JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND PART 5. 1% THE ORGANISATION OF OTHER PROFESSIONS For many years considerable attention has been ghen to the advantages and dis-advantages that might result from a closer co-ordination of the administration of the various services-scientifc technological professional economic and social-that chemists have established in the interest of the progress of chemistry and its applications, of their own status and welfare and of the industrial and domestic life of the community. On the one hand it has been suggested that the organisation of these essential services to chemistry and to chemists under a considerable number of separate societies and institutions is inconvenient irrational and uneconomic.On the other hand it has been pointed out that the natural evolution of these societies and institutions has given them an individuality and an understanding of the actud needs and aspirations of their members and has thus enabled them to build up and maintain valuabletraditions of service. Between the extremes of complete unification and complete isolation there is a wide range of intermediate possibilities and the desirability of finding a middle path has been shown from time to time by the establishment of such co-ordinating bodies as the Federal Council of Pure and Applied Chemistry the Association of Scientific and Technical Institutions and most recently the Chemical Council. Through the last- named body much has been done to secure to members of the Chemical Society the Royal Institute of Chemistry the Society of Chemical Industry and latterly the Faraday Society many of the advantages which might be expected to result from the unification of these bodies while leaving each of them free to develop its own services in the Iight of long experience and of the opinions of its active members expressed through its own Council and Committees.Whilst it is generally agreed that the present system of co-operation has been of real benefit it is recognised that the existing pattern of organisation is by no means perfect and in any event will need continuous modification to meet changing circum-stances in the future. In examining such possible developments it is reasonable to expect that useful guidance may be obtained from considering the organisation of other professions.Medical men lawyers engineers architects accountants and others have been concerned with possible improvements in the constitution and conditions of operation of the various societies and institutions that have been established to serve their needs-for chemists are certainly not alone in having set up a variety of bodies to deal with different aspects of their interests-and there is no doubt that much could be learnt from the way in which members of these professions have dealt With their problems. The Publications and Library Committee with the approval of Council has decided therefore to publish in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS a series of articles on the organisation of other professions.It is appropriate that the Grst of these artictes which is printed below should deal with the medical profession and have been prepared by the President of the Institute. 1. THE MEDtCAL PROFESSION By G. ROCHELYNCH,O.B.E. M.B. B.S. D.P.H. P.R.I.C. The earliest forms of organisation of the profession in England arose from the Livery Companies of the City of London. Surgeons were associated with the Worshipful Company of Barbers first mentioned in 1308 and Apothecaries were first referred to in 1345 as associated with the Worshipful Company of Grocers. The Surgeons Guild C2WJ appears in the City records of 1369 when two Masters were sworn before the Court of Aldermen and given power to report the faults of unskilful surgeons.Originally, the Apothecaries prepared and compounded medicines but did not prescribe; later they undertook both and thus entered into rivalry with the Physicians. The Royal College of Physicians was founded and incorporated in 1518 with a view to the improve- ment and more orderly exercise of the art of physic and the repression of irregular unlearned and incompetent practitioners of that faculty whilst the Society of Apothe-caries of London which is still included in the list of Livery Companies was incorporated by Royal Charter in 1617. A similar rivalry existed between the Worshipful Company of Barbers and the Surgeons Guild but towards the end of the fifteenth century they entered into an alliance which in the course of time developed into the Royal College of Surgeons; this was constituted by Royal Charter in 1800 and received a new Charter in 1869.Similar bodies were established later in Scotland and Ireland e.g. the Royal Coflege of Physicians of Edinburgh (1681) the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh (1850), the Roy& College of Physicians of Ireland the Apothecaries Hall of Ireland (1791) and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (1874). These Colleges and Societies have been largely concerned with the establishment of standards of quaIification through their examinations and with the exercise of ethical control over their members who are liable to removal for improper conduct. They have also been active however in fosteringthe advancement of medicine and surgery; under their auspices museums and libraries have been built up and lectures and other educational facilities established.Over a similar period courses of training in medicine have been developed by the universities and their degrees have constituted important qualifications in medicine and in surgery. On the other hand the degrees of most universities when once awarded cannot be taken away so that the universities unlike the colleges and societies exercise no ethical control over practice. The importance of the role of the colleges and societies in safeguarding the interests of the public has long been recognised. Thus the Apothecaries Act of 1815 provided that no person should be entitIed to practise in England as an apothecary until he had received from the Society of Apothecaries of London a certificate of his qualification.Nevertheless until 1868 such safeguards were inadequate; it was not necessary to register as a medical practitioner and a period of apprenticeship enabled a man to set up in practice. It is true that the more enlightened took some examination such as those of the Society of Apothecaries the College of Physicians or the College of Surgeons or a university degree and the possession of such qualification undoubtedly gave a man an added status in his profession. The position was changed however by the Medical Act of 1868 which may be described as the Magna Carta for medical men. At the time of writing a new Bill is in process of preparation to bring certain matters up to date and to give effect to recommendations of the Goodenough Report; reference is made below to certain changes likely to be introduced.The provisions of the Medical Act of 1858 and subsequent amending enactments may be briefly summarked as follows:-A body entitled ‘‘FGeneral Council of Medical Education and Registration of the United Kingdom (commonly known as the General Medical Council-G.M.C.) was established consisting of representatives of the Royal colleges of Physicians and Surgeons in England Scotland and Ireland the Society of Apothecaries of London the Royal Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow the Apothecaries Hall of Ireland and thedrincipal universities in the British Isles together with members appointed by His ajesty on the advice of the Privy Council and direct representatives of the profession.A primary purpose of this body is to give more adequate protection to the public and among its duties are (a)to prescribe standards of training; (b) to inspect and approve the quality of the examinations;(c) to keep a register (the Medical Register) of .those who have successfully passed examinations and have applied to become registered medical practitioners; (d) to limit such’titles as physician and surgeon and the right to practise as such to registered practitioners; (8) to maintain ethical standards of practice; on receipt of a complaint the Council may summon before it any medical man who is alleged to have disobeyed the professional code and if he be found guilty will inflict upon him due punishment which can amount to striking his name from the Register thus preventing him from effectively practising his profession for he is thereby debarred from such actions as issuing a Death Certificate prescribing drugs which come within the purview ofthe Dangerous Drugs Act or certifying that a patient is unable to follow his occupation on account of a specified illness; (f)to produce a pharmacopoeia (the British Pharma-copoeia-B.P.) to specify the quality purity and dosage of drugs etc.The G.M.C. is essentially concerned on the educational‘side with the standard of the ‘‘portal ”examinations i.e. ,the examinations on which a registrable qualification ” [.210J is awarded. Among these registrable qualifications are the Bachelors degrees (M.B.,B.S.Ch.B. etc.) of the universities the Licentiateship of the Royal Colleges of Physicians (L.R.C.P. Lond. Edin. or Irel.) the Membership (or Licentiateship in Scotland and Ireland) of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons (J1.II.C.S. Eng.; L.R.C.S. Edin. or Irel.) the Licentiateship of the Royal Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow (L.R.F. Y.S. Glas.) and the Licentiateship in Xedicine Surgery and Mid- wifery of the Society of Apothecaries of London (L.M.S.S.A. Lond.). Higher qualifica- tions such as M.D. M.S. M.R.C.P. F.R.C.P. F.R.C.S. M.M. (Master of Midwifery), D.P.H. and D.I.H. (Diploma in Industrial Health) are awarded by various authorities and the G.M.C. has no control over them although a medical man may register some of these specialist qualifications with the G.M.C.In recent years there has been instituted a Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (1929). This college is not concerned with “portal ” examinations but only with higher qualifications (M.R.C.O.G.,F.R.C.O.G.). The colleges of Physicians and of Surgeons through their Conjoint Board deal with all those subjects that must be taken by a candidate for the qualification of 3l.R.C.S.,L.K.C.P. including midwifery and diseases of women. The Conjoint Board was established in 1897. On the ethical side it may be noted that there are two types of offences of which the ti.M.C. may take cognisance (1) offences against the ordinances of the realm for example drunkenness forgery criminal abortion murder; (2) offences which are peculiar to the profession and are described as “ infamous conduct in a professional respect,” for example canvassing for patients keeping open shop (medical men may dispense medicines for their patients but may not keep a shop for the general saIe of drugs etc.) improper relations with a patient professional association with unregistered practitioners advertising and false certification.In this connection it may also be noted that while the G.M.C. can remove a name from the Kegister and thus restrict practice the Colleges and the Society of .Apothecaries can decide their own course of action independently. Thus a man whose name has been removed from the Medical Register may still retain his diplomas as well as his university degrees but will not be entitled to practise his profession in respect of statutory duties.On the other hand the Royal College of Physicians for example does not allow its Fellows to act in certain ways such as entering into partnership or selling a practice which are not in general un- professional and may therefore exclude a medical man from its Fellowship without necessarily affecting his position as a registered practitioner. In 1945 the number of registered medical practitioners in the British Isles was 69,003. The majority were engaged in private practice but by no means all for there are many fields of employment for medical men. Among these may be mentioned the Navl- Army Air Force and the Indian Medical Service; the CoIoniaI Medical Service; services under other Government departments such as the Ministry of Health (including Medical Officers of Health antl allied specialists) the Home Office (including the Prison Medical Service) the Ministry of T.,abour (inchding Factory Medical In-spectors) ;universities as teachers of various subjects and research workers; the hledicat liesearch Council ;commercial organisations such as insurance companies.Also she coroners dentists etc. are medical men. Employment as industrial medical officers is becoming of increasing importance and the Society of -Apothecaries has recently established a IXploma in Industrial Medicine. In addition to the societies colleges and other bodies referred to above medical men have established a number of separate organisations for the development of their science and for the advancement and protection of their professional status.Thus. up and down the country there are a number of societies devoted solely to the advance- ment of medicine antl allied sciences. In T,ondon perhaps the best-known are the Medical Society of London (founded in 1773) and the Royal Society of Medicine which maintains an extensive library. Several journals devoted to medical research are published by such bodies. Moreover certain specialists have their own societies sometimes of a purely scientific character but sometimes also with professional objects. An example of the latter type is the Society of .Medical Officers of Health. The British Medical Association (B.M.A.) is an entirely professional organisation and has nothing to do with education or examination.Membership is voluntary but a majority of doctors (over 53,000)belong to it. The functions of the B.M.A. are largely concerned with the welfare of practitioners-securing satisfactory working conditions and remuneration official negotiations on matters of professional importance and so forth. In addition it publishes a weekly journal containing records of original work and matters of professional interest. There are a number of local sections of the B.M..Z. throughout the country these arrange meetings at which medical men can discuss profess ion a1 and scientific matters. 211 3 protection of members from the claims of disgruntled patients is a matter of con-siderable importance. Casesof alleged wrongful treatment accidents during operations and many other matters often form the basis of a claim by the patient for recovery of damages In England the profession has two organisations solely concerned with safeguarding medical men against such actions-the Medical Defence Union and the London and Counties Medical Protection Society.The membership of these bodies is voluntary but for a small annual subscription Iegal defence is undertaken and all costs and damages are paid without limitation. Moreover these organisations are always available to members for guidance and help when problems of professional or ethical difficulty arise. As an indication of the fees and subscriptions payable in respect of registration and membership of the above organisations the following may be of interest :-G.M.C.registration fee i5 (this is non-recurrent except that a further fee of k!2 is charged for each additional qualification registered); B.M.A. annual subscription ,(3 3s. ; Medical Defence Union annual subscription k1; Royal Society of Medicine annual subscription k5 5s. The profession is fortunate in possessing its own insurance company-the Medical Sickness Accident Life and Annuity Company-which offers on reasonable terms various life and sickness policies. The activities of the company are limited to the medical and dental professions and all profits go to the members. The less fortunate members of the profession and their dependents are helped by a number of medical charities of which the Royal Medical Benevolent Fund is perhaps the most important.Epsom College provides a first-class education for the sons of medical men of moderate means. There are many scholarships for the needy Medical Tvaining.-h candidate for a medical career having passed an approved preliminary examination may elect to do the first year of his studies either at school or at one of the medical schools that offer first-year courses It is likely that in the future this part of the training will always be done before entering a medical school. This first-year course comprises chemistry physics and biology (zoology and botany) and at the end of it the pre-medical examination is taken. The standard of this examination is at present lower than that of the Intermediate Science and some would prefer to see it raised to the same standard.Having passed the pre-medical examination the student then takes his second and third year medica.1 school courses devoting his time to anatomy physiology organic and physical chemistry biochemistry and pharmacology. After 18 months he takes an examination in these subjects. He then enters upon his clinical studies which occupy three years making a total of not less than five and a half years and commonly six years of study. On passing the final examination he is entitled to be registered and to practise In the recently issued Goodenough Report on Medical Education it is proposed to-shorten the period of study but on qualification the student will not be entitled to registration until he has completed two periods each of six months as a resident medicat officer in an approved hospital thus ensuring that he will have gained experience under suitable supervision after passing his examinations.This recommendation if accepted will require an alteration in the Medical Act and a new Rill to give effect to this and other matters is now in preparation. Other recommendations of the Goodenough Report if adopted map further modify the character of the preliminary training outlined above. A man who wishes to spechlise may continue to attend clinics in the subject in which he is interested and may hold a junior appointment such as clinical assistant while preparing himself for higher examinations. Thereafter he may continue further study while holding similar appointments of a rather more senior nature such as Registrar until such time as he is ready to seek an appointment as a physician or surgeon upon the staff of a hospital and to set up as a consultant.The aspiring consultant may have to spend many years in post-graduate work in order to equip himself adequately for practice as a specialist but in general he is able to earn sufficient to pay his way during this period. Those who take up laboratory work in medicine proceed on similar lines and again it is generally possible for them to maintain themselves through holding appropriate appointments. Thisis but a brief outline of medical training and it will be noted that the minimum period of five and a half years now required before registration will be lengthened if as is highly probable the Goodenough recommendations are adopted.Cognate avtd Ancidlury Services.-Entirely separate from medicine but necessarily closely allied to it is the profession of pharmacy. This will form the subject of a separate article in this series. Another profession closely related to medicine is that of dentistry. The Gend Medical Council now includes additional members appointed by the Privy Council l212 3 under the Dentists Act 1921. There is also a Dental Board of the United Kingdom which concerns itself with qualifications registration and ethical matters as a separate responsibility. Xany of the members of this Board are also members of the G.M.C. Most important of the ancillary services to medicine is that of nursing. A nurse to-day has to pass a State examination to become a State Registered Nurse (S.R,N.) before beginning to practise and in addition some take the examination of the Central Midwives Board (C.M.B.) in order that they may undertake midwifery cases.There are several nursing organisations which are concerned with professional matters and general welfare but membership of these is voluntary. There are a number of societies for various kinds of medical auxiliaries. These societies are concerned with training examination registration and general and ethical welfare of their members. Thus to quote two examples the Chartered Society of Physiotherapy is responsible for several important subjects ancillary to medicine such as massage medical-electricity and hydrotherapy; this Society alone has 14,000 members.Then there is the National Register of Medical Auxiliary Services com- prising particulars of persons engaged in technical work and practice ancillary allied or auxiliary to or associated with medical science or the work of the medical profession. ACTIVITIES OF LOCAL SECTIONS Huddersfie1d.-A party of members visited the Heap Bridge Paper Mills Bury on the evening of 18th July. The party was cordially received by directors and members of the staff and enjoyed a most interesting tour round the mills. The thanks of the members were accorded to the Company and to the guides for a most enjoyable visit. At a meeting on 1st October held in Ffeld’s Cafe under the chairmanship of Mr. T. A. Simmons Dr. A. E. Dunstan spoke on The Chemistry of Petroleum.” The lecture was preceded by the exhibition of an excellent film illustrating the development of the owelds at Eakring near Newark.A vote of thanks to the lecturer was proposed by Mr. Gray and seconded by Dr. Storey. London and South-Eastern Counties.-The first meeting of the Autumn Session washeld in the Corn Exchange Luton on 11th September. Dr. A. M. Ward Principal The Sir John Cass Technical Institute addressed an audience of members and many students on “Science as a Career.” Prospects and salaries attached to appointments were considered under three main headings (i) Industry (ii) Government Service and (iii) Teaching and sources of further information in particular fields were indicated. After a variety of questions had been asked during a long and interesting discussion two short films “It comes from Coal” and “Distillation,” were shown.A very successful Dance in aid of the Benevolent Fund was held at The Oak Restaurant Kensington on 2 1st September. Cape of Good Hope.-The Twenty-first Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in the Chemistry Department University of Cape Town,on 5th July 1946. Dr. A. H. Spong chairman of the Section presided and 12 members of the Section were present. The reports of the Hon. Secretary and the Hon. Treasurer for the year 1945-1946 were read and adopted. The Section learnt with regret that the Hon.Treasurer, hlr. R. J. Kruger had recently left Cape Town to take up a new position at Oudtschoorn and would therefore be unable to continue to act as Treasurer an office which he had held for the past 12 years.A vote of thanks to Mr. Kruger for his services to the Section was carried with acclamation. The following officers and committee were elected for the year 1946-1947 Chairman, Dr. A. H Spong; Hon. Secretary Dr. H. M. Schwartz; Hon. Treasurer Dr. R. G. Shuttleworth; Committee members Mr. A. L. Abbott Dr. P. C. Caman and Mr. W. H. Seath; Won. Auditors Mr. F. E. A. Leibbrandt and Col. J. G. Rose. After the conclusion of the formal business Dr. A. H. Spong delivered a most interesting chairman’s address on “The Concept of Atomic Size.” Members of the Section were invited to attend the Annual General Meeting of the Western Province Section of the South African Chemical Institute which was held at Kondebosch on the 12th June.The Chairman Mr. H. J. Koch gave an address on “Catalysis in the Heavy Chemical Industry in South Africa.” A highly successful meeting was arranged by the Cape Chemical and Technological Society and held at the University of Cape Town on the 2nd August. Dr. P. E. A. Kamerman the chief toxicologist in the Union gave a very interesting and informative lecture on “Chemistry applied to Crime Detection.” r 2131 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL COUNCIL Abstract of Minutes of the Meetings held on 13th August and 18th September 1946. 1. The Tenth Report of the Council for the year ended the 31st December 1915 was finally approved and the draft accounts for the same period were adopted. 2. In view of the increase in the subscription to the Chemical Society and Societv of Chemical Industry Council decided to increase the full joint subscription by k1 0s.Od.as from 1st January 1947. No change will be made however in the unit value or value of the individual publications. Council agreed to add to the schedule of publications “Quarterly Reviews” which will be issued by the Chemical Society for the first time next year. The value of this publication on the schedule will be 10.5 units. 3. A letter was received from the ,Issociation of British Chemical Manufacturers stating that arising out of a suggestion to their Members they should supply technical literature especially abstracts to certain training colleges in South America. Council directed that a copy should be forwarded to the Bureau of Abstracts.4. It was reported that the amounts to be contributed by each of the three Constitu- ent Bodies and the Faraday Society to the Library of the Chemical Society had now been computed and the Vice-chairman submitted a statement based on the membership of the four bodies with due allowance for overlap. Council decided to ask the four bodies to accept a proposal that the maintenance costs of the Library for 1945 be divided in the proportions set out in the statement. 5. An interim grant of Ll,OOO was made to the Chemical Society towards the cost of its publications. 6. X request was received from the Royal Institute of Chemistry drawing attention to the need for revision of the Council’s brochure setting forth the objects of the colla- borating bodies and the provisions of the joint subscription arrangements.Council agreed that members of Council should be asked to make suggestions on the revision of the present brochure but to defer issue until a decision had been received from those Societies which had been invited to join the Council. 7. Joint Student Facilities were granted to four applicants. SCIENTIFIC COURSES AT LIVERPOOL JULY 1946 The first two of the new series of Scientific Courses to be held under the auspices of the Institute were those on “Oils and Fats” and “Spectroscopy,” held at the University AND PROCEEDINGS, of Liverpool from 8th to 13th July (see JOURNAL 1946 IV 185). The proposal that these particular courses should be provided came from the Committee of the Liverpool and North-Western Section of the Institute which also undertook their detailed organisation.The courses were under the direction of Professor T. P. Hilditch F.R.S. and Professor R. A. Morton. The course on “Oils and Fats,” held in the Department of lndustrial Chemistry consisted of lectures on topics selected from recent advances as follows:- By Professor T. I’. Hilditch F.R.S. :-Mechanism of Autoxidation of Unsaturated Fats ; Mechanism of Selective Hydrogenation of Unsaturated Fats ; Component Glycerides of Natural Fats; Component Acid Analysis of Fats. By Dr. M. L. Meara:-Configuration of Mixed Glycerides ; Occurrence of Molecular -4symmetry in Glycerides and other Lipids. By Dr. J. A. Lovern (Torry Research Station Aberdeen):-The Fish Oil and Fish Liver Oil lndusps of North America.The course on “Spectroscopy (from which infra-red spectra were excluded) was held in the Department of Biochemistry and consisted of the following lectures :-By Professor K. A. Morton :-Solution Spectra ;Application to Structural Problems. By Dr. A. L. Stubbs :-Emission Spectrum Analysis; Analytical Problems attacked by Absorption Spectrophotometry. By T. W.Goodwin :-Atomic and Molecular Spectra ; Technique in Absorption Spectroscopy ; Further Applications. The following lectures were common to both courses :-By Professor R. A. Morton :-Occurrence and Assay of Fat-soluble Vitamins ; Spectrographic Determination of Polyethenoid Unsaturation. By Drs. Hilditch Morton and Lovern :-Some Aspects of Oxidative Rancidity.c 2141 The lectures were held in the mornings at 10 and 11.30and in the afternoons at times to suit other arrangements. Although it had been agreed at the outset that publication of the lectures would not be possible the lecturers supplied summaries which gave a general indication of their subject matter For those attending the Oils and Fats course visits were arranged to works in the neighbourhood to Lever Brothers and Unilever Ltd. Port Sunlight and to J. Bibby & Sons Ltd. Liverpool. The time available at Port Sunlight was short but the party] having proceeded by bus through the Mersey Tunnel saw the work of a number of departments including soap making (various types) crude glycerine oil milling and research. More time was available at the works of J.Bibby & Sons where the party was officially welcomed by Mr. C. Leslie Bibby and was shown over the oil expelling and extraction plants the oil refineries] the soapery the compound cooking fat section and the laboratories. Tea was provided and Dr. Lovern proposed a vote of thanks to the company and to the members of the chemical staff who acted as guides. Apart from the above comprehensive programme of lectures and visits a number of social events were arranged and were well attended. The organisers were very fortunate in the facilities supplied by the University of Liverpool for the Chairman of their Board of Hostels is Professor R. A. Morton. The catering arrangements on which the success of such a venture largely depends were admirably handled by Derby Hall one of the excellent University hostels.Throughout the courses the weather was particularly kind and visitors to Liverpool were able fully to enjoy all parts of the programme. Social Events Monday 8th July .-The party residents and non-residents assembled at Derby Hall from 6.30 p.m. onwards dinner being served at 6.30 p.m. Mr. P. N. Williams the Chairman of the Liverpool and North-Western Section briefly opened the proceedings and Professor Hilditch in the unavoidable absence of the Vice-Chancellor welcomed the company on behalf of the University of Liverpool. Professor Hilditch remarked that he was happy to see many familiar faces around him and expressed the hope that the time spent would be intellectually profitable and that the courses would be pleasant and successful.Mr. P. N. Williams observed that the Oils and Fats course might be referred to as a gathering of the Hilditch school of “fat” chemists. The support that had been given to both courses was much appreciated and it was regretted that owing to lack of facilities it had been necessary to refuse a few applications for the Spectroscopy course. A number of firms interested in the subject-matter had divided their forces and sent chemists to both courses. These special ccurses were promoted by the Royal Institute of Chemistry to enable their members to keep abreast with the times. A telegram conveying the good wishes of the Officers of the Institute was read to the audience. The success of the courses was largely due to the arrangements made by the Honorary Secretary of the Liverpool and North-Western Section Mr.H. Weatherall and his able assistants particularly Mr. J . Ashley Jones. For the remainder of the evening an entertainment was staged by the Local Section. Songs were rendered by Mrs. MacKerrigan Dr. H. Jasperson and Miss Audrey Bayley and Mr. Erskine entertained by sleight of hand. Tuesday 9th July.-A large party of members of both courses visited Liverpool Cathedral in the afternoon at 4.45 p.m. Canon Soulby explained that the Cathedral was a Twentieth Century building based on the idea of a double cross with the innova- tion of a large central space surrounded by an immense single tower now nearing completion; the nave most remote from the altar had not yet been started.Afterwards the party had the opportunity of hearing the organ played by Mr. Gibbs the Head- master of Liverpool Collegiate and Oulton Schools. In the evening after dinner at Derby Hall a visit was paid to Liverpool’s extensive docks. The Liverpool Overhead Railway which overlooks the line of docks provided a guide and the party travelled to the sea-end of the railway walked around the Gladstone Dock for an hour and returned to the other end of the railway which is conveniently situated within walking distance of Derby Hall. Wednesday 10th .JuZy.-High tea was taken at Reece’s Restaurant Parker Street and fifty members of the courses went to Southport by Corporation bus. On arrival the party split up and re-appeared after two hours spent in seeing the sights and looking for the sea; it was high tide and the sea was still a couple of miles out.Thursday 1lth July.-The party assembled on Princes’ Landing Stage and proceeded by ferry boat to New Brighton. This river trip afforded an admirable opportunity to see the River Mersey traffic and might be considered as complementary to the visit to the line of docks on Tuesday evening. [ 215 J Friday 12th July.-The concluding social event was held at Derby Hall. Mr. P. N. Williams referred to the success that was apparent in every part of the courses; it was largely due to the whole-hearted co-operation of all concerned. As well as to Professors Hilditch and Morton thanks were due to Major Daymond and to Miss Johns and Mrs. Baxter the wardens of Derby Hall.Members of the courses wished to show their appreciation of all that had been done on their behalf and presented Professor Hilditch Professor Morton and Mr. Weatherall with appropriate gifts and Miss Johns and Mrs. Baxter with bouquets of flowers. Members of the courses had also collected talent among their own numbers and gave an excellent entertainment during the evening. pmmunity songs enlivened the proceedings the high light being “On Ilkla Moor baht at,” sung by six Yorkshiremen. Songs were rendered by K. Bloomfield G. Dunn N. Sarsfield and K. Foullies and sketches by S. Paul H. M. Thompson and L. Mallowes and by S. Slack. DIRECTORY OF INDEPENDENT CONSULTANTS In 1945 the Council decided to prepare a Directory of independent consulting practices which are concerned with chemistry or closely related subjects and in which Fellows or Associates of the Institute are Principals.It was agreed that the Directory should contain the titles and addresses of these practices together with an indication of the general scope of their activities and of particular fields of work in which they specialise. It was also decided that the Directory should be revised annually that copies should be made available to all enquirers for consulting services and that the existence of the Directory should be widely advertised. This “Directory of Independent Consultants in Chemistry and Kelated Subjects ” has now been printed and it is hoped that it will bring particulars of the independent consulting practices in which members of the Institute are Principals prominently to the notice of industrial firms Government departments and others that may have need of their services.This will not only benefit individual consultants who under the ethical code of the Institute have undertaken to refrain from advertising their individual practices but in the view of the Council will also serve the public interest by helping industry to obtain the best advice and assistance in the solution of its current problems and in fostering new developments. From the information supplied by Fellows and Associates and incorporated in the Directory it is evident that a wide range of subjects is covered by existing consulting practices and that industrial firms especially the smaller organisations and those whose operations are not primarily chemical can have access to professional advice and assistance on many matters which hitherto may not even have seemed connected with the development of their undertakings.It is recognised that many consultants have wide experience of certain branches of industry and may thus be in a position not only to advise on specific questions that are put before them but also by discussing with the enquirer the implications of his problems to provide a solution on lines that may be entirely different from those on which the questions had originally been formulated. In preparing the first issue of a Directory of this kind it is necessary to decide on a number of principles governing its ssope content and arrangement with a view to achieving the main purpose of the publication in a manner that will best serve the interests of the community as well as of the eonsultants themselves.The following notes are explanatory of these principles and of points of detail in the compilation of the Directory. 1. Entries have been accepted only from individuals or businesses operating a consulting practice as a major activity. Thus persons holding nominally full-time appointments on the staffs of universities or technical colleges and firms primarily engaged in the manufacture or sale of goods have been excluded. So have also a few consultants who though members of the Institute operate practices that are not concerned with chemistry or closely related sciences.2. No reference is made to consulting practices which satisfy the above criteria but in which none of the Principals is a Fellow or Associate of the Institute even if Fellows or Associates are employed by the owners or directors of the practice. In this connection a Principal is regarded as a person who is in a position to accept a full share of the re- sponsibility for the way in which the practice is conducted particularly in relation to the ethical code enjoined by the Institute. It has been suggested that the public interest might be more fully served if the scope of the Directory were extended to cover other [ 2161 consulting practices in which none of the Principals was a Fellow or Associate. This view has not been accepted by the Council for while it is admitted that there are practices of this kind which do valuable work the Institute is cIearIy not in a position to vouch for the competence or professional integrity of persons who are not Fellows or Associates.and unrestricted inclusion of the names of such persons might result in some instances in the public being seriously misled. 3. The information on the “field of work” of each practice has been supplied by the consultants themselves without any restriction except that the total number of words must not exceed twenty-five and that the rnuch-abused word “research” shall not be used in the general description of field of work. It is recognised that the services rendered by consultants cover a very wide range-from purely routine testing to elaborate investigations-but that there is hardly any consultant who is not prepared to carry out work which can properly be described as research.Although in other respects consultants have been left free to describe their activities as they pleased they were invited to indicate directions of specialisation not only in respect of particular materiaIs or industries but also of specific industrial processes and laboratory techniques. The arrangement of the Directory is based on the titles by which the consulting practices are commonly known in alphabetical order. A Name Index enables reference to be made to the practice in which any particular Fellow or Associate is a Principal. A Geographical Index and a Subject Index have also been added for convenience of reference.The provision of a Subject Index is clearly important but difficult to achieve. In the space of twenty-five words a consultant is not able in general to specify all the matters in which his practice specialises and it cannot be assumed therefore that a particular subject or field of work is dealt with only by those who mention it as such. On the other hand it does not follow that some general term used in the description of a field of work necessarily includes all aspects or branches of work covered by this term. In view of these difficulties it was decided to make the Subject Index primarily an aid to the use of the information in the body of the Directory although consultants have been invited to put forward their names for inclusion under indexed subjects in which they specialise even though some of these subjects may not be explicitly mentioned in their entries in the Directory itself.There is little doubt that this first edition of the Directory is incomplete for there are probably many more consulting practices eligible for inclusion than the number (169) for which returns have been received. It is proposed therefore to bring out a second edition within a year after affording full opportunity for revision and extension of this first issue. Suggestions for improvements in the presentation and content of the Directory in future editions will be welcome and should be addressed to the Secretary of the Institute. It is intended to print the Directory as an appendix to future issues of the Register of Fellows and Associates of the Institute.Owing to paper restrictions it will not be possible to send copies of this first edition of the Directory to all Fellows and Associates but a limited supply will be available for distribution to those who make special application to the Assistant Secretary. It is particularly requested that such application be made by post and not by telephone. DR. DAVID SPENCE FOUNDER OF THE HENDERSON MEMORIAL LECTURES Reference has already been made in recent issues of the JOURNAL to the generous action of Dr. David Spence in founding a series of Institute lectures in memory of the late Professor G.G. Henderson a former President of the Institute. For this purpose Dr. Spence has transferred to the Institute the sum ofLl500 as a Trust Fund.The income from this Fund is to be applied by the Institute in providing a series of lectures to be known as “ The Henderson Memorial Lectures,” on matters of international scientific importance and interest and in publishing these lectures; if at any time the income from the Fund is in excess of the amount required for these purposes the excess may be used “for other matters calculated to perpetuate the memory of George Gerald Henderson and to enlarge the field of influence and usefulness of the Institute.” The lectures will be delivered normally at intervals of three years and in any event c 217 3 of not more than four years and each lecturer will be paid a fee of not less than 26 guineas and his out-of-pocket expenses.The choice of lecturers the subjects of the lectures and the general administration of the Trust will be at the discretion of the Institute. In establishing the Henderson Memorial Lectures Dr. Spence’s desire has been to pay a lasting tribute to one who not only gave him invaluable help in laying the foundations of his scientific career but who also remained as a staunch friend and a. wise counsellor to the end.” Born in 1881 at Udny Aberdeenshire David Spence was educated at Robert Gordon’s College Aberdeen at the Royal Technical College Glasgow and at the University of Glasgow where he studied under Professor Henderson. Subsequently he proceeded to the University of Jena where he obtained the Ph.D. degree in 1906. From that time his interest has been centred largely on the science and technology of rubber and the foundation of his work in this field was laid while he was an assistant in the Biochemistry Department of the University of Liverpool in 1906-08.As the result of work published during this period on such subjects as the distribution of protein in Para rubber the analysis constitution and coagulation of the latex of Funtumia elustica and the methods of analysis of rubber he was invited by the Diamond Rubber Company to visit America in 1908. He returned there in the following spring as Director of Research and Development and built and operated in Akron Ohio the first laboratories in America devoted to fundamental research and development on rubber and related subjects.It was at the Diamond Rubber Company under the leadership of Arthur H. Marks President and General Manager that the foundations were first laid and successfully applied commercially for the improvement of low grade rubbers and for the introduction of the antioxidants and organic accelerators of vulcan- isation used in the rubber industry of to-day. This company was finally purchased out- right by the B. F. Goodrich Company but Dr. Spence continued as Director of Research until 1914 when he left with three others to found the Norwalk Tire and Rubber Company at Norwalk Connecticut. There he remained as Vice-Pre$dent and General Manager of the Company until 1925 when feeling that he was drifting from science into business,” he left to become Vice-president of the Intercontinental Rubber Company of New York taking charge of their research and development work on raw rubber in the USA.Mexico and Sumatra. His major objective was a source of natural rubber (GuayIe) in the United States. On the drastic decline in the price of raw rubber in 1931 he decided to retire to private life in order to take up the scientific study of some of the unsolved problems which had intrigued him all his life more particularly in relation to the function of the rubber in the living plant and polymerisation phenomena connected therewith. In his private laboratory at Del Monte California Dr. Spence is actively pursuing this work. During the first world war Dr. Spence was in charge of the Rubber Division National Research Council and in the second world war was consultant to the Office of the Rubber Director War Production Board Washington.He is a member of the American Chemical Society and was their first Charles Goodyear medalIist. In spite of long absence from this country he has retained connection with many British institutions including the Society of Chemical Industry the Institution of the Rubber Industry the Royal Society of Arts and of course the Royal Institute of Chemistry of which he is a Life Fellow. His scientific publications cover almost every aspect of rubber chemistry and have appeared in a variety of Rritish American and German periodicals he has taken out a large number of patents in the United States and other countries. Dr. Spence admits that except for an interest in classical music and in his earlier years in ‘I horseback riding,” his main hobby throughout his life has been scientific research its development and application.In recent letters he has written “I realise that whatever success I may have attained in life I owe largely to three men in the first place to my father the Reverend Dr. Alexander Spence Minister of the Parish of Udny and Examiner Aberdeen University whose example and philosophig discussions I well remember; to Professor G. G. Henderson whose lectures and teachings on the principles of chemistry were always an inspiration to us all; and finally to Arthur Marks who ‘ picked me up ’ and gave me my first opportunity in this country. To all three I owe a deep sense of gratitude which I have tried to express in one way or another.I was not only a student of Professor Henderson but also kept in touch with him all over the years until his retirement from the University of Glasgow. During the early years of my career in this country more than half of my research staff was recruited through his recommendations.. As I have already paid tribute to Professor Henderson by permanent additions to the scientific libraries of the University of Glasgow and the Royal Technical College it seemed only befitting to create the Hender- son Memorial Lecture under the Institute of Chemistry which he served so well.” [ 2181 NOTES Personal.-The Lord President of the Council has appointed Professor H. W. Melville F.R.S. Fellow Professor of Chemistry in the University of Aberdeen to be a member of the Advisory Council for Scientific and Industrial Research from 1st October 1946 in succession to Sir Franklin Sibly.Dr. William Cullen Vice-President has returned from South Africa and has almost recovered from the serious illness he contracted whilst there. Professor Sir Ian Heilbron D.S.O. F.R.S. Fellow and Professor J. L. Simonsen F.R.S. Member of CounciZ have been on a short visit to East and Central Africa in connection with the utilisation of colonial raw materials and the organisation of research in this field. They also visited South Africa at the invitation of the Union Government. Dr. H. J. EmelCus F.R.S. Member of Council who has held a Readership at the University of Cambridge since 1945 has been appointed to the newly instituted Chair of Inorganic Chemistry in that University.Dr. Frank Dickens F.R.S. FelZow had been appointed to the Philip Hill Chair of Experimental Biochemistry tenable at the Middlesex Hospital Medical School London as from 1st March 1946. Dr. J. H. Quastel F.R.S. Member of Council has been invited by the French Government to take part in the scientific conference to be held in Paris in November to commemorate the 60th Anniversary of the death of Pasteur. The Council for Scientific and Industrial Research of the Union of South Africa has established a National Chemical Laboratory of which Dr. W. S. Rapson Fellow of the University of Cape Town has been appointed Director. Dr. Wesley Cocker Fellow who has been senior Lecturer in Chemistry at King’s College Newcastle for the past seven years has been appointed to the Chah of General Chemistry which carries with it Directorship of the Department of Chemistry at Trinity College Dublin.He takes up the new appointment on Ist January. A second chair in the Department of Chemistry has been established at the University of Birmingham and Dr. Maurice Stacey FeEZow (Meldola Medallist) at present Reader in Biological Chemistry has been appointed to it. Dr. T. F. Dixon Member of Council has resigned the position of biochemist to British Drug Houses Ltd. to take up the appointment of Professor of Biochemistry at the Royal Medical College Baghdad Iraq and expects to assume duty at the end of October 1946. This will necessitate his retirement as a General Member of Council.Mr. Julian L. Baker Fellow is retiring from his position as chemist to Watney Combe Reid & Co. Ltd. after 46 years’ service and will be succeeded in that capacity by Dr. L. R. Bishop FeZZow of the Research Department of the Institute of Brewing Birmingham University. Mr. Cyril Dickinson FeZlow,retired from the post of Public Analyst and Bacteriologist to the Metropolitan Borough of Southwark in May after 42+ years’ service. Dr. J. Newton Friend FeZZow has gone to Palestine in connection with the Forces Educational Scheme and is attached to the Middle East Land Forces at Haifa. Mr. J. W. Kerr Merrber of Council is moving from the Glasgow Office of I.C.1. to Billingham at end of October and has therefore been obliged to resign as District Member of Council for the Glasgow and North-West Scotland District.Dr. David Traill Fellow has been elected District Member of Council in his stead. Mr. C. A. F. Hastilow Fellow has been re-elected President of the Paint Materials Association. Mr. H. L. Parsons FeZZow has been appointed Technical Director of Low and Bonar Ltd. Dundee. Dr. G. H. Wyatt FeZZow has been appointed Divisional Chemist at the Stonebridge Park Laboratory of the London Midland and Scottish Railway Company. (The reference to the appointment in JOURNAL 1946 IV 181,was in- AND PROCEEDINGS, correct.] Professor T. S. Wheeler Fellow has been elected Vice-President and Mr. T. W. Breadon Associate Treasurer of the Irish Chemical Association. [ 2191 Dr.F. Heathcoat Fellow Vice-Principal and Head of the Department of Chemistry and Metallurgy at Swansea Technical College has been appointed Principal of the Barnsley Technical College. Mr. S. \V.Butterworth Fellow has resigned his appointment as Head of the Depart- ment of Food Technology Leeds College of Technology and will take charge oftechnical research for Messrs. Birkett & Bostock Ltd. and associated companies. Mr. Ronald Belcher Fellow has been appointed Lecturer in Analytical Chemistry at the University of Aberdeen as from 1st November 1946. Dr. 13. A. ICilby Fellow has been appointed Lecturer in Biochemistry at the Univer- sity of 1,eeds. Dr. W. J. DonaIdson Associate Lecturer in Chemistry at the Constantine Technical College Middlesbrough has been appointed Lecturer in Chemistry at Robert Gordon’s Technical College Aberdeen.Mr. D. M. G. Lloyd Associate has been appointed Lecturer in Chemistry at United College University of St. Andrews. Mr. John Boris Taylor A ssoc;ale who had been falsely reported as deceased (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1945,VI 235; 1946 I 4; 1946 111 115) returned in May this year from service overseas ascaptain R.E.M.E.,and was demobilised on 6th October. It is hoped that this statement will come to the notice of Mr. Taylor’s friends and colleagues and that it will be repeated in any other periodicals that may have published the earlier false report. The Chemical Society.-The telephone number of the office of the Society has been changed to REGent 167516.XXe Congr&s de Chimie 1ndustrielle.-The Congress was held in Paris from 22ntl to 29th September and was attended by several hundred delegates. The Institute was represented by Mr. J. A. Oriel M.C. Member of Council. The Scientific Film Association.-The Association has compiled a Catalogue of Films of General Scientific Interest which has now been published by the -4ssociation of Special Libraries and Information Bureau. It is the first cataIogue of scientific films to contain appraisals based on a definite system of grading as well as full details of the content and availability of the films. Copies are available from the Scientific Film Association 34 Soh0 Square T,ondon W.1 or from ASTJR. Price 5s. M.,post free. (See also p. 242.) Synthetic Resin Bonded-Paper Sheet (Thermosetting) for use in the Building Industry.-The British Standards Institution has issued under this title British Standard 1323 1946 which has been prepared by its Plastics Industry Committee.Copies may be obtained from the British Standards Institution 28 Victoria Street Txmlon S.UT.1 price 2s. net post free. Fluorescent and Phosphorescent Materials (Excluding Radioactive Materials) .-British Standard 1316 1946 with this title has recentIy been prepared by the Chemical IXvisional Council of the British Standards Institution. Copies may be obtained from the Institution (see above) price 2s. net. post free. Radium and Artificial Radioactive Substances.-The Ministry of Supply reports that it has been decided to establish a national centre for the processing and distribution of radium radon and artificial radioactive substances required for scientific medical and industrial purposes.The centre will be a Government establishment to be operated by Thorium IAd. acting as agents for the Ministry of Supply. As a first step the Ministry wilI purchase the radio-chemical business (including buildings and plant) owned by Thorium Ltd. at Amersham Rucks. with the exception of the manufacture of luminous compound and other secondary industrial products. The extraction of radon which has during the war been carried on at Barton in the Clay under the auspices of the Medical Research Council will also be transferred to the new centre. In addition Johnson Matthey & Co. Ltd. are voluntarily handing over to the new centre the whole of the business of filling radium into containers which they have conducted for many years.Certain immediate additions will have to be made to the Amersham premises to enable the centre to meet immediate demands. The Amersham site will not however c 220 1 be large enough permanently to accommodate the centre as it is expected that the work. particularly on the artificial substances will expand considerably. It is intended therefore to remove the centre to new premises when the shortage of building labour has eased and it becomes possible to form aclearer view of the volume and scale of the work. The work of the centre (which will be closely integrated with the Ministry’s activities in the field of atomic energy) will be controlled by a Council which will include represen- tatives of the Ministry of the managing agents and of users of its products.Chemical fnstitute of Canada.-The Annual Conference of the Institute will be held at Banff Alberta on 8th-11th June 1947. Members of the Royal Institute of Chemistry who are likely to be in Canada at that time and able to attend the Conference are invited to communicate with the Secretary Royal Institute of Chemistry. Dr. G. M. Dyson’s Lecture on “A New Notation for Organic Chemistry.”-It is intended that this lecture shall be published as soon as possible as an Institute lecture and that copies be available also to members of the other bodics that sponsored the lecture. By this means the general principles and implications of Dr.Dyson’s System of Notation wiIl be brought to the notice ofthe majority of chemists in this country. Dr. Dyson himself is arranging for the independent publication of an extensive monograph giving full details of the System. SCIENTIFIC MANPOWER CONCLUSIONS OF THE BARLOW COMMITTEE The following summary of conclusions was published in the Barlow Report May 104G by the Committee appointed to consider the use and development of Scientific Manpower. THEIMMEDIATE PROBLEM Demobilisation (1) We have enquired into the procedure for expediting the return of scientists to civil life; we believe that it is adequate to present needs and we have no improvements to recommend (Paras. 6-7.) (2) The fullest possible use should be made of the facilities offered by the Appoint- ments Department of the Ministry of Labour.(Para. 7.) (3) Applications for the release of experienced assistants under Class 13 should be considered sympathetically where it can be shown that if release is not granted the work of a scientist will be held up. (Para. S.) Emergency Accommodatio~t (4) Everything possible should be done to meet the immediate needs of Universities for accommodation particularly the needs of those that have suffered war damage. (Para. 9.) THELONGER TERMPROBLEM Supply avcd Demauid (3) Our esiiniate of the position in 1950 and 1955 may be summarised as follows:- 1950 1955 Minimum requirement of Qualified Scientists. . .. .. .. .. 70,000 90,000 Maximum number likely to be available if expansion in the output of graduates is limited to that envisaged in the returns furnished by the Universities to the University Grants Committee ..60,000 G4,OOO -I Deficit .. .. .. .. 10,000 26,000(Paras. 10-22.) [ 221 3 (6) It is essential therefore that the output of scientific graduates should be increased very much above the level of expansion at present envisaged by the Universities; the immediate aim should be to double the present output giving us approximately 5000 new scientists every year at the earliest possible moment. (Para.23.) (7) There is available in the population a large reserve of innate intelligence. Its size is such that while recognising the need for other qualities also we assume that there is available more suitable material than we could hope to take into our Universities by any degree of expansion practicable within the next ten years.But financial assistance must be forthcoming on a larger scale if much of the available talent is not to be lost to the Universities. (Paras. 25-28.) (8) Even if the total student population in British Universities were doubled this country would still fall short of a number of European countries and the United States of America in the relative provision which it makes for higher education. (Para. 29.) Technological Educution (9) (a) We support the recommendation of the Percy Committee on Higher Techno- logical Education that there should be developed at a selected and limited number of Technical Colleges full-time technological courses of University degree standard.(Paras. 30-31.) (b) The status of these higher technological colleges and the bonds between them and the existing Universities (including facilities for post-graduate research) should be strengthened wherever possible so as to raise the currency of technological qualifications. (Para. 33.) (c) The increased facilities to be offered by Technical Colleges does not relieve the Universities from their responsibility for training a high proportion of the nation’s first- class technologists; the expansion in the output of graduates should be not less pro-portionately in technology than in pure science. (Para. 34.) (d) Urgent consideration should be given to the development preferably in Uni- versity cities of a few Institutes of Technology designed to maintain the highest possible standards of study and research.(Para. 35.) The Humanities (10) We hope to see a substantial expansion in the number of students studying the humanities; the humanities should not be sacrificed to the need for an increased output of scientists and technologists. (Para. 36.) The Capacity of the universities to Expand (11) It is of great importance that the Universities should be assured that in future they will be able to rely on adequate and continuing assistance from the Exchequer Cowards any project for which good cause is shown. (Para. 37.) (12) We are reasonably sure that even in the next few years there will be no lack of (13) We make a number of proposals which might help to mitigate the university trained students to fill the expanding universities.(Para. 39.) accommodation problem (para. 40) ; we attach great importance to the provision of halls of residence and other facilities for corporate life in the Civic Universities. (Para. 52.) (14) In science at least there is ground for believing that a vigorous drive for new university teachers would meet with a very considerable measure of success; we make certain detailed recommendations regarding the steps which the Universities might take to secure additional teachers. (Paras. 41-42.) (15) To improve teaching efficiency and to give individual teachers adequate time for their own research any expansion in the number of students should be accompanied by a proportionately larger expansion in the number of teachers.(Para. 43.) (16) Everything possible should be done to meet the demand of students from the Commonwealth and from foreicn countries for places in British Universities and to increase the size of the Universbities to enable these students to be accepted without excluding students from this country. (Para. 44.) The Problems of the Individual Upziversities (17) Oxford and Cambridge The two ancient Universities should regard it as a duty to make a contribution towards meeting the nation’s enlarged requirements for L 222 1 graduates; this might be possible by the enlargement of some of the smaller of the existing colleges or by the foundation of one or more new colleges.(Para. 47.) (18) London There is scope for an expansion in the student population of London University although such expansion may involve adopting a policy of decentralisation. (Para. 48.) (19) English Civic Universities and the University of Wales A realIy substantial expansion here depends to a considerable ex tent on the Universities concerned bcing able to compete with Oxford Cambridge and London for the limited supply of talented students; to this end the Civic Universities must improve their amenities and the educational authorities should consider urgently a revision of the scholarship system. (Paras. 49-52.) (20) The University Colleges :The existing University Colleges can be substantially expanded and the possibility of founding new University Colleges in large centres of population should be considered.(Paras. 32 and 53.) (21) Scotland :There is we think still scope for expansion in the size of the Scottish Universities. (Para. 54.) (22) A New University The possibility of bringing into existence at Ieast one completely new University should be considered as soon as possible. (Para. 55.) The Quality of Science Teaching (23) This depends largely on the quality of research and every effort should therefore be made to ensure that adequate facilities for research are available for post-graduate students and for university staffs. (Para. 66.) THEEFFECT OF OUR PROPOSALS (24) When all possible measures have been taken to expand the output of graduates the nation will certainly be seriously short of scientists in 19S0 and is unlikely to have an adequate supply by 1955.(Paras. 57-58.) (25) In the allocation of our limited supply of scientists during the reconstruction period the order of preference should be:- (i) Teaching and Fundamental Research; (ii) Civil Science both Government and Industrial; (iii) Defence Science. (Para. 59.) (26) It is important to maintain an adequate nucleus of able scientists working on the problems of defence. (Para. 60 (c).) (27) The order of priority set out in conclusion (25) should be kept under constant review by the Government. (Para. 60 (d).) (28).As one means of implementing this order of priority the attractions of an academic career should be improved. The provision of more secretarial assistance and office machinery for university teachers would not only contribute to this end but would materially increase the efficiency of the Universities.(Para. 61.) (29) We do not think that the universities need be deterred from expanding their facilities in order to produce 5000 scientific graduates per annum by any fear that this wilI leave them with excessive staffs and accommodation once the demand for qualified scientists has levelled out. (Para. 62.) In conclusion we wouId like to guard ourselves against an imputation to which we fear that our report may lay us open namely that we are imbued with a narrowly materialistic view of the functions of a University. We are well aware that the training of specialists is not the only or even the most important function of a University and we know that the Universities themselves will strive to ensure that every student can seek the full life within their precincts and that specialised knowledge is not bought at the expense of wisdom.Signed on behalf of the Committee J. A. BARLOW, Chnirw-zaiz. M.T.FLETT,Secvetary. SCIENCE IN PARLIAMENT (May-A %gust 1946) Atomic Energy.-MR. WILMOT,MINISTER OF SUPPI;IY, in reply to a question by Mr. Blackburn on 8th July An atomic energy “pile capable of producing radio- active isotopes is nearing completion in Canada and arrangements have been made for the distribution of some of its products to recognised institutions in the United Kingdom. Production of radioactive isotopes will commence in this country on the completion of the “ piles ” now under construction.NOEL-BAKER, MR.PHILIP MINISTER OF STATE,in the course of a debate on the Atomic Energy Commission opened by Mr. Blackburn on 2nd August His Majesty’s Government fully accept the principle of control and believe that a practicable scheme can be devised . . . . We believe that all the legal political scientific and adminis- trative problems which are involved have got to be solved and solved together in cz single common plan . . . . The plan must also include provision for promoting the peaceful use of atomic energy . . . . How were we going to get this plan? It has been suggested that we might summon a special scientists’ conference to do it for us. Scientists in a private capacity have rendered great service already during this last year.I could cite some of these services and I hope that they will continue to render them. But I am quite sure that the Government should not push on to the scientists the responsibility which ought to be their own. An eminent scientist said to me the other day that this is not a scientific problem at all; it is scientifically a perfectly simple matter on which they could write out what you need to know to solve it in a very short time. It is a political and administrative problem with which the Government must deal. That brings me to speak of the organisation of the Commission. First there is the Atomic Energy Commission which consists of members of the Security Council together with representatives of Canada.Then there is a Sub-committee which is mainly of a political character and deals with the system of control and the Working Committee which consists of one representative from each member of the Commission; there is the Scientific and Technical Committee and there is a Legal Committee. On the Scientific Committee we have some of the most eminent figures in the world-Sir James Chadwick Sir George Thomson Mr. Oppenheimer M Curie,* Mr. Bkobeltzin and others. Russia takes a full part on all committees and is playing a very active part. Coal Research.-In the Committee stage of the Coal Industry Nationalisation Bill discussion took place in the House of Lords on 18th June on an amendment moved by Lord Mar1ey:o insert in the Bill a more specific reference to research involving participation in the conduct of any organisation set up in consultation with or by the Minister for the purpose of promoting and co-ordinating scientific research and development relating to the working and getting of coal the treatment of coal the manufacture of products and derivatives of coal the efficient utilisation of coal and coal products and the safety and health of persons employed in or ahoy coalmines or in connection with any colliery activities ”; and enabling the Board to contribute to the expenses of such organisation in any year a sum not exceeding the produce of a levy of sixpence a ton of coal raised during the year or such greater sum as may be specifically approved by the Minister.” LORD MARLEY I know that a great deal has been done but with such limited facilities we have not been able to get good value.The Fuel Research Station of the D.S.I.R.is doing admirable work but with inadequate facilities . . . Then of course we have had B.C.U.R.A. which has also spent considerable sums and which has planned to spend .&?OO,OOO a year in future years; of this sum &60,000 comes from D.S.I.R. and &100,000from a levy on coal. The Gas Research Board spent L32,OOO on research last year and in the Gas Industries’ Report issued as a Command Paper last December the Committee indicated that in their opinion not less than L200,OOO a year should be spent by the Gas Research Board . . . . Finally let me say that research does mean more scientists.You cannot get research merely by spending money. That is why this is a permissive suggestion. It means that we have got to plan ahead for scientific manpower and in this connection we have the Report of the Committee on Scientific Manpower which was issued last May as a White Paper Cmd. 6824 (see p. 221). In hat Report they made it clear that we must have better conditions for scientists; that means better salaries better prospects and better training for future scientists- again all costing money. * Presumably Professor Joliot. [ 2243 LORDWINSTER, in the course of the reply for the Government The Parliamentary and Scientific Committee has done most useful work over a long period of years in calling attention to matters connected with research in the mining industry and more especially I have always felt in calling attention to the necessity for securing a greater intake of scientists and research workers and in proposing various means and methods whereby that could be done.Because I feel so much sympathy with what has been said I regret all the more that I cannot accept my noble friend’s amendment . . . but I am happy to say that I can give him the assurance of the Government’s intentions in this matter for which he asks. My right honourable friend the Minister of Fuel and Power is in full agreement with the necessity for research and for spending large sums of money on research and has gone on record as saying that without research it is very doubtful whether the industry can pay its way and prosper or whether it can promote the right kind of re-organisation [see JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1946 IV 1911.It is the view of the Government that research is required not merely for the purpose of revising and re-organising the mining industry but because the Govern- ment have in contemplation the co-ordination of all forms of fuel and power. Nationalisa-tion of the coal industry must be considered in relation to the gas and electricity industries and to the promotion of full-scale carbonisation. It is on that account that the Government is determined that research must be pressed on with and that adequate sums of money must be spent on it . . . . The appointment of Sir Charles Ellis to sit on the Coal Board is I think good evidence of the Government’s intentions in thismatter.There will be a Research Department entrusted with the task of gathering up all possible means of research and of existing research schemes and this Department will seek to promote research upon an increasing scale . . . . There are still some uncertainties as to what will be dealt with directly by the Minister what will be dealt with by the Fuel Research Board and also what will fall more properly within the purview of the Coal Board. But I can say that the Government recognise that research especially as to methods of production and treatment of coal has been much neglected in the past and the Minister of Fuel and Power anticipates a much greater expenditurc by the Board on research of all kinds than the relatively small and insufficient sums which have been spent heretofore.In view of these assurances perhaps my noble friend will be able to withdraw his amendment. The amendment was by leave withdrawn. Engineering Research and Development.-&lR. HERBERT MORRISON,LORDPRESI-DENT OF THE COUNCIL, in reply to a question by Mr. Ayles on 22nd July The estimated expenditure by His Majesty’s Government for the current financial year directly classifiable as for engineering research and development is &740,000. This includes work carried out by the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research and by the National Institute of Agricultural Engineering. The staff men and women employed on this work numbers 1049. Fifteen industrial research associations are engaged primarily on engineering research and development and they received during the last financial year k245,OOO in Government grant through the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research.They employ about 960 staff. In addition to work which is directly classifiable as engineering research or development a large proportion of the research and development work undertaken by some other Government Depart- ments has engineering applications or aspects. This is predominantly the case in the Ministry of Supply and Admiralty which undertake research on armaments ship propulsion plant and aircraft and the results of this research are made available where possible to industry . . . . The whole field of engineering research for civil needs has just been examined by my Advisory Council for Scientifrc and Industrial Hesearch and 1 have approved proposals for the establishment of a Mechanical Engineering Research Establishment and an Establishment for research on “ loose boundary ” liydraulics to be carried out by the D.S.I.R.Land Fertility (Research) Fund.-MR. T. WILLIAfifs MINISTEROF AGRICULTURE,. in reply to Mr. York on 3rd July The purpose of the Land Fertility Research Fund is to promote research investigation and instruction in the use of lime as a means of promoting the fertility of the soil . . . . The bulk of the work now in hand is carried out by assistants on the staffs of the thirteen provincial agricultural advisory centres. attached to universities and agricultural colleges in various parts of the country and involves the sampling of soils the analysis of the soil samples and the preparation of reports embodying advice on lime application; and also experimental work designed to ascertain the most suitable finenesses of lime of various types for agricultural purposes.Work is also undertaken at these cen-tres as opportunity offers on the Lime Deficiency Survey of England and Wales started in 1937 but largely suspended during the war. [ 225 J Msdical Research Council (Grants).-MR. DALTON OF THE EXCHEQUER, CHANCELLOR in the course of his reply to a question on 29th July by Mr. Peter Freeman Whereas grants to the Medical Research Council in the years immediately preceding the war were L195,OOO per annum the grants in 1945-46 and 1946-47 were respectively fj295,OOO and k480,000 the latter including k100,OOO capital building grant.Medical research is also assisted by the Exchequer grants made to universities and teaching hospitals though it is not possible to say what proportion of these grants is spent for this purpose. Scientific Civil Service.4n 25th June MR. ERROLL asked the Chancellor of the Exchequer whether he is aware that proposals have been made to re-grade scientific officers in the Civil Service with first- and second-class Honours Degrees into the experimental officer class for which such qualifications are unnecessary; and whether in view of the need to conserve scientific manpower as indicated by the Report of the Committee on Scientific Manpower he will arrange for an investigation to be made into the present use of scientific manpower in the Civil Service with a view to ensuring that inen and women with high qualifications are not wasted in the lower grades which could easily be filled by persons of lesser attainments.MR.DALTON: Efficiency in the use of scientific manpower is one of the main purposes of the new scheme and I see no reason for any special investigation. The strengthened class of experimental officers will play an important part and it must not be assumed that the holder of a good Honours Degree would be wasted there. MR. ERROLL: But will the Government realise that such a person would not be wasted if he could be put to very much better use by being employed in a capacity appropriate to his attainments? MR.DALTON: \Ve are anxious to make full use of capable scientists in all branches of science and with all sorts of different qualifications.I do not think the hon. Gentleman need fear that we shall waste any talents that can be brought into the public service. Scientific Manpower.-MR. HERBERT LORD PRESIDENT MORRISON OF THE COUNCIL, in reply to Mr. Phillips Price on 27th May The Committee appointed to consider the use of the nation’s scientific manpower and resources during the next 10 years have reported and their report [the Barlow Report] which makes a strong case for a very substantial expansion in the output of qualified scientists from the universities at the earliest possible date has been published to-day. The Government are in general agreement with the conclusions of the Committee (see p.221) which we recognise will involve a substantial liability on the Exchequer. We hope that they will receive the immediate and serious consideration of the university authorities so that detailed proposals for giving efiect to them canbe formulated in consultation with the University Grants Committee. Scientific Research (Tax Allowance).-On 22nd July SIRERNEST GRAHAM-LITTLE asked the Chancellor of the Exchequer if he will consider a refusal by the Board of Inland Revenue of a claim by Dr. Arnold Renshaw a distinguished graduate of London University for his laboratory to be granted special allowance for depreciation in respect of scientific research equipment in view of the work in medical research carried out by this laboratory for the past 20 years; and whether he will extend the same provision to other laboratories similarly circumstanced.MR. DALTON:No Sir. The provisions of the Finance Act 1944 which grant a special allowance for expenditure on scientific research apply only to traders and not to persons carrying on professions. University Grants Committee (Terms of Reference).-MR. DALTON. CHANCELLOR OF THE EXCHEQUER, in reply to a question by Mr. E Fletcher on 30th July as to whether he had considered the terms of reference of the University Grants Committee Yes Sir. I am anxious that in this new phase of rapid expansion and planned development of our universities the Committee should playa more positive and influential part than in the past.The Committee have therefore been given new terms of reference as follows ‘‘To enquire into the financial needs of University education in Great Britain; to advise the Government as to the application of any grants made by Parliament towards meeting them; to collect examine and make available information on matters relating to University education at home and abroad; and to assist in consultation with the universities and other bodies concerned the preparation and execution of such plans for the development of the universities as may from time to time be required in order to ensure that they are fully adequate to national needs.” EXAMINATIONS SEPTEMBER f 946 ABSTRACT OF THE REPORT OF THE BOARD OF EXAMINERS Kxaniinations were held as under :-Entered Passcd For the Associateship in General Chemistry.Examiners Dr. G. M. Bennett and I’rofessor Williaiii Wardlaw. The examination was held in the week commencing Monday 16th September at tho University of London South Kensington and at the Royal Technical CoIlege Glasgow some theoretical papers being taken in other centres .. 61 For the Fellowship. The examinations were held in the week conimencing Monday, 2Yrd September at the Institute and in the Laboratories of the University of London South Kensington except where otherwise stated. Braitch A :Inorganic Chemistry. Examiner Professor W. Wardlaw .. *. .. .. I I Branch C Organic Chemistry. Examiner Dr. G. M. Bennett . . .. .. .. 1 1 With special reference to Oils and Fats.Examiner Mr. W. H. Simmons . . .. .. .. 1 o* Branch U Biochemistry. Examiner :Professor R. A. Morton. f. At the Univcrsity of Liverpool .. .. .. 1 1 With special reference to Nutrition and Vitamins . . .. 1 1 Urawch E TJte Chemistry including Microscopy of Food and Drugs and of Water. Examiners Dr. H. E. Cox and Dr. C. H. Hampshire . . 7 4t Branch G:Industrial Chemistry. General Examiner Mr. H. W. Cremer. With special reference to Petroleum. Examiner Professor F. H. Garner. At the University of Birmingham .. .. .* .* 1 I With special veference to the Manufacture of Pulp and Paper. Examiner Dr. H. A. Harrison . . .. .. .. 1 1 With special reference to the Manufacture of Rayon. Examiner :Mr. F. Scholefield. At the College of Technology Manchester .... I 0 Branch H General Analytical Chemistry. Examiner Mr. H. N. Wilson . . .. .. .. 1 -77 = * Failed in part only of the examination. t 1candidate completed his exaniination by satisfying the Examiners in those parts in which he had previously faiIed. [227 -j EXAMINATION FOR THE ASSOCIATESHIP IN GENERAL CHEMISTRY MONDAY 16th SEPTEMBER 1946 10 am. to 1 p.m. (Answer FIVE questions only. Answer concisely and to the point. Give formulm and equations where Possible.) 1. Describe how ONE substance of industrial value may be obtained from EACH of the following (a) bauxite (b) rock phosphate (c) pyrolusite. Give a brief account of the properties of the substances you select. 2. Summarise some of the more important relationships between physical properties and chemical constitution.3. Discuss the valencies exhibited by iodine and outline the uses of this element and its compounds in quantitative analysis. 4. Write an account of EITHER (a) modern views on acid and base catalysed re- actions OR (b) methods for the separation (partial or complete) of isotopes. 5. Discuss features of interest in the chemistry of the compounds of EITHER (a) boron! OR (b) cobalt. 6. Give an account of adsorption with special reference to industrial processes and analytical procedures. 7. By special reference to THREE examples discuss the statement that the first member of a group of elements in the Periodic classification has properties which are not typical of the other members of the group.2 to 5 p.m. (Answer FIVE questions only. Answer concisely and to the point. Give forntula and equations where possible.) 1. Indicate the diaerent ways in which electricity may be used on an industrial scale for the preparation of chemical elements or coInpunds. Illustrate your answer by suitable examples. 2. Write notes on TWO of the following:- (a) conductometric titrations; (b) the colloidal state; (c) the osmotic pressure of dilute solutions. 3. Compare and contrast the properties of typical hydrides including those of non-stoichiometric composition. 4. Derive the van't Hoff isochore and discuss its usefulness to the chemist. In a reaction of the type X + E' + 2 XY there were produced at equilibrium at 445" C.3.70 moles ofXY from 2.06 moles of X and 3-19 moles of Y,. When the reaction was carried out at 55OoC. the equilibrium constant was 30. Calculate the heat of reaction. 5. Give some account of the historically important researches on EITHER (a) thermal dissociation OK (b) the use of the spectroscope in the discovery of elements. 0. Write an essay on EITHER (a) the methods of investigation and the nature of unimolecular films on liquid surfaces OR (b) the meaning and determination of the " order " of a chemical reaction. 7. Describe the preparation properties and chief reactions of FOUR of the following substances calcium cyanamide chromyl chloride nickel carbonyl hydrazine sulphatr ammonium niolybdate sodium bismu thate. TUESDAY 17th SEPTEMBER 1946 10 am.to 1 P.w.z. (Answer FOUR questions only. Write concisely aozd to the point. Gave formula and equations where possible.) 1. How is acetic acid synthesised on the industrial scale? Briefly 'indicate how you would prepare any SIX of the following substances from acetic acid:- diethyl malonate glycine chloroform acetaldehyde succinic acid methyl- (1iethylcarbinol ethylamine. pi iiacol. [ 328 J 2. llcscribe the classicdl method for the determination of carbon and hydrogen in an organic compound containing nitrogen and sulphur. What are (a) the essential modifications introduced (b) the special advantages in the microanalytical method which has largely superseded it ? 3. Give a convenient laboratory method for each of the following chemical operations:-(a) reduction of a ketone to the corresponding hydrocarbon (h) conversion of an aldehyde into a saturated acid with two extra carbon atoms in the molecule; (c) conversion of an alcohol into its homologue with two additional carbon atoms; (d) conversion of an acid into its next higher homologue; (e) reduction of a nitro-aldehyde or ketone to the corresponding nitro-alcohol.4. IYrite notes on the isomerism dispIayed by each of the following:- cinnamic acid phenyltolylketexime azobenzene rn-carboxyphenylmethyl-sulphoxide phenylmethylethylaniline oxide benzenesulphonyl-S-nitro-l-naphthyl-glycine. 5. Give briefly the chief methods by which quinoline and isoquinoline compounds may be synthesised.What special reactivity is shown by a methyl group substituted in the quinoline or isoquinoline molecule and under what conditions? Discuss the reactions which give rise to (a) qninoline yellow and (b) a cyanine dye. 0. How was the presence of a furanoid ring in the sucrose molecule demonstrated? Discuss the formula of sucrose in detail and show that this formula accounts for the characteristic properties of the sugar. 7. Discuss the evidence on which the accepted formula of ONE of the following is based :-rosaniline camphor uric acid. 2 to 3.30p.m. Translation of French and German technical literature. WEDNESDAY 18th SEPTEMBER 1946 10 a.m. to 4.30 9.m. (Lengthy descriptions of practical work are not required. &fake concise notes of your experiments as the?) are .riiade and where possible in tabular form.State your $final conclusions clearly. ) 1. Solution (A) has been made by dissoIving in I litre 50 grams of a sample known to contain glycine and neutral sodium salts. Determine the amount of glycine in 1 litre of (A) and deduce the percentage of glycine in the sample. \-ou are provided with pure glycine and aqueous formaldehyde. (Candidates were provided with experimental instructions.) 2. Exaniinc the substance (B)with a view to its identification prepare two crystal- line derivativcs and leave specimens labelled with name and m.p. [(R) = p-chloro-benzoic acid or 4-chlorophthslic acid.] THUHSDA I',19th SEPTEMBER 1946 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. (Length-y descriptions of practical work are not required.Make concise wotes of your exper.t:me?tts as they are made and where possible in tabular form. State your final conclusions clearly.) 1. From the given phenolic compound (C) prepare pure specimens of (a) the benzoyl derivative (b) the bromo-derivative (c)the toluenesulphonyl derivative (d)the P;naphthylazo-derivative (e) the nitro-compound obtained with an excess of fuming nitric acid. [For (e) use not more than I gram of (C,) in any one experiment and work at a fume cupboard.] Leave specimens labelled with their name and m.y. [(C) = n~-cresol.] 2. Identify the substance (D). [(D) = thiourea or diphenylthiocarbamide.] c 229 3 FRIDAY 20th SEPTEMBER 1946 10 a.m. to 4.30 fi.m. 1. Examine the solid (E) and ascertain its constituents.[(E) = a mixture of LiF and CaSO,.] 2. The solution (F) contains sodium chromate and scidium sulphate. Determine the chromate and sulphate and express the results as grams of CrO and grams of SO per litre of solution (F). These exercises must be completed to-day. SATURDAY 21st SEPTEMBER 1946 10 a.m. to 4.30 pm. 1. You are supplied with a solution of copper sulphate (G) and a solution of ammonia (H). Find the concentrations of these solutions and investigate the distribu- tion of ammonia between the aqueous copper sulphate solution and chloroform Deduce the formula for the cuprammonium ion from your results. (Candidates were supplied with experimental instructions.) EXAMINATIONS FOR THE FELLOWSHIP Branch A Inorganic Chemistry MONDAY 23rd SEPTEMBER 1946 10 a.m.to 1p-m. (Answer FOUR questions oaly.) 1. What general methods are available for the preparation of metallic elements? Give examples to indicate the uses and limitations of each method. 2. Discuss critically methods of purification and criteria of purity as applied to inorganic substances. 3. Mention the general differences in crystalline structure between simple salts and organic compounds. How is the structure of simple salts influenced by (a) ionic size (b)the stoichiometric ratio of the ions? 4. Write an account of the uses of complexes and complex salt formation in analytizl chemistry. 5. The neutron proved to be the most effective particle for inducing nuclear changes.’’ Discuss this statement.6. Critically examine the modern views on the types of bonds between atoms. 2 to 5 l5.m. (Answer THREE questions only.) 1. Write an account of the preparation of chemical compound.^ by electrolytic and electrothermal processes. 2. Discuss the aliotropy of the elements with special reference to carbon sulphur iron and tin. 3. Write an essay on “Colour in inorganic compounds.” 4. Give an account of the chemistry and structures of the silicates. 6. Bromine is said to react with sodium thiosulphate in dilute aqueous solution according to the equation :-N+S20 -{-5H20 -i-4Br2 = 2NaHS0 -+ 8HBr. What experiments would you make to prove that the reaction given above does actually take place and how would you determine whether the reaction goes quantitatively ? 6.Give an account of any original investigation with which yo11 have been associated in the field of inorganic chemistry. TUESDAY to THCrRSDnlY 24th to 26th SEPTE.lfRER 1946 10 4.911. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. The given solution (A) contains only sodium salts. Determine the weight of sodium in 1 litre of the solution by estimating the sodium as (a) sodium chloride (b)sodium sulphate (c)sodium zinc uranyl acetate. Comment on your results. 2. Prepare in as pure a state as possible samples of the metallic salts of dithionic, trithionic and tetrathionic acids respectively. Analyse the three substances to establish their composition. These exercises must be completed by the end of Thzrvsday 26th September. [ 2301 FRIDAY 27th SEPTEMBER 1946 10 a.m.to 5 p.m.1. Assuming that the zinc provided contains zinc and zinc oxide only determine the total zinc content (a) by precipitation with ammonium phosphate and conversion to pyro- phosphate ; (b) by precipitation as zinc mercuric thiocyanate and titration with standard potassium iodate solution Zn(Hg(CKS),) + 6KI0 + 12HC1 = ZnSO + HgSO + 2H,S04 + 4HCN + 61C1 + 6KC1 + 2H,O; (c) volumetrically by titration with ferrocyanide solution. Comment critically on the methods and on the results you obtain by them. Branch C Organic Chemistry I)/IONDAY 23rd SEPTEMBER 1946 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (THREE questions to he answered.) 1. Describe the developments which have occurred in recent years in the chemistry of the paraffins and olefins.2. Explain giving examples the use of any SIX of the following substances in organic chemistry selenium maleic anhydride diazoacetic ester periodic acid sodamide thoria copper powder phenyl isocyanate. 3. Explain the meaning ofthe following terms and discuss the circumstances and the mechanism of the changes involved mutarotation racemisation asymmetric transformation. 4. Discuss the way in which the strengths of organic acids and bases depend on their composition and structure. 5. How was the nature of the osygen ring in the molecule of normal glucose determined ? Discuss the mode of attachment of the units in the structures of (a) maltose and starch and (b) cellobiose and cellulose. 6. Give the chemical evidence for the structure of ONE ofthe folIowing substances cineole cinchonine tryptophan.2 to 5 p.m. (THREE guestiom to be answered.) 1. Give methods by which any SIX of the following may be prepared from simpler materials dimethylglyoxime acetonylacetone methylene blue thioindigo B-eucaine a rhodamine phthalocyanine cyclooctatetraene. 3. Illustrate by specific examples the value of the study of dipole moment? in organic chemistry. 3. How may diazoketones be prepared? Explain their uses in synthetic work. 4. What do you consider to be the outstanding developments in stereochemistry 5. Describe the methods which are available for the introduction of arsenic into since the time of Pasteur? aromatic compounds. 6.Give a general account of the chemistry of EITHER the sex hormones OK the sesquit erpenes. TUESDr3 I’ md WEDNESDA Y 24th and 25th SE PTEMRER 1946 10 am. to 6 pm. each day. 1. Determine the proportions of mono- and dimethylanilines in the specimen (B). 2. Examine the ester (C). Tsolate pure specimens of the alcohol and the acid. Prepare a crystalline derivative of the alcohol. DeTermine the percentage ofSilver in the silver salt of the acid. i(C) -butyl phtha1ate.i 3. Identify the substance present in solution (n). [(D) = lactic acid.] c 231 1 THZJRSD;1 I’ ctird FHIL,,-I 1’. 26th u~d 27th SI?PTE,4IHEH. 19-M LO u,/it. to 6 p.ni. each day. 1. From the acetanilidc provided prepare pure specimens of o-nitraniline and o-phen ylenediamine.From the benzaldehyde provided prepare pure specimens of benzoin benzil and benzilic acid. Isolate a pure specimen of 2 :3-diphenyfquinoxaline. Leave specimens labelled with names and m.p. 1. Identify the substance (E). [(E) = theobromine.] 3. Identify the substance (F). [(F) = d-arabinose.] Branch C Organic Chemistry with special reference to Oils and Fats MOATDAY,23rd SEPTEMBER 1946 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (See p. 231.) 2 to 5 p.m. (FIVE questions ONLY to be attempted.) 1. Give an outline of the methods employed for determining the constitution of oils and fats. What do you understand by “the law of even distribution”? 2. Give an account of the composition of the unsaponifiable matter of oils and fats. About what quantities would you expect to find in coconut maize shea nut shark liver and sperm oils? 3.Name the principal colouring matters found in vegetable oils giving their constitution and properties. Describe two general methods for oil bleaching. 4. Give a short account ofthe constitution and properties of substances used as soap substitutes. 5. Describe the effects of heat on (1) coconut oil (2) linseed oil (3) tung oil and (4) castor oil. 6. Explain what happens in the determination of the iodine value of tung oil by the Wijs method and describe a method by which the total unsaturation of the oilmay be determined. 7. Discuss the formation of isomers of oleic acid in industrial processes and the effects they have on the products obtained. 8. Give three examples of the harmful effects of traces of metallic or other mineral impurities in fats used for industrial purposes.TtIESDAY to FRIDAY 24th to 27th SEPTEMBER 1946 10 a.m.to 5 p.9n. each day. 1. Identify the substance (G). [(G) = glyceryl monostearate.] 3. Report upon the suitability for paint manufacture of a sample of linseed oil (H). 3. Determine the total fatty matter in the sulphated fatty alcohol paste (I) and 4. Report on the quality of the sample of stearine (J). ascertain the molecular weight of the alcohol. Branch D Biochemistry MONDAY 23vd SEPTEMBER 1846 10 am. to 1 pm. (Ansmev FOUR questions only.) 1. Discuss the value of TWO of the following in biochemical research and describe ONE in detail:-(a)deuterium; (b) electrophoresis; (c) chromatography ; (d) ultra-violet spectrophotometry ; (e) X-ray crystallography.2. Write an essay on urea. 3. Give an account of the methods whereby different proteins can be compared in [ 2323 respect of their nutritional value. 4. Write a critical account of developments in knowledge concerning fat metabolism. G. Consider a large group of people accustonied to a mixed diet averaging 3000 Cal./day and for a period of 6 months reduced to 2600 Cal./day followed by a further reduction to 1500 Cal./day for the next six months. Explain as fully as you can the consequences which might be expected if the diets were qualitatively similar. 6. Describe the biochemical functions of iodine and fluorine.7. Discuss diabetes niellitus from the biochemical standpoint. 2 to 5 P.m. (Answer FOUR questioizs mZy.) 1. Write an essay on EITHER provitamins and vitamins A OR provitamins and vitamins D. 2. Discuss the modes of action in the body of nicotinamide riboflavin and aneurhe. 3. Summarise recent advances in knowledge concerning the B complex omitting thc substances referred to in C,.2. 4. Give an account of the role oE trace element:; in nutrition. 5. Discuss the principles governing trustworthy biological assuys of vitamins and other substances possessing specific physiological effects. 6. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the fortification of foodstuffs with concentrates or synthetic products.7. Write an essay on EITHER the hormones of the pituitary body OR the hortnoncs of the adrenals. TUESDA Y 24th SEPTEMBER 1946 10 U,WL to 5 PJH. 1. Carry out a qualitative and quantitative cxamination of the mixed foodstuH (A). This exercise winy be completed to-morrow. WEDNESDAY 26th SEPTEMBER 1946 10 a.w. lo 5 P.~N. 1 Complete yesterday’s exercise 1. 2. Report on the carotene content of thc sample of dried grass (13). This exercise way be completed to-morrow. TH URSDA Y and FMDA Y 26th ard 2711~SEPTEMBER 1946 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each duy 1 Complete yesterday’s exercise 2. 2. Prepare a sample of ergosterol from thc yeast (C). Determine the percentage of non-saponifiablc matter obtainable from tho yeast and estimate the percentage of ergosterol therein.Branch E The Chemistry including Microscopy of Food and Drugs and of Water MONDA Y 23rd SEPTEMBER 1948 10 tc.m to 11.30 pm. 1. How may the following additions be detected and determined in flour (a)creta 2. What methods are available for differentiating between animal and vegetable preparata (b) milk powder (c) improvers (d) bleaching agents (e) raising ingredients. pollution and between phenols derived from tarred roads or from vegetation in water supplies. 3. Write an essay on modern colorimetric methods as applicable to the analysis of foodstuffs. 233 J 11.30 a.m. to 1 p.ni. (ONLYTHKEE qztesiioiis to be amwered.) 1. Write short notes on the pharmacological actions and therapeutic uses of ((4) ephedrine (b) emetine bismuth iodide (c) sodium nitrite (d)sodium sulphate (c) iodine.5. Describe the pharmacological actions of the drugs of the digitalis group. How are these drugs standardised ? 3. Outline the principal yharinacological effects of opium. Corilparc the uses Of the separated alkaloids with thosc of opium and its galenical preparations. 4. Describe in outline the procedures you would follow for the detection and determination of the following drugs in urine (N) morphine (b) alcohol (c) su1ph:l-thiazole. 3 to 5 pm. (Answer FIVE questions.) 1. Describe methods suitable for the routine bacteriological cxatnitiation of a drinking water from a shallow well. 3. How would you examine a pottcd meat thought to have caused severe sickncss of a consumer ? 3.Suggest definitions or standards for the following giving reasons for your views (a)cocktails (b) chocolate cake powder (c) cocoa powder (d) essence of lemon. 4. What methods are available for the estimation of vitamins A D and E in 5 fatty product ? 5. Discuss the causes prevention and determination of oxidative spoilage ill edible fats. 6. Write an essay on milk standards having regard to existing legislation case law and regulations and their enforcement. I’UESDA Y 24th SEPTEMBER 1946 10 a.m. to 5 Pm. 1. Determine the ascorbic acid content of the fruit juice (K). 2. Make a complete analysis of the condensed milk (L). This exercise may be completed to-morvow.WEDNESDAY 25th SEPTEMBER 1946 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercise 2. 2. Determine the “impurities” in the raw spirit (M). This exercise may be completed to-morrow. THUNSUAY 26th SEPTEMBER 1946 10 am. to 5 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercise 2. 2. Determine the total protein and amino-acids in the meat extract (N). This exercis;? may be completed to-morrow. FNIDA Y,27th SEYTEiVIBER 194G 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercise 2. 2. Identify the specimens (0),(P) (Q) (R) and (S). 3. Determine the saccharin in the “soft drink” (T). SATURDAY 28th SEPTEMBER 1946 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. (Reports of microscopical examinations should be accompanied by annotated sketches.) 1.Identify by microscopical examination the drugs (U),(V) (W) (X) and examine 2. Make a microscopical examination of the tablets (k’)with a view to identifying 3. Identify the poison in the Liniment (2). them for the presence of adulterants. the ingredients. E 234 3 Branch G Industrial Chemistry -1IOND-4 I. SSrd SEPTEMBER 1946 10 a.m. to 1 P.m. (Atiswer @restion 1 and my THREE other questions.) (This paper was fakeit bv all Cavrdidafes in this Brat,cla.) 1. Discuss the means whereby you would keep watch on the combustion efficiency of a factory steani-raising plant. 2. Give some account of the types of chemical products which depend upon agri- culture for their raw materials. 3. What type of equipment would you use for the following processes? (a) Solution of fused lump caustic soda in water.(6) The breaking down of strong sulphuric acid to a 30 per cent. solution. (L) The removal of from 1 to 2 per cent. of sulphur dioxide from air. (d) The movement and storage of glacial acetic acid. lllustrate your remarks by nieaiis of simple sketches and indicate the materiala of construction you would recommend for the plant in question. 4. Discuss the working of the Alkali Works etc. Regulation Act (Alkali Act). What responsibilities have factory managers with regard to this measure ? 6. What type of information must be collected in order to present a periodic statement of process efficiency and cost? Draft a form of return you would require from a typical process section and explain how the information thereon is incorporated in a production cost statement.6. Write notes on the following -(a) Freeze drying; (6) Molecular distillation ; (c) Wetting agents. Branch G Industrial Chemistry with special reference to Petroleum THI/’RSDL4Y.26th SEPTEMBER 1946 2 to 5 p.m. (Question 1 to be answered and THREE others.) 1. Write an essay on (a) The use of hydrofluoric acid in the alkylation process OH (b) Azeotropic and extractive distillation in the separation of hydrocarbons OK (c) The use of adsorbents in petroleum refining. 2. Describe the princiyal methods used for the removal of sulphur compounds 3. Describe ONE of the catalytic cracking processes with a diagram of the plant present in distillates.employed. Comment on the future uses of catalytic processes with special reference to gas oils. 4. Give a brief account of FOUR of the following methods of test and their signi- ficance in evaluating petroleum products (a)octane number (b) Reid vapour pressure (c) cloud and pour points (d) penetration (e) demulsification number (f) smoke point. 5. Describe the various t+s of filter presses used in the petroleum industry and 6. List the various solvents used in solvent refining and give a description with a the purpo~esfor which they are employed. diagram of one of the solvent refining processes MONDA Y to WEDNESDA Y 23rd to 25th SEPTEMBER 1946 10 am. to 5 p.m.each day. 1. Make full tests on the sample of gas oil provided and state the purposes for w7hich this gas oil would be suitable. 2. Determine the specific gravity distillation range water content and sulphur content of the crude petroleum provided Estimate the yields of three products which mbld be obtained ffom it and determine the properties of one of these products. 235 J Branch G Industrial Chemistry with special reference to Rayon iVIONDAY 30th SEPTEICfBER 1946 2 to 5p.m. (Notinore than six questions to be attempted.) 1. Write an essay on the chemical constitutions and physical structures which have been ascribed to the different kinds of celfulose. 2. Set out the causes for the blockage of viscose spinnerets and criticise the methods that have been used to overcome this defect.3. Review the present hypotheses on the formation of a “skin” on viscose rayon filaments. Discuss the differences in structure of the “skin” and “core.” 4. Give a detailed account of the composition of viscosc coagulating baths indicating the reactions of the difference constituents. 5. Compare the structures and properties of viscose and cupra rayons. 6. What is the purpose of ripening viscose? What are the changes that occur during this process and what are their effects on the character of the rayon produced ? 7. Discuss the relations between the molecular weights oi high polyniers and the properties of the fibres produced from them. 8. Compare the oxidations of cellulose by periodic acid nitrogen dioxide and sodium chlorite.9. Discuss the constitutions of artificial fibres which are water-soluble or soluble in dilute aqueous solutions paying particular attention to the solubilising mechanisms. 10. Describe the acetylation of cellulose and account for the relative strengths of the different catalysts used and their effects on the stability of the final product. TUESDAY to FRIDAY 1st lo 4th OCTOBER 1946 10 am. to 5 p.w. each day. 1. Investigate the defective fabric (A) and characterise the defect indicating when this could have arisen. 2. Identify the fibres in sample (B)and find the proportion of each which is present. 3. Determine the degree of acetylation of the acetate (C) and suggest a possible use for an acetate of this composition.4. Analyse and report on the finish which has been applied to the rayon fabric (D). 5. Examine the sample (E)of viscose and report on its suitability for spinning into rayon. 6. Report on the quality of the given cake of viscose rayon yarn sample (F) in respect of its intended use in woven fabrics. 7. Analyse the given sample (G) of water and discuss its suitability for use in rayon rnanu fact ure. Branch H General Analytical Chemistry iIIONDAY 23rd SEPTEMBER 1946 10 a.m. to 1 ).HI. (Answer FOUR questions.) 1. Describe methods for the determination of viscosity in (a)Liquids (6) Suspen-sions such as paints. What units are commonly employed what precautions must be taken to avoid errors and what degree of precision is attainable with the apparatus you describe.2. Write a brief essay on the specificity of analytical reagents and thc ube of 4. Critically review some recent text-book or reference book on analyticaI “masking” reagents to enhance specificity. chemistry OR Write an account of some analytical investigation in which you have been particu- larly interested (this essay must not deal extensively with a topic which is the main subject of another answer in this paper). 4. Discuss analytical applications of chromatography OR adsorption indicators and their applications. [ 256 J .i.Exyiain Lhi tr-rin “Oxit~~ti~n wcIirction p<ltentiaI.” Discuss fully nvo oxitlatiim tt’actmns wed in \.ciliimc.trjc analysib on(.t 1) lw tlw fcrrou: iron-prrmanganate reaction. 6. HOWwould you deteririine tho collcentration of dust in the atmosphere of it workshop or warehouse? Briefly indicate the methods you would use to determine three of the following in dusts fluorine chrominm mcrcnry Icad cadmium. 7. Describe how you would examine the volatile “thinners” separated from a paint or varnish. YOUare to supposc the sample to bc of unknown origin and the examina- tion is to be as conipletc as possible. 2 to 5 @.m. (Answer FOUR questims.) 1. 1 kscribe in detail the accurate determination of aluminiunl in a basic rock such as a gahhro. Pay particular attention to the effect of other elements likely to be present. 1‘. 1)iscu.s.; the. analytical chemistry of ONE of thc following groups of eictnents:--(a) Titanium zirconium thorium; OR (b) Chromium molybdenum tungsten; OR (LI) The platinum metals.3. Describe the construction and underlying principle of either :- (a) the Polarimeter; (b) the Refractometer (AbbB or “dipping ” type) ; (c) the Spectrophotometer (optical or photoelectric). 4. Give the methods commonly used for the determination of sulphuric acid hydrochloric acid and “oxides of nitrogen,” in stack gases. lndicate the limitations and advantages of methods you describe. 5. Indicate briefly how you would determine small quantities of FOUR of the following:-(i) aluminium in potable water; (ii) nitrate in river water; (iii) manganese in “accumulator acid ;” (iv) iodine in nitrate of soda; (v) nickel in cobalt salts; (vi) “peroxides” in cthcr.6. Discuss the uses of potassiuin iodate in volumetric analysis. 7. What factors influence the particle size and purity of precipitates? Show how the precision of gravimetric analysis has been improved by the application of the principles you describe. 8. Indicate briefly the applicability and methods of use of FIVE of the fOkWhg reagents :-(i) acetic anhydride (ii) methyl iodide (iii) a-naphthyl isothiocyanate (iv) iodine monochloride (v) 2 :4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, (vi) pyridine, (vii) titanous sulphate. TUESDAY 24th SEPTEMBER 1946 10 a.m. lo 5 p.nt. 1. Identify the pigments in the four samples of paint Nos.1 to 4. This exercise must be co;npkied to-day. 2. Analyse the sample (KO.5) of a hydraulic brake fluid. This exercise may be completed on the three following days. (Contained ethyl alcohol ethylene glycol and castor oil.) c 237 1 REPORT Examination for the Associateship Inorganic and Physical Chemistry. The first question in Paper 1 dealt with the preparation of substances from the minerals bauxite rock phosphate and pyrolusite. The answers on the whole were good although it was not unusual to find cryolite given as NaAlF in the manufacture of aluminium from bauxite and rock phosphate formulated as Ca,POI. It is rather surprising to find a number of the candidates incapable of writing correct formula? for simple chemical substances.Some very satisfactory answers were given to the questions dealing with physico-chemical matters but the answers returned in the discussion on the statement set out in Q. 7 left much to be desired. As a general rule candidates attempted the full number of questions allowed. In answering Paper 2 candidates were not always clear about the range of colloidal particle size and it was not unusual to find pressure stipulated as a necessary condition for the preparation of nickel carbonyl. Chromyl chloride was sometimes incorrectly formulated and Graham’s Law of diffusion quoted in answers dealing with Thermal Dissociation was not always given correctly. However the question which gave most trouble to the candidates was the physico-chemical one Q.4. Although many candidates attempted it hardly any correct answers were returned to the calculation. This is surprising asthe problem was a straightforward one. Some very good work was returned in the practical part of the examination and the problem exercise on Saturday was tackled successfully by a high proportion of the candidates. Organic Chemistry. The first question on acetic acid was well done by many candidates but a number faiIed to appreciate the meaning of the word “synthesized” and described the vinegar process. The question on ultimate analysis was attempted by few candidates and still fewer had any detailed knowledge of the essentials of the micro-methods. Q. 3 demanding convenient laboratory methods for certain chemical operations was in general poorly answered.Candidates were too often content to provide a lengthy scheme of possiblc but difficult steps when a shorter practicable method should have been known. In Q. 4 on stereoisomerism the answers were usually adequate but in commenting on cinnamic acid no candidate mentioned the complication arising from the poly- morphism of allocinnamic acid. The question on quinoline and isoquinoline was on the whole answered badly very few candidates had accurate knowledge of the special reactivity of the methyl groups referred to. Most candidates attempted Q. 7 on the structure of uric acid or camphor but the answers were often incomplete. The practical work was in general well done. Translation of French and German. Many translations were poor.Candidates should realise that this language test is an essential part of the examination. Examination for the Fellowship Branch E The Chemistry including Microscopy of Food and Drztgs and of Water. In the written work more attention should be given to the meaning of the questions. The practical work was on the whole well done but some candidates got poor results on the fat in the condensed milk. Several failed to recognise dried potato powder and did not identify dried grass or D.D.T. It should be emphasised that candidates should present a dear report on the sub-stances examined set out their results clearly and make relevant observations thereon. Thereapeutics and Pharmacology. The written and oral examinations showed that nearly a1 the candidates had a sufficient knowledge of these subjects to form a background for the work of a public analyst.In the practical part of the examination the general level was not so good. While most of the candidates were able to identify a vegetable powder the implications of the exercises set Gere not always appreciated. Henbane leaf was identified by most of the candidates and the presence of another leaf was detected. Squill was readily identified but the staining reactions for mucilage were seldom used. Senna leaf was r 2381 readily identified but the admixture of liquorice root was missed in most cases. Demon-stration of the structure of chalk in the grey powder tablets presented difficulties to nearly all candidates. The identification of the poison in linitnent as aconite was an easy exercise and was usually well done.It is a little disappointing however to have to say that two candi-dates reported the poison as opium. PASS LIST Examination in General Chemistry for the Associateship Barrett Philip Leonard Central Technical College Birmingham. Bowditch Thomas John Technical College Cardiff. Broadley John Stewart The University and The Royal Technical College Glasgow. Carswell William David B.Sc. (St. Andrews) The University of St. Andrews and Municipal Technical College Widnes. Clark AIec Vincent South-West Essex Technical College Walthamstow Clarke Walter Evelyn Central Technical College Birmingham. Cook Charles Donald City Technical College Liverpool. Denton Coulson Lloyd Central Technical College Birmingham.Green Charles Victor The University Liverpool and the North Staffordshire Technical College Stoke-on-Trent. Gwilt John Ruff Acton Technical College London North Staffordshire Technical College Stoke-on-Trent Royal Technical College Salford and College of Tech- nology Manchester. Hardesty Francis Rutherford College of Technology Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Jackson Clive Harris Institute Preston. jobson Harry Taylor Rutherford College of Technology Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Jones CharIes Rex Lloyd B.A. (Cantab.) The University Cambridge and West Ham MunicipaI College London. Latham Kenneth Geoffrey B.Sc. (Lond.) South West Essex Technical College Wal- thamstow. McChristic Ian Alexander Royal Technical College Glasgow.Nendick Gordon William Municipal Technical College Hull. Payne Kenneth Richard University College and College of Technology Leicester. Pickles Donald B.Sc. (Lond.) Municipal Technical College Halifax. and Technical College Sunderland. Priest Bernard Technical College Coventry. Reeve Sydney George Woolwich Polytechnic London. Keilly Desmond .41an B.Sc. (Manc.) The University Manchester. Richmond Anthony Desmond Technical College Blackburn and Denbighshire Technical Institute Wrexham. Rogers Edward Technical College Hucldersfield. Schenkel John Robert Harry Central Technical College Birmingham. Smith Frank Thomas Woolwich Polytechnic London. Smith Wilfrid Duncan College of Technology Manchester The Polytechnic Regent Street London and South West Essex Technical College Walthamstow.Snook Gordon Frank B.Sc. (Lond.) University College Southampton. Taylor Robert Kenneth City Technical College Liverpool. Warner Miss Mary B.Sc. (Lond.) Municipal Technical College Hull. White John Alexander Birkbeck College London. IVilIiams Leslie Henry College of Technology Manchester and Acton Technical College London. LYilson John Bryan Spencer South West Essex Technical College Walthamstow. Examinations for the Fellovshifi In Bvanch A Inovgaizic Chemistry Saddington Kenneth B.Sc. (Lond.) . In Bvanch C Organic Chemistry Norris Edward Frank B.Sc. (Lond.) A.M.1.Chem.E. In Branch D Biochemistry. Salmon Robert Joseph M.Sc. (Manc.). With special reference to Nutrition and Vztamim Ihi tton Leonard Cartlidge.239 I In Branch E The Chemistry including Microsco$y of* Food anti Drugs and of Water Bailey Arthur John Marson B.Sc. (Lond.). Ganday Raymond BSc. (Lond.) . Malcolm James &IcLa,ren. Markland Joseph BSc. (Lond.). In Branch G Iwdustrial Chemistry With special veference to Petroleum Archer Frederick Stanley. With spefiiak reference to the Manufacture of Pulp and Paper Wallwork Douglas Goodson. In Brunch H General Analytical Chemistry Matthews William Kenneth. NATIONAL CERTIFICATES IN CHEMISTRY (ENGLAND AND WALES) Report of the Assessors for the year 1945-46 I. INTRODUCTORY The number of entries in the Senior Grade was 358 of whom 247 passed compared with 335 in 1945 of whom 209 passed. In the Advanced Grade there were 112 candidates of whom 83 passed.In 1943 there were 76 candidates of whom 61 passed. Of the 11%candidates 85 had previously obtained the Ordinary Certificate and of the 83 successful candidates 64 had previously obtained the Ordinary Certificate. 11. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY Se.vliov.-The Assessors were very favourably impressed with the standard reached generally in this sectiou of the Examination. There has always been a tendency for chemists to rate the Ordinary National Certificate in Chemistry below its true value. This year especially it was obvious that both in Inorganic and Physical Chemistry the average standard was high and it seems very desirable that this should be more widely known and appreciated. In emphasising these conclusions it must be stated that the picture is not without its light and shade.The candidates’ factual knowledge and understanding of basic principles were good. On the other hand there was weakness when students were required to apply the principles to calculations. An adequate training in working numerical examples is generally recognised as an essential adjunct to courses in both Inorganic and Physical Chemistry. Not infrequently however students of chemistry find real difficulty in coping with questions demanding mathe- matical considerations. Another stumbling-block to many candidates was the balancing of equations. Advanced.-The standard of the papers this year was not quite as high as usual although there were a number of scripts of high merit.This examination test is a searching one and to attain the results which the work of the candidates discloses reflects the highest credit on the teaching staffs concerned. Preparative details and properties of elements and their compounds were good features of the answers. In addition most candidates displayed a sound knowledge of the structure of the atom forces between atoms and the spatial arrangement of atoms in the solid state. It is recognised that a sound general knowledge of preparative methods and of the properties of elements and compounds is essential to the Inorganic Chemist. However if too much emphasis is placed on this aspect of the subject systematic inorganic chemistry may degenerate into a collection of recipes and all feeling of unity and logical develop- ment may be lost.The application of the electronic theory of valency to a wide range of compounds and the findings from the application of physical methods of investigation have shown that systematic inorganic chemistry can be something quite different from the recipe conception. There was clear evidence that the teaching of inorganic chemistry was proceeding on the right lines and that the subject was being presented as a fascinat-ing study. [ 2401 PRACTICAL CHEMISTRY INORGANIC Most of the scripts were good especially on the qualitative and volumetric sections of the work. The practical exercises were in general very suitable. 111. PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY Very effective work continues to be done in this important branch of chemistry.The general attainment was high although relatively few papers of outstanding merit were presented. Thc variations of actual gases from the perfect gas laws were not always well explained and explanations of ordinary fractional distillation were some- times confused. Knowledge of the theory behind the use of a fractionating column was not infrequently hazy. Descriptions of the practical methods of determining vapour pressures could well have been reinforced by an example to show how the final result is calculated. Specially good answers were given on such topics as the phase rule the Van’t Hoff isochore chain reactions colloids and catalysis. The meaning and the determinaticn ofthe order of a chemical reaction were generally well understood.PracticaL-Originality was shown in the selection of suitable topics for the practical examination and these well-chosen exercises were normally well done. The practical physical chcmistry is an indispensable part of a course in this subject and it is apparent that teachers are fully alive to this. IY. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Senior Theory.-rZs was the case last year the standard of attainment varied over a very wide range-in general it tended to be rather higher in those colleges which send in a larger number of candidates. This of course may be due to the natural spur to increased endeavour which arises from friendly rivalry. It is difficult to draw a hard-and-fast line of demarcation between the types of question appropriate to the Senior and the A4dvanced courses in this subject but in general it is clearly advisable to omit from Senior papers those questions which a student cannot answer adequatcly until he has mastered the more detailed theory underlying the behaviour of organic compounds which is rightly reserved until the advanced course of training for example questions demanding any considerable knowledge of the electronic theory of valency may properly be delayed to the Advanced course.If this guiding rule wcre more generally followed it would diminish the number of answers to questions set in the senior papers which whilst they may be good answers so far as they go are necessarily sketchy and lacking in balance. Rdccntced Thaory.-In this grade the variation in degree of attainment was not so marked as in the senior grade and on the whole the standard was high.There is clear evidence that in some schools the quality of the teaching is of a particularly high order and this was reflected in some really good sets of answers. It is still necessary to advise students that a more extensive use of equations and structural formulae would lend precision to many answers and also he of great service in their marking and assessment. v. TECHNOLOGICAL SUHJECTS The answers to the papers set in these subjects were generally quite satisfactory although thoy necessarily involve much of a descriptive character and sometimes tend to be prolix. The practical exercises were well done as a rule ant1 call for no specific comment. VI. PHYSICS Papers in Physics were submitted by seven schools.The numbers of candidates were :-. Theory Pvaclical Senior (7 schools) . . . . 40 26 Advanced (1school) . . .. 2 0 The total number of candidates was 42. One school did not examine in Practical 1’hysics. There were a fen- poor accounts of the Victor Meyer method of determining vapour density and some of the statements with regard to Faraday’s Laws are still open to criticism. Tn the practical work there are still cases where sufficient attention was not paid to accuracy of results. BOOKS AND THEIR CONTENTS Hackh’s Chemical Dictionary (American and British Usage). Pp 926. Third edition completely revised and enlarged bv Julius Crant. (London J. It X.Churchill T-td. 1946.) Containing the words generally used in chemistry and many of the terms used in the related sciences of physics astrophysics mineralogy pharmacy agriculture biology medicine engineering etc.Based on recent chemical literature and nnmer-ous tables diagrams portraits and other illustrations. Bacteriological Chemistry An Introduction to. C. G. Anderson. PI>.500. (Edinburgh E. & S. Livingstone Ltd.) Second Edition 1946. 20s. net. Introduction; hydrogen ion concentration and pH; oxidation-reduction potentials; colloids and adsorption; enzymes; the chemical composition of bacteria yeasts and the lower fungi; the nutrition of the autotrophic bacteria; the nutrition of the heterotrophic bacteria; adaptil-e and constitutive enzymes growth factors; chemotherapy antibiotics; bacterial respiration; nitrogen metabolism; carbon metabolism; alcoholic fermentation; the fermentation products of the lower fungi; industrial fermentations; the proteins of micro-organisms; the polysaccharides of micro-organisms; the lipoids of micro-organisms; the pigments of micro-organisms; antigens haptens antibodies and complement; the mechanism of antigen-antibody reactions the isolation and identification of metabolic products.Synonyms. Index. Research in Canada. Planning for the Coming Years. Papers given at the Symposium of the Chemical Institute of Canada. 1945. (Quebec City Universal Oil Ltd. 1946.) Co-ordination of scientific research; co-ordination of research in Canada; the role of the universities in research; Government sponsored research; the co-ordination of agricultural research; horticultural research in Ontario and its practical applica- tion; provision of manpower for research in Canada research and invention in the law of patents; technical enterprise in the United Kingdom; the part of industry in research; scientific research in business.American Petroleum Refining. H. S. Bell. Pp.620. (Xew York D. Van Nostrand Company Inc. 1946.) Third Edition. 32s. 6d. net. General introductory; crude oils and their characteristics; chemical properties ; physical properties; physical and engineering data the manufacturing process; the refinery site and general arrangement; distillation; heat transfer; shell stills; pipe heaters condensers and heat exchangers; fractionation; distillation units; cracking theory and development thermal cracking; catalytic cracking; motor fuels; special processes for motor-fuel blending agents; chemical treatment; de- waxing; mechanical refrigeration; solvent extraction; filtration ; blending and compounding; packages; storage of oil; volume measurements; evaporation losses; fire protection; power and boiler house; general departments; pumping of oil ; bulk transportation; the problem of the future.Index. Catalogue of Films of General Scientific Interest available in Great Britain. Com-piled by the Scientific Film Association. (The Association of Special Libraries and Information Bureaux 1946). 5s. The Scientific Film Association. Introduction. Method of appraisal and grading; tabulation of data in the present catalogue; list of film distributors; abbreviations and symbols; hints to film borrowers; catalogue of films; classified subject index.OBITUARY GEORGEBATTYE, The death has been reported of HORACE in his 58th year. Educated at the Cockburn High School Leeds he received his scientific training at the Central Technical College and at the University of Leeds while Assistant to Dr. W. F. Laycock and Dr. L. Gordon Paul and Research Chemist to B. R. Vickers & Sons. In 1914 he purchased Dr. Laycock’s practice which he carried on until 1921 while also holding the appointment of Chief Chemist to R. R. Vickers & Sons. In that year he was appointed Chief Research Chemist to the Barrymore Textile Combine and in 1929 Chief Chemist and Chemical Engineer to Langleys Ltd.Toronto. Subsequently he became a partner in a consulting chemical engineering practice in which he wah engaged until the outbreak of war when he undertook executive work for the Care Plastic Company of Toronto. In 1941 he transferred to the United Kingdom and Canadian Mission as an Inspector of Explosives in the Dominion and subsequently as a Chemist in the Department of Mines Ottawa where he was concerned with the investigation of alloys used in the manufacture of munitions. He was a Fellow of the Canadian Institute of Chemistry and for some years was consulting editor of the Canadian Colourist and TextiZe Processor. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1942. LEONARD .-~RTHUR COLES died on 17th August 1946 in his 68th year.He received his scientific training at Birkbeck College and the Korthern Polytechnic London graduating B.Sc. in 1912. During the next four years he held a teaching post and also spent a further period at Northern Polytechnic on research and war-time Government work. In 1916 he was appointed Chemist at British Dyes Ltd. where he was engaged on research and plant work until 1920. He then returned to the teaching profession as a science master under the West Riding of Yorkshire Education Committee. He was the author of “ .An Introduction to Modern Organic Chemistry,” published in 1929. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1918. THE REGISTER Restored to the Register Taylor John Boris B.Sc. (Manc.) Associate (previously removed on false report of decease; see p.220). Change of Name Pamela Zee Gregory Associate to Slack-on marriage. Boris Nicholas Livitsky Associate to Leyland-by Deed Poll. Sheila Winstanley Registered StudeFzt to Finlay-on marriage. DEATHS Fellows Horace George Battye F.C.I.C. Norman Lindsay Sheldon C.I.E. Ph.D. Henjamin Leech 3L.i. (Cantab) (Heid.). Frederick Malcolm Wharton M.B.E. Associates John Douglas Rarrett BSc. (Leeds). Leonard Arthur Coles BSc. (Lond.). Registered Student Frederick Scott Emslie. [ 243 1 ANNOUNCEMENTS Examinations.-An examination for the Associateship will be held in the week com- mencing Monday 20th January 1947 in London. Candidates should have forwarded their applications not later than Monday 4th November 1946.No application in respect of the January examination will be con- sidered if received later than that date. Entry forms will be sent to all candidates whose applications have been received as above. The last date for the receipt of entry forms is Monday I Ith November 1946 after which no entry can be accepted. Election of District Members of Council.-Fellows and Associates are reminded that for the election of District Members of the Council to take office from the date of the Annual General Meeting in 1947 nominations should be received at the offices of the Institute on or before Monday 9th December 1946. The Rules governing the election of District Members of Council remain as published in JOURNAL 1943 V 198-200 for although proposals have been AND PROCEEDINGS put forward which might lead to modification of the areas of certain electoral Districts especially in relation to the establishment of new Local Sections consideration of these proposals has been deferred pending further examination of suggestions for the amend- ment of the relevant By-Laws.The Fellows whose names are given below are the present District Members of Council. Those whose names are printed in italics will have completed the period of three years’ service on the Council by the date of the Annual General Meeting in 1947 and will retire in accordance with By-Law 23. Birmingham and Midlands Thomas Harold Gant A4.R.C.S.,M.1.Chem.E. Bristol and South-Western Counties Frank Edwin Needs. East Midlands and South Yorkshire Ernest James Vaughan M.Sc.A.R.C.S. D.I.C. Liverpool and North-West Coast Leslie Victor Cocks. London and South-Eastern Counties Harry Baines I).Sc. Manchester and District Albert Coulthard BSc. Ph.D. Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast William Gordon Carey. Yorkshire Arthur Ernest Everest. Ph.D. D.Sc. Edinburgh and East of Scotland Hugh Bryan Nisbet Ph.D. D.Sc. A.H.-W.C. Aberdeen and North of Scotland James Emrys Bowen B.Sc. Ph.D. Glasgow and West of Scotland *John WiZZiam Kew B.Sc. Wales and the County of Monmouth Ronald Henry Jones. Northern Ireland Mervyn Hector Hall M.Sc. Ph.D. Irish Free State John Wilfrid Parkes M.Sc. The Overseas Dominions and elsewhere abroad Hans Krall B.A. M.Sc. A Special General Meeting of the Institute on 15th November I946.-1n accord-ance with the official notice accompanying this issue of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS a Special General Meeting of the Institute will be held in the Rooms of the Geological Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.1 on Friday 15th November 1946 at 5.30 p. m. for the purpose of considering the Council’s proposals for certain amendments of the By-Laws of the Institute relating to the date of the Annual General Meeting and to the time-table and conduct of events leading to the Annual General Meeting. The changes recommended will bring the latest date at which an Annual General Meeting may be held to 30th April instead of between the 1st and 15th March and will extena the time allowed for certain essential related processes so as to avoid the serious congestion of business that has occurred in recent years as a result of the growth of membership and activities of the Institute.The proposals to be submitted at this meeting refer solely to these urgent administrative changes and are believed to be entirely non-controversial. Formal notice is also being given of a further Special General Meeting to be held on Friday 22nd November 1946 at which the resolution if passed at the earlier meeting will be submitted for confirmation as required under Section 18 of the Charter. Strea:fei Id Memorial Lect ure.-The Twenty-ninth Streatfeild Memori at Lecture entitled The Chemist as Information Officer,” will be delivered by Dr. J. C. Withers in the Rooms of the Geological Society on Friday 15th November 1946 at 6 p.rn., or on the conclusion of the Special General Meeting if later (see announcement above).* Resigned. David Traill B.Sc. Ph.D. has been elected in his stead for the remainder ofhis term of office but will be eligible for re-election. [ 2441 Henderson Memorial Lecture.-Professor Sir Ian Heilbron D.S.O.. F.R.S. has accepted the Council’s invitation to deliver the First Henderson Memorial Lecture at the Royal Institution on Monday 20th January 1947 at 5.30 p.m. A note on the foundation of this series of memorial lectures by Dr. David Spence appears on p. 217. The Meldola Medal.-The award of this medal which is the gift of the Society of Maccabzans has normally been made annually but has been suspended since 1941 It has now been decided that the award be resumed for 1946 and the Society of Mac-cabaans will accordingly present the medal to the chemist who being a British subject and under 30 years of age at 3 1st December 1946 shows the most promise asindicated by his or her published chemical work brought to the notice of the Council of the Royal Institute of Chemistrv before 3ist December.1946. The award will be decided in January 1947. No restrictions are Dlaced umn the kind of chemical work or the dace in which it is conducted. The merits of th; work may be brought to the notGe of the Council either by persons who de:ire to recommend the candidate or by the candidate himself by letter addressed to The President Royal Instity!e of Chemistrc 30 Russell Square London W.C.1,” the envelope being marked Meldola Medal.Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize 1946.-Registered Students are informed that the Council will be prepared to consider the award in January 1917 of a Medal and Prize (i10 10s.) for the best essay not exceeding 3000 words contributed by a Registered Student of not more than 22 years of age at the time of forwarding the essay. The essay may deal with any subject having a bearing on chemistry or chemical work provided that it does not deal with any purely chemical technical or historical subject. The object of the essay is to induce Students to develop a sense of professional public spirit and to devote thought to questions of professional interest and to the position of chemists in the life of the community.Essays will be valued partly for literary style and technique but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein. (See the comments of one of the Assessors for the 1945 competition JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1946 111 136.) Each essay must be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the Local Section in the area of which the competitor resides (see list of Local Sections at the end of the JOURNAL) not later than 3 Ist December I946 and must be accompanied by a signed declaration that it is the independent work of the contributor. The Committee of each Local Section will be asked to select from those received not more than three essays considered to be worthy of the award. The selected essays will be referred to Assessors appointed by the Council on whose report the Council will decide whether and to whom an award shall be made.The award will not be made more than once to any individual com- petitor. Thz Medal and Prize will be presented at the next Annual General Meeting or at a meeting of .the Local Section to which the successful competitor is attached. The Newton Chambers Prize Essay Competition I946.-Fellows Associates and Registered Students will recall that Messrs. Newton Chambers & Co. Ltd. offered to the South Yorkshire Section (now the Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands Section) of the Institute a sum of LlOO per annum for five years for the award of an annual prize for contributions to the subject of Chemistry and Industrial Welfare. The whole objective of the award is to encourage young chemists to make greater use of their knowledge of chemistry and their facilities for experimental work to enhance the existing knowledge of Industrial Welfare.Applications to compete for the Prize for 1946 are invited under the following conditions:- I. The I946 competition is open to every Fellow Associate or Registered Student of the Institute who had not reached his 36th birthday by 1st January 1946. 2. The 1946 Award is offered for an essay paper or papers published or unpublished, embodying the candidate’s own observations or experimental work on some aspects of the application of chemistry to the promotion of Industrial Welfare. X critical examination of existing knowledge is admissible to the competition provided that the conclusions reached constitute an addition to the knowledge of the subject.3. Each candidate must transmit to the Hon. Secretary Sheffield South l’orkshire and North Midlands Section Royal Institute of Chemistry (G. Murfitt F.R.I.C. Williain Jessop and Sons Ltd. Brightside M”orks Sheffield) to reach him on or before 31st December 1946 (a) A formal letter of application to enter the competition stating his name address date of birth and status (Fellow Associate or Registered Student) in the Institute; (b) two copies of each essay or paper [ 2453 submitted together with a brief statement in duplicate indicating in what respect the essay or paper advances knowledge of the application of chemistry to the promotion of Industrial Welfare; and (c) a declaration by the candidate that the work is his own or in the case of joint papers a statement signed by the candidate and his collaborators as to the extent to which the results and con- clusions are the work of the candidate.4. The decision of the Committee of the Shefield South Yorkshire and North Midlands Section on any matter connected with the award of the prize is final. The Committee may at its discretion divide the Prize between two or more candidates or may withhold the award if no entry of sufficient merit is received. 6. The Committee may require a candidate to attend for interview in connection with his application. 6. The Committee reserves the right to publish the successful essay or paper (if not already published) in whatever form it thinks desirable.Contracts of Service.-Chemists who may be offered appointments and who may be asked as a condition of employment to sign contracts of service are advised to scrutinise these very carefully with special regard to the terms of notice. The attention of the Institute has recently been drawn to contracts under which the employee pledges himself to stay with the employer for a period of as long as six years whereas the employer may dismiss the employee at any time with three months’ notice. Such terms may be combined with a Restraint Clause governing future employment which may be liable to a much wider interpretation than appears probable on the surface. Furthermore having signed the initial contract chemists may be pressed to sign further contracts at a later date which might still further restrict their freedom.Fellows of the Institute who may be asked to advise other chemists as to the suit- ability of an offer of employment are asked to bear the above points in mind. Scientific Courses.-Particulars of the following have been received:- Seecia1 Course of Lectures on Metalluvgy at the Sir John Cass Technical Institute.- The course will consist of twelve lectures each by a different lecturer on Thursdays at 0.30 p.m. beginning on 31st October 1946 and concluding on 27th February 1947. Applications for enrolment should be made to the Principal Sir John Cass Technical Institute Jewry Street Aldgate London E.C.3. Short Couvse on Electrometric Methods in Chemical and Etectrochemical Processes af Sotcth East London Technical Institute.-The commencing date of the course has been postponed to 13th January 1947.Applications for enrolment should be made before 19th December 1946 to the Principal South East London Technical Institute,Jdewisham Way London S.E.4. COMING EVENTS I 946 Nov. 7 CHEMICAL Discussion on “Nitration,” arranged by Dr. G. M. Bennett, SOCIETY at Burlington House Piccadilly London W.l at 7.30 p.m. 8 CH‘YMICAL SOCIETY,jointly with the University of Sheffield Chemical Society Some Recent Applications of Xnfra-red Measurements.” Dr. H. W. Thompson, F.R.S. in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of the University Sheffield at 5.30 p.m. SOCIETYOF DYERSAND COLOURISTS(Scottish Section) jointly with the Guild of Calico Printers’ Bleachers’ Dyers’ and Finishers’ Foremen :“The Importance of -4dequate Shrinking in the Dyeing and Finishing of Fibre.” Dr.H. A. Thomas. ~NSTITUTEOF FUEL(South Wales Section) jointly with the local chemical societies “The Inorganic Constituents of Coal.” Dr. H. E. Crossley at the Royal Institu- tion of South Wales Swansea at 5.30 p.m. THE INSTITUTE PHYSICS OF (Manchester and District Branch jointly with the Electronics Group) “Contact Potentials.” Dr. F.A. Vick O.B.E. in the New Physics Theatre of the University Manchester at 7 p.m. 8 and 9 THEINSTITUTE (8th) “The Intensity Relations of Debye- OF PHYSICS Scherrer Powder Diffraction Lines,” by Dr. A. J;,Bradley F.R.S. ;“The Apptica- tion of X-rays to the Study of Stresses in Metals by Dr.W. A. Wood; (9th) “An X-ray Investigation of Electro-deposited Chromium,” by Mr. H. J .Goldschmidt; “Some Slfxesses and Failures on the Application of X-rays to Industrial Problems by Dr. A. 33.Jay in the Royal Victoria Hotel Sheffield. [ 2461 I 946 Nov. 9 THE~NSTITUTE (Liverpool and Sorth-Western Section) “Thc Hydrogen Bond in Organic C.hemistry.” Professor L. Huntcr at Wigan Technical College Wigan at 3 p.m. I2 THE INSTITUTE PETROLEUM OF “Viscometq of Hydrocarbon Soap Systems.” Dr. F. H. Garner O.B.E. Dr. Alfred H. Sissan and Dr. G. F. I\-ood at Manson House 26 Portland Place hndon,W. 1 at 5.30 p.m. 13 THEINSTITUTE (Liverpool and North-Western Section) jointly with the Chemical Society :I‘ Some Applications of Infra-red Measurements.” Dr.H. W. Thompson, F.H.S. in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of the University Liverpool at 5 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast Section) jointly with the local chemical and technical societies “Metal Spraying by the Wire Process.” Mr. W. E. Ballard in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre King’s College Pu’ewcastle- upon-Tyne at 6.30 p.m. SociETY OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (Food Group) “Decolorisation by Vegetable Carbons.” Mr. L. \Vickenden (New York) and a visitor froin Amsterdam in the Rooms of the Chemical Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W. 1 at 6.30 p.m-14 ‘YHE 1NsrrTu-m {Birmingham and Nidlands Section) “Recent Investigations in the Organic and Biological Chemistry of Sulphur.” Professor IT.Challenger in the University Birmingham at 7.0 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (East Midlands Section) “LVater.” Mr. M’. G. Carey at the College of Technology Leicester at 7.15 p.m. 15 The Institute Special General Meeting (see p. 244) in the Rooms of the Geological Society Rurlington House Piccadilly London W.1 at 5.30p.m. followed at lip.m. (or later if necessary) by the Twenty-ninth Streatfeild Memorial Lecture “The Chemist as Information Officer,” by Dr. J C. Withers. ’THX lNsrrTuTE (Huddersfield Section) Dance Collinsons Cafk. THE INSTITUTE (Manchester and District Section) jointly with the Manchester Federation of Scientific Societies gThe Chemistry of Gums and Thickening Agents.” Professor E. L. Hirst F.K.S. and Dr. J. K. N. Jones in the Lecture Theatre of the Gas Showrooms Town Hall Manchester at 6.30 p.m.CHEMICALSOCIETY “hlelting and Other Phase Changes.” Professor A. R. Ubbelohde in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre The University Glasgow at 7.15 p.m. CHEMICAL SOCIETY jointly with the St. Andrews University Chemical Society “Applications of the Hofmann Reactions to the Synthesis of Heterocyclic Compounds.” Professor F. S. Spring in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre United College St. Andrew-s at 5-0 p.m. SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Birmingham Section) Jubilee Memorial Lecture “Chemical Publications.” by MI-. F. P. Dunn. I8 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (London Section) Jubilee JIemorial Lecture INDUSTRY “British Chemical Publications.” hfr. F. P. Dunn at the Royal Institution Albemarle Street London W.1.ELECTRODEPOSITORS’ : TECHNICALSOCIETY Annual General Meeting. “The Design and Use of the Photo-electric -4dsorptiometer for Analysis of Solutions for Hard Chromium Deposition,” by Mr. H. E. Styles; “Applications of the Spekker Photo-electric Adsorptiometer for Analysis of Chromium Solutions,” Mr. W.J. Bayley at the Northampton Polytechnic Institute St. John Street London E.C. I. 19 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL ~NDUSTRY (Agriculture Group) “Post-M’ar Barley Prob- lems.” Dr. L. R. Bishop in the Physical Chemistry Lecture Theatre Royal College of Science Imperial Institute Road London S.TV.7 at 2.30 p.m. 10 THE INSTITUTE (Dublin and District Section) “Biochemical Micro-techniques.” Dr. T. G. Rrady in the Chemical Department of University College Dublin at 7.30 p.m.THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) Annual General Meeting at 6.30 p.m. at Gas Industry House 1 Grosvenor Place London S.W.l to be followed by a Scientific Film Show. 1247 3 1946 Nov. 20 BRITISH OF ~HEMZSTS(Birmingham Section) “Chemical Dangers in AS~,OCIATION Industry. H.M. Inspector of Factories in the Chamber of Commerce Birming- ham at 7.0 p.m. SOCIETYOF DYERS AND COLOURISTS (Midlands Section);“Preparing Dyeing and Finishing of the New Fibres.” Mr. C. C Wilcock at the Midland Hotel Derby at 7 p.m. INSTITUTION OF THE KUBBER INDUSTRY “Rubber compounding Ingredients. *’ 1911.. F.S.Koberts at the College of Technology Leicester at 7.30 p.m. 41 THE INSTITUTE (Edinburgh and Ea.t of Scotland Section),jointly with the Chemical Society and the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry “Some Developments in the General Methods of Organic Chemistry.” Professor F.S. Spring in the North British Station Hotel Edinburgh at 7.30 p.m. THE1NSTtTUTE (Slieffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands Section) jointly with the Chemical Society and the Sheffield Metallurgical Association “Chemistry in the Metallurgical Industries.” Dr. C. H. Desch F.R.S. in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of the University Sheffield at 6 p.m. THEINSTITUTE (Tees-side Section) “Some Applications of Partition Equilibria to Analytical Chemistry.” Ih..H. M. Trvine at William Norton School Norton at 7.15 p.m. CHEMICALSOCIETY: Reading of original papers at Burlington House Yiccadilly London W.l at 7.30 p.m.CHEMICAL jointly with the University College of North Wales Chemical SOCIETY Society “Nitration in Sulphuric Acid.” Dr. G. M. Bennett at University College Bangor at 5.30 p.m. CHEMICAL jointly with the University College Physical and Chemical SOCIETY Society “Some Aspects of the Chemistry of Paludrine.” Dr. F. L. Rose in the Large Chemistry Theatre of University College Nottingham at 4.30 p.m. SOCIETY (Road and Building Materials Group) “Latex OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY Cement and Other FlooringCompositions.” Mr. L. H. Griffiths at GasIndustry House 1 Grosvenor Place London S.W.1 at 6 p.m. 22 THEINSTITUTE (South Wales Section) “Research on Building and its Materials.” Dr. I?. M. Lea O.B.E. at the Royal Institution of South Wales Swansea at 6.30 p.m.SOCIETY (Chemical Engineering Group) “Welding of OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY High Pressure Vessels for the Chemical and Oil Refining Industries.” Mr. H. B. Fergusson in the Rooms of the Geological Society Burlington House London W.l,at 5.30 p.m. OF PHYSICS: THE INSTITUTE AnnuaI General Meeting. “The Spectographic ,4nalysis of High-purity Materials.” Dr. D. M. Smith in the Department of Applied Science The University St. George’s Square Sheffield. 23 THEINSTITUTIC, (Leeds Area Section) :Silver Jubilee of the Leeds Area Section. Reception. The Manufacture and Properties of Penicillin,” by Mr. A. L. Bacharach. At the Queen’s Hotel Leeds at 3 p.m. 26 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) Scientific Film Show jointly with Acton Technical College in the College High Street Acton W.3 at 7.30 p.m.26 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) Scientific Film Show jointly with the Isleworth County School in the School Ridgeway Road Great West Road Isleworth Middlesex at 7.30 p.m. OF PUBLIC CHEMISTS:Annual General SOCIETY ANALYSTSAND OTHERANALYTICAL Meeting of the Physical Methods Group at 6 p.m. Papers on Polarographic Analysis by Mr. J. T. Stock Mr. Airey and Dr. C. J. 0. R. Morris,at 6.30 p.m. In the Rooms of the Chemical Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.1. 27 SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Food Group Microbiological Panel) “Micro-organisms in Raw and Reiined Sugar,*’ by Mr. H. C. s. de Whalley and Miss M.P. scarr. OF BRITISHINDUSTRIES. Two-day Conference on Exports, 27 and 28. FEDERATION at the Central Hall,Westminster. Sir Stafford Cripps President of the Board of Trade,will speak at the first session. r 2481 i946 Nov. 28 THE INSTITUTE (Liverpool and North Western Section) jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry the Chemical Society and the British Association of Chemists “The Development and Industrial Application of Wetting Agents.” Mr. A. Y.Billinghame in the Chemistry 1,ecture Theatre The University Z.iverpoo1 at 7.0 p.m. ’[HE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) Scientific Film Show jointly with the South West Essex Technical College in the College Forest Road Watthamstow London E.17 at 7.30 p.m.THEINSTITUTE (Manchester and District Section) :Ladies’ Evening and Exhibition of “Fabrics of the Future,” at the Engineers’ Club 17 Albert Square Man-Chester at 7.0 p.m. ~RITISHASSOCIATION IACture and I)emonstration by the Cambridge OF CHEMISTS Instrument Co. in the School of -4rts and Crafts Green Lane Derby at 7. I5p.m. 29 THEINSTITUTE (Belfast and District Section) :Annual Dinner at the Royal Avenue Hotel. THEINSTITUTB (Cardiff and District Section) jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry “Recent nevelopments in Combustion.” Dr. D. T. A. Townend at IJniversity College Cathays Park Cardiff at 7 p.m. 30 JNSTITUTION OF CHEMICALENGINEERS (North-Western Branch) “Concentration of Caustic Soda Solution.’’ Mr. K.A. Sherwin at the Collego of Technology, Manchester at 3 p.m. Dec. 2 SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (London Section) “Foams and Fire-Fighting.” Ih. N. 0. Clark at the Chemical Society’s Rooms Bnrlington House Piccadilly London I%-. 1. 3 THE INSTITUTE (Huddersfield Section) “Electrolysis as an Industrial Process.” by Dr. H. J. T. Ellingham. ENGINEERS: ~NSTITUTION OF CHEMICAL ’‘Nitric Acid Production.” Mr. F,E:. Warner in the Rooms of the Geological Society Burlington House Piccadilly, London W.l at 6.30 p.m. ELECTRODEPOSITORS’ TECHNICAL SOCIETY “Electrodeposition of Lead from Fluborate Solutions.” Mr. H. D. Hughes at the James Watt Memorial Xn-stitute Great Charles Street Birmingham 3. 4 THEINSTITUTE (Liverpool and North Western Section) jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry the Chemical Society and the British _\ssociation of Chemists Scientific Film Show at Radiant House Bold Street T,iverpool at 7.0 p.m.OF PUBLIC jointly with the SOCIETY ANALYSTSAND OTHERANALYTICALCHEMISTS, Society of Chemical Industry (Food Group) “Application of Statistical Methods to Food Problems.” In the Rooms of the Chemical Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.l at 6.30 p.m. 6 CHEMICAL SOCIETY Tilden Lecture “Macromolecules Synthesised by Micro-organisms.” Professor M. Stacey at Burlington House Piccadilly London W.1 at 7.30 pm. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (Bristol Section) jointly with ,:he Chemical Engineering Group and the Institution of Chemical Engineers Drying with Activated Alumina.” Mi.W. J. Carter in the Chemical Department of the University Woodland Road Bristol at 5.30 p.m. 6 THEINSTITUTE (Liverpool and North Western Section) jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry the Chemical Society and the British Association of Chemists “Atomic Energy.’’ Dr. J. P. Baxter O.B.E. in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre The University Liverpool at 6.30 p.m. RAMSAY CHEMICAL DINNER to be held in Marlborough House Glasgow. SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMCCAL (Manchester Section and Food Group) :“Enzymes in the Food Industry,” in Manchester. 7 ELBCTRODEPOSITORS’ SOCIETY TECHNICAL Special Meeting commemorating the Twenty-first Anniversary of the Society at the Northampton Polytechnic Jn-stitute St. John Street London E.C.1. E 249 3 I946 Dee.11 THE INsTrTuTE (Newcastle upon Tyne and Sorth-East Coast Section) “Methods and Apparatus in Inorganic Microchemistry.” Mr. R. Belcher and Dr. C. L. Wilson in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre King’s College Newcastle upon Tyne at 6.30 p.m. OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY SOCIETY (Food Group Nutrition Panel) “Fertilisers Manures and Nutrition.” Mr. D. P. Hopkins in London. BRITISH ASSOCIATION (Birmingham Section) Film of “Metal Spraying OF CHEMISTS by the Wire Process.” Mr. TV. E. Ballard at the Chamber of Commerce Birmingham at 7.0 p.m. THE INSTITUTE jointly with the Institution of Fire Engineers OF PETROLEUM Symposium on Oil Fires. “Fires and Explosions at Oil Installations,” Mr. JL Y. Lancashire; “Experiments on Rate of Foam Application,” Mr.N. 0. Clarke and Mr. J. A. Lewis; “Behaviour of Oils Burning in Open Reservoirs and Effects of ,4ir Agitation,” Mr. J. H. Burgoyne at Manson House 16 Portland Place London W.l at 5.30 p.m. TRISH CHEMICAL AssoclATIoN Guest Lecture “Synthesis in the Leaf.” Professor J. Doyle in the Chemical Departinent of University ColIege Dublin at 7.30 p.m. 12 THEINSTITUTE (East Midlands Section) Meeting at Nottingham at 7.15 p.m. THEINSTITUTE (Liverpool and North Western Section) “Laboratory Fractiona- tion.” Dr. G. P. Gibson at Widnes Technical College Widnes at 7 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Tees-side Section) Lecture by Dr. 31. I?. Appleby. CHEMICAL Meeting for the reading of original papers in the Chemistrv SOCIETY Department of the University Manchester at 7 p.m.SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Yorkshire Section) Second Rrotherton Lecture. Dr. D. T. A. Townend. 13 SOCIETY OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY (Birmingham Section) “Recent Advances in the Chemistry and Physics of Natural Rubber,” by Mr. J. \Vilson. OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY SOCIETY (South Wales Section) “Nickel Refining and Subsidiary Operations.” Dr. S. C. Townshend and Mr. de M;.H. \Vest at the Royal Institution of South \\’ales Swansea at 0.30 p.m. SocxETY OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (Chemical Engineering Group) “A Survey of Fat Splitting.” Mr. D. Allan in the Rooms of the Geological Society l3iirlington House Piccadilly London W.1 at 8.30 p.m. 16 CHEMICAL SOCIETY Professor Harold C. Urey Nobel Laureate at Lceds. INSTITUTKON “A Survey of Accelerators and Curing OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY Agents.” Mr.J. S. Hunter in the College of Technology Leicester at 7.30p.m. OF PHYSICS: 17 THE INSTITUTE “Applications of Nuclear Physics in Medicine.” Professor W. V. Mayneord in Room 87 The Polytechnic Regent Street J,ondon w.1. 18 CHEMICALSOCIETY: Liversidge Lecture “Some Problems in the Separation of Isotopes.” Professor Harold C. Urey NobeI Laureate at the Royal Institution Albemarle Street W.1 at 7.30 p.m. SOCIETY INDUSTRY, OF CHEMICAL jointly with the local chemical and technical societies “Hydrogen Sulphide Removal by Ammoniacal Ferrocvanide 1,iqitors. ” Dr. H. C. Craggs and Mr. H. M. Arnold in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre King’s College Newcastle upon Tyne at 6.30 p.m.19 CHEMICAL “Liversidge Lecture “Some Problems in the Separation of SOCIETY Isotopes.” Professor Harold C. Urey Nobel Laureate in Edinburgh. SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Road and Building Materials Group) “A Brains Trust and Social Evening.” 20 BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS:Professor R. G. W. Norrish F.R.S.,in the School of Arts and Crafts Green Lane Derby at 7.15 p.m. I 947 Jan. fi SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (London Section) “Nitration with Mixed Acids.” Dr. G. M.Bennett at the Chemical Society’s Rooms Burlington House Picca- dilly T,ondon W.1. [ 250 3 r 1947 Jan. ’I THEINSTITUTE (Huddersfield Section) . INSTITUTION ENGINEERS OF CHEMICAL “Chemical Engineering Aspects of the Fischer-Tropsch Process.” Mr.C. C. Hall and Mr A. €3. Taylor in the Rooms of the Geological Society Burlington House,Piccadilly London W.1 at 5.30 p.m. TECHNICAL ELECTRODEPOSITORS’ SOCIETY “Electro-plating Shop Costing.” Mr. A. W. Wdbank at the James Watt Memorial Institute Great Charles Street Birmingham 3 s THE INSTITUTE (Cardiff and District and South Wales Sections) “Forensic Science.” Dr. J. B. Firth at the Mining and Technical Institute Bridgend. at 6.15 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Kew-castle upon Tyne and North-East Coast Section) jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry and Institute of Fuel The Inorganic Con- stituents of Coal.” Dr. H. E. Crossley in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre King’s College Newcastle upon Tyne at 6.30 p.m. OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY SOCIETY (Food Group Microbiological Panel) jointly with the Society for Applied Bacteriology Papers by Dr.J. G. Baumgartner Dr. T. Richards and Mi. H. H. Evers in London. THE INSTITUTE “Petroleum Products in Agriculture the Role OF PETROLEUM of Petroleum in Plant Protection.” Mr. L. W. Leyland Cole at Manson House 26 Portland Place London W.1 at 5.30p.m. THEINSTITUTE (Manchester and District Section) jointly with the Chemical Society “On Molecular Interaction at Oil/Water Interfaces.” Dr J. H. Schulman in the Chemistry Department The University Manchester at 7.30 p.m. CHEMICALSOCIETY: Reading of original papers at Burlington House Piccadilly London W.1 . THE INSTITUTE (Tees-side Section) “Infra-red Spectroscopy.” Dr. H. W. Thompson F.R.S.THEINSTXTUTE (Leeds Area Section) “The Utilisation of Coal.” Dr. D. T. A. Townend at Leeds. SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Road and Building Materials Group) “Recent Developments in Testing Methods for Road and Building Materials.” At Gas Industry House 1 Grosvenor Place London,S.W.1 at 6 p.m. 15 SOCIETY (Birmingham Section) “Polarography and its OF CHEMICALI,~DUSTRY Recent Developments by Mr. J. E. B. Randles. TECHNICAL “Smoothing Action as a Mechanism in 20 ELECTRODEPOSITORS’ SOCIETY Bright Nickel Plating.” Dr. G. E. Gardam at the Northampton Polytechnic St. John Street London E.C.I. 21 SociE-rY OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (Agriculture Group) “The Use of Hormones in Animal Husbandry.” Dr. I?. H. MaXpress in the Physical Chemistry Lecture Theatre Royal College of Science Imperial Institute Road London S.W.7 at 2.30 p.m.22 BRITISHASSOCIATIONOF CHEMISTS (Birmingham Section) “Industrial Fermenta- tions.” Mr. R. E. Essery at the Chamber of Commerce Birmingham at 7.0 p.m. 13 THE INSTITUTE (Bristol and South Western Counties Section) “A Review of X-ray Work on Long Chain Compounds.” Dr. T. Malkin. in the Chemical Department of the University Woodland Road,Bristol at 6.30 p.m. THEINSTITUTE (Liverpool and North Western Section) jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry the Chemical Society and the British Association of Chemists “Metabolic Cycles,” Professor H. A. Krebs in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre The University Liverpool at 6.0 p.m. THEINSTI,TUTE (Manchester and District Section) “Fat Shortages and Fat Sub-stitutes.* Professor T.P. Hilditch F.R.S. at the Engineers’ Club 17 Albert Square Manchester at 7.0 p.m. CHEMICAL SOCIETY,jointly with the University of Swansea Chemical Society “The Absorption of Light.” Mr. E. J Rowen F.R.S. at University College Swansea at 6 p.m. [ 251 J GENERAL NOTICES (For notices relathg lo matters of immediate importance see '' Announcements OH p. W.) Notice to Associates.-Regulations and forms of application for the Fellowship can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments or are desirous of extending their opportunities is kept at the oilices of the Institute. For fullinformation inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar.Libraries.-The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society Burlington House, Piccadilly W.1 to the maintenance of which the Institute makes substantial con-tributions is available to Fellows Associates and Registered Students wishing to consult or borrow books from 10 a.m. to 9 p.m. on week-days (except Saturdays 10 a.m. to 6 p.m.1. Books can also be borrowed by post. Books may be borrowed from the Science Library Science Museum South Kensing-ton S.W.7 on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Secretary of the Institute. The Library of the Institute is being re-organised but limited service is available to Fellows Associates and Registered Students from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. on week-clays (except Saturdays 10 a.m.to 1 p.m.). Information regarding facilities aftorded to members by Lewis's Lending Library can also be obtained from the Registrar. Reports on German Industries.-Copies of a number of Reports of the Combined Intelligence Objectives Sub-committee (C.I.O.S.) and of the British Intelligence Sub-committee (B.I.O.S.) on industrial plants and processes in Germany published by H.M. Stationery Office have been received and are available for consultation in the Library of the Institute. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A list of slides of portraits of great chemists and other scientists throughout the ages can be obtained on application to the Secretary. As the slides are frequently in demand members are requested to notify their require- ments at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used Joint Subscription Arrangements.-Fellows Associates and Registered Students who wish to participate in the arrangements whereby they can acquire on favourable tea-ms membership of the Chemical Society the Society of Chemical Industry and the Faraday Society with substantial privileges as to publications (see special article JOURNALAND PROCEEDINGS, 1945 Part IV,p.148) can obtain fnrther particulars and necessaryforms from the Conjoint Chemical Office 9 and 10 Savile Row London,W. I-Benevolent Fund.-Contributions for I946 ma be sent to the Honorary Treasurer 30 Russell Square London W.C.1. Forms for Leeds of Covenant may be obtained from the Secretary. Covers for the Journal.-Members who desire covers (2s.each) for binding the JOURNALAND PROC~~DINGS in annual volumes should notify the Assistant Secretary of their requirements indicating the years (1946 or earlier) required. Service with H.M. Forces.-Fellows Associates and Registered Students who are on service with the Navy Army and Air Force are requested to notify the Institute giving particu1a.m as to their d, unit etc. Changes of Address-Fellows Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give so far as possible their permawpzt addresses for registration. When Writing from an address different from that previously given they ate requested to state if the new address is to be used in future and whether the change affecta the Appointments Register.All re uests for changes should be addressed to the Registrar and not to the Honorary Iecretaries of Local Sections. In order to facilitate identification Fellows Associates and Registered Students are asked to give their full initials on communications addressed to the Institute. In the prevailing circumstances they are also asked not invariably to expect formal acknowledgments of communications addressed to the Institute unless replies arc necessary.