This article summarizes knowledge of house mouse diversity based on restriction analysis of mtDNA from 202 individuals representing 83 localities in Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, and the Americas. It begins by describing the variation among 34 newly collected European mice and relating the 15 new types of mtDNA found in them to the 37 types known from previous work. None of the new types represent deep new branches in the tree. Moreover, the order of branching in the tree reinforces the view that mice north of the Alps have southern origins. Two possible time scales are under consideration for the process of colonization of north‐western Europe. According to one hypothesis, which assumes that the mtDNA clock in mice ticks at the standard mammalian rate, commensal mice colonized Europe north of the Alps roughly 30 000–70 000 years ago, perhaps in concert with the spread of anatomically modernHomo sapiens. Another hypothesis, which requires accelerated mtDNA evolution in mice, would have the colonization take place 5000–6000 years ago, or even more recently, following the spread of agriculture. The study also shows that mtDNAs closely resembling thoseM. domesticusmtDNAs that introgressed into the Danish and Swedish populations ofM. musculusare widespread inM. domesticuspopulations of the region near the hybrid zone between these two species in Ge