THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED, 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1926. PART IV. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secrcttrq. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, W.C. 1.LONDON, August, 1926. Publications Committee, 1926-27 T. SLATER PRICE (Chairman), G. G. HENDERSON (Presideat). H. C. L. BLOXAM, A. J. CHAPMAN, W. M. CUMMING, LEONARD DOBBIN, J. C. DRUMMOND. W. R. FEARON, R. H. GREAVES, C. A. F. HASTILOW, 1. M. HEILBRON, PATRICK H. KI RKALDY ( Treasurer). A. W. KNAPP. W. H. LEWIS. THOMAS MACARA, B. G. McLELLAN. L. G. PAUL, L. G. RADCLIFFE. FRANK SOUTHERDEN. Proceedings of the Council.JUNE-JULY, 1926. Congress of Chemists, London, 1 926.-Under the patronage of H.M. The King, the Society of Chemical Industry, with the co-operation of allied Societies and Institutions, successfully carried out the programme, of which particulars were published in Part I11 of the Journal, for the Congress of Chemists, which was held in London from 19th to 23rd July. A full report of the proceedings has appeared in Chemistryand Industry, Vol. 45, NOS. 30-33. The Exhibition of Laboratory Apparatus, Instruments, Fine Chemicals, Reagents, Filter Papers, Scientific Books, etc. which was arranged at the Institute during the week of the Congress, was fully appreciated by the visitors. This Exhibition, which was provided as a contribution to the programme of the Congress, afforded the exhibitors an opportunity of showing many recently introduced and improved forms of apparatus, instruments, and other products of interest to chemists.A list of the exhibitors is given on pages 200-202. Public Appointments Committee.-Under the Sale of Food and Drugs Act, 1899,the Minister of Health is empowered to define the qualifications which must be possessed by candidates for appointment as public analysts; the Act provides that any public analyst appointed shall furnish such proof of competency as may from time to time be required by regulation framed by the Ministry. The regulation framed in March 1900requires that the public analyst shall furnish such proof as the Ministry may deem sufficient of competent skill in and knowledge of analytical chemistry, therapeutics and microscopy.Such evidence is furnished by the public analyst to the local authority by whom he is appointed and transmitted to the Ministry by the authority when applying for the Ministry’s approval of the appointment. The regulation stated that it had been the practice of the Ministry to accept as sufficient documentary evidence of the requisite qualification, the diploma of Fellowship or Associateship of the Institute, together with the certificate granted by the 166 Institute after an examination conducted on lines approved by the Ministry in therapeutics, pharmacology and microscopy ; but the Ministry also accepted the diploma of a registered medical practitioner as sufficient proof of competence in microscopy and therapeutics where the medical practitioner was also able to furnish evidence of competent skill in and knowledge of analytical chemistry.The Council, on the advice of the Public Appointments Com- mittee, has represented to the Ministry that in view of the present position of the profession of chemistry it is no longer necessary to suggest that medical men as such should become candidates for appointments as public analysts since the ordinary curriculum for the practice of medicine does not cover the necessary knowledge of and skill in the chemistry and microscopy. of foods and drugs, and has also expressed the opinion that the standard of competence in the three necessary subjects, analytical chemistry, therapeutics, and microscopy, should, in all cases, be equivalent to that standard required for the Examination of the Institute in the Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Foods and Drugs and of Water. In co-operation with the National Union of Scientific Workers, the Council has been in communication with the Air Ministry with reference to the terms and conditions of appointments of chemists and other scientists under the Ministry.A deputation, consisting of Dr. G. C. Clayton, M.P., together with the Registrar and the Assistant Secretary, representing the Institute, and Major Church, representing the National Union of Scientific Workers, was received at the Ministry on the 29th June by Mr.H. W. W. McAnally, Principal Assistant Secretary, and Mr. J. B. Abraham, Assistant Secretary, when the subject was discussed. An appointment had been advertised for a man to take charge of the Chemical and Physical Testing Laboratory at Kidbrooke. Applicants were required to have had previous experience of directing analytical work on such materials as paints, varnishes, fuels and lubricants, rubber, timber, adhesives, and textiles, and to hold a B.Sc. or equivalent degree in chemistry andlor physics--the post to carry a salary of j5200-~400 per annum plus Civil Service bonus, bringing the total remuneration up to approximately j5306-;6558 per annum. The commencing salary was stated to be kzs less than the minimum agreed upon for 167 chemists by Committee ‘*C” of the Civil Service National Whitley Council, and it appeared that the position was of such responsibility that the commencing salary should be higher, and should correspond with the salary agreed upon for “a chemist in charge.’’ The position was actually filled by the promotion of a chemist already on the staff.Major Church directed attention to the terms of the decision of Committee “C” of the National Whitley Council, and urged that the Air Ministry should regard the appointment as corres- ponding with that of a chemist in charge at the Royal Naval Cordite Factory, Holton Heath, whose scale would be E350, rising by increments of LI~per annum to &450 PZus cost of living bonus. Dr. Clayton urged the importance of employing chemists of the highest competence in positions where they were not only responsible for investigations which might bear upon the safety of airmen, but were expected to uphold their opinions against those of chemists employed by contractors. The Registrar indicated that the Institute was ready at all times to assist departments in securing the services of competent chemists, and showed that the additional cost of securing the services of first-class men was very slight in comparison with the advantages to be gained.The Assistant Secretary of the Institute pointed out that if the salaries and prospects offered to chemists by Government departrnents were materially inferior to those offered in industry the result would be that the Government would not secure and retain the services of the best men.Mr. McAnally, in reply, said that the Air Ministry could not agree that it was bound by the findings of Committee “C” of the National Whitley Council, and mentioned that the chemist who had been promoted had actually been placed on the scale at a commencing salary of k50 higher than that advertised. He was fully alive to the services which the Institute had rendered and was rendering to Government departments. He was impressed with the remarks made by Dr. Clayton on the subject of responsibility, and would bear all the points which had been brought before him in mind. The deputation thanked Mr. McAnally for receiving them. On receiving a report of the interview, the thanks of the Council were accorded Dr.Clayton for his services. The opinion was expressed that the Air Ministry should come 168 into line with other departments by adopting a similar scale of remuneration and other conditions of employment. The Council has also been in correspondence with the Institu- tion of Professional Civil Servants, which officially represents chemists in the Civil Service upon Committee (‘C ” of the National Whitley Council. The Council of the Institution is desirous of co-operating with the Council of the Institute in any matter of mutual interest which may concern chemists in the Service, and proposes to set up a special sub-committee to deal with problems affecting scientific staffs.As chemists will preponderate on this Committee the Institute will be asked to appoint representatives to serve thereon. Another matter which calls for consideration is the action of the Joint Substitution Board of the Treasury and Ministry of Labour regarding chemical appointments. The Board, in fulfil- ment of promises given by the Government, undertakes to do all that is possible to secure employment for ex-service personnel, even though its action may involve the removal of a fully qualified chemist already in Government employ, whether such chemist was prevented from serving with the forces or was too young to be called on active service. The Institute has, in fact, been asked to assist by means of its Appointments Register in seeking ex-service men, and thus possibly introduce candidates not actually out of work for appointments already held by other chemists.No objection can be raised to preference being given to suitable ex-service personnel wherc: definite vacancies exist, but even when the Board has no names on its books it makes a determined effort to find an ex-service man to substitute for a non ex-service man. While the Council has every desire to help ex-service men, it is felt that in the public interest the Department should endeavour to secure the services of those who are best qualified to do the work, and that it is not the best policy to make changes, otherwise unnecessary, which would inflict considerable hardship if the action of the Joint Substitution Board were continued.Therapeutic Substances Act, 1 926.-The Joint Com- mittee appointed for framing the regulations to be made under the Therapeutic Substances Act, 1925, consists of the Minister of Health, the Secretary for Scotland, and the Minister of Home Affairs for Northern Ireland; and the Advisory Committee for 169 assisting the Joint Committee in framing the Regulations has now been constituted as follows :-Sir George Newman (chair- man), appointed by the Minister of Health; Mr. John Jeffrey, Scottish Board of Health; Mr. Thomas Houston, Minister of Home Affairs for Northern Ireland; Mr. H. H. Dale, Medical Research Council; Sir Nestor Tirard, General Medical Council ; Mr. C. 0. Hawthorne, British Medical Association; Dr.J. H. Burn, Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain; Dr. J. F. Tocher, Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland. Committee on the Poisons and Pharmacy Acts.-The Lord President of the Council has appointed a Committee, consisting of :-E, A. Mitchell-Innes, Esq., C.B.E., K.C. (chair- man) ;L. G. Brock, Esq., C.B. ; Sir Malcolm Delevingne, K.C.B. ; F. W. Gamble, Esq. ; Sir William M. Graham-Harrison, K.C.B. ; Sir Donald MacAlister, Bt., K.C.B., M.D.; E. T. Neathercoat, Esq., C.B.E. ;Colin Smith, Esq. ; G. Stubhs, Esq., C.B.E., F.T.C.; Sir William H. Willcox, K.C.I.E., C.K., C.M.G., M.D., F.I.C.; A. E. Young, Esq. M. D. l’errins, Esq. (Hoine Office), and Dr. E. W. Adams, O.B.E., M.D. (Ministry of Health), Joint Secretaries to the Committee. The terms of reference are: To consider and report whether any modifications are necessary or desirable in the Poisons and Pharmacy Acts: (I) in regard to the conditions relating to the sale of poisons; (2) in regard to the procedure for the modification or exten-sion of the Schedule of Poisons to which the Acts apply; (3) in the system of making and enforcing Regulations in regard to the keeping, selling and dispensing of poisons; (4) in regard to the Central Authority for the purposes of the Acts; and (5) in regard to any other matters to which the attention of the Committee may be drawn.The Committee will inquire generally into the existing machinery regulating the sale (retail and wholesale), keeping, distribution and supply of poisons, Any consideration of pro- posals for the inclusion in or exclusion from the Schedule of Poisons of any specific substance is not held to fall within the Committee’s terms of reference.The Committee has decided to take evidence on matters within its terms of reference. Any person, association or firm 170 wishing to give evidence or place views before the Committee should communicate as soon as possible with Mr. M. D. Perrins (Joint Secretary), Home Office, Whitehall, S.W. I. Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs.-Section 23 of the Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Bill, which was before Parliament in July, provides that the Minister and the Board of Agriculture for Scotland jointly may, after consultation with the Advisory Committee to be constituted under this Section, make regulations for prescribing anything which under this Act is required or authorised to be prescribed, and generally for carrying this Act into operation; .. . . This section also provides that for the purpose of assisting and advising them with respect to the making of regulations under this Act, the Minister and the Board shall jointly appoint an Advisory Committee consisting of repre-sentatives of manufacturers and importers of articles used as fertilisers of the soil or food for cattle and poultry, and of the agricultural industry, together with such other persons as the Minister and Board may think desirable. It will be noticed that no specific reference is made to chemists or official agricultural analysts.The Council, therefore, have directed the attention of the Ministry to this oversight. The scope and objects of the proposed regulations are indicated under six different headings in Section 23. Four of the six require for their proper framing scientific knowledge of a chemical character. The Council felt bound, therefore, to urge the Ministry as strongly as possible to amend the section to include specific mention of official agricultural analysts and other scientific officers. The Ministry, in reply, has stated that it recognises that it will be essential that the Advisory Committee should include both agricultural analysts and other agricultural scientists, but as it is clear that the clause gives the Ministry power to appoint such persons it is not thought necessary that an amendment should be moved to make specific provision for this.The amendment of the clause is under consideration, however, with a view to avoiding as far as possible the difficulties likely to arise from the specific mention of particular interests. Registration.-Attention is directed to the statement on registration which>is published in this Part (page 174). Local Sections have been asked to make provision for the discussion 171 of this subject in their programmes for the forthcoming session and to forward any concrete suggestions which they may wish to submit for the consideration of the Special Registration Commit tee.In Journal Part 111, page 141, reference was made to the Association of Professional Chemists in Quebec having secured the title of “professional chemist” in an Act adopted by the Legislative Assembly of the Province in March last, Measures of this kind are not within the jurisdiction of the Dominion or Federal Government, but of the Legislative Assemblies of the provinces severally. The provinces can make reciprocal arrange- ments to recognise degrees or qualifications conferred in any of them, but the Dominion Government cannot legislate for the Dominion as a whole in such a matter. The Association of Professional Chemists of the Province of Quebec is now in the course of formation. If the chemists in other provinces follow the lead of Quebec it will probably be the endeavour of the Canadian Institute of Chemistry to co-ordinate and link together the different provincial associations.The Act does not restrict the practice of chemistry, but, from a report of the 9th Annual Dominion Convention of Chemists, it appears that an effort will be made in the near future to secure a closed profession within the Province. On the other hand, it is to be noted that Prof. R. Harcourt of the Agricultural College, Guelph, Ontario, the retiring President of the Canadian Institute of Chemistry, in the course of his address, expressed some doubts on the desir- ability of this course. According to the Report published in the Montreal Gazette on the 2nd June, Prof. Harcourt said:- “One of the important things for members of this Institute to consider is whether they find their views on restrictive legislation changing as the years go by.Is restrictive legislation possible or desirable? Who are to be restricted, and where is the line to be drawn ? Is the problem really a professional, a scientific or an economic one? Is the ideal solution to be secured by education, or legislation, or both ? Does restrictive legislation open the door to a variety of situations where collective bargains may be entertained ? Is it possible for a profession that operates almost entirely on a salary basis, not even an hourly basis, to copy a profession that operates entirely on a fee basis ? Is the labour union idea superior to the self-grading idea, when the objective desired is considered from a practical standpoint ? As the interests of the individuals become diversfied, the difficulties of legislation are increased.These are serious matters, worthy of much consideration. Frankly, my own personal views are changing, and I now serioudy question the wisdom of seeking restrictive legislation at present in Ontario.” 172 Continuing his remarks on the Canadian Institute, he said:- “Starting from nothing, with an unorganised profession of a type not easily organised, the Institute has gone a long way, in a short time, toward creating a body of chemists in Canada to whom anyone interested may look for the highest professional qualities in this country. I feel that what is most essential to our success at t8he present time is a continued effort to improve our status and tho cdtivating of R sympatheticappreciation of what wt? arc: seeking to accomplish by rmn of other professions and business men in general.United, let us continue to raise the status of our chosen profession in our own minds and in the minds of those we seek to serve.” Finsbury Technical College.-On the closing of the Finsbury Technical College the Institute has been offered the Meldola Library consisting of 160 volumes together with a sum of about E35 on that account, and also the Streatfeild Memorial Fund comprising @oo 4 per cent. War Loan and a further sum of about E35. The Meldola Library was formed as a memorial to the late Prof.Raphael Meldola, and with this gift is included a coloured photograph of Prof. Meldola. The Chemical Library of the College will also be presented to the Institute. The Streatfeild Memorial Fund was founded to provide for the delivery of an annual lecture as a memorial to Frederick William Streatfeild, to be given, so far as is possible, for some years to come, by former students of Finsbury Technical College. The Council has gratefully accepted these gifts, and a Special Committee has been appointed to consider and report to the Council on the arrangements to be made to meet the conditions which accompany them. National Certificates in Chemistry.-An abstract of the report of the Assessors upon the recent examinations for National Certificates conducted jointly by the Board of Education and the Institute, is published in this Part of the JOURNAL.Chemists’ Dinner, 1 926.-Fellows and Associates of the Institute are invited to co-operate with the Chemical Industry Club in the arrangements for a Dinner to be held in London, at the Connaught Rooms, on Friday, 12th November, Other societies interested in chemistry will also participate. (Tickets -12s. 6d. each, not including wines-will be obtainable from the Assistant Secretary, The Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London. W.I.) 173 Local Sections. Belfast and District.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on the 26th May in the Chemistry Depart- ment of Queen’s University, Prof.G. Scott Robertson in the chair. The annual report and financial statement were received and approved. Votes of thanks were accorded the retiring officers for their services, and the University authorities, for the use of a. room for meetings. The following officers were elected for the session 1926-27: Dr. W. H. Gibson, Chairman, Mr. William Honneyman, Won. Treasurer, Messrs. Blake, Brierley, Cashmore and Hoskins, and ex officio, Mr. J. EI. Totton, District Member of Council, were elected members of the committee of the section. Mr. G. Thompson was elected Hon. Secretary, but he sub- sequently obtained an appointment outside the district, and the committee has elected Mr. J. C. A. Brierley in his place. Bristol and South-Western Counties.-The Section visited the Agricultural and Horticultural Research Station of the University of Bristol, at Long Ashton, on 3rd July, when there was a large attendance.After the plantations and laboratories had been inspected under the guidance of Prof. B. I. P. Barker, Director of the Station and Mr. T. Wallace, the party cnjoyed the hospitality provided, and votes of thanks were accorded the Director for the privilege given them, for the interesting and profitable afternoon spent, and for their being made acquainted with the important research work which is in progress at the Station. In the absence of the Chairman of the Section (Sir Ernest H. Cook), Mr. R. D. Littlefield presented a cheque to Mr. V. L. S. Charley and Mr. E. R. Harris, as the joint winners of the prize, offered to registered students attached to the Section, for the best essay on “The Trend of Modern Organic Chemistry.” 174 Special Committee on Registration.The President: Prof. G. G. Henderson. The Vice-presidents: Messrs. E. C. C. Baly, E. R. Bolton, A. Chaston Chapman, H. G. Colman, T. Slater Price, E. W. Voelcker. The Honorary Treasurer : Mr. Patrick H. Kirkaldy. The following Members of Council: Messrs. A. J. Chapman, G. C. Clayton, J. C. Drummond, A. V. Elsden, H. J. Evans, C. A. F. Hastilow, E. M. Hawkins, I. M. Heilbron, S. E. Melling, F. L. Pyman, William Rintoul, and F. Scholefield. The Special Committee was appointed by the Council, in March last, to consider the whole question of registration as it affects the profession of chemistry, to explore the possibilities of carrying into effect any proposal for the more complete registration of chemists and, alternatively, of instituting a third grade of membership of the Institute.The Special Committee was also asked to draft a statement which would be submitted to the Local Sections for their consideration. An endeavour has been made to summarise below the con- siderations which have been reviewed by the Special Committee in order that they may be discussed by the Local Sections, who are asked to report to the Council and to forward any concrete suggestions on the matter which may arise in the course of such discussions. I. The question of taking steps to unify and organise the profession of chemistry to a greater degree than it has been organised hitherto is constantly recurring. It is suggested that one of the steps to be taken towards achieving this object would be to establish a register of all those who can reasonably claim to be chemists-actual and prospective.The Council of the Institute has received a statement, prepared for the Manchester and Liverpool Sections of the 175 Institute, in favour of the establishment of such a register under the control of a specially constituted Registration Council, and the exploration of possible legislative authority for the future maintenance of such a register. The statement-which has been transmitted to the Special Registration Committee-is here abstracted.It suggests, in effect, an extension of the Institute’s Register of Fellows and Associates, by the “setting up of a new register with a wider embrace.” This involves the formulation of a minimum qualifi- cation for registration. This qualification would have regard to the academic and professional distinction and experience of each chemist. The standard might conceivably be a moderate one for the first few years and, thereafter, the Registration Council could from time to time raise it. In some such way would be brought into existence a general chemical register, and thus “the profession of chemistry in its personal aspect will take form and shape and size.” The function of the Registration Council would be “to make the register complete and exhaustive, and to maintain as high a standard for admission as is com- patible with reality.” The statement deals with objections which have been advanced to the proposal.For example, it has been contended that some legal title must first be acquired; also, that the chemists already officially recognised as such by the Institute would suffer in status by the registration of many who have not complied with the conditions fulfilled by Fellows and Associates of the Institute. However, it is held, by those responsible for the statement, that there is no ground for the view that the acquisition of a statutory title should take precedence over the initiation of the Register; that the establishment of a register of chemical practitioners would tend to enhance the importance of the Fellowship of the Institute; and, since it would not increase the number of professional chemists, it would not “dilute” the profession.It is held that the cost of maintenance of the Register after the preliminary years would be small, and that there is no reason to expect that the vast majority of chemists would not take advantage of the facilities afforded. The diversity of occupation in the profession is considered no greater than in the medical profession, in which one register serves for practitioners of all kinds; and it is held that the institution of a register would be useful as a list of those entitled to call themselves professional 176 chemists according to the standard prevailing at the particular time.Its main value, however, would be that it would stand for the united profession of chemistry, would achieve the first stage in the organisation of any movement for the improvement of the status of the whole chemical profession, and would focus any effort of the professional chemist in the service of the com- munity. A movement for the institution of a register of all professional chemists would be definitely a step towards an attempt to obtain more complete authority for the government of the profession, subject only to the authority of, say, the Privy Council. The foregoing paragraphs summarise the statement, except that the preamble contains a complaint that the services which are and could be rendered to the community by chemists are not sufficiently appreciated by the general public or by the legislature.11. The Special Committee has had regard to the present constitution of the profession. It has been ascertained that the number of individuals attached to organised chemical bodies in Great Britain and Ireland is about 10,000;but many graduates in chemistry (including at least 2000 engaged in teaching in schools, etc.) are not attached to any chemical society. Chemists (i.e. persons earning a livelihood mainly by chemistry) not at present registered by the Institute would probably not exceed 5000-consisting of :-I. A comparatively small number of chemists of established repute who would be eligible as Fellows without examination. 2.Honours graduates, qualified to be admitted as Associates without examination under the present regulations, but who have not applied or do not desire to apply for admission. 3. Chemists who have been practising for some years, but whose earlier training does not bring them within the regulations. 4. Partly trained younger persons who are not yet eligible in accordance with the regulations of the Institute, and who are not registered as Students. 111. Next-coming to the possibility of the proposition- the Committee considered whether Registration might be 177 COMPULSORY or VOLUNTARY, and who should constitute the Registration authority. Whether compulsory or voluntary, the work must be entrusted to a properly constituted authority.In the statement referred to above, it was suggested that the Institute of Chemistry should collaborate with other bodies, such as universities and chemical societies, in the formation of a Registration Council. It is clear, however, that the functions of the universities are to educate and to preserve and to advance knowledge; they are not directly concerned with professional organisa t ion. Societies, such as the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry, are not concerned with qualifications and registration, and may include in their ranks persons who are not necessarily chemists. The British Association of Chemists is not concerned with qualification and registration, although its membership is limited to persons possessing certain qualifications.The Institute of Chemistry is the only body specifically empowered by Royal Charter to register persons competent to practise chemistry in the sense here understood. IV. If the ultimate object is to make registration COMPULSOKY with a view to controlling and restricting practice, it will obviously be necessary-as in the medical profession-for the Government eventually to prevent unregistered persons from practising for profit on and after a specified date. (The restriction could only be limited to practising fur prujit, since it would be unreasonable to restrict private experi- mental work. In this connection, it must be remembered that in the Law, Medicine, and Nursing, absolute restriction cannot be enforced; and that in Pharmacy the object of the restriction is to regulate the sale of poisons.) Further, any legislation for such restriction must obviously be urged on the ground of public interest.What is the object? Is it to limit the profession or to provide against existing abuse? It must not be merely selfish, and it must be shown that fresh legislation is necessary, that the public is not sufficiently pro- tected against the charlatan, and that restriction of practice will be to the advantage of the public. Is it sought to secure registration of all chemists, in whatever 178 branch they may be engaged? If so, the following must be included :-A. In Private Practice, Principals and assistants. comprising analysts, metallurgists, chemical advisers, patent agents, scientific journalists, etc.: B. In Industry: Directors or partners, managers, chemists in control of plant, research chemists, analysts and assistants. C. Governmental or muni- Heads of departments, superin- cipal employ : tendents, public analysts, official agricultural analysts, gas examiners, research chemists, analysts, and assistants. D. Teaching: Principals, professors, lecturers and demonstrators in uni-versities ; teachers in public, secondary and private schools, and tutors. E. Miscellaneous: Persons engaged in two or more of the above; or other employ- ment-possibly of a com-mercial or administrative character-on which chemical knowledge has an important though possibly a secondary, bearing.Proceeding to consider these groups individuauy- With reference to A, it might be feasible to seek statutory powers to prevent unregistered persons suing for fees, or having their evidence accepted in Courts of Law where such practice affects the health or safety of the people. (In some measure, the regulations as to competency of public analysts provide for this.) With regard to B-viz., chemists engaged in industry-the question arises whether it is practicable to enforce registration, 179 and whether industry would tolerate legislation controlling the employment of chemists-particularly persons engaged in routine work. It might be feasible to ask for powers to prevent un- registered persons being placed in charge of manufacturing operations where the safety and health of the workers or of the public are concerned; but it must be allowed that the training and experience necessary for such positions can only be obtained in actual practice on the works.Could the need for such legislation be proved ? With regard to C-Governmental and municipal (whole- time) appointments-it may be held that the authorities con- cerned invariably have due regard to the qualifications of the personnel employed. Could it be shown that compulsory registration is necessary for this class ? With regard to D-teaching-it is held that the qualifications required include evidence of ability to teach, as well as knowledge of the science.Few persons can pretend to teach a subject if they have not obtained a recognised degree or diploma, and the duly constituted educational authorities are well able to judge candidates for appointment on their merits. E-miscellaneous-the importance of restriction in this class can only be determined according to the particular circum- stances. On the general question, some hold that it would not be in the public interest to attempt to restrict the freedom of anyone to practise any profession or craft in which he can prove himself able to earn an honest living without hurt to his fellow citizens. It is questioned whether the legislature would debar a person from earning his living in the practice of chemistry because his qualifications, although such that he could be useful and earn his living in some restricted domain of work, were not sufficiently high to entitle him to the Associateship of the Institute.V. Presumably, in the event of any movement in the direction indicated, the Register of Fellows and Associates of the Institute would form the nucleus of such a register, and a general invitation, by public announcement, would be issued to all other chemists to apply for registration. A minimum standard of qualification would be formulated; forms of application would be prepared, and a committee or board appointed to consider applications. A fee would be necessary, especially if the register, when prepared were to be published and issued. The Register 180 would be useless unless kept constantly revised.Clerical assistance, therefore, would be necessary for correspondence, scheduling applications, registration, and book-keeping. Would this machinery be effective? What purpose would it serve? Provided that the response proved satisfactory, a more extended list of chemists would be available in any emergency than at present exists. Possibly some chemists would feel an obligation to apply for membership of the Institute, since they would prefer not to be registered except in the class for which they were qualified; and thus the greater unity of the profession might be fostered. On the other hand, a lower standard of qualification than that demanded for the Associateship of the Institute would acquire a measure of recognition.(Possibly, also, in any voluntary scheme some chemists might prefer this form of registration to membership of the Institute, since it would secure their names on a recognised Register at less cost.) VI. The question has also been considered whether it is desirable to formulate means for including classes I and 2 (see Section 11, p. 176), other than normally as Fellows and Associates, and whether class 3 could be provided for by the institution of a Third Grade of Institute membership. The Third Grade should imply a qualification which cannot be confused with the Fellow- ship or Associateship, yet it must not imply a definite lack of qualification. Such a term as “probationer” would not bc applicable, but “Affiliated Member” (without the right to use the distinctive letters F.I.C.and A.I.C.) might be acceptable, although possibly open to misinterpretation. “Fellowship ” and “Associateship” are so clearly established and have so much “goodwill” attached to them that it would be undesirable to change these. The constitution of the Third Grade should be such that it offers a definite inducement to proceed to the Associateship or Fellowship of the Institute, while the members of the Institute must retain their present privileges in full. It is suggested that the Third Grade might be allowed membership of the Local Sections of the Institute with the right to vote for the District Member of Council, but not a vote for the General Members of Council.In the event of compulsory registration being possible, persons in the third grade qualifying for the Associateship would be required to proceed to the Associateship, and no person qualified to become an Associate would be admitted to the Third Grade. 181 VII. It is understood that any proposals involving the rights of the Institute under its present Charter will need to be submitted to Extraordinary General Meetings of the Institute for approval, and if it is found to be desirable an application would be made for revision of the Charter. VIII. The Special Committee finds that compulsory registra- tion is not a practical proposition at the present time, and is doubtful whether such registration could be enforced to apply to the profession as a whole, especially to chemists engaged in industry.Some members of the Special Committee still regard it as necessary to give a title to those who are to be registered, that is, to determine, in the first place, who is to be recognised as a chemist. On the proposal to introduce a system of VOLUNTARY registra-tion-apart from the improbability that there would be a general response from persons who are not at present on the roll of the Institute-the proposition for enlarging the scope of the register of the Institute by the establishment of a third grade is held by some to be contrary to the best interests of the existing Fellows and Associates. By others, however, it is also thought that although the third grade might not be popular in the early stages, it would have an increasing significance in the future and provide for a means for registering all who could reasonably be recognised as chemists. For the present, no doubt many who are not registered by the Institute might prefer not to be included in the third grade, although they might not be eligible for the Associateship or desire to join the Institute either as Fellows or Associates.Other members of the Special Committee can see no advantage in voluntary registration, and are doubtful whether compulsory registration is desirable in the public interest, since they hold that the Institute should seek to secure the adherence of the really competent chemists and aim at maintaining the status of the profession, rather than to establish a larger register, including those who are unable to comply with the present conditions for the Associateship of the Institute.IX. On the whole, the Special Committee arrived at the conclusion that compulsory registration was not practicable at 182 present, that it was questionable whether any form of volun-tary registration, other than that existing at present, would be effective, and that the establishment of a third grade was un- desirable. The Special Committee, asked, however, that it be not discharged, that a statement of its proceedings be transmitted to the Local Sections with an intimation that the Committee will be glad to receive concrete suggestions on the matter. On receipt of replies from the Local Sections, the Special Committee will take them into consideration and report further to the Council. Substitutes for Et hyI Alcohol.-An Inter-Departmental Committee, under the Chairmanship of Mr.C. J. T. B. Grylls, C.B.E., one of the Commissioners of Customs and Excise, and including representatives of the Government Chemist, the Board of Trade and the Ministry of Health, has been set up with the following terms of reference :-“To consider and report what duties, restrictions or prohibitions, if any, should be imposed upon substances other than ethyl alcohol which are capable of being used as substitutes for ethyl alcohol by reference to :-(a) the maintenance and safety of the spirit revenue. (b) the various uses to which they are or may be put ; (c) the public health ; (d) the desirability of avoiding any restriction which might unnecessarily hamper trade progress or discourage experiment .” The Institute has been asked to assist by submitting, for the consideration of this Committee, a memorandum of any information or opinions which it may think desirable to offer on questions within the terms of reference. Fellows and Associates who wish to express views on these matters are invited to communicate with the Registrar as soon as possible, 183 Notes.Honours.-The names 01 the following Fellows of the Institute were mentioned in the list of honours recently conferred :-George Clarke, C.I.E. Colonel G. C.Sturrock, C.B.E. A. Vincent Elsden, M.B.E. Mr. George Patchin has been appointed Principal of the Sir John Cass Technical Institute on the resignation of Dr. Charles A. Keane. Mr. Frank George Edmed has been appointed Admiralty Chemist at H.M. Dockyard, Portsmouth, in succession to Mr. Arnold Philip, Contracts of Service.-On the 17th June, in the Mayor’s and City of London Court, an analytical chemist brought an action claiming three months’ salary and damages for wrongful dismissal. The main question to be decided was what con-stituted reasonable notice. The chemist had been dismissed at a week’s notice, and a week’s salary paid. In the absence of any service agreement, Judge Shewell Cooper took the view that a man of the qualifications and experience of the plaintiff was entitled to three months’ notice, and, accordingly, gave judgment for three months’ salary, with costs, deducting one week’s salary already received.This case illustrates the advisability of provision for notice being included in every contract, having due regard to the im- portance, responsibility and nature of the position to be occupied by the chemist. Three months’ notice on either side, would be considered reasonable in the majority of cases, and six months in the case of highly paid appointments. In contracts for appointments outside Great Britain six months’ notice should be insisted upon. 184 Professional Certificates-The President, in his address at the Annual General Meeting held in March last, referred to complaints which had been received regarding the use for advertisement purposes of professional certificates.The President remarked that it was invariably found that until the members concerned were communicated with they were quite unaware that their certificates had been used. This kind of case is illustrated by the following letter which appeared in The Gas Joumal on the 14th May last. THE CHALK FUEL CORPORATION, LTD. Sm,-In the prospectus issued by the Chalk Fuel, Power-Gas, and Hye-Products Corporation, Ltd., on which you recently commented, there is what purports to be a certificate (undated) of mine; and the Registrar of the Institute of Chemistry has very properly called my attention to it. I had difficulty in tracing any such certificate, but I find that in 1914 I gave one troanother Company, certifying that six briquettes described as “chalk composition briquettes ” had a calorific value of 9060 B.Th.U.-t)he figureappearing over my name in the prospectus-but in the certificate of 1914 I find I have added, what is here omitted, “the calorific value of coal ranges from 12,000 B.Th.U.up.” Immediately above what purports to be my certificate there is another (also undated), in which a Mr. G. H. Frankin, Engineer, says: “I estimate that one ton of your best chalk briquettes is equal to 14 tons of averagecoal.” It will bc, readily seen that, had my certificate of 1914 been given in its entirety, it would have amounted to a flat contradiction of what appears over Mr.Franklin’s name. Neither the Chalk Fuel Corporation nor the Company to which I gave the 1914 certificate had any authority t80use my namc or certificate in a prospectus or for advertising purposes. It may give a little humour to the situation if I add that the fee for the 1914 Certificate still remains in my books unpaid. WM. MCD. MACKEY,F.r.c. Victoria Chambers, South Parade, Leeds, July 9, 1926. Taxat ion of Scientific I nstitution s.-The Commissioners of Inland Revenue are investigating the rights of scientific societies to exemption from the payment of income tax and have notified the Chemical Society of their intention to challenge the right of that Society to recover the tax deducted at the source from dividends on its invested capital.From a statement reviewing the cases relating to this subject, prepared and pub- lished by the British Science Guild, it appears that although provision has been made for exempting from taxation, to some extent at least, property or the income therefrom devoted not only to charitable purposes, but also to the advancement ot 185 science, literature and the fine arts, the Commissioners do not lightly grant such exemption. It should be possible, however, under the law as it at present exists for scientific institutions to obtain complete or part exemption from taxation either under the provisions specifically mentioning such institutions or on the ground that their property is utilised for charitable purposes only. The legal definition of charitable purposes embraces the relief of poverty, the advancement of education, the advance- ment of religion, and other purposes beneficial to the community; but professional bodies such as the Institute, which embraces objects other than the advancement of science, are debarred from claiming any such exemption.The Institute, however, heartily sympathises with the Chemical Society, feeling that its rights should not be questioned, since it has for 80 years consistently advanced science by the publication of new know- ledge, while its members, in addition to paying their own personal taxes, have thereby borne a financial burden in a manner that has only been rendered possible by the Society enjoying rent free accommodation and relief from taxation.This subject has also been under the consideration of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, in collabora- tion with representatives of other bodies, and it has been proposed that two test cases should be heard, the Treasury paying ihc cost for both sides of thew actions, but tlie costs on behalf of the Societies coiicerncd being limited by a prescribed scale of costs. Sixth Congress of Industrial Chemistry, Brussels, 1 926.-The sixth Congress of Industrial Chemistry will be held at Brussels from the 26th September to the 3rd October next. Enquiries should be addressed to M. H. Van Laer, Secrktaire GknCral, Rue Berckmans 83, Bruxelles. Arrangements include excursions and visits to several Belgian factories.SpeciaI Librapies Directory.--Ail Association, styled The Association of Special Libraries and lnforinatioii Bureaux, has been formed to facilitate the co-ordination and systematic use of sources of information in science, industry, commerce, public affairs, etc., and thus to render available scientific and other specialised information to those who wish to obtain it. 186 The Carnegie United Kingdom Trust is assisting the Association in an endeavour to compile a directory of sources of specialised information in Great Britain and Ireland. The General Editorship of the work has been entrusted to Mr. G. F. Barwick, late Keeper of Printed Books at the British Museum. Particulars of the Association can be obtained from Mr.Guy,W. Keeling, the General Secretary, 38, Rloomsbury Square, London, W.C. I. Membership is open to individuals and institutions directly concerned in the control or operation of library, research, statistical or information services. Associate Membership is open to individuals and institutions interested in but not directly engaged upon those services. The Association is holding its Third Conference during the week-end September zqth-z7th, at Balliol College, Oxford. The Conference is open to all interested; as accom-modation is strictly limited, those wishing to attend should communicate with the Secretary without delay. 187 National Certificates in Chemistry, 1926. The Council has received from the Joint Committee of the Board of Education and the Institute the report of the Assessors on the examination for National Certificates held in 1926.Assessors :-Dr. Gilbert T. Morgan, O.B.E., F.K.S. and Prof. J. E. Coates, O.B.E., D.Sc. I. Two additional schools have, for the first time, submitted candidates for the Ordinary grade, and one school for the Higher grade. The number of entries in the Ordinary grade was 102, compared with 87 in 1925. In the Higher grade there were 51 candidates, compared with 59 in 1925; of these 27 passed the Ordinary certificate in previous years, of whom 16 were success- ful in obtaining the Higher certificate this year. 11. General Impression of the Examination Scripts.--With only one exception the written papers were forwarded by the colleges and schools in a satisfactory manner and in most cases appropriate keys were submitted to the answers in the practical examinations.Schemes of marking were not, however, always enclosed with the scripts. In a few instances candidates had written on both sides of loose sheets of paper without margins. (It is very desirable that all schools should provide proper answer books.) A commendable feature of this year’s papers was the neatness of scripts submitted for the practical examinations. The candidates had written up their results in orderly fashion. In one group of schools in which this neatness in the practical work was particularly noticeable, only one candidate failed to secure pass marks.The Assessors feel justified in laying stress on the great improvement in the writing up of laboratory exercises because this neatness is seldom seen in practical examinations. It may be mentioned that the Northern Schools as a general rule submitted neater practical scripts than those from schools in the South. 188 This year there were two cases of scripts with missing pages. (The collection of all written papers is included in the duties of the Examination Superintendent .) 111. Standavd of Marking.-The tendency to mark weak candidates leniently was less general this year than on previous occasions, although it was not entirely absent. In certain cases there was considerable overmarking in physics. Leniency was more noticeable in the advanced grade than in the senior grade.(In the advanced grade weak candidates should not be allowed to gain a bare pass by generous marking of very in- complete answers; it is truer kindness to recommend them to repeat the course.) Several quite satisfactory answer books came from candidates who failed last year. IV. Writtertz Pa@rs.-More care was shown in answering the compulsory questions, although in one instance the instruction to make a certain question obligatory was disregarded by the school authority. The compulsory question on the periodic classification and valency brought forth many thoughtful answers, although it also showed that candidates sometimes prefer to learn off by heart the contents of their lecture notes, rather than to think for themselves.A candidate, who had dealt fully with the recondite topic of the discovery of rubidium and caesium in the waters of Ilurkhcim, stated in another answer that sodium was bivalent and mentioned at the same time that the valencies of manganese and lead were one and three respec- tively. In answers to questions on physical chemistry, candidates showed some confusion in defining critical temperature and critical pressure, and were not clear in explaining why liquid chlorine and sulphur dioxide could be stored in closed vessels whereas liquid air could only be kept in open containers. The answers to the clectro-chemical questions in the physics papers were, on the whole, badly done. Answers to the compulsory question in organic chemistry (senior grade) indicated a belief, which in certain schools appeared to be general, that diazotisation is carried out in practice on a free aromatic primary amine rather than on its hydrochloride in acid solution.The distinction is not merely academic, but of considerable practical and industrial importance. This was exemplified in one school where, with one exception, all the candidates gave the incorrect method, but the exceptional one, 189 who had evidently had works experience in the preparation of “Paranitraniline red,” furnished an explanation of the importance of free acid in the process of diazotisation. V. Practical Examinations. As already noticed in earlier reports, candidates, in the flurry of a practical examination, frequently either make arithmetical errors in their calculations or leave their experimental numbers without making the final calculations.(It might be advisable for Superintendents to impress upon candidates the importance of completing their notes.) The scripts of the advanced grade occasionally showed evidence of overmarking. In some cases only a few of the exercises cited in the practical physics paper were actually set, and the method of allotting the exercises to candidates was not stated. In those cases where practical exercises were set in the three divisions of inorganic, organic and physical chemistry, it was noticed that high marks were obtained in the physico-chemical exercises by candidates who had failed in one or both of the other sections.This difference suggests that analytical exercises are the more searching test of the candidates’ chemical ability, and as such should remain a predominant feature in examinations carried out under the auspices of the Joint Committee. VI. Technological Subjects.-The scripts in technological subjects were generally of high standard, but there was often a lack of theoretical knowledge regarding processes with the practical side of which candidates were evidently quite familiar. The industrial use of “Naphthol A.S.” was accurately described by one candidate, but the substance was described as an anilide of naphthoic acid. I90 Obituary. ALEXANDERJOHNATKINSONdied at Newport, Monmouthshire, on 22nd April, in his 70th year.Educated at University College School, London, he matriculated in 1874 and pursued his scientific studies under Williamson at University College, under Frankland at the Royal School of Mines, and Winkler at the Mining School at Freiberg, Saxony. After working for a short time with Sir I. Lowthian Bell, at Middlesbrough, he was for three years Chief Chemist at the Blaenavon Iron Works. In 1883 he joined his brother, R. W. Atkinson, in general analytical practice in Cardfff, from which he retired in 1914. He then devoted himself to local public affairs until 1924, when he retired owing to ill-health. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1887. RICHARDBODMERdied at Eastbourne on the 5th July at the age of 70 years. He was born in Switzerland, came to England in early manhood, and studied chemistry at the Royal School of Mines.Re was assistant to A. H. Allen, of Sheffield, and later, in 1881, to Dr. (afterwards Sir) Thomas Stevenson at Guy’s Hospital, with whom he was engaged in connection with several important criminal trials. In 1889 he was appointed public analyst for St. Saviour’s Board of Works, and, after the passing of the Local Government Act, continued in the same capacity for the Borough of Bermondsep. In 1908 he was appointed public analyst for the Borough of Northampton. He held both these appointments at the time of his death. He was also for many years one of the Gas Examiners of the London County Council.He made several contributions to The Analyst, both independently and in association with A. H. Allen, A. W. Stokes and C. G. Moor. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1887, and he passed the special examination in Therapeutics, Pharmacology and Microscopyin 1900. JOHN died on 27th February at Kaingaroe, NorthJAMESBROADBENT Auckland. He studied chemistry under Prof. C. W. Heaton at Charing Cross Hospital, London, where he was subsequently demonstrator in practical chemistry. In 1883 he commenced practice as a consulting chemist at Greenwich, but at the end of the year moved to Manchester, where he extended his activities to technological problems, and continued until 1908, when he proceeded to Now Zealand. He passed the Examination for the Associateship in 1882 a.nd was elected a Fellow in 1885.ALLINCOTTRELLdied at Ashton Infirmary on 18th August in his 41st year. Educated at Waterloo Science School, Oldham, he proceeded to the University of Manchester, where he graduated as B.Sc., Honours in Chem- istry in 1907 and later M.Sc. During the following year he continued his studies at the Manchester College of Technology, and having obtained. a First Class Teacher’s Certificate, wa8 appointed Chemistry Master in 191 Oldham Grammar School, and later Science Master at Dewsbury Technical School, where he became Head of the Chemistry Department. In 1915, he was engaged by the Ministry of Munitions, trained at the Cotton Powder Co.’s works, Fsversham, and at H.M.Factory, Oldbury, and then transferred to Queensferry, where he had cha,rge of nitric acid retort houses until he was appointed manager of the Acids Section at Gretna, where he was eventually a chief chemist. He remained at Gretns until 1920, and in the following year was appointed lecturer in technical chemistry in the University of Edinburgh, which position he held at the time of his death. He was the author of a comprehensive monograph on the manufsct,ure of nitric acid and nitrates, which was issued as Volume VI. of “The Manufacture of Acids and Alkalies,” by George Lunge, revised by A. C. Cumming (London, 1923). He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1917 and, three years later, on the nomination of the Gretna Local Section, was rlccted and served for three years as 8 Member of the Council.ALFREDWOODFIRBYdied at Starbeck, Yorkshire, on the 14th July, in his 74th year. Educated at Leeds Grammar School and Leeds School of Scicnce, he studied chemistry with Mr. Thomas Fairley, and subse-quently practised as a consulting and analytical chemist in Leeds and London, specialising in the analysis of fertilisers and feeding stuffs. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1878, and n Fellow in 1892. CHARLES JAMES MAKIN died at Parnharn, Surrey, on the 25th SHAW-May, in his 64th year. He was educated at Uppingham and after several years experience in business, studied chemistry and physics from 1891 to 1893 at the Royal College of Science. He then worked with Frensenius at Wiesbaden, at first as a student and later as an assistant.He travelled in many parts of the world, lectured on various subjects, and published several books, including The Evolution of Socialism, With Pen and Camera in Three Continents, and a small volume on Japan and the ,Tapanese. During the war he worked in the Bermondsey Division for the Soldiers’ and Sailors’ Families’ Association ;later he offered his services and received a commission unattached from the m7ar Ofiice, in July, 1916, when he was graded as Staff Lieut. First Class and became VCTar Office Inspeckor of one of the Government War Factories at Woolwich for manufacturing mt’i-gas masks. Finally, he worked with Col. Harrison as an officer in the R.E. Anti-Gas establishment.On the termination of the war, Mr. Makin was elected Honorary Secretary of the Association of Ex-officers of the Anti-Gas establishment, many of the members being Fellows of the Institute. He passed the examination of the Institute and was electod a Fellow in 1897. LESTERREEDdied at South Park Hill Road, South Croydon, on 5th August, in his 66th year. He studied at the Royal School of Mines, and, after passing the examination for the Associateship of the Institute in 1883, worked for a year with Mr. Charles E. Groves at Guy’s Hospital, before establishing a practice at Croydon, where he became Public Analyst and Official Agricultural Anal>st for the County Borough, and continued to hold these appointments throughout his professional career.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1883 and a E’elluw in 1886. 192 CLAUDE SMITHmet his death by drowning while teaching some scouts to swim, in Morecambe Bay, on 7th July in his 58th year. He was educated at King’s College, London, where he obtained the Associateship of the College in General Literature in 1888, and studied chemistry, under Professors Bloxam and Millas Thomson, from 1886 to 1890. He passed the Examination for the Associateship of the Institute in ,July of the same yeas, and for several years continued in the College as an Assistant in the practical classcs. He also assisted Mr. C. F. Cross in his investigations on fibre and cellulose. In 1899 he moved to Lancaster, where he worked at Mr. J.S. Riming-ton’s Agricultural Experimental Station, which was moved in 1901 to Aynsome, Cartmel, but was closed down at the outbreak of the war. In 1915 he became Chemist at Low Mill Tannery, Ulverston. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1890 and a Fellow in 1894. BERNARD a Registered Student of the Institute, died CHARLESTOLLEY, on the 30th July, in his 21st year. Educated at the City of London School, he matriculated at London University and completed the eourso for the Associateship of the City and Guilds, Finsbury Technical College, which he obtained in 1925. He had since worked for a year in the laboratory of the Home arid. Colonial Stores, and would shortly have becm elected to the Associateship. 193 Books and their Contents.The following books have been presented by the authors or publishers, and may be seen in the Library of the Institute:- “Air Liquide, Oxygene, Azote, Gaz Rares.” G. Claude. Prkface de M. d’Arsonval. zme edition, rcvis6e et mise a jour. Pp. 424. (Paris: Dunod.) Frs. 32. lhe partie: La liqu4faction des gaz. 2mo partic: La liqu8faction in- dustrielle de l’air. 3me partie: Conservation et, propridt& cle l’air liquide. 4me partie: La sdparation dc l’air en ses d1Bments. “Cement, Concrctc and Bricks.” A. R. Searle. 2nd edition. Pp. x. + 442. (1,ondon: Constable & Co., Ltd.) 24s. Cement :Raw materials ;methods of manufacture ;chemical and physical changes; changes on setting and hardening; testing. Concrete : Com-ponents anti their properties ; preparation; reinforced concrete ;special properties ; testing. Bricks : Raw materials ;methods of brickmaking;chemical and other changes in drying and burning; properties ;siliceous bricks; basic and neutral bricks. “Chemical Synonyms and Trade Names.” A Dictionary and Commercial Handbook. W.Gardner. 3rd edition, con-taining approximately 20,000 definitions and cross-refer- ences. Pp. 355. (London: Crosby, Lockwood & Son.) 30s. “Constants, Physical and Chemical, and some Mathematical Functions.” G. W. C. Kaye and T. H. Laby. 5th edition. Pp. 161. (London: Longmans, Green Lt Co.) 14s. “Inorganic Chemistry, A Text-book of .” I;.Ephraim, translated by P. C. L. Thorne. Pp. xii. + 805. (London: Gurney & Jackson.) 28s.The elements; halogen compounds; oxides of hydrogen and of the metals ; compounds of sulphur, selenium and tellurium ; the nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic group; elements of the fourth group (and boron); the rare earths, alloys, radioactivity; Appendix and Tables. “Metallography of Steel and Cast Iron, The.” W. E. Woodward. Pp. xii. + 143. (London: Crosby, Lockwood & Son.) 15s. Alloys of iron and carbon; thermal critical points in iron and steels; special steels; theories of hardening, etc. ;cast iron; pyrometry ;bihlio-WPhY * 194 “Oils and Fats, The Chemistry and Examination of Edible; Their Substitutes and &4dulterants.” G. D. Elsdon. Pp. xix. + 521. (London: Ernest Benn, Ltd.) 45s. Jntroduction :Classification of oils and fats ;occurrence and preparation.Properties of oils and fats : Physical constants, etc. Composition of oils and fats ; hydrolysis. Properties of individual glycerides, acids and alcohols. Examination and separation of fatty acids. Qualitative, physical and chemical tests. Drying oils : soya-bean. Semi-drying oils : cotton-seed, rape, sesame. Non-drying oils : almond, arachis, and olive oils. Vegetable fats: cacao butter, palm oil, coconut and shilar oils. Animal and milk fats. Margarine; dairy products; marine and medicinal oils; rosin and rosin oils ;hydrogenated oils ; appendices:indices. “Organic Chemistry, A Text-book of, Historical, Structural and Economic.” J. Read. Pp. xii. + 679. (London: G. Bell st Sons, Ltd.) 12s.6d. Historical development ; molecular diagnosis ; aliphatic or open-chain compounds; cyclic or closed-chain compounds. ‘I Organic Syntheses.” An Annual Publication of Satisfactory Methods for the Preparation of Organic Chemicals. Vol. VI. Edited by H. Gilman. Pp. vii.+Izo. (London: Chapman st Hall, Ltd.) 7s. 6d. “Potentiometric Titrations.” A Theoretical and Practical Treatise. I. M. Kolthoff and N. H. Furman. Pp. xii.+345. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 22s. Gd. Part I.:Fundamental Principles : Principles of precipitat,ion and neutra- lisation reactions ; electrode potentials, oxidation and reduction ;oxida-tion and reduction reactions and their equilibrium constants ; relation between the change of the ion concentrations and electrode potential in combinations of ions ; relation between change in the ratio oxidant : reductant and the electrode potential in oxidation-reduction reactions ; general conditions for the performance of potentiometric titrations.Part 11.: Practical Applications : A.-General considerations : techniqueof potentiometric titrations ;detection of the end-point of a potentio- metric titration. B.-Special Determinations : Precipitation and complex-formastion reactions with metallic or non-metallic electrodes ; neutralisations; oxidation-reduction reactions. Bibliography. “Proteins, The Chemistry of the, and its Economic Applications.” D. Jordan Lloyd. Introduction by Sir Fredcrick Gowland Hopkins. Pp. xii.+qg. (London: J. & A. Churchill.) 10s.6d. Nature and constitution of the proteins ; methods of protein analysis ; different classes of proteins ;identification of proteins and the structure of the protein molecule; proteolyt,c enzymes and the linkages in the protein molecule ;chemistry of protein foods ; problems of food preser- vation; combination of proteins with acids and alkalis ; properties of protein solutions; absorption and loss of water by gels and tissues; influence of salts on protein solutions; theory of protein solutions; de-naturation and coagulation ; irreversible protein gels ;industrial uses of the proteins. 195 “Rubber, Synthetic.” S. P. Schotz. Pp. r44. (London: Ernest Benn, Ltd.) 21s. Raw materials for the production of synthetic rubber; isoprene; buta- diene ; dimethylbutadiene ;polymerisation ;vulcanisation ;stahilisation ; properties and constitution of natural caoutchouc and synthetic rubber ; history of synthetic rubber.“Soap and Detergent Industry, The Modern, including Glycerol Manufacture.’’ G. Martin. Vol. I11: The Manufacture of Glycerol, with index to the complete work. Pp. xi. + 245. (London: Crosby Lockwood & Son.) 30s. A treatise in three volumes on the manufacture of laundry, toilet, pharmaceutical, textile, abrasive, scouring, and powdered soaps ; also detergent compositions and soap substitutes of all kinds, including analyses of raw materials, modern patents and literature, recent machinery and processes, together with numerous practical recipes, and lay-out of modern soap factories.“Surface Chemistry, An Introduction to.” E. K. Rideal. Pp. vi. + 336. (Cambridge: The University Press.) 18s. Surface tension of liquids and solutions ; surface films of insoluble matorials ;liquid-liquid interfaces ;gas-solid interface ;liquid-solid inter- face; differences of potential at interfaces; conditions of stability in snspensions and emulsions ;gels and hydrated colloids. The Register. At the meetings of Council held on 18th June and 23rd July, 1926, 5 new Fellows were elected, 18 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 69 new Associates were elected, and 20 Students were admitted. The Institute has lost 6 Fellows and I Student by death. New Fellow (by Examination). Boyd, Major Thomas Crawford, I.M.S., F.R.C.S., L.R.C.P.(Ireland), D.P.H., c/o Messrs. Grindlay & Co., 54, Parlmment St,reet, London, S.W.1. New Fellows. Donovan, William, M.Sc. (N.Z.), Dominioil Labnrfltnry, TYcIllington, XPW Zedand. JaffB, Adolph, 8, Leybixm Grovc, Shipley, Yorks. Medel, George, Bryn Nant, Rafod, Swansea, Glam. Ray, Professor Rames Chandra, D.Sc. (Lond.), M.Sc. (Cttloutkn), Pntne College, Moradpur P.O., Patma, India. Associates elected to the Fellowship (by Examination). Byrne, Laurence James Patrick, B.Sc. (Birm.), 17, Glenliice Road, Black- heath, London, S.E. Chalmers, Frederick Grant Duncan, MA., B.Sc. (Abed.), 60, Norfolk Road, Erdington, Birmingham.Forrester, Charles, 4, Barclay Terrace, Edinburgh. Fraser, James Ross, A.C.G.F.C., B.Sc.(Lond.), 13, Archibald Road, Tufnell Park, London, N.7. Herd, Clifford Walter, B.Sc. (Loncl.),c/o Messrs. Woodlands, Ltd., Granville Street, Dover. Hope, William Plendcrleith Lcwellen, B.Sc. (Edin.), 6, Cornw-all Avcnnc, Church End, Finchley, London, N.3 Houso, Cecil John, H.Sc. (Lon(].), R.K.C.S., 38, EdmuntZ Road, Sctlt~lcy,Birmingham.McKean, John Brown, Williamsvillc, Hawkhencl Road, Paisley. Napier, Oswaltl James Walter, M.A. (Cantah.), 4 4, Hrompton Sqnarr, London, S.W.3. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Anderson, George James William, Gr. Ing. (Hanover), 2, Wickham Road, Brockley, London, S.E.4. Donald, Maxwell Bruce, M.Sc. (Mass.), A.R.C.S., Cadla 223, Antofagasta,Chile, S. America. Hammond, David William, B.Sc.(Glas.), Enys, Heatherfield, Totley, Sheffield. lY7 Loasby, Geoffrey, B.Sc. (Birm.), 19, Middleborough Road, Coventry. Phillips, Rarbert Adie, B.Sc. (Lorid.),Wellcorne Club & Institute, Dartford, Kent. Ridge, Bert, Pusey, Ph.D., B.Sc. (Lond.), Shirlcy Institute, Didsbury, Manchester. Scott, John Richard, Ph.13. (Leeds), 19, Kingscote Road, Addiscombc, Surrey.Wood, Cecil William, National Oil Refineries, Ltd., Skewen, Glam. Wright, Nevi11 Lushanus, D.I.C.,37, Muswell Road, Muswell Hill, London, N.lO. New Associates (by Examination). Bond, Edward Job-n, B.Sc. (Lond.), 11, Kings Avenue, Buckhurst Hill, Esseu. Bothamley, Richard Edrkinson, B.Sc. (Lond.), Fernhurst, Gregory Boule- vard, Nottingham. Bourne, Frank, 12, Herbert Strcet,, Loughborough.Coucill, Joe Harrop, A .M.C.'I'. , 217, Margaret Street, Asht on-under -Lyae . Elvidge, Wilfred Farrand, B.Sc. (Loncl.), 171, Harrington Drive, Lenton, Not tingham . Groves, Miss Ida &lary, l3.S~.(Birm.), 39, I4arlsbury Gardens, Handsworth, Birmingham. Henshaw, Charles Royston, A .M.C.'F., 43,BLtcker Road, Jjirkby, Hud&*rs-field. Massie, Duncan IlkRobert, A.M.C.T., 11, Cleveleys Grove, Higher Broughton, Manchester. Prior, Philip Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.), c/o Messrs. A. E. Reed & Co., Larkfield, Maidstone, Kent. Reid, Eric, 78a, New Chester Road, New Ferry, Cheshire. New Associates. Asquith, William Arthur Hirst, B.Sc. (Liv.), Holmdene, Walthew Avenue, Holyhead.Barraclough, Edward, M.Sc.(Leeds), Court House, Grove Street, Uewsbury,Yorks. Burgess, Stanley Grove, €3.8~.(Lond.), 283, l'utney Bridge Road, Putney, London, S.W.15. Burrage, Leslie James, M.S(c.. (LoJJc~.),32, Eiricrsori Roatl, Ilford, Esses. Crossloy, Harold Edgar, H.Sc.Tech. (Manc.),24, H.eys Road, Ashtoii-irrider-Lyne, Lartncs. Dearnaley, Sam, M.Sc. (Manc.), 40, Tht: Avenue, Hadfield, Nr. Maiicticster. Dickinson, Robert, B.Sc. (Liv.), Heimherg, Ulverston, Lanes. Edgeworth- Johns tonc, Robert, B.Sc .Tech. (Manc. ), 12, Sutherland Road, West Ealing, London, W. Fleming, James Sinton Bruce, B.Se. (Edin.), 47, Montpelier Park, Edin- burgh.Forbes, William Bulloch, M.Sc. (Manc.), 38, Balhousie Street, Perth, Scotland. Foster, Graham Edward, I3.Sc.(Lond.), Mowell Lodge, St. Peter's Houd, Broadstairs. Free, Oliver, B.A.(Oxon.),Rydal Mount, Mount Pleasant, Redditch, Worcs. Garfield, Francis;, B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), 69, Dover Street, Crurnpsall, Man-Chester. Glovcr, Donald Williani, R1.8~. (1Llaiic:.),7, Hamilton Koad, Dollis Mdl, London, N.W.lO. Grindley, William Harry, B.A. (Calltub.), J3.s~.(Lond.), 24, Granville Tcrrace, Stone, Staffs. 198 Karding, Alec Lower, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., Trelawne, St. John Street, Lichfield, Staffs. Hill, Douglas William, B.Sc. (Bris.), 21, Gratitude Road, Green Bank, Bristol. Holt, Edward Victor, B.Sc. (Lonci.), A.R.C.S., 91, Herno Hill Road, Herne Hill, London, S.E.24. Houlbrooke, Albert, B.Sc. (Liv.), Shocklach, Malpas, Cheshire.Howes, Herbert Stanley, B.Sc. (Bris.), 61, Goldsmith Avenue, Acton, London, W.2. Hurtley, William Robert Hardy, B.Sc. (Lond.), 28, Chestnut Road, West Norwood, London, S.E.27. Jones, Idwal George, B.Sc. (Wales), 52, Garden City, Rhymney, Cardiff. Karim, Ali, B.Sc. (Cal.), Ph.D. (Lond.), D.I.C., 21, Cromwell &ad, London, S.W.7. King, Reginald Benjamin, B.Sc. (Lond.), 62, Mostyn Road, Merton Park, London, S.W.19. Klein, Louis, M.Sc. (Lond.), 44, Downs Park Road, Hackney, London, E.8. Knight, Harry Richard, A.R.S.M.,Casilla 91, Valparaiao, Chile, S. America. Lewin, John Upton, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.C.G.F.C., c/o Mrs. Upton, 14, Golden Bank, Horsforth, Leeds, Lewis, Philip Stacey, B.Sc. (Liv.), Musprutt 1,itboratory of Yhysical Chemistry, The University, Liverpool.Lovett, Trevor, 3l.S~. (Wales), 6, Cerdin Avenue, Pontyclun, Glam. Marsh, John Thompson, M.Sc. (Mane.), 30, Granville Road, Fallowfield, Manchester. Mathews, Amphlett Christopher Buckston, A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 12, StanleyCrescent, London, 14'. 11. Mattana, Solomon, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.C.G.F.C., 100, Hrondesbury Villas, London, N.W.6. McCronc, Robert Osborri Orr, B.Sc. (Glas.), 15, Montgomerie Quadrant, Kelvinside, Glasgow, W.2. Nabar, Parashurttm Malhar, B.A., B.Sc (Bombay), B.Sc.Toch. (Mauc.),3-38, Mohomadi Building, Sadashiv Street, Girgaum, Bombay, India. Nicholson, Vincent Stanley, B.Sc. (Dun.), 32, Rullingdon Road, Oxford. North, Charles William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 3, Ashlone Road, Putney, Londoti, s,w.,15. I'eard, William Leopold, B.Sc., (Lond.), 4.2,Dingwall Koad, Croydoii,Surrey.I'ike, Herbert, B.Sc.(Lond.), 94, C'orbyn Street, Pinsbury Park, London, N.4. Pool, Clarence John, B.Sc. (Lond.), Penscot, Highbridge Common Road, Rishopsworth, Bristol. Raven, Miss Sarah Eleanor, A.H.W.C., 5, Mackenzie Place, Edinburgh. Richardgon, Henry Lorimer, M.Sc. (N.Z.), Organic Research Department. Imperial College of Science, London, S.W.7. Robert, Roger Folix Laurent, M.Sc.Tech. (Mane.), 56, Northern Grove, West Didsbury, Manchester. Sanigar, Edward Browning, M.Sc. (Xheff.), Dr.Nat.Sc. (Prague), 127, Pomona Street, Sheffield. Simpson, Ian Alexander, B.Sc. (Liv.), 21, Gambier Terrace, Hope Street, Liverpool. Singleton, Frederick, B.Sc. (London),c/o Mrs.Jardine, 11, Windsor Road, Forest Gate, London, E.7. Solomons, Reuben, BSc. (Lond.), 42, Cephas Street, Mile End, London, E.l. Spencer, Geoflrey, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.M.C.T., 10, School Lane, Heatori Chapel, Stockport. 199 Spiller, Reginald Harvey, A.R.C.S., Stonewall, Limpsfield, Surrey. Streat, George Herbert, M.Sc.Tech. (Mane.), Filatura, Di Vimercatc, Vimercate, via Bergamo I.,Italy.Thakore, Ramanik Kalyanray, B.Sc. (Bombay), A.R.S.M., Royal School of Mines, South Kensington, London, S.W.7. Thimann, Kenneth Vivian, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 28, Manor Drive, Wembley Park, Middlesex. Thomson, William Brown, B.Sc. (Glas.), Marathon, Kilbirnie, Ayrshire.Thurlow, Harry John, B.Sc. (Lond.), 27, Meadow Road, Merton, London, s.w.19.Town, Bernard William, J3.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 79, The Grove, Hammersmith, London, W.G. Tree, Francis Thomas, B.A. (T.C.D.), Muar, Johore, Malaya. Walker, Arthur John, B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), Bramham, Boston Spa, Yorks. Walker, James, B.Sc. (Lond.), Trinidad Leaseholds, Ltd., La Carriere, Pointe-A-Pierre, Trinidad, B.W.I. Webb, Walter Weston, B.Sc. (Lond.), Inglenook, Heathcote Grove, Chingford, London, E.4. Wormell, Robert Louis, M.Sc. (Birm.), Coniston, Stoke Park, Coventry. New Students. Barr, Miss Mollie, Langton, 'Erith Road, Belvedere, Kent. Biggar, David Gardiner, Rockvale, Westerton Drive, Bridge-of -Allan. Brown, James, Nobel Lodge, Ardeer, Stevenston. Ayrshire. Buckley, Frank Eric, 19, Central Road, Gorton, Manchester. Charley, Vernon Leslie Smith, 25, Morley Square, Bishopston, Bristol.Cross, John Edward, 96, Northumberland Avenue, Fountain Road, IrIuli. Davis, Sydney Art'hnr, 206, Wells Road, Knowle, Bristol. Eccott, Eustace Nevill, Crofton Acre, Orpington, Kent. Field, VC-illiam Thomas, 140, Franklin Road, King's Norton, Birmingham. Gell, Miss Gwenyth Mary, 123, Upper Tollington Park, London, N.4. Harris, Edgar Richard Hammond, Grendon House, Grendon Road, Exeter. Hayward, Donald Robert, 11, Spencer Park, London, S.W.18. Littlejohn, William Rowe, 46, Dolcoath Road, Camborne, Cornwall. Morison, James Smart, 29, Roseneath Place, Edinburgh. Pethybridge, Walter Heather, Barclays Bank, Bodmin. Peutherer, Willison Bryce, Hope Cottage, Winchburgh. Revie, Gilbert Neil, 114, Sefton Park Road, St.Andrews, Bristol. Shepherd, Matthew Moncrieff, Mornington, Abernethy, Perthshire. Waterhouse, James Roy, Station Street, Meltham, nr. Huddersfield. Wood, Frank, 156, Scar Lane, Milnbridge, nr. Huddersfield. DEATHS. Fellows. Alexander John Atkinson. Richard Bodmer. John James Broadbent. Allin Cottrell, M.Sc. (Mane.).Alfred Wood Firby. Lester Reed. Student. Bernard Charles Tolley. 200 Congress of Chemists, 1926. Held under the Auspices of the Society of Chemical Industry and Allied Societies. Catalogue of the exhibition of laboratory apparatus and instruments, fine chemicals, reagents, filter papers, scientific books, etc., held at the Institute, 19th to 24th July, 1926. In the Main Laboratory. 1.DOULTON& Co., LTD., Royal Doulton Potteries, Lambeth, London, S.E.1. Chemical Laboratory Porcelain. , 2-3. THE BRITISH DRUG HOUSES, LTD., 16-30, Graham Street, City Road, London, N.1. Chemicals for scientific purposes. 4. EVANS,ADLARD& Co., LTD., Postlip Mills, Winchcombe, S.O., Glos. Filtering Paper. 5. STANDLEY & MASOW,LTD.,BELCHER Church Street, Birmingham. Micro-Chemical and Graduated Glass Apparatus. 6. THETHERMAL LTD.,SYNDICATE, 28:6Victoria Street, Westminster, London, S.W.1. Vitreosil” pure fused quartz laboratory ware and transparent pure fused quartz glass apparatus. 7. TOWNSON& MERCER, LTD., 34, Camomile Street, London, E.C.3. Special Apparatus. 8. HARRINGTON LTD.,BROTHERS, 6, Oliver’s Yard, City Road, London, E.C.l.Inorganic and Organic Chemicals for Analytical, Research I Technical, and Educational purposes. Specially grown Crystals of various Salts. 9. W. & R. BALSTON, LTD., Maidstone, Kent. Full range of Whatniari Filter Papers ; Fat Extraction Thimbles, Diffusion Shells, Fat-Free Strips. 10. BAIRD & TATLOCK LTD.,(LONDON), 14, Cross Street, Hatton Garden, London, E.C. Chemical and Industrial Laboratory Apparatus. 11. WOODBROTHERS’GLASSCOMPANY,LTD., Barnsley. (Agents: Baird & Tatlock (London), Ltd.) Laboratory Glassware. 12. THE STREAM-LINE Co., LTD.,FILTER 64, Victoria Street, London, S.W.l. Filtration of colloidal precipitates ; laboratory filters. 201 13. JOHNJ.GRIFFIN & SONS, LTD., Kemble Street, London, W.C.2. (In association with Baird & Tatlock, Ltd.) Bomb Calorimeter; Oil Testing Apparatus ; Spectrometer: Cement Testing Apparatus ; Colorimeter; New Micro-Balance by Sartorius. 14. DUROGLASS, LTD., 40, Norfolk Street, Strand, London, W.C.2. Chemical Glass Beakers, Flasks, Graduated Ware. 15. BROWN& SON (ALEMBIC WORKS),LTD., 9, Wedmore Street, Holloway, London, N.19. Autoclaves; Stills; Ovens; and General Laboratory (Chemical) Apparatus. 16. W. & J. GEORGE,LTD., Great Charles Street, Birmingham. ScientZic Apparatus. 17. SOUTHMETROPOLITANGAS COMPANY, 709, Old Kent Road, London, S.E.15. (Messrs. A. R. Pearson and J. S. G. Thomas.) Gas Circulating Apparatus.(See J.C.S., Vol. 127, 1925.) 18. S. BORNETT& Co., LTD., 7, Idol Lane, London, E.C.3. (a) The “Eta” Pressure Filter (Laboratory type), filtering through porous plates of fire-clay, silica or carbon. (b) Lumina Spectacles, enabling accurate colour estimations to be made by ordinary electric light. 18a. HOPKIN& WILLIAMS, LTD., 16, Cross Street, Hatton Garden, London, E.C. 1. Fine Chemicals and Reagents recently added to the firm’s list of Chemical Products. 19. JOHNMONCRIEFF, LTD., Perth, Scotland. Monax Laboratory Glassware and similar goods. 20. THE WORCESTER Co., LTD., ROYALPORCELAIN Worcester. Laboratory Porcelain, comprising Pyrometer and Combustion Tubes and Boats, Crucibles, Evaporating Basins, Beakers, Funnels, etc.21. BOOT’SPUREDRUGCOMPANY,LTD., No ttingham. Rare synthetic organic products. 22. A. GALLENKAMP& Co., LTD., 19, Sun Street, London, E.C.2. Mason’s M.P. Apparatus; Oil Testing Apparatus; Electru-metric Titration Apparatus ; Coal Analysis Apparatus ; “Technics” Graduated Glassware ;Soil Examination Apparatus Electric Laboratory Furnaces. 23. THE: SCIENTIFIC Co.,GLASSBLOWING 95, Gray’s Inn Road, London, W.C.1. Scientific Glass Apparatus. (Exhibition of Glsss-blowing.) 24. PLOWDEN& TEOWSON, LTD., Dial Glass Works, Stourbridge. Glass Tubing and Rod for all purposes. Test-Tubes, Specimen Tube, etc. Pyrex Laboratory ware. Chemical and General Laboratory Apparatus. 202 248. OZONAIR,LTD., 96, Victoria Street, London, S.W.l.Ozone apparatus for laboratory, research work and technical applications. 34b. THESCIENTIFICSUPPLIESGo., LTD., 52, Hatton Garden, London, E.C.l. Jelly testing apparatus. 24c. Cox’s IGNITECOMBUSTORS, Millbank House, Wood Street, Westminster, London, S.W.1. In the Balance Room. 25. L. OERTLING,LTD., Turnmill Street, London, E.C.l. Chemical and Assay Balances and Weights. In the Rostrum. 26. H. K. LEWIS& Co., LTD., 136, Gower Street, London, W.C.l. Scientific and Technical Books ; Eesearch Stationery. In the Council Room. 27. R. & J. BECK, LTD., 63, Cornhill, London, E.C.3. Microscopes;Spectroscopes and Polarimeters ;Optical elements used in experimental work and in construction of instruments.88. ADAM HILGER, LTD., 75a, Camden Road, London, N.W.1. Refractometers, Polarimeters, Spectroscopic and Spectro-graphic Apparatus. 29. W. WATSON & SONS,LTD., 313, High Holborn, London, W.C.1. Microscopes;Yhotomicrographic Cameras ;Apparatus for Fine Measurements, etc . PENCILCOMPANY,30. THE ROYAL SOVEREIGN LTD., Britannia Pencil Works, Neasden, London, N.W.lO. Chinagraph Pencils; Dermatogreph Pencils ; Pencils far general use, 203 General Notices. MeI doIa Medal.-The Meldola Medal is awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise and is brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st December prior to the award; without restricting the award to any particular branch of chemical work, the administrators have primary regard to work bearing on analytical chemistry. The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work; but until 1928 the award may be made to candidates who at the time of the completion of the work are more than 30 years of age, provided that the age of the recipient does not exceed 30 by more than the period during which the recipient was engaged on active naval, military or air service.The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person. The Council will be glad to have attention directed to work of the character indicated. The award for the year 1926 will be made in January, 1927. Examinations in 1 927.-The arrangements for examina- tions during 1927 are as follows:- Dates of Exams.Entries close. 3rd to 8th Jan. Monday, 15th Nov., 1926. OY 10th to 15th Jan. 25th to 30th April. Monday, 14th Feb., 1927. or and to 7th May. 19th to 24th Sept. Monday, 18th July, 1927. or 26th Sept. to 1st Oct. Candidates for the Associateship will be examined in January, April and September, and candidates for the Fellowship in April and September. Notice to Associates-Associates elected prior to August, 1923, who have been continuously engaged in the study and practical applications of chemistry for at least three years since their election to the Associateship, can obtain from the Registrar particulars of the Regulations for admission to the Fellowship.204 Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates of the Institute of Chemistry who are available for appointments is kept at the Offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their college course may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute on the same terms as Fellows and Associates, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their Professors. Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register.Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employ- ment are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will there- after be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period of six months if necessary. The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for such assistants and students are invited to communicate with the Registrar.The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The library coiisists of books which are likely to be required by candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is avail- able, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10a.m. to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10a.m. to 5 p.m.). Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted for the present year to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books.Members and Students of the Institute using the library 205 of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. Covers for Journal.--Members who desire covers for binding the Journal (cost about IS. zd. each) are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements by indicating the dates of the years for which they are desirous of binding the Journal. Arrangements have been made with Messrs, A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19, Bishop's Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2, onto bind volumes of the JOURNAL ,~ND PROCEEDINGSthe following terms:-Buckram case, IS. zd. ; binding, 2s. 9d. ; postage and packing, 912.; in all, 4s. 8d.Lantern SIides for Lectures.-Fellows and Associates are invited to co-operate in forming a collection of slides, to be kept at the Institute and placed at the disposal of members who wish to give lectures, or, alternatively to notify the Registrar if they are prepared to lend slides for this purpose. The collection includes a large number of portraits and pictures of alchemists and chemists, which are especially useful to members lecturing on various phases of the history of chemistry. Sir George Beil by Memorial.-The Joint Committee of Officers and representatives of the Institute of Chemistry, the Institute of Metals, and the Society of Chemical Industry will be glad to receive further contributions towards the fund for the establishment of a memorial to the late Sir George Beilby.From the income of the Fund, at intervals to be determined by the administrators, awards will be made to mark appreciation of records of distinguished work in science, bearing in mind the special interests of Sir George Beilby, viz., applied chemistry, chemical engineering, and metallurgy. The proposal does not imply an award on the result of a competition for work on a set theme or the solution of a definite scientific problem, but the recognition of work of exceptional merit. The Joint Committee hopes to raise a sum of not less than NC'5ooo-providing an income of about Lz50 a year for awards. The amount received up to the 31st August was E2152 8s. sd., and the expense incurred was E128 5s.zd. Contributions may be addressed to the Hon. Secretaries, Beilby Memorial Fund, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.I. 206 Register, 1926. ERRATA. In addition to numerous changes of address, the Registrar has been notified of the following errors and omissions :-Page 34. Smith, H., for “J. W. Matthews & Co., Ltd.” read ‘-.John Matthews & Co., Ltd.” ,, 36. Munro, L. A., for “12, Park Road, Winnington” read “Ingle-wood, Park Road, Hartford.” ,, 69. Wishart, R. S., for “B.Sc.” read “D.Sc.” ,, 71. Campbell, A. F., delete from page 71 and insert in page 78. ,, 76. Delete entry for J. B. Speakman,-see below, pp. 202 and 209. ,, 113. Francis, A. G., for “Class 11.”read “Class I.” ,, 131. Murray, H. D., for “B.A. (Cantab.)” read “B.A. (Oxon.).” )) 144.Thorpe, Prof. J. F., for “Imperial Inst’itute” read “ImperialCollege of Science and Technology.” ,) 202. For “Speakman, Gruffyd Thomas, B.Sc. (Wales) ” read “Speak-man, John Bamber, M.Sc. (Vict.).” ,) 209. Under “Carnarvonshire” insert LL Carnarvon. a.1919. Speak- man, Gruffyd Thomas, B.Sc. (Wales), Penisarwaen, Llanrug .” ,, 268. Atkinson, John, transfer to p. 41-c.0. Ferodo Ltd , Chapl-en-€e Frith, Buxton, Derbyshire. ,, 272. Buck, J. S., after “A. 1920. insert F. 1923.” ), 298. Harley, D., insert B.Sc. (Edin.). Changes of Add ress.-In view of the expense involved, through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, as far as possible, their .permanent addresses for registration.