Conference proceeded to discuss the following subjects:- (I) Co-operation with Local Sections of other Chemical Societies. (2) That the Institute should set up an Advisory Committee on unemployment with a view to starting new chemicai manufactures in depressed areas,-such a Committee to be particularly representative of areas (such as Central Scotland) where rationalisation has created grave unemployment. (3) That the Chairmen of Local Sections should be ex-oficio Members of Council, replacing the present District Members. 308 (4) That the constitution be amended to enable Associates of long standing to be Members of Council.(5) The activities of the various Sections during the past session, with comments on the success or otherwise of the various items. (Jointly with this, the Conference considered subjects for lectures, and films of scientific interest .) (6) That the President, during his period of office, should visit as many Local Sections as possible. (7) The desirability of exchange of opinions among honorary secretaries concerning proceedings of their respective Sections, conduct of meetings, exchange of programme cards, etc. (8) That references to chemical literature should be given in all reports of papers dealing with chemical subjects. (9) Invitations addressed by Societies, Rotary clubs, business clubs, etc., to members of Local Sections, asking them to give short addresses relating to the profession of chemistry.(10)Films; the technical preparation of film slides, etc. (II) Summer meetings. (12) Memorial lectures of local interest. (1)JOINT MEETINGS WITH OTHER SoCIETIES.-The Con-ference was generally in favour of joint meetings with the Society of Chemvical Industry and the Chemical Society, as well as with other Societies interested in technical subjects, although it was also recognised that the Local Sections of the Institute should make due arrangements for the presentation of certificates to new members, and the discussion of matters of primary interest to members of the Institute.It was ascertained that the Yorkshire Sections (Leeds Area, Huddersfield and South York- shire) would probably favour holding at least one joint meeting, with possibly a visit to works, on the lines of the annual meeting of the three Scottish Sections. The Midland Chemists Committee (on which the Institute, the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry and the Birmingham University Chemical Society are represented) does useful work in co-ordinating the functions of the various groups, and organises an Annual Dinner, which is well attended. In Manchester, nearly all meetings of the Institute are held jointly 309 with other Societies, and are either arranged by a Joint Advisory Committee or become joint meetings, on the invitation of one or other Society.Manchester enjoys a well-arranged summer outing. In Glasgow, all meetings of scientific and engineering societies are notified in one printed syllabus, and members of all Societies are welcomed to every meeting. The Registrar intimated that the Council approved and encouraged co-operation with other Societies. (2) AN ADVISORYCOMMITTEE ON UNEMPLOYMENT.-It Was often suggested that unemployment was created by the inven- tions of chemists and engineers. The suggestion for consideration was that chemists themselves should do something collectively to encourage the promotion of new chemical manufactures in depressed areas, The Institute should take a part in this. The public did not know enough about the Institute, but if it could do something along the lines suggested, it would be a good thing for the Institute and everybody else.Commissioners in Scotland, for example, would welcome suggestions for the establishment of new industries. The matter had received consideration at Newcastle upon Tyne, and from time to time during the years of depression suggestions had been offered to the local Chamber of Commerce and similar bodies, by individuals, but no action had been taken. In December, 1934,however, the local sections of the chemical societies had co-operated, and after six months’ work had submitted their suggestions to the Commissioner for the area. In Cardiff and district, particularly the neighbourhood of Merthyr Tydfil, there had been marked distress, and funds to the extent of @500 had been granted by the Commissioners to the South Wales Industrial Development Council, for research on the production of oil fuel from coal, with a view to stimulating industries in that neighbourhood.Members of the Conference expressed the opinion that, in many cases, science created new industries, and consequently had increased employment,-as in the case of artificial silk and plastics. It was generally agreed that the public press did not sufficiently realise the power of science to create industry. The Conference resolved that the Council be asked to consider what steps the Institute could take to encourage the development of new industries, particularly in depressed areas, and asked Dr.Scott, representing the Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast Section, to a$ord further information regarding the steps which had already been taken in this connection in his district. 310 Dr. Scott said that the Committee at Newcastle upon Tyne had reviewed generally the position of science in industry, and had made enquiries regarding the number of people engaged in research. His Committee was of opinion that science was not used sufficiently. It had dealt with matters concerning the gas industry, coke oven industry, barium and other minerals, fish oil refining, resins, plastics and mouldings. It also learned that the number of employees in the ceramic industry in the district had been reduced from 4000 to 500.(3)DISTRICTMEMBERSOF CouNcIL.--The Officers mentioned that while Associates were eligible to serve as Chairmen of Sections, but ineligible for election to the Council, the Chairmen of Local Sections could not be ex-oficio Members of Council, replacing the present District Members of Council. (The same objection applied to the proposal that the Honorary Secretaries should be Members of Council.) In any case, the Chairman or Hon. Secretary of a Local Section, although he might be a Fellow, would not always be able to accept office as District Member of Council. Eventually, the Conference came to the conclusion that, in such cases, the matter was one for each individual Section to decide so far as was possible for itself.(4)The proposal that Associates should be eligible to be Members of Council had been raised before, and indeed had been, to some extent, considered by the Council recently on a resolution from the Committee of the Manchester Section sug- gesting that the Council might consider whether it would not be possible to increase the power of Associates of long standing to assist in the control of the Institute’s affairs. It had been pointed out, however, that the privileges of Associates were primarily the same as those of Fellows except that they were debarred from serving on the Council. That was a privilege reserved to the higher grade of membership. It was felt that in any case Associates should not adjudicate upon applications from Associates for admission to the Fellowship, and the Council had not felt called upon to take any immediate action in the matter.During the discussion, the question arose whether it was not easier for an Associate engaged in academic work to obtain the Fellowship than one who was engaged in industry or private practice. The Assistant Secretary thereupon explained the Regulations for the admission of Associates to Fellowship. The 311 majority (11 to 3) of the Conference, while desiring to make no criticism on the present constitution of the Council, felt that the suggestion, that Associates of long standing should be accorded further recognition in the direction indicated, was worthy of consideration. (5) Honorary Secretaries mentioned the lectures which had been most appreciated in their respective Sections, and discussed the provision of lectures of the “refresher” type, for which there seemed to be a good demand.In some centres, summer outings had proved very popular and successful. Another form of meeting was that at which members of the Section offered short papers on specialised subjects or demonstrated new forms of apparatus. (6) The Chairman suggested that the question of the Presi- dent and other officers visiting Local Sections depended chiefly upon whether such Officers received invitations from the Sections. The Registrar mentioned that the President hoped to visit several Sections in the coming session. (7) It was considered highly desirable that the Honorary Secretaries should exchange their programmes for the coming session immediately they had been arranged.If printed at the Institute, they could be circulated to all Honorary Secretaries. (8) It was generally agreed that it was desirable to include references to literature mentioned in papers read before Sections. (9) Regarding invitations received by members to give short addresses on the services rendered by the profession of chemistry to the community before Societies, such as Rotary clubs and business clubs, the Conference found it difficult to generalise, but felt that members should welcome such opportunities of making known the work of the profession. (10)Referring to films and (11)summer outings, had already been discussed under (1)and (5).(12)Reference was made by representatives from Edinburgh and Manchester to the proposal to institute lectures in honour of distinguished chemists, whose names were associated with their respective districts. In Glasgow, for example, it was proposed to institute a memorial lecture in honour of the late R. R. Tatlock. 312 A short discussion ensued on the period of office of Honorary Secretaries. In some Sections, it had been limited to three or five years; in others, the Honorary Secretaries had continued to serve for a much longer period. A vote of thanks was accorded Dr. Coulthard for presiding, and the Honorary Secretaries were subsequently entertained to luncheon at the Russell Hotel. ‘‘REFRESHER” COURSES.The Yorkshire Council for Further Education has issued a Syllabus of Specialised Courses in Advanced Chemistry to be given at Bradford, Huddersfield and Leeds, during the coming session. The courses are intended primarily for chemists who already possess certain qualifications, and are of the nature of “refresher ” courses. Particulars can be obtained from the Secretary, Yorkshire Council for Further Education Offices, Calverley Street, Leeds, I. 313 Local Sections. Aberdeen, Edinburgh and G1asgow.-The Jubilee Celebration Banquet and Dance of the Scottish Sections of the Institute will be held in the North British Station Hotel, Edin- burgh, on Friday, 22nd November. The speakers will include Mr. T. M. Cooper, M.P., K.C., Solicitor General for Scotland, Sir Arthur Rose, Commissioner for Distressed Areas in Scotland, Sir William McKechnie, Secre- tary, Scottish Department of Education, the President and the Registrar of the Institute.The guests will be received by the President, Prof. Jocelyn Thorpe, and Mrs. Thorpe. As the accommodation is limited, early application for tickets is advised ; such applications, which should include the names of guests, should be made to the Convenor, G. Elliot Dodds, 30, Castle Avenue, Edinburgh, 12. No further application is required from members who returned the form issued in March. Cape.-The Tenth Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 10th May at Cape Town, when the following officers were elected for the ensuing session :-Chairman, Col.J. G. Rose; Committee, Dr. J. Malan, Dr. B. W. Marloth, Prof. E. Newbery ; Hon. Secretary, Dr. W. Pugh, and Hon. Treasurer, Mr. R. J. Kruger. Messrs. F. C. Storrs and I. Donen were appointed Hon. Auditors. After the formal business, Mr. G. Leslie, the retiring Chairman, gave an address on c6 The Pharmaceutical Chemist.” Mr. Leslie said that quite an important part of our present-day knowledge of chemistry arose from the researches of chemists who were essentially druggists or pharmacists, or employed in manufacturing pharmaceutical products. He referred to the great contributions made by Carl Wilhelm Scheele, the Swedish apothecary, and to the early association of Liebig, Dumas and Humphry Davy with pharmacy.To-day they were better remembered for their researches in the field of pure chemistry. Mr. Leslie traced the history of pharmacy from the earliest times, and mentioned Egyptian papyri containing the records of drugs used in 2000 B.C. 314 The Greeks and Romans were next in the field, and the works of Hippocrates, Pliny, Galen and others were the standard textbooks for pharmacists and physicians for many centuries. Then followed the spread of pharmacy to European countries, and the Ordinance of Frederick I1 in 1224 consolidated the position of the pharmacists, and its influence in Europe persists till this day, especially in Ger nany, where pharmacies may be opened only by special permission of the State. Dealing with the history of pharmacy in Great Britain, Mr.Leslie traced its development from 1200A.D. to the present time, and recalled the struggles between the apothecaries on the one side and the physicians and grocers on the other, until each was established as a separate body by Charter. After referring to the foundation of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain, he mentioned the effects which the National Insurance Acts had had on the practice of pharmacy in the Mother Country, and, finally, dealt with pharmaceutical interests in South Africa. The early pharmacists had been imported chiefly from England. Later the four Provinces passed their own regulations dealing with pharmacists and their education. After the Union, these were taken over by the Government of the Union of South Africa, and all matters dealing with pharmacists (now termed Chemists and Druggists) were controlled by the Union Pharmacy Board established under Act 13 of 1928.Mr. Leslie gave a brief survey of this Act and dealt with the training of apprentices. He showed what changes had taken place in recent years, and how the syllabuses and examinations had been stiffened and re-cast to meet changing conditions brought about in a great measure by recent researches in bio- chemistry. A vote of thanks was accorded to Mr. Leslie on the motion of Professor Newbery, seconded by Mr. Croghan. Glasgow and West of Scotland.-On the 18th October, the Annual General Meeting and an Exhibition of Technical Books willbe held at the Engineers’ and Shipbuilders’ Institute, and on 15th November, at the same place, Mr.R. T. Thomson will give the first R. R. Tatlock Memorial Lecture, entitled “Recollections of an Analytical Chemist,” which will include reminiscences of chemical affairs in Glasgow and the West of Scotland during the past 60 years. 315 Huddersfie1d.-The Huddersfield Section paid a visit to the bye-product works of The Wharncliff e Woodmoor Colliery Co., Ltd., Carlton, Barnsley, by kind permission of the manage- ment, on 28th June. The party proceeded by car to the colliery and was received by the manager, Mr. A. Ogley, and spent an enjoyable two hours’ tour of the bye-product works. Members were particularly interested in the automatic coal-washing plant and in the benzene recovery plant .At the conclusion of the visit the members expressed their thanks to Mr. Ogley and his assistants for a very entertaining and instructive evening. London and South-Eastern Counties.-The Section will hold a Dinner, followed by a Dance, at the Strand Palace Hotel, on Friday, 25th October. The Annual General Meeting of the Section will be held at the Institute, on 20th November. Malaya.--The eleventh Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at Colonel B. J. Eaton’s bungalow, Kuala Lumpur, on 24th February,-Mr. J. Shelton in the chair. The report for the year 1934 was unanimously adopted. The meeting considered the possibility of providing a library for the Section by the purchase of books not likely to be found in the libraries of the Government Departments or other public institutions.The matter was referred to the Section Committee. The following were elected to the Committee for the ensuing year :-Chairman: Mr. H. Marsden; Committee: Colonel B. J. Eaton, Dr. T. A. Buckley, Mr. F. H. Geake, Mr. R. E. Willgress; Honorary Secretary and Treasurgr : Dr. I. A. Simpson; Assistant Hon. Secretary: Mr. A. W. Burtt. Major C. D. V. Georgi and Dr. F. E. Byron were appointed Honorary Auditors. The meeting recorded a vote of condolence with the parents of Dr. J. L. Wiltshire, who .was Honorary Secretary of the Section at the time of his death, which resulted from an accident in November, 1934. Votes of thanks were accorded to Dr.Simpson for carrying on the duties of Honorary Secretary and Treasurer, to the retiring Chairman and members of Committee, and to Colonel Eaton for allowing the meeting to be held in his house. In transmitting the above report, the Honorary Secretary forwarded a generous donation contributed by the members of the Section to the Benevolent Fund, and expressed the best wishes of the Section to the Institute. Manchester and District.-On 24th June, a golf match was played between the recently formed Golfing Society of the Section (Captain, Mr. T. Horner) and that of the Institution of the Rubber Industry, on the Ringway (Cheshire) Course, the result being greatly in favour of the latter team. The meeting was much enjoyed, and the members are looking forward to the return match.The Annual Summer Meeting of the Section was held on 13th July in the beautiful grounds of Marbury Hall, Cheshire, and was attended by a large gathering of members and friends. The chief centre of attraction was the open-air bathing pool. Competitions were held for various forms of water sports, and other members enjoyed tennis, boating and golf putting. After dinner, the prizes were presented by Mr. C. J. T. Cronshaw, Chairman of the Section, and the evening concluded with dancing. Manchester and District Students’ Sectiofi.--Early in the year, Mr. Bleasdale was obliged to retire from the office of Honorary Secretary and Treasurer of the Section, owing to his obtaining an appointment away from Manchester.Miss Mar-jorie A. Stevenson undertook the duties temporarily, and has now been succeeded by Mr. Stanley Weir, of 4, Moseley Road, Cheadle Hulme, Stockport, Cheshire. The Committee of the Manchester Section entertained the Manchester and District Students to tea and a friendly chat in June. On zznd June, members of the Students’ Section and their friends participated in a summer meeting, which took the form of an excursion to Hope, Derbyshire. They visited the Blue John (fluor-spar) Mines, which involved ;1. walk of two miles on the road and two miles over rough track, and were much entertained by the patter of the guide. After inspecting the mines, the party returned to the Rising Sun Hotel, Bamford, for tea.Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast.-On Sth October, the AnnualGeneral Meeting will be held in the University 317 Union, Newcastle upon Tyne, when the Chairman will deliver an address. The meeting will be preceded by an informal supper. A programme of thirteen meetings has been arranged for the coming session. Particular attention is directed, in the first place, to the works visit at Billingham on a3rd October, at 2.30 p.m., by kind permission of the Directors of Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd. This will be followed by an informal dinner at Stockton at 6.30 p,m., and a lecture by the Registrar, which will be given in Norton Hall, where members of the Section will be guests of the Norton Hall Scientific Society.Ladies may be invited to accompany members on this outing. The Charter Jubilee Dinner will be held by the Section on 29th November. Many members were unable to attend the celebration in London, and the Section will, therefore, mark the occasion locally. The President has kindly promised to attend and to reply to the toast of “The Institute.” Attention is also directed to two non-chemical lectures which have been included in the programme, namely,--“ The Function of the Specialist in Society,” by Dr. A. Cobban, Lecturer in History, University of Durham, and “The Economist in the Modern World,” by Mr. E. D. McCallum, Lecturer in Economics, University of Durham. South Yorkshire.-A series of works visits was arranged for the summer session and proved very popular. On and June, a party of members and friends availed them- selves of the opportunity of seeing the works of General Refractories, Ltd., and the C.W.S. Glass Works at Worksop.Both proved very interesting, and the firms concerned were cordially thanked by the Chairman of the Section, Dr. G. Lawton. After the visits, the party was entertained to tea by General Refractories, Ltd., and a tour was made of “The Dukeries,” ending in a drive through Welbeck Park, by kind permission of the Duke of Portland. The outing was greatly enjoyed by all who participated in it. On 20th July, a visit was made to the Hull works of British Industrial Solvents, Ltd. This again was highly successful. Dr. Carter and his staff were warmly thanked for their courtesy by Dr.G. Lawton. In reply, Dr. Carter expressed the hope that the Section would pay another visit on some future occasion. The Section has made a successful start, which augurs well for the future, 318 Academic Freedom. Arising from the correspondence received by the Imstitute from the Provisional Committee on Academic Freedom, the following memorandum has been prepared for the information of Fellows and Associates. It has not been under the consideration of the Council. During the Conference, at Oxford, of The World Federation of Education Associations, arrangements were made for a discussion on “Academic Freedom” to be held at the Lecture Theatre in the University Museum on 14th and 15th August.In a memorandum issued prior to the meeting, it was explained that the time appeared to be opportune to review the position of teachers and scientific workers,-not in their professional capacities,-but as citizens upon whom devolved special responsi- bility. Examples were given of interference with the liberty of speech of members of academic bodies, and resolutions prepared by the Council of Auckland University were .quoted, expressing the view that the University teacher had no less privilege of free speech within the law than any other citizen, but that there was a special responsibility on him to weigh his public utterances. His position in the community might sometimes seem to him to involve a special obligation to make a pronouncement which might not be in accord with the opinions and traditions of the majority of citizens, but the exercise of his freedom of speech, and, indeed, his obligation to speak, should not place in jeopardy his tenure of office or make him subject to supervision or correc- tion by his governing authority.Nearly 1,000 holders of teaching and research posts had subscribed to these resolutions, and the Association of University Teachers affirmed the right to the full exercise of their functions and privileges as citizens, maintaining that the public expression of opinion within the limits of the law was in no way incompatible with the position and responsibilities of teachers, it being under- stood that such opinions did not commit the institutions to which they belonged.The Association recognised the responsibility resting on the University teacher in making public pronounce- ments, but felt that the application of this principle should be left to the judgment of the individual concerned, and any attempt to impose restrictions upon such expressions of opinion should be resisted. The position, however, was not so clear for teachers 319 in schools or for some scientific research workers. There had been instances of dismissals on account of perfectly legitimate political activities. Academic freedom, once universal in all civilised countries, had been abolished in certain countries and was gravely endangered in practically every country except England. The view was expressed that there was no certainty that our comparative immunity to these tendencies would last, and it was not sufficient to assume that the best way to combat them was to pretend that they did not exist.It was urged, therefore, that teachers and scientific and intellectual workers generally should be united in their defence, but should consider more closely than they had hitherto done the relation between their work and their social environment. The problem to be con-sidered was how science could best be used for human welfare. It was not proposed that the Conference should create a new movement, but that there should be an opportunity for free expression on the subjects indicated. At the first meeting, the Chairman was Professor J.L. Myres, and a discussion on academic and professional freedom was opened by Mr. G. D. H. Cole and Mr. Bertrand Russell. The following abstract has been prepared from reports published in the Mamhester Guardiaa,-qth and 16th August. Professor Myres said that an endeavour had been made to bring together as many persons as possible of those interested in this question to discuss whether steps should be taken, and, if so, what those steps should be, to promote co-operation among the various efforts already being made for the defence of academic and professional freedom. Mr. Cole said that in this country we were too comfortable to have become really intolerant yet, but that was no adequate reason for refraining from forming an organisation. Although we were relatively immune, there was a danger of the growth of intolerance.He expressed the view that the freedom of academic men was most enjoyed in the older Universities, less in the newer Universities, still less in the Secondary Schools and so in descending scale. Complete freedom was contrary to human nature. They did not want to prevent interference altogether, but to stand in the way of interference beyond the point at which it was absolutely necessary. They wanted freedom to go on seeking the truth in their own ways. That, he thought, was accepted in this country. The difficulty arose 320 over the rights which academic men should hold in common with other people, in matters of personal conduct and behaviour.They had a perfect right to take part in political or civic affairs. When they came to consider other more personal rights they were on more difficult ground. He would like to see some sort of organisation take up cases as they arose and act as a vigilance association to defend larger issues when they came,-not a large organisation, but a list of people who could be mobilised rapidly when the occasion arose. Mr. Bertrand Russell said he thought it was of the greatest importance that persons engaged in teaching should be able to express their opinions, not only outside their professional activities but within them. Those who were fit to teach should be fit to express opinions on important and serious matters. If their opinions were such that they ought never to have been uttered, it was a sad reflection on their quality as teachers.He felt that they should be concerned to have a clash of opinions so that some sort of truth might emerge from discussions. So soon as this was suppressed, inevitably it became easier for people who were bullying and stupid to impose their wishes upon others. There was still more academic freedom in this country than anywhere else, and it was most essential that we should keep what we possessed. He thought encroachments were imminent and he referred to the suggestion that teachers should be expected to take part in air-raid precaution instruction. They would be expected to tell children that the precautions would be some sort of safeguard, which, he said, in fact, they would not.Teachers would, he believed, have to decide whether to co-operate in what was really a hoax and a sham. Teachers should be free to co-operate or not as they chose. There was only one thing to be done, and that was to keep out of war. M. Mauron mentioned the formation of the Vigilance Francaise to defend academic liberties in his country. It expressed itself by protestations and petitions. Referring to Abyssinia, M. Mauron said that there was certainly a relationship between academic liberty in Italy and the threatened war. The Conference itself was a symptom that the danger really existed. M. Cogniot said that the air-raid drill all over Europe was a training of the minds of children and people in general towards the idea of war.He gave instances of successful protests against serious infringement of academic freedom in different parts of Europe. 321 Mr. J. D. Bernal proposed the formation of a standing com- mittee. This was seconded by Mr. Dickinson and supported by Mr. Frank Smith, representing the Association of University Teachers. On the following day, a resolution was passed to set up a Committee to consist of representatives of scientific and technical organisations to co-ordinate the activities of scientific bodies and scientists in carrying out a pledge to secure, so far as lay in their power, that science should be used only for the benefit of humanity . Dr. Julian Huxley presided over the Conference concerned with the utilisation of science. He said that the question could be approached either from the positive aspect, of how best to use it, or from the aspect of seeing how it was frustrated. They might begin by ascertaining the frustrations in order to discover how science could best be used.There was opposition to innovation and there were difficulties inherent in the economic system with regard to distribution. There was the haphazard development of science itself: it was not planned and its parts were not interconnected. If they compared the amount of money spent on wireless research with that spent on human nutrition, they would see what he meant. Science would be inevitably frustrated in many ways so long as competition and profit-making were the main incentive, and international rivalry continued.A long-range policy would involve the transformation of the economic and social system, and he thought that no scientist who really believed in science could be content with the present system. A short-range policy was to palliate defects inherent in the present system and to work against any disturbing or frustrating influences which might be exerted. Mr. J. L. Hodgson said that it was a well-known fact that no creative work of any value was ever done for money, and the obverse of this was the way in which money was used for anti- social ends. About go per cent. of the wealth of the country was held by 4 per cent. of the people; 170 members of the House of Commons held 650 directorships ; and parliamentary govern- ment had become a solemn farce.Scientists and engineers were supposed to develop their science and craft' and put it at the disposal of the money-power. That point of view ought to be challenged. Professor B. W. Holman said that the scientist was regarded as the paid servant in the outer courtyard. The public ought to 322 know of the waste of scientific knowledge and of the things that were possible, if they could work so that science became the crowning glory of the human race. Professor Marrack said that 50 per cent. of the women of the working classes suffered from anzemia caused by faulty nutrition, and curable by supplying the right food. We failed to apply our knowledge on food, but we could depend on the application of scientific knowledge to the detail of the deleterious effects of mustard gas.Dr. L. G. C. Hughes said that, if science was to have a broadening humanitarian future and the scientist was to have a share of the responsibility for his actions, it could only be in accordance with his own standards of scientific procedure and it could not be arbitrarily imposed by non-scientific politicians, whose ideas changed with the slightest pressure. Dr. Keller, of the Soviet Academy of Science, gave an account of the scientific activity and of the help that the scientist received in the U.S.S.R. Regarding the foregoing report it would appear that the resolution of the Council of Auckland University and the dis- cussion at Oxford imply that the position of the University teacher is exceptional, in that he has no less privilege of free speech than any other citizen, but that there is a special responsi- bility on him to weigh his public utterances.It is obvious, however, that many persons holding public official positions,- judges, magistrates, members of Parliament, ministers of religion, Civil Servants, editors and journalists, and others,-have similar responsibilities in respect of their public utterances and their behaviour. Although they may not have the care of students, they have to consider closely the relation between their work and their social environment. The difficulty lies in deciding the point at which interference with their freedom is justified.That cannot be defined: it can only be decided in each individual case as it arises. On the proposal that teachers should be invited to co-operate in air raid precautions, it is clear that there has been no dictation or compulsion; butjt is reasonable to expect teachers to do what they can to protect children in their charge from dangers of all kinds. Everybody desires to keep out of war, but knows that war may be unavoidable, and it cannot be altogether futile to take such precautions as are considered reasonable and desirable by those who can speak with knowledge and authority. 323 Notes. Air Raid Precautions.-The County, Municipal and District Council Authorities have been informed of precautionary measures proposed to be taken for safeguarding the civil popula- tion against the effects of air attack.The notification in no way implies an imminent risk of war, nor any relaxation of effort on the part of the Government to ensure the promotion and maintenance of peace; but precautionary measures, such as have been taken by the majority of European nations are regarded as necessary, and it is certain that the Government would be neglecting its duty if such precautions were not taken. The official circular discusses the difficulties of dealing with the matter, but shows that an effort will be made to minimise the consequences of attack. Use of poison gas is forbidden by the Geneva Gas Protocol of 1925,to which all important countries of Western Europe are parties, and the Government sincerely hopes that resort will never again be had to it.The possibility of its use, however, cannot be disregarded. An Air Raid Precautions Department has been set up under the Home Office, which Department will act in consultation with the Scottish Office in matters relating to Scotland. Measures for safeguarding the civil population will be organised locally, and the Government will issue general instructions and will be ready to give technical and administrative advice and to afford financial assistance where necessary ; but the responsibility will rest with the local authorities for taking measures for civil protection against air raid dangers. The construction of bomb-proof shelters is impracticable, but information will be published on air raid precautions in the home, and respirators and protective clothing will be issued by the Government to persons employed on air raid precautionary services, as well as material for decontamination purposes.A Civilian Gas School will be established to provide for training in anti-gas measures for instructors, who will be compe- tent to give local training in their own districts. The Government has been able to make arrangements with the Order of St. John and the British Red Cross Society to supplement official resources. Arrangements dealing with air 324 raid warnings, lighting restrictions, reporting of damage, treat- ment of casualties, anti-gas services and like subjects, will be described in a series of memoranda to be issued by the Air Raid Precautions Department. In all such matters the consistent aim will be to make full use of existing machinery, whether of local authorities or of other bodies, which could appropriately provide emergency service.(H.M. Stationery Office, zd.) Air Raid Precautions Memorandum, No. I deals with treat- ment of casualties and decontamination of personnel. It is divided into-the general problem, scheme for a county borough, schemes outside county boroughs in England and Wales, schemes in Scotland, co-operation between areas having separate schemes, and the composition and equipment of first aid parties. (H.M. Stationery Office, 4d.) Air Raid Precautions Handbook, No. z is designed primarily for services giving first aid to air raid casualties, including decontamination of personnel and clothing.It contains chapters dealing with-the nature and properties of chemical agents likely to be employed, methods by which chemical agents are likely to be used, general principles with regard to protection against gas, protection of rooms, protection of eyes and lungs, protective clothing, etc. (H.M. Stationery Office, 6d.) Other publications in preparation include-air raid precau- tions in the home, treatment of gas casualties, decontamination of material, structural precautions against bombs and gas, air raid precautions in factories and business premises, and anti-gas precautions for merchant shipping. Institute of Fuel.-The Council of the Institute of Fuel has extended a cordial invitation to Fellows and Associates of the Institute of Chemistry to attend the presentation of a paper by Mr.Kenneth Gordon on “The Development of Coal Hydro- genation by the Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd.,” in the Lecture Theatre of the Institution of Electrical Engineers, Victoria Embankment, on Friday, 22nd November, at 6 p.m. Fellows and Associates who desire to attend the meeting and wish for advance copies of the paper, should notify the Registrar not later than 1st November. Royal Statistical Society-The Committee of the In-dustrial and Agricultural Research Section of the Royal Statistical Society has suggested that discussions which are 325 concerned with the statistical aspect of specific problems arising in industrial production will be welcomed, and that in such discussions the statistician would be able to outline how far existing methods might be applied.The first meeting of the next session will be held on Thursday, 28th November, 1935. In order to make arrangements for such discussions it is essential that problems should be considered by competent statisticians beforehand, and that firms interested should submit their individual problems in advance. Particulars are obtainable from the Secretary of the Royal Statistical Society, 9, Adelphi Terrace, London, W.C.2. The Albert Medal for 1935 of the Royal Society of Arts has been awarded to Sir Robert A. Hadfield, Bart., F.R.S., Fellow, for his researches in metallurgy and his services to the steel industry.Sir Harold Hartley, C.B.E., F.R.S., has been elected Chairman of the British National Committee of the World Power Con- ference. The University of Dublin has conferred the Degree of Sc.D., honoris causa, on Professor Gilbert Thomas Morgan, O.B.E., F.R.S., Fellow. Dr. R. G. W. Norrish, B.A., Associate, has been granted a Leverhulme Research Fellowship. for his work on the mechanism of certain chemical reactions. Mr. H. A. Turner, MSc., Associate, has been appointed Assis- tant Lecturer in Textile Chemistry in the Faculty of Technology of the University of Manchester. Mr. A. B. Winterbottom, M.Sc., Fellow, has been awarded a Robert Blair Fellowship.Warning.4hemist.s in the Liverpool district have lately been receiving visits from an impostor impersonating a Fellow of the Institute and seeking financial assistance. Appeals for charity from persons claiming to be members of the Institute should be referred to the Registrar, in order that (in bolza fide cases) they may be assisted promptly from the Benevolent Fund. 326 Obituary. WALTER ERNEST ADENEY died at Kingstown, Co. Dublin, on 16th June, in his 79th year. Educated at the City of London School, he went to Ireland in 1877, as a Royal Exhibitioner, to study at the Royal College of Science, Dublin, and became associated with Professor-later Sir-Walter Noel Hartley, in spectroscopic research. In 1887, he was appointedCurator, and Examiner in Chemistry to the Royal University of Ireland. In recognition of his reaearch work, the degree of D.Sc., honoris cuusa, was conferred upon him by the University in 1897.On the dissolution of the Royal University in 1909, his office was abolished and he then devoted himself to systematic investigation of the principles underlying the self- purification of polluted waters. From 1917 to 1921, Adeney occupied the Chair of Chemistry in the Royal College of Science, Dublin, where he established a school of re-search. In collaboration with the late H. G. Becker, he carried out a classical investigation on the absolute rate of aeration of water, the results of which furnished a scientific basis of attack for problems on sewage disposal and the purification of gases in industrial chemistry.He was awarded the Boyle Medal by the Royal Dublin Society in 1931, for his work in applied science. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1887, served as a member of the Council for two periods, and as a Vice-president for one period. He was keenly interested in the proceedings of the Irish Free State Section, of which he was Chairman for 1919 and 1933. At the funeral, the Institute was represented by Messrs. J. Andrews, A. C. G.Leonard, J. M. Veale and P. Whelan. -FORD MONTUOMERYATKINSON,who died in January last at the age of 65 years, was educated at Belfast Methodist College, Dunheved College, Launceston, and the University College of Wales, Aberystwyth. He graduated B.Sc.(Lond.) in 1894 and continued his studies in Berlin and at Rostock and Gottingen. He was awarded the degree of Ph.D. in the laat-named university in 1899, and then obtained an appointmentwith the British Aluminium Company at Larne, which he held until 1904, when he became lecturer in chemistry at the Technical School, Limerick. During the war he was engaged under the Ministry of Munitions, fist at Kynochs, Ltd., at Arklow, then at Waltham Abbey, and later at H.M. Factory, Queensferry. Subsequently he obtained an appointment with the Milton Manufacturing Co. in London and shortly after joined the staff at the City and Guilds Technical College, Finsbury, where he remained until the College was closed. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1918.ARTHURBRAMLEY died at Loughborough, on 19th July, in his 67th year. Born at Elland, Yorkshire, he was educated at Halifax Municipal Technical College, and proceeded to the Royal College of Science in 1906, taking the Associateship of the College and the degree of B.Sc. in 1909. In 1910, he was appointed Demonstrator in Physical Chemistry at the Royal College of Soience, and acted as private maearch Assistant to Professor 327 J. C. Philip until 1916. In that year he obtained the degree of D.Sc. (Lond.), and received mappointment with British Dyes, Ltd. From 1919 he waa Head of the Department of Chemical Technology, and later, of the Department of Pure and Applied Science, of Loughborough Technical College. The College waa added to the list of institutions recognised by the Council for the training of candidates for the Associateship of the Institute in 1924.Dr. Bramley was the author of many papers published in the JournaE of the Chemical Society. He passed the Examination for the Associateship in Physical Chemistry in 1911 and ww elected a Fellow in 1918. LS~ FRANCISBURFORD died at Rickmansworth on the 29th August in his 78th year. Originally engaged in pharmacy, he passed the Major Examination of the Pharmaceutical Society in 1883, and subse- quently continued chemistry under Dr. John Muter, in London. In 1892, he established a practice as an analytical and consulting chemist in Leicester, where he was appointed public analyst in 1913, having previously acted as chemist to the Corporation Sewage Works, Water and other Departments. He held this appointment, which was constituted a whole-time one in 1925, until his retirement in 1929.He contributed fifteen papers, mainly on analytical methods, to the Journal of the Society of Chemical Industrg between 1897 and 1906. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1918. At his funeral the Institute was represented by Mr. F. C. Bullock. JAMESCONNAE died at Bournemouth on the 6th August, in his 75th year. He was born at Chester, and educated in the Blue Coat Hospital in that town. He entered the Inland Revenue Service in 1881, passed by examination into the Old Somerset House Laboratory in 1885, and gradua- ted B.Sc. (Lond.). In 1902 Sir Edward Thorpe, then Government Chemist, placed him in charge of the Customs Laboratory in recognition of his organising ability, which was conspicuously shown in his manner of dealing with the complications of the Sugar and Corn Duties.He remained at the Customs House until 1919 when he became Deputy Government Chemist, from which post, however, he retired prematurely in 1921, in consequence of heart trouble, to which he ultimately succumbed. He was an accomplished musician and a Barristor -at -Law of the Middle Temple. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1888 and a Fellow in 1894. EDWARD HANSONKENNETH died suddenly, on 14th June, at North-wood Hospital, in his 58th year. Educated at Wesley College, Sheffield, he entered Trinity College, Cambridge in 1897, graduating B.A.in 1900 and taking Part I1 of the Natural Sciences Tripos in 1901. He worked at King’s College, London, for a year and passed the Final Examination for the Associateship of the Institute in Branch (e) : The Analysis of Food and Drugs and of Water, in 1903. In that year he was appointed Lecturer in Physical Chemistry at University College-now the University-Reading. He published papers, jointly with Dr. R. S. Morrell, in the JOUTWEof the Chemical Society in 1904. Later, he was for several years Science Master at Holloway School, until he was obliged through ill-health to relinquish his appointment, when he devoted himself to private practice and coaching. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1906.328 S KINUZETT~ L E THOMAS died on 29th July, at West Byfleet, in his 83rd year. Born at Oxford, he attended practical classes and lectures in chemistry under Sir Benjamin Brodie, and assisted H. G. Madan, Demonstrator in the Laboratories. In 1869, after having been engaged as an assistant schoolmaster at Oxford, he came to London in order to gain further experience in teaching. In 1870, however, he became assistant to Walter Weldon on work concerning the manufacture of chlorine and the recovery of sulphur from alkali waste. For a short time he was chemical and technical manager of a soda works at Liverpool and, for one term, assistant to Professor A. H. Church, at the Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester.He then became assistant to Thudichum and was engaged on an investigation of the chemistry of brain-matter, the results of which were published in the Reports of the Medical Officer of the Privy Council and Local Government Board, 1874-1877. In 1877, he entered into partner- ship in an analytical and consulting practice, with Dr. Benjamin H. Paul. Having been specially interested in essential oils, he established, in 1878, the Sanitas Co., Ltd., of which he was managing director and chemist, while still continuing his consulting practice. Later he was Chairman of the Company. He was the author of a series of essays published under the title of “Nature’s Hygiene and Sanitary Science’’ (1907), a “Dictionary of Hygiene,” jointly with David Homfray (1898 and 1904), “Chemistry for Beginners” (1917), now in its fourth edition, and a “Popular Dictionary of Chemistry” (1919), now in its fifth edition under the title “A Chemical Encyclopaedia.” He made numerous contributions to scientific and technical journals.He was an Original Fellow of the Institute, a member of the first Council, and served again from 1893 to 1894. At his funeral the Institute was represented by Mr.R. Leslie Collett, Assistant Secretary. THOMASARTHURMOORE died suddenly, on 27th June, in his 60th year. He studied at the Regent Street Polytochnic, Bedford Technical School, Finsbury Technical College, and The Sir John Casa Technical Institute. In 1896, became assistant in the State Medicine Laboratory at King’s College, London.He then assisted Mr. W. Defries and Dr. S. Rowland, of the Lister Institute, in research on Pasteur filters and on the structure of sewage organisms, until 1898, when he became assistant to J. F. W. Hodges, then Public Analyst for Belfast. From 1900 to 1910 he was in in charge of the analytical and research laboratories of J. Defries & Sons, Ltd., Chemical Engineers. In 1910 he was appointed Senior Assistant Chemist in the India Stores Department, becoming Chief Chemist in 1923, the position he held at the time of his death. Mr. Moore served as a member of several Committees of the British Standards Institution. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1922. WALTERRITCHINGSdied in a nursing home in Glasgow, on 5th August, in his 57th year.Educated at Burnley Science School, he proceeded to Manchester University, where he obtained the degree of B.Sc. in 1904, and the M.Sc., in 1907. He was appointed Science Master to the Fish- guard County School in 1904, and a year later Science Master to the Burnley Grammar School. In 1906, he was also appointed Lecturer at Burnley Technical School, and held these positions until 1912, when he obtained a position as Senior Science Master at Cowley Boys’ School, St. Helens. In 1916, he also became Lecturer in Advanced Physics and Electrical Engineering at the St. Helens Technical School. In 1920, he 320 was appointed Senior Chemistry Master to the Central Secondary School for Boys, Sheffield, a position he held for eight years, when he became Headmaster of the Nether Edge Secondary School, Shefield, where he remained until his death.He devoted special attenbiori to problemsconnected with cot’ton-sizing and carried out research on t.his subject. He was elected an Associate of the Inst,itute in 1919. SAYERSJOSEPH died at Worthing on 26th May in his 76th year. He studied chemistry under Dittmar at Anderson’s College,-later the Glasgow and West of Scotland,-now the Royal,-Technical College,Glasgow, and, in 1883, after acting as a class tutor and assistant to his professor for some years, became engaged as a chemist in the Ardeer Factory of Nobel’s Explosives Company, where he was soon placed in charge of nitro-cotton and blasting gelatine manufacture. In 1898 he became assistant factory manager.He devoted particular attention to the manufacture and treatment of acids, in which’ he introduced many improvements, and in collaboration with C. 0. Lundholm, developed and patented the wet mixing process for ballistite. During the war, until his retirement in May, 1918, he was Manager of H.M. Factory, Pembrey, engaged on the production of trinitrotoluene and propellent explosives. He visited Russia to learn the method of making the platinum contact mass for the Tentelew sulphuric acid plant, and returned with a supply of the mass. In 1919 he was appointed an Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888. ALEXANDERMCKAY, a registered Student, died as the result of an accident, on 26th April, in his 22nd year.He was educated at Alloa Academy and proceeded to Heriot-Watt College, Edinburgh, in 1932, where he was studying at the time of his death. 330 Books and their Contents. The following books have recently been presented by the authors or publishers. Copies may be seen in the library of the Institute. “Biological Processes in Tropical Soils, with special reference to Malaysia.” A. Steven Corbet. Pp. xiv + 156. (Cambridge: W. Heffer & Sons Ltd.) 7s. 6d. net. Plant life of Malaysia; soil fauna; soil rnicro-organisms; the bacterial growth curve; soil organic matter; the nitrogen cycle; Jenny’s law; practical considerations; methods employed for the examination of soils; classification of bacteria; classification of fungi; conversion factors;bibliography;indexes:authors, subjects, animals, plants.“Conception, The Chemical Control of.” John R. Baker. With a Chapter on the Pathology of Contraception by H. M. Carleton. Pp. x + 174. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 15s. net. Fluids for sperm suspensions; standard tesLs for pure substances; mode of action of spermicides; action of spermicides on the sperms of other species and upon bacteria; suppositories and ointments; pathology of contraception; stimulation of sperms by drugs. Appendices of Tests. Index. “Industrial and Manufacturing Chemistry.” (Part I1:Inorganic.) Geoffrey Martin, Volume I. 5th revised edition. Pp. xx + 496.(London: The Technical Press, Ltd.) 28s. net. Solid fuels; manufacture of briquettes; liquid fuels; furnaces; coke ovens;surface combustion ;pyrometry and pyroscopy ;refrigerating and ice-making machinery ;liquefaction of gases ;industrial oxygen ;industrial hydrogen; producer gas; carbon dioxide (carbonic acid) industry ; industrial ozone ;technology of water; artificial mineral waters ;sulphur;sulphuric acid; manufacture of sulphur dioxide and sulphites; other sulphur compounds; the salt industry; hydrochloric acid; sodium sulphate (salt cake); sodium carbonate and caustic soda; the Stassfurf industry; potassium salts; calcium and magnesium salts; gypsum;barium salts; strontium salts; compounds of boron; chlorine (Weldon and Deacon processes) ;electrolytic chlorine and alkali; liquid chlorine; chlorates and perchlorates; bleaching powder and hypochlorites; bromine; iodine; hydrofluonc acid ;peroxides and peracids; the circula- tion of nitrogen in Nature; nitrates; the nitric acid industry; ammonia and ammonium salts; synthetic ammonia; cyanamide; the cyanide and prussiate industry; manufacture of nitrous oxide.331 I‘ Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, A comprehensive treatise on.” J. W. Mellor. Volume XIV. Pp. viii + 892. (London: Longmans Green & Co.) 63s. net. Iron (continued) ; cobalt; index. “Richard Lower (1631-91)and John Mayow (1643-79). A Bibliography of Two Oxford Physiologists. John F. Fulton. Pp. 64. (Oxford: The University Press.) ‘‘Petroleum.” Twenty-five Years’ Retrospect, 1910-1935.Pp. 10 + 220. (London: Institution of Petroleum Tech-nologists.) I‘ Qualitative Chemical Analysis, Organic and Inorganic.’’ F. Mollwo Perkin. 5th edition, revised by Julius Grant. Pp. x + 378. (London: Longmans Green & Co., Ltd.) 9s. net. “Reagents, The B.D.H. Book of, for ‘Spot’ Tests and Delicate Analysis.” 4th and enlarged edition. Pp. viii + 82. (London: British Drug Houses, Ltd.) 2s. 6d. “Soil Microbiology, Problems in.” D. Ward Cutler and Lettice M. Crump. Pp. viii + 104. (London: Longmans Green & Co.) 9s. net. Suitability of the soil for micro-organisms;bacterial population under field conditions ;relation of bacteria to nitrite; carbon dioxide production by $oil; growth of protozoa in pure culture; behaviour of protozoa in soil; inter-actions between the soil organisms; literature cited; index; rmp; protozoan distribution.“Tyndall, John: A Record of the Scientific Work of.” H. Young. Pp. 40. (Printed for private circulation at the Chiswick Press, London.) 5s. net. Electricity and magnetism; light and colour; heat and radiation; sound and vibration; water glaciers and mountaineering; dust in the air, and disease. “Valency, Optical Basis of the Theory of.” R. de L. Kronig. Pp. x + 246. (Cambridge University Press.) 16s. net. Investigation of atomic and molecular structure by means of X-and cathode rays; atomic spectra and the periodic system; band spectra and chemical binding in diatomic molecules; band spectra and chemical binding in polyatomic molecules ; optical and thermal dissociation.Subject index: name index; table of electron configurations. Chemistry Research Board.-The Report of the Chemistry Research Board of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research for the period ending 31st December, 1934,has been published by H.M. Stationery Office,-Is. 6d. net. 332 The publication includes an historical introduction and report by the Director of Chemical Research, and summarises work carried out prior to and during 1934on corrosion of metals, reactions at high pressure, the composition of tar, chemotherapy, synthetic resins, water pollution, microbiology, road tar, dental materials, and on some chemical engineering problems.Paint, Colour and Varnish Industries.-The Research Association of the British Paint, Colour and Varnish Manu- facturers publishes a review of current literature relating to the industries with which it is concerned, and has kindly undertaken to present the Institute with these publications as from January, 1935. The Review is published in seven issues in the year- six of the text and one of the index. British Standards Institution.-The British Standards Institution has published the following Specifications :-No. 604-1935. Graduated Measuring Cylinders. No. 605-1935. Crow Receivers. No.611-1935. Petri Dishes. No. 612-1935. Nessler Cylinders. No. 616-1935. Sampling of Coal Tar and its Products. No. 622-1935. Cyanides (Classes A and B) suitable for Electroplating.The Report of the Advisory Council of the Science Museum (South Kensington) for the year 1934 has been published by H.M. Stationery Office (IS.net). The Collections of the Museum are divided at present into five divisions, of which Division I includes Industrial Machinery and Manufactures, and Division IV, Astronomy, Mathematics, Chemistry (pure and applied). The number of visitors to the Museum during 1934,not including the Science Library, was 1,142,472. Aeronautics.-Handbooks of the Collections of the Science Museum, illustrating Aeronautics, have been published by H.M. Stationery 0ffice:- I. Heavier-than-air Aircraft. (2s. 6d., by post 2s. 9d.) 11. Lighter-than-air Aircraft. (2s. 6d.,by post 2s.9d.) 111. The Propulsion of Aircraft. (2s. od., by post 2s. 3d.) 333 Sands, Clays and Minerals.”-The third number of Volume I1 of this magazine, published in June, contains an article on Uses of Zirconium; Silicosis in Industry; Lead and Tin Mining ; Magnesite Bricks ; 8-Hydroxyquinoline as an Analytical Reagent ; Furnishing a Works Laboratory, etc. (Published by A. L. Curtis, Chatteris.) 3s. 6d. post free. Messrs. William Hodge & Co., Ltd., have published “A Handbook on Offensive Trades,” by David Ronald, Chief Engineer, Department of Health for Scotland. 15s. net. Bismuth in Copper.-The Fiscal Policy Technical Sub- committee has published a paper dealing with a new rapid method suitable for the determination of bismuth in copper, in quantities of 0-0002per cent.to 0.005 per cent., to which the Committee desires to give publicity. The matter is of importance in connection with the question of the fuller use of the Empire resources in raw copper. Particulars can be obtained from J. Lester Smith, F.C.A., Kings Court, 115,Colmore Row, Birmingham, Secretary to the Committee, who will receive comments for the consideration of the Chemical Sub-committee. Messrs. George Newnes, Ltd. have published ‘‘Chemistry in Commerce, ’ ’ in four volumes, profusely illustrated, edited by M. D. Cunven. The aim of the book is to indicate how chemical principles are applied in actual practice, and the articles, dealing with the application of chemistry in every kind of industry, have been written by chemists with practical experience.Pp. iv (in each volume) + 154. E3 2s. net. The Cambridge University Press has announced the publica- tion of “The Theory of Atomic Spectra,” by Professor E. U. Condon and Professor G. H. Shortley. The Joint Committee of the Mersey and Irwell Water-shed has forwarded a volume of its Proceedings for the year ending 31st March, 1935, and the Joint Committee of the Ribble Watershed has forwarded a volume of its Proceedings for the same period. 334 The Register. At the meetings of Council held on 21st June and 19th July, 1935,8 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 28 Associates were elected, I Associate was re-elected, and 17 Students were admitted. The deaths of g Fellows, z Associates and one Student have been reported.Associates elected to the Fellowship. Allport, Noel Lionel, 10, Amberley Gardens, Bush Hill Park, Enfield. Bird, Charles Lawrence, MSc. (Leeds), Grenville, Wolvey Road, Sketchley, Leics. Chadwick, Richard, M.A. (Cantab.), 44, Bristol Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham, 5. Hamilton, William, B.Sc. (Glas.), A.R.T.C., Major's Place, Falkirk, Scotland. Hardwick, Walter Arthur Nelson, A.R.C.S., 20, Cambrian Road, Rich- mond, Surrey. Huggett, Walter Edward, c/o Messrs. Howard & Sons, Uphall Works, Ilford. Mackness, John Raimes, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 61, Holland Avenue, Sutton, Surrey. Orrell, William Ramsden, B.Sc. (Manc.), c/o Messrs. Cooper, McDougall & Robertson, Yalding, Kent.New Associates. Abel, David Dan, B.Sc. (Leeds), 63, Reginald Terrace, Leeds, 7. Batty, Alton McAllan, B.Sc. (W.A.), 26, Archdeacon Street, Nedlands, W. Australia. Bedford, Thomas, B.Sc. (Witwatersrand), P.O. Box 1760, Cape Town, S. Africa. Bryett, William Henry, 80, Hastings Avenue, Barkingside, Ilford. Coates, Alan Edward, B.Sc. (Lond.), 147, St. Mary's Road, Southampton. Cookson, John Francis, B.Sc. (Birm.), 11, Sharmans Cross Road, Solihull, Birmingham.Coveney, Leonard Winston, B.Sc. (Lond.), 12, Wallwood Road, London, E.ll. Crane, Norman Charles, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 107, Salisbury Road, Barnet. Farmer, Robert Harvey, B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), D.Sc. (Zurich), 16, Lansdown Road, Sidcup.Farrow, Leonard Robert, B.Sc. (Lond.), 65, Belmont Avenue, London, N.17.335 Giles, Charles Hugh, B.Sc. (Leeds), Ph.D., Broughton, College Road, Cheltenham. Glw, Harold RIarcus, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Dun.), 101, Parliament Street, Stockton-on-Tees. GrBith, Goronwy, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Wales), Agricultural Laboratories, P.O. Box 265, Kampala, Uganda, E. Africa. Holden, William Stewart, B.Sc. (Manc.), 12, Liverpool Road, Burnley. Hudson, Sydney, B.Se. (Lond.), 96, Oakdale Road, Notticgham. Jackson, Thomas Worthington, B.Sc. (Lond.), 8, Tennyson Street, Nottingham.Jones, David Glynn, B.Sc. (Birm.), M.Sc., Cia. Ferrocarrilera De Petroleo, Km. 8, Comodoro Rivadavia, R. Argentina, S. America. Lowe, Leonard Thornton, B.Sc. (Manc.), Agricultural Institution, Usk, Mon.Marshall, Charles Roy, B.Sc. (Birm.), Sledmere, LicMeld Road, Four Oaks, Sutton Coldfield. Mohrhenn, Hermann Gunther Gottschaldt, B.Sc. (Lond.), Ph.D., 4, Clifton Road, London, N.8. Petrow, Vladimir A., B.Sc. (Lond.), 106, Edith Road, London, W.14. Pritchard, Gordon James, B.Sc. (Lond.), Ph.D., Green Trees, Peppard, Oxon. R,ao,Bijoor Sanjiva, B.A., M.Sc. (Madras), Indian Institute of Science, Hebbal, Bangalore, India. Rivett, Herbert William, B.Sc. (Lond.), Woodlands, Northaw, nr. Potters Bar. Robinson, Ernest, B.Sc. (Lond.), 14, Wyresdale Avenue, Southport. Ram, Miss Soshiela, Rockleigh, Mexborough, nr. Rotherham. Smith, James Muir, B.Sc. (Dun.), Ph.D., Cooldarragh Park, Cavehill Road, Belfast. Williams, William George, B.Sc.(Lond.), 6, Fulford Road, Exeter. Associate Re-elected. Clark, Cecil Henry Douglas, M.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., Dept. of Inorganic Chemistry, The University, Leeds. New Students. Baby, William Charles, 68, Imperial Road, Billingham-on-Tees. Beecroft, George Frederick, jnr., 29, Belgrave Street, Wallasey. Bennett, John Alan, 79, Churchfields, S. Woodford, London, E.18. Burger, Gerald Arthur John, 116, Junction Road, London, N.19. Cahill, Patrick, 18, Dudley Road, London, S.W.19. Carter, Alan John, Claremont, Charnwood Drive, Leicester Forest E., Leicester. Crook, Eric Mitchell, 8, Byron Street, Elwood, S.3, Melbourne, Australia. Demuth, Ronald Leopold, 2, Marlborough Gate, London, W.2. Ellison, John Harold, Kew Cottage, Paynes Lane, Pinner.Flynn, Lawrence Richard, A.M.C.T., 12, First Avenue, Greenside Lane, Droylsden, Manchester. Hawker, Percival James, 54, Croydon Road, London, S.E.20. Hyde, Clifford, 43, Adderley Road, Clarendon Park, Leicest,er. Kenny, Andrew Paterson, 148, Alexandra Parade, Glasgow. McManus, Edward Patrick, 47, Oxford Road, Waterloo, Liverpool, 22. Mulholland, John McTaggart, 1, Bramham Avenue, Woodhouse Street, Hedon Road, Hull. Pitkethly, Robert Chalmers, 163, Tudor Avenue, Hampton-on-Thames. Thompson, Alan, 61, East Park Avenue, Holderness Road, Hull. 336 DEATHS. Fellows. Walter Ernest Adensy, Hon.D.Sc. (R.U.I.), F.R.C.Sc.1. Arthur Bramley, D.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C. Samuel Francis Burford. James Cormah, B.So.(Lond.), Barrister-at-law. Edward Kenneth Hsnson, M.A. (Cantab.).Thomas James Hutohinson. Charles Thomas Kingzett. Joseph Sayers, O.B.E. George William Slatter, A.R.C.Sc.1. Associates. Thomas Arthur Moore. Walter Ritchings, M.Sc. (Vict.). Registered Student. Alexander McKay. CHANGE OF NAME. Katherine Frieda Taylor, Associate, to Katherine Frieda Badord,- on her marriage. 337 Coming Events. 1935 September. 12-18 Shipping, Engineering and Machinery Exhibition, Olympia. AND STEELINSTITUTE:16-19 IRON Autumn Meeting. Manchester. 25 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Cardiff Section): Inaugural dinner at the Queen’s Hotel, Cardiff, at 7.15 p.m. 26-28 FARADAY : Discussion on the “Phenomena of Polymerba-SOCIETY tion and Condensation.” At the University, Cambridge.October 2 SOCIETY ANALYSTSOF PUBLIC : “Fur Dermatitis, VI :-The Identsca-tion of Vegetable Dyes.” Dr. H. E. Cox; “Testing for Sea-water Damage”: Mr. W. M. SEABER; “The Iodimetric Titration of Tin”: Messrs. F. L. OKELL and J. LUMSDEN. At the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. 3 OIL AND COLOURCHEMISTS’AssoCIATIoN : Presidential Address byMr. G. A. CAMPBELL. At the Palace Hotel, Bloomsbury Street, W.C.l; preceded by an Informal Dinner at 7.15 p.m. 7 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Bristol Section): “Food and the Consumer.” Dr. G. W. MONIER-WILLIAMS,in the Chemical Lecture Theatre, Bristol University, at 5.30 p.m. OF8 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY(Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Section): Annual General Meeting in the University Union, hTewcastle upon Tyne.10 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (Liverpool Section): Mr. B. D. W. LUFF. Chairman’s Address: “As Others See Us,” at the Constitutional Club, India Buildings, Liverpool, at 7.30 p.m. 15 INSTITUTE MEMORIALLECTURE.OF CHEMISTRY: S. M. GLUCKSTEIN Sir WILLIAM H. BRAGG,O.M., K.B.E., F.R.S., at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, Gower Street, London, W.C.1, at 8 p.m. 18 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Glasgow and West of Scotland Section): Annual General Meeting, 7.30 p.m. Exhibition of Technical Books, 8 p.m., at the Engineers’ and Shipbuilders’ Institute, Elmbank Crescent, GIasgow, (2.2. OF23 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast Section) : Works Visit to I.C.I., Ltd., Billingham, at 2.30 p.m.Informal Dinner at Stockton, at 6.30 p.m. Lecture by the Regis- trar of the Institute, at Norton Hall, at 8.15 p.m. 23-25 Fifth Congress of Biological Chemistry, at Brussels. Further particulars from M. R. FABRE,149, rue de SArres, Paris. SOCIETY. Dr. C. AINSWORTH24 MEDICO-LEGAL MITCHELL(Presidential Address) : “Forensic Chemistry in relation to Forensic Medicine.” OF25 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (London and South-Eastern Counties Section): Dinner and Dance at the St,rand Palace Hotel, London, w.c.2. 31 INSTITUTE (Cardiff Section): “Some Aspects of Oxida- OF CEEMISTRY tion and Reduction.” Professor H. BASSETT, at the Lecture Theatre, University College, Cardiff, at 7.30 p.m.338 November 4 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (Bristol Section) : “Scientific Problems of Milk Pasteurisation.” Dr. W. G. SAVAGE, in the Chemical Lecture Theatre, University at Bristol, at 5.30 p.m. OF8 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast Section): Joint Meeting with the Bedson Club. “Carcino-genetic Hydrocarbons and their Physiological Effects.” Dr. J. W. COOK. OF12 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast Section :,,Joint Meeting with the Institute of Metals : “The Zinc Industry. Mr. STANLEY ROBSON. 14 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Liverpool Section) : Joint Meeting with the Liverpool Section of the Society of Chemical Industry. “The Scientific Aspect of Tobacco Manufacture.” Dr.H. H. EVERS, at the City Technical College, Byrom Street, Liverpool, at 6 p.m. OF CEEMISTRY15 INSTITUTE : “Laboratory Organisation.” Dr. LESLIE H. LAMPITT,at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, Gower Street, London, W.C.l, at 8 p.m. 15 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY(Glasgow and West of Scotland Section): OF Tatlock Memorial Lecture,-“ Recollections of an Analytical Chemist”; Mr. R. T. THOMSON, at the Engineers’ and Shipbuilders’ Institute, Elmbank Crescent, Glasgow, C.2. OF20 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (London and South-Eastern Counties Section): Annual General Meeting, at the Institute, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.l. 22 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Scottish Sections) :Charter Jubilee Banquet, at the North British Station Hotel, Edinburgh.22 INSTITUTEOF FUEL: “The Development of Coal Hydrogenation by the Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd.” Mr. K. GORDON,in the Lecture Hall, Institution of Electrical Engineers, London, at 6 p.m. 29 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Newcastle upon. Tyne and North-East OF Coast Section) : Charter Jubilee Dinner, at the Royal Station Hotel, Newcastle upon Tyne. December 6 RAMSAYCHEMICALDINNER,at Central Hotel, Glasgow. Sir THOMAS HOLLAND,K.C.S.I., K.C.I.E., F.R.S., in the Chair. 1936 June 22-27 CHEMICAL ENGINEERINGCONGRESS OF THE WORLD POWER CONFERENCE,at the Central Hall, Westminster. (The Chairman of the Organising Committee is Sir David Milne-Watson, LL.D., D.L.; General Secretary, M. W. Burt; Offices, 56, Victoria St,reet, London, S.W.1.) July 6-11 SOCIETY OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY:Annual Meeting at Liverpool. General Notices. Lectures.-S. M. Gluckstein Memorial Lecture.-Sir William H. Bragg, O.M., F.R.S., has kindly consented to deliver the Seventh S. M. Gluckstein Memorial Lecture on Tuesday, 15th October, at 8 p.m., at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, W.C.1. Subject: ‘‘Chemistry and the Body Politic.” Dr. Leslie H. Lampitt, Member of Council, has kindly con- sented to give a lecture on “Laboratory Organisation” on 15th November, 1935, at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, W .C. I. Examinations.-The arrangements for Fellowship and Associateship Examinations in 1936 will be as follows:- FORTHE FELLOWSHIP.Last date for entries. Period of examination. Monday, 10th Feb., 1936. 27th April to and May, 1936. *Monday, 6th July, 1936. * For candidates wishing zIst to 26th Sept., 1936. to be examined in Branch G. Industrial Chemistry, or desiring to take Special Examinations, the list will close on 1st June, 1936. FORTHE ASSOCIATESHIP. Last date for entries. Period of examination. Monday, 4th Nov., 1935. 6th to 11th Jan., 1936. Monday, 10th Feb., 1936. 20th to 25th April, 1936. Monday, 6th July, 1936. 14th to 19th Sept., 1936. The Meldola Medal (the gift of the Society of Maccabzeans) is normally awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise and is brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st Decem- ber prior to the award.The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work. The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person. The next award will be decided in January, 1936. The Council will be glad to have attention directed, before 31st December, 1935, to work of the character indicated. 340 Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize €orRegistered Students.-A medal and prize (Lro 10s.) for the best essay, not exceeding 3,000 words, will be awarded in January, 1936, and will be presented at the next Annual General Meeting, or at a meeting of the Local Section to which the successful competitor is attached. Entries are limited to registered students who are less than 22 years of age at the time of forwarding the essay, The object of the essay is to induce Registered Students to develop a sense of professional public spirit and to devote thought to questions of professional interest and to the position of chemists in the life of the community-the essay to be on a subject of professional, rather than technical or purely chemical importance.Having due regard to the objects stated above, Registered Students are informed that the Council is prepared to consider an essay on any subject which has a bearing on chemistry or chemical work, provided that it does not deal with any purely chemical, technical, or historical subject .The following are suggested-“The Value of Compulsory Research as part of the Pre-graduate Curriculum.” “Science Training as an Aid to a Business Career.” Examinations : their Advantages and Disadvantages, from the Point of View of (a) the Student, (b) the Teacher, and (c) the Examiner.” The subjects of the first seven previous Essays were mentioned in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part 111, 1935 (p. 287). That selected for 1934 was on “The relation between thinking and learning in training for a scientific career.” Each essay must be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the Local Section of the district in which the competitor resides (see list of Local Sections at the end of the JOURNAL) on or before the 31st December, 1935, and must be accompanied by a signed declaration that it is the independent work of the competitor.Essays willbe valued partly for literary style and technique, but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein. The Committee of each Local Section will be asked to select, from those received, not more than three essays considered to be worthy of the award. The essays selected by the Local Sections will be referred to assessors appointed by the Council. On the 341 report of the assessors, the Council will decide whether, and to whom, an award be made. The award will not be made more than once to any individual competitor. Beilby Memorial Awards.-From the interest derived from the invested capital of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, at intervals to be determined by the administrators representing the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry, and the Institute of Metals, awards will be made to British investigators in science to mark appreciation of records of distinguished original work, preference being given to in-vestigations relating to the special interests of Sir George Beilby, including problems connected with fuel economy, chemical engineering and metallurgy.Awards will be made, not on the result of any competition, but in recognition of continuous work of exceptional merit, bearing evidence of distinct advancement in knowledge and practice. The administrators of the Fund are the Presidents, the Honorary Treasurers, and the Secretaries of the three partici- pating Institutions, who will be glad to have their attention directed to outstanding work of the nature indicated.Corres-pondence on this subject should be addressed to the Convener, Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.I. Notice to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar.Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship, may receive the Appointments 342 Register of the Institute, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their professors. Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employment, are required to pay 6s.6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period if necessary. The Institute also maintains a List of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students or Laboratory Assist ants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The Library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations.The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is available, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10 a.m. to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.), except during August and the early part of September, when the hours are from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted, at present, to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books. Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. The Institute has entered into an arrangement with The Science Library, Science Museum, South Kensington, S.W.7, whereby books may be borrowed on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary. Regulations for the loan of books will be found in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part V, 1934, page 386, or may be obtained from the Registrar.343 Boots’ Booklovers Library.-Fellows and Associates who desire to subscribe to Boots’ Booklovers Library may obtain forms of application from the Registrar of the Institute. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers (IS.zd. each) for binding the Journal in annual volumes, are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required.Arrangements may be made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19,Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.z, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSon the following terms: buckram cover, IS. zd.; binding, 2s. gd.; postage and packing. gd.; in all, 4s. 812. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who are giving lectures. Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As the slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of addresses are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration. Institute of Chemistry Benevolent Fund.Founded in 1920 as a memorial to Fellows, Associates and Students who died in the service of their country, 1914-18. Contributions may be forwarded to The Hon. Treaszlrer, FUND,INSTITUTE CHEMISTRY,BENEVOLENT OF 30, RUSSELL SQUARE, LONDON,W.C.1. LOCAL SECTIONS OF THE INSTITUTE Secth. Hon. Secretaries. AberdeenandNorthof R. Craven, B.Sc., A.R.C.S., A.I.C., 2, Scotland: Richmondhill Gardens, Aberdeon. Birmingham and Midlands : Garfield Thomas, M.Sc., A.I.C., 38, Kelmscott Road, Harborne, Birmingham. Bristol and South-Western E.Lewis, M.I.Chem.E., F.I.C., 22, Upper Counties: Cranbrook Road, Redland, Bristol, 6. Cape of Good Hope : Dr. William Pugh, B.Sc., F.I.C., The University, Cape Town. Edinburgh and East of G. Elliot Dodds, A.H.W.C., A.I.C., 30, Castle Scotland: Avenue, Corstorphine, Edinburgh, 12. Glasgow and West of A. R. Jamieson, B.Sc., F.I.C., 20, Trongate, Scotland: Glasgow, (2.1. Huddersfield: Dr. E. II. Goodyear, A.I.C., Holrne Royd,Kennedy Avenue, Fixby, Huddersfield. India : G. Watson Douglas, B.Sc., A.I.C., The State Laboratory, Bhopal, Central India. Ireland (Belfast) : C. S. McDowell, B.Sc., A.I.C., 19, Harberton Avenue, Belfast. ,, (Dublin): Dr. A. G. G. Leonard, F.I.C., 18, BelgraveRoad, Dublin. Lee& Area: Dr. H. Burton, M.Sc., F.I.C., The University, Lee&.Liverpool and North- Glynne W. Beaumont,, F.I.C., The Harbour- Western : master’s Old House, Liverpool. London and South-Eastern Mark Bogod, A.R.C.S., F.I.C., c/o The Institute Counties: of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C. 1. Malaya : J. F. Clark, M.Sc., A.R.C.S., F.I.C., Analyst’sDepartment, Municipality, Singapore,Straits Settlements. Manchester and District : Dr. Albert Coulthard, F.I.C., 136, Barlow Moor Road, West Didsbury, Manchester. Newcastle-on-Tyne and Dr. W. E. Scott, M.Sc., A.I.C., Rossie House, North-East Coast : Canning Street, Hebburn-on-Tyne. New Zealand: Philip White, B.Sc., A.R.C.S., F.I.C., Dominion Laboratory, Wellington, C.1, New Zedand. SOlltll Wales--Cardiff: Dr. W. Cule Davies, A.I.C., Univemity College, Cardiff.Swansea: R. H. Jones, F.I.C., Glen View, Cae Bryn Avenue, Sketty Green, Swansea. South Yorkshire : Wm. Wall, B.Sc., A.I.C., Bramcote, Harstoft Avenue, Worksop, Notts. ADVERTISEMENTS. JOURNALAND PROCEEDINGS.-The terms for advertisements in the Journal and Proceedings of the Institute can be obtained on application to the Registrar. Advertisements are subject to the approval of the Publications Committee. No Commission is allowed to Agents. The circulation is over 7600--chiefly to analytical, consulting and technological chemists, professors and teachers of chemistry, and to University and Institution Librariea. The advertisement pages are offered especially to manufacturers of laboratory glassware, porcelain and silica ware, of filter paper, chemical and physical apparatus, balances, microscopes, and lsboratory require- ments generally ; deo to publishers of scientificbooks and to booksellers.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9355900293

出版商:RSC    

年代:1935

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. Patron -H.M. THE KING. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. PART V: 1935. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, W.C. I.LONDON, October, I935. Publications Committee, 1935136. W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD (Chairman), JOCELYN F. THORPE (President), C. 0. BANNISTER, G. R. CLEMO, W. M. CUMMING, A. E. EVEREST, LEWIS EYNON, H. H.HODGSON, WILLIAM HONNEYMAN, D.JORDAN-LLOYD, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (Hon. Treasurer), A. G. G. LEONARD, J. H. LESTER, C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, T. F. E. RHEAD, F. SOUTHERDEN, ADAM TAIT, ERNEST VANSTONE, W. WARDLAW, H.B.WATSON. 347 Editorial. Science and War.-The remarks of the Vice-chancellor of the University of Birmingham on the occasion of the dinner held recently under the auspices of the Birmingham and Midlands Section, reported on page 360, suggest some consideration of the effects of science on the progress of civilisation and the inci- dence of war. The phrase “all the resources of modern science ” is frequently used in references to the present methods of war, and it is very obvious that the advance of science continually places in the hands of belligerents new means of attack and defence. By science is particularly intended the natural sciences, and thus chemists are among those whom some regard as responsible for developments in military equipment which many deplore.Chemists, in their turn, deplore no less the circumstance that their discoveries, made in the spirit of inquiry or for some useful purpose in the arts of peace, are utilised for the purpose of slaughter and destruction. The accumulated knowledge summed up in the word “science” with which modern civilised man is endowed, gives him power over the forces of Nature, for both good and evil, far exceeding that possessed by man in any earlier period of history. Every discovery and invention is an advance on one that has gone before, and the man of science cannot always foresee the purpose to which his work may be adapted. While, however, the progress of science has contributed to the discovery of new weapons, it is exceptional for fundamental work to be directed to any military purpose.The aeroplane becomes a fighting machine,-a ‘‘bomber ”; the tractor, a tank; the dyeworks is converted to explosives manufacture. On the other hand, the civil engineer and the miner, in their normal work, receive invaluable help from ex- plosives, which also have their uses in quarrying and in agriculture. Some have suggested that the Great War was actually due to the progress of science, and some, who seem to have forgotten their history, that it was due to the replacement of mediaeval 348 religion by modern scientific thought. Others appear to believe, or at least to hope, that science has made war so formidable as to render it impossible, or, on the other hand, fear that it will destroy all that is understood by civilisation. It is accepted as a rudimentary principle that the Government of this country does not go to war without the concensus of opinion of the people that such a step is just and imperative.Nevertheless, the most peace-loving people in the world, when once they are drawn in, no matter how unwillingly, perforce find themselves so involved, that they may be faced with the necessity and the difficulty of combating, to the best of their ability, unknown terrors devised by the enemy, and of seeking themselves new means of securing victory. So much now depends on the man of science that his services for the protection of his fellow men must become more and more indispensable, and this, incidentally, renders it imperative that the Government should always employ the highest possible type of personnel in all services concerned with matters of defence.The introduction of gas warfare cannot be laid to the account of the British military authorities, far less to the British chemist. It had been renounced by the Hague Convention of 1907,so far as projectiles were concerned, though the discharge of gas from cylinders on the ground would seem to have been regarded as permissible. When gas was first used, British chemists were disgusted but not dismayed, and quickly found means of defence against the new menace. The sword and the bayonet, the bomb, the hand grenade, had all been accepted as legitimate.The element of surprise is always regarded as of the greatest value: what is unknown or not understood inspires caution, if not fear; but, if there is to be fighting at all, the mere novelty of a weapon is not sufficient to condemn it. The production of poisonous gas is dangerous, and few chemists, whether engaged in its manufacture or concerned with its use on active service, would commend it in preference to other weapons. The fact remains, however, that all weapons of war are dependent to some extent on chemists for material. Investigations of means of defence against noxious gases have been of distinct value in industries where gases or flying dusts are troublesome, and in fire extinguishing. Poisonous gases have been useful in fumigation operations against vermin and other pests.The discovery and manufacture of horrors in the 349 form of chemical weapons of greater intensity is not, however, the kind of work which appeals as such to the man of science, although patriotism and a sense of duty may persuade him of its necessity in times of peril. Many who suffered from both septic shell wounds and from gassing declared that the former experience and its after-effects were far more painful than those of the latter. Statistics showed that the fatalities among the gas casualties were far less numerous than those from shell wounds; but such statistics are questioned because the effects of gassing have often developed later. Yet the whole notion of chemical warfare was definitely obnoxious to the British military man, no doubt partly because it was an innovation, but mainly because he considered it unsportsmanlike,-just as Denys of Burgundy, in Charles Reade’s Cloister and the Hearth, and the Marshal de Montmorenci complained that gunpowder and the arquebus degraded the sport of fighting.The time has long since passed when boys were accustomed to the idea of dying by the sword. War is no longer regarded as an adventure only for the young and active man, but affects whole communities,-men, women and children,-and it has been argued that developments which involve the exposure to danger of the middle-aged or elderly among those in power, and their families, tends to act as a deterrent to war.It has been said by many that the possibility of air raids, the gassing of civil populations on a wholesale scale, the sinking of passenger and non-military cargo vessels by submarines, has done more to rouse the conscience of humanity to regard war as a crime against civilisation, than anything that inflicted greater hard- ship on the members of the active services. The man of science might justly claim that he should, in the future, obtain greater influence in the affairs of government, but, in the more fundamental aspects of his work, he is essentially amoral. His object is to increase the store of ascertained knowledge, without necessarily considering the uses to which his discoveries may ultimately be put. If he were deterred from publishing his work by fear lest it might be misapplied by others, a formidable barrier would be placed in the way of progress.Should Ramsay be blamed because helium is used for inflating military airships ? The discovery of anaesthetics and antiseptics alone has saved more human suffering than that caused in the Great War by the misuse of other discoveries of the chemist. 350 The overwhelming endeavours of the chemist have been to make his science something beneficial to life and health, comfort and civilisation. Chemistry, with its history extending back to remote ages, and its amazing progress, especially during the last half-century, has been and can be so helpful to humanity that it is wholly unwarrantable that it should conjure up in the minds of many people only the idea of something obnoxious, something offensive and poisonous.The idea should not be allowed to gain ground that chemistry is other than a good thing. Its power for good is deserving of encouragement in every way, by the Government, by industry and commerce, in the affairs of everyday life. 351 Proceedings of the Council. Council Meeting, 19th October, 1935.-Among the matters under the consideration of the Council at the meeting held on 19th October were questions regarding the passage allowances to chemists engaged in the Colonial Civil Service, on which correspondence has passed with the Colonial Secretary, but so far without any definite settlement. The Council was informed that Mr.S. A. Brazier, who was appointed representative of the Institute to attend a conference held at the British Standards Institution on the Co-ordination and Standardisation of Methods and Tests used for Rubber and Rubber Products, had been appointed Chairman of a Technical Sub-committee to which the question has been referred. A letter was received from Mr. N. F. Kingzett, son of the late C. T. Kingzett, offering the Institute, in accordance with a suggestion contained in his father’s will, a portrait of his father by J. E. Beaufort. The Council accepted the gift and expressed its appreciation and thanks to Mr. N. F. Kingzett. The Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee had a heavy task in dealing with the applications for Studentship, Membership and Examinations which had accumulated during the recess.Its report embodied the report of the Board of Examiners on the September-October Examinations, particulars of which are given in this Part of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. The Benevolent Fund Committee reported that the current account was overdrawn to the extent of over LIZ, and that it was estimated that a sum of about &50 would be required before the end of the year to deal with cases which were receiving regular allowances, while the Committee might also have to deal with new cases. A special appeal was, therefore, being issued. Among the other reports of Committees was that of the Appointments Register Committee, to which attention is also directed in this Part of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS.Reports were also submitted, from the Joint Committee of the Board of Education and the Institute and from the Joint Committee of the Institute and the Ministry of Education for Northern Ireland, on examinations for the Award of National Certificates in Chemistry. 352 Regarding the reference to the Legal and Parliamentary Committee, arising on the report of the Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections, to consider what steps the Institute should take to encourage the development of new industries in distressed areas, it was decided that the Council should authorise Local Sections to make representations to public bodies, if they have reason to believe that new industries could be developed in their respective areas with the aid of chemists.The Council suggested, however, that the Sections might be asked to forward to the Institute drafts of any reports which they proposed to send to the Commissioners, in order that they might be reviewed before they were actually sent in. The Publications Committee reported that Mr. E. R. Andrews, Fellow, of the London County Council Laboratory, a past student of Finsbury Technical College, had kindly undertaken to deliver the Streatfeild Memorial Lecture in December. The Seventh S. M. Gluckstein Memorial Lecture.-At a meeting of the Institute held at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, on 15th October, Sir William Bragg delivered the Seventh Gluckstein Memorial Lecture. The President (Professor Jocelyn Thorpe) reminded the Fellows and Associates that, eight years ago,-on the 19th October to be exact,-Mr.S. M. Gluckstein gave his lecture on “Chemists and Dividends ” before the London Section of the Institute. The lecture was subsequently published, and created unusual interest. Unfortunately, Mr. Gluckstein died in the following year. In 1929, the Council decided, on the suggestion of Dr. Lampitt, the Chief Chemist of Messrs. J. Lyons & Co., Ltd., and his col- leagues, to inaugurate a lecture in Mr. Gluckstein’s memory,- the main theme being the importance of chemistry to the general community, to industry and to commerce. The President added that the Institute was greatly honoured in that Sir William Bragg had kindly consented to give the Seventh Lecture of this series.He chose for his subject bb Chemistry and the Body Politic.” (The lecture has been published as a separate monograph.) At the conclusion of the lecture, in moving a vote of thanks to SirWilliam, which was accorded with acclamation, the President 353 referred to the marked advance that had taken place in co-opera-tion between science and industry during the past quarter of a century. The President also expressed the thanks of the Institute to the London School of Hygiene for the use of its lecture theatre. Benevolent Fund.-The Benevolent Fund Committee is seriously perturbed because the balance of the current account is overdrawn, and it is estimated that a sum of Lz50 will be required before the end of this year to deal with the cases which are now receiving regular allowances :-Twelve widows, including several with children to educate; Three aged Fellows with practically no resources and little prospect of returning to work; and Two members out of work-one seriously incapacitated.The Committee has, in addition, to make grants to other members who are temporarily embarrassed while out of work. Fellows and Associates who have not yet responded to the appeal for 1935 are earnestly desired to send their contributions to the Honorary Secretary, Benevolent Fund, Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.I. Appointments Register.-The Council received the follow- ing Report on the working of the Appointments Register during the period 1st October, 1934, to 30th September, 1935.The total number of vacancies notified during this period is 1,044,as against 896 in the previous year. The following table gives a rough analysis of the vacancies:- Universities, etc. Schools . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 55 68 Educational Authorities .. .. 17 Scholamhips .. .. Public Bodies .. .. Government Appointments .. .. .. .. .. .. 13 52 45 Industrial .. .. .. .. 622 Chemical EngineersTechnical Salesmen .. .. .. .. .. .. 23 7 Junior Vacancies.. .. .. .. 47 Women .. .. .. .. .. 75 Temporary .. .. .. .. 20 - 1,044 -Of the above, 95 were abroad, compared with 79 in the previous year.354 The number of members at present using the Appointments Register is 398, as against 389 on the 1st October, 1934. There are also 33 Registered Students who are allowed the use of the Appointments Register in accordance with the Regulations. Salaries.-The following figures indicate the salaries offered in connection with some of the above vacancies:- €200 per annum or under .. 37 vacancies €200-5250 . . .. .. 61 ,, €250-5500 .. .. .. 115 ,, €500-€1,000 . . .. .. 50 ,, Over €1,000 .. .. ** 9 9, As usual, it will be seen that these figures only account for a small proportion of the vacancies notified. In a large number of cases no definite indication as to salary is given, and the practice of asking candidates to state the salary required still continues. Every effort is made to induce prospective employers to give at least some idea, within a range, of the salaries they are prepared to offer.Unemployment.-The following table shows the numbers of members who were unemployed at the times stated. The figures for the previous corresponding period are given in brackets. The number in each month gives the average for four weeks of that month. F.I.C. A.I.C. Totals. October, 1934 . . .. 24 (29) 122 (162) 147 (191) November *. .. 22 111 134 December .. .. 22 109 131 January, 1935 . . . . 20 (28) 104 (156) 125 (184) February .. .. 19 100 119 March .. .. .. 17 93 110 April . . .. .. 18 (32) 95 (137) 113 (169) May .. .. .. 17 105 122 June .... .. 18 107 127 July .. .. . . 19 (25) 111 (128) 129 (153) August .. .. .. 18 108 126 30th September .. .. 17 116 133 It will be seen that the steady decrease in the number of unemployed members which took place in the latter half of last year continued until March. The minimum was reached on 28th March, with a total of 108. Since then the number has risen. In view of the general improvement in trade conditions, the rise is probably due to the use of the Appointments Register by newly elected members. 355 Of the total number unemployed on 30th September (I33), which includes II women, 37 have been unemployed for 3 months or less, 35 for from 3 months to I year, and 61 for over a year. The percentage of unemployed is about 2.1 per cent.as against 2.5 per cent. at this time last year. The ages of members unemployed are as follows:- 21-25 years .. .. .. 29 25-30 ,, .. .. . . 27 30-35 ,, .. .. .. 25 35-40 ,, .. .. .. 17 40-45 ,, .. .. .. 17 45-50 ,, .. .. .. 17 50 andover .. .. .. 11 The number of members in the various Section Areas who have informed the Institute that they are without any remunerative employment is as follows:- Aberdeen .. .. .. .. .. .. 3 Birmingham and Midlands Belfast . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 13 0 Bristol .. .. .. .. .. .. 3 Cardiff . . .. .. .. .. .. 6 Dublin .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 Edinburgh .. GlssgowHuddersfield' ' Lee& .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ,. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. 5 2 2 8 Liverpool . . .. .. .. London and South-Eastern Counties .. .. .. .. 2 71 Manchester .. .. .. .. .. .. 8 Newcastle .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 South Wales *. .. .. .. .. 4 South Yorkshire .. .. .. .. .. 3 Abroad .... .. ...... 0 133 List of Laboratory Assistants.-There are now 76 names on this list. Ninety vacancies have been issued, as against 41 last year. Occasionally the use of this list has been allowed to persons who have completed a full course of training but who have not passed examinations which would admit them to the Associate- ship of the Institute. The vacancies notified by this means 356 are, however, only really suitable for those who have not reached a higher standard of training then Intermediate Science.It must be remembered that the object of maintaining this list is to assist students who are unable to complete their courses by full-time study, and who cannot take evening classes unless they hold some paid post. A declaration has to be signed by a parent that, if an appointment is obtained, the applicant will embark upon a systematic course of study. This proviso is made in order to prevent boys going into "blind-alley" employment. 357 Local Sections. [The Institute is not responsible for the views expressed in papers read, or in speeches delivered during meetings and discussions.] Birmingham and Midlands.-The Charter Jubilee of the Institute was celebrated by the Birmingham and Midlands Section by a Dinner held at the Queen’s Hotel, Birmingham, on the 4th October,-Professor R.H. Hopkins, Chairman of the Section, presiding. The guests included the Lord Mayor of Birmingham, the Bishop of Birmingham, Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins, President of the Royal Society; Sir Charles Grant Robertson, Vice-Chancellor of the University of Birmingham : Professor N. V. Sidgwick, President of the Chemical Society; Mr. W. A. S. Calder, President of the Society of Chemical Indus- try; Professor E. C. C. Baly, President of theBritish Association of Chemists; Mr. K. H. Wilson, Charter Mayor of Oldbury; Major F. W. Smith, President of the Birmingham Chamber of Commerce; Dr. Stanley Barnes, Dean of the Faculty of Medicine, Birmingham University; Alderman R.H. Hume, Councillor E. R. Canning, Professor W. N. Haworth, Professor A. W. Nash, Professor K. Neville Moss, Professor D. Hanson, Mr. T. J. Kennedy, Past President of the Birmingham Chamber of Com- merce; the President, with the Registrar and Secretary, and the Assistant Secretary of the Institute. The toast of ‘I The King ” having been honoured, the Registrar of the Institute proposed the toast of “The City of Birmingham.” He reminded the company that the time was approaching when the city of Birmingham would itself celebrate the centenary of its Royal Charter, which it received in 1838. Birmingham had then a population of under IOO,OOO, which had since increased to well over a million. Burke had called it “the toy shop of Europe.” It was esteemed the greatest manufacturing town in England.Its products were unrivalled. To-day, it was a great capital of industry, a university city and educational centre, one of the most remarkable cities in the world, noted for its progressive administration in every department. From Birmingham the Institute had drawn two of its most distinguished and beloved Presidents,--Sir William Tilden and 358 Professor Percy Frankland,-and it had enjoyed the valuable services of many Members of Council from the city. Birmingham was also to be congratulated on having a bishop who was a man of science, and had sympathies with men of science. The city and local industries employed chemists in consider- able number.Birmingham, next to the London and South- Eastern Counties Section, was the largest, and certainly one of the most active and useful Sections of the Institute. The Officers at Headquarters were grateful to those who had acted as Chairmen and Honorary Secretaries of the Section, with whom their relations had always been happy. In associating the toast with the name of Alderman Grey, the Lord Mayor, he wished him a happy and successful second year of office. The Lord Mayor, responding, said that during the thirty-nine years he had lived in the city he had seen tremendous progress. He was happy to think that such progress had been made not only in the number of the population and the size of the city, but also in the civic spirit.Birmingham was known not only for the goods it manufactured and exported, but also for the way in which it cared for all classes of the population, and particularly the poorer section of the community. In an industrial city such as Birmingham it was difficult to express the value oi fully-trained chemists. In the work of Corporation departments, chemists played an important part, for in the gas, sewage and other departments they were able to ensure that little, if anything, was wasted. The Bishop of Birmingham, proposing the toast of “The Institute,” said that the most fundamental contribution of science to the welfare of humanity had been the lessening of human drudgery. Two centuries ago civilisation was virtually non-progressive because men and women, and the animals they used, could produce no more power.And much more power was needed if roads, railways, water supplies and sewers were to be developed; and if the supply of goods was to be so increased that all might have comforts of life which were then luxuries for the few. James Watt’s development of the steam-engine was the significant advance which made the new era possible. The industrial revolution began. The electrical era which followed had produced from coal and oil, and more recently from the potential energy of water, power in a much more convenient form adapted to household use. Even yet, however, electrical power had not been adequately exploited, and the housewife still had unnecessary drudgery.Electricity remained absurdly expensive, because science had so far failed to check the sad waste of energy that occurred in its production. But, if science did its duty, they could reasonably expect a time when the all-electric house would be within the worker’s means, while cooking and even the washing of clothes would for all have ceased to be laborious. To-day everyone realised the practical advantages that had come from scientific discovery, but many failed to see the intimate and necessary connection between pure and applied science. The manufacturer who regarded the professor of chemistry as a remote or needless luxury was not, he feared, extinct. They could agree with the philosophers that science never led them to ultimate causes.At most, by research and argument, the man of science discovered sequences of change from which other sequences could be inferred. They said that the sequences were due to laws of Nature, for under artificial conditions they resem- bled the consequences of invariable laws to which Nature was subject. Much of their science had not reached the stage at which, because more or less general laws had been discovered, the results of untried experiments could be predicted. Such undeveloped science was empirical. Bare facts were discovered and it was difficult to relate them to other facts. The scientist of genius discovered how such groups of known facts could be linked-together. He found laws, and so made a coherent scheme which gave unity to some domain of natural knowledge.When there was talk of “science and the community” men so often thought of isolated facts that it was well to insist that the search for law was all-important. He asked them to think of wireless and of heredity. The former was already one of the most valuable, and dangerous, adjuncts of civilisation ;the latter, when further discoveries had been made, would enable us to breed human types surpassing any that earth had known. What he had said emphasised the value of pure research,- research that sought generalised knowledge, and not immediate commercial gain. The President of the Royal Society, by his work on vitamins, had enlarged our understanding of the internal chemistry of the body, and suggested ways of improving the health of many.But men had far to go, he suspected, before the more fundamental laws were discovered which would make medicine truly scientific. In the domain of bio-chemistry, there was at present astonishing activity. Some day a genius would 360 discover general laws of fundamental importance. Then a new era in the conquest of disease would begin. The Bishop then referred to the interdependence of the sciences. It had long been a commonplace that physics and chemistry could not be sundered. Inorganic chemical pheno- mena were in essence electrical actions. He emphasised that the supply of benefits that science brought to thecommunitycould not be expected to continue unless pure research flourished.The man of science in a university laboratory pursuing knowledge for its own sake was essential to progress. Even the pure mathematician had his uses! Just as a community must be well educated if its standards of life were to be raised, so it must maintain men who would by research increase knowledge. Universities and scientific societies were not luxuries but essentials of civilisation. The President (Professor Jocelyn F. Thorpe), in reply, said he was glad that in cities like Birmingham there was a spirit of co-operation among the different societies dealing with chemistry. He referred to the formation of the Chemical Council and the progress made in the co-ordination of the activities of the three great Chartered Chemical Organisations.Mr. W. A. S. Calder proposed the toast, “The Guests.” Sir Charles Grant Robertson, replying, said he could not but reflect that, while chemistry had done a great deal in the allevia- tion of human suffering, at the same time it had put into the hands of governments, nations and individuals a terrific power, which might not always be used to promote civilisation. There was a tremendous responsibility in the use by laymen, govern- ments and-should we say ?--of dictatdrs, of these terrific powers that the miracles of modern science had put into their hands. He suggested that the trans-valuation of the achievements of modern science and chemistry into spiritual and moral values was as much the duty of the great scientists as of the humble laymen.He thought they would not look in vain in that respect. Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins, who also replied, complimen- ted the Institute and the Birmingham Section on the progress they had made and the position they had attained. Mr. F. R. O’Shaughnessy in proposing the health of the Chairman referred to the valuable services which he and the Committee of the Section had rendered in making the arrange- ments for the celebration. 361 Professor R. H. Hopkins in acknowledging the toast referred to the unavoidable absence of Mr. F. H. Alcock,--“ the father of the Section,”-from whom and others, messages of greeting were read. He also thanked the Committee for their help and especi- ally expressed his appreciation of the musical programme which had been arranged by Mr.J. R. Johnson, and so much enjoyed during the evening. Bristol and South-Western Counties.-A well-attended meeting of the Section was held at Bristol University, on 7th October,-Prof. W. E. Garner, Professor of Physical Chemistry, presiding,-when Dr. G. W. Monier-Williams ,FoodsSub-Division, Ministry of Health, gave a lecture entitled “Food and the Consumer.” Dr. Monier-Williams discussed the advances made in recent years by scientific research on food matters, and showed how these advances had been to the benefit of mankind. He suggested, however, that the community might ask whether the application of chemical science to food manufacture had been there might not have been a tendency on the part of some pro- ducers, under the strain of modern competition, to adoptquestion- able methods and to regard the public as a legitimatesubject for experiments.Food had a greater and more direct effect on health than almost anything else, and it was, of all commodities, the one which must, in the interest of the consumer, be most closely scrutinised and most rigidly controlled. Dr. Monier-Williams illustrated various processes which, while they improved the appearance of the food from the salesman’s point of view, were wholly in the interest of consumers, or whether in some directions of questionable advantage to the consumer and might even affect adversely the nutritive value of the food. The bleaching of flour, the use of agricultural insecticides containing lead, arsenic, copper and fluorine, the fumigation of food to destroy insects, the artificial colouring and flavouring of food, and other practices were reviewed and discussed from the health stand- point.In many cases it was impossible, in the present state of our knowledge, to say definitely whether any particular treatment of food was likely to affect its nutritive value adversely. Exist-ing methods of experimental investigation were not sufficiently 362 precise. All that could be done at present was to collect all the evidence for and against any particular practice and to examine it critically. If it appeared that there was a reasonable doubt as to whether the process in question had reduced the nutritive value of the food, or was likely to affect the health of the consumer, the consumer was entitled to the benefit of the doubt.An interesting discussion ensued, in which the following took part:-Sir Ernest Cook, Mr. F. E. Needs (Public Analyst, Bristol), Mr. Robinson (Chief Foods Inspector, Bristol), and Mr. Osman Jones. A vote of thanks was accorded the lecturer on the proposal of Dr. Monkhouse. Cardiff and District.-The first session of the Section was inaugurated by a dinner held at the Queen’s Hotel, Cardiff, on 25th September, which was very well attended. In spite of the disappointment occasioned by the absence of the President of the Institute through illness, a very happy evening was spent. The Chairman, Dr. E. A. Rudge, in welcoming the guests, spoke of the part played by the Chairman and Secretary of the South Wales (Swansea) Section in the formation of the Cardiff Section, and of the cordial relationships which existed between the Swansea and Cardiff members of the Institute.The toast of “The Institute” was given by Mr. W. T. Grey Davies, immediate Past Chairman of the South Wales Section of the Society of Chemical Industry. Mr. Davies outlined the history of the Institute, remarking that its Presidents had been outstanding figures in the scientific world and that its present President was a worthy successor of a long line of distinguished men. Referring to the present occasion, he mentioned that it was an evening which would be ever memorable amongst the members of the chemical profession in South Wales, for it marked the formation of another Section of the Institute.It was gratifying to think that the number of chemists practising in and about Cardiff warranted this step. He hoped that the venture would further the objects of the parent body and would benefit the community which Institute members served and the local members themselves. Replying for the Institute, Mr. E. E. Ayling, Chairman of the South Wales (Swansea) Section of the Institute, said that the Fellows and Associates owed a deep debt of gratitude to many distinguished chemists for their labours on behalf of the Institute. 363 Its present position had been reached through the unselfish and unceasing efforts of many noted chemists in the past.This position was maintained and advanced by similar efforts of eminent chemists of to-day. They knew Professor Thorpe not only for his work in organic chemistry but for his untiring efforts on behalf of the profession in the cause of the co-operation of the chemical societies-efforts which might well augur a new era for the chemical profession. He would be remiss, he said, if he omitted to mention the debt owed to the Registrar, who had made the Institute his life’s work and to the Members of Council for their devotion to the Institute. In celebrating the inauguration of a new Local Section, he thought they might be reminded of the by-laws relating to the objects in view in the formation of local sections? They were- “For the further organisation of the Institute and the promo- tion of its objects, as well as to maintain interest of the Fellows and Associates in the general welfare of their profession and of the Institute and to promote social intercourse among them.” These objects might be summarised as professional and social.Local Sections could best fulfil their purpose when maintaining contact with other kindred societies and with the general public, thus disseminating the influence of the Institute. Hitherto, in South Wales, the Institute had been represented only by the South Wales Section, which was one of the first seven Local Sections formed in 1918, with its headquarters at Swansea. As Chairman of that Section, which he felt he could call the parent body in South Wales, he offered on behalf of his members, the most cordial good wishes to the members of the new Cardiff and District Section for a successful future.There followed a short programme of musical items, which revealed very good talent among local members, and the evening concluded with the toast of “The Chairman,” proposed by Mr. D. Hicks. Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-The first ordinary meeting of session, 1935-36, was held, jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, on 8th October, in the North British Station Hotel, Edinburgh,-Dr. Bain, the Chairman of the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, in the chair. Dr. Bain introduced Dr. Birkett Wylam, Chairman of the Local Section of the Institute; Lt.-Col.J. Du P. Langrishe, Lecturer in Public Health at Edinburgh University; and Mr. Allan W. Ritchie, Chief Sanitary Inspector, Edinburgh, who were the principal speakers in a symposium on b6 Smoke Abatement,” Dr. Wylam remarked that other public health topics, such as water supply and sewage, had provided subject for much legisla- tion, and rapid advance had been made in them, but the position of smoke abatement had remained much the same for the past fifty years. Fortunately, public opinion now viewed the problem in a much more serious light than it did even ten years ago and the champion of smoke abatement, long regarded as a crank, was now looked upon as a man with a message. To-day, it was the private householder who was the biggest offender in the matter of air pollution, as practically one-third of the raw coal used in this country was burnt in domestic fireplaces, where no attempt was made to ensure efficient combustion, such as was regarded as essential by an industrial consumer of coal.Dr. Wylam was of the opinion that it was impossible to legislate against this form of air pollution. He thought that the problem would only be solved by educating the general public in the advantages of semi-carbonised fuel and gas as heating media. Incidentally, it was essential that an easily ignited and non-sparking coke be available in large quantities at a price highly competitive with coal. Dr. Wylam then dealt with the emission of grit and sulphur dioxide fumes and explained the method of elimination used at the Battersea Power Station.* Col.Langrishe, speaking on smoke abatement from the point of view of public health, gave much statistical evidence showing a close relationship between death-rates and atmospheric condi- tions. The number of deaths from pulmonary and cardiac dis- eases increased in direct proportion to increase in the intensity and duration of smoke fogs, this increased rate being particularly noticeable amongst infants and people of over 65 years. An example cited was that of the death-rates in Glasgow during some periods of dense fog experienced by the city of Glasgow at the end of 1909. Over the period of the bad fogs, the death-rate from respiratory diseases rose from 2-1per 1,000 to 13.9 per 1,000, while in other seven fog-free towns in Scotland during the same * Treatment of sulphur fumes in connection with proposed Electric Power Station, London Power Co., Battebea-Ministry of TransportReports, Crnd.3442, 1929, and Cmd. 3714, 1930. Also, paper on above, Hewson, et al. S.C.I.Annual Meeting, 1933. 366 period, it rose from 1.6 to 4-8 per 1,000. Col. Langrishe recalled the Meuse valley tragedy in Belgium of 1930,when a dense smoke fog, spread over an area 20 miles long, causing 65 deaths. The underlying cause of the high mortality from pulmonary diseases amongst town dwellers was almost entirely due to their lungs becoming similar to those of a coal miner, not pinkish in colour like those of an infant or country dweller, but blackened on and under the surface with a deposit of carbon.Constant irritation of the respiratory tract not only lowered its resistance to infections but it was now considered that the gritty part of the pollution in a smoky atmosphere caused lung tuberculosis and the tarry matter was at least partly responsible for cancer of the lungs. Col. Langrishe also mentioned some important indirect effects due to the obstruction of solar radiation and quoted research work showing that Manchester, on a still day, received only 55 per cent. of the daylight and 26.9 per cent. of ultra-violet radiation received by villages in the near vicinity. This obstruction of visible and invisible radiation was a source of menace to human safety and human health, upon which it had not only a profound physiological effect but an equally profound psychological one.The effects of ‘this lack of radiations on vegetation, and hence the milk supply of cows fed on it, was then discussed. Col. Langrishe, in conclusion, referred to the extra work thrown on the housewife in smoke-polluted areas. Mr. Ritchie spoke on the subject from the local administrative point of view, and showed how much could be done to improve matters by reasonable and tactful approaches to commercial raw coal users, the legislation being used as a last resort only. He described in detail the methods used in Edinburgh for keeping a continuous record of the condition of the air.This record showed that, over the past five years, there had been some im-provement in the quality of the Edinburgh air and that the city was now practically free from anything that might be described as a “smoke-fog.’’ The worst offender was undoubtedly the domestic coal user and, in his opinion, the aim of the future must be to break down the persistent partiality for the open coal-burning fireplace. Baillie W. Brownhill Smith, of Glasgow, stressed the point that gas production must be simplified by using low-temperature carbonisation, the temperature not to exceed 700° C., with conse-quent production of very cheap gas, self-igniting, non-sparking 366 coke and greatly increased yields of by-products. He blamed gas works, as conducted to-day, for conservatism, and public authorities for lack of common sense, as being important con- tributory factors in the matter of air pollution and cited Edin- burgh Corporation, who intend to build a chimney 360 feet high at their power-house in Portobello, when this would be quite unnecessary if the Corporation gas works produced gas by a low carbonisation method, when the price would be cheap enough to allow the electrical department to use gas for heating in place of raw coal. Mr.Napier, Alloa, defended the position of the gas companies but admitted that, as most of these made gas just now, the coke was not satisfactory as a household fuel. The meeting concluded with a very hearty vote of thanks to the speakers.Liverpool and North-Western.-The Opening Meeting for the 1935-36 Session of the Section was held at the Con- stitutional Club, Liverpool, on 10th October, Mr. A. E. Findley in the Chair. Before introducing the new Chairman, Mr. B. D. W. Luff, Mr. Findley remarked on the improved attendance at meetings during the past session. The average figure for the attendance of Associates was more than double that of the previous year. The Section had published a programme of attractive lectures and had co-operated with other societies. Mr. Findley also acknowledged the good work of the Honorary Secretary and the Assistant Secretary. Mr. Luff in taking the Chair, thanked the members for his election. He expressed his appreciation of Mr. Findley’s guidance in the affairs of the Section during the past Session and also of the help given by Mr.G. E. Knowles, the retiring Vice-chairman, in providing and operating a lantern on several occasions. Mr. Findley, returning to the Chair, then called upon Mr. Luff to give his address entitled: “As Others See Us.” Mr. Luff dealt with chemists as revealed by the writings of poets, novelists, dramatists and others. Prior to the Great War the attitude of those who gave even passing thought to 367 chemists, as we understand them, was reflected in the lines of Kipling-“There are whose study is of smells, And to attentive schools rehearse, How something mixed with something else Makes something worse.” The chemist had provided the complete answer to this taunt in producing objects of beauty from most unpromising materials.One had only to consider the manufacture of artificial silk from such an unpleasant mixture as carbon disulphide, wood pulp and caustic soda, to realise how far from the truth the quotation was; a host of other illustrations could be provided. The needs of the war, and the industrial reconstruction which followed brought the chemical profession into prominence. Since then the chemist had gradually loomed into the public view, and his place in society had become established. Arnold Bennett in his play “Body and Soul” (I~zz),for example, introduced a character who was described as “what they call a chemist; not pills and prescriptions. No . .. ,” suggesting that the public were just awakening to the existence of such an individual although he was apparently something of a novelty since he was not just a chemist, but “what they call a chemist.” S. N. Behrman, in his play “The Second Man,” gave a por-trait at much fuller length, but did not credit the chemist with very human qualities, as he allowed his calling to obtrude itself on his love affairs. He did not, however, like Trafford in H. G. Wells’ “Marriage,” think of the lady merely “as a radiant background of atoms, and molecules, and ions.” Vicki Baum, in Martin’s Summer,” made a hero of a chemist whose object in life was to produce a satisfactory non-inflammable cinematograph film, and in this instance we were at last presented with a man who, although a chemist, was yet capable of ex-periencing the whole gamut of the emotions.In the meantime the science itself had not been neglected and many authors had made incursions into chemistry with greater or less success. Occasionally amusing mistakes were made, and more than one writer of mystery stories, including Edgar Wallace, had despatched his victim with the aid of carbon monoxide made from marble and acid. In another story, a man who had been overcome by the poisonous vapours given 368 off by some mysterious flowers, was revived by having applied to his nose a handkerchief from which there issued ‘‘the pungent reek of sal-ammoniac. ” The discerning reader and especially the chemist, would in imagination leave him in a state of suspended animation still waiting for the pungent reek that something, certainly not sal-ammoniac, would provide.A rather amusing lapse was made by “Sapper” who, in a short story in a magazine, made one of his characters chuckle with laughter as he thought of what would happen to some rascal to whom he had given a concentrated solution of calomel. The futility of this must have been brought home to the author, for when the story eventually appeared in book form it was found that a bottle of castor oil had been substituted for the calomel, and it was then realised that his intentions were not so benevolent as might have been imagined from a knowledge of the concentration of a concentrated solution of calomel.Mr. Luff gave numerous other instances of chemistry being invoked in novels and made special reference to ‘r The Documents in the Case,” by Dorothy L. Sayers and R. Eustace, in which the polarimeter was employed to show that a death, which was thought to have been due to the eating of a poisonous fungus, was really due to mushrooms doctored with synthetic muscarine. The sample isolated from the remains of a meal was found to be optically inactive, whereas muscarine occurring in the poisonous fungus would be dextro-rotatory. The address concluded with references to chemistry as treated in the Press, the Cinema and in Broadcasting. In proposing the vote of thanks to the new Chairman for his address Mr. G. E. Knowles referred to Mr.Luff’s humour. He remarked on his fondness for literature and wondered how he had found time to read so widely outside his own domain. Mr. Luff had stressed the lack of exact chemical knowledge displayed in light literature but the proposer (Mr. Knowles) reminded the members that there were occasions when such was not the case, giving an instance from Dumas’ “Count of Monte Cristo,” of the detection of brucine by nitric acid and also an account from the local paper which described how a man charged with being drunk when driving a car could be told how much alcohol he had consumed from an analysis of his urine. It was a mat- ter of regret that so much ignorance was still displayed by the man in the street, that even one’s acquaintances still wondered what was the difference between a chemist and a pharmacist 369 and were amazed that anyone could earn his living among test tubes and chemical apparatus such as were used at school.Mr. G. H. Turner, seconding the vote of thanks, said that when he saw the title of the address, to which they had all listened with great pleasure, he wondered whether they would hear from various sources, criticisms of chemists, as an important or per- haps curious section of the community. Instead they had had the pleasure of hearing about the mistakes of others, which was much better than hearing of their own sins. He recalled a conversation with a gentleman, who, though not a chemist, affirmed that the need of our country to-day was real chemists in charge of everything.Whether to be encouraged or depressed by this statement he did not know: because unfortunately this “real” chemist was not defined. The gentleman wanted not only man, but szlpeiman. The Chairman had indicated that it was fortunate for authors that few people were capable of detecting their errors concerning chemists or chemistry; but it was bad workmanship, to tell stories of crime, in which poisons were mentioned without an adequate knowledge of them. Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast.-The seventeenth Annual General Meeting of this Section was held in the University Union, Newcastle upon Tyne, on 8th October. The meeting was preceded by an informal dinner. The Committee’s report for the previous session was read and approved.It recorded the work done by the Committee, in conjunction with the Committee of the Newcastle Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, in preparing a series of reports dealing with the development of new industries in this area. These reports had been presented to the Government Com-missioner for the area. Dr. E. E. Aynsley, Dr. A. A. Hall and Dr. W. S. Patterson were elected to the Committee in place of Dr. J. T. Dunn, Dr. J. H. Jones and Dr. L. A. Sayce. Dr. L. A. Sayce was elected to the interviewing committee in place of Dr. P. L. Robinson. The Chairman (Dr. P. L. Robinson) addressed the Section on the subject of- (( Kinetics in Gaseous Reactions,” and gave a sketch of the development of ideas which had taken 370 place in the last half-century regarding dissociation and synthesis in the gaseous phase.Gaseous reactions had not only become of enormous import- ance in industry, but had formed a distinct focus of academic interest both in experiment and theory. They attracted the investigator because they offered better prospects of interpreta- tion than did reactions involving solids or liquids, since available knowledge of the nature and properties of gases was far in excess of that of other forms of matter. They possessed an added interest in that even the apparently simple chemical changes had been found to follow ways, strangely tortuous, and difficult to establish. In the light of subsequent developments, the work of van ’t Hoff in the 1880’s stood out conspicuously, both for its immediate contribution and its prescience: he stated the laws of unimolecu- lar and other reactions of higher orders and deduced, thermo- dynamically, the relationship between the velocity constant and the temperature at which the chemical process is being conducted.To Arrhenius belonged our indebtedness for making the kinetic meaning of this temperature relationship clear, showing its general applicability and characterising that important reaction constant, the activation energy. Molecules became activated by thermal or photo-chemical means, or by atomic bombardment. In the case of unimolecular reactions, activation by collision presented a problem from a consideration of which sprang the suggestion of Christiansen and Kramers that activation might arise as a direct consequence of individual molecular reactions. Langmuir’s contribution to the theory of heterogeneous reactions had formed an effective base from which further operations in this field had been projected.Present attention tended to return to those reactions which van ’t Hoff classified as abnormal in that they possessed velocities far in excess of expectation. These, the “chain” reactions, had characteristics which depended on the initiation of series of successively activated molecules and upon circumstances which contribute to the continuation of these series, their branching or their destruction. South Yorkshira-On 4th September, members of the Section and their friends visited Clark’s Dyeworks, Ltd., at Retford, where they were welcomed by the directors of the Company who, having divided them into groups, personally 371 acted as conductors for the tour of the works.All phases of laundering, dyeing (both piece and garment) and dry-cleaning were seen in operation under scientific management. The visitors were greatly interested in the laboratory and in the problems under investigation, as also in the engineering shop where plant can be erected for both experimental and large-scale processes. Tea was provided in the works canteen by the kindness of the Company and the directors were warmly thanked for their courtesy and hospitality by the Chairman of the Section, Dr. G.Lawton. Messrs. R. C. and A. B. Clark, the senior directors, in reply, said that it had been a pleasure to them to have an oppor- tunity of entertaining the Section, arid expressed the hope that they would pay them another visit at some future date, when they might have something new to show. Another interesting visit was that paid to I.C.I. (Fertilizer & Synthetic Products), Ltd., at Billingham, on 10th September. After the general lay-out of the plant had been described and an ingenious model of the hydrogenation of coal had been inspected, the party was divided into groups and conducted over the works, which proved of very great interest, the various methods of con- trol, transportation and storage of materials being fully explained. The visitors having been provided with tea, Mr.Wall expressed the thanks of the visitors for the courtesy of the guides and for the hospitality extended to them by the Company. The Section is looking forward to meeting the President and Mrs. Thorpe on the occasion of the Dinner and Dance to be held at Sheffield on 23rd November to celebrate the Charter Jubilee of the Institute. A number of distinguished guests have accepted invitations to be present, and it is hoped that all Fellows and Associates in the area, with their guests (ladies and gentlemen), will make a special effort to be present, 372 September Examinations, 1935. Abstract of the Report of the Board of Examiners. Examinations for the Associateship and Fellowship were held as scheduled below :-No.No. For the Aasociateship- Examined. Passed. General Chemistry :at the Institute, University College, London, and The Royal Technical College, Glasgow,-lGth,-2 1st September,1936 .. *. .. .. .. 44 18* For the Fellowship- Branch A. Inorganic Chemistry, with special reference to Metallurgy: at the Institute and at the Royal School of Mines, London, 30th September-4th October. . .. .. 1 1 Branch B. Physical Chemistry, with special reference to Technical Applications :at the Institute and at the Department of Colloid Science, The university, Cambridge, 20th and 24th-27th September .. .. .. 1 1 Branch C. Organic Chemistry: at the Institute, 23rd-27th September .. .. .. 1 1 Branch C.Organic Chemistry, with special reference to Terpenes and Synthetic Per- fumes: at the Institute, 23rd-27th September . . .. .. .. .. 1 1 Branch D. Biochemistry, with special refer- ence to the Chemistry and Bacteriology of Dairy Products: at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, 24th-27th September . . .. .. 1 1 Branch E. The Chemistry, including Micro- scopy, of Food and Drugs, and of Water: at the Institute, 23rd-28th September .. 8 3t Branch 0. Industrial Chemistry with special reference to Sewage Purification: at the Laboratories of the Manchester Corpora- tion Outfall Works, Davyhulme, 23rd-27th September .. .. .. .. *. 1 1 Branch 0. Industrial Chemistry, with special reference to Fine Chemicals: at the Insti- tute, 23r&27th September .... .. -1 1 -59 28 * Five candidates completed their Examination by satisfying the Examiners in those parts of the Examination in which they had previously failed: two candidates failed to satisfy the Examiners only in parts of the Examination. t Two candidates completed their Examination by satisfying the Examiners in those parts of the Examination in which they had previously failed: one candidate failed only in part of the Examination. 373 EXAMINATION IN GENERALFOR THE ASSOCIATESHIP CHEMISTRY. INORGANICCmMrsTRY.-Some candidates were very good, both in the written papers and in the practical examination, but the majority were ill prepared for the written examination and unskilful in stating what they did know.Candidates pay insufficient attention to the general form and content of the questions. They would do better if they realised that each question is set with the intention of eliciting descrip- tions, statements or discussions, the general character of which is clearly defined in the question, so that every word and phrase is significant, and the candidate who has a reasonable grasp of the subject matter can, by carefully reading and weighing the ques- tion, see fairly accurately what the Examiner expects to get as an answer. He can also form a good idea of the relative impor- tance the Examiner will attach to the several parts of the answer. Too often, in this examination, candidates give an answer which is largely beside the mark, or they unduly elaborate one section of an answer at the expense of other sections of equal or greater importance.Among the weaker candidates there is not infrequently a complete lack of sound chemical philosophy. For example, the definition of a compound as “any uniform substance composed of an orderly arrangement of atoms or molecules” is evidently the product of scrappy and undigested theory along with quite unintelligent practice of chemistry. Such weakness is sufficiently common to raise the question as to whether the tests applied in the earlier stages of the students’ training, are sufficiently well designed to ensure that they have a sound grasp of the main issues of chemistry before proceeding to more advanced work.As usual, the practical tests were, on the whole, well done, and in the titration of iodine and iodide by Andrews’ method, many candidates demonstrated their ability to get excellent results with an unaccustomed procedure. ORGANICCHEMISTRY.-The theory paper was very badly answered by a large number of the candidates. It should not have been difficult for a candidate with an adequate knowledge of any elementary textbook on organic chemistry to have dealt ad- equately with Questions I, 3, 4 and 7 (see pp. 377-378), yet the majority of the candidates did not do this. The common explan- ation that candidates had forgotten the elementary parts of the 374 subject cannot be justifiedin this case since the answers to Questions 2,sand 6gaveno indication of more advanced reading except in the case of those candidates who also gave excellent answers to the elementary questions.Special weakness is shown in the know- ledge of aromaQc chemistry. For m-nitrophenol the formula of the ortho-compound was written, benzoic acid was stated to nitrate ortho- and para-, chlorobenzene to nitrate meta-, benzoic- acid was prepared from benzene diazonium chloride and carbon dioxide. A remarkable number of candidates prepared benzalde- hyde from benzene via the cyanide and benzoic acid rather than via toluene, cinnamic aldehyde from benzaldehyde via cinnamic acid. Though such syntheses are possible, the experimental difficulties in reducing the carbonyl group do not seem to be known.The structure of the isocyanides is still written R-NIC, indicating the use of antiquated textbooks. The practical work was fairly well carried out, though in some cases the preparation of methyl red caused difficulty, apparently owing to a lack of appreciation of the fact that diazotisation at ooC. does not always take place practically instantaneously. EXAMINATIONSFOR THE FELLOWSHIP. BRANCHE. The Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs and of Water. WRITTEN PAPERs.-Taking the papers as a whole, satis- factory answers were given, and it was evident that the candidates were well conversant with the conventional methods for the detection and determination of preservatives in food, although only one made passing reference to the Ministry of Health publication (by Dr.Monier-Williams) on the benzoic acid question. Those tests and/or “values” which are frequently adopted in a public analyst’s laboratory were satisfactorily disposed of, and a good acquaintance with the preliminary microscopical examina- tion of vegetable powders was shown. As regards the judgment of the quality of a sewage effluent, the critical data were well covered, but the mechanism of the purification changes involved was but scantily referred to. Candidates should seize every opportunity of visiting works and factories dealing with all. types of foodstuffs-a cocoa factory for example-thereby gaining first-hand knowledge of the several stages through which the crude material passes. PRACTICALWoRK.-There was much uneven work during the four days. To anyone of experience, the straightforward exercise on the water submitted should have been carried out accurately and expeditiously.The microscopical work was not so good as on previous occasions and while structures were, in the main, satisfactorily described and illustrated, certain impor tan t features (eg. the presence of foreign starch in the sample of cocoa) were often overlooked. The analyst should not neglect microscopical examination , and would do well always to carry a hand-lens (which should be to him as the stethoscope is to the medical practitioner). If this, had been used, the cocoa sample might have yielded up one of its secrets at a very early stage! The work on the dispensed medicine left much to be desired, mainly in respect of interpretation and, the data afforded by the Seidlitz powder were not, in certain cases, logically considered.Metallically-contaminated food colours were fairly well done, and considerable accuracy was achieved in qualitative work. This was perhaps the most satisfactory feature of the Examina-tion. The work of the candidates for the Fellowship in all the other branches was good, and they were successful without exception. PASS LIST. Examination in General Chemistry for the A88ockteship. Adamson, Donald Colin Malcolm, Woolwich Polytechnic, London. Campbell, Norman Robert, Sir John Cass Technical Institute, London. Candler, William Cecil, Central Technical College, Birmingham.Carter, Ernest, A.M.C.T., College of Technology, Manchester. Crosbie, Peter Malcolm, University College, London; and the Polytechnic, Regent Street, London. Davis, Arthur Leslie, Birkbeck College, London. Grainger, Arthur, City of Liverpool Technical College. Brtrtley, Richard Smith, Technical College, Huddersfield. Lambie, David Alexander, Sir John Cass Technical Institute, London. Nomall, James George, B.Sc. (Lond.), Trained under Thorn Stenhome, A.R.C.S., F.I.C. Paterson, Andrew Crichton, Technical College Paisley. Pinder, Jack Leake, B.Sc. (Lond.), College of Technology, Leicester. Roberts, Charles Fletcher, A.M.C.T., College of Technology, Manchester. Rodger, David, Heriot-Watt College, Edinburgh; and The Royal Tech- nical College, Glasgow.Rose, Leslie, Central Technical College, Birmingham. Skelton, Raymond John Lewis, The Polytechnic, Regent Street, London. Twker, Hardwicke Slingsby, B.A. (Oxon.), The University, Oxford. Wilson, Charles Stephen, B.Sc. (Aberd.), The University, Aberdeen. 376 Ed+ fW the flelt0Weh.i.p. In Branch A: Inorganic Chi&y, with qwcacCl rsference to Metallurgy: Burton, John Headland, B.Sc. (Lond.). In Branch B: Physical Chemistry, with special reference to Technical Appliccc- tions: Bilham, Philip Leo, B.Sc. (Lond.). In Branch C: Organic chemistry: Crawford, Malcolm, B.Sc. (Glas.)., Ph.D. (Munich). With special reference to Terpenes and Synthetic Perfumes: Sully, Bernard Thomas Dudley, B.Sc.(Lond.), A.R.C.S. Ir, Branch D: Biochemistry, with special referew to the Chemistry and Bacteriology of Dairy Products: Adamson, James Henry, M.A. (Cantab.). In Branch E: The Chemistry, including Microscopy, of Food and Drugs,and of Water: Bullock, Kenneth, Ph.D. (Manc.).Jaff6, Frederick William Moore, B.Sc. (Lond.). Turner, George Hugh, B.Sc. (Liv.). In Branch G: Industrial Chemistry, with special reference to Fine Chemicals: Edgington, Ben, B.Sc. (Lond.). With special reference to Sewage Purimtion: Clements, George Stephen, A.R.C.S. Examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry. MONDAY, 16th SEPTEMBER, 1935, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Attempt FIVE puestions only. Awwer brieJly and to the point. Gve fornuhe and equations where possible.) 1.Discuss fully Qnd critically the distinctions drawn by chemists between (a)atoms and molecules, (b) compounds and solutions. 2. Give a generd account of potentiometric and conductometric titrations, with special reference to the advantages and utility of these methods. 3. Describe exactly how the following preparations may be effected in the laboratory:- (a) boron trichloride from boric acid; (b) phosphonium iodide from phosphorus; (c) sulphur from sulphuric acid; (d) potassium silicofluoride from silica. 4. Outline the technical production of either (a) sodium carbonate by the Solvay process, or (b) ammonia by the Haber-Bosch process, and discuss as fully as possible the theoretical principles involved.5. What uses are made of sodium and potassium cyanides (a)technically, (b) in analysis? Describe a method of manufacture used for ONE of these salts. Given potassium cyanide and ordinary laboratory reagents, how would you prepare (a)potassium cyanate, (b) anhydrous hydrocyanic acid, and (c) cyanogen ? 377 6. Give brief explanatory clefhitions of the following terms:- (a) amphoteric electrolyte; (b) Avogadro’s constant ; (c) Hydrogen overvoltage ; (d) Partition coefficient; (e) Photochemical equivalent. 7. Write an essay on ONE of the following topics:- (a) The contributions of Faraday to chemistry; (6) The theory of phlogiston; (c) Allotropic change ; (d) The industrial uses of the water-gas reaction.2 to 5p.m. (Attempt FIVE questions only. Answer briefly and to the point. Give formulae and equations where possible.) 1. What is meant by “amociation” in liquids? HOW has this phenomenon been investigated and with what results ? 2. Tabulate the oxygen compounds of the halogens and write notes on those which are remarkable either for their theoretical interest or their practical importance. 3. Outline the methods available for the preparation and stabilisation of colloidal solutions, and indicate briefly the accepted theoretical explana- tion of these phenomena. 4. What methods are available for the preparation of pure carbon monoxide? How may small traces of this gas in air be detected and determined? Under what conditions and with what result does carbon monoxide react with (a)nickel, (b) chlorine, (c)sodium hydroxide? 5.Give a brief historical account of the experiments and reasoning upon which our views of the constitution of ozone and hydrogen peroxide are based. 6. How are persulphates and permanganates manufactured ? What electronic constitution is attributed to each of these salts and how does it accord with their properties ? Describe how you would analyse quantitatively potassium persulphate containing ammonium sulphate as a substantial impurity ? 7. Outline the typical reactions of nitrous acid, dealing especially with those which are of importance in analysis. Given sodium nitrite, how would you proceed to prepare from it (a)hydroxylamine, (b) amino-sulphonic acid, (c) hyponitrous acid ? TUESDAY, 17th SEPTEMBER, 1935, 10 a.m.to 1 p.m. (Attempt FIVE questions only. Answer briefly and to the point. Give formulae and equations where possible.) 1. Describe the preparation and principal reactions of the alkyl cyanides and isocyanides. Discuss the constitutions ascribed to these corn- pounds and to hydrocyanic acid. 2. What methods are available for the conversion of (a)an aldopen- tose to an aldohexose and vice oerscc; (b) an aldohexose to a ketohexose and vice veraa. 378 3. Compare and contrast the methods of preparation and chief reactions of aliphatic mercaptans and thioethers with the corresponding alcohols and ethers. 4. Give the structural formulae and ONE method of preparation for each of the following:- (a)fluorescein, (b) rosaniline, (c) malachite green, (d) methylene blue, (e) alizarin. 5.Write an essay on the stereochemistry of either(a)cyclic compounds or (b)diphenyl compounds. 6. Indicate briefly the methods available for the synthesis of quino-line and isoquinoline and their derivatives. 7. Show briefly how, starting from benzene, the following compounds can be synthesised :-(a) m-nitrophenol, (b)p-nitrobenzoic acid, (c) benzilic acid, (G?) cinnamaldehyde, (e) phenylacetic acid. 2.0 to 3.30 p.m. Translation from French and German technical literature. WEDNESDAY, 18th SEPTEMBER, 1935, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. From the sample of p-toluidine (A) prepare a pure crystalIised specimen of p-iodotoluene.2. From the anthranilic acid (B) prepare a pure specimen of methyl red. Quantity aswell as quality will be considered in judging the specimens. (These exercises may be completed to-morrow.) THURSDAY, 19th SEPTEMBER, 1936,lO a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Identify the compound (C). (Ethyl cinnamate; OT amyl benzoate; OT ethyl oxalate.) 2. Report on the quality of the formic acid (D). (Formic acid con- taining some water and acetic acid.) FRIDAY, 20th SEPTEMBER, 1936, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. The solution (A) contains free iodine, potassium iodide and potassium phosphate. You are required to determine volumetrically the free iodine and total iodine, and to determine gravimetrically the total iodine and phos- phate in this solution. It will be found convenient to dilute the solution to one-fifth of the concentration supplied and take 25 cc.for each estimation. A standard solution of potassium iodate and unstandardised thio- sulphate solution are provided. Any method may be used, but it will be found that an accurate and convenient method for total iodine is direct titration with iodate in a solution strongly acidified with hydrochloric acid, details of which are given in Sutton’s Volumetric Analysis, 1935, p. 129. State the results of your standardisation of thiosulphate in terms of normality, and of your determinations as grams per litre of free iodine, potassium iodide and acid potassium phosphate (KKPO,) respectively.The VOL~TRIC exercises must be completed and reported upon TO-DAY.The QRAVIMETRIC exercise may be completed TO-MORROW. 2. Identify the pure substance (B). (SeIeniow acid.) 3. Report upon the substance (C), especially as to its behaviour on heating and the nature of the residue left on heating it for some time to 8 dull red heat. (Barium iodate monohydrate.) SATURDAY, 2lst SEPTEMBER, 1935, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Complete the gravimetric determinations upon Solution (A). 2. Analyse qualitatively the mixture (D), which contains six radicals. (M-anganese sulphide, barium chloride, potassium metabisulphite ; OT zinc oxrde, barium nitrate, potassium bromide ; or zinc sulphide, strontium nitrate, potassium metabisulphite.) Examination for the Fellowship.Branch A. Inorganic Chemistry, with special reference to Metallurgy. MONDAY, 30th SEPTEMBER, 1935, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Attempt SIX questions only. Anawe7. briefZy and to the point.) 1. Write a short essay on isotopes. 2. Describe the chief metallic carbonyls and state what views are held on their constitution. 3. What are the chief constituents of monazite sand? How would you determine them ? 4. Describe briefly the si@cance of the atomic number of an element. 5. How can chlorine, bromine and iodine be determined in a mixture containing them all? 6. Write a short account of the compounds of fluorine with (a) oxygen, and (b)the other halogens. 7. Describe the uses of microchemical methods in general analysis. 8.By what methods may SO, and %SO, be made ? Give an account of Rsschig’s views on the chemistry of the chamber process. 2 to 5 p.m. (Attempt SIX questions only. Answer brie$y and to the point.) 1. Describe the modern smelting operations necessary for the pro- duction of blister copper anodes from a pyritic ore, containing approxi- mately 4 per cent. of copper. 2. Give an account of the treatment necessary for the production of marketable zinc from Broken Hill concentrates. Sketch a section of the smelting furnace you would use, indicating the essential parts. 3. Describe an electric furnace suitable for the melting of copper alloys. What are the advantages and disadvantages as compared with other methods of melting ? 4. Give an account of an arrangement whereby you would propose to investigate the “critical points” of an alloy between l,OOOo C.and 500” C., in a case where the magnitudes of the thermal evolutions are smaJ,l. How would you plot the dta obtained1 380 6. What method would you adopt for the determination of the principal constituents of a White Bearing Metal? 6. Outline a scheme for the complete analysis of a sample of Chrome Brick. 7. What methods of assay would you adopt for samples of:- (a) A rich argentiferous galena? (b) A highly cupriferous gold ore ? (c) An auriferous hematite? State the quantities of reagents you would suggest using in each case. 8. What is the usual procedure for the analysis of producer gas? How could the working of the producer be controlled by the results obtained P TUESDAY, 1st OCTOBER, 1936, 10 a.m.to 6 p.m. Determine the percentages of the constituents in the carbon steel, which contrains a small amount of nickel. (Thk e~ercisemy be completed tomorrow.) WEDNESDAY, 2nd OCTOBER, 1935, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Make a complete qwtitative analysis of the sample of an aluminium alloy. (Thk e~erckemy be completed to-mow.) TEURSDAY, 3rd OCTOBER, 1936, 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. Determine the percentages of the chief constituents in the sample of Broken Hill ore, and make tassays for its gold and silver contents. The gold and silver should be reported on the long ton of 2,240 lbs. (Thiaexercise my be completed to-morrow.) FRIDAY, 4th OCTOBER, 1935, 10 a.m.to 6 pm. 1. Four samples of alloys, partly polished, are supplied, two of which are ferrous and two are non-ferrous. You are required to complete the polishing, etch the specimens, sketch their microstructures, and identify the alloys. 2. The sample of steel supplied has failed in service. Give a reasoned statement of the muse of the failure. Branch B. Physical Chemisfry, with special reference to Technical Applications. FRIDAY, 20th SEPTEMBER, 1936, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Frw qwstione mwt be attempted, &t shorter an.swt?rs to w e que&ina% will be allowed.) 1. Discuss with examples the various types of melting and freezing 2. What is meant by a chain reaction? Give examples of such point curves of binary mixtures.occurring in liquid and gaseous systems. Develop an expression for the effect of an inhibitor on such chain reactions. 3. Compare and contrast the photochemical and thermal decomposi-tion of my organio compound. 381 4. What is meant by the term “activated adsorption”? What relationships exist between the pressure of a gas and the amount adsorbed by a substrate ? 5. What principles are involved in the electrolytic separation of (a)silver from copper, (b) hydrogen from deuterium? 6. What is meant by dissociation pressure ? In the case of a com-pound capable of dissociation, what information is required to determine (a)the heat of formation, (b) the free energy 1 7. What methods are available for the determination of the size of colloid particles, and on which principles are they baaed ? 8.What do you understand by ortho- and para-hydrogen? What methods of catalytic conversion exist S PRIDAY, 20th SEPTEMBER, 1935, 2 to 6 p.m. (Not more than ~IVEquestion8 to be attempted.) 1. Describe the principles of operation of two different types of commercial refrigerators. Discuss their theoretical thermal efficiencies. 2. How is the thermal conductivity of a gas determined? On what factors is it dependent ? 3. Define viscosity and plasticity. Describe two methods for deter-mining the viscosity of a fluid. How does the viscosity of (a)a solution of soap, (b) an emulsion such aa butter, vary with the rate of shear P 4. What principles are involved in the industrial manufacture of either hydrogen, or sulphur trioxide? 5.How would you determine the true hydrogen ion activity of (a) a thick syrup of sugar, (b) a solution of gelatine? 6. Describe the principle of operation of a refracfometer. How would you determine the composition of a mixture of tristearin and triolein ? 7. Write a short essay on the problem of lubrication. 8. What principles are involved in emulsification ? TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 24th to 27th SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 6 p.m.each day. 1. Make a study of the interaction of oxygen with spongy silver. 2. Determine the molecular are= of stearic and myristic acids aa 3. Investigate the interaction of iodine and acetone in aqueous solu- &ns on water at different temperatures. tion at constant hydrogen ion activity.Branch C. Organic Chemistry. MONDAY, 23rd SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Ansurer Questions 1 and 2, and two others.) 1. How would you prepare from readily available material:-(a) methyl ethyl-isopropyl carbinol, (b) resorcyl aldehyde, (c) pyrazol, (d)n-butylbenzyl acetic acid, (e) /3-hydroxyiSovaleric acid, 0 o-toluio acid, (9)m-nitrotoluene? 382 2. What are the chief reagents used to characterise aldehydes and ketones and how are they prepared and used? Reactions depending on the easier oxidation of aldehydes sometimes fail to give conclusive evidence of whether a complex compound is an aldehyde or ketone. What other test or tests can be applied for this purpose? 3. It is stated in some text-books that all optically active compounds, excluding derivatives of other elements than cazbon, contain an asymmetric carbon atom.Discuss this statement. 4. Indicate the limitations of the following:-(a) Hofmann’s syn-thesis of amines from amides; (b)Friedel-Crafts’ reaction; (c) the esterifica- tion of aromatic carboxylic acids by alcohol and hydrogen chloride; (d)the estimation of sulphur by Carius’ method; (e) the estimation of nitrogen by Dumas’ method; (f)the establishment of the identity of two compounds by the method of mixed melting points. 5. Write an account of the modern theories of substitution in the benzene ring. 6. Summarise the contributions made to organic chemistry by the schools of ONE of the following:-(a) R.Robinson, (b) L. Ruzicka, (c)W. N. Haworth, (d) R. Kuhn. 7. The following constitution is thought likely to represent an organic compound :-CHOH.C&NCH,€&~~~~o-<->ocE*OCH, NH Outline an investigation to verify it. MONDAY, 23rd SEPTEMBER, 2 to 6 p.m. Write an essay on the trend of modern organic chemistry. TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 24th to 27th SEPTEMBER, 1935, 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. each day. From the specimen of o-nitro-p-toluidine supplied, prepare 2: 3-and 2 : 5-dinitrotoluene. Leave pwe crystalbed specimens of about one gram of all intermediate compounds you obtain. (Page and Heasman, J.C.S., 1923, 3,239. Scott and Robinson, J.C.S., 1922, 844.) Branch C. Organic Chemistry, with special reference to Terpenesand Synthetic Perfumes.MONDAY, 23rd SEPTEMBER, 1935, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Answer FOUR questions, TWO from em& Part.) PART I. 1. Write an account of the investigations which have led to the eatablishment of the structure of pinene. 383 2. How has the constitution of citral been decided ? How may it be converted to (a)cymene, (b) ionone? How may a-and p-ionone be separated and how do these two compounds differ in structure ? 3. Describe methods of preparation of (a) vanillin from a natural product, (b) methyl anthranilate from a coal-tar product, (c) salicylaldehyde from benzene, (d)skatole from propyl alcohol, (e) benzylbenzoatefrom benzene. 4. How has exaltone been prepared? Describe the investigations which have been made on the constitution of muskone and civetone.PART 11. 6. Indicate briefly the principal uses of the Grignard reagent in synthetic chemistry. 6. Give one exarnple of each of the following reactions, describing briefly the experimental conditions under which they are carried out:- (a)Friedel-Crafts’,(b) Perkin’s (c) Cannizmo’s, (d)aabatier and Senderens’, (e) Sandmeyer’s. 7. Write a short account of the tautomerism exhibited by ethyl acetoacetate. 8. State briefly the method and magents you would employ to prepaxe the following compounds from benzene:-(a) p-nitraniline, (b)m-dibromobenzene, (c) resorcinol, (d) salicylic acid, (e) p-nitrobenzoic acid. 2 to 6 p.m. (FIVEqueetions only to be attempted.) 1. Mention the more important sesquiterpenes found in essential oils, stating the oils in which they occur.Give a short account of the methods by which their constitutions have been established. 2. What oils are employed commercially as raw materials for the preparation of :--Geraniol, citronellol, citronellal, linalyl acetate, menthol, isoeugenol, thymol ? In cases where there me alternative raw materials, compare the qualities of the products obtained. 3. Describe the preparation and properties of any FOUR of the following :-Benzylidene acetone, nerolin, hydroxycitronellal, heliotropin, phenyl ethyl alcohol, amyl cinnamic aldedyde. 4. What are the chief diflerences between:-(a) Java and Ceylon citronella oils, (b) Algerian and Bourbon geranium oils, (c) Sicilian and African orange oils, (d) East Indian and Australian sandalwood oils, (e) Cayenne and Brazil Bois de Rose oils? 5.How would you detect the presence of petroleum in (a)Kanmgaoil, (b) Cassia oil, (c) Ceylon citronella oil ? 6. What classes of materials should be avoided in the perfuming of (a)white toilet soap, (b) cold process soap 4 Give reasons for your answers. 7. Mention some of the artificial esters which have been found as adulterants in Bergamot and Lavender oils, and describe methods by which such esters may be detected. 8. what methods may be used for the determination of linalool in essential oils ? TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 24th to 27th SEPTEMBER, 1936, 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. each day. 1. Report on the quality of the sample of hydroxycitronellal.2. Determine the composition of the given mixture of geraniol and citronellol. 3. Report on the probable composition of the given flavouring wence. 4. Determine the amount of mearidole in a sample of Chenopodium Oil. 6. Examine for likely adulterants or impurities:-(a) Sandalwood oil (contained benzyl alcohol). (b) Lavender oil (contained ethyl phthalate). (c) Terpeneless lemon oil (contained alcohol). Branch E. The Chemistry, including Microscopy, of Food and Drugs, and of Water. MONDAY, 23rd SEPTEMBER, 1936, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. Describe with full experimental details how you would detect and determine benzoic acid preservative in a sample of cordial, the amount present purporting to be of the order of magnitude permitted by the Ministry of Health (Preservative, etc.in Food Regulations). 2. Give an account of the methods commonly employed in the pre- liminary preparation of a vegetable powder for microscopical examination, indicating the special value of each. 3. Outline the manufacture of cocoa and state what is meant by the terms cocoa-nib, cocoa shell, cocoa butter, cocoa-tea, cocoa-red and soluble cocoa. Answer in a separate notebook. 4. Discuss the active principles of ergot. What effects has ergot in the human body, and what are the effects of taking this substance over a long period of time P 6. What gases are official in the British Pharmacopoeia? Indicate what impurities they are likely to contain and the methods of test and determination of them.6. Give the composition, me and dose of the following:-Amjdopy- rina, methylis salicylas, chlorbutol, orthocaina, betanaphthol, sulphonal, carbromalum. 2 to 6 p.m. (Candidates ntwt answer FOUR of the questions.) 1. Describe, with all essential details, the exact procedure you would adopt to assure yourself of the correct working of a Hortvet freezing-point spparatus.2. State in detail the grounds upon which you would judge the quality of a sewage effluent. What is meant by the “relative stability” of an effluent and how would you proceed to determine it? 3. State briefly the procedure involved with, and the special wea of, FOUR of the following:- (a)Carr-Price value; (b) Holland acetyl value; (c) Rosemund and 385 Kuhnhenn pyridine sulphate bromide reagent ;(d)Redwood Viscosity value; (e) Griess-Ilosvay test; (f) Bdoed test; (9) Liebermann-Storch reaction.4. Outline a scheme for the separation of the protein constituents of flour, indicating the part played by them in the baking properties of flour. 6. Discuss briefly the methods described in the B.P. for the deter- mination of EITHER mercury OR iron, existing in combination or as the metal in official compounds or galenicals. Indicate, particularly, why fundamentally different processes are employed. TUESDAY, 24th SEPTEMBER, 1935, 10 a.m. to 6 pm. 1. Without considering the amount or nature of ether-soluble matter, make such examination of the cocoa (A) which will justify an expression of opinion as to its genuineness or otherwise.(Either cocoa containing a material excess of shell, plus particles of grws; OT one adulterated with sawdust or foreign starch.) 2. In the potable water (B) estimate the “free” and combined chlorine and determine the amount of oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 26.7”C. (Acid-permanganate test.) (Alkaline potable water of varied composition.) WEDNESDAY, 25th SEPTEMBER, 1935, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Examine the material (C) microscopically. Make accurate sketches of the diagnostic structures and express an opinion upon its composition. (Orris root with starch, chalk or magnesium carbonate.) 2. Ignoring the question of metallic contamination, make such examination of the Seidlitz powder (D) as will enable you to say whether it confirms to the requirements of the B.P.(Genuine or incorrectlydispensed.) THURSDAY, 26th SEPTEMBER, 1935, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. The following mixture appears in the National Formulary for National Health Insurance purposes :-Mist. Acid Acetylsal. R/ Ac. acetylsal gr. 7&. Pot. cit. gr. 15. Aq. chloroform ad. fl. 02. 4. Ascertain if the mixture submitted (E)is in accordance with the above prescription. (Contained sodium tartrate instead of potassium citrate.) FRIDAY, 27th SEPTEMBER, 1935, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Analyse and report upon the sample of buttermilk (F). (Pre-servatives need not be considered.) (Normally prepared buttermilk with or without the addition of excess water.) 2. Is the “permitted” food colour (G) provided suitable for use in the manufacture of sweets? (Containing excessive arsenic or lead.) SATURDAY, 28th SEPTEMBER, 1935, 10 a.m.to 6 p.m. 1. Ex&e the specimen for abnormal (pathological) constituents (4.2. Identify the powder (B). (Emetine bismuth iodide.) 386 3. An individual, on aaking for chlorodyne in a pharmacist’s shop received the sample which is labelled (C). He signed the Poisons Book. Examine the liquid with a view to ascertaining whether all the necessary statutory requirements regarding the sale have been complied with, and, if not, indicate what ia lacking. (Tinct. Chloroformic et Morphina Co.,B.P., 1914.) Branch C. Industrial Chemistry,with special reference to Fine Chemicals. MONDAY, 23rd SEPTEMBER, 1936, 10 a.m.to 1 p.m. (Alzewer &uwt&m1, and any THREE (but not nwr6 than three)0th‘qut?8th.) 1. Write an essay on the organisation of staff and labour which would be necessary to carry on some selected technical process. The process chosen should be one with which you are well acquainted, so that a full and detailed description of the numbers and types of personnelnecessary may be given, together with approximate data as to the expen- diture likely to be incurred on labour and staff, and the relation which this expenditure may bear to the total cost or value of the products obtained. 2. Describe fully the construction end operation of plant suitable for the .atration of large quantities of a liquid containing solid matter in suspension. 3.Discuss the relative merits of various materials (e.g., wood, steel, silica, glass, enamelled ware, etc.) as materials for the construction of chemical plant, according to the kind of ohemical process which has to be carried out. 4. What meens are available in technical practice for effecting the formation of precipitation in a condition favourable to their ready removal by one of the usual methods? What are the chief mechanical methods, other than filtration, by which such separations are commonly effected? 6. Describe suitable technical methods for effecting intimate contact between a gas and a liquid (in which the gas is sparingly soluble) so that chemical interaction may proceed smoothly between liquid and gas.6. What means are available for the determination and control of temperature in chemical operations? Give instances in which careful control of temperature is especially necessary. Discuss, also, the con-tinuous recording of temperature and describe instruments suitable for this purpose. 2 to 6 p.m. (Questions 1 and 6 and TWO other qu&&m8 dy to be anawered.) 1. Describe briefly the reactions which are utilised on the com-mercial scale in the production of the following:- (a)procaine; (b) cinchophen; (c) camphor; (d) necarsphemmine; (e) adrenaline. Illustrate your answers by means of structural form&. 2. Write an account of the work which has led to the production 3. Describe the methods used for the extraction and purification in crystalline form of EITHER (a)calciferol, OR (b) oestrin.of quinine. What impurities are likely to occur in quinine sulphate and what tests would you apply to emure its purity? 387 4. Write a short essay on ONE of the following subjects:- (a) Recent developments in the production and commercial uses of orgaaic solvents. (b) The principles of crystallisation with special reference to he chemical production. 6. The following process for the preparation of phenacetin has been found to work satisfactorily in the research laboratory. It is desired to transfer this process to the manufacturing scale producing about 100 lbs. per batch. Prepare a report on the probable requirements for this purpose, sketch a suitable arrangement of the plant and make suggestions for the recovery of the by-products.Preparation of phenucetin.*-aminophenol sulphate (145 gr.)is mixed with water and sodium carbonate sufficient to liberate the base is added. The mixture is well stirred, cooled to 10" C. and acetic anhydride (100 gr.) is added in small quantities at a time, keeping the temperature at about 10" C. by the addition of ice. Stirring is continued for one hour after which the precipitate of p-acetylamino- phenol is centrifuged off and washed with a little water. A quantityof the moistp-acetylaminophenolcontaining100gr. of the dry material, 80 gr.ethyl bromide, 27 gr. sohum hydroxide and 400 gr. alcohol are refluxed together for 8 hours. The excess of ethyl bromide and alcohol are distilled off and the residue dissolved out in boiling water.The solution is atered hot and allowed to cool. Phenacetin crystallises out, is centrifuged off and recrystallised from water. Yield 100 gr. TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 24th to 27th SEPTEMBER, 1936, 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. each day. 1. Convert the 60 gr. of ealicylic acid supplied into acetylsalicylicmid, obtaining as high a yield as you can. Test the product for purity. 2. Prepare a specimen of strychnine hydrochloride from the powdered nux vomica seeds and apply tests for purity to the product. 3. Prepare 25 gr. of potassium dihydrogen phosphate of reagentquality from the commercial phosphoric acid provided. Prepare a label stating the quantities of any impurities which may be present inthe produc t.4. Identify the two organic substances in the mixture. (Resorcinoland methyl-p-hydroxybenzoate.) Branch G. Industrial Chemistry, with spedal reference to Sewage Purification. MONDAY, 23rd SEPTEMBER, 1936, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Seepaper on p. 386.) 2 to 6 p.m. (Questions 1, 2 and 3, and TWO others are to be attempted.) 1. Write a concise account of the activated sludge process of sewage purification and discuss the mechanism of the purifkation changes. State briefly what methods you would employ in the control of a properlydesigned plant. 2. Give a general account of the various methods of sludge disposal, stating their respective advantages and disadvantages. Deal in more detail with recent developments in the secondary digestion of sludge, with special reference to mesophilic and thermophilic digestion.388 3. Deal generally, but briefly, with the question of the admittance of trade waste into the sewers of a Local Authority, including the necessity or otherwise of new legislation on this subject. Indicate briefly the type of control, including draft regulations, you think a Local Authority should have and discuss the question of special payment by the manufacturer. 4. Upon what data would you judge the quality of a sewage effluent. Describe in detail two analytical tests which you consider are of greatvalue in this connection. What are your views on the adoption of “legalstandards ” for sewage effluents ? 5. State clearly your view of the possibility of the economic use of chlorine as an adjunct to the ordinary methods of sewage purikation.6. Give your views of the relative merits of “fine” grade and “coarse ” grade percolating filters. What remedial meaaures would you adopt in caae of:-(a) Continued surfme “ponding” on the filters; (b) Nuisance through excessive fly trouble; and (c) Excessive discharges of suspended solids from the final “humus” tanks. 7. In what circumstances, if any, do you consider chemical precipita- tion of sewage advantageous ? What precipitant or precipitants would you then employ and why? TUESDAY to FRIDAY,24th to 27thSEPTEMBER, 1936, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. euch day. 1. Analyse and report on the three samples of sewage effluent (A),(B)and (C).N.B.-In order to keep within the examination period the bio- chemical oxygen demand of the effluents may be determined in 2 days at 37°C.instead of the usual 5 days at 65°F. 2. Examine by whatever methods you think fit the three samples of mtivated sludge (D), (E) and (F),and draw your conclusions as to the nature and condition of the samples. 3. Analyse the two samples of dried sludge (G) and (H),including4. Examine the three samples of trade effluent (I),(J) and (K).nitrogen and grease content, and report as to their probable origin. Trace their probable source and report upon the advisability of their admittance to a sewerage system, with or without preliminary treatment. 389 National Certificates in Chemistry, 1935.THECOUNCILhas received the Report of the Joint Committee of the Board of Education and the Institute on the Examinations for National Certificates in Chemistry (England and Wales). Assessors.-Professor G. T. Morgan, O.B.E., DSc., F.R.S., Professor T. Slater Price, O.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S., and Professor J. E. Coats, O.B.E., DSc. The following is an abstract of the Report. Irttrodzcctory.-During the present session, three schools have submitted candidates for the first time in the Senior Grade, and two schools for the first time in the Advanced Grade. The number of entries in the Senior grade was 196, of whom 91 passed. In 19% there were 197 candidates, of whom 102 passed. In the Advanced Grade there were 82 candidates, of whom 59 passed.In 1934 there were 76 candidates, of whom 56 passed. Of the 82 candidates, 62 had previously obtained the Ordinary Certificate, and of the 59 successful candidates, 45 had previously obtained the Ordinary Certificate. Inorganic ad Physical Chemistry .-So far as the theoretical side of inorganic and physical chemistry was concerned, the candidates’ answers were at a distinctly lower level than last year. After studying chemistry for at least three years, the candidates should show an accurate knowledge of general principles and not make mistakes in elementary details. For example, the anode and cathode of an electrolytic cell were often confused, even by candidates who were offering physical chemistry as one of the subjects.There was also some carelessness in giving the formulae of everyday compounds and in balancing equations. In some cases it was difficult to imagine that the candidates had checked the diagrams they gave or had really used their reason when putting in the details. A very poor knowledge was often shown of the laws and hypotheses underlying chemistry. Compulsory questions set by the assessors, and involving Avogadro’s hypothesis and deduc- tions made therefrom were badly done and often the matter put down on paper by the examinee showed little reasoning power. 390 One would have thought that a question on the hardness of water would nowadays be well answered by third-year students, but this was far from being the case.There seems to be too much tendency to learn facts, without understanding the signi- ficance of the facts. The practical work was of a much higher standard than the theoretical, probably because most of the candidates are engaged in practical work during the day-time. The chief difficulty seemed to be for the candidates to write up their results in a clear manner. Advamed-The standard of the answers to the Advanced theoretical work was naturally higher than that of the Senior. There was, however, a distinct tendency in some cases to be verbose. In some cases the questions were very specialised, but this was undoubtedly due to the influence of the industries of the district, and, therefore, worthy of encouragement. As in other years, Mendeljeff used atomic numbers! One candidate also stated that Sir Walter Raleigh discovered argon! The practical work was generally satisfactory.Physical Chemistry.-This is mostly taken for the Ordinary Certificate. The theoretical part was much better done than the theoretical inorganic chemistry, probably because it was a new subject to the candidate and was studied at the expense of,-for example,-inorganic chemistry. The old mistake that the electric current is responsible for the dissociation of an electrolyte still occurs. Also, in some cases, there was no comprehension of the true meaning of solubility product, and of the why and wherefore of hydrolysis. As in previous years, where a practical course is held, the answers given showed a fuller understanding of the subject. It should now be possible for all colleges to give such a course.There are no special comments to be made on the work for the Higher Certificate, except to congratulate some colleges where the subject is taught in relation to the surrounding indus- tries. The candidates’ answers are evidence of the interest to them of such applications to their daily work. Such applications are of far more use to the students than the retailing of some very modem theoretical physical chemistry, or, rather, chemical physics, the true interpretation of which is still to be found. Organic Chmistry.-Theoretical Papers.-In a wide range of schools a compulsory question in the Senior Grade was asked on 391 the evidence in support of a cyclic structure for toluene.The answers were often disappointing. Attempts to give an inde- pendent proof of the existence of an aromatic nucleus in this hydrocarbon were unconvincing. Alternatively, the evidence linking up toluene with benzene was not set out in a logical manner. The orientation which occurs when toluene is chlori- nated or nitrated was often vaguely stated. The production of m-nitrotoluene was mentioned without any indication that it was a minor by-product not exceeding 5 per cent. In certain in-stances nitration in the side chain was suggested. There was also considerable vagueness as to the conditions under which toluene becomes chlorinated in the side chain, or, alternatively, in the nucleus.Another compulsory question was that on the preparation of isomeric dihydroxybenzenes and their constitution. The former part of the question was better answered than the latter. The sulphonation of aromatic hydrocarbons was involved in another compulsory question set in a few schools. The physical and chemical properties of aromatic sdphonic acids were not well known and the utility of these sulphonic acids in organic synthesis was not always clearly summarised. The reverse process of desulphonation was rarely mentioned, except in one large school where this reaction was employed in the separation of two of the isomeric xylenes. A compulsory question on olefine isomerism and poly-mensation brought forth several good answers, especially in relation to olefrnic reactions.Each year brings questions on the diazo reaction, and from several schools came the curious mistake that benzene-diazonium chloride arises from the action of nitrous acid on benzene in presence of hydrochloric acid. The various Sandmeyer reactions for chlorine, bromine and cyanogen radicals were discussed, but, as in former years, cuprous iodide was suggested as the reagent employed in the production of iodobenzene from benzenediazo- nium chloride. In one large school a higher mark was given for cuprous iodide than for potassium iodide. A similar procedure was also suggested in the Advanced Grade for the preparation of iodobenzene, although this prepxation goes smoothly with potassium iodide providing that benzenediazonium sulphate is employed.References to organic preparations not infrequently betray an ignorance of practical knowledge, as when it was stated that 392 benzenediazonium chloride was obtained by distilling in steam. Similarly, nitrobenzene was said to be produced by refluxing benzene with nitric acid. Dimethyl sulphate was variously described as a sulphonating agent and as a reagent for introducing methyl into the aromatic ring so that m-4-xylenol was obtained from phenol. During the alkali fusion of sodium benzene- sulphonate, phenol was stated to distil from the alkaline melt. The answers to questions on tautomerism varied considerably in quality. In some instances adequate reference was made to ethyl acetoacetate, phloroglucinol and the nitroso-phenols.In other cases this phenomenon was confused with structural isomerism and with the benzidine transformation. In several schools a question was set on the three classes of organic amines. This question was often attempted and, on the whole, well answered, but the statement that a tertiary amine does not react with nitrous acid needs to be qualified in the case of aromatic tertiary amines, especially in view of recent researches on the action of nitrous acid on dimethylaniline and its homo- logues. The various colour phases of the Liebermann test for secondary amines are not always specified. The answers to questions on the course of substitution among aromatic substances were an improvement on those of former years, but the nitration of aromatic amines sometimes presents a difficulty.Even in the Advanced Grade, the older process for the produc- tion of phthalic anhydride, with concentrated sulphuric acid and mercury catalyst, was generally given rather than the modern method of aerial oxidation over vanadic oxide. In the Advanced Grade a compulsory question was set on the comparison between the properties of aldehydes and ketones, to which satisfactory answers were generally received. The effects of the Schiff and Tollens’ reagents were, however, some- times confused. In the preparation of aldehydes and ketones candidates often gave the textbook preparation of heating calcium salts of organic acids even when such substances as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, benzaldehyde and acetophenone are much more conveniently prepared by other methods.Geometrical isomerism was frequently confined to organic substances having optical activity, and epimeric change was not always clearly defined. A new significance is now attached, in several schools, to the term “exhaustive methylation.” Formerly it related to the 393 removal by drastic methylation of the nitrogen atoms of pyrroli-dine, pipendine and their homologues and analogues. Now it is also being applied to the complete methylztion of sugars and allied carbohydrates, and even of the alkaloids of the purin series. An unconventional question asking for the arguments against the Erlenmeyer formula for naphthalene evoked several interest- ing answers relating to tetrahydro-derivatives of naphthalene and to the action of chlorine and ozone on this hydrocarbon.In several schools the candidates did credit to their lecturers by the clear and logical accounts which they gave of such recon- dite topics as the constitution and physiological significance of glutathione, and on the constitutions of various terpenoid derivatives, including norpiriic acid, a-pinene, camphor and terpineol. Modern researches on the cyclic structure of sugars and on the chemical nature of cellulose also received adequate attention. Practical.-In the tests for elements in organic compounds a new variant has appeared this year in substitution of Lassaigne’s test with metallic sodium or potassium, and of Castellana’s test with magnesium and dry potassium carbonate.During the latter fusion, nitrogen may be collected from the atmosphere so that a positive result is obtained even when organic nitrogen is absent. In one school the new reagent employed is a mixture of sodium carbonate with one-tenth its weight of sucrose. A fusion with this mixture generally leads to the detection of halogens and sulphur, but a negative result may be obtained for nitrogen even when this element is present. If nitrogen is not indicated, a second fusion is performed with a mixture of zinc dust and half its weight of sodium carbonate, when organic nitrogen is revealed subsequently by the blue cyanide reaction. The candidates who employed these tests, obtained con-sistently good results.With metol (p-methylaminophenol) they all returned nitrogen and sulphur, so that this developer was evidently distributed as its sulphate. In one large school employing Lassaigne’s test with potassium, mixtures of aniline, chlorobenzene or bromobenzene were fre- quently asserted to contain phosphorus as well as nitrogen and halogen. The organic qualitative analysis was, on the whole, satis- factory, but some candidates still make returns which are quite inconsistent with the properties they have observed in their tests. The quantitative exercises of the Senior Grade in organic chemistry were, on the whole, carried out with accuracy, but 394 occasionally there was a tendency to use too small quantities of reagents in volumetric analyses.In the Advanced Grade a high standard was attained in the identification of organic substances. Such closely allied iso-merides as ortko- and meta-toluidines were distinguished by the production of a series of their crystalline derivatives. Quantitative exercises including the iodometric estimation of acetone and the diazo process for the assay of primary aromatic amines were carried out with considerable accuracy. Chemical TechfioZogy.-A compulsory question on inter-metallic compounds was somewhat indifferently answered. There was no reference to the Hume Rothery rule or to similar generalisations. More satisfactory answers were received to the questions on the chemical principles underlying the following operations :--copper-refining, puddling, the use of limestone in blast furnace practice, and the desilverisation of lead.The diagrams showing the microstructure of alloys were neatly drawn. In the theoretical papers on the chemistry of dyes and textiles the tests for various colouring matters on the fibre were described accurately, but sometimes the chemical nature of dyes of the indigosol and soledon classes was not clearly indicated. Questions were asked on the various types of rayon, and there was some confusion about the preparation of viscose rayon. The initial step was alleged to be the dissolution of cotton linters in cuprammonium solution. Several candidates stated that mercerised cotton was converted by ammonium sulphide into cellulose xanthate. The finished product was said to resemble wool in having a natural affinity for acid dyestuffs.The chief types of rayon (viscose, acetate, and cupram- monium) were well described and full answers sometimes included a reference to nitro-rayon. The importance of azo-fl-naphthols in the formation of ingrain dyes was recognised, but the constitutional formulae ascribed to these substances were sometimes quite incorrect. Several papers contained questions on the hardness of water and on the means of removing this disadvantage. Permutit was stated to be a mixture of sodium and aluminium salts which removed organic impurities. Permanent hardness, which was sometimes alleged to be due to the chlorides of sodium and potassium, was removed by sodium aluminate and ferric alum.The chemical nature of dyes was not always clearly stated. In several scripts magenta was described as an acid dyestuff applied to wool with Glauber’s salt and sulphuric acid. Basic 395 dyestuffs were said to be metallic salts applied to cotton after mordanting with chromium acetate or other metallic salts. In two schools a question was asked on the different modes of producing a full navy blue shade on cotton. Dyeings with Indanthrene, Hydron and sulphur blues were described correctly, but a method of producing Prussian blue was impracticable and, moreover, a blue of the azoic class was suggested by coupling /3-naphthol with diazotised 9-nitro-o-toluidine.In the Advanced Grade scripts many answers showed a knowledge of recent discoveries and inventions. For instance, in the finishing of woven fabrics the modern sulphide method was described for obtaining a permanent white on wool. The practi- cal differences attending the production on cotton fabrics of azoic colours from /3-naphthol and from the various members of the naphthol AS series were clearly outlined. The employment of fast colour salts and the diazotisation of fast colour bases were well described, together with the use of such adjuvants as Turkey red oil and sodium acetate. Reference was made to the value of various modem wetting agents (mercerol, pemanol and shirlacrol) in the merceriskg process. In the practical exercises, excellent dyed patterns were pro- duced by the after-treatment (diazotisation and p-naphthol coupling) of various direct cotton blues and blacks.Accurate tests on the fibre were made with such dyes as Solway blue B, Azorubinol zB, Naphthol yellow S, Hydron blue G and Thionone black BF. In the written papers on technical analysis, there was some uncertainty about the definition of normal and standard solutions for volumetric analysis. For the iodometric estimation of carbon monoxide, phosphorus pent oxide was confused with iodine pent- oxide. For the practical tests, aqueous solutions of borax and of calcium bicarbonate were submitted. In the former case, the dissolved substance was sometimes returned as caustic soda; in the latter case, the liquid was stated to be either distilled water or a solution containing magnesium salts.In general, the answers to the papers in various branches of chemical technology showed a better insight than formerly into the underlying chemical principles. It is noteworthy that students in these sections acquitted themselves very creditably in practical organic chemistry. Physics and Mathematics.-The number of candidates taking the examination in physics and mathematics this year was only 396 16. It is difficult on the basis of this small number and the wide variation of individual performance to make useful general comments. Loose statements were sometimes made, as e.g. in the case of statements of Faraday’s Laws of Electrolysis, when the expression “amount cf current” was often given instead of “quantity of electricity.” The statements of Faraday’s Laws were rarely quite correct, and very few candidates could give clearly the relation between chemical equivalent and electro-chemical equivalent.In only one case was the constant 96,500 stated. In nearly all schools the practical test was set in such a way as to give due weight to accuracy of experimentation. It must be emphasised that candidates who write an account of the method and draw a diagram, but obtain a very bad result, cannot be allowed a pass in the practical test. One school only gave no practical examination in physics. The papers in mathematics were of satisfactory standard. There were only seven candidates in this subject.NATIONALCERTIFICATES IN CHEMISTRY(SCOTLAND),1935. The Council has also received and adopted the Report of the Joint Committee of the Scottish Education Department and the Institute on National Certificates in Chemistry. Assessor.-Dr. Norman Picton, B.Sc. During the present session twenty-three candidates were examined for the Ordinary Certificate and eighteen passed; six candidates were examined for the Higher Certificate and four passed. The Council wishes to acknowledge the valuable services of Mr. F. D. Miles,Fellow, who acted as deputy in the absence of Dr. Picton. NATIONALCERTIFICATESIN CHEMISTRY(NORTHERNIRELAND), I935 Three candidates presented themselves, of whom one was successful and was awarded the Ordinary Certificate.The Examiners are appointed by the Ministry of Education, Northern Ireland, with the concurrence of the Council of the Institute, and act, as regards National Certificates in Chemistry, in consultation with Professor G. T. Morgan, O.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S. 397 Notes. Harrison Memorial Prize.-In accordance with the Trust Deed governing the Harrison Memorial Fund, the Selection Com- mittee,-consisting of the Presidents of the Chemical Society, the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry and the Pharmaceutical Society,-will proceed to make an award of the Harrison Memorial Prize in December next. The Prize, of the value of about L150,will be awarded to the chemist of either sex, being a natural-born British subject and not at the time over thirty years of age, who, in the opinion of the Selection Committee, during the previous five years has con- ducted the most meritorious and promising original investigations in any branch of pure or applied chemistry and published the results of those investigations in a scientific periodical or periodicals.Provided that, in the opinion of the Selection Committee, there is a candidate of sufficient distinction to warrant an award of the Prize, the next award will be made in December, 1935. Applications, five copies of which must be submitted, should contain the following information :-Name (infun). Age (birth certificate must accompany application). Degrees (name of University where obtained).Other qualifications. Experience. Titles of published papers, with authors' names, including full references to publication. Where research was carried out. Testimonials or references. Any other particulars bearing on the application. The Selection Committee is prepared to receive applications, nominations, or information as to candidates eligible for the Prize. Any such communication must be received by the President,The Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.1, not later than Monday, 2nd December, 1935. Sir William Bragg 's Lecture.-The particular attention of teachers in Universities, Colleges and Schools, and also of Students, is called to the Seventh S. M. Gluckstein Memorial 398 Lecture, delivered by Sir William Bragg, and issued with this Part of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS.It is hoped that this lecture will be passed on to teachers and students of the ‘‘humani-ties,” with the object of promoting better understanding of the position of science in the general scheme of education.6th International Congress for Scientific Manage- ment.-The report of the 6th International Congress for Scien- tific Management may be obtained on application to the publishers, Messrs. P. S. King & Son, Ltd., Orchard House, Great Smith Street, London, S.W.I. Individual volumes:-10s. 6d. each, set of seven, L3 3s. It has been decided to form a Committee to be convened by the Federation of British Industries, representative both of industry and the professions, to represent Great Britain in management mat ters .The next Congress will be held in the United States in 1938. South African Empire Exhibition.-A South African Exhibition, which will include exhibits from all parts of the British Empire, will be held in Johannesburg from September to December, 1936. The Associated Scientific and Technical So-cieties of South Africa have arranged that the headquarters of the Societies,-Kelvin House, Fox Street, Johannesburg,-shall be placed at the disposal of duly accredited visitors, including members of the scientific, engineering and technical societies and institutions. Such visitors will be made honorary members of the Club House during their visit to Johannesburg, and will be able to obtain any information they may require regarding places of technical interest in the Union.Visits will be arranged to places of mining, industrial, or general scientific interest, and such visitors will be invited to various meetings of the associated societies. Papers communicated by the visitors and contributions to the discussions on technical matters by them will be appreciated. Information regarding travelling and other facilities are obtainable from the London Secretary, South African Empire Exhibition, 21,Tothill Street, Westminster, London, S.W.1 ,or from the Head Office, P.O. Box 114,Johannesburg, Transvaal. 399 Notice has been received that the Canadian Jourwd of Re-search, which has been published during the past six years, now in its seventh year of publication, will in future (beginning with the issue for July, 1935)be published in four sections: (a)physical; (b) chemical; (c) botanical; (d) zoological. Sections (a) and (b) will be issued under a single cover.The annual subscription rates, postage paid to any part of the world: Sections (a) and (b) $2.50; sections (c) and (d) $2.50. All four sections complete, $4 per annum. On the occasion of the Celebration of the Tercentenary of the University of Budapest, Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins, O.M., P.R.S., Fellow, received the degree of Doctor, honoris causa. Mr. F. Courtney Hanvood, Fellow, has been appointed Director of the British Launderers’ Research Association. 400 Obituary.HUGHCELARLESHERBERTCANDYdied suddenly at Hampstead, on 22nd qeptember, in hk 77th year. Educated privately, he studied under Edward Frankland at South Kensington and at University College, London, graduating B.A. in 1883 and B.Sc. in 1888. He then became Lecturer in Chemistry to the London Hospital Medical College and Analyst to the Hospital. He also held appointments at Queen’s College, London, and at the National Dental Hospital. He was the author of an Introduction to Chemical Analysis (1905), A Manual of Physics for Medical Students (3rd edition, 1928), and with Dr. A. P. Luff, of a Manual of Chemistry, Theoretical and Practical (7th edition, 1925). He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1898, and served as a Member of Council from 1916 to 1919.ARTHUR BERTRAM died at Lagos, Nigeria, on 14th September, HOBSON in his 43rd year. Educated at the Municipal Secondary School, Stockport and at Manchester Grammar School, he proceeded to Manchester Univer- sity in 1909, obtaining the degree of B.Sc. in 1912 and M.Sc. in 1913. He received a Commission in the Cheshire Regiment in 1914, becoming Gas Officer to the 25th Division, later he was Assistant Chemical Adviser to the 2nd Army, and Commandant of the 2nd Army Gas School, and was demobilised with the rank of Captain. In 1920 he was appointed Chemical Officer in Kenya, whence, in 1923, he was transferred to Lagos, Nigeria, where he held the appointment of Government Analyst until his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1918.EGBERTGRANT HOOPERdied at Chelsea, on 17th September, in his 81st year. Born at Bath, he studied chemistry at the Birkbeck Institution, King’s College, and, under Edward Frankland, at the Royal College of Science, London. He entered the Government Laboratory in 1878, where he was, at first, mainly engaged on water and food analysis, and later in the examination of stores and materials for various State Depart- ments. He was specially concerned with the inquiry on arsenic in beer, on which he gave evidence for the Government before the Royal Com- mission, and later with the character of the explosive used in the Dinas Main Colliery disaster. He also investigated metallic albuminates. He was eventually Deputy Chief Government Chemist, from which appointment he retired in 1919.He was Chairman of the London Section (in 1911), a Member of the Council and a Vice-president of the Society of Chemical Industry. His publications included Solutions in Chemistry, London Matriculation Chemistry, and a Manual of Brewing. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1887, served as a Member of Council from 1905 to 1908, and as a Vice-president from 1908 to 1911. CHRISTOPHER CAIIGERSMITHwas accidentally drowned at St. Agnes, Cornwall, on 10th September, in his 33rd year. Born in London, he was-educated privately and at the Secondary School, Isleworth. In 1920 he entered University College, London, graduating B.Sc. in 1924. He then obtained a post on the Research Staff of the Liverpool Nitrate Com- pany in Chile.In 1929 he joined the staff of Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., in Buenos Aires, returning to England in 1930, in the service of the same company, with whom he remained until his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1924. Books and their Contents. The following books have been kindly presented to the Institute by the authors or publishers and may be seen in the Library :-“Forensic Chemistry and Scientific Criminal Investigation.” A. Lucas. Third Edition. Pp. 376. (London: Edward Arnold & Co.) 18s. net. Introduction; blood stains; clothing; counterfeit coins; documents; dust, dirt, glass fragments, stains and marks; explosives and explosions; fibres, woven fabrics, string and rope; finger-prints, footprints and tracb of vehicles; fires and insurance frauds; firearms, cartridges and projec- tiles; microscopy, photography, X-rays, ultra-violet rays and infra-red rays; poisons; preservation of the human body after death; robbery from letters and parcels; tobacco; Index. “Medical Science, Spanish Influence on the Progress of.” Sir Henry Wellcome, F.R.S.Pp. 122. (London: The Wellcome Foundation, Ltd.). ‘‘Rubber : Physical and Chemical Properties.” T. R. Dawson and B. D. Porritt; with a Foreword by Sir Herbert Wright. A Technical Handbook produced by the Co-operation of the Rubber Growers’ Association, Inc. and the Research Associa- tion of British Rubber Manufacturers. Pp. xii + 700.(London: The Research Association of British Rubber Manu- facturers.) 45s. net. Chemical and physical properties of latex, coagulum, raw rubber, soft vulcanised sponge and cellular rubber; hard rubber (ebonite). (Under physical properties are included mechanical, thermal, electrical and optical data.) Conversion tables and factors; methods of analysisand testing; specifications for rubber goods ;associations and institutions ; bibliography of rubber literature ; bibliography of authorities cited; glossary; indexes; mixings; subjects; names. ‘‘Volumetric Analysis, A Systematic Handbook of.” Francis Sutton. Twelfth Edition. Revised throughout, with numerous additions, by A. D. Mitchell. Pp. xvi + 632. (London:J. & A. Churchill, Ltd.) 35s.The quantitative determination of chemical substances by measure, applied to liquids, solids, and gases, adapted to the requirements of purechemical research, pathological chemistry, pharmacy, metallurgy,manufacturing chemistry, photography, etc., and for the valuation of substances used in commerce, agriculture, and the arts. Table of atomic weights ;memoranda;table of abbreviations used for periodicals; general principles; alkalinity and acidimetry; analysis by oxidation or 402 reduction; analysis by precipitation; potentiometric titration; applied methods of analysis : inorganic and organic; analysis of urine, blood, water and sewage; volumetric analysis of gas; tables and indexes. “Alkali, etc. Works, Seventy-First Annual Report on,” by the Chief Inspectors ; dealing with Proceedings during the year 1934.Pp. 44. (London: H.M. Stationery Office.) gd. “Manchester, City of. Rivers Department.” Annual Report for the year ending 31st March, 1935. Pp. 44. Tables and Diagrams. (Manchester: Henry Blacklock & Co., Ltd., and London: T. S. King & Son, Ltd.) 2s. 6d. The Report of the Government Chemist upon the work of the Government Laboratory for the year ending 31st March, 1935 (with Appendices), was published recently by H.M. Stationery Office, gd. net. The following statement, broadcast by Sir Robert Robertson, K.B.E., F.R.S., on the 23rd September, is reproduced with his permission :-The report of the Government Chemist upon the work of the Government Laboratory for the year ending 31st March, 1935, is published to-day (23rd September).It is a description of the nature of the chemical work done by the Government Laboratory on behalf of a large number of Crown Departments, and it deals with the examination of no less than half a million samples. Since 1911, the Department of the Government Chemist has been an independent department directly under the Treasury. It works chiefly for Departments of State, and these are entitled to apply for chemical assistance so far as facilities are available. Over thirty Ministries and Departments take advantage of this. In addition to work for Crown Departments, the Government Chemist has certain statutory duties under such Acts as the Food and Drugs (Adulteration) Act and the Fertiliser and Feed- ing Stuffs Act.While it is the policy of Parliament that control of the purity of food should be in the hands of local authorities, the Government Chemist acts as referee in legal cases when there is a dispute between the analysis obtained by a vendor and that of a public analyst. The headquarters of the Laboratory are at Clement’s Inn Passage, and there are subsidiary laboratories at the Custom 403 Houses of London, Liverpool, Glasgow, Bristol, Hull and South- ampton, and the chemical work of the Geological Survey and of the War Office Supply Reserve Depot at Deptford is undertaken. The staff consists of the Government Chemist and his deputy, six superintending chemists, 63 qualified established chemists, and other grades.The work is of an exceedingly varied character. Thus one group deals with oils of all kinds, paints, building materials, steels, non-ferrous metals, glazes, photographic chemicals, inks, waters, effluents, documents (for forgery), etc. ; another with food-stuffs, for adulteration and preservatives, and dangerous drugs, and so on. Recent legislation has made it necessary to report on 7,000 chemical substances listed for duty under the Safeguarding of Industries Act, on hydrocarbon oils (which include petrol and Diesel oils), on silks (including natural and artificial silk), on wheat flour, and more recently on the enormous range of dutiable goods, under the Import Duties Act of 1932, such as fabrics, fibres, leather, metals and alloys, rubber goods, resins, papers, and so on.On account of increase in the work, the total staff has grown from 207 in 1921 to 268 in 1935. There are in addition the older dutiable substances-alcohol, tobacco and sugar-of which the samples submitted are very numerous, requiring a special organisation in order to report upon them rapidly. Every week several of the staff are engaged in giving evidence in the Law Courts on their results. The report issued to-day deals with all the types of materials examined and has notes explaining the origin and purpose of the examination, and it includes the contributions made by the staff to chemical literature, for in addition to the requests for investigations submitted to the Laboratory, continuous research is carried on to improve the chemical processes employed in the course of the work.In addition, the seniors of the Department are called on to serve on many committees of importance whose work is related to that of the Laboratory. Thus the Government Chemist is Chairman of the Water Pollution and Tar Research Committees, and of the Committee for treatment of chimney gases (Battersea and Fulham), and members of his staff attend a large number of committees whose object is to attain a greater exactitude in the performance of chemical met hods and processes. The Register. At the meeting of Council held on 18th October, 1935, I new Fellow was elected, 19 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 80 new Associates were elected, and 42 Students were admitted.The Council regrets to record the deaths of 3 Fellows and 2 Associates. New Fellow. Adamson, James Henry, M.A. (Cantab.), 5, Golf Links Road, Burnham-on-Sea, Somerset. Associate8 elected to the Fellowship. Bilham, Philip Leo, B.Sc. (Lond.), Ryecroft, Tadworth, Surrey. Billbrough, Sidney, B.Sc. (Lond.), Arkendale, Knottingley, Yorb. Briers, Frank, BSc. (Lond. and Oxon), D.Phi1. (Oxon), 120, SwinleyRoad, Wigan. Bullock, Kenneth, Ph.D. (Manc.), Valeris, Knutsford Road, Wilmalow, Cheshire. Burton, John Headland, B.Sc. (Lond.), 26, Bell Street, Sawbridgeworth. Clements, George Stephen, A.R.C.S., 51, The Drive, Bexley, Kent. Crawford, Malcolm, B.Sc. (Glas.), Ph.D.(Miulich), Miinchen, Turken- strasse 58, Germany.Dyson, George Malcolm, B.A. (Oxon), Ph.D. (Lond.), Clifton Laboratories, Albert Place, Loughborough. Edgington, Ben, B.Sc. (Lond.), 22, Chantrey Road, West Bridgford, Notts. Jaffd, Frederick William Moore, B.Sc. (Lond.), 22, Grange Avenue, Nab Wood, Shipley. Jones, Frederick Arthur, B.Sc. (Lond.), F.I.R.I., 47,Ralph Road, Alum Rock, Birmingham. Mallinder, Raymond, B.Sc. (Lond.), c/o 50, St. Chad’s Road, Derby. Matthews, Robert Karran, 32, Temple Road, Prenton, Birkenhead. Mitter, Ganes Chandra, M.Sc. (Calcutta), Chief Assayer, H.M. Mint, Bombay, India. Rhodes, James Eric Wynfield, Ph.D. (Lond.), 35, Fielding Crescent, Green Lane, Blackburn. Richardson, Henry Lorimer, M.Sc. (N.Z.), Ph.D.(Lond.), D.I.C., Rotham-sted Experimental Station, Harpenden. Sully, Bernard Thomas Dudley, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., Kingsmead,Reigate Road, Ewell, Surrey. Turner, George Hugh, B.Sc. (Liv.), 8, Dunbabin Road, Wavertree, Liver- pool.Weber, John Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.), 111, Brighton Road, Sutton, Surrey. 405 New Associates. Adamson, Donald Colin Malcolm, 49, Brownhill Road, London, S.E.6. Angell, Stanley, B.Sc. (Birm.), 4, Daniels Road, Little Bromwich, Bir- mingham. Barnett, Adam John Guilbert, B.Sc. (Edin.), Ph.D., The Higher College, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria. Bennison, Ernest Walton, B.Sc. (Birm.), 53, Beaconsfield Road, Cannon Hill, Birmingham 12. Bhattacharya, Kamala Charan, B.Sc. (Punjab), M.Sc. (Calcutta), Govern- ment Test House, Alipore, Calcutta.Bleiweis, Bernard Alec, B.Sc. (Lond.), 155, Crouch Hill, London, N.8. Boden, Samuel Murray, B.Sc. (Glas.), 64, Norse Road, Scotstoun, Glasgow, w.4. Bolwell, Lewis Edward, B.Sc. (Lond.), Piedmont Villas, 31 1, Warbreck Moor, Aintree, Liverpool, 9. Boyes, James Douglas Codrington, B.Sc. (Lond.), Tostig, Belvedere Park, Hornsea, E. Yorks. Braithwaite, Frederick George, 80, Fairfield Road, Hillary, Durban, Natal, S. Africa. Bridge, Walter, B.Sc. (Liv.), 52, Kingsland Road, Birkenhead. Browne, Reginald Hunt, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., Wissington SugarFactory, nr. Stoke Ferry, King’s Lynn. Campbell, Norman Robert, 245a, Cavendish Road, London, S.W.12. Candler, William Cecil, 56, Beech Road, Bournville, Birmingham.Carter, Ernest, A.M.C.T., 32, Stocks Lane, Penketh, Warrington. Chard, John Edwin, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.S.M., Bennet Grange, Fulwood, Sheffield, 10. Chorley, Henry William Thomas, M.Sc. (Wales), 120, Maindy Road, Maindy, Cardiff. Clarke, Thomas Elliss, B.Sc. (Lond.), 18, Oak BankAvenue, Moston, Manchester, 9. Collins, John Henry, B.Sc. (Liv.), Kelvingrove, Oxford Road, Runcorn. Covington, Stanley Kenneth, B.Sc. (Lond.), 26, George Eliot Road, Coven try. Cowdrey, William Arthur, B.Sc. (Lond.), 86a, Ingelow Road, London, S.W.8. Crosbie, Peter Malcolm, Riemore Lodge, Bangors Lane, Iver, Bucks. Davies, Howard Merrett, B.Sc. (Reading), 15, Western Elms Avenue, Reading.Davis, Arthur Leslie, 8, Broadflelcis Avenue, Edgware. Dobson, Charles Stuart, B.Sc.(Lond.), 18, Lynton Avenue, Chanterlands Avenue, Hull. Durrant, Miss Adelaide Agnes, M.Sc. (Dun,), Mayfield, Sunderland Road, Herton, S. Shields. Eastman, Clifford William, B.Sc. (Birm.), 120, Redditch Road, King’s Norton, Birmingham. Ellison, Harry, B.Sc. (Manc.), 20, St. Mary’s Road, Walkden, nr. Man- ches ter . Fearey, James Edgar, B.Sc. (Lond.), c/o 161, Stokesley Crescent, Billing- ham, Stockton-on-Tees. Gershill, Bernard, B.Sc. (Cape), 4, Avoca Villas, Mill Street, Cape Town, S. Africa. Gold, Joseph Harold, B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), 112, Bignor Street, Manchester, 8. Grainger, Arthur, 9, Old Barn Road, Poulton, Wallasey. Hanson, Donald, B.Sc. (Lond.), 42, Savile Drive, Savile Park Road, Halifax. Harris, Frederick Reginald, B.Sc.(Lond.), 41, Princes Road, Brighton, 7. Hartley, Richard Smith, 9, Burwood Road, Lindley , Huddemfield. Hibbitt, Douglas Cecil, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 59, King’s Road, Higher Bebington, Cheshire. Holman, John Cristiaan George Mervyn, B.Sc. (Lond.), c/o Anglo-IranianOil Co., Ltd., Abadan, Iran. Horsley, Albert, B.Sc. (Lond.), 1, Range Terrace, Range Bank, Halifax. Jackson, Harry, B.Sc. (Lond.), 387, Sutherland Avenue, Welling, Kent. Jatkar, Shankar Khando Kulkarni, M.Sc. (Bombay), Indian Institute of Science, Hebbal, Bangalore, India. Jones, Arthur George, B.Sc. (Lond.), 8, Lizban Street, London, S.E.3. Lambie, David Alexander, 73, Barrow Road, London, S.W.16. Lawrence, Samuel George, B.Sc. (Lond.), Oakleigh, Birchfield Road, Widnes.Macqueen, John Melven, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 85, Meadway, London, N.W. 11. Maloney, John Bernard, B.Sc. (Lond.), Fern Cottage, Poolstock Lane, Worsley Mesnes, Wigan. Mandeville, Desmond Christopher, B.A. (Cantab.), St. John’s College,Agra, U.P., India. Matthews, Thomas Henry, B.Sc. (Dun.), 147, Studley Road, West Hartle- pool, Co. Durham. McCann, Alexander, B.Sc. (Glas.), 18, Carleith Quadrant, Glasgow, S.W.l. Moore, Jeffrey, B.Sc. (Birm.), 130, Wood End Road, Erdington, Birming- ham. Moss, Alfred Allinson, B.Sc. (Lond.), 99, High Street, Ilfracombe. Nevard, William James, B.Sc. (Lond.), Golfe House, Great Bentley,Colehester. Norvall, James George, B.Sc. (Lond.), 287, Windham Road, Bournemouth.Norvick, Isaac, M.Sc. (Wales), 1, Station Hill, Maesteg, Glam. Osborne, Thomas Lloyd, B.Sc. (Lond.), 68, Ashburton Road, Addiscombe, Surrey.Paterson, Andrew Crichton, 347, Victoria Road, Glasgow, S.2. Peill, Peter Livingstone Davies, B.Sc. (Lond.), 72, Trinity Street, Hudders- field. Perkins, Norman Gray, M.Sc. (Wales), Athol, Rhos Road, Colwyn Bay. Pinder, Jack Leake, B.Sc. (Lond.), 22, Central Avenue, Leicester. Potter, Sydney Ralph, B.Sc. (Lond.), 140, Elms Road, London, S.W.4. Powrie, Alexander, B.Sc. (Dun.), 59, East Haddon Road, Dundee. Pyke, Magnus Alfred, B.Sc. (McGill), 16, St. James’ Mansions, West End Lane, London, N.W.6. Read, John Scot, B.Sc. (Lond.), 6, Chatsworth Road, London, W.4. Redfern, Frederick Henry, B.Sc. (Birm.), 86, Bernard Street, Woodville, nr.Burton-on-Trent. Riddihough, Maurice, M.Met. (Sheff.), 222, High Street, Erdington, Bir- mingham.Rigden, Peter Montgomery, B.Sc. (Lond.), St. Austell, St. Anne’s Road, Whitstable. Roberts, Charles Fletcher, A.M.C.T., 16, Norcott Avenue, Latchford Without, Warrington. Rodger, David, 7, Woodburn Cottages, Stevenston, Ayrshire. Rose, Leslie, 34, Mickleton Road, Earlsdon, Coventry. Scott, Miss Winifred, B.Sc. (Lond.), 3, Shelgate Road, London, S.W.ll. Skelton, Raymond John Lewis, 16, Caister Road, Gt. Yarmouth. Smith, Jarvis, B.Sc. (Lond.), 19, Justice Street, Belgrave, Leicester. Stuart, Ian Balfour, B.Sc. (Edin.), D.I.C., Research Dept., The Distillers Co., Ltd., Great Burgh, Epsom. 407 Tasker, Hardwicke Slingsby, B.A.(Oxon), 152, Abbey Lane, Woodseets, Sheffield, 8. Thornhill, Ronald Thomas Russell, B.A. (Cantab.), Methwold Hythe, Brandon, Norfolk. Todd, James, B.A. (Oxon.), Derwen, The Crescent, Woodend, Maghull, Liverpool. Todrick, Archibald, B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), Greenlea, Rahane, Clynder, nr. Helensburgh.Tullis, David High, B.Sc. (St. Andrews), A.R.T.C., 73, Baronald Drive, Kelvindale, Glasgow, W.2. Walker, Alexander Nicholson, B.Sc. (Glas.), Rosyth Villa, Hamilton Road, Mo therwell. Watson, Miss Mary Beardshaw, M.Sc. (Belfast), 21, Bentinck Street, Greenock. Wilson, Charles Stephen, B.Sc. (Aberd.), Elmfield, Bucksburn, Aberdeen- shire. New Students. Arthur, Stanley Sidney, 58, Eastwood Road, Goodmayes. Back, Arthur Stanley, Ashberry Cottage, Honor Oak Road, London, S.E.23.Birtwistle, William Kenyon, 126, Ormerod Street, Accrington. Brunskill, Leo Benedict, 113, Prescot Road, St. Helens. Clapham, Robert Hedley, Crofton House, Yarm, Yorks. Edgar, Joseph Lewis, 47, Telford Avenue, London, S.W.2. Forrester Robert Eric, 34, Rupert Road, Huyton, Liverpool. Goodall, Allen James, 22, Priory Road, London, N.8. Gourlay, John, 51, Sinclair Street, Stevenston, Ayrshire. Hanson, William Clement,, 159, Kedleston Road, Derby. Harding, John David Dermott, 10, Royal York Crescent, Clifton, Bristol, 8. Harris, Clifford, 22, Ashgrove Road, Redland, Bristol, 6. Hewett, Douglas Richard, 28, Tresco Road, London, S.E.15. Hill, Alexander, 3, Hungerford Avenue, Slough.Howes, Edward Arthur, 85, Laleham Road, Staines. Jackson, David Leonard Charles, 58, Station Street East, Coventry. Jones, Hilary Arthur, Aughton, Huntly Road, Fairfield, Liverpool, 6. Judd, Albert Ernest, 29, Larks Hall Road, London, E.4. Korten, John William, 6, Chapman Place, St. George’s, London, E.l. Leworthy, Jack Farrow, 12, Askrigg Road, Stockton-on-Tees. Lock, Stanley Allan, 71, Grange Park Road, London, E.lO. Melrose, Alexander Annandale, 2, High Street, Greatham, Co. Durham. Mills, Ernest Charles, 104, Bentley Road, Doncaster. Murray, Keith Edward, 63, McCourt Street, West Neederville, Perth, W. Australia. Parsisson, Wilfred, 3 1, Parliament Street, Goole. Paterson, Robert Gordon, 55, Lancaster Avenue, Wallasey. Peers, Charles Hargrave, 117, Mesnes Road, Wigan.Price, Arthur Holbrook, 9, Cromwell Road, South Bank, Yorks. Pringle, Thomas Grant Paterson, 34, Atholl Drive, Giffnock, Renfrewshire. Riley, Frank, 34, Mathor Street, Kearsley, Farnworth. Rushmer, Arnold, 86, Outram Street, Middlesbrough. Salt, Norman, 20, Coleshill Street, Sutton Coldfield. Smith, George, BSc. (Lond.), 2, Bombay Street, Blackburn. Starkey, Frederick, 108, Pentland Avenue, Billingham-on-Tees. Summers, Donald, 18, Westland Avenue, Norton-on-Tees. Taylor, William Kenneth, 26, Gosforth Road, Southport. Terry, Eric Archer, 24, Shaftesbury Road, Beckenham. 408 Walton, Robert Colbourne, 194, Mansel Road, Small Heath, Birmingham.Webb, Arthur, 78, Dawlish Drive, Ilford. Williams, Alexander Gilbert, 32, St.Patrick’s Road, Coventry. Wilson, Kenneth, 48, North Street, Lower Hopton, Mirfield, Yorks. Wood, Claude Helm, Parkside, Prescot, Lancs. DEATHS. Fellows. Hugh Charles Herbert Candy, B.A., B.Sc. (Lond.). Egbert Grant Hooper.George William Slatter, A.R.C.Sc.1. Associates. Arthur Bertram Hobson, M.Sc. (Vict.). Christopher Caiger Smith, B.Sc. (Lond.). 409 Coming Events. 1935 November OF and1 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY, SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY, SOCIETYOF DYERSAND COLOURISTS (Manchester Sections), and AND PHILOSOPHICAL : “Starch,MANCHESTER LITERARY SOCIETY Cellulose and Related Carbohydrates.” Professor W. N. HAWORTH, at the Central Library, Manchester, at 7 p.m. INSTITUTE SOCIETY (GlasgowOF CHEMISTRY, OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY Sections), and the CHEMICAL Lecture by Mr.F. D. MILES,SOCIETY: at The Royal Technical College, Glasgow, at 7.30 p.m. :F4 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY(Bristol and South-Western Counties Section): Scientific Problems of Milk Pasteurisation.” Dr. W. G. SAVAGE,at the Chemical Lecture Theatre, Bristol University, at 5.30 p.m. OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRYSOCIETY (London Section) : Joint Meeting with the Food Group : Jubilee Memorial Lecture: “Chemical Elixirs of Life-Recent Developments in the Chemistry of Sterols, Lipochromes and Related Compounds.’’ Professor I. M. HEILBRON, at the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.1, at 8 p.m. 5 MANCHESTER LITERARYAND PHILOSOPHICAL : PresidentalSOCIETY Address: Mr.R. W. JAMES,at 36, George Street, Manchester, at 5.30 p.m. TRUSTLECTURE:SIRHALLEYSTEWART Professor J. B. S. HALDANE, at the Memorial Hall, Farringdon Street, London, E.C.4, at 6 p.m, 6 ALCHEMISTS’CLUB (Glasgow University) : Presidential Address: Mr. J. G. AULD, at Glasgow University, at 7.30 p.m. INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY (Belfast and District Section) : “Modern Fertilisers and their use in Practice.” Mr. R. G. BASKETT, at the Physics Lecture Theatre of The Royal Academical Institution, Belfast, at 7.30 p.m. SOCIETY INDUSTRYOF CHER~ICAL (Yorkshire Section) : Jubilee Memor- ial Lecture: “Metals in the Chemical Industry.” Professor C. H. DESCH. Details to be announced later. SOCIETY OF PUBLIC :ANALYSTS“Characteristics of Halibut Liver Oils,” Mr.R. T. M. HAINES and Professor J. C. DRUMMOND; “Notes on Mendel and Goldschieder’s Method for DeterminingLactic Acid in Blood,” Mr. R. MILTON; “The Application of Controlled Potential to Microchemical Analysis,” Mr. A. J. LINDSEY and Dr. H. J. S. SAND: “The Micro-Electrolytic Determination of Bismuth and Lead and their Separation by Graded Potential,” Mr. A. J. LINDSEY, at the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, W.l, at 8 p.m. 410 November 7 BIRMINGHAM AND LACQUERPAINT, VARNISH CLUB: “Wood Oil as a Raw Material for Varnishes and Synthetic Resins.” Dr. E. FONROBERT,at the Grand Hotel, Birmingham. CHEMICALSOCIETY: Ordinary Scientific Meeting, at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m.OIL AND COLOURCHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION:“Some Aspects of the Solid-Liquid Interface.” Dr. W. CLAYTON,at the Palace Hotel, Bloomsbury Street, London, W.C.l, at 7.30 p,m. SIR HALLEY STEWART Professor Julian Huxley, at TRUST LECTURE: the Memorial Hall, Farringdon Street, London, E.C.4, at 6 p.m. SOCIETY (Birmingham and Midland Section) :OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY Jubilee Lecture : “Metals in the Chemical Industry.” Professor C. H. DESCH,at the University Building, Edmund Street, Birming- ham, at 7.30 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(Bristol Section) : “Viscosity of Tars.” Dr. J. G. MITCHELL, in the Chemical Department, The University, Bristol, at 7.30 p.m. 8 ANDERSONIANCHEMICALSOCIETY(Glasgow): “Wanted-an Intelli-gent Youth,” Dr.S. H. TUCKER, at the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, at 3 p.m. OFINSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Bristol and South-Western Counties Section) and BRISTOL UNIVERSITY CHEMICAL SOCIETY “The: Detonation of Gaseous Mixtures.” Dr. W. PAYMAN,in the Chemistry Department, Bristol University, at 6.30 p.m. INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Newcastle upon Tyne and North-Emt OF Coast Section) : Joint Meeting with Bedson Club : “Carcinogenetic Hydrocarbons and their Physiological Effects.” Dr. J. W. COOK. INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (South Wales Section) and CHEMICALOF SOCIETY: “Recent Investigations iii the Chemistry of Gold,” Professor C. S. GIBSON. OIL AND COLOURCHEMISTS’ASSOCIATION(Manchester Section) : “The Future of Natural Resins.” Mr. T. HEDLEY BARRY,in the Reynolds Hall, College of Technology, Manchester, at 7 p.m. OIL AND COLOURCHEMISTS’ASSOCIATION(Scottish Section) : “Colour Testing and Recording.” Mr.NORMAN BLAND, at St. Enoch’s Hotel, Glasgow, at 7.30 p.m. OF CHEMICALINDUSTRYSOCIETY (Plastics Group and South Wales Section): “Plastics and the Coal Industry.” Dr. W. IDRISJONES, at the Technical College, Cardiff, at 7.30 p.m. 11 BRISTOLUNIVERSITY:“Progress in Industrial Catalysis,” Dr. E. B. MAXTED,at the Department of Chemistry, The University, Bristol, at 5.15 p.m. OF12 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast Section), THE INSTITUTEMETALS and the SOCIETY OF OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY: “The Zinc Industry.” Mr. STANLEY ROBSON. 13 INSTITUTION (Scottish Section) : “TimeOF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY Study as an Essential Element of Works Organisation.” Mr.D. BURNS,at the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland, Glasgow, at 7 p.m. 14 CHEMICALSocmm: Brauner Memorial Lecture: Dr. S. I. LEW, at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.1, at 8 p.m. November 14 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRYand SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY (Liverpool Sections) : “The Scientific Aspect of Tobacco Manu- facture.” Dr. H. H. EVERS,at the City Technical College, Liver- pool, at 6 p.m. 15 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY: “Laboratory Organisation.” Dr. LESLIE H. LAMPITT,at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, Gower Street, W.C.1, at 8 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Glasgow and West of Scotland Secton) and SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Glasgow Section) : Tatlock Memorial Lecture : “Recollections of an Analytical Chemist.” Mr.R. T. Thomson, at the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland, Glasgow, (2.2, at 7.30 p.m. INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (South Yorkshire Section) : “Sources ofOF Fuel Oils.” Dr. A. R. BOWEN,at the Technical College, Doncaster, at 8 p.m. OIL AND COLOUR CHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION(Manchester Section) : Annual Dinner and Dance at “The Manchester,” Ltd. ROYALINSTITUTION: “The Synthesis of a Natural Colouring Matter.” Professor R. ROBINSON, at 21, Albemarle Street, London, W.l, at 9 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Chemical Engineering Group) : “The Handling and Storing of Acids.” Mr.T. J. DIXON and Dr. F. ROFFEY, at the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. SOCIETYOF DYERSAND COLOURISTS(Manchester Section) : “Staybrite Steel as applied to the Dyeing Industry.” Mr. F. GODBER,at the Literary and Philosophical Society, 36, George Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m. OF TEE RUBBERINDUSTRY18 INSTITUTION (Manchester Section) : at“Rubber Derivatives.” Dr. P. SCHIDF,OWITZ, the Engineers’ Club, Manchester, at 7 p.m. 19 CHADWICKPUBLICLECTURES:“The Bacteriology of the Atmos- phere,” Professor R. C. MCLEAN,in the Lecture Theatre, London School of Hygiene, Keppel Street, Gower Street, London, W.C.1, at 5.30 p.m. OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRYSOCIETY (Plastics and Road and Building Materials Groups): Lecture on Colloidal Aspects of Clay, at the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.1, at 7.30 p.m.SOCIETY (Yorkshire Section) and the HULLOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY SOCIETYCHEMICALENGINEERINU : Joint Meeting in Hull. “New Kjeldahl Method for the Determination of Nitrogen in Foods, Feeding Stuffs, Leather, etc.” Mr. A. E. BEET and Mr. D. G. FURZEY,at the Lecture Room (51), Municipal Technical College, Hull, at 7.45 p.m. 20 ALCHEMISTS’CLUB, Glasgow University : “Some Colouring Matters of Micro-organisms.” Dr. A. R. TODD,at the University, Glasgow, at 7.30 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Irish Free State Section) : Annual General Meeting, at University College, Dublin. 412 November INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY (London and South-Eastern Counties Section): Annual General Meeting and Show of Industrial Films, at the Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.l, at 7.30 p.m. 21 CHEMICAL Discussion on “Some Aspects of the Interaction SOCIETY: between Gases and Solids,” to be opened by Professor E.K. RIDEAL, at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.1, at 8 p.m. INsTITTsTE OF CHEMISTRY(Aberdeen and North of Scotland Section): Visit of the President and Mrs. Thorpe. Address by the PRESIDENT, in the Chemistry Department, Marischal College, at 5.15 p.m.Reception and Dinner at Palace Hotel, at 7.46 for 8 p.m. -22 ANDERSONIAN (Glasgow): “The Chemist and the CHEMICALSOCIETY Farmer.” Professor D. N. MCARTHUR, at the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, at 3 p.m.CARDIFF UNIVERSITYCOLLEQE: Discussion on “Some Problems of Sugar Chemistry in relation to Biology.” ProfessorW. N. HAWORTH and Dr. E. L. HIRST, in the Chemistry and Physics Lecture Theatre, University College, Cardiff, at 5 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (Belfast and District Section): Charter Jubilee Dinner at the Grand Central Hotel, Belfast. INSTITUTE (Scottish Sections) :Charter Jubilee Banquet OF CHEMISTRY and Dance, at the North British Station Hotel, Edinburgh. INSTITUTEOF FUEL:“The Development of Coal Hydrogenation by Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd.” Mr. K. GORDON,in the Lecture Hall, Institution of Electrical Engineers, London, at 6 p.m. :“A Musical Alchemist.” ProfessorJOHNROYALINSTITUTION READ, at 21, Albemarle Street, London, W.1, at 9 p.m.23 ~NSTITmE OF CHEMISTRY(South Yorkshire Section): Dinner and Dance at the Royal Victoria Station Hotel, Sheffield, at 6.15 for 6.30 p.m. 25 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Lee& Area Section): Annual General Meeting. “The Technical Utilisation of Acetylene and Acetalde- hyde.” Dr. F. A. MASON. 26 CHEMICALSocmw and MANCHESTERUNIVERSITY CHEMICAL :SOCIETY “The Calcification of Animal Tissues.” Professor R. ROBISON, at the University, Manchester, at 4.30 p.m. ROY& INSTITUTION:“A Survey of Modern Views on Nutrition.” Professor E. MEILLANBY,at 21, Albemarle Street, London, W.l, at 5.15 p.m. 27 LEICESTER LITERARY AND PRILOSOPHICAZSOCIETY (Chemistry Section): “Recent Developments in Sewage Disposal,” Mr.J. A. CHRISTIAN,at the College of Technology, Leicester, at 7.30 p.m. 29 HULLCHEMICALAND ENGINEERINGSOCIETY:Dinner and Dance at Powolny’s, King Edward Street, Hull. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast Section) :Charter Jubilee Dinner at the Royal Station Hotel, Newcastle upon Tyne. OFINSTITUTECHEMISTRY (South Yorkshire Section): and the CHEMICALSOCIETY:“Some Modern Views on Chemical Reaction Velocity.” Professor M, POLANYI,at Sheffield University, at 6.30 p.m. 413 November 29 MANCHESTER LITERARYAND PHILOSOPHICALSocmm (ChemicalSection): “Chemical Aspects of Pest Control.” Mr. F. L. SHARP) at 36, George Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m. SOCIETPOF DYERS AND COLOURISTS(Scottish Section) : “Chemical Reactions under Pressure.” Professor W.M. Cumming, at St. Enoch‘s Hotel, Glasgow, at 7.30 p.m. December 2 INSTITUTECHEMISTRYand SOCTETYOF OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY (Bristol Sections) :“Problems of River Pollution.” Dr. A. PARKER, in the Chemical Lecture Theatre, Bristol University, at 5.30 p.m. Socmrp OF CHEMICAL (London Section) : “IndustrialINDUSTRY Disinfectants.” Mr. J. GIBSON,at the Chemical Society, Burlington House, PiccadiIly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. 3 ROYALINSTITUTION:“A Survey of Modern Views on Nutrition.” Professor EDWARD MEZLANBY,at 21, Albemarle Street, London, W.l,at 5.15 p.m. 4 SOCIETY ANALYSTS:OF PUBLIC At the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. Details to be announced later.PAINT,5 BIRMINGHAM VARNISHAND LACQUERCLUB: “The Plasticisa- tion of Cellulose Acetate.” Dr. V. E. YBRSLEY,at the Grand Hotel,Birmingham. CHEMICALSOCIETY:Ordinary Scientific Meeting, at Burlington Home, Piccadilly, London, W.1, at 8 p.m. INSTITUTE (Manchester and District Section) : AnnualOF CHEMISTRY Dinner and Dance (Charter Celebration), at “The Manchester,” Ltd., at 7 p.m. ROYALEMPIRESOCIETY (Planters’ Group). “Mixed Cropping in Primitive Agriculture,” and “Nitrogenous Excretion by Living Plants.” Dr. Hugh Nicol, at 17, Carlton House Terrace, London, S.W.1, at 8 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(Bristol Section) :Joint Meeting with Chemical Engineering Group :“Silos and Ensilage.” Mr. A. W. LING and Lieut.-Col.W. R. PEEL,in the Chemical Department, The University, Bristol. OF6 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coat Sectpn) :Joint Meeting with the Bedson Club-32nd Bedson Lecture: The Interaction of Molecules and Surfaces.” Prof. J. LENNAFCDJONES. CHEMTCAL HOLLAND,RAMSAY DINNER, Sir THOMAS in the chair, at Central Hotel, Glasgow, at 6.45 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(Manchester Section and Food Group) and the CHEMICAL : Symposium: “Micro-organisms SOC~TY and Foodstuffs,” at the College of Technology, Manchester, at 2.30 p.m., and at the Engineers’ Club, at 7 p.m. 9 SOCmm OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(Yorkshire Section) : “SyntheticRubber.” Dr. W. J. S. NAUNTON. 10 INSTITUTION OF TIIE RUBBERINDUSTRY(Scottish Section): “Factory Welfare.” Mr.J. B. LONG~IR, Edinburgh, at I p.m. at Chamber of Commerce Rooms, 414 December 10 ROYALINSTITUTION:“A Survey of Modern Views on Nutrition,” Professor EDWARDMELLANBY,at 21, Albemarle Street, London, W.l, at 5.15 p.m. 11 ALCHEMISTS’CLUB (Glasgow University): “The Formation of An-thocyanins in Plants.” Professor R. ROBINSON, at the University, Glasgow, at 7.30 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Irish Free State Section) : “Indiar~bber.’~ Mr. W. J. BARRETT,at University College, Dublin. LEICESTER LITERARY AND PHILOSOPHICALSOCIETY (Chemistry Section): “Impurities in Chemicals,” Dr. P. F. R. VENABLES, at the College of Technology, Leicester, at 7.30 p.m. 12 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section): Annual General Meeting, at North British Station Hotel, Edinburgh, at 7 p.m.OFINSTITUTECHEMISTRY and SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY (Edinburgh and East of Scotland Sections): “Works Hygiene and Accident Prevention.” Dr. W. G. HISCOCK,at North British Station Hotel, Edinburgh, at 7.30 p.m. INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Liverpool and North-Western Section) :OF Social. Details to be announced later. OIL AND COLOURCHEMISTS’ASSOCIATION: “Some Observations on Structure in Paint and Varnish Systems.” Mr. W. E. WORNUM, at the Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1, at 7.30 p.m. SOCIETY (Birmingham and Midland Section) :OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY “The University Department of Industrial Hygiene and its Re- lation to the Chemical Industry.” Dr.H. E. COLLIER,at the University Building, Edmund Street, Birmingham, at 7.30 p.m. 13 INSTITUTE OFOF CHEMISTRY(Cardiff and District Section) and SOCIETY CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(South Wales Section) : “The Chemist and Safety in Industry.” Mr. J. DAVIDSONPRATT, at the Chemistry and Physics Lecture Theatre, University College, Cathays Park, Cardiff, at 7.30 p.m. and SOCIETY OIL AND COLOURCHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION OF DYERS AND COLOURISTS (Manchester Sections) and the MANCHESTER LITERARYAND PHILOSOPHICAL :SOCIETY “Phthalocyanines.”Dr. R. P. LINSTEAD,at Reynolds Hall, College of Technology,Manchester, at 7.30 p.m. OIL AND COLOURCHEMISTS’ASSOCIATION(Scottish Section) : “Recent Developments in Paint Technology.” Mr.E. J. BOND,at St. Enoch’s Hotel, Glasgow, at 7.30 p.m. SOCIETY (Plastics Group) :Joint Meeting with OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY Newcastle Section :“Physical Properties of some Synthetic Plast,ics.” Dr. A. CARESS,at the Chemical Lecture Theatre, Armstrong College, Newcastle upon Tyne, at 7.30 p.m. 17 ANNUALCHEMICALDINNER, at the Wharncliffe Rooms, Hotel Great Central, Marylebone, N.W. 1. HULLCHEMICALAND ENGINEERINU : Presidential Address :SOCIETY “Rubber.” Mr. H. N. KAY, at the Lecture Room (51), MunicipalTechnical College, Hull, at 7.45 p.m. 415 December 17 INSTITUTE (Huddersfield Section) : “The Chemist and OF CHEMISTRY Agriculture.” Professor N. M. COMBER. ROYALINSTITUTION:“A Survey of Modern Views on Nutrition.” Professor EDWARDMELLANBYat 21, Albemarle Street, London, W.l, at 5.15 p.m.19 CHEMICALSOCIETY: Ordinary Scientific Meeting at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. OF20 INSTITUTE CHEMISTRY: 18th Streatfeild Memorial Lecture: “Chemistry in Local Government Administration.” Mr. E. R. ANDREWS, at the Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square,London, W.C.1, at 8 p.m. OF DYERSAND COLOURISTSSOCIETY (Scottish Section) : “The Cleaning Industry-Practice and Prospect.” Mr. J. W. BARDSLEY, at St. Enoch’s Hotel, Glasgow, at 7.30 p.m. 1936 January PAINT, AND LACQUER2 BIRMINGHAM VARNISH CLUB: “Latest Develop- ments in Oil Boiling and Gum Running Technique.” Mr. s. JAMIESONRALPH, at the Grand Hotel, Birmingham.6 INSTITUTE (Belfast and District Section) : “ChemicalOF CHEMISTRY Aspects of Nerve Transmission.” Dr. H. BARCROFT,in the Physics Lecture Theatre of the Royal Academical Institution, Belfast, at 7.30 p.m. 9 INSTITUTECHEMISTRYOF (Liverpool and North-Western Section): “Looking Backwards.” Mr. W. BUCHANANGRAY, at the Con- stitutional Club, India Buildings, Water Street, Liverpool, at 7.30 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (Bristol Section) : “Fused %lice INDUSTRY its Recent Developments and Applications.” Dr. G. E. STEPHENSON,at the Chemical Department, Bristol University, at 7.30 p.m. 10 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY, SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRYOF (Man-Chester Section) and the CHEMICAL SOCIETY: “A Chemical Contribution to the Cancer Enigma.” Dr.J. W. COOK, at the Engineers’ Club, Manchester, at 7 p.m. OIL AND COLOUR CHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION (Manchester Section) : “Some Characteristics of Lithopone and Other Zinc Sulphide Pigments.” Dr. H. MILLS,at Reynolds Hall, College of Technology,Manchester, at 7.30 p.m. SOCIETY (Chemical Engineering Group) :“TheOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY Handling and Use of Liquid Chlorine.” Mr. F. HOLT, at the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W. 1, at 8 p.m. 11 MANCFIESTER LITERARYAND PHILOSOPHICALSOCIETY (Chemical Section): Soiree at 36, George Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m. 14 HULLCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERINGSOCIETY: “A Survey of Modern Fatty Oil Processes.” Mr. T. ANDREWS, in the Lecture Room (51),Municipal Technical College, Hull, at 7.45 p.m.416 JanUarY OF (Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East 14 INSTITUTEC~MISTRY Coast Section) :“The Function of the Specialist in Society.” Dr. A. COBBAN. 16 CHEMICALSOCIETY:Discussion on “Stereochemistry,” to be opened by Dr. W. H. MILLS, Burlington Home, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. 17 SOCIETYOF CEEMICAL INDUSTRY(Plastics Group and LiverpoolSection): “Plasticisera in Plwtics.” Dr. T. H. DURWS, in the Muspratt Lecture Theatre, Liverpool University, at 6 p.m. INSTITUTECHEMISTRY and SOCLETYOF OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (Newcastle Sections) :“The Newcastle Chemical Society.” Dr. J. T. DUNN. OF20 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY(Bristol and South-Western Counties Section): “Technical Emulsifkation.” Dr. W. CLAYTON,at the Chemical Lecture Theatre, Bristol University, at 5.30 p.m.INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Leeds Area Section) : “The Industrial Uses of Nitrogen.” Mr. M. P. APPLEBY. 21 OILAND Co~omtCHEMISTS’ (Scottish Section), INSTITUTEASSOC~ATION OF CHEMISTRY and SOCIETY OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Glasgow Sections): “Implied Chemistry.” Dr. L.A. JORDAN,at St. Enoch’s Hotel, Glasgow, at 7.30 p.m. SOCIETY (Birmingham and Midland Section) :OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY “Recent Progress in Inorganic Chemistry.” Dr. W. WARDLAW, at the University Building, Edmund Street, Birmingham, at 7.30 p.m. 23 INSTITUTE OF CHEMICALINDUSTRYOF CHEMISTRYand SOCIETY and the CHEMICALSOCIETY(Edinburgh and East of Scotland Sections) : “Some Recent Advances in Surface Chemistry.” Professor E.K. RIDEAL,at the North British Station Hotel, Edinburgh, at 7.30 p.m. OIL AND COLOVR CHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION: “NotesonSynthetic Resins, Varnishes and Enamels.” Mr. L. E. KING, at the Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.l, at 7.30 p.m. OF24 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY(Huddersfield Section) : “The Fading of Dyed Materials in Light.” Mr. F. SCHOLEFIELD. OF27 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Cardiff and District Section) : “Recent Studies in the Mechanism of Chemical Reactions.” Mr. C. N. HINSHELWOOD,in the Chemistry and Physics Lecture Theatre, University College, Cardiff, at 7.30 p.m. 28 HULLCHEMICALAND ENGINEERING and HULLASSOCIATIONSOCIETY :“Water Treatment.” Mr. P. HAMER,OF ENGINEERS in the Lecture Room (51), Municipal Technical College, Hull, at 7.45 p.m.29 LEICESTER LITERARY AND PHILOSOPHICALSOCIETY (Chemistry OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRYSection) and INSTITUTION (LeicestsrSection): “Colour and Rubber,” Dr. T. J. DFUXELEY, at the College of Technology, Leicester, at 7.30 p.m. 31 CHEMICALSOCIETY(Leeds): “The Formation of Nuclei in Solids and their Rate of Growth.” Professor W. E. GARNER. MANCHESTER LITERARYAND PHILOSOPHICALSOCIETY (Chemical Section): “Labour Conditions in Chemical Works.” Mr. P. K. STANDRING,at 36, George Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m. 417 General Notices. Lectures.-Dr. Leslie H. Lampitt, Member of Council, has kindly consented to give a lecture on “Laboratory Organisation” on 15th November, 1935, at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, W.C.1, at 8 p.m. The Eighteenth Streatfeild Memorial Lecture will be given by Mr.Ernest Robert Andrews, Fellow, in the hall of the Institute on Friday, the 20th day of December, 1935,at 8 p.m. Mr. Andrews has selected for his subject : (6 Chemistry in Local Government Administration.” Lectures are open to Fellows, Associates and Registered Students of the Institute; the Streatfeild Memorial Lecture is also open to all former Students of Finsbury Technical College. Tickets of admission may also be obtained by persons other than Members or Students of the Institute on application to the Registrar. The Annual Chemical Dinner, 1935,will be held on Tuesday, the 17th December, in the Wharncliffe Rooms, Great Central Hotel, Marylebone, N.W.I.Fellows and Associates of the Institute and Members of other Societies and Institutions interested in chemistry are invited to participate. The Dinner will be followed by music and dancing. Tickets, price 12s. 6d. each for ladies and gentlemen, including gratuities, but not wine, are obtainable from Mr. F. A. Greene, The Chemical Club, 2,Whitehall Court, London, S.W.I. Examinations, 1936.-The arrangements for Fellowship and Associateship Examinations in 1936 will be as follows:-FORTHE FELLOWSHIP. Last date for entries. Period of examination. Monday, 10th Feb., 1936. 27th April to 2nd May, 1936. ‘Monday, 6th July, 1936. 21st to 26th Sept., 1936. *For candidates wishing to be examined in Branch G.Industrial Chemistry, or desiring to take Special Examinations, the list will close on 1st June, 1936. 418 FORTHE ASSOCIATESHIP. Last date for entries. Period of examination. Monday, 4th Nov., 1935. 6th to 11th Jan., 1936. Monday, 10th Feb., 1936. 20th to 25th April, 1936. Monday, 6th July, 1936. 14th to 19th Sept., 1936. Election of District Members of Council.-Fellows and Associates are reminded that, for the election of District Members of Council, to take office from 2nd March, 1936, nominations should be received at the offices of the Institute on or before Monday, 9th December, 1935. I. In accordance with By-Law 30 (I), the Districts were defined by the Institute in General Meeting held on 7th March, 1921, and amended on 1st March, 1923 and on 1st March, 1935 :-Birmingham and Midlands, including the Counties of Hereford, Salop, Stafford, Worcester, Warwick, Derby, Nottingham,Leicester, Lincoln, Rutland and Northampton.Bristol and South-Western Counties, including the Counties of Gloucester, Wilts, Dorset, Somerset, Devon and Cornwall. Liverpool and North-West Coast, including the -Counties of Flint, Westmorlmd and Cumberland, and so much of the Coun- ties of Chester and Lancaster as lies to the west of the line drawn through the centre of the postal district of Wigan and Warrington; the towns of Wigan and Warrington and all towns on the line, of which the greater portion of the postal district lies to the west of the line. The Isle of Man.London and South-Eastern Counties, including the Counties of Middlesex, Kent, Sussex, Surrey, Berks, Oxford, Buckingham, Hertford, Essex, Bedford, Cambridge, Suf€olk, Norfolk, Hunting- don, Hants, with the Isle of Wight and the Channel Islands. Manchester and District, including so much of the Counties of Lancaster and Chester as lies to the east of the line drawn through the postal districts of Wigan and Warrington as aforesaid. Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North-East Coast, including the Counties of Northumberland and Durham. Yorkshire. Edinburgh and East of Scotland, including the Counties of Perth, Fife, Kinross, Clackmannan, Stirling, Linlithgow, Edin- burgh, Haddington, Berwick, Peebles, Selkirk, and Roxburgh. Aberdeen and North of Scotland, including the Counties of Caithness, Sutherland, Ross and Cromarty, Nairn, Elgin, Banff, Aberdeen, Inverness, Kincardine, and Angus (Forfar).Glasgow and West of Scotland, including the Counties of Argyll, Dumbarton, Redrew, Lanark, Ayr, Wigtown, Kirkcudbright, and Dumfries. Wales (excluding the County of Flint, me iii). The County of Monmouth. 419 (xii) Northern Ireland, as defined in the Government of Ireland Act, 1920, and subsequent enactments relating thereto. (xiii) Irish Free State, as defined in the Government of Ireland Act, 1920, and subsequent enactments relating thereto. (xiv) The Commonwealth of Australia, the Dominion of Canada, the Dominion of New Zealand, the Union of South Africa, the Empire of India, the Crown Colonies and elsewhere abroad.The Council have adopted the following Rules for the election of District Members of Council. 11. (1) Any five Members whose registered addresses are within any one District, as defmed and adopted by the Institute in General Meeting, may nominate one eligible Fellow as a candidate for election as a District Member of Council for that District, but no member shall nominate more than one such Fellow; except that the Committee of any Local Section constituted in accordance with By-Law 94 2(a)may, as such, nominate one candidate for such election, or if there be more than one Local Section in a District the Committees of all the Local Sections in that District shall sit jointly for the purpose of nominating one Candidate for such election. (2) Any nomination made under these Rules shall be delivered to the Secretary at the Offices of the Institute on or before the second Monday in December in the year preceding the date of election, and shall be in the following form :-“We, the undersigned, Members of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland, do hereby certify that A.B., of (registered address) , a Fellow of this Institute, is, in our estimation, a fit and proper person to be a Dist,rict Member of the Council of the Institute, and we do hereby nominate him as a candidate for election as a District Member of Council.” (3) Any such nomination may consist of several documents in like form, each signed by one or more Members.Nominations for District XIV should be received not later than 31st August.111.(I.) On or before the fifth day of January in any year, the Council shall cause to be sent to every Member in each district in the manner prescribed by By-Law 81, a balloting list containing the names of the candidates nominated for election as District Members of Council for such District, and the balloting list shall indicate which, if any, of the candidates has been nominated by the Committee or Committees of the Local Section or Sections in the respective District; except that in the case of District (xiv) this rule shall read as if “September” (in the year previous) were substituted for “January.” (2) Each Member desirous of voting-(a) Shall record his vote for a District Member of the Council by making a cross against the name of the candidate for whose election he desires to vote, but no Member shall vote for more than one such candidate. (6) Shall deliver or transmit his balloting list in a sealed envelope bearing on the outside the signature of the Member, addressed to the Secretary, at the office of the Institute, so that it be received not later than by the &t post on the third Monday in January in the year for which the election is being held.IV. (1) The envelopes containing the balloting list shall, on the Thursday next after the third Monday in January in the year in which the election is held, be opened by two Scrutineers, neither Members of 420 the Council, nor candidates nominated for election as District Members of the Council, who shall be nominated by the Council in December of the year preceding the election at a meeting convened specially for that purpose. (2) The balloting list of any member who on the Thursday next after the third Monday in January is in arrear with any subscription or other sum payable by him to the Institute under the By-Laws shall be disallowed.(3) The Scrutineers shall present their Report to the Council at a meeting, on the Friday next of the third Monday in January, specially convened for that purpose. (4)The candidate receiving the greatest number of votes in each District respectively shall be elected and, in any case of an equality of votes, the Council shall decide the matter by ballot.(5) If at any time after the balloting lists have been sent to members, and before the dissolution of the Annual General Meeting, any candidate who would otherwise have been elected has died or has with- drawn his nomination or has in any way become ineligible for Membershipof the Council, then the candidate having the next greatest number of votes shall be elected, or if there be no such candidate, the vacancy shall be filled as provided in Rule V. (6) The election of District Members of Council shall be notified to members when they are served with the balloting list for the election of General Members of Council at the Annual General Meeting. V. After the first election any vacancy among the District Members of the Council occurring between the Annual General Meetings, owing to death, resignation, removal or otherwise, shall be filled by the election by the Committee of the Local Section, in the respective District of one eligible Fellow; or if there be more than one Local Section in the District the committees of all the Sections therein shall hold a joint meeting for the purpose of such election.Notice convening a meeting for this purpose shall be sent by the Secretary of the Institute to all the members of the Committee or Committees of the Section or Sections concerned at least fourteen days before the date of the meeting. If there be no Local Section within a District, a casual vacancy shall be filled by the election by the Council of one eligible Fellow from the Fellows resident in that District.If there be a casual vacancy in the case of the District Member of Council for District (xiv), such vacancy shall be filled by the Council by the election of one eligible Fellow. The Fellows whose names are given below are the present Members of Council for the Districts indicated. The names of those who will have completed the period of three years’ service on the Council and retire in accordance with By-Law 23 are printed in italics. (i) Birmingham and Midlands: William Alexander Skeen Calder. (ii) Bristol and South-Western Counties: Ernest Vanstone, D.Sc. (iii) Liverpool and North-West Coast : WilliamRoscoe Hardwick, B.Sc. (iv) London and South-Eastern Counties: Edward Burnhope Hughes, M.Sc.(v) Manchester and District: Joseph Henry Lester, M.Sc. (vi) Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast: Percy Lucock Robinson, D.Sc. 421 (vii) Yorkshire: Arthur Ernest Everest, Ph.D., D.Sc. (viii) Edinburgh and East of Scotland: Adam Tait. (ix) Aberdeen and North of Scotland: Alexander Findlay, D.Sc. (x) Glasgow and West of Scotland: Forsyth James Wilson, Ph.D., D.Sc. (xi) Wales and the County of Monmouth: Herbert Ben Watson,D.Sc. (xii) Northern Ireland: William Honneyman, B.Sc., Ph.D. (xiii) Irish Free State: Alfred Godfrey Gordon Leonard, B.Sc., Ph.D., F.R.C.Sc.1. (xiv) The Overseas Dominions and elsewhere abroad: James kine Orme Masson, M.B.E., D.Sc. The Meldola Medal (the gift of the Society of Maccabaeans) is normally awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise and is brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 3rst Decem- ber prior to the award.The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work. The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person. The next award will be decided in January, 1936. The Council will be glad to have attention directed, before 31st December, 1935, to work of the character indicated. Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize for Registered Students.-A medal and prize (LIO 10s.) for the best essay, not exceeding 3,000 words, will be awarded in January, 1936, and will be presented at the next Annual General Meeting, or at a meeting of the Local Section to which the successful competitor is attached.Entries are limited to registered students who are less than 22 years of age at the time of forwarding the essay. The object of the essay is to induce Registered Students to develop a sense of professional public spirit and to devote thought to questions of professional interest and to the position of chemists in the life of the community-the essay to be on a subject of professional, rather than technical or purely chemical importance. Having due regard to the objects stated above, Registered Students are informed that the Council is prepared to consider an essay on any subject which has a bearing on chemistry or chemical work, provided that it does not deal with any purely chemical, technical, or historical subject.The following are suggested- “The Value of Compulsory Research as part of the Re-graduate Curriculum.” 422 “Science Training as an Aid to a Business Career.” “Examinations : their Advantages and Disadvantages, from the Point of View of (a) the Student, (b) the Teacher, and (c) the Examiner.’’ The subjects of the first seven previous Essays were mentioned in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part 111, 1935 (p. 287). That selected for 1934 was on “The relation between thinking and learning in training for a scientific career.” Each essay must be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the Local Section of the district in which the competitor resides (see list of Local Sections at the end of the JOURNAL) on or before the 31st December, 1935, and must be accompanied by a signed declaration that it is the independent work of the competitor.Essays will be valued partly for literary style and technique, but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein. The Committee of each Local Section will be asked to select, from those received, not more than three essays considered to be worthy of the award. The essays selected by the Local Sections will be referred to assessors appointed by the Council. On the report of the assessors, the Council will decide whether, and to whom, an award be made. The award will not be made more than once to any individual competitor.Beilby Memorial Awards.-From the interest derived from the invested capital of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, at intervals to be determined by the administrators representing the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry, and the Institute of Metals, awards will be made to British investigators in science to mark appreciation of records of distinguished original work, preference being given to in- vestigations relating to the special interests of Sir George Beilby, including problems connected with fuel economy, chemical engineering and metallurgy. Awards will be made, not on the result of any competition, but in recognition of continuous work of exceptional merit, bearing evidence of distinct advancement in knowledge and practice. The administrators of the Fund are the Presidents, the Honorary Treasurers, and the Secretaries of the three partici- pating Institutions, who will be glad to have their attention 423 directed to outstanding work of the nature indicated.Corres-pondence on this subject should be addressed to the Convener, Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1. Notice to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their.opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship, may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their professors. Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s.for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employment, are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period if necessary. The Institute also maintains a List of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students or Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held.The Library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. 424 The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is available, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10a.m. to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.), except during August and the early part of September, when the hours are from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted, at present, to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books. Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books.The Institute has entered into an arrangement with The Science Library, Science Museum, South Kensington, S.W.7, whereby books may be borrowed on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary. Regulations for the loan of books will be found in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part V, 1934,page 386,or may be obtained from the Registrar. Boots’ Booklovers Library.--Fellows and Associates who desire to subscribe to Boots’ Booklovers Library may obtain forms of application from the Registrar of the Institute. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers (IS. zd. each) for binding the Journal in annual volumes, are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required.Arrangements may be made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19,Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSon the following terms: buckram cover, IS. zd.; binding, 2s. gd.; postage and packing. gd.; in all, 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who are giving lectures. Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As the slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of addresses are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9355900345

出版商:RSC    

年代:1935

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATEDBY ROYAL CHARTER,1885. Patron -H.M. THE KING. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. PART VI: 1935. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretavy. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE,LONDON,W.C.I. December, 1935. Publications Committee, 193536. W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD (Chairiiian), JOCELYN F. THORPE (President), C. 0. BANNISTER, G. R. CLEMO, W. M. CUMMING, A. E.EVEREST, LEWIS EYNON, H. H. HODGSON, WILLIAM HONNEYMAN, D. JORDAN-LLOYD, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (Hon. Treasurer), A. G. G. LEONARD, J. H. LESTER, C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, T. F. E.RHEAD, F. SOUTHERDEN, ADAM TAIT, ERNEST VANSTONE, W. WARDLAW, H.B.WATSON. 427 Editorial. Bacteriology.-The position of the chemist with regard to the study and practice of bacteriology appears not to be always fully appreciated. Bacteriology, in its narrower sense, is the science which deals with the study of the “Schizomycetes” or “Bacteria ” which are a group of unicellular fungi devoid of chlorophyll. An enormous number of species of bacteria have been in- vestigated and identified, and probably as many more exist but have not yet been investigated. Of those which have been studied it is probably safe to say that only a very small pro- portion have been shown to be “pathogenic” either to man or to animals, and the pathogenic organisms are fortunately not nearly so widely prevalent as those which are harmless.The term Bacteriology has, however, been extended to cover a large number of micro-organisms which are not strictly in- cluded in the group “Schizomycetes.” By a Bacteriologist is often understood a person who practises the study of micro- organisms in general, including the study of other unicellular plants such as the “blastomycetes” or “yeasts” and of multi-cellular plants such as moulds, algae, etc. ,and of micro-organisms usually considered as belonging to the animal kingdom such as the “rotifers,” “spirochaetes,” etc. The study of all micro-organisms which have, or might have, an influence on human health or be directly or indirectly the cause of disease in animals is very properly, from that standpoint, the function of the medical profession, but in recent years a great deal of work has been done on micro-organisms from a purely industrial point of view.The fermentation industries, for example, are almost en-tirely dependent upon the activities of micro-organisms. Yeasts are the organisms directly responsible for the production of alcohol on a commercial scale. Moreover, yeast in bulk is an important industrial product used both in baking and also in the manufacture of materials used for flavouring. Micro-organisms are also extensively studied in connection with such matters as the ripening of cheeses, the manufacture of butyl alcohol and acetone, and in citric and gluconic acid fermentations. 428 In the preparation of a large number of food products, micro-organisms must be studied, from the point of view of their effect in causing deterioration in a purely commercial sense, i.e.quite apart from the question of human health. Other examples of the study of micro-organisms in industry may be cited as follows:- The leather industry,-the effects of bacteria in the soaking and “puering” processes, and the effects of moalds in vegetable tan pits. The textile industries,-the “retting” of flax, the rotting of damp fibres. Agriculture,-the preparation, storage and curing of hay ; the effects of bacteria in the soil. A study of diseases caused in timber by fungi. The standardisation of industrial disinfectants. In certain industries it is more difficult to separate completely the purely commercial from the hygienic aspects of the question.In the dairy industry, for example, micro-organisms must be studied both from the point of view of preventing deterioration and also from that of preventing disease. Selected strains of bacteria are used for improving quality. In the purification of water, chemical and bacteriological work are closely bound together, as they are also in sewage purification. In nearly every water works and sewage disposal works in the country, it is customary to employ a fully-qualified chemist, and these chemists are almost invariably entrusted with the duty of doing the neces- sary chemical and bacteriological work. It must be rare indeed for such works to retain on their staffs any medical man, nor has it ever been suggested that this is necessary or that the work has not been done in a competent manner.Water and sewage undertakings may, however, from time to time bring medical men into consultation, and the chemists frequently work in consultation with local medical officers of health where questions arise with regard to pollution of streams, etc., as a result of the discharge of effluents from factories. A great deal of research on bacteriological questions has been done by chemists-not medical men-among whom Sir Edward and Percy Frankland, G. J. Fowler, A. Harden, B. Dyer, S. G. Paine, H. Raistrick, S. Rideal may be called to mind. Pasteur, who may be regarded as the founder of the science of bacteriology, was a chemist and not a medical man.There can be no doubt but that a study of bacteriology is one of 429 the weapons which chemists employ both in the laboratory and in the works, and many chemists are entirely competent to undertake such work and to appreciate its bearings. CompanyProspectuses.-Attention has lately been directed to a letter addressed by the Chancellor of the Exchequer,- Mr. Neville Chamberlain,-to the Chairman of the London Stock Exchange, and through him to the Banks, Issuing Houses, and Members of the Stock Exchange, wherein he expresses his desire to check dubious and unsound company flotations, especially ventures designed to exploit scientific processes. The Chancellor of the Exchequer states that he is aware that when new projects are brought to the notice of Banks, Issuing Houses and Brokers, they scrutinise them with great care before associating themselves with them, and he recognises the many contacts which exist between industry and science.He comments on the circumstance that within recent times a number of prospectuses have been issued containing claims for the scientific value of particular methods or substances which could not have been endorsed by the best scientific authority. He has ascertained that the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, the Medical Research Council, and the Agricultural Research Council will be willing, if asked to do so in any particular case, to suggest the names of scientists of high standing who could be invited to furnish reports on the scientific merits of the methods or substances for the development or production of which it might be proposed to make a public issue.The publication of this communication from the Chancellor of the Exchequer aroused interest among a number of Fellows and Associates of the Institute, to some of whom it appeared to suggest that the Research Departments mentioned might be disposed themselves to deal professionally with the enquiries thus referred to them. The Institute was assured, however, that the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research had no intention of changing its present policy of referring such questions to the particular learned institutions whose fields of activity were implicated.The professional institutions would willingly co-operate in any measure taken to prevent the wilful misleading of the investing public by unscrupulous promoters, and it appears probable that professional men of science will be called upon more frequently for opinions upon new projects having a scientific 430 basis, to which no exception can be taken, provided reports and certificates consist of straightforward statements of fact and opinion established on adequate scientific investigation. Indeed, the view has already been expressed in the JOURNAL AND PRO-CEEDINGS (Part 11, 1935, page 114)that it would be against the public interest if such certificates were not published, In a comment on the matter published in the issue of Nutwe for 30th November, it is indicated that the safeguard suggested by the Chancellor would not confer on the investor who had lost money the right to prosecute either of the departments concerned; similarly, it is doubtful whether he could, in the majority of cases, obtain any redress from the scientific adviser provided always that the latter had acted with all reasonable care and skill and had given his advice in good faith.Bearing directly on the action of the Chancellor of the Ex- chequer is the consideration that the scientific adviser engaged in any matter concerning company flotation, accepts a serious responsibility and assumes a position of authority which he should be able to justify. This implies knowledge and experience and a recognised status in a professional sense.Cases have been known where deliberate fraud has been practised by pro- moters, for example, in concocting a certificate purporting to have been given by a well-known consultant at a time when he was seriously ill and considered to be at the point of death, and, in another case, by adopting and using in a prospectus for the production of a certain kind of fuel a certificate given previously by an experienced consultant for an entirely separate project. On the other hand, it may have happened occasionally that the man of science has undertaken to give opinions in connection with subjects lying outside his experience or usual sphere of practice, or has perhaps been deceived into subscribing to a report which has not been substantiated by subsequent results. The Officers of the Institute are asked from time to time to give the names of consultants associated with various branches of work, and can do so impartially with the aid of such information as the members themselves have supplied for inclusion in the printed Register of Fellows and Associates.It is very necessary, therefore, that chemists in independent practice should notify the Registrar of the subjects to which they may rightly claim to have paid particular attention, in order that the Register may be maintained as an accurate and informative reference work for these particulars. 431 At the Scottish celebration of the Charter Jubilee of the Institute, reported in this Part (pp.441-4#), Sir Arthur Rose urged that it was of little use to promote industries solely to provide labour, but that they should also be profitable, if they are to provide lasting benefit. Joint-stock enterprise is essentially co-operative effort directed to economic production. It supplies the people with what they require as cheaply as possible, and provides the worker with the most varied opportunities of earning a living. Ownership in joint-stock enterprise is vested, for the most part, in a multitude of small shareholders. In effect, it is ownership for the people by the people and of their own individual volition. It differs from state-ownership and control in that its main consideration is profit-making.Profit-making is the chief in- centive to efficiency in industry, and in turn contributes to the distribution of wealth, the extension of employment and spending capacity: the greater the employment of capital, the greater its earnings, and the more its accumulations for the further extension of business. If it sometimes overreaches itself by overproduction it should not be condemned on that score. So long as the interests of capital and labour are mutually recognised, they are mutually beneficial. The main desideratum at the present time is the solution of the problem of distribution. 432 Proceedings of the Council. Council Meeting, 15th November, 1935.-The Council received from the Chemical Council a report of its proceedings, with particulars of the Standing Orders which it proposed to adopt, and a pamphlet referring to an appeal which it proposed to make for the establishment of a fund for the purposes set forth in the Agreement between the three Chartered Societies,- the Chemical Society, the Society of Chemical Industry, and the Institute. The Council suggested certain amendments in the documents referred to, for the consideration of the Chemical Council.An application from members in the neighbourhood of Derby, Nottingham, Leicester and Loughborough for the formation of a new Section of the Institute to be known as the East Midlands Section was approved. (See page 454.) At the same time, a suggestion was received that the new Section should include Lincolnshire, of which the Council approved, subject to the concurrence of all the Lincolnshire members themselves.Among other matters brought to the notice of the Council were communications received from various sources regarding the action taken by the Chancellor of the Exchequer for the safeguarding of prospective investors in undertakings promoted to exploit scientific processes. (See Editorial,-page 429.) The Council was informed that the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research had no intention of departing from its policy of referring enquiries relating to such matters to the Institute and other professional technical institutions that might be concerned. At the same time, the Department recalled a passage in its report for 1930-31, in which industry was en- couraged to make use of professional consultants, and the con- sultants themselves were advised to maintain touch with the work of the Research Stations of the Department.Reports from the Finance and House Committee, the Nomina- tions, Examinations and Institutions Committee, and the Publications Committee were received and adopted. Council Meeting, 20th December.-The Council received a communication from the Chemical Society agreeing to the suggestion made by the Council of the Institute, on the suggestion 433 of Mr. F. H. Alcock, of Birmingham, that a lecture or lectures be given on the subject of Chemical Nomenclature. The Council was informed that Dr. Clarence Smith had kindly undertaken to deliver such a lecture or lectures, and that Fellows and Associates of the Institute, who are not Fellows of the Society, would be cordially welcomed.The Chemical Society also informed the Council of the Institute that the Harrison Memorial Prize had been awarded to Dr. Leslie Ernest Sutton. A letter was received from the Federal Council for Chemistry announcing that that Council was to be wound up and that its affairs would be handed over to the Royal Society. Further, the Royal Society proposed to form a British National Committee for Chemistry, on which the principal chemical bodies would be represented. Reports from the Standing Committees were received and adopted. The Finance Committee reported improvement in the general account of the Institute during the year, particulars of which will be included in the Annual Report, and stated that further consideration had been given to the method of stating the annual accounts. The Committee found that it was not practicable to submit a “profit and loss account” instead of a “cash statement,” owing to the limited time between the end of the year and the date for the adoption of the Annual Report by the Council, before its publication to the Fellows and Associates.The Benevolent Fund Committee reported that the receipts were lower and the disbursements heavier than in 1934,and that it would be necessary to make a strong appeal to the members for further help during 1936. The Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee reported on a large number of applications, resulting in consider- able additions of new Associates and Students to the Register of the Institute.The Publications Committee reported that it had agreed to allow a circular regarding the aims of the Decimal Association to be issued with the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part VI, not committing the Institute or the Council to any views on the subject, but as a matter of general interest. The Committee also reported that they had considered a suggestion from a member that a portion of the Journal be occasionally allotted to specimen answers to questions which 434 had been set in the Examinations of the Institute. The Com- mittee did not feel justified in recommending the proposal.Lectures.-A lecture by Dr. G.W. Monier-Williams entitled bbPoodand the Consumer,” delivered before the Bristol and South-Western Counties Section of the Institute, at Bristol University, on 7th October, has been published by the Institute as a separate monograph. At the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, on 15th November, Dr. Leslie H. Lampitt gave a lecture before the Institute on bb Laboratory Organisation.” Dr. Lampitt dealt with the organisation of one of the largest industrial laboratories in the country, but his discourse contained many suggestions of value to those engaged in smaller labora- tories. The President, in expressing the thanks of the Fellows and Associates to Dr. Lampitt for his lecture, emphasised the importance of team work and contrasted modern methods with those obtaining in Germany forty years ago.The lecture will be issued shortly as a separate monograph. The Eighteenth Streatfeild Memorial Lecture was delivered at the Institute, on 20th December, by Mr. E. R. Andrews, who spoke on 4b Chemistry and Local Government Administration.” A report will be published in due course. The President said that he had not the good fortune to know Streatfeild, but was impressed by the affection with which he was regarded by old students of “Finsbury.” Professor Gilbert Morgan, in moving the vote of thanks to Mr. Andrews, said that Streatfeild fully merited the tributes paid to his memory. The vote was seconded by Mr. E. M. Hawkins and supported by Messrs.J. H. Coste and H. F. E. Hulton. The President presented the lecturer with the Medal, the gift of the City and Guilds of London Institute, and a copy of a photograph of Streatfeild. 435 Local Sections. [The Institute is not responsible for the views expressed i~ papers read, or in speeches delivered, during meetings and discussions .] Aberdeen and North of Scotland.-At a meeting of the Section, held in the Chemistry Department, Marischal College, Aberdeen, on 25th October, a paper was read by Dr. R. Fraser Thomson, of Scottish Dyes, Ltd., Grangemouth, entitled 64 Recent Developments in Dyestuffs.” Prof. Alex. Findlay took the Chair. Dr. Fraser Thomson has kindly supplied the following abstract :-The subject of the present paper is the vat dyestuffs used for cotton and containing only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.Historically, the story begins with the discovery of indanthrene by Bohn in 1901 and of benzanthrone and dibenzanthrone in 1910by Bally. While indanthrene was the principal vat colour other than indigo, dibenzanthrone was the first vat dyestuff containing no element other than carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Further development was greatly accelerated by the discovery in 1921,of the valuable green dimethoxydibenzanthrone (Cale- don Jade Green}, and research is still being actively pursued to discover new complexes. The vat dyestuffs of this class depend for their properties on a characteristic aromatic structure of fused benzene rings, with at least one pair of carbonyl groups linked by a chain of conjugated double bonds in order to provide the mechanism for reduction and re-oxidation. Apart from the oxygen, they possess high carbon contents like the parent hydrocarbons.Thus dibenzanthrone C,H,,O, contains nearly 90 per cent. carbon and the corresponding hydrocarbon, 95 per cent. The dye itself, prepared in aqueous solution by alkaline reduction of the commercial dyestuff, consists of the leuco-compound of 436 the quinonoid substance. After impregnation of the cotton with this, re-oxidation by air leaves the quinonoid form of the dyestuff attached very firmly to the fibre. This process, in general, gives a high degree of fastness to washing, rubbing, etc.The growth of affinity with complexity in aromatic quinonoid structures presents a fascinating study, and two sets of compounds, derived from naphthalene, pyrene and perylene were compared by the lecturer. It is notable that while benzene, naphthalene, anthracene and pyrene are colourless hydrocarbons, perylene, with five fused benzene rings, is yellow to orange in colour. In the first set were mentioned benzanthraquinone and diphthal- oylnaphthalene (no affinity), dibenzopyrenequinone and anth- anthrone (poor affinity, rendered satisfactory by halogenation) and pyranthrone (good affinity). The satisfactory dyes of this class are all yellow in colour, changed towards red by halogena- tion. In the second set, derived from perylene, were mentioned the dibenzoperylenequinone (red violet-no affinity), recently described independently by Scholl and Heilbron, normal and isodibenzanthrone (high affinity) and dimethoxyisodibenzan-throne (very good affinity).The remarkable influence of the methoxy groups on the shade and properties in the latter case was described in some detail, as it is only the 2 :2’-methoxy groups which possess this property. The parent dihydroxydibenzanthrone, prepared in one typical way by the oxidation of dibenzanthrone, has the structure c588bOH OH This substance is useless as a vat dye, but its colour reactions illustrate very vividly the chemistry of the class and were demonstrated by the lecturer by dye tests on cotton fibre : 437 0 OH 0 ONa NR/ NaOH NR/--t f /\oy ‘OH acid 0 ONa NaO ONa HO OH \/ acid + \/H2-R Ha-R NaO/\ONs Hb \OH blue.red Dimethoxydibenzanthrone also exhibits beautiful colour re-actions. It dissolves in strong sulphuric acid with a cherry-red colour, and this is turned brilliant jade green by nitric acid. The latter solution contains dimethoxydibenzanthrone in a very unstable state, demethylated by dilution in water, but if not diluted, can be restored to the stable red solution, unaffected by dilution with water, by reducing back with copper bronze. These reactions probably indicate that the red solution contains a definite compound, e.g., an oxonium sulphate, split by nitric acid. A vote of thanks was accorded to Dr. Fraser Thomson, on the proposal of Mr.Marshall Robb. The Charter Jubilee of the Institute was celebrated by the Aberdeen and North of Scotland Section on zIst November, on the occasion of the visit to the Section of the President and Mrs. Thorpe. Professor Alexander Findlay presided at a meeting held in the Chemistry Department, Marischal College, in the afternoon, when the President gave an address entitled :-c6 The Chemist, his Origin, Development and Destiny.’’ The President said that the origin of a chemist seemed to rest mainly with the schoolmaster from whom the boy obtained either a liking or an abhorrence of science. He suggested that there seemed to be little inherited inclination towards science, 438 and that, normally, a man who had attained distinction in chemistry did not train his son for the same profession, although the Perkins were outstanding examples to the contrary.It appeared that in some schools chemistry was regarded as one of the less remunerative of the professions and that schoolmasters were apt to direct the boys with the best brains into professions, such as the law, in which higher emoluments were, ceteris paribus, to be expected. Nevertheless, although this was still true of chemistry, it was rapidly becoming less so and it was probable that at no distant future the financial position of the scientific worker would have materially improved, and, when this happened, more boys of higher mental calibre would be attracted towards a scientific career.The development of a chemist was now almost stereotyped up to the point when he commenced to specialise for some specific career. Above all, it was desirable that specialisation should not occur at too early an age and that no student should begin to specialise until he had been trained in the fundamental principles of chemistry and physics, with such mathematics as he might be capable of absorbing. If engineering, with workshop practice and machine drawing could be added, it would be all to the good, Essentially there were three careers open to the student, namely: (I) Academic, (2) Industrial, (3) Research. No one should be advised to enter on an academic career unless he had a definite ‘‘flair ” for teaching and research.An industrial career should be followed by those who had a tendency to succeed in this connection, but it could not be too strongly emphasised that little or no success could be hoped for unless the student were thoroughly grounded in the fundamental principles underlying the science on which the industry he was to follow is based. Moreover, the mere attainment of a degree standard in an honours school was not enough. The student to be efficient must have undergone a further two or, at least, one year’s training in postgraduate work,-work which might either enable him to specialise in some particular branch such as chemical engineering (i.e. engineering as applied to chemistry), or a general training in research methods. It was not the business of the universities to train students in the minutize of technical practice.The trained brain could readily and rapidly pick up such details in the factory. Those who wished to undertake research, and there were many important oppor-tunities of successinthis field, would be well advised to undertake 439 two years’ training in research after graduation. The field open to those who selected research for their career was a very large one especially in those subjects which were related to two or more sciences such as biochemistry, agricultural chemistry, the chemistry of food, and so forth. An increasing numker of sciences were becoming dependent on chemistry and it was doubtful whether it would be possible to continue, for much longer, the development of biochemistry along the empirical lines required by physiology.The only hope appeared to be by means of the now accepted method of the application of structural organic chemistry to biochemical problems. The destiny of the chemist was therefore bright, and in the near future he would take a leading part in the discovery of some of the essential factors underlying the principles of life. Without doubt those discoveries would lead to the better under- standing of disease and would in this way do much to mitigate human suffering and distress. Whether or not it would lead to the elucidation of the meaning of life was an open question. In the evening, members attended a dinner at the Palace Hotel, where the President and Mrs.Thorpe were the guests of honour. Other distinguished guests included the Lord and Lady Provost of Aberdeen), Professor A. Souter (Deputy Vice- Chancellor of the University of Aberdeen), and Mrs. Souter, Sir John B. Orr (Director of the Rowett Research Institute) and Lady Orr, Dr. W. G. Ogg (Director of the Macaulay Institute for Soil Research) and Mrs. Ogg. Professor Alex. Findlay (Chairman of the Section) occupied the chair. The toast of “The Institute of Chemistry ” was proposed by Lord Provost Watt, who declared that he had some connection with chemistry as his father had served his time as a druggist! If it had done nothing else, it helped him to become a journalist, for in the intervals of fitting leeches he spent his time studying shorthand in the “back shop” and read every printed word that he could lay his hand on.(Applause.) He referred to the history of the Institute which, founded in 1877, had now well over six thousand members. It had done a great deal to further the study of chemistry and was recognised throughout the world as the premier professional body in chemistry in this country. The Royal Charter was granted to the Institute in 1885, and it was interesting to him (the Lord Provost) to note 440 that one of the pre-Charter Fellows was Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins, who was president of the British Association in 1933, and with whom he had many dealings, not only in making the arrangements, but also during the very successful conference of that body in Aberdeen.If Sir Frederick was a chemist, he was a type which was to be encouraged, for a more charming, more humble and more able gentleman he had never met. (Applause.) The Lord Provost made particular reference to Aberdeen’s connection with and contribution to chemistry. Aberdeen, he said, had a long and honourable history in the teaching of chemistry. In 1783 the Chair of Chemistry was founded by the widow of Principal Thomas Blackwell, the younger, who be- queathed the lands of Polmuir, from which there was a revenue of l40 per year, and also gave ~GIO per year for a prize essay. In 1790 the most fashionable London physician, Sir William Fordyce, who was the son of a Provost of Aberdeen and was educated at Marischal College, bequeathed jG~ooofor a lectureship in agricultural chemistry and natural history.In Aberdeen there were very old woollen and paper industries, in which the chemical operations of bleaching and dyeing were carried out, and there was also the long-established chemical works in which the Town Council was particularly interested. Coal tar from the gas works was distilled, and the offal from the great fishing industry of Aberdeen was converted into fertilisers. It was very satisfactory that these industries were going strong up to the present day. (Applause.) Coupling with the toast the name of the President of the Institute, the Lord Provost said that Professor Thorpe had, in his capacity as Professor of Organic Chemistry at the Imperial College of Science, done noble work for his country, not only during the war, but also for the safety of mines and in connection with dyestuffs, about which he was probably the world’s greatest authority.(Applause.) In replying to the toast, Professor Thorpe referred to some of the achievements of the Institute since its incorporation. They had seen the introduction of the teaching of chemistry into many of the newer universities where it had not previously had a place, and had done much to look after the interests of those chemists who were unable, through lack of time or money, to attend university classes. Any chemist who wanted advice had only to go to the Institute and he would be given every help and assistance in his work.(Applause.) 441 He was glad to announce that a working agreement had been come to by the Chemical Society, the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institute, so that a joint council had been formed among them. Not only would that result in very much-needed help being given to the Chemical Society, which was a publishing society, but also for the building up of a great scientific library which would be the finest in the world, a scheme which he had very much at heart. (Applause.) The toast of “The Guests” was proposed, in a speech full of humour and anecdote, by Dr. J. F. Tocher, who recalled how he had once been arrested as a spy. During the war he had the job of measuring up the soldiers and classifying their health, and in that capacity he visited a certain military camp.He was looked upon with great suspicion and was brought before several people. It was not until an Aberdonian, who held a prominent position, vouched for him that he was released. Replying, Professor A. Souter said that the Department of Chemistry was now one of the largest and most efficient in the University. He hoped that the presence of Professor Thorpe in Aberdeen would help to impress on the public the value of the members of the Institute. It would be impossible to ex- aggerate the importance of their researches to the life of humanity. If the health of the people had improved, if the expectation of life was much longer, much of the credit was due to chemists and to the Institute.If they had also contributed to the destruction of humanity it had not been by desire but by painful necessity. (Applause.) Sir John Orr, who also replied, expressed his appreciation of the President’s visit and appealed to the Institute to do what it could to improve the status and salaries of junior chemists. The dinner concluded with the toast of “The Chairman,” proposed by Professor J. Hendrick, and “Bon-Accord,” proposed by the Lord Provost. Aberdeen, Edinburgh and G1asgow.-The Scottish Sec- tions of the Institute celebrated the Charter Jubilee by a Dinner and Dance held at the North British Hotel, Edinburgh, on 22nd November. Dr. Birkett Wylam presided, the company numbered over 150, and the guests included-Bailie Aldridge, the Lord Advocate, Mr.T. M. Cooper, K.C., M.P., Sir H. Arthur Rose, Bart., Sir William McKechnie, the President and Mrs. Thorpe, and the Registrar and Mrs. Pilcher. The Lord Advocate, in proposing the toast of “The Institute of Chemistry,” remarked that he was not a chemist in any sense of that elastic expression. His interests had lately been centred rather on electors than on electrons. The thing that impressed him most about chemists was their amazing disrespect for anti- quity, so dear to the legal temperament, and the propensity which they had developed for turning the foundations of their science upside down on the slightest provocation. The science of chemistry and the profession represented there that night had undoubtedly conferred untold benefits on mankind during the fifty years of the Institute’s corporate existence.With regard to the social and economic difficulties of the world to-day, he believed that their profession had the imagination and the ability to grapple with them and to achieve much for the country. Dr. Birkett Wylam, Chairman of the Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section, replying, said that in almost every industry, laboratory control had been substituted for rule of thumb methods of working, and the firm which still believed that it could do without the chemist and physicist was heading for disaster. It could not be denied that science had caused unemployment, but the fault should not be laid entirely at the door of the man of science. The politician and the economist had been slow to understand science, and to appreciate the effects of scientific evolution.The scientist, however, could not escape the conse- quences of his researches, nor could he expect others to accept the whole of the responsibility of controlling the forces which he himself had set loose. In the past he had been much too deeply engrossed in his own work to trouble about the effects of its development upon humanity. The time had come when he must shoulder his responsibilities and apply himself to the solution of the problems of civilisation, and not spend his whole time in the laboratory prying still more deeply into the secrets of nature. How many scientists, true scientist s-Dr . Wylam asked-were to be found in the House of Commons to-day? How many among the Councillors of Edinburgh or Glasgow ? Few, very few.We had the anomaly of the scientist, the most important man in the modern world, taking little, if any, cognisance of the control of scientific evolution. Scientists must think for themselves and not be content to allow others to accept their burdens. He hoped to see closer collaboration between the societies connected with chemistry, and further co-operation with other branches of science ,-physics ,engineering and medicine,-until they had 443 a solid body of scientific opinion, a power in the land, whose policy and whose dictum the nation must hear and must heed. The Registrar of the Institute proposed the toast of “The Lord Provost, the Magistrates, and the City of Edinburgh.” He said that everybody should be thankful to men who, like the Lord Provost and Magistrates, accepted great responsibility and gave their valuable time to the service of the community.Edin-burgh-the northern Athens-had been renowned as a city of learning from the sixteenth century. Its association with chemis- try recalled many great names,-Cullen, Black, Playfair, Crum Brown, Perkin and Walker. It was partly due to Playfair, as Lord Playfair, that the petition, fifty years ago, for a Royal Charter for an hitherto unrecognised profession was successful. The Registrar also reminded the Scottish Sections of four Past Presidents from that side of the Tweed,-Professor John Millar Thomson, Sir George Beilby, Sir James Dobbie, and Professor George Gerald Henderson, to whom the Institute and the pro- fession generally were deeply grateful for valuable services.He added that he would like to take the opportunity of congratulating the Scottish Sections on their organisation and activity, and on their happy thought of coming together to celebrate the Charter Jubilee. The Local Sections did most valuable work in spreading the knowledge of what chemistry did and could do for the common good. Bailie Aldridge, in acknowledging the toast, said that he could claim to be a chemist and to be at home among them. Forty years ago, when he had gone into the brewing industry, in a small brewery in England, they had a laboratory, the equipment of which consisted of a Bunsen burner and two test tubes.There was also a row of bottles which were unlabelled and therefore seldom used! The President of the Institute being called upon to propose the toast of “The Trade of Scotland” referred to the many various developments in different industries in Scotland, and in doing so, remarked that he was particularly interested to know that a firm in Glasgow was putting up what would be one of the largest plants in existence for producing coke. That interested him particularly from the point of view of a chemist, because the by-products of a plant of that kind were exceedingly valuable. He remarked that Sir Arthur Rose had a formidable task in front of him as Commissioner for Special Areas in Scotland, that he 444 was tackling the problem in a businesslike manner, and had already made material progress.Sir Arthur Rose, in reply, said that the progress of chemistry and science had helped to create the difficulties facing them to-day; but the co-operation of technical knowledge and wisdom with the practical application of the business man held out a hope for the future. He thought that in regard to the trade of the country generally there had been an inclination to neglect the shareholder too much. He was satisfied that business could not improve until capital was considered as well as the provision of labour. Industries must be restored to a profitable basis as well as made to provide labour. Their Chairman that night, said Sir Arthur Rose, had been the principal instrument in organising a gas grid for the more economical distribution of gas in the West of Scotland.A Committee of the Board of Trade was going into the whole matter, and the possibility of such a Committee being set up was due almost entirely to Dr. Wylam. Sir William McKechnie replied to the toast of “The Guests,” proposed by Dr. P. F. Gordon. Mr. S. H. Hastie, in proposing the health of the Chairman, referred to the valuable services which Dr. Wylam had rendered in connection with the work of the Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section of the Institute. Dr. Birkett Wylam, in acknowledging the toast, took the opportunity to thank the Secretary and members of the Dinner Committee for their work, which had resulted in a most successful function.Belfast and District.-On 6th November, at the Royal Belfast Academical Institution, Professor R. G. Baskett, Chair- man of the Section, gave a lecture on 66 Modern Fertilisers and their Use in Practice,” of which the following is a brief abstract. It is now nearly IOO years since the introduction of artificial fertilisers into farming practice. Much of the early experimental work was carried out by (Sir) John Bennet Lawes and his co- worker (Sir) Joseph Henry Gilbert, at Rothamsted. Since those days enormous advances had been made until at the present time the world consumption of artificial manures had reached the figure of approximately 40 million tons. 445 The lecturer described the results of various fertiliser trials which emphasised not only the need of crops for individual plant nutrients but also the importance of the balance of the nutrients in artificial fertiliser mixtures.Concrete examples of this were drawn from experiments carried out at Rothamsted and by Dr. Scott Robertson in Essex and in Northern Ireland. Cheap supplies of ammonium salts had been made possible by the com- mercial preparation of synthetic nitrogen compounds made from atmospheric nitrogen and this had resulted in the production of the more concentrated fertilisers which had recently appeared on the market. These new fertilisers had much to commend them in the ease of sowing and in smaller transport costs.In certain isolated cases on rather abnormal soils they had not given as good results as the old mixtures, but it had been shown in many cases that the addition of small quantities of substances which happened to be present in the older fertilisers had done away with the deficiencies of the newer mixtures. The Charter Jubilee was celebrated at the Tenth Annual Dinner of the Section held in the Craigavon Room of the Grand Central Hotel, Belfast, on zznd November. Professor R. G. Baskett presided and there was a good attendance of members and friends. The principal guests of the evening were Mr. D. H. Alexander, Principal of the College of Technology, and Dr. A. G. G. Leonard, Member of Council, and Honorary Secretary of the Irish Free State Section of the Institute.After the loyal toasts had been honoured, Mr. Alexander proposed “The Institute,” to which the Chairman replied. Mr. J. C. A. Brierley proposed “The Visitors,” which was acknowledged by Dr. Leonard. During the evening, through the kindness of Mr. J. Carroll Culbert, a number of films were shown, including one taken of a party of members of the Section when they visited the garden of Mr. J. I. Armytage Moore in April last. Birmingham and Midlands.-At a Joint Meeting with the Birmingham University Biochemical Society, held at the Birmingham University on the 5th December, Professor T. P. Hilditch delivered an address on “A Survey of the Chemical Constitution of Reserve Fats.” The component acids of natural fats are numerous, but the number of major component acids in any one fat (or even one 446 group of fats) is usually small.The glyceride structure of nearly all natural fats tends towards that in which the fatty acids are distributed evenly throughout all the triglyceride molecules : modifications of, or partial exceptions to, this rule are seen in certain fruit-coat fats and in the depot and milk-fats of herbi- vorous (and possibly other) animals. Oleic, palmitic and linoleic acids are the major components of nearly all fruit-coat fats, very many seed-fats, and not a few animal depot fats; in the latter palmitic acid usually forms 25-30 per cent. of the total fatty acids, but in the vegetable kingdom its proportion is usually much lower and may be as low as 2-3 per cent.In many other seed-fats a specific acid (nearly always common to an entire botanical family, or, at least, genus) may also be prominent, e.g., erucic (Cruciferae), petroselinic (Umbellifeme), lauric and myristic (Palmae), or stearic (Gztttiferae, Sapotaceae) . In fats from aquatic animals and vegetation, there is a complex mixture of unsaturated acids of varying carbon content, with relatively high unsaturation in the C,, and C,, series. The general proportions of each group of acids vary according to the origin of the fats, e.g., from freshwater or marine animals (Lovern). The depot fats of reptiles and amphibians (Klenk), rodents and birds (Hilditch) have been shown to have compositions intermediate between those of land and aquatic animals.Review of the large amount of presented data concerning the origin and analysis of the various fats leads to the following conclusions which are of especial biochemical interest :-(I) From a comparison of the fully-saturated glyceride con- tent of artificially hydrogenated fats and of animal depot fats it appears that the stearic glycerides, in which the latter are rich, have been laid down as a result of satura- tion of pre-formed oleic glycerides. The occurrence in small quantities of palmitoleic and of highly-unsaturated CzeZz acids (formerly considered to be “aquatic” in type), in the depot fats of the lower animals and reptiles, is paralleled by the presence of these acids in larger proportions in their liver glycerides (and probably in those of higher animals), while in the liver phosphatides, according to the latest work of Klenk and others, the amount of C-acids is markedly increased, mainly at 447 the expense of oleic and linoleic acids, as compared with liver glycerides. These results have an important bearing on current theories concerning the formation of liver fatty acids; the idea of simple “desaturation” is shown at once to be beside the point, since the increased unsaturation is due to acids of different carbon content in the three groups, liver phosphatides, liver glycerides and depot fat.Moreover, the essential difference between the fatty acids of liver phosphatides and glycerides of the same animal suggests caution in assuming that one is the precursor of the other.Lovern’s analyses of organ and depot fats of the porpoise prove that isovaleric glycerides, the peculiar feature of porpoise and dolphin fats, are concentrated in certain depots (especially the jaw and head) but are absent from the liver and other organs. It is difficult to reconcile these facts with the hypothesis that the liver is the seat of fat formation in the animal. The repeated occurrence of 3, 6, or g carbon chains between centres of unsaturation in the natural unsaturated fats is observed. This is possibly of significance in the consideration of biological synthesis of fatty acids from carbohydrates. Bristol and South-Western Counties.-A lecture on ‘‘ Problems of River Pollution ’’ was delivered on 2nd December, at Bristol University, by Dr. A.Parker, Assistant Director of Water Pollution Research under the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, before the Bristol and South-Western Counties Sections of the Institute and the Society of Chemical Industry. Professor W. E. Garner presided. Dr. Parker described some interesting methods of dealing with sewage and trade effluents with the object of reducing the pollution of rivers and streams. Dr. Parker has supplied the following pr6cis:- Serious deterioration in the condition of the rivers in various parts of this country began with the development of modern industry during the last century and the crowding of the popula- tion in the industrial areas. In the first half of the century large quantities of domestic sewage and practically all waste waters from manufacturing processes were discharged, without any 448 form of preliminary treatment, into the nearest streams.Con-ditions became so bad that by the middle of the century the rivers and streams in the densely populated areas were little better than open foul-smelling sewers. During the second half of the century, largely owing to the work of several Royal Commissions and the powers conferred by the Rivers Pollution Prevention Act, there was some improvement in the condition of several rivers in industrial areas. In the last few decades, new industries have been developed, factories have been set up in areas not previously industrialised, and there have been consequent movements in the population. These changes have led to the pollution of many rivers and streams which were comparatively pure until a few years ago.Further, the growth of the population is increasing the work of disposal of sewage, and improved sanitation is causing a greater demand for supplies of water of good chemical and bacteriological quality. Increasingly large quantities of comparatively pure water are also required for agricultural and industrial processes. Another factor to be taken into account is that available sources, surface and underground, are gradually being allocated, and many rivers, which are to some extent polluted, are already being utilised as sources of supply, after treatment, for domestic and industrial purposes.Fortunately, it is becoming realised that uncontrolled dis- charge of polluting wastes adversely affects not only the health and recreations of the population, but also the interests of industry, agriculture and fisheries. There are, for example, many instances in which unrestricted discharges of waste liquids from factories have rendered water supplies most easily accessible to adjacent factories quite unfit, except after costly treatment, for the purposes for which they are required. Clean da,iry products, for example, are impossible without plentiful supplies of pure water. With regard to the disposal of domestic sewage there are methods of treatment in use in many districts, particularly in the larger inland towns, whereby the sewage liquid can be purified sufficiently to allow of its discharge into rivers and streams without causing serious pollution. These methods, however, are an expense to the community and the total costs including sewerage amount to several shillings per year per head of the population.The expense is undoubtedly justified, but it is highly probable that by systematic scientific investigation the 449 methods can be improved or rendered less costly. One problem which has not yet been satisfactorily solved is that of the disposal of sewage sludge. Some of the sludge after a certain amount of drying is sold as a fertiliser but it does not always find a ready market.So far as trade effluents are concerned, there is an enormous amount of work ahead before practicable methods of dealing in an entirely satisfactory manner with the waste waters from all the various trade and manufacturing processes in operation to-day will be discovered. In addition, new processes and in- dustries are certain to be developed from time to time and these will bring with them new problems of disposal of wastes. In attempting to solve any problem of treatment and disposal of trade wastes, the first step should always be to consider the practicability, taking costs into account, of so modifying the manufacturing processes that the wastes need not be produced or their quantity and polluting character can be reduced.There is frequently the possibility of recovering products of value from the wastes and at the same time improving their quality. The next step is to find satisfactory methods of treatment and dis- posal of the remaining effluents. The Water Pollution Research Board, appointed by the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research in 1927,has initiated a number of investigations in connection with the treatment and disposal of waste waters from beet sugar factories, the treatment and disposal of effluents from dairies and milk products factories, the base-exchange process of water softening, the causes of the corrosive and lead dissolving action of certain waters on mains and service pipes, and chemical and biological problems associated with processes of purification of sewage.In addition, a comprehensive chemical, biological and hydrographical survey of the River Tees has been carried out and an investiga- tion of the River Mersey is in progress. The quantity of waste water from a beet sugar factory of average size is approximately three or four million gallons per day. These wastes, if discharged untreated into a stream, would have about the same polluting effect as the domestic sewage from a population of several hundred thousand people, and the waste waters from all the factories in this country would be equivalent to the domestic sewage from a population of several millions. The investigations completed by the Water Pollution Research Board, however, have shown that after simple preliminary 450 treatment the waste waters can be re-used in the factory processes and there need be little or no effluent for disposal.If necessary the effluent can be effectively purified before discharge by biologi- cal oxidation in percolating filters. With regard to the problem of disposal of effluents from dairies and milk products factories, the work of the Board has already indicated that the washings from churns, other equipment and factory premises can be satisfactorily purified by oxidation by means of percolating filters or by the activated sludge process. These processes, which are similar to those in operation at many sewage disposal works, are now being examined on a large scale in experiments being carried out with the co-operation of the industry.This investigation does not aim at destroying such by-products as whey, skim milk and buttermilk, which are of considerable value as food and should be utilised. The character of the effluents from dairies and milk products factories is indicated by the fact that the polluting effect of the washing wa.ters from a milk-collecting and distributing depot handling 10,000gallons of milk per day is about the same as that of the domestic sewage from a population of 1,000people. As the total quantity of milk produced in this country is more than 1,000 million gallons per annum, the total quantity of waste washing waters is roughly equivalent to the sewage from a population of 400,000. If whey is discharged to a stream instead of being utilised, its effects may be disastrous, as whey is at least IOO times as polluting in character as an equal volume of domestic sewage.Those who contributed to the discussion included Mr. E. Russell, Mr. R. H. Ellis, Mr. Oman Jones, Dr. A. C. Monkhouse and Professor Garner. A vote of thanks was accorded the lecturer on the proposition of Dr. E. B. Maxted. At a meeting of the Section, held on 4th November, at the University of Bristol, Dr. W. G. Savage, President of the Society of Medical Officers of Health, and Medical Officer of Health, Somerset, gave a lecture on ‘‘ Scientific Problems of Milk Pasteurisation.” of which he has kindly provided the following pr6cis :-The title is deliberately chosen so as to exclude the controver- sial problems of pasteurisation which, when the pseudo-scientific matters which are often introduced are excluded, really resolve into questions of administrative expediency and changes of commercial practices.On the scientific side, apart from the accepted and recognised risks of raw milk, the main questions are, does pasteurisation make milk safe and does it affect the nutritive qualities of milk? There is no question as to the efficiency of pasteurisation, when properly performed, since the experimental evidence is complete and conclusive. In this country the only officially recognised method is to heat the milk to 145’--15o’F. and hold it between these temperatures for 30 minutes. A lower temperature is accepted in USA.and the experimental work shows that this is reliable, but a larger margin of safety is pres- cribed in this country. Such heat conditions destroy tubercle bacilli and all other pathogenic bacteria likely to be found in milk. So much work has been done on the chemical changes caused by pasteurisation that we can speak with some assurance. The proportion of soluble calcium is reduced by about 6 per cent., and possibly the phosphates by about the same amount, while there is partial destruction of Vitamin C. Vitamin C is present in such small and variable amounts in milk that it is always wise to supplement it, so that this partial destruction hardly matters. The insignificant losses of calcium and phosphorus are definite advantages, since cows’ milk contains several times as much of them as human milk and so far as it goes it tends to make cows’ milk a little more comparable with human milk and to that extent it is an advantage.The very authoritative Report of the Committee on Cattle Diseases in 1934summed up the matter very fairly : “An unprejudiced survey of the evidence available to-day will leave on most minds a conviction that any recognisable changes of quality induced in milk by pasteurisation rightly conducted are as a whole too small to outweigh the great advan- tage inherent in the protection from infection which the treatment secures and in the public confidence which it inspires.” Important problems do however arise in securing that pasteurisation is efficiently performed. Having to hold the milk at the given temperature adds to the possibility of error.The pasteurisation plant may be incorrectly designed or improperly used. Possible defects are excess of “foam,” dead ends, defective outlet valves, incorrect time control apparatus, inefficient means or usage as regards holding the milk at the correct temperature and inadequate care and sterilisation of the cooler. All these 462 are defects which can be recognised without much difficulty but demand efficient and trained inspectors. A very great aid to efficient control is the provision of automatic recorders which provide permanent records of the actual temperature at which all the milk was held and the precise time for which such holding continued. These need to be placed at the correct places, to be checked from time to time and to be preserved for examination by the visiting inspectors.An integral part of any system of pasteurisation is a staff of trained and efficient inspectors. Further assistance in both checking the working of a pas-teurisation plant and seeing that the milk is kept subsequently under proper conditions is furnished by bacteriological examina- tions. At present only one standard is required, i.e. that the bacteria should be not more than IOO,OOO per cubic centimetre at any time before delivery to the consumer. Other standards may be advanced and found of service. Several chemical tests have been tried and the most recent- that of an estimate of the amount of enzyme phosphatase- promises to be of signal service.This enzyme is present in all milk and fortunately is destroyed under almost exactly the same conditions of time and temperature as that required for official pasteurisation. If therefore it is found to be still present it is evidence of faulty pasteurisation conditions. A reliable method of estimation which can readily be carried out has been evolved which measures the amount of phosphatase present. We are therefore in a position not merely to say whether or not heat treatment has been given but to measure the degree of efficiency or of inefficiency. At present it is unofficial and further scientific work is required, but it seems to be most reliable.Stress is laid upon the possibility of faults in pasteurisation plants, but it should be emphasised that most modern plants are well designed and reliable and not difficult to keep in order. Bymeans of inspection and bacteriological and chemical tests, it is comparatively easy to keep accurate control of all plants and to ensure that they are turning out what is required, i.e., a milk which is safe when pasteurised, from the risk of conveying disease and which is unimpaired as regards its nutritive qualities. The meeting was presided over by Professor W. E. Garner. A discussion followed in which the following participated :-Messrs. F. E. Needs, H. F. Barke and R. H. Ellis. A vote of thanks was accorded the lecturer on the proposition of Dr.R. H. 453 Parry, Medical Officer for Bristol, seconded by Mr. J. A. Robin-son, Chief Foods Inspector, Bristol. On 30th November a representative gathering of the members of the Section met at 13, Eaton Crescent, Clifton, at the kind invitation of Dr. A. C. Fryer. After tea and some music, Dr. Fryer gave a short illustrated .lecture, dealing with the architectural features of several cathe- drals and many points of archaeological interest. Later Dr. Fryer showed several illustrations of early caricatures. Professor W. E. Garner expressed the thanks of the members, referring to Dr. Fryer’s many and varied interesting activities. Cape.-At a joint meeting of the Cape Section of the Institute with the Cape Chemical and Technological Society, held at the Martin Melck House, Cape Town, on 28th June, Mr.W. P. Hirst gave an address on “Petroleum as a Source of New Chemical Industries.” Following a brief survey of the history of the petroleum industry, Mr. Hirst showed the important part played by petro- leum products in modern technology and proceeded to discuss a large number of by-products, formerly regarded as chemical curiosities, which are now available on the large scale and finding wide scope in industry. A number of these were exhibited and their uses explained. Mr. Hirst was warmly complimented on his address. On 30th August, members of the Section paid a visit to the works of J. & A. Buchanan, Ltd., manufacturing confectioners, at Sir Lowry Road, Cape Town.On 11th October, at the Martin Melck House, Dr. W. S. Rapson gave an address on (‘The Vitamins.” Col. J. G. Rose presided and there was a very good attendance. The lecturer dealt with the general nature of the experiments which had led to the isolation of the vitamins. The use of chemi- cal as well as biological methods of assay, he said, had greatly accelerated the investigations of individual vitamins. Up to the present five vitamins had been isolated or prepared in the pure state. Two of these had already been synthesised in the laboratory, and the structures of the other three were known with a fair degree of certainty. 454 Besides these, other vitamins were known or suspected to exist. In considering the individual vitamins, the lecturer dealt briefly with their physiological importance and with the principles underlying their extraction from various sources. More attention was given to their chemical investigation and in particular to the recent investigations of vitamins B, and B,, which have been carried out by R.Williams and by Richard Kuhn and their collaborators. Finally, brief reference was made to the anti- sterility vitamin-vitamin E-and to the evidence for the exis- tence of further components of the B complex. Discussion followed. East Midlands.-A meeting of Fellows and Associates resident in the district of Derby, Nottingham, Leicestei and Loughborough was held at the Technical College, Derby, on 31st October, 1935,to consider the desirability of making applica- tion to the Council of the Institute for the formation of a new Section for the area indicated.The Registrar of the Institute was in attendance, and was requested to open the proceedings. He explained that earlier in the year a number of members in the neighbourhood of Derby had addressed a letter to the Council stating that they were invited to attend meetings in the neighbourhood of Derby of other scientific and technical societies, but that no provision existed whereby the Institute could reciprocate the hospitality extended to them by other Societies. They asked whether they might be authorised to make arrangements for at least one meeting a year. In reply, the Council had suggested that members in Derby and Nottingham might become attached to the new South Yorkshire Section; but as this suggestion did not appear to be acceptable, the Council had directed that a circular letter be issued to the members in Derby, Notts and Leicester asking them whether they would favour the formation of a Local Section.The great majority of replies had been in the affirmative; in fact, there was scarcely any opposition, but one member had suggested possible competi- tion with the Society of Chemical Industry in the Nottingham area. The Council, having given permission to the members in Derbyshire to arrange a meeting, it was felt that the opportunity might be taken to submit for discussion the advisability of applying to the Council for the formation of a Local Section of 455 the Institute to include the districts of Derby, Nottingham, Leicester and Loughborough.The proposal was thereupon discussed by the members present, who unanimously agreed that an application be made to the Council forthwith to form a new Local Section for the area indicated, to be known as the East Midlands Section. A Provisional Committee was appointed as follows :-Derby: Messrs. Ronald Davidson, E. A. Morris and L. G. Tomlinson; Nottingham: Dr. H. H. Barber, or other member of the staff of University College, Nottingham, G. F. Hall and W. Woodhouse; Leicester and Loughborough: Dr. George Malcolm Dyson, Dr. Louis Hunter and Mr. F. C. Bullock. Dr. Dyson was appointed Chairman of the Committee, and Mr.C. W. North, Honorary Secretary. The thanks of the meeting were expressed to Mr. H. C. Olpin, Mr. T. P. Dee and their colleagues, who had initiated the movement, and to the Registrar, for his attendance and assistance in the proceedings. Glasgow and West of Scotland.-The first meeting of the Session was held, jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry, in the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, on 4th October, when Dr. J. Sword gave an interesting address on ‘*The Chemist in the Food Store.” A full report of the lecture and discussion appeared in Chemis-try and Industry for 25th October (Vol. 54, No. 43). The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in the Engineers’ and Shipbuilders’ Institute, Elmbank Crescent, Glasgow, on 18th October, when the following office-bearers and Members of Committee were elected for the session 1935-36:-Chairman : Dr.P. F. Gordon; Vice-chairman : Mr. H. Findlay; Hon. Secretary : Mr. A. R. Jamieson; Hon. Treasurer : Dr. T. S. Stevens; Hon. Assist. Secretary :Mr. H. G. A. Anderson. Mem-bers of Committee : Messrs. J. Armour, T. Gray, J. McLean and J. A. Macnair. Mr. G. D. Muir was elected Hon. Auditor. The Report of the Hon. Secretary on the proceedings of the past session was received and adopted. At the conclusion of the business the members inspected an exhibition of technical books, covering a wide field of pure and 456 applied chemistry and allied sciences, kindly arranged by Messrs. John Smith & Son (Glasgow), Ltd., to whom the Chairman expressed the thanks of the Section.Huddersfie1d.-The opening meeting of the Huddersfield Section was held on 15th October, in Field’s Caf6. Mr. W. D. Scouller presided and among those present were local members of the National Federation of Launderers and members of the technical staff of Messrs. Thos. Broadbent & Sons, Ltd. Mr. A. P. Mieras gave a lecture entitled:- ‘‘Laundering.” The lecture was illustrated by a number of excellent lantern slides showing the great strides the industry has made, especially during the last 13 years, to a great extent due to the policy of the British Launderers Research Association. Mr. Mieras men- tioned that still greater progress was hoped for in the future by co-operation between the industry and the textile research associations.Mr. Mieras described the operation and organisation of a modem laundry in detail, and dispelled many erroneous ideas as to the treatment received by the articles. A discussion followed in which the Chairman, Mr. Randolph, Mr. Corby, Mr. Frank Broadbent, Mr. Nicholls and many others took part. A vote of thanks was proposed by Dr. Livingstone and seconded by Mr. Frank Broadbent, on behalf of the visitors. The November meeting of the Section took the form of a visit to Messrs. Thos. Broadbent & Sons, Ltd., Central Ironworks, Huddersfield. A large party of members and friends were shown the many and intricate operations which go towards the manu- facture of modern hydroextractors and other similar machinery.The party was particularly interested in the latest type of oxy-coal- gas flame for cutting steel and in the newest automatic self- timing hydroextractor for use in laundries. After a two hours’ tour, refreshments were served in the canteen and a vote of thanks to the management for kindly permitting the visit and to those members of the staff who acted as guides, for their courtesy in replying to the many questions, was proposed by Mr. Waller and seconded by Mr. Anderson. Mr. Frank Broadbent responded on behalf of Messrs. Thos. Broadbent & Sons, Ltd. 457 Irish Free State.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in University College, Dublin, on 20th Novem- ber, Mr.B. G. Fagan presiding. The Hon. Treasurer’s balance sheet was presented and approved. The committee was elected as follows :-Mews. J. Bell, B. G. Fagan, G. Van B. Gilmour, A. G. G. Leonard, J. H. Millar, T. J. Nolan, A. O’Farrelly, J. W. Parkes. The meeting approved of Dr. Bell’s nomination as District Member of Council. Dr. Leonard was asked to convey the good wishes of the meeting to the Belfast Section at their Charter Jubilee Dinner on 2znd November. A new rule was approved:-“That the period of office of Chairman shall not exceed three consecutive years.” A meeting of the Section was held on 30th October, in Trinity College, Dublin,-Mr. B. G. Fagan presiding. Dr. W. R. Fearon demonstrated some titration methods which he had found useful in physiological work.Determination of SuZ9hate.-Rhodozonic acid is used as indi- cator. It is preserved in powder form, mixed with powdered potassium chloride in a proportion to contain 0-1per cent. of the indicator, which is unstable in solution. For use in titration I to 3 gr. of the mixture is dissolved in a few c.c.’s of water and 10C.C. of 0.1N barium chloride solution added, when a red-brown colour develops. The mixture is titrated with the sulphate solution, which should be within the range of 0’01N to IN. The end-point is reached when the red colour of the solution is completely changed to pale yellow. If free acid be present the change is from red to colourless. In Dr. Fearon’s opinion, greater accuracy is attained in slightly alkaline solution.Determination of Chloride.-Tartrazin is used as indicator in the form of a 0.1per cent. aqueous solution. Five drops of this are added for every 5 C.C. silver nitrate acidified with nitric acid. On running in the chloride solution, the silver chloride which settles out adsorbs the indicator, becoming yellow itself and leaving a colourless supernatant liquid. As soon as excess of chloride is added the silver chloride becomes white and the liquid yellow. The end-point is sharp. Fehling’s Sugar Reaction.-Addition of two drops of a 5 per cent. solution of CaCI, or BaC1, to a Fehling titration mixture at 468 the final stage of titration, followed by a momentary boiling, causes a rapid flocculation and separation of the copper reduction products.It has been shown, however, by Eynon and Lane (1923)that the presence of alkaline earth metals can interfere seriously with the accuracy of the Fehling method, and for this reason the suggested technique is chiefly of value in the clinical estimation of reducing sugars in albuminous urine where the presence of protective colloids may inhibit completely the separation of the copper reduction products. By employing not more than a couple of drops of the calcium reagent, and adding it only towards the close of the reaction, the error is not large, and is compensated for in clinical work by the sharpness of the end-point. The meeting concluded with a hearty vote of thanks to Dr. Fearon for his interesting demonstration. Leeds Area.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on the 25th November, at the University of Leeds,-Mr.G. J. Denbigh in the Chair. The Report and Financial Statement were adopted. Mr. A. C. Francis, Mr. G. Hagues, Dr. J. A. Jessop and Mr. J. M. Wishart were elected to serve on the Committee. Mr. J. T. Thompson and Mr. A. Woodmansey were elected Honorary Auditors, and Dr. H. Burton was re-elected Honorary Secretary and Treasurer. The Chairman referred to the illness of Dr. Burton, and a resolution was unanimously adopted, expressing the warm appreciation of the members for the work which he has done for the Section and their best wishes for his complete recovery. Dr. F. A. Masongave a lecture on 66 The Technical Utilisation of Acetylene and Acetaldehyde.” Great advances have been made during the last two decades in the utilisation of acetylene as a chemical raw material. While the main source of the gas is still the action of water on calcium carbide, recent developments suggest the possibility of preparing it by heating hydrocarbon oils or gases in an electric arc.Dr. Mason dealt with four main aspects of the utilisation of acetylene, viz., chloroderivatives, acetaldehyde and its deriva- tives, vinyl compounds and plastics, and synthetic rubber. The 459 chloroderivatives, comprising tetrachloroethane, trichloro-ethylene, dichloroe t h ylene, pent achloroe t hane and hexachloro- ethane, are useful non-inflammable solvents, trichloroethylene in particular being very largely used now for dry-cleaning.The latter is also a starting material for the production of chloracetic acid and there is a very interesting direct synthesis of phenyl glycine (for synthetic indigo) from aniline and trichloroethylene in presence of milk of lime. The lecturer next described the process operated by the Shawinigan Co., Ltd., of Canada, in which over I,OOO,OOO cubic feet of acetylene per day are utilised for the manufacture of acetaldehyde, acetic acid, acetic anhydride, vinyl acetate and other products, the plant having a capacity of about 17,500tons of glacial acetic acid per annum. In this country the process is worked to a smaller extent at Billingham, but a great part of the glacial acetic acid required for the acetyl cellulose industry is prepared near Hull by British Industrial Solvents, Ltd.In this case the necessary acetalde- hyde is prepared by catalytic dehydrogenation of ethyl alcohol over a heated silver-gauze catalyst; the greater part of the alde- hyde is then oxidised by air in presence of a manganese catalyst, the total capacity of the works being some 10,000tons glacial acetic acid per annum. A further portion of the aldehyde is converted into aldol by treatment with dilute caustic soda, the product dehydrated to crotonaldehyde and the latter cata- lytically hydrogenated to rt-butyl alcohol, the present output being of the order of 1,500 tons per annum. Vinyl acetate is made at Shawinigan and elsewhere by absorp- tion of acetylene in acetic acid in presence of a mercury catalyst.It readily polymerises to resinous products which are now widely used for the production of varnishes and moulding materials. Finally, Dr. Mason outlined the recent remarkable develop- ments in the production of synthetic rubber. Professor Nieuw- land in America has shown that by passing acetylene into solu- tion of cuprous ammonium chloride, vinyl-acetylene is formed. CH, :CHC i CH is a liquid boiling at 5” and Carothers and the research staff of Du Pont de Nemours, Ltd., have worked out the conditions for its manufacture, as it readily adds on hydrochloric acid to form a-chloro-1 : 3-butadiene, the chlorine analogue of isoprene. Chloroprene readily polymerises to a rubber (“Duprene”) which has properties superior in many respects to those of synthetic isoprene polymers, and plants for 460 its production are now in course of erection in America and Russia.The lecture was admirably illustrated by specimens of materials and slides, kindly loaned by the Shawinigan Co., Ltd., British Industrial Solvents, Ltd., Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., and I.G. Farbenindustrie A.-G. A vote of thanks to the lecturer, proposed by the Chairman and seconded by Mr. C. H. Manley, was carried with acclamation. Liverpool and North-Western.-A Joint Meeting of the Liverpool and North-Western Section of the Institute and the Liverpool Section of the Society of Chemical Industry was held at the City Technical College, Byrom Street, Liverpool, on 21st November,-Mr.B. D. W. Luff in the Chair. Dr. H. H. Evers, of the British American Tobacco Co., Ltd., spoke on “ The Scientific Aspect of Tobacco Manufacture.” Dr. Evers described the various stages of tobacco cultivation and manufacture, and indicated in what directions the industry had availed itself of scientific control and research, Dealing with the influence of soils, fertilisers and climate on the growth of the plant, some account was given of the investigations carried out at various research and experimental stations, particularly in the United States. The curing process to which ripe tobacco was subjected was primarily a drying process, in which the enzymes of the leaf partly converted the starch, protein and nitrogenous substances into simpler derivatives, sugars, amino-acids, amides and ammonia.The extent of these changes depended entirely upon whether the tobacco was air-cured, fire-cured, or flue-cured. Flue-curing, in which the heat was conducted through flues to the leaf hung in the curing barn, was the most modern and scientific method of curing and invariably employed throughout the world for the production of bright tobaccos. The curing was effected in three stages,-“yellowing” the leaf, fixing the colour, and drying the stem. The temperature and relative humidity must be carefully regulated throughout the process, particularly in the first stage when most of the chemical changes took place. Fire-curing produced darker coloured pipe tobaccos of 461 “smoky” aroma, while American Burley was air-cured and Turkish tobaccos, sun-cured .Referring to the grading of leaf, Dr. Evers showed that, apart from physical characteristics such as colour, texture and body, much information regarding quality could be obtained from the analytical determination of organic constituents. Physiological and taste strength had been correlated with such factors as the total ratio of carbohydrates to protein, nicotine to reducing sugar, free nicotine to combined nicotine, and nicotine nitrogen to ammonia nitrogen. As regards nicotine, which was important for its physiological action on the nervous system, it was generally accepted that a high percentage of this constituent indicated a poor quality.To some extent this was true, but tobacco containing large quantities of nicotine also contained large amounts of gum and resin which, in conjunction with nicotine, were responsible for the ill-effects of excessive smoking. The quantity of toxic substances absorbed by the smoker depended to a large extent on the moisture content and rate of burning: with high moisture content and slow burning, the minimum quantity was absorbed by the system. Dealing with the production of manufactured tobaccos, an account was given of the systems in use for conditioning and drying, with particular reference to humidity and temperature conditions. It was shown that a definite relation existed between the moisture content of tobacco and the relative humidity of the atmosphere with which it was in contact, and the corresponding “equilibrium” points could be expressed in the form of a graph for each type of tobacco.The chemist had introduced new processes for the improve- ment of tobaccos by flavouring, fermentation and denicotinisa- tion methods. Analytical specifications and new types of cigarette papers, wrapping materials and adhesives for all purposes, had been standardised. In conclusion, Dr. Evers stressed the fact that there was still plenty of scope for further research, particularly with regard to bright flue-cured tobaccos, the consumption of which in this country had increased enormously since the war and was gradually displacing the darker pipe tobaccos.Closer co-operation between grower and manufacturer as well as between agricultural and manufacturing chemist would contribute much to this advance in scientific knowledge. 462 Lantern slides showing thegrowth and treatment of the tobacco plant were shown and there was a display of tobacco leaves, manufactured tobaccos , etc. In the discussion which followed, the Chairman, Mr. E. T. Williams,Mr. G. H. Turner, Mr. E. Myer and Mr.W. Doran tookpart. A vote of thanks, proposed by Professor C. 0. Bannister and seconded by the Chairman, was accorded to Dr. Evers. The Annual Social Evening was held at the Constitutional Club on 12th December,-Mr. B. D. W. Luff in the Chair. An entertainment, arranged by Messrs.J. Hanley and H. Jasperson, was given by Mr. Oscar Paulson (entertainer), Miss Myfanwy Ffoulkes (soprano), Mr. Ben Crompton (tenor), Mr. Russell Radcliffe (flautist), with Mr. Harry Weatherall at the piano. The thanks of the meeting were accorded to the organisers and artistes for a very enjoyable programme. London and South-Eastern Counties.-On 25th October, the Section organised an informal Dinner, held under the chair- manship of Dr. Leslie H. Lampitt, Vice-chairman, at the Strand Palace Hotel. Mr. F. G.Edmed, the Chairman, was unavoidably prevented from attending. The Dinner was followed by a Dance, both functions being well attended and much enjoyed. The Annual Meeting of the Section was held on 20th November at the Institute.After the official business, a number of films were shown, with sound accompaniment. (1) CATHODE RAY OSCILLOGRAPH. The methods of Modern Radio Research simply explained. This film is followed by demonstra-tions of the oscillograph in a Radio Direction-Finder and in a new type of compass. (2) SHIP-BUILDING.The building of a Modern Ocean Liner. (3) AIRCRAFTDESIGN. Light Alloy Research-The Metallurgical and Aerodynamic Departments of the National Physical Laboratory at work. (4) SHIP DESIGN. The making and testing of Model Hulls at the National Physical Laboratory. The above films were prepared by G.B. Films, Ltd., in co-opera- tion with the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. (5) BAKELITE. “The Material of Infinite Uses” (lent by Messrs. Bakelite, Ltd.).On 4th December, the Section visited the glassworks of Messrs. James Powell & Sons, Ltd., at Harrow, a firm which is mentioned in Pepys’ Diary as carrying on business in 1669 and is thus one of the oldest established industrial firms in the country. 463 The party was conducted over the works by Mr. E. B. Powell, and the process of making fine glassware was shown at all stages, from the making of the pots, a process requiring over a year, to the final polishing of the finished articles, including wine glasses, bowls and decanters, of many designs and ornamentations. Mr. Powell was warmly thanked for his kindness in allowing the visit and for making it so interesting.Manchester and District.-On 10th October, members of the Section were invited to participate in a meeting, held jointly with the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry, in the Central Library, when a lecture was given by Professor N. V. Sidgwick, President of the Chemical Society, on “ Modern Structural Chemistry.” Professor I. M. Heilbron presided. On 1st November, at the Central Library, Manchester, members of the Section participated in a meeting with the Local Sections of the Society of Chemical Industry and the Society of Dyers and Colourists, and with the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, when Professor W. N. Haworth gave a lecture on ‘‘ Starch, Cellulose and Related Carbohydrates.” Mr. L. G. Lawrie, Chairman of the Local Section of the Society of Dyers and Colourists, presided.A prdcis of the lecture has been published in Chemistry and Indz&ry,-8th November, 1935. The Charter Jubilee was celebrated on the occasion of the Annual Dinner and Dance, held at “The Manchester, Ltd.,” on 5th December,-Mr. C. J. T. Cronshaw in the Chair. The guests included His Honour Judge J. B. Leigh, the President and Mrs. Thorpe, Professor A. G. Green, Mr. H. W. Archer, Editor of the (Manchester) Evening News, Dr. R. Veitch Clark, Medical Officer of Health for the city of Manchester, and Mrs. Clark, and the Registrar and Mrs. Pilcher. The toast of “The King” having been duly honoured, Judge Leigh proposed the toast of “The Institute.” He recalled the fact that in his youth, under the encouragement of Francis Jones at Manchester Grammar School, he had himself been attracted to chemistry. Later he studied under Roscoe and Schorlemmer at Owens College, and for a time in Germany under Kekulk, before he deserted to the Law.He remarked on the astonishing progress 464 made in the science and the profession of chemistry during the period of the Institute’s corporate existence, and on the benefits which had thereby accrued to the health and well-being of the community. In coupling the toast with the name of the President, His Honour reminded the members of the early association of Professor and Mrs. Thorpe with Manchester. The President, in acknowledging the toast, referred to the agreement between the three Chartered Chemical Societies indicating their intention to raise a fund for the endowment of chemical publications and of the library of the Chemical Society.Mr. Archer replied to the toast of “The Guests,” proposed by Mr. Cronshaw, who also acknowledged the toast of “The Chair- man,” proposed by Mr. F. Scholefield. The remainder of the evening was devoted to dancing and a cabaret, by “The Mollie Suffield Girls” and “Dawnya and Petrov.” Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast.-On 23rd October, by kind permission of the Directors of Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., members of the Section visited the works of I.C.I. (Fertiliser and Synthetic Products), Ltd., at Billingham. Mr. M. P. Applebey gave a preliminary talk, illustrated with lantern slides, describing the advantages of the site and the development and layout of the works.The party was first shown the rotary kilns of the sulphuric acid plant. The reaction and crystallisation plants for ammonium sulphate were then inspected, followed by the packing of the salt into bags and the wonderful sight presented by the IOO,OOO ton storage silo. The nitric acid and ammonia nitrate plants were also seen. In the evening an informal dinner was held at the Queen’s Hotel, Stockton, Dr. P. L. Robinson, Chairman of the Section, presiding. Fifty members and friends were present. The guests included Mr. W. A. Akers, Mr. and Mrs. M. P. Applebey, Mr. C. S. Robinson and the Registrar of the Institute.Mr. W. A. Akers and the Registrar responded to the toast of “The Guests,” proposed from the Chair. Later, a meeting was held at Norton Hall, jointly with the Norton Hall Scientific Society, when the Registrar of the Institute gave a lecture entitled (( From Boyle to Priestley,” sequel to his lecture on “Alchemists in Art and Literature.” 465 The lecture was illustrated by some sixty lantern slides mainly from old prints. Dr. G. I. Higson presided and moved the vote of thanks which was accorded to the lecturer. Members of the Section were invited to the thirty-first Bedson Lecture, which was delivered by Professor J. W. Cook, of the Cancer Hospital, London, in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, Armstrong College, Newcastle on Tyne, on 8th November.Professor G. R. Clemo, the Chairman of the Bedson Club, presided. Professor Cook took as his subject b4 The Synthesis and Biological Effects of Carcinogenic Hydrocarbons.” He said it had long been known that certain forms of skin cancer were due to occupational causes, such cases being prevalent among workers in the coal-tar and allied industries, in the shale-oil industry, and among mule spinners in cotton mills. This was due to the action of a common constituent of coal-tar, and shale and lubricating oil, the isolation and identification of which was successfully accomplished about three years ago in the research laboratories of the Cancer Hospital, London. A very valuable guide, in the difficult task of separating this substance from the other constituents of the mixtures, was provided by the fact that these tars and oils having carcinogenic properties were all strongly fluorescent. An investigation of the nature of the fluorescence spectrum directed attention to the benzanthracene group of hydrocarbons.Many of these had been prepared artificially in the laboratory, and some had been shown capable of producing cancer in mice. The cancer-producing constituent of coal-tar, etc.-benzpyrene -belonged to this group. More recently it had been found possible to bring about the artificial conversion of substances normally present in the human body, viz., cholic and deoxycholic acids, into a hydrocarbon of the benzanthracene type-methylcholan threne-and this was found to be more powerfully cancer-producing than any other substance yet investigated.The chemical changes by which it was obtained were of the type which were well known to occur in the body, and it might be that cancer in man was due to some such substance as a bile acid undergoing decomposition in an abnormal manner, with conversion into cancer-producing substances. 466 There was no proof as yet that this did take place, but further investigation, on lines such as these, might eventually lead to a better understanding of the factors which underlay malignant disease, and might also, in due time, pave the way for successful efforts towards the ultimate prevention of cancer. The meeting was well attended, and the lecture much appreciated.A joint meeting with the Local Section of the Institute of Metals was held on nth November, when Mr. Stanley Robson, of the National Smelting Co., lectured on the “Zinc Industry.” A detailed and interesting survey of the industry was presented, well illustrated by lantern slides and specimens. The Section celebrated the Charter Jubilee of the Institute by a Dinner, held at the Royal Station Hotel, Newcastle upon Tyne, on 29th November,-Dr. P. L. Robinson in the Chair. The guests included Sir William Marris, K.C.I.E., K.C.S.I. (Principal of Armstrong College) and Lady Marris; the Lord Mayor and Lady Mayoress of Newcastle upon Tyne (Alderman and Mrs. Locke) ;Professor H. L. Riley; Mr. T. B. Tilley (Director of Education for Durham County) ;Mr.G. F. S. Ritson (Secretary, Newcastle and Gateshead Chamber of Commerce); and the President of the Institute and Mrs. Thorpe. Professor Henry Louis, a Pre-Charter Fellow was also among the company. Sir William Marris, proposing the toast of “The Institute of Chemistry,” remarked that to the layman the chemist was a rather terrifying figure. He said-“We are told-and I think we believe-that the modern chemist has at his disposal weapons of destruction that far surpass anything the world has seen hitherto; but we are also told-I am not sure that we believeit equally-that the biological chemist has in view, or thinks he may soon have in view, the means of treating us as a race by subtle manipulations of our physical substance, so that we may be turned from mere men into supermen.If there is anything in this, perhaps, wild dream, I personally do beg of you to press on this latter attainment as rapidly as you can and so qualify us that we should not dream of utilising those poison gases with which you are equally prepared to equip us.” Sir William thought that chemists, rightly or wrongly, had not made their science known to “the man in the street,” in the same way as the physicists and astronomers, 467 Professor Thorpe, replying, said that he thought Sir William did chemists an injustice, if he accused them of being responsible for chemical warfare or anything connected therewith. Dr. A. E. Everest, District Member of Council, proposed the toast of the “City and County of Newcastle upon Tyne,” to which the Lord Mayor responded.Mr. M. P. Applebey, Chairman of the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, replying to the toast of “The Guests,” proposed by Dr. A. A. Hall, referred to the work of Professor Thorpe in promoting a close co-operation among chemical societies, which, he remarked, had long since been secured in the provinces. South Wales (Cardiff and District).-A meeting of the Section was held at the University College, Cardiff, on 31st October, and was addressed by Professor Henry Bassett, who took as his subj.ect Lb Some Aspects of Oxidation and Reduction.” Professor Bassett first discussed the historical aspects of oxidation and reduction and the general sense in which these terms were used.It was not an easy matter to give entirely satisfactory definitions of oxidation and reduction, just as it was difficult to find a satisfactory definition of valency. The definition of “oxidation ” as a process where electrons are lost and of “reduc- tion” as one where electrons are gained was satisfactory for combinations leading to electrovalent linkages, but not for combinations giving other types of linkage. In the formation of ionised hydrogen chloride : .. H*+.Cl: -N H+ C1-.. hydrogen lost an electron, i.e. was oxidised, and chlorine gained an electron, i.e. was reduced. Some of the difficulties which arose when combination led to a co-valency or to co-ordination were mentioned. With the co-valent linkage, the valency was best referred to the number of electrons of each atom involved in the process of combination.Thus, in un-ionised HC1 the valency of both hydrogen and chlorine would be one, but since each atom gained and lost an electron, it became rather forced to differentiate between them and say that one was oxidised and the other reduced: .. .. W+.Cl: H:C1:--f 9. 1% 468 This was much more evident in cases such as methane and carbon tetrachloride. Still greater difficulties arose in the formation of compounds with co-ordination valencies. For example, in H3N+BF3, one could regard the nitrogen as becoming pentavalent, but then on the definition applied to co-valency the valency of boron would remain unaltered.If the co-ordinate link were looked upon as a kind of electrovalency, then the nitrogen would be oxidised and the boron reduced, which was hardly satisfactory. When this reasoning was applied to such com- pounds as hydrated copper sulphate one would have to assume that the copper was more reduced than it was in the cupric ion, Cu++. On the whole, when dealing with compounds formed with co-valent or co-ordinate linkages it was better to restrict the terms oxidation and reduction to cases where oxygen (and possibly some very closely related elements) were involved. Reactions of the type 3HC10 = 2HC1 + HClO, 2co + c + co, 2cu+ f cu + cu++, involving simultaneously an oxidation and a reduction, played a very important part in Inorganic Chemistry.They were found in all cases where an element could act with several valency stages. Examples were known among the compounds of elements of all groups of the Periodic System, except the inert gases and the alkali metals. Many of these reactions were reversible. Some had technical importance, others were of scientific interest as they furnished methods for preparing otherwise inaccessible compounds, for example, by the reaction BZrBr, -+ ZrBr, -+ ZrBr, 350" zirconium dibromide could be obtained, and germanium di-chloride by the action of germanium on germanium tetrachloride Ge + GeCl, -+ 2GeC1, 350" 469 Calcium subchloride was said to exist at high temperatures and to break up into calcium and calcium chloride at lower tem- peratures 2CaC1+ CaCI, +Ca This latter case was analogous to the case of carbon monoxide becoming unstable towards carbon and carbon dioxide.Wherever this type of reaction was reversible, it was profoundly affected by all the factors which altered the positions of equilibria, such as separation of involatile or volatile compounds or formation of complexes. An interesting discussion followed, and the meeting closed with a vote of thanks to the lecturer, proposed by Mr. P. V. Lloyd and seconded by Mr. S. B. Watkins. South Wales (Swansea).-The Section celebrated the Char-ter Jubilee of the Institute, at Swansea, on 25th October. In the afternoon, the President of the Institute, Professor Jocelyn Thorpe, gave an address on “The Chemist and the Career open to him.” The President stated that conditions seemed at the present time to bk more favourable to the young man of ability about to take up a chemical career than at any period in the past.We were, he said, on the threshold of great and important discoveries which would be likely to affect in a marked degree the health and happiness of the human race. These discoveries would be made in the borderline subjects where the outposts of the chemical pioneers met the outposts of the pioneers in other sciences. Advances in chemistry, physics, bacteriology, agri- culture and physiology reached a certain point, from which it seemed that no further progress could be made,-that further penetration, into the unknown country ahead, could not be effected owing to the lack of knowledge of the methods required for clear direction and guidance.Then it happened that two of the pioneers in different sciences met and joined forces,--each using the methods and tools of the other and each imparting to the other their joint experiences and knowledge. In this way, notable steps in progress would be made, and, in making them, chemists, physicists and physiologists would take leading parts. Nevertheless, he said, it would be useless for a chemist to hope to play his part udess he had received a thorough fundamental training in the principles of chemical and physical science. 470 Part of the address was devoted to the question of the right means by which this could be attained.The President pointed out that there was full scope for employment in border-line subjects, with chemistry as the basic science-in academic life, in industry and in industrial research. In the evening, Mr. E. E. Ayling, Chairman of the Section, presided at a dinner held at the Hotel Metropole. The company included the President of the Institute, Alderman T. W. Hughes, Deputy Mayor of Swansea, the Principals of the Colleges and representatives of kindred societies. The toast of “The Institute” was proposed by Mr. W. C. Mitchell, Director of the National Oil Refinery, who remarked that, being interested in the application of chemistry to industrial processes, he felt the world would be a vastly different place if science and chemistry had not modified pre-existing conditions and developed new processes.Chemistry had helped employment, and they must look to new industries for the employment of more people, as well as for the export of new commodities to take the place of those exports which had helped to build up the pre-war prosperity of the country. The President, in reply, said that the Institute was the one body in which he felt there was a close relationship between the profession and the student. Any one could go to the Institute and unburden himself of his troubles, and receive sound advice and guidance. Dr. E. A. Rudge, Chairman of the South Wales (Cardiff) Section, proposed “Swansea,” remarking on the friendly relations existing between the Cardiff and Swansea branches of technical societies.Alderman T. W. Hughes, in reply, said that Swansea was the metallurgical centre of the world, because the various industries had produced a type of workman that could not be beaten for adaptability in Great Britain. He believed that they could adapt themselves to any new industry which was likely to come to Swansea in the future. A good type of technician, allied to a good type of manual worker, was of inestimable value to any industry; with this combination they could face the world. Mr. E. Roosevelt Griffiths replied to the toast of “Kindred Societies,’’ proposed by Mr. E. Thornton; Mr. George Thompson, Principal of the Swansea Technical College, replied to the toast of “The Visitors,” proposed by the Chairman.471 On 8th November, members of the Section were invited to a meeting, arranged by the Chemical Society, and held at University College, Swansea, when Prof. C. S. Gibson gave a lecture on “Recent Advances in the Chemistry of Gold.” In his opening remarks, Prof. Gibson reviewed the chemistry of the halides of gold as described in text-books. He proceeded to deal with the valency of gold as indicated by the reactions of co-ordinated gold compounds, and produced some evidence for the existence of divalent gold as well as the more familiar mono and tervalent gold. Reference:-“A Survey of Modern Inorganic Chemistry,” by G. T. Morgan, pp. 49, 50. The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 29th November at the Central Hotel, Swansea, when the following Officers and Committee were elected:-Chairman, Mr. G.Madel; Hon. Secretary, Mr. R. H. Jones; Committee, Messrs. E. Ayling, E. A. Tyler, C. M. W. Grieb, Dr. P. M. Macnair, Dr. A. G. Ramsay, and Prof. J. E. Coates. At the Hotel Metropole on 6th December, the third meeting of the Swansea Scientific Societies was arranged by the Institute of Petroleum Technologists, and a lecture was given by Mr. W. H. Cadman (of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Co., Limited) entitled “Home Produced Motor Fuel, with special reference to the Scottish Shale Industry’’ (with film and slides). South Yorkshire.-The South Yorkshire Section celebrated the Charter Jubilee of the Institute by a Dinner and Dance, held at the Royal Victoria Hotel, Sheffield, on 23rd November,- Dr.G. Lawton in the Chair. The guests included the Lord Mayor and Lady Mayoress (Alderman F. Thraves and Miss Thraves), The Master Cutler and Mistress Cutler (Sir Samuel Roberts, Bart., and Lady Roberts), the President of the Institute and Mrs. Thorpe, Mr. John Evans (President of the Society of Public Analysts and Member of Council of the Institute), representatives of the Birmingham, Huddersfield and Leeds Sections, the Registrar and Mrs. Pilcher, and the Assistant Secretary. Following the loyal toasts,-Mr. John Evans proposed “The City and Corporation of Sheffield.” He spoke of the early 472 practice of professional chemistry in Sheffield, and of the valuable contributions made by chemists towards building up the industries of the district.The Lord Mayor, in reply, stressed his view that the public did not know sufficient about the work of chemists or show sufficient appreciation of the results of their researches. The Master Cutler, in proposing the toast of the evening, said he had particular reason to be grateful to chemists, because he had been all his life connected with “elderly” coal mines which would have died a long time ago had it not been for the help which he had received from chemists and engineers. He often wondered what chemists would do in the future, and foresaw with horror that it was possible-indeed probable-that before long there would be no need to eat dinners: everything would be supplied in “tabloid” form, washed down with a glass of water.The public owed many of the amenities of life to the efforts of chemists, whom, with engineers, he regarded as the pioneers of modern civilisation. The President said that he was proud to have been the first Sorby Fellow at Sheffield University. He referred especially to the examination work of the Institute, and the movement for co-operation among the three great chartered chemical bodies. In proposing the toast of “The South Yorkshire Section,” the Registrar said that it was situated in an important centre of industry, had a good working Committee and a very keen Honorary Secretary. The Council realised that the Sections were doing a great work and the staff at headquarters appreciated the kindly courtesy which it received from the honorary secretaries and the happy relations existing throughout the organisation of the Institute.The South Yorkshire Section was a young section and promised to be one of the liveliest; it was to be congratulated on having brought together such excellent company on that occasion. Dr. Lawton, responding, acknowledged the good work of the Committee and the Honorary Secretary. Mr. R. Leslie Collett, Assistant Secretary of the Institute, proposed the toast of “The Ladies.” The remainder of the evening was devoted to dancing. Miss Biddy Wall and Mr. H. Price Davies gave an exhibition of ballroom dancing, which was much appreciated. 473 Notes. The .Ramsay Chemical Dinner.-The Ramsay Chemical Dinner was held in the Central Hotel, Glasgow, on 6th December, Sir Thomas Holland, K.C.S.I., K.C.I.E., F.R.S., Principal of Edinburgh University, in the Chair.All the societies in Scotland interested in chemistry participate in this annual event, and the guests on this occasion included Professor F. A. Paneth; Professor N. V. Sidgwick, President of the Chemical Society; Mr. W. A. S. Calder, President of the Society of Chemical Industry; and Sir Daniel M. Stevenson, ’ Bart., Chancellor of Glasgow University. The Institute was represented by Professor G. G. Henderson, Past President. The following report has been abstracted from the Glasgow HeraZd, 7th and 9th December, 1935:-Sir Thomas Holland proposed “The Memory of Sir William Ramsay,” and then “The Profession of Chemistry.” He said that geology (his own subject) was no science in the sense that they thought of science.It was but a summation and an abstract of all the sciences, physical and biological-what they might call a synthetic science, for they had to borrow constituents from the zoologist, the botanist, from the physicist and the mathematician. From the problems which faced his favourite branch of petrology they had to rely more especially on the chemist. He would like to indicate some ways in which chemical investigation could help to solve geological troubles. Chemists were accustomed to reactions that varied from an explosion to slow combustion, and chemists seemed to be impatient of those which must have taken geological ages to produce, such, for example, as a mineral deposit which was left sufficiently con- centrated to be worth working.The reason for their impatience was mainly due to the circumstances that they trusted, and very properly so, only those changes that could be measured quantita- tively. Until geologists could also so treat their problems theirs must remain dubbed an inexact science, 474 Two specific questions were worrying them as geologists. They involved problems in physical chemistry, and especially thermo-chemistry, which was the branch of a subject in which Ramsay had established a wide reputation before he went to London, and there discovered in the atmosphere those inert gases which so stirred the enthusiasm of a wide public well beyond the select circle of chemists. One of the vices which had seized on man with the growth of civilisation was a desire for the use of metals, a desire which was continually extending and would go on growing until the supply became exhausted and civilisation as they knew it must come to an end.The uses of metals were habits of man’s own in- vention, and some day he would have to do without them again. Before then, however, he would either have become extinct or would have learned to change his habits in ways which we could not now foresee. They saw the extravagant habits of miners in digging out only the richest patches of our mineral deposits, of the ore dressers who were forced by imperfect technical methods to adopt wasteful methods in concentrating the only material which was to be handled by the third wastrel-that variety of practical chemist known as the smelter and metallurgist.(Laughter.) “What I want you to be interested in,” Sir Thomas said, “are the laws-if you can find them-that have been operating to produce these local concentrations of minerals which we call ore deposits. Nature is by no means the all-wise, the frugal, the orderly, the perfect, and the never-wasteful goddess that our poets talk about. Such sentiments are what the most charitably minded among you chemists might call deci-normal, or, even stronger, solution of tosh.” But then what could they expect of Nature? In all her efforts at chemical analysis within the earth’s crust she could not rely on a good beaker or a porcelain dish. (Laughter.) She was compelled to use any crevice in a lime-stone or slate, and quite often reversed the reactions which she had started.She washed her precipitates with mineral waters because no distilled water was handy except as rain, which was polluted as soon as it touched the earth, and well before that in Glasgow ! (Laughter.) He would give them a few figures showing at a glance the kind of problems that remained to be solved. We produced 475 annually about 50,000 tons of nickel, and 1,500,000 tons of copper, yet the rocks which made up the crust of the earth contained in the total twice as much nickel as copper.We produced annually just as much lead as we did copper, yet our total resources in lead were about I-10th only of our resources in nickel, and I-5th therefore of our resources in copper. We produced well over I,OOO,OOO tons of zinc every year, yet we had less than one-half as much of zinc as we had of copper available under the continents, and only one-fifth of the total quantity of nickel. Nickel was from 50 to IOO times as abundant in the earth’s crust as tin, although we produced and consumed annually more than three times as much of the latter metal. Surely something was wrong in our relationship ! The different habits of rocks in showing that varying tendency towards rearranging their constituents opened up problems in physical chemistry which were still largely obscure.They must await the birth of another Ramsay before there was much hope of obtaining a satisfactory solution. As it was, the workable ore deposits of the world did not constitute more than about one-millionth of the metals that they knew were lying within accessible distances from the surface of the continental lands. It must be annoying to our financiers to know that in the ocean alone there were some 6,000,000,000 tons of gold-twice as much as was contained in the rocks of the continents down to a mile in depth. Dr. J. F. Tocher, in acknowledging the toast, declared that chemistry was the mother of science and its devotees had given to the world a knowledge of nature and the structure of matter which was of immense benefit to mankind.He said that chemical discoveries had been followed not only by mass production of chemicals for all industries and medicaments to prolong human life, but also by the mass production of the most destructive substances to human life, due to the rivalry of nations where the mere chemist was quite powerless. But the chemist’s job was not to fight; it was to unravel, as Ramsay had done for Rayleigh and as has been done in the case of vitamins. The day would come when they would be able to tell what viruses were in chemical language. The ultimate solution as to what brains and physique they had was likely to be a chemical one; meantime it was a biometrical problem. Sir John Orr, at the British Association meeting at Nonvich in September, rightly drew attention to the poorness of 476 body nourishment and the loss of health in a large section of the community.Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins, in his recent Royal Society address, stated that under-feeding and bad feeding existed to a considerable extent in the country. Ill-health due to this cause should be eliminated by the efforts of Local Authorities backed by the State. But, humanity being what it was, its advancement depended not only on food, clothes, education, and international agreements, but also on how far their knowledge of heredity was discreetly applied to improve the physique, the character, and the mentality of mankind. He said that because politicians believed that, apart from local differences and conditions, there were, internationally, funda- mental differences between peoples.Dr. Tocher said he was on the side of the politicians as against certain anthropologists who evidently didn’t believe much in racial differences. Statesmen had always been confronted with these problems, for national outlooks were determined not only by environmental conditions and past history, but also by dispositions which were inherited. English-speaking nations had cast off more completely than the others many of the worn-out garments of tradition. They had been taught more lessons than any of the others, and they had the greatest aptitude to learn lessons. That was why English-speaking nations were primus inter pares among democracies.That was why they were taking a leading part in the present attempt to form a world-wide peace federation to save humanity from regression to the troglo- dyte, and to help the upward and onward march of civilisation. Professor F. A. Paneth, in reply to the toast of “Our Guests,” proposed by Brig.-Gen. J. W. Walker, said that he came early under the influence of Sir William Ramsay, and recalled that in 1908 when he was still a student at Vienna University, the famous Glasgow scientist gave him and his fellow-students a lecture on the atmosphere. In 1913he spent a most pleasant summer term at Glasgow University, studying under one of Ramsay’s co-workers. He also recalled that he visited this country in 1931,for the Faraday celebrations, as a representative of Konigsberg University (Professor Paneth until recently was Director of Chemical Instruction at Konigsberg University). He said that the Scottish influence on German schools and universities started very much earlier than the eighteenth century, and there was one example in his native town of Vienna, where in the twelfth 477 century Scottish monks were invited to found a monastery and school.Sir Thomas Holland, in an appreciation of Sir William Ramsay, said that they did well at those annual gatherings of chemists to keep alive the memory of one of the most versatile ornaments of their profession. Although Ramsay’s family brought with them the fresh air of East Lothian, he himself was entirely of Glasgow,-in birth, at school, and as a student, as well as a junior member of the staff in the University.With interests so wide one found it difficult to name Ramsay’s most outstanding quality. The imagination of genius was combined with unsurpassed manipulative skill in the laboratory. Out of the laboratory he was in turn a musician, an artist, a linguist, and an athlete of outstanding quality. He remembered well during Ramsay’s visit to his laboratory at Calcutta just 35 years ago, his coming in beaming with boyish interest and full of keenness to see the new things in the life of India. Naturally every geologist would be predisposed to receive a nephew of Sir Andrew Ramsay and would follow his work with special interest because although he was doused with organic compounds at Glasgow-(laughter)-his genius found vent on the inorganic side of his subject, first with problems of physical chemistry, then with the discovery of the inert gases of the atmosphere, and then with the products of radio-active minerals.His genius ranged literally from helium at one end of the atomic scale of numbers to uranium at the other, typifying his breadth of interest in all things. Replying later to the toast of “The Chairman,” proposed by the convener, Mr. Hugh C. Moir, Sir Thomas Holland said that one thing they ought to have learned from the memories of the evening was that while Ramsay had shown his qualities in Glasgow, Glasgow did not succeed in holding him.“You have still young Ramsays in your midst, and often one questions in our universities whether or not we are failing to recognise them in time.” The Lancastrian Frankland Society, which was founded to preserve the memory of Sir Edward Frankland, the first Presi-dent of the Institute, opened its session, on 25th October, with a lecture by Professor G. R. Clemo on “Some Aspects of the Organic 478 Chemistry of Heavy Hydrogen.” On zznd November, Mr. J. Davidson Pratt gave a lectureon “Defence of the Civil Population against Aerial Gas Attack,’’ and, on 11th December, Dr. L. A. Jordan gave an address entitled “On being a Chemist.” The Annual Dinner of the Society will be held on 17th January, when Sir James Irvine, F.R.S., will be elected President on the retire- ment from that office of Professor H.E. Armstrong, F.R.S. Third World Power Conference.-The Third World Power Conference will be held in Washington, U.S.A., from 7th to 12th September, 1936. An outline of the programme of the Conference, received from the American National Com- mittee, includes-National Power Economy :Physical and Statis- tical Basis,--Technical, Economic and Social Trends ;Organisa-tion of the Fuel Industries and of Gas Utilities; National and Regional Planning; Rationalisation of Distribution ; National Power and Resources Policies. Mr. Franklin Rooseyelt, President of the United States, has accepted the office of Honorary President of the Conference, Mr. Harold L. Ickes is Honorary Vice-president and Chairman of the American National Committee; Mr.William F. Durand is Chairman of the Conference, and Vice-chairman of the American National Committee; Mr. Morris L. Cooke, Administrator of Rural Electrification Administration is the Chairman of the Executive Committee; Mr. Joel D. Wolfsohn is the Executive Secretary of the National Power Policy Committee. The Empire Airways-An Exhibition (organised by Imperial Airways) of Working Models, dioramas, photographs, etc., is being heId at the Science Museum, South Kensington, London, and will continue open until 3rst January, 1936,--on weekdays from 10a.m. to 6 p.m. and on Sundays from 2.30 to 6 p.m. The Exhibition which portrays the organisation of air services over Empire routes, is being organised and staged by Imperial Airways, Ltd.A part of the Exhibition is devoted to the design of air ports, including a large model of a modern combined land and air port, and dioramas of three famous Empire air ports. There are also working models showing the part which wireless plays in the control of aircraft when flying in fog or above cloud; the visitor, by pressing a button, will be able to hear the voice of the captain 479 calling for his position and the replies from wireless stations on the ground. Sections are devoted to the building of a flying-boat and a land machine and to aero engines. Operable models of a wind tunnel and a tank enable the visitor to gain some idea of the part which these instruments play in the design of air liners.The Exhibition should prove of considerable educational interest at the present time, and should serve to show the re- markable developments which have taken place in air transport during recent years; by way of comparison, the earlier historical development in aviation can be seen in the usual gallery of the National Aeronautical Collections in the Museum. Professor F. G. Donnan, C.B.E., F.R.S., FeZZow, has been elected a Foreign Member of the Division for Chemistry of the Royal Physiographical Society of Lund, Sweden. The Lords Commissioners of the Treasury have appointed Dr. J. J. Fox, O.B.E., FeZZow, to the post of Government Chemist, as from 17th April, 1936, on the retirement of Sir Robert Robertson, K.B.E.F.R.S., FeZZow. Dr. W. H. Mills, Lord Riverdale, Professor A. Robertson, and Mr. H. B. Shackleton have been appointed members of the Advisory Council to the Committee of the Privy Council for Scientific and Industrial Research. Dr. E. J. Butler, Sir Kenneth Lee, and Professor N. V. Sidgwick have retired from the Council on the completion of their terms of office. Professor Arthur Harden, F.R.S. Fellow, has been awarded the Davy Medal of the Royal Society for his distinguished work in biochemistry, and especially for his fundamental discoveries in the chemistry of alcoholic fermentation. The Selection Committee for the award of the Harrison Memorial Prize has decided that it be given on the present occasion to Mr. Leslie Ernest Sutton, who also was awarded the Meldola Medal in 1932.480 The Annual Chemical Dinner and Dance was held at the Wharncliffe Rooms, Great Central Hotel, on 17th December, Sir John Cadman, G.C.M.G., in the chair. The guest of the evening was Sir Frank Smith, K.C.B., F.R.S., who proposed the toast of “Chemistry,” which was acknowledged by the Chairman. Warning.-Complaints are received from time to time that Fellows and Associates of the Institute have been imposed upon by persons who pretend to be members of the Institute and ask for financial assistance. All such enquiries should be referred to the Registrar, who, as Honorary Secretary of the Benevolent Fund, will give immediate attention to cases of bona fide necessity.481 Obituary. HARRYBOWESdied on 12th November at Heaton Moor, Stockport, in his 67th year. Educated at Manchester Grammar School, he studied for three years at the Royal Institution, Manchester, subsequently becom- ing Assistant to Messrs. Crace-Calvert and Thomson. In 1893 he was appointed Chemist to Messrs. J. F. Hill & Co., at Bowker Bank Print Works (subsequently amalgamated with the Calico Printers’ Association, Ltd.). Later he joined the Grossman Cyanide Syndicate and, in 1903, entered into private practice with Mr. W. E. Sims, first as Analytical and Consulting Chemists, and then as the Reliance Manufacturing Company, of which he became a Director. He was for many years Consultant and Analyst to the Manchester Board of Guardians. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1894.GEORGEALECKCROCKER GOUGHdied on 8th November in his 34th year. He received his training at Battersea Polytechnic, London, obtained the degree of B.Sc. in 1922 and Ph.D. in 1925. In 1926, he was appointed Assistant Research Chemist at The National Institute for Medical Research, at Hampstead, where he remained until his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1924. PENBERTHYSTANLEY HARRISdied in August in his 30th year. He was educated at Taunton’s School, Southampton, and proceeded to University College, Southampton. He graduated B.Sc. (Lond.) in 1927, and continued at College for a year as Demonstrator in Chemistry. In 1928 he entered the Government Laboratory as a Temporary Assistant Chemist, and in the following year became an assistant chemist in the central laboratories of the Shell Marketing Co., Ltd., where he was engaged at the time of his death.He was elected an Associate in 1928. JOHNKENNETH INGLISHAROLD died on 19th September at Wellington, New Zealand, in his 59th year. Born at Christchurch, New Zealand, he received his chemical training at Christ’s College, taking the degrees of M.A. and B.Sc. in 1898. He then proceeded to Edinburgh and, in 1900, graduated B.Sc. in that University, where he gained the Vans Dunlop Scholarship. After spending a year with Ostwald at Leipzig, he was awarded an 1851 Exhibition Science Research Scholarship and came to England to work under Ramsay at University College, London. On completing the tenure of his Scholarship he remained 88 Assistant to Sir William, and in 1906 was awarded the degree of D.Sc.of EdinburghUniversity. In the same year he was appointed Lecturer and Head of the Chemical Laboratory at University College-now the University-Reading, and, in 1907, became Professor of Chemistry in that College, 482 where he remained until 1912, when he was appointed to the Chair of Chemistry at the University of Otago. He was for several years a representative on the Professorial Board of the University Council and served on the Academic Board and on the Senate of the University of New Zealand. He was the author of many papers published in scientific journals. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1911 and served for nearly twenty years as an Honorary Corresponding Secretary for New Zealand.JOHN KERSHAWBAKER CANNINQTON died at Cheltenham in his 74th year. Born at Southport, he studied chemistry at Owens College-now the University-Manches ter, under Roscoe and Schorlemmer, subse- quently proceeding to an appointment at Sutton Lodge Chemical Works, St. Helens, where he redained for twelve years, becoming Chief Chemist and Assistant Works Manager. He then devoted three yeam to the further study of chemistry and allied sciences in England and at Bonn, where he was engaged on research in organic chemistry. In 1895 he returned to London as Research Chemist with Mr. S. Cowper Coles. He subsequently established a private practice in Liverpool, specialising in fuel testing, and retired in 1933.He contributed many articles on fuel to technical journals and was the author, with W. H. Booth, of Fuel Economy and Smoke Prevention (2nd edition, 1925), and of The Recovery and Use of Industrial and Other Wastes (1928). He passed the Examination for the Associateship in 1887 and ww elected a Fellow in 1895. HARRY SMITH died, after a short illness, at Hoylake, Cheshire, on 16th October. Born at Manchester in 1866, he was educated at the Manchester Grammar School, where he studied chemistry under the late Mr. Francis Jones. He continued his studies at Owens College, Victoria University, under Roscoe, and passed the Examination for the Associate- ship of the Institute.For seven years he was associated with William Thomson in the laboratory of Crace-Calvert & Thomson, at Manchester, and in 1897 became chief chemist to W. H. Holmes & Sons, Ltd., of Newcastle upon Tyne, with whom he was engaged on the production of paints, colours and enamels for thirteen years. During this period he read several papers before the Society of Chemical Industry and other Societies-“On Acetylene,” “On the Action of Light upon Brass Lacquers,” and “On the Protection of Iron from Corrosion,”-the last being based on the study of various pigments as protective materials, in the form of paint. He also contributed articles to The Oil and Colour Trades Journal. In 1904 he became manager of the white lead works of Cookson & Co., Ltd., which position he held until 1908, when he retired temporarily on account of illhealth.In 1910 he re-entered business, as manager and chief chemist to the Liverpool Branch of Wilkinson, Heywood & Clark, of London, with whom he continued, throughout the period of the war, and until 1923, when the company became incorporated with Pinchin, Johnson & Co., Ltd. He then accepted an appointment as chief chemist with John Matthews & Co., Ltd., of Liverpool, and in the following year became a director of that company, which position he retained until his retirement this year. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1893. GEORGECOLLEYMORESTURROCKBRIGADIER died at Bristol on 2nd November in his 63rd year. He was educated at Charterhouse and the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, and received his cornmission in the Royal Artillery in 1892.He was appointed to the Indian Ordnance 483 Department in 1897, at the ammunition factory at Dum Dum in 1898, at the powder factory at Kirkee in 1899 and, on promotion to Captain in 1900, was made proof experimental officer. In 1903 he was assistant superin- tendent of the cordite factories in India, and in 1913 reached field rank. He became deputy director of the Ordnance Factories in India in 1916, and Director in 1920. He was promoted Lieut.-Colonel during the war, Colonel in 1921, and Colonel on the Staff in 1924. In that year, he was made Director of the Ordnance Factories and had control of manufacture at the Army Headquarters, Simla.In 1928 he was Deputy Master General of Supply, and later Deputy Master General of Ordnance, India, until his retirement in 1931. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1924. RAMANIE THAKORE,KALYANRAY who died recently in India, in his 35th year, was trained at Gujarat College, Ahmedabad, and at the Royal Institute of Science, Bombay, graduating B.Sc. in 1922. After holding an appointment as Demonstrator in Physics at St. Xavier’s College, Bombay, for one year, he came to England, entered the Royal School of Mines, South Kensington, and obtained the Associateship of the School in Metallurgy in 1926. On returning to India he was appointed Chemist and Metallurgist in the Mechanical Department of the G.I.P.Railway, at Parel, Bombay. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1926. as. GWEN TUNSTALL-BEHRENS,who died on 15th November at the age of 44, was the eldest daughter of Dr. Bernard Dyer. She was educated at Tremarth School, Hampstead, and at Bedford College, London, whence she proceeded to Newnham College, Cambridge, and took a second class in Part I of the Science Tripos, taking as subjects Chemistry, Physics and Botany. She subsequently studied under the late Prof. Crossley at the School of the Pharmaceutical Society, and passed the Intermediate exami- nation of the Institute. She then joined the staff at her father’s laboratory, where she worked throughout the war years and until after the release from army service of her husband, Brian Tunstall-Behrens, M.A.(Oxon), of Porth-en-Alls, St. Hilary, Cornwall, to whom she was married in 1916. She leaves two sons and a daughter. She was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1920. 484 Books and their Contents. The following books have been kindly presented by the authors or publishers and may be seen in the Library of the Institute. “Academic Freedom.” Report of the Conference held at Oxford in August, 1935. Pp. 96. (Cambridge: W. Heffer & Sons, Ltd.) 2s. 6d. net. Introduction ; report of discussions on-academic and professionalfreedom;international professional relief, and the utilisation of science ; appendices: the Auckland resolution; the case of Mr. R. St. John Reade; the cam of Mr.Alexander Hay; academic freedom in U.S.A.; academic freedom in Japan. “Chemistry and Physics, Handbook of .’J A ready-reference book of chemical and physical data. 20th Edition. Charles D. Hodgman. Pp. xiv + 1952. (Cleveland, Ohio: Chemical Rubber Publishing Co.) Six dollars. Mathematical tables ;properties and physical constants ;general chemical tables ;specific gravity and properties of matter; heat ;hygrometric and barometric tables ;sound; electricity and magnetism ; light; quantities and units; miscellaneous. “Elementary Chemistry, A Laboratory Course in.” E. B. R. Prideaux and F. C. Laxton. Pp. xiv + 258. (London: William Heinemann, Ltd.) 3s. A textbook intended primarily as a student’s laboratory companion. The course includes the standard experiments for first examinations in chemistry, with some variations and new combinations which have proved successful,-an introduction to professional courses in chemistry, medicine and pharmacy.“Oil Palm in Malaya, The.” B. Bunting, C. D. V. Georgi and J. N. Milsum. Pp. x + 294. (Kuala Lumpur: Department of Agriculture, Straits Settlements and Federated Malay States.) Two dollars. History; varieties; soils; planting of palms; upkeep of plantation;artscial pollination ; diseases and pests ; ripening and composition of fruit; yield of fruit; manuring of palms; seed selection; harvesting and transport of fruit bunches to factory; preparation of oil palm products; factory control and quality of products; disposal of waste products from factory; layout of factory; packing, shipping and marketing of oil palm products; uses of oil palm products; production costs and returns; present outlook for oil palm products; bibliography; appendix, con- ditions for alienation of land; distribution of exports of oil palm products from Malaya, 1932; factory control procedure; index.485 “Pharmacopoeia, The Extra.” Martindale and Westcott. 20th Edition. Vol. 11. Published by direction of the Council of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. Pp. xxxvi + 890. (London: The Pharmaceutical Press and H. K. Lewis & Co., Ltd.) 22s. 6d. “Practical Chemistry for Public Health Students.” Alan W. Stewart. Third Edition. Pp. xiv + 122. Interleaved for notes. (London: J.Bale, Sons & Danielsson, Ltd.) 7s. 6d. net. Acidimetry and alkalimetry ; air analysis ; water analysis ; analysis of foods and beverages; disinfectants and preservatives ; microscopicalwork and reports; data; examination questions. “Rubber, The Chemistry of.” H. Freundlich. Pp. xi + 72. (London: Methuen & Co., Ltd.) 2s. 6d. net. Latex; rubber; some remarks on the botany of latex-producing plants and on the history of the rubber industry; structure of the latex particles from a botanical point of view; index. “Vitamins in Theory and Practice.’’ Leslie J. Harris. Pp. xix + 240. (Cambridge: University Press.) 8s. 6d. net. Preface; “The A.B.C. of vitamins”; the discovery of vitamins; how many vitamins are there?; beri-beri and vitamin B,; pellagra, and vitamin B,; scurvy and vitamin C; vitamin D and rickets; vitamin A; vitamin E.Diet and sterility; dietetics-what to eat; retrospect: a summary; index. British Standard Specifications have recently been issued for:- No. 627, 1935.-Sampling of Fats and Fatty Oils in Packages or in Bulk. No. 628, 1g35.-Coconut Oil. No. 629, ~gyj.-Ground Nut Oil. No. 630, 1g35.-0live Oil. No. 631, 1935.-Rape Seed Oil. No. 632, 1g35.-Raw Linseed Oil for General Purposes. These Specifications have been prepared by a Technical Committee of the Chemical Divisional Council upon which the Institute is represented. It will assist the work of the Institution if Fellows and Associates of the Institute will adopt these Standards wherever possible.486 A.S.L.1.B.-The Association of Special Libraries and Information Bureau published, in October last, the first number of "Aslib Book-List, "-a quarterly periodical containing brief recommendations of recently published scientific and technical books. (Free to members of Aslib; 10s. 6d. per annum, post free, to non-members.) 44 An Examination of Examinations.''-Attention is directed to a Report under the above title, by Sir Philip Hartog and E. C. Rhodes, issued as part of the International Institute Examinations Committee. Pp. 82. (London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., price IS., by post IS. zd.) The Report is a summary of investigations on the comparison of marks allotted by independent examiners and boards of examiners, to examination scripts, together with a section on a viva voce examination.The examinations under review are mainly those for the School Certificate in history, Latin, French, chemistry md English, but some details are given with regard to University Honours Examinations in mathematics and history. The Report deserves the consideration of all concerned in the conduct of examinations. The British National Committee of the World Power Conference has announced the publication of "Technical Data on Fuel," 4th edition, edited by H. M. Spiers (pp. 344, tables 256, diagrams 66), obtainable from the Office of the Committee, Kingsway, London, W.C.2, 12s. 6d. net, postage 6d. The Report of the Department of Scientific and Indus- trial Research for the year 1934-1935(H.M.Stationery Office; 3s. net), which was received as this Part was going to press, will be further noticed in Part I, 1936. 487 The Register. At the meetings of Council held on 15th November and 20th December, 1935, z new Fellows were elected, I Fellow was re-elected, 16 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 59 Associates were elected, 4 Associates were re-elected, and 57 Students were admitted. New Fellows. Hirst, Edmund Lsngley, M.A. (St. Andrews), DSc. (Bim.), F.R.S., Chemistry Dept., The University, Edgbaston, Birmingham. Thakur, Ram Simha, M.Sc. (Nagpur), D.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), D.I.C., 21, Cromwell Road, London, S.W.7. Re-elected Fellow. Conyers, Fred Gofton, 11, Eastborough, Scarborough.Associates elected to the Fellowship. Angus, William Rogie, M.A., B.Sc. (Aberd.), Ph.D. (Lond.), 148, Meadvale Road, London, W.5. Bhattacharya, Ramkanta, M.Sc. (Allahabad), Ph.D. (Liv.), Paint Research Station, Teddington. Bills, Edwin John, M.Sc. (Birm.), 40, Newstead Road, Kingstanding, Birmingham.Eastick, Frederick Charles, M.A. (Cantab.), Old Lodge, Bridge Road, Maidenhead. Edwards, Cyril, 73, Festing Road, Southsea. Eggleton, William George Elford, B.Sc. (Lond.), Lismor, Courthouse Road, Furze Platt, Maidenhead. Farmbrough, Alfred, India Store Dept., Belvedere Road, London, S.E. 1. Foster, Graham Edward, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), Wellcome Club, Dartford. Haslam, John, M.Sc. (Vict.), Raynham, Middlewich Road, Northwich, Cheshire.Hurst, Richard Henry, Ph.D. (Liv.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, W.C. 1. Krishnaswami, Kolar Ramakrishnaiyer, B.A. (Madras), D.Sc. (Lond.),Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Mysore. Lathbury, Mrs. Kathleen, B.Sc. (Lond.), 42, Sutton Court, Chiswick, London, W.4. Marriott, Robert Henry, D.Sc. (Leeds), 31, Upland Road, Sutton, Surrey. Sexton, Wilfred Archibald Ph.D. (Liv.), Greenmount, Talbot Road, Old Trafford, Manchester. Weiss, Augustus Frederick, B.Sc. (Lond.), Duntulm, Basing Way, Thames Ditton. Wylam, Birkett, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Dun.), 38, Saughtonhall Drive, Edinburgh, 12. New Associates. Allen, Russell James Laurence M.Sc. (W.A.), Institute of Anatomy, Canberra, F.C.T., Australia. 488 Banerjee, Sobhanlal, M.Sc.(Calcutta), 69a, Baloram De Street, Beadon Street P.O., Calcutta, India. Barr, Thomas, B.Sc. (Glas.), A.R.T.C., Chemistry Dept., The University, Manchester. Bartlett, Kenneth Walter William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 8, Frimley Road, Camberle y . Bolton, Frederick James, B.Sc. (Lond.), 121a, Whytecliffe Road, Purley. Carter, Wilson, BSc. (Lond.), 63, Glebe Crescent, Washington, Co. Durham. Craig. Miss Jean Carver Duncan, B.Sc. (Glas.), 40, Walnut Crescent, Glasgow, N. Cross, John Edward, 121, Gillshill Road, Hull. Davies, Henry Mackney, B.Sc. (Wales), 20, Prospect Place, Ogmore Vale, Glam. Davy, Anthony Daniel, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 76, St. James’ Road, London, S.W. 17. Dewhurst, John Reginald, B.Sc. (Lond.), Orsett Rectory, nr.Grays, Essex.Dorling, John William, B.Sc. (Lond.), The Manse, Lapford, Devon. Earp, Donald Percy, M.Sc. (Sheff.), 97, Toothill Road, Loughborough. Eastwood Arthur Handel, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Leeds), 137, Lythalls Lane, Foleshill, Coventry. Fairhead, Edward Cooper, BSc. (Birm.), 131, Broadway Street, Burton- on-Trent. Fotheringham, Thomas Grant Snedden, A.H-W.C., 5, Chancelot Terrace, Ferry Road, Edinburgh. Garforth, Bertram, B.Sc. (Leeds), Ph.D., 9, Cator Lane, Chilwell, Not tingham. Gates, Harry, B.Sc. (Lond.), 4, Neville Road, Bromborough. Glass, Stuart Craigie, A.H.-W.C., 10, Brougham Street, Edinburgh, 3. Gokhale, Vishnu Narayan, B.Ag., BSc. (Bombay), 537, Sadashive Peth, Poona, 2, India. Greenane, Francis Joseph, B.Sc.(Lond.), 50, Lancaster Mews, Lancaster Gate, London, W.2. Griffiths, Harry Noel, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Liv.), Stafford House, Halton, Runcorn. Haigh, Arnold Schofield, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Leeds), 57, Heaton Road, Wilmslow Road, Withington, Manchester. Hamblin, Frederick Thomas, B.Sc. (Bris.), Ashwick, Black Horse Road, Kingswood, nr. Bristol. Hepworth, James Alwyn, B.Sc. (Leeds), 35, Common Lane, East Ardsley, nr. Wakefield. Higgins, William Frederick, B.Sc. (Mane.), 291, Queens Drive, West Derby, Liverpool, 13. Hudson, Alan Roy Victor, B.Sc. (Leeds), 81, Granny Lane, Lower Wortley, Leeds, 12. Jones, William Edward, B.Sc. (Liv.), Ph.D., Victoria University, Man-ches ter . Kerr, Douglas Graham, B.Sc. (Edin.), 8, Merchiston Avenue, Edinburgh.Kirton, Miss Lilias Mary Watson, B.Sc. (Glas), 161, Stirling Street, Alva, Clackmannanshire. Laurie, Leonard Llewelyn, M.Sc. (Lond.), 22, Fields Park Avenue, New- port, Mon. Limmer, Bernard George, B.Sc. (Lond.), 471, Earlham Rise, Norwich. Lovett, Martin, B.Sc. (Lond.), 129, Manygates Lane, Sandal, Wakefield. Lowe, Arthur, M.Sc. (Mane.), Flash Farm, Woodsend Road, Flixton, nr. Manches ter . Marshall, Thomas Moye Berry, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., Messrs. Achille Serre, Ltd., Blackhorse Lane, London, E.17. McMeeking, William, B.Sc. (Glas.), Ph.D., Organic Chemistry Dept., The University, Manchester. Merry, John, A.R.T.C. (Glas.), c/o Messrs. Briggs & Sons, Ltd., Dowrie Works, Elliot, Arbroath, Angus. Mew, William Edmund, B.Sc.(Lond.), 57, Bullar Road, Bitterne Park, Southampton. Mobbs, Thomas Herbert, B.Sc. (Lond.), 69, Hillfield Park, London, N.21. Morgan, Victor Grayson, B.Sc. (Lond.), Ph.D., 71, Alma Street, Abertillery, Mon. Morris, Ernest Devereux, B.Sc. (Lond.), 3, Church Road, Ashtead, Surrey.Neppe, Solly Louis, B.Sc. (Witwatersrand), 16, Corrie Street, Belgravia, Johannesburg, Transvaal. Norris, Walter Ernest, B.Sc.(Lond.), 13, Parkside, London, N.3. Parkinson, Marshall, B.Sc. (Lseds), The Grove, East Keswick, Yorks. Parry, Edryd Gwylfa, B.Sc. (Liv.), Ph.D., 58, Derby Street, Moss Side, Manchester. Price, William Nash, B.Sc. (Lond.), 39, Tuskar Street, London, S.E.lO. Rao, Y. V. Sreenavasa, B.Sc. (Mysore), M.Sc. (Bombay), Institut fur Pharmazie und Nahrungsmittlechemie, An de Universitat, Halle, a.d.Saale. Rawlings, Alan Abraham, B.Sc. (Leeds), 47, Spencer Place, Lee& 7. Ruzicka, Francis Charles Julian, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 94, Middle Lane, London, N.8. Silvester, Richard Morgan, B.Sc. (Birm.), 18, Portman Road, Kings Heath, Birmingham 14. Soden, Andrew Lewis, BSc. (Lond.), Glenmore Lodge, Lambeg, Lisburn, Co. Antrim. Stant, Harry, 35, Queen’s Gate, Northwich, Cheshire. Tayler, Paul Bernard, B.Sc. (Lond.), 7, The Leas, Grove Road, Wallasey. Tier, Donald Richard, B.Sc. (Lond.), 15, Queen Street, Emsworth, Hants. Turnbull, John Gordon Muirhead, B.Sc. (Lond.), The Neuik, South Croft Forest Hall, Northunberland. Walton, William Mitchell Iliffe, B.Sc. (Lond.), Ivy Cottage, West Street, Welford, Rugby. Watt, William, B.Sc.(Lond.), 5, Watson Crescent, Edinburgh. Whiteley, Sidney, B.Sc. (Manc.), 17, Kingsway Crescent, N. Harrow, Middx. Wright, Harold Reginald, B.Sc. (Liv.), 24, Walnut Street, Southport. Re-elected Associates. Evans, Arthur Burke Agard, M.Sc. (McGill), 35, Horse Shoe Lane, Garston, nr. Watford. Pullen, Alfred Norman Douglas, Ph.C., Alfriston, York Drive, Grappenhall, nr.Warrington.Richards, Howard Walter, B.Sc. (Liv.), 31, Coniston Gardens, London, N.W.9. Thomson, Maurice Livingstone, B.Sc. (Glas.), 88, Colchester Drive, Kelvindale, Glasgow. New Students. Ackroyd, Stanley, 140, Lister Lane, Halifax. Anderson, Thomas Hemingway, Wey Cottage, Elrington Road, Hove, 4. Bell, Charles Henry, 2, Lucerne Parade, Belfast.Chandler, Norman Cecil, Ferndale, Park Terrace, Gourock. Clough, James, 20, Duke Street, Clayton-le-Moors, nr. Accrington. Dalley, Richard Arthur, 24, Woodland Park Road, Leeds, 6. 490 Dunford, Raymond Archibald, 152, Windermere Avenue, S. Kenton, Wembley. Edwards, Lawrence John, 137, High Road, Ilford. Elson, Kenneth Herbert, 88, Evesham Road, Leicester. Evans, Charles Bernard, 80, Marlborough Road, Roath, Cardiff. Fell, John, 20, Seaborn Road, Bare, Morecambe. Fill, Matzas Alfonso, 62, Thurlow Park Road, London, S.E., 21. Gowland, James Clifford, 11 0, Silverdale Road, Hull. Grumbaum, Lord Herman Lionel Frederick, 13, Morven Road, London, S.W.17. Harkess, John Mackay, 2 1, Bernard Terrace, Edinburgh.Holden, Norman James, 57, East Park Road, Blackburn. Holmes, Kenneth Wigfield, 20, Venetian Road, London, S.E.5. Horner, George Milnes, Dunelm, Trebor Avenue, Farnham, Surrey. Hoyle, Bernard Edwin, 24, Fieldhouse Road, London, S.W.12. Hutt, Ronald, 45, Atholl Mansions, South Lambeth Road, London, S.W.8. Knight, Frederick Thomas, 58, Vernham Road, London, S.E.18. Laybourn, Harry Haynes, Old Bank House, Wellington Street, Matlock. Lewis, William Maurice, 16, Bennett Street, Garston, Liverpool, 19. Lowry, John Wilfred, 82, Fulham Palace Road, London, W.6. Maddison, Kenneth Alfred, 14, St. Dunstan’s Avenue, London, W.3. Millar, James, 25, Pitt Street, Edinburgh. Millar, Norman Alexander, 3 17, Castlereagh Road, Belfast.Millgate, Gordon Wallace, 9, Courtfield Gardens, London, S.W.5: Mogridge, William John Linton, 23, Cedar Road, Newport, Mon. Moignard, Lionel Arthur, Jesus College, Oxford. Moir, George Albert Andrew, 73, Gordon Road, Chatham. Morse, Miss Eileen Frances, 187, Barnfield Avenue, Kingston, Surrey. Naylor, Kenneth, 44, Pearl Street, Carlinghow, Batley, Yorks. Nicholls, Albert James, 50, Gladstone Street, Hebburn-on-Tyne, Co. Durham. Nicholson, Kenneth Ledgard, Elmtree, Shadwell, Lee&. Noble, Philip Gordon, 54, Hollin Terrace, Marsh, Huddersfield. Pippet, Charles, c/o Anderson, 16, St. Bernard’s Row, Edinburgh. Portis, Charles Leslie, 51, Admaston Road, London, S.E.18. Read, Dennis Rouse, 62, Queen Anne Street, London, W.1. Roach, John, 6, Chestnut Avenue, Widnes.Roberts, Benjamin, 11, Brighton Terrace Road, Sheffield, 10. Robertson, George Gray, 7, River-View Termce, Bo’ness, W. Lothian. Robinson, Joseph Norman, 8, Temple Road, Prenton, Birkenhead. Rowe, George Alston, Imperial College Hostel, Prince Consort Road, London, S.W.7. Sansom, Harold Ernest, 32, Collington Street, Beeston, Notts. Singleton, Richard, 73, Albert Edward Road, Kensington, Liverpool. Smith, Arthur Frederick Philip, 2, St. Andrew’s Road, Enfield. Stanton, Ronald Ernest, 35, Valence Wood Road, Dagenham, Essex. Swanson, Basil Ward, 13, Marden Terrace, Cullercoats, Northumberland. Sweeting, Miss Laurel Felicity Constance, Southernhay, Upper Park, Loughton.Taylor, Cecil, 11, Riversdale Terrace, Sunderland. Telford, John Brooke, Home Lea, Rein Road, W.Ardsley, nr. Wakefield. Topps, James Edward Charles, Sunnyside, College Road, Ringwood, Hants. Weatherhead, Miss Alison Paterson, 10, Gosford Road, Port Seton, Cockenzie, E. Lothian. Wilkie, Malcolm John, 39, Seely Road, London, S.W.17. Williams, William Robert, 16, McLeod Road, London, S.E.2. Young,Edward John, 6, Summerfield Grove, Dudley Road, Birmingham, 18. Fellows. Harry Baker. Harry Bowes. John Kenneth Harold Inglis, M.A., B.Sc. (New Zealand), D.Sc. (Edin.).Harry Smith. George Colleymore Sturrock, C.B.E., R.A. Associates. George Aleck Crocker Gough, Ph.D. (Lond.). Stanley Penberthy Harris, B.Sc. (Lond.).Ramanik Kalyanray Thakore, B.Sc. (Bombay), A.R.S.M. (Mrs.) Gwen Tunstall-Behrens.Student. Edwin Pray. CHANGE OF NAME. Miss Martha Henrietta Craig, B.Se. (N.U.I.), A.R.C.Sc.I., As8ociate, to Mrs. Martha Henrietta Thompson,--on her marriage. 492 Coming Events. 1936 January OF6 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY(Belfast and District Section) : “Chemical Aspects of Nerve Transmission.” Dr. H. BARCROFT,in the Physics Lecture Theatre of the Royal Academical Institution, Belfast, at 7.30 p.m. 8 INSTITUTEOF FUEL:“The Dedusting of Coal.” Mr. G. LINDLEY,at the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W. 1, at 6 p.m. 9 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Liverpool and North-Western Section) :OF “Looking Backwards.” Mr. W..BUCHANANGRAY,at the Constitu- tional Club, India Buildings, Water Street, Liverpool, at 7.30 p.m.SOCIETY OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Bristol Section): “Fused Silica-Its Recent Developments and Applications.” Dr. G. E. STEPHENSON,at the Chemical Department, Bristol University, at 7.30 p.m. OF10 INSTITUTECHEMISTRYand SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY (Manchester Sections) and the CHEMICALSOCIETY: “A Chemical Contribution to the Cancer Enigma.” Dr. J. W. COOK, at the Engineers’ Club, Manchester, at 7 p.m. OIL AND COLOUR CHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION(Manchester Section) : “Some Characteristics of Lithopone and Other Zinc Sulphide Pig- ments.” Dr. H. MILLS, at Reynolds Hall, College of Technology,Manchester, at 7.30 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(Chemical Engineering Group) : “The Handling and Use of Liquid Chlorine.” Mr.F. HOLT, at the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W. 1, at 8 p.m. 11 MANCHESTER LITERARYAND PHILOSOPHICALSOCIETY (Chemical Section): Soiree at 36, George Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m. 13 INSTITUTEOF BREWING (London Section): 32nd Annual General Meeting, at the Horse Shoe Hotel, Tottenham Court Road, London, W.l, at 6 p.m. 14 HULLCHEMICALAND ENGINEERINGSOCIETY:“A Survey of Modern Fatty Oil Processes.” Mr. T. ANDREWS, in the Lecture Room (51),Municipal Technical College, Hull, at 7.45 p.m.INSTITUTE CHEMISTRY(Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North-EastOF Coast Section): “The Function of the Specialist in Society.”Dr. A. COBBAN. OF15 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (London and South-Eastern Counties Section): A Series of Short Papers: “Leather,” Mr.R. F. INNES; “Paper,” Dr. J. GRANT; ‘cW~~l,’’Professor A. T. KING, at the Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1, at 7.30 p.m. 493 JanU=-Y 16 CHEMICALSOCIETY: Discussion on “Stereochemistry,” to be opened by Dr. W. H. MILLS, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. OF17 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY and SOCIETYOF CHEMTCALINDUSTRY (Newcastle Sections) : “The Newcastle Chemical Society.” Dr. J. T. DUNN. INSTITUTEOF FUEL:Debate on “Has the Fuel Oil Tax Justified Itself ? ’’ opened by Mr. H. L. PIRIEand Mr. I. LUBBOCK,at British Industries House, Marble Arch, London, at 6.30 p.m. LANCASTRIAN SOCIETYFRANKLAND : Annual Dinner and Reception COLQWOUNIRVINE,of President-elect, Sir JAMES F.R.S.Address by the retiring President, Professor H. E. ARMSTRONG, F.R.S. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Plastics Group and LiverpoolSection): “Plasticisers in Plastics.” Dr. T. H. DURRANS, in the Muspratt Lecture Theatre, Liverpool University, at 6 p.m. OF20 INSTITUTE CHEMISTRY (Bristol and South-Western Counties Section): “Technical Emulsification.” Dr. W. CLAYTON,at the Chemical Lecture Theatre, Bristol University, at 5.30 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (Leeds Area Section) :“The Industrial Uses of Nitrogen.” Mr. M. P. APPLEBEY. 21 OILAND COLOURCHEMISTS’ (Scottish Section), INSTITUTEASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTRY and SOCIETY OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Glasgow Soctions): “Implied Chemistry.” Dr. L. A. JORDAN, at St.Enoch‘s Hotel, Glasgow, at 7.30 p.m. SOCIETY (Birmingham and Midland Section) :OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY “Recent Progress in Inorganic Chemistry.” Dr. W. WARDLAW, at the University Building, Edmund Street, Birmingham, at 7.30 p.m. OF22 INSTITUTEFUEL:“The Cleaning of Coal Using Dense Media.” Dr. R. A. MOTT, in the Lecture Theatre of the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 6 p.m. OF CHEMISTRY, OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY23 INSTITUTE SOCIETY (Edin-turgh and East of Scotland Section), and the CHEMICALSOCIETY: Some Recent Advances in Surface Chemistry.” Professor E. K. RIDEAL,at the North British Station Hotel, Edinburgh, at 7.30 p.m. OIL AND COLOUR CHEMISTS’ “The Use of Bitumen for ASSOCIATION: Stabilising of Powders, particularly as regards Soils.” BrigadierC. H.HASWELL, at the Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1, at 7.30 p.m. 24 INSTITUTE (Huddersfield Section) : “The Fading of OF CHEMISTRY Dyed Materials in Light.” Mr. F. SCHOLEFIELD. OF27 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Cardiff and District Section): “Recent Studies in the Mechanism of Chemical Reactions.” Mr. C. N. HINSHELWOOD,in the Chemistry and Physics Lecture Theatre, University College, Cardif€, at 7.30 p.m. 28 HULLCHEMICALAND ENGINEERINU and HULL ASSOCIATIONSOCIETY OF ENGINEERS: “Water Treatment.” Mr. P. HAMER, in the Lecture Room (51), Municipal Technical College, Hull, at 7.45 p.m. 29 LEICESTER LITERARY AND PHILOSOPHICALSOCIETY (Chemistry OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRYSection) and INSTITUTION (LeicesterSection): “Colour and Rubber.” Dr.T. J. DRAKELEY,at the College of Technology, Leicester, at 7.30 p.m. 494 January 31 CHEMICAL SOCIETY (Leeds): “The Formation of Nuclei in Solids and Their Rate of Growth.” Professor W. E. GARNER. LITERARYAND PHILOSOPHICALMANCHESTER SOCIETY (Chemical Section): “Labour Conditions in Chemical Works.” Mr. P. K. STANDRING,at 36, George Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m. February 1 MIDLAND CHEMISTS’ DINNER-DANCE,Birmingham. 3 SOCIETY (Plastics Group and London Section) :OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY “Some Aspects of Adhesion.” Dr. A. R. LEE, at the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.1, at 8 p.m. 4 CHEMICALSOCIETY UNIVERSITY :and MANCHESTER CHEMICALSOCIETY “The Structure of Benzene.” Professor C.K. INGOLD,at the University, Manchester, at 4.30 p.m. OF5 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast Section): “Studies in Metallic Corrosion.” Dr. W. S. PATTERSON. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(Food Group) and SOCIETYOF PUBLICANALYSTS,at the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. INSTITUTE (London Section): Visit to New Mogden OF CHEMISTRY Purification Works (West Middlesex Sewage Scheme). 6 BIRMINGHAMPAINTAND VARNISH CLUB: “Coatings for Industrial Purposes.” Dr. H. J. STERN, at the Grand Hotel, Birmingham. :CHEMICAL SOCIETY Ordinary Scientific Meeting at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. SOCIETY INDUSTRYOF CHEMICAL (Birmingham and Midland Section) : “Refractories Technology : A Twenty-five Years’ Retrospect.” Mr.W. J. REES, at University Building, Edmund Street, Birming- ham, at 7.30 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY OF(Bristol Section) and INSTITUTE FUEL:“Technique of Hydrogenation.” Dr. J. G. KING, in the Chemical Department, The University, Bristol, at 7.30 p.m. INSTITUTION7 SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY, OF THE RUBBER INDUSTRY OF (Manchester Sections) :and INSTITUTECHEMISTRY “Patents as Industrial Property.” Mr. W. A. SILVESTER,at the Engineers’ Club, Manchester, at 7 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(Newcastle upon Tyne and North- East Coast): “The Chemist’s Job in a Modern Power Station.” Mr. G. W. Hewson. OF8 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY(South Yorkshire Section), CHEMICAL SOCIETY, and YORRSHIRE BRANCH OF THE SCIENCE MASTERS’ ASSOCIATION: at Sheffield University, at 2.30 p.m. 11 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Belfast and District Section): Practical Demonstrations, in the Physics Lecture Theatre, Royal Belfast Academical Institution, at 7.30 p.m.MANCHESTERLITERARYAND PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY (ChemicalSection) : Joule Memorial Lecture : “The Upper Atmosphere.” Professor E. V. APPLETON,at the Literary and PhilosophicalSociety, 36, George Street, Manchester, at 4 p.m. 495 February 12 CHEMICAL SOC~TY: Sixteenth Faraday Lecture. “Radio-activityand Atomic Theory.” LORD RUTHERFORD OF NELSON, at the Royal Institution, Albemarle Street, London, W.l, at 5.30 p.m. Admission by ticket only.13 INSTITUTECHEMISTRYOF (Liverpool and North-Western Section) : “From Boyle to Priestley.” Mr. R. B. PILCHER,at the Constitu- tional Club, India Buildings, Water Street, Liverpool, at 7.30 p.m. OIL AND COLOVR ASSOCIATIONCHEMISTS’ : “Electron Diffraction.” Professor G. I. FINCH,at the Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C. 1, at 7.30 p.m. 14 OIL AND COLOURCHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION(Manchester Section) : Discussion on “Current Theories with regard to Polymerisation of Drying Oils.” Professor T. P. HILDITCH,at Reynolds Hall, Man- Chester, at 7 p.m. OIL AND COLOUR CHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION(Scottish Section) : “Radia-tion and Paint.” Dr. G. F. NEW, at St. Enoch’s Hotel, Glasgow, at 7.30 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Chemical Engineering Group) : “Some Aspects of Chemical Works Pumping and Acid Handling.” Mr.E. A. REAVELL, at the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W. 1. 16 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (South Yorkshire Section): Symposium, at the Technical College, Chesterfield, at 7.30 p.m. 17 INSTITUTE (Leeds Area Section): “Heavy Water.” OF CHEMISTRY Professor C. K. INCOLD. and OFSOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRYINSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Bristol Sections): “Medicinal Chemicals.” Dr. F. L. PYMAN,in the Chemical Department, The University, Bristol, at 5.30 p.m. 18 HULLCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING : “Creep in EngineeringSOCIETY Practice.” Mr. R. W. BAILEY,at the Lecture Room (51), Municipal Technical College, Park Street, Hull, at 7.45 p.m.INSTITTJTE (Huddersfield Section) : “Carbohydrates and OF CHEMISTRY their Structure.” Professor W. N. HAWORTH. OF19 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (London and South-Eastern Counties Section): “Protection against Lethal Gases.’’ Mr. J. DAVIDSON PRATT, at the Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.l, at 7.30 p.m. LEICESTER LITERARY AND PHILOSOPHICAL : “Hormones.”SOCIETY Dr. J. MASSON GULLAND,at University College, Leicester, at 7.45 p.m. OF20 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY and SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY (Manchester Sections) and CHEMICAL SOCIETY: “Chemistry and Medicine.” Dr. J. F. WILKINSON,at the Central Library, Man- Chester, at 7 p.m. 21 BEDSON CLUB (Newcastle upon Tyne):. 33rd Bedson Lecture: “X-ray Analysis and Chemical Constitution.” Dr.J. D. BERNAL. LANCASTRIAN SOCIETYFRANKLAND : “The Metabolic Products of Moulds and Lichens.” Professor A. ROBERTSON,at the StoreyInstitute, Lancaster, at 8 p.m. 496 February 21 SOCIETY INDUSTRYOF CHE~CAL (Manchester and Liverpool Sections) ; “The Metals in Chemical Industry.” Professor C. H. DESCH. SOCIETYOF DYERSAND COLOURISTS:“The Dyeing of Silk and Rayon.” Dr. F. S. TOMLINSON,at the Literary and Philosophical Society, 36, George Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m. 26 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Irish Free State Section): “Notes on the Unsaturated Fatty Acids.” Dr. P. S. &UP. AND PHILOSOPHICAL (Chemical Section) : “Micro-28 LITERARY SOCIETY chemical Analytical Methods.” Mr. N. STRAFFORD, at 36, GeorgeStreet, Manchester, at 7 p.m.Socm~yOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section): Jubilee Memorial Lecture : “Chemical Elixirs of Life.” Professor I. M. HEILBRON,at the North British Station Hotel, Princes Street, Edinburgh, at 7.30 p.m. SOCIETVOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(Chemical Engineering Group) : Joint Meeting with Nottingham Section and Road and Building Materials Group. Papers on “Cement.’’ March 2 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY: Annual General Meeting, at 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.l, at 8 p.m. OFINSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Bristol and South-Western Counties Section): “Newer Methods in Refining Petroleum Products.” Dr. F. H. GARNER, in the Chemical Lecture Theatre, Bristol University, at 5.30 p.m. OF3 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast Section): “The Economist in the Modern World. Mr.E. D. MCCALLUM. 4 SOCIETYOF PUBLICANALYSTS:Ordinary Meeting, at BurlingtonHouse, Piccadilly, London, W. 1, at 8 p,m. 5 CHEMICAL Ordinary Scientific Meeting, at Burlington House, SOCIETY: Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. SOCIETY INDUSTRYOF CHEMICAL (Bristol Section) : Annual Meeting. “Recent Developments in the Field of Detergent Preparations.” Dr. R. THOMAS,in the Chemical Department, The University, Bristol, at 7.30 p.m. 6 INSTITU~OF CHEMISTRY (South Yorkshire Section): “The Renais- sance of Analysis.” Dr. A. D. MITCHELL, at the County Technical College, Worksop, at 8 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(Manchester Section) : “The Iraq Pipe Line.” Dr. A.E. DUNSTAN,at the Engineers’ Club, Man- Chester, at 7 p.m. 9 SOCIETY (Yorkshire Section) :Annual General OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY Meeting. “Chemical Standards.” 11 INSTITUTE OF CHEMICUOF CHEMISTRY (Cardiff Section) and SOCIETY INDUSTRY(South Wales Section): “Recent Advances in Food Chemistry.” Dr. H. E. Cox, at Technical College, Cardiff, at 7.30 p.m. 12 INSTITUTE (Liverpool and North-West Section) : “FoodOF CHEMISTRY Legislation.” Mr.H. E. MONK, at the Constitutional Club, Liver- pool, at 7.30 p.m. 497 Maxwh 12 OIL AND COLOUR CHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION:“Topical Problems in the Paint Industry.” Mr. H. C. F. RANDALL,at the Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.l, at 7.30 p.m.FRANKLAND :13 LANCASTRIAN SOCIETY “Heavy Water.” Professor H. V. A. BRISCOE,at the Storey Institute, Lancaster, at 8 p.m. OIL AND COLOURCHEMISTS’ASSOCIATION(Scottish Section) :“Modern Trends in the Lacquer Industry.” Dr. D. TRAILL, at St. Enoch’s Hotel, Glasgow, at 7.30 p.m. SOCIETY (Birmingham and Midland Section) :OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY “Boiler Water Conditioning.” Mr. C. W. TOD, at UniversityBuilding, Edmund Street, Birmingham, at 7.30 p.m. INSTITUTE (South Yorkshire Section) and CHEMICALOF CHEMISTRY : “Carbohydrates.” Professor W. N. HAWORTH,SOCIETY at the University, Sheffield, at 5.30 p.m. OF16 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY(Bristol and South-Western Counties Section): Annual General Meeting. “Toxicology.” Dr. G.ROCHE LYNCH,in the Chemical Lecture Theatre, Bristol University, at 5.30 p.m. OF INDUSTRY17 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY and SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (Edinburgh and East of Scotland Sections) : “Peculiar Analyses.” Mr. A. R. JAMIESON, at the North British Station Hotel, Edinburgh, at 7.30 p.m. SOCIETY (Plastics Group) and INSTITUTEOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY OF THE PLASTICSINDUSTRY:“Colours and Pigments used in the Plastics Industry and their Properties.” Mr. K. M. RICHARDS,at British Industries House, Marble Arch, London, W.l, at 7.45 p.m. OF (Huddersfield Section) : Annual General 18 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY Meeting. Show of Industrial Films. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (London Section) : “Oxidation Reducing Potentials.” Dr. S. GLASSTONE,at the Institute of Chemistry,30, Russell Square, London, W.C.l, at 7.30 p.m.19 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Belfast and District Section) : “Industrial Biochemistry in Northern Ireland.” Dr. W. H. GIBSON, in the Physics Lecture Theatre of the Royal Belfast Academical Institu- tion, at 7.30 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (Manchester Section) : Annual General Meeting. “Chemistry and Business.” Dr. H. HEPWORTH. LITERARYAND PHILOSOPHICAL20 LEICESTER SOCIETY:“The Iraq Pipe Line.” Sir JOHNCADMAN,at the College of Technology, Leicester, at 7.30 p.m. OF24 INSTITTJTECHEMISTRY and SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY (Newcastle upon Tyne Sections): “Microchemical Analysis.” Dr. P. L. ROBINSONand Dr. L. A. SAYCE. 27 MANCHESTER LITERARYAND PHILOSOPHICALSOCIETY (Chemical Section): “Co-operation between Chemistry and Medicine.” Dr.A. RENSHAW,at 36, George Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m. 31 HULLCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERINGSOCIETY: “Some Protective Coatings Used in Industry.” Dr. H. J. STERN,in the Lecture Room (61), Municipal Technical College, Park Street, Hull, at 7.45 p.m. 498 General Notices. The Annual General Meeting of the Institute will be held at the Institute, on Monday, 2nd March, 1936,at 8 p.m. Nomination of General Members of the Council.-Attention is directed to the By-laws relating to the nomination of Members of Council:-By-law 26. (1) Any twenty Members, not being Members of the Council, may nominate one eligible Fellow as a candidate for election tw 8 General Member of the Council, but no Member shall nominate more than one such Fellow.(2) Any nomination made under this By-law shall be delivered to the Secretary six weeks at least before the Annual General Meeting, and shall be in the following form: “We, the undersigned, Members of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland, do hereby certify that A.B., of (registered address) ,a Fellow of this Institute, is, in our estimation, a fit and proper person to be a General Member of the Council of the Institute, and we do hereby nominate him asa Candidate for election as a General Member of the Council.” (3) Any such nomination may consist of several documents in like form, each signed by one or more Members. (The name of every candidate nominated in accordance with By-law 26 will be included in the Balloting List.) By-law 24 (2).No person who has been elected as a District Member of the Council for any year of Office shall be eligible for election aa a General Member of +,heCouncil for that year of Office, and if such person is elected as President, Vice-President or Treasurer for that year of Office he shall vacate his Office as a District Member of the Council and the vacancy shall be filled up, as on a casual vacancy. The Officers and General Members of Council who retire at the next Annual General Meeting, 2nd March, 1936, in accordance with the By-laws and are ineligible for re-election to the same offices respectively, are as follows:-PTeSide&. Jocelyn Field Thorpe, C.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S.Vice- Presidenh. William John Atkinson Butterfield, M.A. Sir George Christopher Clayton, C.B.E., Ph.D. Albert Ernest Dunstan, D.Sc. Frank George Edmed, O.B.E., B.Sc. William Henry Roberts, M.Sc. 499 Members of &?uncil. Charles Olden Bannister, A.R.S.M. Henry Edward Cox, D.Sc. Harold Douglas Elkington, M.Sc. George Davidson Elsdon, B.Sc. George Edward Holden, M.B.E., M.Sc. Reginald Haydn Hopkins, D.Sc. James Grieve King, Ph.D., A.R.T.C. Robert Robinson, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S. Frank Southerden, BSc. William Wardlaw, D.Sc. Nominations for the new Council must be delivered at the Institute before 4.30 p.m. on 20th January, 1936. District Members of Council.-The District Members of Council will be as follows:-Birmingham and Midlands : William Alexander Skeen Calder.Bristol and South-Western Counties: Ernest Vanstone, D.Sc. Liverpool and North-West Coast : Albert Edward Findley, B.Sc. M.Eng. London and South-Eastern Counties: John Ralph Nicholls, B.Sc. (Lond.). Manchester and District : Cecil John Turrell Cronshaw, B.Sc. Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast: Percy Lucock Robinson, D.Sc. Yorkshire: Harold Burton, D.Sc. Edinburgh and East of Scotland: Adam Tait. Aberdeen and North of Scotland: Alexander Findlay, D.Sc. Glasgow and West of Scotland: Forsyth James Wilson, Ph.D., DSc. Wales and the County of Monmouth: Ernest Albert Tyler, M.A. Northern Ireland : William Honneyman, B.Sc., Ph.D. Irish Free State: James Bell, M.A., M.B., Sc.D.The Overseas Dominions and elsewhere abroad : James Irvine Orme Masson, M.B.E., D.Sc. Examinations, 1936.-The arrangements for Fellowship and Associateship Examinations after January, 1936, will be as follows:-FORTHE FELLOWSHIP. Last date for entries. Period of examination. Monday, 10th Feb., 1936. 27th April to 2nd May, 1936. *Monday, 6th July, 1936. 21st to 26th Sept., 1936. *For candidates wishing to be examined in Branch G. Industrial Chemistry, or desiring to take Special Examinations, the list will close on 1st June, 1936. 500 FORTHE ASSOCIATESHIP. Last date for entries. Period of examination. Monday, 10th Feb., 1936. 20th to 25th April, 1936. Monday, 6th July, 1936. 14th to 19th Sept., 1936. Beilby Memorial Awards.-From the interest derived from the invested capital of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, at intervals to be determined by the administrators representing the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry, and the Institute of Metals, awards are made to British investigators in science to mark appreciation of records of distinguished original work, preference being given to in- vestigations relating to the special interests of Sir George Beilby, including problems connected with fuel economy, chemical engineering and metallurgy. Awards are made, not on the result of any competition, but in recognition of continuous work of exceptional merit, bearing evidence of distinct advancement in knowledge and practice.The administrators of the Fund are the Presidents, the Honorary Treasurers, and the Secretaries of the three partici- pating Institutions, who will be glad to have their attention directed to outstanding work of the nature indicated.Corres-pondence on this subject should be addressed to the Convener, Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.I. Notice to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute.For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship, may receive the Appointments 501 Register of the Institute, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their professors. Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months.Members and Students who are without employment, are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment , will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period if necessary. The Institute also maintains a List of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students or Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m.and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The Library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is available, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10 a.m. to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.), except during August and the early part of September, when the hours are from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted, at present , to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books. Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books.The Institute has entered into an arrangement with The Science Library, Science Museum, South Kensington, S.W.7, whereby books may be borrowed on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary of the Institute. In addition to its comprehensive sets of literature on cognate subjects, which are not available in specialised libraries, this Library contains an exceptionally extensive collection of works 502 on chemistry. Nine thousand scientific and technical periodicals are received regularly in the Library. All publications added to the Library are recorded in its Weekly Bibliography of Pure and Applied Science, which has a wide circulation among research workers and institutions.Boots ’ Booklovers Library .-Fellows and Associates who desire to subscribe to Boots’ Booklovers Library may obtain forms of application from the Registrar of the Institute. Lewis ’s Lending Library.-Any Fellow or Associate who is not already acquainted with this Library of Scientific and Technical books may obtain a copy of the Prospectus from the Registrar of the Institute. A copy of the Catalogue of the Library (revised to December, 1927,with Supplements 1928-30 and 1931-33) is available in the Library of the Institute. A Bi-monthly list of Additions is also issued. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers (IS.zd. each) for binding the Journal in annual volumes, are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required.Arrangements may be made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19, Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.z, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSon the following terms: buckram cover, IS. zd.; binding, 2s. gd.; postage and packing, 9d.; in all, 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who are giving lectures. Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As the slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration.The Profession of Chemistry’ ’ (Third Edition, 1935), will be supplied gratis to any Fellow, Associate or Registered Student, on application to the Registrar. 503 ATTENDANCES AT MEETINGS OF THE COUNCIL AND COMMITTEESy 1sT MARCH TO 20~sDECEMBER, 1935. Council Councilin Oommittees Committee J, F. Thorpe, Pres. .. .. .. 6 2 28 15 W. J. A. Butterfield, V.-P. .. ..87 6 6 1 Sir G. C. Clayton, V.-P. .. .. ..20 3 1 A. E. Dunstan, V.-P. .. .. .. 0 0 16 2 F. G. Edmed, V.-P. .. .. ..65 3 2 H.H.Hodgson, V.-P. .. .. .. 8 7 21 20 W.H. Roberts, V.-P. .. .. ..45 6 5 P. H. Kirkaldy, Hon. Treas. .. .. 7 4 27 22 6 F. S. Aumonier .. .. .. .. 8 6 13 11 6 C. 0. Bannister .. .. .. ..21 6 0 S. A. Brazier .. .. .. ..20 0 0 1%'. A. S. Calder .. .. .. ..63 10 I.T. Callan .. .. .. ..32 10 F. D. Chattaway .. .. .. ..44 0 0 G. R. Clemo .. .. .. ..24 5 0 H. E. Cox .. .. .. .. ..85 0 07 H. W. Cremer .. .. .. 5 4 14 5 2.I W. M. Cumming .. .. .. ..2 2 5 1 H. D. Elkington .. .. .. ..S6 0 01 G. D. Elsdon .. .. *. ..lo 0 0 John Evans .. .. .. ..31 0 0 A. E. Everest . . .. .. .. 6 3 20 6 L. Eynon .. .. .. .. .. 8 7 19 16 2 A. Findlay (from May,1935) .. .. 3* 1' 0 0 W. R. Hardwick .. .. .. .. 7 1 13 7 I. M. Heilbron . . .. .. ..30 0 0 G. E. Holden .. .. .. ..20 0 0 W.Honneyman .. .. .. .. 2 3 11 0 R. H.Hopkins .. .. .. . .33 11 E. B. Hughes .. .. .. .. 5 3 13 0 2 D. Jordan Lloyd .. *. .. . .35 6 2 1 J. G. King .. .. .. .. ..41 0 0 L. H. Lampitt .. .. .. ..2 4 2 0 A. G. G. Leonard .. .. ..11 5 0 J. H. Lester .. .. .. ..23 5 0 H. Levinstein .. .. .. .. 4 3 14 0 1 J. Macleod .. .. .. .. . .lo 11 J. I. 0. Masson .. .. .. ..12 0 0 C. A. Mitchell .. .. .. ..5 2 6 4 1 T. F. E. Rhead .. .. .. ..51 6 1 P.L. Robinson (from May, 1935) .. 3* 1* 0 0 R. Robinson .. .. .. ..40 5 1 F. Southerden .. .. .. .. 6 1 11 1 A. Tait .. .. .. .. ..01 5 0 E. Vanstone .. .. .. ..63 5 0 W. Wardlaw .. .... .. 4 3 19 1 H.B. Watson . . .. .. ..71 5 0 J. Weir .. .... .. ..lo 0 0 F. J. Wilson .... .... 2 1 0 0 * Ofapossible 6.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9355900425

出版商:RSC    

年代:1935

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

504 Index: 1935. Aberdeen and North of Scotland Section, 18, 151, 220, 223, 313, 435, 441 Academic Freedom, 304, 318 Accounts (1934), 29 et seq. Acetaldehyde, 458 Acetylene, 458 Address to H.M. The King, 203 Advertising and Trade Certificates, 10, 212 Agricultural Bibliography Com-mittee, 269 Air Raid Precautions, 302, 304, 323 Airways, Empire, 478 Aliens, Employment of, 217, 235 Annual Chemical Dinner, 417, 479 Annual General Meeting, 116 Appointments Register, 27, 97, 289, 353 Aslib, 485 As “Others See Us,” 366 Attendances, Council, etc., 503 Auditors, 28, 106, 119 Bacteriology, 427 Bankers, 106 Beilby Memorial Awards, 15, 96, 288, 422 Belfast and District Section, 19, 39, 152, 229, 444 Benevolent Fund, 17, 353, 433 Birmingham and Midlands Section, 19, 40, 152, 230, 357, 445, 449 Books and their Contents, 87, 187, 277, 330, 401, 484 Boots Booklovers’ Library, 84, 175 “Boyle to Priestley, From” 464 Bristol and South-Western Counties’ Section, 19, 49 154 361, 447 British Association, 77 British National Committee for Chemistry, 433 British Standards Institution, 14, 218, 302, 304, 332, 351, 485 Broadcasting, Fees for, 215 ‘‘Calcium Sulphate, 1847-1932,” 49 Cape Section, 19, 313, 453 Carbohydrates, 463 Carcinogenic Hydrocarbons, 465 Cardiff Section, 134, 135, 231, 362, 467 Censors, 104 Certificates, Professional, 114 “Chemical Analyses, Limitations of,” 172 Chemical Council, 133, 135, 136, 219, 230, 302, 304, 432 “Chemical Linkage, Types of,” 7 1 Chemical Nomenclature, 433 Chemical Trades Advisory Com-mittee, 14 Chemist and the Community, 232 “Chemist and the Career open to him,’’ 469 “Chemist, His Origin, Development and Destiny,” 437 “Chemist, Pharmaceutical,” 31 3 “Chemistry and the Body Politic,” 352, 397 “Chemistry, Fifty Years of,” 55, 136, 215 “Chemistry, Modern Structural,’’ 463 “Chemistry and Local Government Administration, 417, 434 “Chemistry of Solids, Recent Developments,” 154 “Chemistry in Service of the Rail- way,” 161 City and Guilds of London Institute, 13 “Colloid Chemistry, Advances in,” 168 “Colour, In Quest of,” 71 “Colouring Matters, Natural,” 170 Coming Events, 92, 194, 285, 337, 409, 492 Comments on Editorials, 10, 211 Committees, 12, 104 Company Prospectuses, 114, 429, 432 Concrete, 229 Co-operation (Chemical Societies), 133, 135, 136, 219, 230, 302, 304 Corrosion, 269 Council, 103 Council Attendances, 503 Council, Committees and Repre-sentatives, 12 505 Council, Constitution of, 218, 310 Council, Nomination of the, 498 Council Proceedings, 36, 133, 214, 302, 351, 432 Council, Report of, 11, 117 Conference of Local Section Secre- taries, 22, 307 Courses, Refresher, 312 Courses, Short, for Teachers, 76 Deaths, 11, 192, 284, 336, 408, 491 Decimal System, 274, 433 “Deodorisation, Factory, Modern Methods of,” 51 Distressed Areas, 305, 309, 352 District Members of Council, 119, 418 ‘Documents, Recent Advances in the Examination,” 152 Dyestuffs, 239, 435 East Midlands Section, 305, 432, 454 Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section, 19, 51, 158, 223, 232, 313, 363, 441 Editorial, 3, 108, 204, 296, 347, 427 Education, Board of, 24, 351, 389 Education, Scottish Dept., 305, 396 Examinations, 23, 72, 96, 196, 249, 339, 372, 417 Examiners, Board of, 12, 106 “Fats,” 161, 445 Federal Council, 214, 432 Fertilisers, 444 Films, 462 Finance and House Committee, 15 Flame, Initiation of,” 157 Food, 53, 361, 434, 455 Frankland, Sir Edward, Medal and Prize, 37, 286, 421 Frankland :Lancastrian Society, 477 Freezing Industry, Chemistry in Development of, 182 Fumigation, 2 16, 303 “Gas, Manufacture of EdinburghTown,” 52 Gifts, 190, 216, 271, 351 Glasgow and West of Scotland Sec- tion, 20, 160, 223, 232, 313, 314, 441, 455 “Glass, Physical Properties of,” 160, 232 “Glass Silk and Heat and Sound Insulation,” 160 Gluckstein, S.M., Memorial Lec-ture, 25, 219, 339, 352, 397 Gold, 471 Government Chemist, 402, 470 “Growth, Limitation of,” 170 Harrison Memorial Prize, 397, 433, 479 Headmasters’ Employment Com-mittee, 14 “Heavy Hydrogen,” 220 Honorary Corresponding Secre-taries, 27 Honorary Secretaries, Conference of, -307 Huddersfield Section, 20, 53, 161, 232, 315, 456 “Hydrogen-Ion Concentration,” 167 India Bill, Government of, 214 India, Empire of, Section, 20, 164, 234 Indian Advisory Committee, 23 Industrial Chemist as a Professional Man, 3 Institute, Future of, 41 International Congress of Chemis-try, Madrid, 269 Irish Free State Section, 20, 55, 165, 457 “Is Nature Wiser than Man ? ” 145 Jubilee of Institute Charter, 108, 208, 295, 303, 437, 441, 445, 466, 47 1 Jubilee, Silver, 203 Journalism, Scientific, and Author- ship, 6 “Kinetics in Gaseous Reactions,” 369 “Laboratory Animal; Its Causes and Cure,” 63 “Laboratory Organisation,” 41 7,434 “Laundering,” 159, 456 Lantern Slides, 199, 343 Leeds Area Section, 20, 166, 458 Legal and Parliamentary Com-mittee, 18 Library, Boots Booklovers’, 98, 290, 424 Library, Chemical Society, 14, 98, 290, 424 Library, Science Museum, 98, 290, 424 Library, Surrey County, 236 Library, The, 98, 188, 424 506 Liverpool and North-Western Sec- tion, 20, 57, 58, 169, 235, 366, 460 Local Sections, 18, 38, 39, 151, 217, 220, 313, 357, 435 London and South-Eastern Coun- ties’ Section, 21, 172, 236, 315, 462 Lysimeter Investigations, 228 Malaya Section, 21, 315 Manchester and District Section, 21, 63, 179, 316, 463 Manchester and District Students’ Section, 21, 69, 179, 239, 316 Meldola Medal, 196, 339 “Micro-analytical Methods,” 40 Microchemical Club, 269 “Milk Pasteurisation,” 450 National Certificates in Chemistry, 24, 305, 351, 389 Newcastle upon Tyne and North- East Coast Section, 21, 69, 71, 179, 246, 316, 369, 464 New Zealand Section, 21, 181 Nomenclature, Chemical, 433 Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee, 22 Nomination of General Members of Council, 498 Northern Ireland, Ministry of Edu- cation, 396 Notes, 76, 184, 269, 323, 397, 473 Notices, General, 97, 196, 286, 339, 417, 498 Obituary, 83, 185,272, 326,400,481 Officers and Council, List of, 103 Oxidation and Reduction, 467 Parliamentary Science Committee, 214 Patentees, Institute of, 78 Patronage, 107 Peat, 165, 223 Pedler Scholarship, 25 Petroleum, 236, 453 Pharmacy and Poisons Act, 134,297 “Phosphates,” 56 Photography, Modern, 180 Physics, Industrial, 77 “Pigments, Synthetic,” 178 Poisons and their Detection, 246 “Polarimetric Methods, The Use of,” 151 “Positions and Neutrons,” 39 President’s Address, 121 “Profession of Chemistry,” 215 Professional Interests, 2 18 Public Appointments Committee, 26 Publications and Library Com-mittee, 25 Ramsay Chemical Dinner, 473 Register, 11, 89, 191, 280, 334, 404, 487 Regulations, 24 Research, 53 Research Associations, 79 Retrospect, 1910-35, 204 River Pollution, 447 Roll of the Institute, The, 11 Royal Statistical Society, 325 Science and War, 347 Scientific and Industrial Research, Report of Department, 13,79,486 Scientific Management Congress,184, 398 Scrutineers, 36, 118 Soil, 227, 228 Soil Science, 78 Solicitors, 106 Smoke Abatement, 364 South Africa Empire Exhibition, 398 South Wales (Swansea) Section, 21, 247, 469 South Yorkshire Section, 218, 248, 317, 370, 471 c‘Spectroscopy, Application of, to Chemical Problems,” 58 Standards, British, 14, 218, 302, 304, 332, 351 “Stereochemical Problems,” 70 Streatfeild Memorial Lecture, 25, 417 Structural Chemistry, Modern, 463 Students, Registered, 22 “Sulphuric Acid, Modern Trends in the Manufacture,” 156 Technical Chemistry, Recent Ad- vances in, 232 “Thyroid Gland, Biochemistry of,” 179 Tobacco, 460 Trade Certificates, Advertising and, 10, 212 (‘Vitamins, The” 453 World Power Conference, 14, 77, 478, 486

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9355900504

出版商:RSC    

年代:1935

数据来源: RSC