THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED, 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1925. PART 111. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD. B. PILCHER, Registrar nnd Sccrctary. 30, I~USSELLSQUAKE, M'.C. 1.LONDON, Jfine, 192.5. Publications Committee, 1925-26 T. SLATER PRICE (Chairman), G. G. HENDERSON (President), H. C. L. BLOXAM, A. J. CHAPMAN, F. D CHATTAWAY, W. M. CUMMING, LEONARD DOBBIN, A. VINCENT ELSDEN, LEWIS EYNON, W. R. FEARON, R. H. GREAVES, A. J. HALE, C. A. F. HASTILOW, I. M, HEILBRON, PATRICK H. KI R KALDY ( Treasuver). THOMAS MACARA, L. G. PAUL, B. D PORRITT, W. D. ROGERS, FRANK SOUTHERDEN. 149 Proceedings of the Council.APRIL-MAY, 1925. Election of Members of Council.-Mr. Lewis Eynon has been elected a Member of Council in the place of Prof. W. H. Roberts who has been appointed Examiner in the Chemistry and Microscopy of Food and Drugs. Dr. Frankland Dent has been elected Member of Council for District (xii)-representing members resident in the Overseas Dominions and elsewhere abroad. The Teaching of Applied Chemistry.-The report of the Conference on “The Place of Applied Chemistry in the Training of Chemists,” held on 30th January, which was issued to the Fellows and Associates towards the end of May, has been care- fully considered by the Nominations, Examinations and In- stitutions Committee. The Committee has submitted to the Council the recommendation that every candidate for the Associateship should be required to produce evidence of a specified minimum attainment in general inorganic, organic and physical chemistry, although he may have specialised in one or more of these branches.Accordingly, in reviewing the degrees and diplomas recognised in considering applications for election to the Associateship without Examination by the Institute, the Council has adopted, in the case of degrees in applied chemistry, the following modification of Regulation 4 A (iv.), rgz4:-“The final examination for a degree in the Honours School of Applied Chemistry, with first or second class honours, in any University in Great Britain, or the Associateship of the following Colleges, provided that evidence is also produced that the candidate has passed the examinations of the Univer- sity or College, to ordinary degree standard, in inorganic, organic and physical chemistry.” (Here follows the list of Colleges.) Conference at York, 10th-11th July.-Notice of a Con- ference of Fellows and Associates of the Institute to be held at York on 10th-11th July will be found on page 205.150 The University of Pavia.-The Council of the Institute, on receiving an invitation to participate in the Celebration of the Eleventh Centenary of the foundation of the Royal University of Pavia, forwarded the following address of con-gratulation to thc University :-* I1 Presidente, il Consiglio, i Membri, ed i Soci dell’Istituto di Chimica della Gran Bretagna e dell’ Irlanda porgono saluti fraterni e felicitazioni cordialissime a1 Rettore Magnifico, a1 Senato, ai Professori, ed agli Alunni dell’UniversieL di Pavia nella gloriosa occasione dell’undecimo Centenario della sua fondazione.L’Istituto si ricorda che 1’Universith di Pavia ha tenuto e tiene sempre una posizione eminentissima fra le pid grandi sedi di coltura, non solo dell’Italia, ma del mondo intero, e che nel registro dei suoi Alunni sono iscritti moltissimi nomi fra i primi nella storia della filosofia, della scienza naturale, delle belle lettere, e di tutte le arti liberali. L’Istituto desidera esprimere la fervida e sincera speranza che l’antica UniversitB di Pavia possa sempre proseguire la sua grande e ricca opera di benefizio all’umanith, e che manterlga inalterata durante i secoli a venire quell’altissima fama che ha goduto nel passato.Da parte dell’Tstituto di Chimica della Gran Kretagna e dell’Irlanda, Presidertfe. L. s. PATRICK Tesoriere Onorario.H. KIRKALDY, €3. PILCHER,RICHARD Registratore e Segretario. 20th May, 1925. 7’ranslcttion. -* The President, Council, Fellows and Associatche of the Institute of Chemistry of (Ircat Hritain and lreland send t Iwir wrili:il fixt(~r1i;il greetings rtncl oougrut iilatioiis to the Magnificent Hector, tho Senate, the Professors and Alumni of the University of Pavia, 011 this uuspicious occasion of the Celebration of the Eleventh Centenary of its foundation.The Institute is mindful that the University of Yavie hus ever held and still holds a place of eminence among the great seats of learningnot only of Italy but of the whole world and that the roll of its alumni contains very many mimes rtrnoiig tjhp first in the history of philosoph>, and natural science, in letters and in the liberal arts. The Institute desires to express the fervid and sincere hcpe that 11~ ancient University of Pavia may continue to pursue its great work, SO rich in benefit to all mankind, and ineintain unchanged throughout the ages to come the high fame which it has enjoyed in the past. 151 Benevolent Fund.-The Benevolent Fund Committee has formulated a scheme, which has been approved by the Council, for the granting of annuities to members of the Institute who are permanently incapacitated from practice.The scheme will be put into force when the capital fund is sufficiently large. In future, contributions described as donations will be applied to the annuity fund, and all other subscriptions will be applied to current grants and loans. The contributions to current account received to the end of May, 1925, amounted to E516 9s gd., compared with E359 17s. 5d. received at the corresponding date in 1924; the donations at the same date amounted to E157 gs qd., compared with E104 12s Iod. for 1924. Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs.-At the invitation of the Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Advisory Committee of the Ministry of Agriculture, the Council asked thc Public Appoint- ments Committce to consider the draft schedulcls to the proposed new Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Rill.ICepresentatives of the Institute coderred with representatives of the Ministry, and a letter has been addressed to the Ministry embodying observations on the schedules, which will be submitted in due course to the Advisory Committee. Faraday Celebration.-On the occasion of the Centenary of the discovery of Benzene by Michael Faraday the Council of the Institute sent a message of cordial greetings to the President and Managers of the Royal Institution. The Celebration was held on the 16th June under the auspices of the Royal Institution, the Chemical Society, the Society of Chemical Industrv, arid tht: Association of British Chemical Manufacturers. Societe de Chimie Industrielle.--The Council has ap- pointed Dr.F. I). Cliattaway and MI. Arthur R. Smith to represent the Institute at the Congress of Industrial Chemistry to be opened at Paris on 27th September next. Govern men t Scientific Publications.-A memorandum on Government Scientific Publications has been received from the Science Advisory Committee of the Joint Research and Information Department of the Trades Union Congress and Labour Party. The Committee invited the Council of the Institute to make its observations on the memorandum and to address the Government on the subject. 152 On a report from the Publications Committee, to which the matter was referred, the Council has given the memorandum careful consideration and has addressed the following observations to the Labour Party Committee; but has also stated that the Institute does not propose to address the Government on the subj ect.(The suggestions made by the Advisory Committee of the Labour Party are set out below in italics, and the comments of the Council of the Institute follow in ordinary type.) (a) That when a Government publication is printed to meet oflcial needs the cost of composition should be borne entirely by the Government Department concerned, and only those costs which increase with the number of copies printed should be charged to outside purchasers. The Council of the Institute concurs. (b) That Packages despatched by the Stationery Orlqice, like those despatched by most other Government Ofices, should be post free.The Council does not concur; the expense of postage should be borne by the purchaser. (c) That it is desirable in the public interest that Government publications giving general summaries of scientiJic work con-ducted under the control of such bodies as the Department of Scientijc and Industrial Research, the Medical Research Coumcit, and the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, should be read as widely as possible ;that they should be Produced in suitable form and published at the lowest reasonable price. The Council concurs. (a) That such matter should be presented in a “much more live(y and interesting manner.” If the policy of extending the circulation of these documents were adopted, public interest would increase and the departments which are concerned with scient@c work “would be led to issue deliberately ‘popular’ pamphlets dealing with recent advances in knowledge which has immediate application to public affairs.” The Council feels that it is not the province of the Government to issue ‘‘popular” pamphlets,-except in very special circumstances.Formal scientific reports and popular pamphlets should be published separately, if both are necessary. The results of scientific research work 153 cannot always be expressed in such a manner as to convey the meaning desired to the scientific worker and, at the same time, render the subject intelligible to non-technical readers.(e) That the methods of distribution should be thoroughly commercinl ;Publications should be well advertised and sold by all booksellers, prices being $xed to encourage sales. The Council concurs, (f) That the free gift of Publications to public libraries be resumed. The Council concurs,-provided that discrimination is used, having regard to the requirements of various localities. (g) That Government ScientiJic Publications intended for professional men of science should be easily accessible. The Council agrees; many research papers which are incorporated in the reports of departments, such as the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (D.S.I.R.) and Medical Research Council, are, however, also published by their authors in technical journals conducted by learned Societies.(h) The Labour Party Committee suggests that the Possibility of starting a Journal under the control of the D.S.l.R. should be considered, but feels that Journals conducted generally by the Government should be avoided. The Council is aware that valuable publications are produced by various Government Departments, but is not in favour of a Journal being produced by the Government for the publication of scientific research work generally. (i) That the Government should pay for the reproduction of its Publications in Journals by subsidies to the Societies which. fiublish them. The Council finds it difficult to generalise on this suggestion, but feels that the help of the Government might be given in the form of contributions to the publication funds of various Societies, and by giving them special rates for postage, as is done in America.All matter submitted for publication must, however, meet with the approval of the respective Societies. 164 The Advisory Committee on Science of the Labour Party remarks that hardly any scientist is interested in all the articles appearing in 0n.e journal or, conversely, interested only in those which appear in one ;and that, as a result, scientists usually have to buy a large amount of matter which does not concern them. The Advisory Committee suggests:- (j) That bound journals be abolished, that papers should be published separately, and a Clearing House be @rovided to facilitate theiy distribution.In the view of the Council of the Institute the pub- lication of each paper separately is impracticahle. Ob-viously, scientific work in different domains will often overlap, and the research worker cannot foresee whether or not any scientific paper may be at some time useful to him. (k)That there is wastefulness and room for improved methods in the distribution of Government reprints. The Council suggests that the system of the Bureau of Standards, and the Bureau of Mines, Washington, U.S.A. affords a good example of a possible scheme for distribution. The volumes of collected researches carried out in particular institutions do not necessarily deserve the epithet-" an example of foolish waste." These publications are brought together in order to demonstrate the useful-ness and activities of the institutions concerned.(I) Finally, that the Government should produce periodical indexes, and abstracts of all Publications dealing with science. The Council does not agree that abstracts should be prepared by the Government, the preparation of abstracts being a very difficult matter, requiring much intimate knowledge of the subjects involved. It does not appear that the Advisory Committee is cognisant of the abstracting work which is already carried out for Chemical Societies. Abstracts are at present prepared by the scientific societies from journals in all countries. In the case of indexes, however, these could be prepared by a clerical staff, and the Council agrees that the Government might undertake them.It is better for the Government to help the Societies in these matters than to duplicate the work. 155 Local Sections. Belfast.-A meeting of the Section was held in the chemical lecture theatre, Queen’s University, on 23rd April. Prof. G. Scott Robertson occupied the chair. Prof. Symmers, Dean of the Faculty of Medicine, delivered a lecture illustrated by lantern slides on “The R6le of Biting Insects in Disease.” A hearty vote of thanks was accorded to the lecturer, on the motion of Dr. C. Still, seconded by Dr. John Hawthorne. The annual general meeting was held in the chemistry depart- ment, Municipal College of Technology, on 7th May, Prof.G. Scott Robertson in the chair. The following officers and committee were nominated and duly elected for 1925-1926:-Chairman, Prof. G. Scott Robertson; Hon. Treasurer, Mrs. M. I. Bell; Hon. Secretary, Mr. Wm. Honneyman; Committee, Messrs. J. R. Bainbridge, J. C. A. Brierley, E. Cashmore, and J. Hawthorne, with Dr. W. H. Gibson, ex-oficio, as District Member of Council. The Honorary Auditors, Messrs. J. Harold Totton and W. G. Bennett, presented their report and the accounts were approved. The Secretary, Mr. Honneyman, read the annual report, which showed that the Section had been very active during the past session. The Section was indebted to the University authorities for the use of lecture theatres, and also to the lecturers who had read interesting and informative papers of which short reports, together with accounts of other proceedings, had ap- peared in the Journal.Reference was made to the efforts of the Section, with special consent of the Council, to obtain certain amendments in the Pharmacy Bill (Northern Ireland), and to the appointment of a deputation-consisting of the Chairman, Dr. Hawthorne, Mr. Blake, and the Honorary Secretary-to appear before the Departmental Commission on Local Government Administration. The Section had also been consulted with regard to the proposed 156 regulations for National Certificates in Chemistry in Northern Ireland, the scheme of examinations for which will be put into operation by the Ministry of Education during next session.In this connection the then Assistant Secretary of the In- stitute-Mr. Marlow-had visited the Municipal College of Technology and on the occasion of his last visit in his official capacity had been entertained by the Section to luncheon. The Section had been active in raising subscriptions for the Benevolent Fund and was giving attention to the question of publicity. In the course of the discussion on the report, the Honorary Secretary said that the recommendations forwarded by the Council to the Ministry of Home Affairs with reference to the Pharmacy and Poisons Bill, had not been incorporated in the amended Bill which had then reached Committee stage in Parlia- ment. It was not found possible to get the suggested amendment moved in Parliament, but the Minister of Home Affairs withdrew Section 25 which gave power to the inspector under the Act to collect samples for analysis.(The Council of the Institute had recommended that the samples proposed to be taken should be sent to the Public Analyst who should be paid a fee of one guinea per sample.) The report of the Committee was adopted. Mr. R. F. Blake pointed out the difficulties which “medicine analysts” to Boards of Guardians experienced in some cases where a Rural District Council covered the same area. Analyses of water and milk for Rural District Councils were paid for by fee per sample and had nothing to do with the work of a medicine analyst appointed by a Board of Guardians. The meeting concluded with a vote of thanks to the Hon.Sec. (Mr. William Honneyman) for his services. Bristol and South-Western Counties.-In Journal, Part I., a short reference was made to the Annual Dinner of the Section held on 14th February. The Dinner, which was held jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry and in which Members of the Chemical Society also participated, was very well attended. Mr. W. M. Jones presided. The toast of “The Chemical Society” was proposed by Professor Francis, who, in the course of his remarks, claimed 157 that the first school of physical chemistry had been established in the University of Bristol by Sir William Ramsay, and had been continued to the present time by Prof, Sydney Young, Dr.Morris Travers and Prof. McBain respectively. Prof. Philip, in replying for the Chemical Society, recalled that it had been founded eighty-four years ago, and that its chief function was to promote research. Its volume of pub- lications had continually increased and it had a great future before it. The occasion gave expression to a common desire for co-operation between the Chemical Societies. He mentioned the Library scheme, in which other bodies were co-operating with the Chemical Society, the co-operation of Local Sections of the Societies, and the efforts which were being made for a unified scheme for the publication of abstracts. Dr. T. Howard Butler, in proposing “The Institute of Chemistry’’ also expressed the hope that there would be one society representing all chemical institutes.Prof. E. C. C. Baly, representing the Institute, referred to his attachment to Bristol where, he said, there was very fertile ground for the development of the Local Section of the Institute. Speaking of the value of a University, he said that it could not be made up of a heterogeneous collection of undersized book-worms. The Institute itself should not be viewed from the point of view only of the man who could pass examinations: men of knowledge and big vision were wanted. The Institute stood for more than a qualifying organisation: it was something that brought them together in a real Freemasonry of science. They should strive to teach the younger generation the real meaning of the bond which existed between them.For that reason, he was a strong supporter of Local Sections. Prof. McBain, in proposing “The Society of Chemical Industry,” said that the public did not realise how greatly chemistry underlies all our daily life-industry, agriculture and medicine. It was not the academic training that counted so much, but the use of intelligence and ability to apply natural laws of chemical phenomena in industry. Mr. W. J. U. Woolcock, replying for the Society, remarked that there was an increasing number of chemists who combined business instincts with their professional knowledge. They had to bring about by mutual goodwill very much closer co-operation between the three societies. Referring to commercial and industrial conditions since the war, he said that the chemical 158 industry had not suffered so badly as others, but he believed that industries in general would have to look to some remarkable development in science to reduce the stress of the present situation.In the last ten years the public had learned more of what the chemist meant to national life. Sir Ernest Cook proposed “The University of Bristol,” mentioning especially among its notable benefactors and founders the name of Mr. H. 0. Wills and recalling again the professors who had already been named by Prof. Francis. He thought that they could claim that their University took its place on an equal footing with any one of the new Universities of the country.Mr. Stanley Badock, Treasurer of the University, in reply, said that the University had been richly endowed with some of the most beautiful buildings in the kingdom, but that pro- gressive endowments were required to enable it more completely to supply instruction in higher branches of knowledge. Our industrial supremacy depended on how the great mass of the people got higher education and training. We were suffering from class consciousness, which was not helpful to government, goodwill, or good order, and class consciousness was always aggravated by lack of educational facilities. A University must have the spirit to carry the full enjoyment of education outside by extra-mural education : this Bristol was doing, and thereby adding to the enjoyment of life and the happiness of a great number of people.On 26th May, Sir Ernest Cook, Chairman of the Section, and a party of members visited the Avonmouth Works of the National Smelting Company, where they were received by Mr. Stanley Robson, manager, and Mr. Storer, who explained the plant for roasting zinc concentrates and for the manufacture of sulphuric acid by the contact process. The visit proved of great interest and, after the party had been entertained to tea by the management, Sir Ernest Cook expressed the warm thanks of the members to Mr. Robson for the courtesy and hospitality shown to them. Glasgow and West of Scotland,-The work of the Sub- Committee on Publicity has continued on the customary lines. Articles of column length, published fortnightly, continue to be a feature of the Glnsgow Herald.In addition, since the beginning of the year, not only have five articles been published in the “New Curiosity ” columns of the Glasgow Evening Times, but 159 thirty-two short articles (generally of half-column length), have been supplied at the request of the Editor. These special articles have included in addition to chemical topics, subjects of a very diverse nature, such as “Perpetual Motion,” “Affores- tation,” “Ships Propellors,” “Chimney Stalks,” “Locomotives,” “Transparency ” and “The Calculation of the time of Eclipses.” These articles were contributed by Messrs. D. G. Brown, G. Davidson, G. S. Ferrier, W. C. Harris, J. Henderson, J. M.Leitch, and J. Montgomery. Hud dersfie I d .-Mr. Percy Galam has been appointed Hon. Secretary of the Section in the place of Mr. Thomas A. Simmons, who has been obliged to relinquish the duties owing to pressure of work. Liverpool and North-Western.-At a meeting of the Section held at St. George’s Restaurant, on 6th April, Professor W. H. Roberts presiding, Mr. E. H. Shepherd submitted the following motion :-“That it is desirable that Central and Local Subsidiary Councils of the Institute of Chemistry, representing all branches of the Profession, should be established with the object of inaking the Institute a more comprehensive body.” In opening, Mr. Shepherd drew attention to that feature of the Institute’s organisation which enabled a member of the rank and file to bring matters of importance to the profession to the notice of his brother chemists.He was led to consider the present position of our chemical bodies by the perusal of a publication issued by the League of Nations entitled “En- gineers and Chemists,” the result of an investigation, carried out by the Labour Office, into the present position of these professions in all important countries throughout the world. It dealt satisfactorily with engineers, but not so with chemists: in dealing with Great Britain, no mention was made of the Institute or of any other body concerned with the interests of chemists. He regarded this as defining the present position very clearly: it indicated that, in the view of the hvestigators, there was no body of sufficient importance to represent chemists adequately and ensure that our country received the most efficient chemical service.He had intended submitting a motion in March to urge that a conference of all the chemical societies should be held at Wembley this summer to consider the means 160 and to take the necessary action to effect some satisfactory form of unification. Further consideration had led him to the view that there was no sufficiently defined opinion among the various bodies to ensure that a conference of the type suggested would serve any useful purpose. In his opinion, the Institute was not altogether in favour of unification. On the other hand, a resolution had been passed in Belfast on 8th March, as the result of an address by Dr.Gibson, which strongly urged that steps towards unification should be taken. He also was strongly in favour of some form of unification and that was his ultimate reason for bringing forward his motion, but he held that, before approaching other bodies, it was desirable that the Institute should introduce modifications into its own organisation, in order to deal with the various phases of chemistry more ade- quately. He regarded the Institute as a body which had been formed and had received its Charter with the object of performing a definite service to the community. It was essential to regard Chemistry, not as a mysterious art confined to a favoured few, but as a term applied to the aggregation of certain complexes known as atoms into molecules and to the phenomena connected therewith.These chemical reactions, taking place throughout the whole material universe, both quick and dead, may be considered as of two kinds: first, those which take place as the result of the distribution of energy in the universe quite indepen- dent of man’s initiative and about the most vital of which he knows very little; and second, those reactions initiated by man by bringing materials together under suitable conditions to achieve a particular object. Those initiating may or may not be chemists and the reactions may or may not be under their control. The chemist is a man who is acquainted with our present knowledge of the principles underlying these reactions and is able to apply this knowledge.In relation to the first, he has a secondary but very important role to play, in so far as the reactions concern man and his welfare. In this field, the Institute had an important duty to perform, which it had performed web. In providing men of adequate ability, it had ensured to the public that those reactions which were involved in its life should not be interfered with by improper or adulterated food, and had given it protection against economic loss by seeing that it obtained the genuine products of nature’s chemical factories. The second type of reaction required the modern 161 chemist at his best to render it a commercial success. In recent years, the reactions initiated by chemists had become of in-creasing number and of vital importance to civilised com-munities; to such an extent, in fact, that there were many who considered that they were living in a New Chemical Age.The Institute assisted in providing men for these develop- ments by its work in connection with chemical education; but it did not provide enough from its own membership. As the result of recent developments, it had increased its membership by admitting a number of candidates, engaged for the most part in research or industry, without examination by the Institute itself. These were without doubt chemists of first-class ability. In this way, it became a unique body with a large membership consisting entirely of men who had definitely devoted their lives to chemistry for better or worse.It might seem unnecessary to repeat all this, but he felt it was of great importance to draw attention to the question whether an adequate corresponding reorganisation had taken place in the Institute so as to deal with the new and very grave responsibilities which it had undertaken. This had not yet been done. His motion was based on proposals made at the time of the original formation of the British Association of Chemists, when it was proposed that special committees of the Institute should be formed to deal with the various branches of the profession. His present proposal was a development of that suggestion and involved forming subsidiary councils which, in his view, should make the Institute a much more useful body.These should include central councils in London and local councils, to deal respectively with matters of general and local interest to their own branches of the profession, The local councils would forward recommendations to the central councils on matters of general interest to their respective branches. They would be responsible to the Grand Council and to the local general councils respectively. That was his proposal, but he also discussed certain details and indicated possible further developments. He suggested that the councils should be Research, Official, Consulting and Industrial. The Institute members would be divided into Sections corresponding with the Councils. The Research Section would be recruited from the Universities only, and would include all chemists engaged solely in teaching; 162 the Official, Consulting and Industrial Sections would tie recruited from Universities Technical Colleges, and supplemented private training. He was of the opinion that the Institute should regard Research as essential to its future development.A Research Council would enable it to fulfil a morc vital ralc in this direction. It would assist in promoting a more rapid application of research results and consequently increase their economic value. A member would join a particular section on entering the Institute and its Council would see that he had every chance of using his talents to the utmost and of attaining a position in his profession commensurate with the money spent in equipping him.The Grand Council would be responsible for the con-ditions of admission to the Associateship and to a new class of membership that would probably be found desirable. Each subsidiary council would make its own conditions for the terms of admission to the Fellowship of its own section, and see that the status of this was maintained, so that it should be a valuable hall-mark for a man of first-class ability in his own branch. That should be something worth aiming at. The councils should aim at providing a free exchange of views between the various sections and in this way enhance the economic value of their members. These effects might be expected to promote a more definite understanding between the controllers of industry and their chemists.The councils should assist their members in keeping in touch with developments in chemistry. This was perhaps of particular interest to industry, as it would assist in preventing chemists getting into a rut. It might involve the appointment of paid local secretaries, possibly also acting for other bodies. It might be necessary to consider including Pharmacists and forming a Pharmaceutical Council; but they might prefer not to come in. The Institute could certainly assist any unification scheme providing for a Chemistry House, and he hoped that eventually a chemist would be able to get all he wanted for a single sub- scription, say ,cl5 5s. He was of the opinion, as already suggested, that it would be essential to have another body looking after publications, which might be a limited liability company in which the great body of chemists would have a considerable interest.The various publications would be looked after by the corresponding councils either of the Institute or other similar body. 163 The following three courses might be pursued :-(I) Leave the Institute as it is and approach other bodies. (2) Reorganise the Institute to render it more comprehensive and await developments. (3) Reorganise the Institute starting on the lines suggested by the motion and then approach other bodies. The third course seemed to him to be the most satisfactory, and for that reason, he would be glad to see them pass the motion before them. DISCUSSION.Prof. Roberts objected to the statement that the Institute “opened its doors ” on account of the organisation of the British Association of Chemists. The B.A.C. did not compel the Institute to revise its regulations: the whole scheme for the admission of war-time associates was passed by a meeting of the Council in July, 1917,prior to the formation of the B.A.C. He gathered that Mr. Shepherd proposed that the Grand Council should elect to the associateship: he would be glad to know in what way it would differ from the present Council of the Institute. What function in this respect would he wish the Grand Council to perform that was not already being carried out by the ex- aminers? He gathered that the local councils would elect the Fellows.Was it proposed the Grand Council should accept the Fellows recommended by the local councils? It did not seem right to him that the Grand Council should have no veto on the recommendations of the subsidiary Councils. Mr. Croad seconded Mr. Shepherd’s motion. He was of opinion that such a scheme must come into force. It should be put forward as it stood. The Local Councils would be useful for publicity . Dr. Thomas was indebted to Mr. Shepherd for his paper, with much of which he was in agreement. He thought there was a real need for committees or sub-committees to represent the different branches of the chemical profession. There seemed to be some disagreement as to what the precise functions of such committees should be; but that was a matter which could be settled after further deliberation.He could not, however, agree with the latter part of Mr. Shepherd’s address, which seemed to him to be outside the scope of his motion. While much could be said in favour of union between non-professional bodies such as the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry, 164 he failed to see how the Institute could function efficiently as a professional organisation if it were to unite with these two bodies. There was everything to be said for co-operation on the part of the Institute with these other organisations, and he understood that such co-operation existed. Further than that, he was not prepared to go.There were obvious advantages to be gained from a closer union of the Institute with other pro-fessional scientific organisations such as the Institute of Physics, the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, etc., but that was a different matter altogether. He would vote for Mr. Shepherd’s motion as it stood on the agenda, which amounted only to re-organisation within the Institute, and had no relation to outside bodies. Dr. Morton much appreciated Mr. Shepherd’s talent for initiating discussions that led to interesting and valuable con- clusions not foreshadowed or indicated in the title. at the start. He thought that many mistakes had been made in labelling men as special kinds of chemists when they were really not so.That was to be deplored. The fact that a man had done some research on a certain subject was not proof that he possessed the research instinct in a general way. He was attracted to the ideal held up by Mr. Shepherd, but he feared it was premature. Mr. Shepherd maintained that Chemistry was not exerting the influence in the country that it ought. The Chairman put the motion which was carried unanimously. London and South-Eastern Counties.---A Meeting of the Section was held at the Institute on 22nd April, Sir Robert Robertson in the Chair. Before the formal business, the Chairman welcomed Dr. M. C. Whitaker, President of the United States Industrial Corporation, who had been invited to attend. He then called upon Mr. William Rintoul to open a discussion upon “Library and Office Organisation for Chemists.” Mr.Rintoul said:- Nothing is easier, provided the necessary funds are available, than to get together a collection of printed matter embodying some small fraction of human knowledge and to call the col- lection a library. Now that indexes of books and periodicals are so generally available, it is not much more difficult to render such a collection moderately complete in any particular branch of knowledge in which we may be interested. It is to be presumed 165 however, that the mere collection of this knowledge is not our final aim, but that it is intended to put this accumulation, when it is obtained, to some useful purpose, and this is where the difficulty of those who use and are associated with libraries really begins.The older method of extracting information from a library was often by an appeal to a much harassed and overdriven librarian, who alone knew all the secrets of the design and arrangement of his shelves and could therefore act as a guide to the particular item containing the information required. Modern life, however, is lived at too high a velocity to allow of archaic methods being applied even in the use of a library, and it has become necessary to devise new methods whereby the innumerable printed documents of to-day can be made to give up their contents at will to users of the library. In introducing this discussion, therefore, I think my best course is to describe, very briefly, the organisation of one library which serves a large industrial concern, namely, that of Messrs. Nobel’s Explosives Company, at Ardeer.This Library has to serve the needs of a research department of some sixty chemists and their assistants, as well as large manufacturing departments, engineering shops, drawing offices and other departments, and I may say at once that the success of the organisation which has grown up is due to the fact that the library has gradually become the memory of the whole organisation. All the information of permanent value which comes to any of our departments ultimately reaches the library where it is filed and indexed. The sources of the information are various and may be classified as follows:- VBooks and Pamphlets.Periodicals. Patent Specifications. Typewritten reports received Correspondence. from outside sources. Drawings. Reports emanating from and Extracts from Journals, etc. controlled by the Ardeer Graphical Records, etc. staff. To each document as it arrives is allocated a Call Number which is placed on the right hand top corner, either on the outside page or on the title page. A letter placed before the call number indicates the classification under which the par- ticular item is filed. Now that the information has been obtained, the next step is to render it available to those who are interested in it and 166 can make use of it. Whatever system is employed to achieve this end, it is clear that, to be effective, it is essential that the information which was received ten years ago be just as readily available as that which arrived only yesterday, and it is in this respect that a mechanical method far surpasses any method relying upon the memory of a staff, no matter how numerous and efficient.The system that we have adopted at Ardeer first came to our knowledge through the publication of two books: Systematic Indexing and The Card System at the Ofice, by Mr. J. Kaiser. The system as described in these books is adapted to a commercial undertaking only ; but we were fortunate enough to be able to obtain the services of Mr. Kaiser himself, who came to Ardeer with the object of studying our require- ments on the scientific side and who finally designed and laid down the essentials of the scheme we now follow.The principal feature of this scheme is the compilation of what one might call, for want of a better term, a Descriptive Index, that is to say, an index which, in addition to pointing to the document containing the information sought, gives at the same time in a few words the gist of the information which that document contains. This index consists of three parts, the Numerical Section, the Dictionary Catalogue and the Index proper. In the Numerical Section each document in the library is represented by a card. These cards are arranged in the same order as the documents on the shelves, and therefore serve as a check on the contents of the library and facilitate stocktaking.Each card in the numerical section bears on the back a list of subject headings for which cards have been filed in the D ictioi.tary Catalogue or Central Index in respect of that particular document. The Dictionary Catalogue deals with books only, each item being entered under its title, author, and such of its subjects as are of particular interest. These three entries are distinguished by a colour scheme in which the author cards are blue, the title cards, pink, and the subject cards, white. It can easily be imagined that it is impossible to index all books exhaustively. We are, for example, specially interested in explosives: to incorporate all the information contained in Arthur Marshall’s book on Explosives in the index would practically necessitate retyping the whole book.This is the reason why books are treated in the dictionary catalogue as a class by themselves, 167 although, occasionally, references to them are to be found in the index proper. The actual Index Section consists of cards on which is typed the information to be recorded. The filing term, which is placed in the top left-hand corner, must be a “concrete.” A fairly good definition of a “concrete” for indexing purposes might describe it as a term denoting something capabZe of being marketed. Light and electrical energy, for example, are treated as “concretes” in this system. The “concrete” term then is placed in the top left-hand corner of the card. The centre of the card at the top is occupied by a geographical term if such exists in connection with the matter being dealt with.At the top of the right-hand corner is the call number of the document indexed and immediately below this is the “process” term. This “process” term is a subsidiary filing term denoting action, quality, property, etc., for example, toxicity, stability, velocity of detonation, puri- fication, solubility, etc. Below this term at the top of the card are given:- I. The date on which the information was first known. 2. The digest of the information in so far as it is of interest in connection with the filing terms. 3. Name of document or publication. 4. Date of publication. 5. Author’s name. 6. In the case of an abstract, the name of the journal, etc.in which the original information appeared. A definite position is assigned to each of these terms on the card. The cards are filed, first of all, in alphabetical order under the “concrete ” term. All groups of cards under one “concrete ” are then arranged alphabetically according to the geographical term and the groups under one “concrete” and under one geographical term are filed alphabetically under the “process ” term. The cards containing the summarised information are separated into groups by means of five-position guide cards. These serve to indicate the alphabetical position of the term on the tab and to show the relationship of the term on the tab to other information in the index. The five-position guide cards are all of a buff colour ; but for the information cards a 168 colour scheme is adopted which indicates at once the nature of the document from which the information is drawn.All information taken from :-Patent Specifications : recorded Extracts and Cuttings, on on white cards. brown. Books and Pamphlets, on pink. Periodicals, on green. Correspondence, on salmon. Typescripts, on yellow. Drawings and Illustrations, Reports, on buff. on blue. We now come to the procedure followed in the work of indexing. The papers and periodicals which arrive each morning are first marked with their call numbers and, date- stamped. Leaves are cut if necessary. They are then passed to the librarian who selects material for indexing.The librarian has access each morning to the previous day’s correspondence from all departments, from which he selects material. Cor-respondence and communications are also sent to him from various departments from time to time. The indexing of the selected material is carried out by dictating to a typist the material to be typed on cards. Each item indexed is marked in the original with a blue ring by means of a rubber stamp. Readers of the document can thus see at a glance what has been indexed, and are enabled to suggest further indexing should they think this advisable. All the cards produced during the week are assembled, and those which bear the most comprehensive digest of matters of interest are reproduced in the form of a periodical which is issued weekly to members of the staff.In this periodical the information is classified under such headings as “ Science,” “General Technology,” “Explosives Technology ” and “En-gineering.” It contains also particulars of additions to the library and other matters affecting the work of the staff. This periodical, however, is not an essential part of the organisation. The week’s cards are then very carefully scrutinised in order to select entries to be made in the “process” section of the index. When an index is started, a list of the terms of this type, which may conceivably prove useful, is compiled. Extreme care should be taken to make this list as exhaustive as possible from the start. Should it occur that a process term must be added to this list after the index has been established for some time, this will involve a close scrutiny of all the cards filed, 169 in order to secure completeness in the references to this par- ticular term.If the age of the index is appreciable, the labour involved is formidable. Alternatively, a “process ” term not selected originally may be provided for by typing cards in which the space for the “concrete” term is left blank, the card being then placed in the position in the main body of the central index found by ranking the “process” term as equal to a “concrete ” term. The ordinary “process” section of the index is kept apart from the main body of the index. When once the “process” cards have been completed for the collected week’s cards, the whole of the cards are distributed in their proper places throughout the index.It is claimed for the Kaiser system of indexing that, by the use of guide cards bearing related terms, not only is cross-referencing made possible, but the total number of cards required for quick and accurate consultation of the index is greatly reduced. The guide cards are buff coloured, similar in size to the other cards, but differing from these in the possession of a projecting tab which may occupy any one of five different positions along the top of the card. Terms for guidance and consultation are typed on these tabs and are readily seen. Every card or set of cards filed under a given “concrete” term is preceded by a buff guide card having that “concrete” term typed on its projecting tab, which in this case occupies the top left-hand corner position.When the number of cards filed under that “concrete ” term increases and cards bearing names of countries appear, a guide card having a tab in the middle position is inserted before each sub-group of cards for the various countries and bears on the projecting tab the name of the country. When the cards under a given ‘‘concrete ” term become numerous other guide cards may be inserted at intervals. These guide cards have projecting tabs on the top right-hand corner bearing the “process” term of the card which they precede. The main guide cards, that is, those which precede each set of cards filed under a given “concrete ” term, have an additional and important function.It is by means of these cards that anyone consulting the index, having exhausted the pos-sibilities of the group filed under any given “concrete,” without obtaining the information required, proceeds to other terms in the index related to that first consulted. These other “related” terms are typed in alphabetical order on the main 170 guide card and by running down these terms one obtains sug-gestions for places where the information sought may be found. One very important modification in the working of the index has been introduced by our present librarian, Mr. Barbour. When an index is started it is necessary to lay down a good many definite regulations as to how it is to be constructed, and Mr.Kaiser was very emphatic that under no condition whatever could any exception to these regulations be permitted. It is impossible to foresee, at the start, all the conditions that will arise; consequently the regulations drawn up will prove more or less faulty and these faults will be perpetuated. In order to overcome this difficulty, Mr. Barbour suggested that the index should be constructed in volumes, each volume extending over a period of five years. A complete break occurs at the end of each volume, and this gives an opportunity for remodelling the governing regulations in any way that may be considered de- sirable. In this way any faulty decision, although it must stand for five years, can be rectified after that period.We have now completed two five-yearly volumes of our index and are constructing a third. So that this method of dealing with it has been well tested. Sometimes information still crops up that belongs to the period of one of the earlier volumes. This information is added to the particular volume to which it belongs; but still in accordance with the regulations under which that volume was constructed, so that Mr. Kaiser’s reasonable dictum on the immutability of regulations is complied with. All the cards in the Central index are kept in a series of sixty drawer cabinets, each drawer having a rod run through the whole of its cards. The reason for this is that under no condition whatever are users of the index permitted to with- draw any of the actual cards themselves.This apparently complicated system of filing obviously costs a good deal. As a matter of fact our total expenditure on the index for the past few years has been of the order of E~zooa year, and it is reasonable to ask whether or not the results justify the expenditure. The answer is in the affirmative. Two or three years after the system of indexing had been started, we were not a little anxious on this score, as we found we were spending a great deal of money and getting practically nothing in return. Fortunately, we realised that this was a passing phase, because, by the time the index had been running for five years, we began to see great possibilities in the advantages 171 to be obtained and, ever since then, these advantages have been increasing and the value of the index has gone up by leaps and bounds.When you consider the number of subjects in which the concern is interested and the number of daily occurrences in connection with our products, which must be permanently recorded and be easily referred to at a moment’s notice, I think the value of the index must be obvious. When any unusual event occurs calling for a special opinion, or for definite action, or for consideration of policy, no one will deny that it is of the utmost value to be able to obtain full details of all similar circumstances that have arisen in the past and the manner in which they have been dealt with. On the other hand, take for example, the starting of work on a new subject of research.Where, in the old days, the time of the research worker was probably occupied for weeks hunting up the literature for sufficient data to be able to form a reliable picture of the present state of knowledge on his subject, now, he can simply refer to the index where he will find collected all the information on the subject, provided it is one in which we have been interested. Besides the collection and dissemination of information there are many other services which the library department can contribute towards the general work of a research depart- ment. We find it a great convenience, for example, to have housed in the library, a complete catalogue of all the apparatus, both scientific and general, which is used in the research department.For this purpose each piece of apparatus when it is purchased has placed upon it a number which is called the “Equipment Catalogue Number.” The principal storekeeper enters up on a form all particulars of the apparatus, such as its name, the supplier’s name, its location in the laboratories, the date of receipt and any additional information which may exist regarding it, This form is sent to the librarian, who transfers the infor- mation to a card which is then filed in the equipment catalogue. If an apparatus consist of separate parts, these are detailed on the card and each is marked with the main equipment catalogue number and a subsidiary number. These cards are in duplicate, one set being filed in numerical sequence and the other in alphabetical order, according to the name of the instrument.This system allows a complete check to be held over all apparatus, and facilitates periodical inspection. 172 Again, all experimental work carried out in the department must be recorded in the form of detailed reports. These reports deal with subjects of first importance to us: the work has been carried out by our own staff and, therefore, we know more of its reliability and accuracy than we do of any other information which reaches us. In our opinion these reports are our most valuable possession and every care is taken in their preparation and handling, and for this the librarian is largely responsible.The experimentalist who actually carries out any research is responsible for the preparation of his draft report. This draft is handed over to me of two editors who are members of the library staff. He reads the draft and discusses it with the author to see that it is drawn up in accordance with the code of regu- lations that are laid down in the department. When they are satisfied that the report is in proper form, it is typed and dis- tributed to the authorities for consideration. When the report has been fully discussed and any necessary action taken, all copies of it are returned to the library, where the file copy is indexed as already described. The librarian is responsible for the custody of all spare copies and the distribution of those copies which are sent elsewhere.What I have said so far has been largely a statement of fact and does not perhaps offer any great scope for discussion. I propose to refer to a subject now, however, which is capable of discussion which may have useful and far-reaching results. During the autumn of last year there was held at Hoddesdon in Essex, a conference of representatives from various British concerns associated with, or interested in the running of libraries. The object of the conference was to discuss the possibility of linking up the different libraries in the country, whether public or private, with the object of increasing the availability of the knowledge which has been collected together in these various institutions. It was generally agreed at the conference that the linking up of libraries was a very desirable object for which to strive.At the same time it was recognised that the principal difficulties involved in the scheme would be found in dealing with the special libraries, of which Ardeer affords an example, and the conference at Hoddesdon elected a Committee which is devoting a portion of its time to the compilation of a list of these libraries. Ulti-mately it is hoped to devise some scheme for mutual interchange of information. The work will be voluntary in many cases, 173 and there will be a limit to the time which the individual or firm concerned can devote to altruistic work, or at any rate, to work which, in some cases, would appear to cost more than the value of any reciprocal benefit in sight.The scheme is, I think, worthy of careful consideration, and the committee which has the matter in hand, deserving of all encouragement. It is not impossible that such a scheme might constitute the first step towards the provision of a National Scientific and Technological Index which would function as a clearing house for all information pertaining to those subjects. In approaching the matter of a general register of knowledge in this way, from the bottom upwards, rather than in the much more ambitious method underlying the conception of the great Biographical Index in Brussels, we are more likely to arrive at, at least, a partial realisation of the object for which we are striving.I have little to say with regard to office organisation. At Ardeer we have a commercial department which looks after the issue and filing of all correspondence. As the bulk of this correspondence deals with manufacture, advantage has been taken of the fact that every factory product has been allocated a Syllabus Order Number. These syllabus order numbers form in themselves a very convenient system under which the correspondence dealing with these products can be filed. One very important function must be discharged by the office organisation, if an adequate control of manufacture is to be ensured, and that is the compilation of efficiency and cost figures. This is much too large a subject to enter into in detail here. It must suffice to point out the importance of intimate collaboration between the two sections, if the best results are to be obtained.The meeting being open to discussion. Dr. Spielmann enquired what was the size of the library staff required to cope with the work Mr. Rintoul had indicated. Dr. R. S. Hutton gave the meeting an interesting account of the work of the recent conference of librarians held at Hoddesdon. It was anticipated that another conference would be held during the coming year; the Carnegie United Kingdom Trust had supplied funds to carry on the work for the time being. All were impressed by the necessity for the labour to be shared, it being remembered that there were 30,000 separate scientific periodicals in the world, of which any one firm could only see a very small fraction.He believed that American Universities 174 were giving special courses of lectures to scientific men on the use of libraries and he thought that some such development would be desirable in the United Kingdom. Miss Fletcher, of the Research Department, Woolwich Arsenal, asked whether the Ardeer staff used the abstracts on the cards or referred directly to the books, and questioned whether it was not better to make an abstract, merely of a line or two, and to give adequate cross-references. Miss Fletcher also asked if the periodicals were circulated and whether heads of departments saw them all; whether at the end of the five- yearly period the index was started afresh without any cards in it, and whether in practice the scientific staff consulted the library or the librarian.Mr. Foster Sproxton said that the British Xylonite Company had been greatly interested in Mr. Barbour’s paper in Chemistry and Industry, and had followed Kaiser’s system, with certain modifications. They had to depart from it occasionally in the definition of the term “concrete.” He felt that without a large library staff there would be a difficulty in preparing the necessary abstracts. He asked whether when an appreciation was required the library staff or the scientific staff prepared it; further, whether it was not necessary, in view of the fact that some information was confidential, to impose limitations upon persons allowed to use the library.Mr. Evans gave a brief account of the methods in use in the Chemical Warfare Department, which had been worked out with special reference to the requirements of the Department and involved a fair amount of cross-referencing. Dr. Whitaker said that he had adopted the theory that the collection and abstracting of information was a job for specialists. He had not attempted to build up a library of books, but to secure complete abstracts (with references) on cards. He admitted that it was expensive, but it avoided the greater expense incurred when a research chemist spent weeks in dis- covering something that had been discovered forty years ago. He was much attracted by the five-years’ system. It appeared that in America very little was done to train scientists as librarians.What they were endeavouring to do was to grade chemists, according to their talents. In reply, Mr. Rintoul said that at present rather more than half of the time of the Librarian was devoted to indexing as well as the whole time of an assistant and the time of two typists. 175 A total of 131 journals is at present indexed directly by the Library staff, but the perusal of these journals ensures a know-ledge of the contents of very many more journals, at least as far as the subject of special interest to our library is concerned, As regards the issue of periodicals to members of the staff, it is laid down by rule that no current periodical is to be allowed out of the Library until the next number has been received.The only exception to this rule is that a periodical may be issued for the hours during which the Library is closed, but it must be returned immediately thereafter. The abstracts which appeared on the cards were so drafted as to be more than a mere indication of what the document contained. There were intended to give the gist of the publication, and by use of them it was easily possible to prepare a general review of any given subject. The preparation of reports for placing on the files occupies a considerable portion of the time of the Library staff. Two editors spend practically their whole time in editing and revising draft reports. It is surprising how few chemists, in whatever University they may have been trained, are capable of drafting a report describing their work in clear and definite terms. Mr.Rintoul suggested that this was a matter to which he thought Universities might well devote some attention. With regard to the incidence of the five years’ period, the Dictionary Catalogue went on for ever, but the Index started afresh with new cards at the end of each five years. The Library staff were always willing to initiate a new member of the Scientific staff into the system upon which the Index is run, but once that had been done it was expected that the staff would consult the Index in the Library and not the Librarian. As a rule when a new research was to be undertaken, the chemist who was entrusted with it collected all the necessary information himself and prepared his own appreciation of the previous work, and in preparing such appreciations the Central Index was invaluable as a time-saving device.Unfortunately a certain amount of information in connection with most organisations must be treated as confidential and certain files must be provided for this class of information, the access to these files being strictly limited. It must be remembered, however, that such information is not so fully available for use in the Company’s interests as if it were open to all the staff; so that it is desirable to keep the number of items of confidential information as limited as possible. 176 Manchester and District,-The Honorary Secretary reports that as the result of a‘ questionnaire addressed to members of the Section, a substantial majority expressed themselves in favour of the resolution passed by the Section urging the Council to explore the possibility of securing government registration of chemists.This will be one of the subjects for discussion at the Conference to be held at York on 10th and 11th July. South Wales.-The concluding meeting of the session was held at Swansea on 15th May, under the chairmanship of Prof. J. E. Coates. Mr. C. A. Seyler gave a most interesting address, entitled “The Scientific American,” on his recent visit to the United States as the British representative on the Conference of Coal Chemists. This was followed by a general discussion on the various aspects of the work of chemists in America and in our own country.Mr. Seyler’s chief aim was to investigate the basis of the American classification of coals and the lack of co-ordination that exists between such classification in the two countries. He hoped to evolve a classification that would be equally acceptable and useful to the chemists of both countries. The Section considered a resolution of the Liverpool Section urging the desirability of establishing central and local subsidiary councils of the Institute, representing all branches of the pro- fession, with the object of making the Institute a more com- prehensive body. The precise meaning and implication of the resolution was not felt to be very clear; but it was unanimously agreed that the resolution, so far as it could be interpreted, could not be supported by the Section.It was felt that members already possessed sufficient powers to make the Committees of Local Sections and the Central Council of the Institute effectively representative of the profession. 177 Notes. Contracts of Service-Mr. Marlow’s notes on “Contracts of Service,” summarising the articles and reports which have appeared in the Journal of the Institute on this subject during the past few years, have now been published as a separate pamphlet. It has been suggested that the statement in Section XV. on the Workmen’s Compensation Acts is too categorical. Mr. Marlow states, however, that although the case of Bagnall v. Levinstein was before the Court of Appeal in 1907,and was considered under the Act of 1897, it has frequently been quoted since that time when the limitation of the interpretation of the term “workman ” has been the point at issue.In the Act of 1897 the word “workman” was not clearly defined, and it was usually construed in its more popular sense. In the Act of 1906 the term “workman ” is defined as meaning :-“Any person who has entered into or works under a contract or service or apprenticeship with an employer, whether by way of manual labour, clerical work, or otherwise, and whether the Contract is expressed or implied, is oral or in writing.” The important words are ‘I or otherwise.” Although there is no judicial authority for the suggestion, it has nevertheless been suggested-notably by Willis, in his “Workmen’s Compensation ” (of which the last edition was published in 1gz5)-that Bagnall v.Levinstein would have been otherwise decided under the present Acts, since in their later decisions the Court of Appeal have stated that they are prepared to construe the words ‘‘or otherwise” in the widest manner. It is clear, therefore, that this is a point which at the present stage admits of no definite statement one way or the other. Mr. Marlow adds that the point of view in Bagnall v, Levinstein and in a later case in 1912 was this :-The governing 178 questions were-What was he employed to do ? Was he employed as a workman or was he employed as a skilled adviser? He is not sure that Willis has in mind the case of chemists, and would not raise faint hopes by publishing even a partial disclaimer.It could be argued that a routine analyst employEd on hack work is a workman, but the position of a Fellow of the Institute might be regarded in another liqht. Royal Microscopical Society.-Over twenty Members of the Institute attended the Conference of the Royal Microscopical Society held at Sheffield during the week commencing 20th April. Mr. T. G. Elliott acted as the official delegate of the Institute. Tables Annuelles de Constantes and Donnees Num6riques.-Dr. C. Marie, Secr6taire G6neral de 1’Union Internationale de la Chimie pure et appliquke, has announced the publication of the 5th volume (1917-22)of Annual Tables of Constants and Numerical Data, Physical, Chemical and Tech- nological. A special reduction of 25% is offered to the members of scientific societies. Particulars can be obtained from Dr.Charles Marie, 9, Rue de Bagneux, Paris VIe. Finsbury Technical College.--A letter has been received from the Board of Education transmitting, for the information of the Council, a copy of a question asked in the House of Commons on the 7th April, together with the reply given by the President of the Board of Education. The reply was as follows :--“J am aware that the City and Guilds of London Institute propose to discontinue the Finsbury Technical College as from July 31st, 1926. The College does not receive direct grants from the Board, but the London County Council make an annual contribution to the College ufhich is recognised by the Board for Grant.Having regard to the provision of similar courses which is made elsewhere in London, the Council, who are responsible for co-ordinating the supply of education in London, have decided to terrnimte their contribution next year, and, in consequence, the Institute are ngt prepared to continue the College. I do not think that there is anything in the circumstances in which the decisions of the Council and of the Institute have been taken, which calls for my inter- vention.” 179 The Institute of Chemistry Students’ Association (London). On 7th April, at the Institute, the Students’ Association held a joint debate with the Chartered Secretaries Students’ Society (London) on the motion, moved by Mr.A. S. Marcar, Vice-chairman of the latter Society :-“That in the opinion of this House the accountant or secretary is of greater use to the community at the present time than the man of science.” Mr. Rurbridge seconded the proposal, and Messrs. Tumber and Gibson led the opposition. The debate was vigorously sustained, about twenty members participating. At the conclusion, although the visitors were more numerous, the motion was carried by a majority of only one. A vote of thanks was accorded to the Registrar for presiding. The Annual General Meeting of the Association was held on Tuesday, 26th May, Mr. H. A. Edgerton, Vice-president, in the Chair. The report of the Committee and the annual accounts were received and adopted.The Committee for the year 1925-26 was elected as follows:-President : Professor ARTHURSMITHELLS,C.M.G., F.R.S. Committee : Battersea Polytechnic .. .. .. E. T. BAKER. Birkbeck College . . .. .. .. I. C. P. SMITH. Chelsea, Polytechnic .. .. . . D. M. FREELAND. Eat London College .. .. .. H. G. DENNETT. Finsbury Technical College .. .. R. H. DOLTON. King’s College .. .. .. . . A. J. GAIT. Sir John Cass Technical Institute .. G. G. PULLEN. University College .. .. .. . . C. F. “UMBER. West Ham Municipal College . . .. €3,. G. GREEN. Hon. Member, elected by Association : R. LESLIE COLLETT, M.A., F.I.C. Hon. Member, elected by London Sectiou : G. S. W. MARLOW, B.Sc., F.I.C.Mr. G. S. W. Marlow, who relinguished the office of Hon. Treasurer, was presented with a silver tankard in recognition of his services to the Association since its foundation. The meeting was followed by a smoking concert. At a meeting of the Committee, held 9th June, Mr. Collett was appointed Hon. Treasurer in the place of Mr. Marlow. Obituary. SAMUELHENRYDAVIESdied at Beaconsfield, Bucks, on 13th May,in his 55th year. He studied Chemistry at University College, Liverpool. and Owens College, Manchester, graduating with first-class honours in chemistry, and being awarded the Le Blanc Medal and the Mercer University Scholarship. He was subsequently awarded the degree of M.Sc. (Vict.). Proceeding to Heidelberg, he worked for a year under Victor Meyer and, on his return, was a Demonstrator at Yorkshire College, Leeds, and then at Owens College, before being appointed head of the Chemical Depart -ment of Battersea Polytechnic, which position he held from 1894 to 1896.He then became Head Chemist to Messrs. Rowntree & Co., Ltd., at York, with whom he remained until 1923. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1919. ERNESTMOORE MUMFORDdied at Manchester, on 10th May, in his 35th year. Educated at Manchester Grammar School, he proceeded to Manchester University in 1908, graduating B.Sc. with honours in chemistry in 1911, and M.Sc. in 1913. From 1911 to 1914 he was Assistant to Dr. Gilbert J. Fowler, and was the author of several papers on the bacteriology of soils and sewage, contributed to the Journals of the Chemical Society and the Royal Microscopical Society. He was on active service from August, 1914 to March, 1916, when he was wounded.In the same year, he was transferred to the Government of India as Superintendent of the Acetone Factory at Nasik, Bombay, where he remained until September, 1917, when he became attached for technical duties to the 6th Poona Division under the Director of Medical Service of the Southern Army, attaining the rank of Major. In 1919 he was invalided home. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in the same year. CHARLESEMILE SOANE, who died at Muswell Hill, London, on 17th May, in his 62nd year, was educated at the City of London College and Finsbury Technical College.He established a general analytical and consulting practice at Camden Road, which he transferred later to Anerley, having an office at the Hop Exchange ; thereafter to Fore Street, and later to Southampton Row and Harpur Street, Bloomsbury. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1888 and a Fellow in 1892. HUBERT TERRYdied at 36, Brook Road, Manchester, on LANPHIER the 19th May, 1925, at the age of 00 years. He received his training in science at Owens College, Manchester, and passed the examination for the Associateship of the Institute in 1886, when he became Chemist to Messrs. Charles Macintosh & Co., Ltd., Rubber Manufacturers, of Manchester. Later, he practised as a consulting chemist at Trafford Park, and was retained by the authorities of the Blanchester Ship Canal.In 1905, he established himself in practice in the city. He contributed papers to the Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry and to the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, tnd T.F’BS the author of a book on “India Rubber and its Manufacture (1 907). He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1890. 181 GEORGEMARWOODWATSONdied at Grimsby on 9th April, at the age of 28. Educated at Welholme School and the Municipal College, Grimsby, he studied Chemistry at the Royal College of Science from 1915 to 1918, obtaining the Associateship of the College and graduating B.Sc. (Lond.) with second class honours. He then became engaged on investigations for the Chemical Warfare Department of the Ministry of Munitions until February, 1919, when he was transferred to research work on atmospheric pollution for the Meteorological Office under the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research.The report embodying his work was published in the Lancet in 1919. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1920. GEORGE YOUNG died at Finchley, on 3rd April, in his 57th year. Educated at George Watson’s College, Surgeons’ Hall, and the University, Edinburgh, he continued his scientific studies at Munich and Erlangen, where he graduated Ph.D. in 1391. In that year, he was for a few months assistant demonstrator to Prof. W. H. Perkin at the Heriot-Watt College, before joining the staff of Firth College, Sheffield, where, having attained the position of Lecturer and temporary Professor, he remained until 1904, when he was obliged to resign owing to ill-health.In 1906, he devoted himself to consulting and literary work, and also engaged in research at the Davy-Faraday Laboratories. Later, he established a consulting practice in the City of London. He contributed many papers to the Transactions of tho Chemical Society from 1895 onwards. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1909. 182 April-May Examinations, 1925. Abstract of the Report of the Board of Examiners. Examinations were held at the times and places scheduled below. The number of candidates examined and of those who passed was :-UNDERTHE CURRENTREGULATIONS. No.examined. No. passed.For the Associateship- *At the Institute, 20th-25th April; 28th April to 1st May . . .. .. t 40 20 At Natal University College, in January 1 0 For the Fellow8hip-At the Institute: Branch (A)111: Manu-factured Products, 27th April to 1st May .. .. .. .. 1 1 At the Institute and at the Royal College of Science: Branch (B), PhysicalChemistry .. .. .. .. 1 0 At the Institute : Branch (D),Agriculture1Chemistry . . .. .. .. 1 1 Branch (E),The Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs and of Water, 4th to 9th May .. 8 4 At the Institute and at the University, Sheffield, Chemical Technology, with special reference to Low Temperature Carbonisation .. .. .. .. 1 1 UNDER REGULATIONS PRIOR TO MARCH 1920.For the Associateship- At the Institute: Branch (d) OrganicChemistry .. .. .. .. 1 0 54 27 * Several candidates took theoretical papers at the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, The Technical College, Hull, and the College of Tech-nology, Manchester. T Including three candidates who presented themselves for examin-ation in the translation of both French and German technical literature into English; one in French translation only, and two in German translation only, thus completing their examination. 183 PASS LIST. Examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry. Barlow, Kathleen Margaret Monteagle, B.Sc. (Lond.), University College, London. Burns, Edward Francis, King’s College, London. Cash, William Alan, A.M.C.T., College of Technology, Manchester.Challis, William, A.M.C.T., College of Technology Manchester. Clear, Harry Norman, B.Sc. (Lond.), East London College and Belfast Municipal College of Technology.Greenwood, John, A.M.C.T., College of Technology, Manchester. Hatt, Harold Herbert, University College Southampton.Hayley, Harry Bulwer, BSc. (Lond.), Birkbeck College, London . Holmes, Ernest John, University College, Southampton. Ladhams, Donald Ernest, University College, Southampton. Lee-Smith, Walter Lewis, King’s College, London, and Sir John Casa Technical Institute. Love, Malcolm McFarlane, Technical College, Paisley. Selman, Raymond Frank William, Chelsea Polytechnic. Sherratt, John Graham, B.Sc. Tech. (Manc.), College of Technology,Manchester. Smith, Ernest Lester, Chelsea Polytechnic.Stafford, William Edward, A.M.C.T., College of Technology,Manchester. Sparkes, Neville Gilbert, B.Sc. (Lond.), Sir John Cass Technical Institute. Thompson, John Samuel, B.Sc. (Lond.), Trained under G. E. Johnson, B.Sc., F.I.C. at The Technical College, Hull. Warren, William, B.Sc. (Lond.), West Ham Municipal College. TVilliams, Thomas Pearl, B.Sc. (Lond.), Central Technical School, Liverpool. Examination for the Fellowship. In Branch A :Inorganic Chemistry, Section III. Manufactured Products. Price, Arthur, B.Sc. (Lond.). In Branch D : Agricultural Chemistry. Harris, Ellis Thomas, M.A. (Cantab.). In Branch E: The Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs, and of Water.Healci, John Arthur, B.Sc. (Lord.).King, George, M.Sc. (Lond.).Lerrigo, Arthur Frank, B.Sc. (Birm.). MacCulloeh, Andrew Francis, M.A., B.Sc. (Edin.). In Chemical Technology, with special reference to Low Temperature Carbonisation. MacDougall, Duncan, A.R.T.C. INEXAMINATION GENERALCHEMISTRY FOR THE Asso-CIATESH1P.-In the examination in inorganic chemistry the outstanding feature was the inaccuracy of the candidates in the quantitative exercises : no less than thirteen candidates failed to secure any marks for the determination of calcium and magnesium. 184 In the theoretical papers, carelessness in reading the questions was very marked; in several cases good answers were given to questions which were not set.There was weakness in the knowledge of elements not included in elementary textbooks. Candidates should understand that some knowledge of "rare '' elements commonly occurring or with important industrial applications is expected, together with familarity with the methods for their qualitative detection. It was noteworthy that the answers to questions in physical chemistry were very uneven : some candidates were very good but the remainder very poor. In organic chemistry, the theory paper was well answered, but the practical work was uneven, though on the whole satis- factory. EXAMINATIONSFOR THE FELLoWSIw.-h the examinations for the Fellowship there was a general weakness in the manner in which reports were written, and the presentation of the work in the notebooks left much to be desired.The Board of Exam-iners wishes to emphasise that candidates for the Fellowship are expected to show ability in writing reports and in expressing their opinions. The following papers and exercises were given in the Examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry. MONDAY, 20th APRIL, 1925: 10 a.m. to 1 pm. 1. Crystals are found to separate from a liquid mixture at a constant temperature. What information can be obtained from a study of the freezing-point composition curves of such mixtures 1 Give examples. 2. Give an account of the work of Gay Lussac and of Avogadro, with 3. Sodium sulphite has been represented as SO(ONa), and also as especial reference to its influence on the development of chemistry. Na.SO,.ONa :sodium hydrosulphite at different periods has been represented as NaHSO, and Na,S,O, and sodium thiosulphate as Na,S,O,.Discuss the experimental evidence bearing on the constitution of any two of these substances. 4. Give an account of the occurrence, uses, and analytical reactions of either (a) Tellurium and its compounds; or (b) Zirconium and its compounds. 5. Give the method of preparation, properties and chief reactions of three of the following :-ammonium carbamate, perchloric acid, chro- mium trioxide, chlorsulphonic acid, nickel carbonyl. 2 to 5p.m. 1. Discuss the principles underlying the preparation of hydrogen on tthelarge scale by the interaction of red-hot iron and steam.Wha,t 185 impurities may be expected ; to what extent may these impurities affect the industrial applications of the gas ? 2. Describe either a physical or a chemical method for determining the solubility of silver chloride in water. Sufficient details should be given to enable the method to be applied without other references. 3. Describe a method for the determination of either (a) Silica and fluorine in cryolite; or (b) The oxides of nitrogen in the waste gases from a sulphuric-acid plant (lead chamber process). 4. Give a detailed account of the preparation of either (a) Titanous sulphate solution from rutile; or (b) Thorium nitrate from monazite sand. 5. Write a short essay on either (a) The application of physical methods to the study of the dehydration products of metallic hydroxides.or (b) The relation between refractive index and constitution. TUESDAY, 21st APRIL, 1925: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. Write a short essay on one of the following :-(a) Steric Hindrance. (b) The Walden Inversion. (c) Baeyer’s Strain Theory. 2. How may a carbon-nitrogen ring compound be converted into an open chain derivative? What methods are available for the hydro- genation of pyridine and the dehydrogenation of piperidine ? 3. Discuss the mechanism of two of the following:- (a) Hofmann’s synthesis of primary amines from amides. (b) The formation of acetoacetic ester from ethyl acetate. (c) The action of cuprous salts on diazonium compounds.4. Either (a) Trace the relationship between urea, alloxan, bar- bituric acid, violuric acid, uramil, dilituric acid and uric acid; Or (b) Describe the synthesis and principal reactions of di-methylpyrone ; or (c) Give a short account of triphenylmethyl. 5. Describe the preparation and method of use of three methylating agents. 2 to 3.30 p.m. The candidates were required to translate into English passagesfrom the Berichte and from Chimie et Industrie. Practical: 1st Week. WEDNESDAY, 22nd APRIL, 1925: 10 a.m to 4.30 pm. 1. Report on the nature of the mineral A (Ilmenite). (This exercise must be completed to-day). 2. Solution B contains a mixture of calcium and magnesium chlorides (with some free hydrochloric acid).Determine the calcium and magnesium in 100 grams of solution. (This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) 186 THURSDAY, 23rd APRIL, 1925: 10 am. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercise. 2. Prepare a specimen of pure potassium perchlorate from potassium chlorate. (This exercise must be completed to-day). FRIDAY, 24th APRIL, 1925: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. From anisaldehyde supplied (C) prepare pure specimens of about 5 grams of anisalazine, anisantialdoxime, anisylphenyl-hydrazone and anisic acid. Record carefully the melting points of your preparations. (This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) SATURDAY, 25th APRIL, 1925: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercise. 2. Identify the two constituents of the mixture (D).Estimate the percentage of one of them (Chose and Starch in equal amounts). Second Week. TUESDAY, 28th APRIL, 1925: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Report on the nature of the mineral E (Molybdenite and Graphite, in equal amounts). (This exercise must be completed to-day). 2. Solution F contains a mixture of calcium and magnesiumchlorides (with some free hydrochloric acid). Determine the calcium and magnesium in 100 grams of solution. (This exercise may be completed to-morrow). WEDNESDAY, 29th APRIL, 1925: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercise. 2. Prepare a specimen of pure dry potassium iodate from the potassium iodide supplied. Test the purity of your product by determining the amount of iodine set free from an acidified solution of potassium iodide, weighing out such an amount of iodate that between 40 C.C.and 50 C.C. of clecinormal solution of sodium thiosulphate will be required for the titration. (This exercise must be completed to-day.) THURSDAY, 30th APRIL, 1925: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. From the m-nitrobenzaldehyde supplied (H) prepare purespecimens of about 6 grams of m-nitrobenzalrtzine, m-nitrobenzal-phenyl- hydrazone, m-nitrobenzantialdoxirne and m-nitrobenzoic acid. Record carefully the melting points of your preparations. (This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) FRIDAY, 1st 1925: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercise. 2. Identify the two constituents of tho mixture (J). Determine approximately the amounts of each present and, if time permits, prepare one derivative of each (Chloroform and Acetone).187 Examination for the Associateship Branch (d).-Organic Chemistry. MONDAY, 27th APRIL, 1925: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Make a complete investigation of the substance A, preparing from it four pure derivatives of between 2 and 3 grams each (Benzalaniline). (This exercise may be continued on the next day.) TUESDAY, 28th APRIL, 1925: 10 a.m. to 4.30p.m. The substance B is an ester. Determine its saponification value, the acid value of the acid and the silver content of its silver salt. Prepare pure specimens of acid and alcohol, and identify each (Benzyl benzoate). (This exercise may be continued on the next day if necessary.) WEDNESDAY, 29th APRIL, 1925: 10 a.m.to 4.30 p.m. Report on the nature of the substance C. Investigate its reduction products and prepare from it one crystalline derivative (Amino-azo benzene hydrochloride). (This exercise may be completed on the next day if necessary.) THURSDAY, 30th APRIL, 1925: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Make a qualitative analysis of the liquid D which contains three constituents ; estimate one quantitatively (methyl formate, alcohol and acetone). FRIDAY, 1st MAY, 1925: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. A neutral organic substance gave the data mentioned below. What conclusions do you draw from them as to the nature and con-stitution of the material? Discuss the different kinds of isomerism possible and outline one method for the synthesis of that isomer which you consider would be most easily obtained.On combustion, data were obtained giving the following:--56.8 per cent. C, 9.5 per cent. H, and 33.7 per cent. 0. 1.266 grams when converted into vapour gave a volume calculated at, N.T.P. of 149.33 cc. When warmed with a solution of caustic potash it was decomposed giving (a)the potassium salt of an acid, and (b) a neutral substance. (a) The free acid on combustion gave 48.7 per cent. C, 8.1 per cent. H, and 43.2 per cent. 0 and its silver salt contained 42.35 per cent. of that metal. In a Zeisel determination 0.296 grams of the acid gave 0.940 grams of silver iodide. The neutral substance (6) on analysis gave 60.0 per cent. C, 13.3 per cent. H, 26.7 per cent.0, and on oxidation gave another neutral body containing 62.1 per cent. C, 10.3 per cent. H, and 27.6 per cent. 0, and whose vapour density was 29. At. Wts. Ag=108, I=127. 2. Give a brief account of the synthesis of pyridine, quinoline, and isoquinoline and discuss the relationships of these substances to certain alkaloids. 3. Discuss the general question of the oxidation of hydrocarbons. 4. Briefly outline the methods which have been adopted in order to elucidate tho constitution of the polysaccharides, giving your opinion as to how far they have been successful. 188 3. Write a brief essay on one of the following (a)thiophene and its derivatives, (b) the ketenes, (c) the glutaconic acid system. The candidate was examined orally in general chemistry, and was required to translate into English short passages from French and German technical literature.Examination for the Fellowship Branch A.-Inorganic Chemistry, Section Ill., Manufactured Products. MONDAY, 27th APRIL, 1925: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Not more than three questions must be answered from each part. The. candzdate can pass by answering two questions from each part.) PART I. 1. What do you understand by ‘cIonic dissociation”? State briefly what evidence there is for the statement that certain substances when dissolved in water are dissociated into ions, whilst others are not so dissociated. 2. Write a short essay on one of the following subjects :-(a)Valency ; (6) Catalysis; (c) The microscope as a chemical test.3. What is Avogadro’s hypothesis? Indicate the bearing of Avo-gadro’s hypothesis on our views as to the atomic weights of oxygen,sulphur, phosphorus and mercury. 4. What is meant by allotropy, and how has it been sought to explain the existence of allotropes ? Illustrate your answer by reference to the allotropy of oxygen and of carbon. PART11. 5. Upon what chemical facts are the “Chamber process” and the “Contact process ” of sulphuric acid manufacture respectively based ? What would you consider to be the relative advantages and disadvantages of each? 6. Set out in order, as far as you know them, the points of chemical similarity and difference between phosphorus and arsenic. Describe fully how you would determine the arsenic in (1) an iron ore, (2) a sample of commercial sulphate of ammonia, (3) a sample of coke proposed for use in malting.7. What are the sources of aluminium and its compounds? From which of them, and how, is the metal prepared, and what are the characters which fit it for its various uses in industry, in daily life, and in the labora- tory ? 8. Describe two methods, differing in principle, by which you could ascertain the composition of a mixture of potassium and sodium chlorides. Show clearly, using in illustration an arithmetical example, what may be the defect of an “Indirect” method. 2 to 5 p.m. (The candidate can pass by answering four questions.) 1. Give an account of the chemical and physical changes that take place when coal is heated out of contact with air.What are the characteristics of a coal which make it suitable, when so treated, for the manufacture of coke ? 189 2. Describe the construction and working of some form of apparatussuitable for the analysis of coal gas or coke oven gas. In analysing coke oven gas, how would you deal with the question of benzene in the gas? 3. How would you sample, during discharge from wagons, a deliveryof coal intended for the manufacture of coke ? What analytical determina- tions would you make on the sample, and how would you interpret their results, so as to appraise the value of the coal for its purpose? 4. Explain what is meant by the Calorific Value of a sample of coal or coke, and describe in detail the method which you would use to deter- mine calorific values, explaining any corrections which must be applied to the observed figures in order to obtain accurate results.5. What characters are aimed at in the material of which a coke oven is constructed: what substances are commonly used for this purpose; and how far does each of these substances possess the characters that are desired ? Are there any considerable differences among coals, as far as their destructive action on the materials of the oven is concerned? 6. Discuss the occurrence of sulphur and nitrogen in coals, and their behaviour during the process of carbonisation. TUESDAY, 28th APRIL, to FRIDAY, 1st MAY, 1925: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. (The candidate will be expected to hand in his reports upon this work at 5 o’clock on Friday afternoon.) 1.Make a proximate analysis (including the determination of sul- phur) of the sample of coal provided ; determine also the nitrogen in this coal, and report upon its suitability for use in the by-product coking process. 2. Make a complete analysis of the sample of firebrick. Say what you would infer from, the results of your analysis, about its refractory character, and its suitability for coke oven work. 3. Examine the sample of water, and report upon its suitability, 4. Examine the sample of srilphuric acid as to its suitability for the 5. Ascertain qualitatively the nature of the white pigment supplied. either in its present condition or after softening, for boiler feed.manufacture of ammonium sulphate. Examination for the Fellowship. Branch B.-- Physical Chemistry. MONDAY and TUESDAY, 20th and 21st APRIL, 1925. 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Make a physico-chemical examination of the given indicators. 2. Determine the so1ul)ilit-y of the given substance in water at two different temperatures. Calculate the heat of solution, and measure the latter by a direct calorimetric method. 190 TUEBDAY, WEDNESDAY and THURSDAY, 21st, 22nd, and 23rd APRIL, 1925: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Carry out the following determinations on the samples, A and B, of flour supplied. (1) The gluten content-by washing (a) with tap water, (b) with solution C. (Explain any difference observed in the quantity and character of the gluten obtained in these two ways).(2) Titratable acidity and alkalinity ; (3) -buffer action; (4) ash; (5) soluble phosphorus ; (6) gas producing power; and (7) anyother test you may think desirable for your report. Report as fully as possible on the characteristics of tho two flours. State, inter alia, whether they are suitable for breadmaking, or for the pastry or biscuit trade; whether, and in what way, they could be “improved”; and what “improver” if any, you would recommend, and why. 2. The sample of flour supplied (X) has been (a) bleached and (6)treated with an improver. Determine (i) the naturo of the bleaching agent and improver used, and (ii) the amounts of these two agents present in the flour.FRIDAY, 24th APRIL, 1925: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Not more than five questions to be answered. The candidate can pass by answering four questions.) 1. Show that Raoult’s Law is of fundamental importance in the theory of solutions. Discuss the types of doviation from this law, and correlate them with other properties of the two constituents of the solution. In what form may the deviations be expressed mathematically ? 2. Give an account of the principles upon which electrornetric methods of analysis are based. Illustrate your answer by reference to three different types. 3. In chemical analysis ccrtain phenomena are encountered which are usually classified as “colloidal.” Discuss those phenomena in relation to analytical operations, and give an account of the principles underlying the formation of different types of precipitates.4. Outline the “Radiation Theory” of chemical reactivity, and discuss its validity in the light of recent investigations on the rate of chemical reactions. 5. The transport numbers of the cations in N/20 solutions of AgNO,,NaOH, and HNO, are 0.47, 0.24 and 0.84 respectively. Explain fully the meaning of these data. 0.024 grams of copper were deposited in a copper coulometer in series with a” transport number apparatus, containing a N/20 solution of silver nitrate between silver electrodes. Calculate (a) The change in weight of the silver electrodes, (b) the change in weight of the silver in the solution surrounding (i) the anode, (ii) the cathode, (c) the duration of the electrolysis assuming a constant current of 0.01 amp.The atomic weight of copper is 63.6; of silver 108.6. The dissociation pressure of ammonium carbamate, NH,CO,NH, is 62.0 mm. at 20° and 125.5 mm. at 30°. The gas phase consists practically entirely of carbon dioxide and ammonia. (a)Find the heat of the reaction. 191 (b) If a little ammonium carbamate is introduced into a closed vessel at 30° containing ammonia at 169 mm., the total pressure rises to 194 mm., while, if it contains carbon dioxide at 169 mm., the total pressure rises to 267 mm. Show that these experimental results are in agreement with the mass law and in each case find the partial pressures of the two gases.(c)Suggest a method or methods by which this equilibrium could be experimentally investigated. 7. It has been said that the ultimate aim of theoretical chemistry is to arrive at a general method of calculating affinities of chemical reactions, from as small a number of experimental data as possible.Discuss this statement and in the case of the reaction 2H,+02 +=-3 2H20 deduce expressions for the heat of reaction Qv and the affinity A, both over wide ranges of temperature. Specify all the data required for calculating numerical values of Qv and A at any temperature. Indicate very briefly how this reaction has been investigated. 2 to 5p.m. (Not more than five questions to be answered. The candidate can pass by answering four questions.) 1.The acidity of normal and of sour flours cannot be due to the presence of free lactic acid. Discuss this statement and outline the evi- dence on which it is based. 2. What is the action of acid calcium phosphate as an “improver” in flour? How does it differ from that of chlorine? Water has been said to be an excellent improver. Comment on this statement and indicate how the action of water compares with that of other improvers. 3. The viscosity of a molecular solution is defined by the con-centration and the temperature. Indicate briefly what other, and to what extent other, factors have to be taken into account in studying viscosity of such emulsoid systems as flour-water suspensions. Discuss in particular the effect on the viscosity of a flour-water system of (a)concentration, (b) temperature, (c) addition of electrolytes.What is the practical value to the miller and baker of viscositystudies of flour blends ? 4. Discuss the relation between the hydrogen ion concentration of a flour-water suspension and the baking value of the flour. How does the hydrogen ion concentration change during the doughing and proving processes, and how does it concern the “ripening” of the dough? What other factors, if any, do you think are concerned in the ripening process and how have they been investigated. 5. There are “at least three classes of weak flour, i.e., (1) weakness due to an adequate quantity of gluten but an inferior quality; (2) weakness due to an inadequ.ate quantity of a good quality of gluten, and (3) weakness due to factors influencing yeast activity .. . . , ,” Comment on this statement. 6. Write a short account of the more important investigations that have been carried out on the relation between the moisture-content 192 and the “heating” of damp wheat during storage in bins and elevators. What bearing have these investigations on the practical problems of bin ventilation ? 7. What is meant by the iso-electric point of a protein? To what extent does it differ from the electrokinetic iso-electric point of a sus- pensoid colloid ? Give a short account of Donnan’s theory of membrane equilibrium and indicate how it has been applied by some workers to explain the imbibition of water, with consequent swelling, by protein gels.Can the known facts of water absorption by dough or by gluten be explained on this basis? 8. What is meant by the adiabatic vaporisation of water? In the adiabatic cooling of air during vaporisation of water we get lw.dH = -s.dt. whence dH----_* dt 1, in which lW=latent heat of vaporisation of water, s=humid heat of air, i.e., the specific heat of one pound of dry air together with its associated moisture, and dt=the differential decrease in air temperature due to the differential increase in humidity (dH) of the air. Discuss the sig- nificance of this equation in connection with (a) humidity control in a flour-mill, (b) the drying of damp wheat in commercial driers and (c) evaporative loss from the stock during its passage through the plant.SATURDAY, 25th APRIL, 1925: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. Write an essay on one of the following subjects:- (a) Surface phenomena in chemistry. (b) Fermentation and enzyme action. (c) The proteins from a physico-chemical point of view. (d) Heterogeneous catalysis in theory and practice. (e) Solubility. (f) The formation and stability of suspenoids. (9) The electrolytic dissociation theory. (h) Our present wheat supplies. Examination for the Fellowship. Branch D.-Agricultural Chemistry. MONDAY, 27th APRIL, 1925: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. Describe the molecular configuration of glucose as now usually accepted, and give some indication of the way in which the study of the methyl derivatives of that body has advanced knowledge of its constitution and relationship to other bodies of the sugar group.2. Discuss the influence on the economy of the farm of sugar beet cultivation as compared with the growth of swedes or mangolds in arable rotation; and indicate a suitable system of manuring the sugar beet crop. 3. Give such account as you can of the various substances known 4. In the earlier days of agricultural chemistry the idea was prevalent to be included in the organic matter of soils. 193 that plants produced root excretions injurious to plant life. In the absence of definite research in the matter, the idea was gradually dismissed as fanciful. Describe and discuss any comparatively recent work with which you are acquainted which has been claimed to confirm the older views. 5.Describe the analytical methods by which you would estimate the percentage of butter-fat in a margarine mixture containing beef-fat , soya-bean-oil, coconut-fat, and butter-fat. 2 to 5 p.m. 1. Describe a process for dealing with the sewage of a town situated on a river which has to receive the ultimate effluent and which has to be maintained in as clean a state as possible. How would you judge the efficiency of “purification” of the effluent ? 2. Indicate how the “vitaminic” value of milk or butter has been found to be affected by the feeding of dairy cattle. 3. The tabulated analyses of feeding stuffs are frequently accom- panied by a statement as to the proportion of each constituent that may be assumed to be “digestible.” Describe briefly and generally the means by which these figures have been arrived at, and indicate how far you consider the accepted average figures are to be taken as practically reliable or otherwise, of the feeding stuffs concerned, under varying conditions.4. Describe in detail how you would determine the presence or absence of bacteria of the B.coli group in drinking water, and, if present, how you would arrive at an approximate enumeration of the said bacilli in a given volume of the water. 5. Write a short essay on the management of farmyard manure, giving some’idea of the extent of the losses which may occur of its more valuable constituents under varying conditions.TUESDAY, 28th APRIL, 1925: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Determine the nitrogen and the oil in feeding stuff A. 2. Identify the powder B (Sodium benzoate). 3. Determine the boric acid in the borax mixture C. WEDNESDAY, 29th APRIL, 1925: 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. 1. Determine the soluble phosphate in the superphosphate, D. 2. Make a complete quantitative analysis of the sample of “potashsalts ” E. (This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) THURSDAY, 30th APRIL, 1925: 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. 1. Complete the analysis of the “potash salts” begun yesterday. 2. The material F represents the contents of the crop of a fowl supposed to have been poisoned. Examine it for alkaloidal poison. 194 FRIDAY, 1st MAY, 1925: 10 a.m.to 5 p.m. 1. Determine the percentage of saccharose and invert-sugar in the syrup G. 2. Examine microscopically and identify the substances marked respectively H, I, J, K, and L. Examination for the Fellowship. Branch E.-Chemistry (inc1udin.g Microscopy) of Food and Drugs and Water. MONDAY, 4th MAY, 1925: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. Give the formulae, the method of preparation, and some uses to which they are put in analysis, of the following substances: (a) diphenylamine; (b) resorcinol. 2. In what bodies is phosphorus found in organic combination? Give an account of the manner in which it is thus combined. (Answer in a separate notebook.) 3. Enumerate the official preparations made from the leaves and roots of belladonna; give the medicinal dose of each.Discuss briefly the therapeutic use of such preparations. 4. Describe the pharmacopceal method for the assay of cinchona bark. 5. Give an account of the symptoms exhibited in a case of poisoningby oxalic acid. State how you would estimate this acid in the stomach contents from such a case. 2 to 5 p.m. 1. What solvents are used for the extraction of fat from food materials. Give the circumstances in which each one is particularly of service, giving the reasons. 2. Name three moulds commonly occurring on foodstuffs after 3. State your reasons for considering as adulterated (if you do so exposure to air, making drawings to exhibit their diagnostic cha,ract,ers. consider) the following articles :-(a) A whiskey whose alcoholic strength is 40 degrees under proof.(b) A cream containing an added thickening agent. (c) A butter containing 18 per cent. of water. (d) A margarine containing 20 per cent. of water. (e) A purified borax containing 20 parts per million of arsenic. (f) A flour containing 5 parts per million of nitrite (calculated as sodium nitrite). 4. How are the various types of vinegar produced ? What analytical means are available for forming a judgment upon the nature of vinegar? Show how you would apply them. 5. What is a pentosan? In what food materials is a determination of pentosans of service ? Give a description of the method of determination. 196 TCJ€CSD.4Y, 5th M.4Y, 192.5: 10 CL.~?.to 5 p.?~,. 1. MtLko a qualitative analysis of the mixture of cereal ard bakingpowder provided and determine the proportion of starch in it. (This exercise my bc, completed to-morrow.) 2. Make a qualitativc analysis of the specimen H., which is A mixture of two substances only. WEDAVESL)AY, 6th ML4Y, 1925: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Complete the determination of starch. 2. Analyse and report upon the five grain aspirin tablets supplied. T’HURSDAY, 7th MAY, 1925. 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. 1. Analyse and report upon the suitability of the specimen of salt S. for mixing with butter in a butter factory. 2. From a microscopic examination only, report as far as you can upon the nature of the custard powder C.P. 3. Examine microscopically the powdered vegetable substance I), making drawings of the structures observed, and, if possible, identifying the substance.FRIDAY, 8th MAY, 1925: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. The medicine M. is supposed to have been dispensed in accordance with the following prescription :-Mistnra Neuralg. 6 02:-Quin. sulph. .. .. gr. 1. Ac. Hydrobrom. dil. . . m. 15. Tr. Gelsem. .. .. m. 15. Aq. Chlorof. ad .. .. fl. 02. g. Analyse the medicine and report as to the correctness of the dispensing. SATURDA4Y, 9th MAY, 1925: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. Identify the alkaloid in the powder A (Morphia). 2. Report upon the nature of the stains on fabric 13. 3. Examine microscopically the water-residue C. Draw the struc- tures seen and identify as many BS possible.Examination for the Fellowship. Branch G.-Chemical Engineering, with special reference to Low Temperature Carbonisation. MONDAY, 4th MAY, 1925: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (SIS yuestions only to be attempted.) 1. State, in essay form, what you consider to be the functions of 2. Draw up a schedule for the equipment of a technical laboratory the “Chemical Engineer” in industry. suitable for carrying out general chemical investigations on batches of material weighing several kilograms. 196 3. Describe the properties and uses in the construction of chemical plant of the following materials: (a)Timber; (b)slate; and (c) aluminium and its alloys. 4. Enumerate the items that have to be taken into account when attempting to arrive at the cost of production of a manufactured article.5. Discuss, in general terms, the problems relating to the flow of hot gases in furnaces. 6. Describe any form of circulating pump suitable for dealingwith corrosive liquids. 7. What methods are available for the separation of mixtures of granular solids? Give details regarding one method as applied to one mixture of your own choosing. 8. Give a general account of the separation of liquids by fractional distillation. 9. What do you understand by the term “wast’e-heat”? Give examples of its production and utilization. 10. Compare the economics of a continuous with those of an inter- mittent process of chemical manufacture. 2 to 5 p.m. (SIX questions only to be attempted.) 1.It is found that a rectangular iron tank half full of liquid takes 10 hours to cool through a certain temperature range and that subsequently it takes 30 minutes to discharge the cooled liquid through a tap at the bottom. Determine the times for similar operations when using a model made to l/lOth scale. 2. Show how to obtain an approximate estimate of the rate of cooling of a hot surface freely exposed to air. State the degree of accuracy to be expected from the calculations. 3. What do you understand by the term “co-efficient of heat trans- mission ? ” Calculate the value of this co-efficient for a waste-heat boiler of the fire-tube type, working at atmospheric pressure, from the following data :-(i) The boiler has 45 iron tubes, each 2 m.long and 6 cm. (ii) The inlet temperature of the waste gases is 900” C. and in diameter. their outlet temperature 200° C. (iii) The volume of gases, at N.T.P., passing through the boiler per hour is 900 cu.m. (iv) The mean specific heat of the gases is 0.3 large calorie per cu.m. at N.T.P. To what extent would you expect the co-efficient to alter if copper tubes were substituted for the iron boiler tubes ? 4. Prepare diagrammatic sketches, showing the principal dimensions of the following apparatus :-(a) A triple effect steam-heated vacuum evaporating plant; (b) A filter-press; and (c) A fractionating column for the rectification of benzol. State the through-put of the apparatus and its approximate cost in each instance.197 5. What data, would you require to determine a complete heat balance for an ammonia-recovery gas-producer plant ? What preparations would you make to obtain these data at a plant gasifying 100 tons of coal per day? 6. Discuss the relative advantages and disadvantages of a steam engine and an internal combustion engine for the production of power in a chemical works. 7. Calculate the horse-power required to raise 100 tons of material hourly through a height of 20 feet, when using an elevator that has a 25 per cent. efficiency. If the elevator were driven by a non-condensing steam-engine, what would be the approximate hourly fuel consumption ? 8. Describe methods suitable for the measurement of large volumes of (a)air and (b)water, at, for example, a municipal power-plant.9. At a given boiler plant, generating 100 tons of steam daily,the cost of fuel per ton of steam is estimated to be 2s. 6d. The overall efficiency of the plant is 50 per cent. Supposing that it were possible to increase the efficiency to 75 per cent., without introducing additional labour costs, what is the maximum capital outlay you would consider it justifhble to recommend for this purpose. 10. Examine the blue-prints supplied and write a description,illustrated by simplified diagrams, of the plant to which they relate. TUESDAY, 5th iMAY, 1925: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. What would you consider an ideal classification of coals? In what respect does any one system with which you are acquainted fall short of this ideal? 2.By what methods has the problem of the chemical constitution of coal been attacked? State the principal conclusions to be drawn from the results obtained by any one of these methods. 3. Differentiate between the “resins” and the “bitumens” and indicate to what extent each contributes, or may be expected to contribute, towards the composition of coal. 4. Describe the sequence of changes observed when a small sample 5. What is considered to occur during the “weathering” of coal? of coal is slowly heated. What is the effect of “weathering” on the properties of bituminous coal. 2 to 5 p.m. 1. What is meant by the phrase “Low Temperature Carbonisation” 2. Describe either (a)the Sutcliffe-Speakman, or (b) the McLaurin 3.You are asked to report as to the commercial value of a scheme of coal? Justify the use of the phrase. process for the production of smokeless fuel. for heating coal in a retort which claims to produce, per ton of coal; 15cwt. of coke; 10,000 cu. ft. of gas, 700 B.Th.U.; 30 gallons of anhydrous tar; and 28 lbs. of ammonium sulphate. How would you proceed to test the validity of this claim and to assess the value of the process? 198 4. ,4 heating chamber is maintained at a temperature of 550° C. How long after introduction into this chamber would it take lumps of bituminous coal (a) 118th of an inch cube and (b) 1 inch cube to attain a temperature of not less than 526O C.throughout their mass? 5. Consider a project for retorting bituminous coal at a temperature of not more than 650J C. with a view mainly to provide material for pulverised fuel. What arguments would you bring forward in support of such a scheme? WEDNESDAY, 6th MAY, 1925: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. f3xaniine the small sample of coal supplied with a view to,determiningits value for the production, in a suitable plant, of (u) smokeless fuel and (b) producer-gas. Express the results of your ommination in trhe form of a report to thr: vendor of the coal. THURSDAY, 7th MAY, 1925: 10 a.m. lo 5 p.m. Determine the quantity of heat (in therms) required to produce one litre of distilled water from trhe laboratory still. FRIDAY, 8th ,WAY, 1925: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.Analysc the sample of producer-gas supplied. Calculate what diange, if any, would occur in its composition if, when saturated wit'h water-vapour at l5O C., it were passed slowly over firebrick heated at a temperature of 1000" C. Perform the experiment and check the result against yoiir calculation. 199 Books and their Contents. The following books have been presented by the authors or publishers, and may be seen in the Library of the Institute. I‘ Aluminium and Aluminium Alloys, The Metallurgy of.” K. J . Anderson. Pp. xxxi. =913. (New York: Henry Carey Baird & Co., Inc.) $10. -1luminium ores and bauxite mining :production of aluminium ; physico-chemical properties and alloys ; corrosion; foundry practice ; castings,defects and their prevention; rolling and other mechanical treatment of aluminium and it’s alloys; diagrams of thermal equilibrium of alu-minium-alloy systems ; soldering, welding, electro-plating, ctc.“Cadmium : Its Metallurgy, Properties and Uses.” N. 1;. Budgen. Pp. xiv. -239. (London: Charles Griffin & Co., Ltd.) 21s. Ores, sources md statistical informu tion; production of inetallic: cadmium ;physical and chemical properties; detection, estimation and separation ;alloys; electro-deposition. “Chemicals, British, Their Manufacture and Uses.” Official Directory of the Association of British Chemical Manufac- turers for 1925, containing a full list of members, with a classified list of British Chemicals and a note of their in-dustrial applications.Pp.262. (London: Ernest Benn, Ltd.) 10s. 6d. List of proprietary and trade names; key to classified index in French, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, German. “Coal into Oils, The Conversion of.” F. Fischer, translated by li. Lessing. Yp. 284. (London: Ernest Benn, Ltd.) 36s. Extraction of oil from coal by solvents; production and workjriq up of primary tar ;hydrogenation of coal;synthetic processes. “Enzyme Action, The Nature of.” Sir W. M. Bayliss. 5th edition. (London: Longmans, Green & Co.) gs. Catalysis in geiieral; enzymes as catalysts ; pliysical aid chvmicttl properties, preparation and investigation of erizymes ; roversibility of enzyme action; velocity of reaction; co-enzymes and anti-enzymes ; zymogens; oxidation processes aad complex systems; bibliography.200 ‘‘Inorganic Chemistry, A Text-book of.” Edited by J. Newton Friend. Vol. III., Part I.: The Alkaline Earth Metals. M. S. Burr. Pp. xxvi.=346. (London: Charles Griffin & Co., Ltd.) fz~. Calcium, strontiiun, barhun and their compounds; radium, and its compounds; radioactive phenomena; origin of radium and its geology. “Inorganic Chemistry, Modern.” J. W. Mellor. New Edition. Pp. xx.=1103. (London: Longmans, Green & Co.) 12s. 6d. I‘ Organic Syntheses.” An Annual Publication of Satisfactory Methods for the Preparation of Organic Chemicals, including syntheses of 28 organic compounds. Vol. IV. Edited by 0. Kamm. Pp. vii.=89. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 4s.6d. ‘‘Refrigeration in the Chemical Industry.” G. W. Daniels. Pp. 141. (London: A. J. Rayment.) 10s. ERRATUM. In Journal, Part II., 1925, page 141,the reference to Sutton’s ‘‘Volumetric Analysis ” should read :-“Volumetric Analysis,” A Systematic Handbook of, or The Quantitative Determination of Chemical Substances by Measure, Applied to Liquids, Solids, and Gases. Francis Sutton. Eleventh Edition. Edited by W. L. Sutton and A. E. Johnson. London, 1924. The book was presented to the Library of the Institute by Mr. F. Napier Sutton. 201 The Register. At the meetings of Council held on 24th April and aznd May, 1925, 5 new Fellows were elected, 11 AssociatFs were elected to the Fellowship, 71 new Associates were elected, and 35 Students were admitted.The Institute has lost 4 Fellows and z Associates by death. New Fellows. Crossley, Percy Broadbent, I 7, Brunswick Road, Kingston Hill, Surrey. Fox, Charles James John, Ph.D. (Breslau), B.Sc. (Lond.), The Royal Institiite of Science, Bombay. Hendrickson, Arthur Victor, The Laboratory, South Suburban Gas Co., Sydenham, London, S.E.26. Rosedale, John Lewis, M.A. (Oxon), D.Sc. (Aherd.), Ph.D. (Bonn), The Hermitage, Wadhurst, Sussex. Williamson, William, 94, Hainault Road, Leytonstone, London, E.11. Associates elected to the Fellowship (by examination). Harris, Ellis Thomas, M.A. (Cantah.), Faculty of Agriculture, University College, Reading. Heald, John Arthur. B.Sc. (Lond.), Sunnymede, Woodham, West Byfleet, Surrey.King, George, M.Sc.(Lond.), 131, Rusthall Avenue, Bedford Park, London, w.4. Lerrigo, Arthur Frank, B.Sc. (Birm.), 44, Broad Street, Birmingham. MacCulloch, Andrew Francis, M.A., B.Sc. (Edin.), 44,Fountainhal! Road, Edinburgh.MacDougall, Duncan, A.R.T.C., 30, Charlton Road, Blackheath, London, S.E.3. Price, Arthur, B.Sc. (Lond.), 86 Blenheim Road, Barnsley. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Crowther, Edward Mortimer, M.Sc. (Leeds), Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden. Dawson, Thomas Rayner, M.Sc. (Leeds), 38 Whitehall Road, Thornton Heath, Surrey.Parkes, John Wilfrid, M.Sc. (Birm.), 22, Molesworth Street, Dublin. Taylor, Edward McKenzie, M.B.E., D.Sc. (Dun.), Cotton Research Board, Giza, Egypt. New Associates (by examination).1Jttrlow, Miss Kathleen Margaret Monteagle, B.Sc. (Lond.), Ben Varne, Onslow Gardens, Wallington. Cash, William Alan, A.M.C.T., 30 Penelope Road, Irlms 0’th’ Height, Manchester. Challis, William, A.M.C.T., 130, Ayres Road, Old Trafford, Manchester. Clear, Harry Norman, B.Sc. (Lond.), 14, Wolseley Street, Belfast. Greenwood, John, A.M.C.T., 38, Gordon Street, Abbey Hey, Gorton, Manchester. Hayley, Harry Bulwer, B.Sc. (Lond.), 12, Troutbeck Road, New CrosR, London, S.E.14. Lee-Smith, Walter Lewis, 9, Newton Road, Faversham. Love, Alalcolm McFarlane, 28, Caledonia Street, Paisley. Sherratt, John Graha,m, B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), Lyndhurst, Whitelow Road, Chorlton-cum-Hardy, Manchester. Sparkes, Neville Gilbert., H.Sc.(Lond.), 64, Linden Gardens, Chiswick, London, W.4. Stafford, William Edward, A.M.C.T., 1’7, Gilbert Screet, Peel Green, Eccles, Manchester. Thompson, John Samuel, B.Sc. (Lond.), 96, Portland Street, Hull. Warren, William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 23, Maud Road, Plaistow, London, E.13. TVilliams, Thomas Pearl, B.Sc. (Lond.), 17, Pool Bank, Port Sunlight, Cheshire. New Associates. Adey, Stanworth Wills, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., c/o Anglo-Persian Oil Co., Ltd., Abadan, Persian Gulf. Alletson, Reginald William, B.Sc. (Liv.), Oakenholt, nr. Flint, N. Wales. Banerjea, Nani Lal, M.Sc. (Cal.), Assistant Professor, School of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Central Avenue, Calcutta. Barrett, Arthur William,” B.Sc. (Lond.), 60, Burford Road, East Hem, London, E.6.Bates, Emile Bernard, A.R.C.S., 75, Princess Road, Leicester. Battie, Miss Marion Alice, B.Sc. (Lond.), The Orchard, Ivy Lane, Woking. Bowen, James Emrys, B.Sc. (Wales), School House, Llanuwchllyn, Merionethshire. Buchanan, Peter Ritchie, B.Sc. (Glas.), 129, Argyle Road, Saltcoats, Ayrshire,Buist, Walter Ferguson, S.Sc. (Liv.), 24, Townsend Avenue, Clubmoor, Liverpool.Burton, Miss Annie Marguerite, B.Sc. (Lond.), 7, Wilton Street, Old Basford, Nottingham. Croft, George Henry, M.Sc. (Leeds), 10, Park Hill, Richmond, Surrey. Dane, Herbert Greetham, M.Sc. (Sheff.), Diocesan Training College, Winchester, Hants. Davidson, Alfred, B.Sc. (Glas.), 91, Hazelbottom Road, Cheetham, Manchester. Davies, John Stanley Herbert, Ph.D.(Manc.), B.A. (Cantab), Snowdon, Abertillery, Mon. Dorrell, Gordon William. M.Sc. (Lond.), la, Niederwald Road, Sydenham, London, S.E.26. Drummond, Allan Madean, B.Sc. (Glas.), 5, Lawrence Street, Glasgow, MT.1. Dykes, William Kirkwood, 138, Garthland Drive, Glasgow, E. Evans, Urien Ceri Lloyd, 28, Muncaster Road, London, S.W.11. 203 Pielder, Cecil Jot~i,B.Sc. (Lond.), A.K.C.S., c/o Anglo-F’ersiati (h1 (;(J., Abadan, Persian Gulf. Formby, Edward, M.Sc. (Liv.), 2, Sefton Grove, Lark Lane, Livorpool. Gelling, Alfred John ILIcAlpin, B.Sc.Tech. (Rlanc.), 16, Koxnan Road, Failsworth, nr. Manchester. Gill, Robert, B.Sc. (Dun,), 39, Osborne Avenue, Newcastle-on-Tync.. Griffin, Gerald Charles Leake, 8.,4.(Dub.), 7, Anglesea Road, Hallsbridgc, Dublin.Griffiths, Miss Oorothy Gertrude, S.Sc. (Lond.), 13, Beaufort Road, Kingston-on-Thames. Heckett, William Norman, XSc. (Liv.), 165. Stanley Liouc1, Bootle, Liverpool.Hitrrison, Thomas Archi bald, BSc. (Lond.), 4, Romeo Villas, IAon(lnnI< oacl, Mitcham, Surrey. Joties, William Richard, B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), Islamic Univc>rsit)y(hll~gt~, Pcshawar, India. Kitltl, James Donald, B.A., J3.Sic. (Dub.), Trinity Collcge, Ihibliti. Alad~l,William Rees, B.Sc. (Wales), 7, Woodlands Terrace, Swanscil. JI~i,tiso11,William Sinclair, B.Sc. (Lorid.), 89, Brightside Ltol-d, Low-ishaiti, London, S.E.13. McAndrew, Duncan Bruce Forbes, B.Sc. (Glas.), A.R.T.C., Cluthe l’lacc, Uddingston, Lanarkshire. Millott, John O’Neille, B.Sc.(Lond .), “Hill Crest,” Carter Lane, Mansfield, Notts. Jlurray, Humphrey Desmond, B.A. (Oxon.), 26, Stonor Road, W.Kensing-ton, London, LV.14. I’itice, Norman, A.M.S.T., 10, Grosvenor Crescent, Orimsby, Lines. Pock, JVilliam Charles, KSc. (Lond.), 33, Marsden Road, London, S.E.15. l’t>to, Raymond Harold Kelsall, 13.812. (Lond.), ,4.H.C.S., 16, Gower Street, London, W.C.l. Pirie, Douglas George, BSc. (Lond.), 115, Broadfield Road, Catfortl, London, S.E.6. Prentice, Reginald Ernest, l3.S~.(Lond.), 33, Lciunriysidc, Diss, Sorfolk. F’iiri, ikn~irNath, XSc., Ph.1). (Lond.), Yunjab Agricultural College, India. Kodmell, Cyril Woodhouse, B.A. (Oxon.), The Cllff, Little Weighton, Hull. Etoger, Robert, Ph.D. (St. Andrew’s), 243, Strathmartine Road, Dundee.Schilz, Wolfgang Eugen, I1I.Sc. (S. Africa), 39, Hestercombe Avenue, Pulham, London, S.W.6. Sheehan, John Joseph, A.R.C.Sc.I., 25, The Crescent, Clontarf, Dublin. Shortt, William Methuen, M.Sc. (Manc.), 10, Litchurch Street, Uerby. Smith, Laurence Frederick, B.Sc. (Lond.), X.R.C.S., 62, Robertson Road, Preston Park, Brighton. Smith, Leonard Edward, 13.X~. (Bris.), 6, Greenway Road, Nedland, Bristol. Thornton, Ernest, B.Rc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 27, Romney Avenue, Burnley. Warr, John Culvor, B.A. (Oxon.), 11, Cavendish Road, Westbury-on- Trym, Bristol. Welling, Walter Frank, Is.%. (Lond.), 284, Ditchling Road, Brighton. JVilliarns, Frank Archer, B.Sc. (Lond.), 27, Cotswold Road, Westcliffe- on-Sea. \Vinton, Hub~rtCharles, 13.8~.(Xdin.).2, k‘clrst. View, C:rangcwiouth,Stirling. New Students. Armstrong, Douglas Edgar, 9, Bloomfield Road, liighgate, London, N .6. Banks, Herbert Alfred, Assistant Chemist, Western Australian Government Railway, Midland Junction, Westem Australia. Jhwnett, Charles IAc:slic:, 1I, Waldenshaw Road, Porest Hill, London. S.E.23. 204 Brown, Robert Armstrong, 14, Mitchell Street, Dalkeith, Midlothian. Butcher, Noel Felix Howard, The Broadway, Haywards Heath, Sussex. Clulow, Frederick William, 14, Coltman Street, Hull. Cooke, Crawford Ernest, 10, Culmington Road, West Ealing, London, W.13. Davis, Miss Joan, 7, Brettell Street, Walworth, London, S.E.17. Edmondson, William, 65, Botley Rcad. Oxford. Evans, Charles Livesey, “Hill Top,” George Road, Solihull, Birmingham.Giles, George Roy, 4, Symonds Street, Auburn, Victoria, Australia. Goold-Verschoyle, Hamilton Neil Stuart, 23, St. Mary Abbots Terrace. London, W. 14. Hall, Albert Frank Boy, Ingram House, North Place, Cheltenham. Hampton, Horace Arthur, 13, Arch Hill Street, Netherton, Dudley, Worcs. Hartshorne, Ernest, B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), 12, Muriel Street, Broughton, Manchester. Haughton, Charles Osburne, Hazeldene, Bryanston Road, Birkenhead. Hepworth, Harold Salmon, Green Bank House, Barlby Road, Selby. Heron, John Henry, 33, Arthington View, Hunslet Carr, Leeds. Hollinghurst, Arnold, Alexandra Villa, Downhall Road, Rayleigh, Essex. Jack, John Alexander, 185, Neilston Road, Paisley, Scotland. Leech, Joseph Ronald, 9, Selly Oak Road, Bourneville, Birmingham.Lewis, Harold, 15, Chermside Road, Aigburth, Liverpool. Lumley, William Eric, 20, Hillshaw Terrace, Ripon, Yorks. Maclagan, Noel Francis, 2, Vereker Road, London, W. Osborna, Arnold Douglas, 15, Victoria Avencre, Barrow in Furness. Patterson, James Bruce Eric, 357, Goldhawk Road, London, W.6. Pike, Herbert, 94, Corbyn Street, Finsbury Park, London, N.4. Rooksby, William Holdsworth, 343, Wavertree Nook Road, Liverpool. Smedley, Charles, 20, Willow Road, Bournville, Birmingham. Vine, Miss Margery, 215, Devonshire Road, London, S.E. Waters, Raymond Victor, 93, S. Margaret Road, Stoke, Coventry. Webb, Miss Christine Elizabeth, 10, Slenheim Road, St. Albans, Herts. Wilcock, Gilbert Wild, 1, Albert Road, Old Colwyn, N.Wales. Wilson, Horace John, 73, Tarry Road, Saltley, Birmingham. Winterbottom, Arthur Baker, 38, Parkfield Road, New Moston, Manchester DEATHS, Fellows. Samuel Henry Davies, M.Sc. (Vict.). Willitam Joseph Dibdin. Charles Emile Soane. George Young, Ph.D. (Erlangen). Associates. George Marwood Watson. R.Sc. (Lond.).Ernest Moore Mumford, M.Sc. (Manc.). 205 General Notices. Conference at York: 10th and 1 lth July, 1925.--At the invitation of the North-East Coast Executive Committee (representing the Huddersfield, the Leeds Area, and the Newcastle- on-Tyne and North-East Coast Sections) a Conference of Fellows and Associates of the Institute will be held at York, on Friday, the Ioth, and Saturday, the rrth, July, 1925.The Council of the Institute and the North-East Coast Executive Committee hope that in view of the importance of the subjects to be submitted for discussion many Fellows and Associates will be able to attend. The dates have been arranged in order to allow those who are members of the Society of Chemical Industry to proceed to the Annual General Meeting of the Society which will be held at Leeds during the week following. On Friday, 10th July, 1925, at 10 a.m., the President will open the Conference in the Tempest Anderson Hall, at the Yorkshire Museum-by the kind permission of the Yorkshire Philosophical Society-when the subject for discussion will be- "The Regulations for the Admission of Associates and Fellows of the Institute." The Conference will adjourn at I p.m.for luncheon and will resume at 2.30 p.m. to consider-" The Desirability and Possibility of Securing Statutory Registration of Professional Chemists. " The Conference will adjourn at 5 p.m. A Dinner will be held at the Royal Station Hotel at 7.30 p.m., the President in the Chair. (Evening dress: tickets 10s. 6d.) On Saturday, 11th July, 1925, at 10 a.m., the Conference will resume at the Tempest Anderson Hall to consider:-"The Promotion of further Co-operation between the Institute and other Chemical Societies." (Further arrangements will be decided according to the trend of the discussions.) Accommodation will be reserved at the Royal Station Hotel. Fellows and Associates who intend to be present at the Conference are asked to communicate with the Registrar before Wednesday, 1st July, 1925 , after which date further information will be sent to all who signify their intention to be present.206 Examinations,-The arrangements for the next examin-ations are as follows:- I,mt date for Entries. l+riod of Examina t,ion Monday, 13th .Jnly, 1925. 14th to 19th Sept., 1925, 07 2Ist to 26th Sept., 1925. Notice to Associates.-Associates elected prior to June, 1922, who have been continuously engaged in the study and practical applications of chemistry for at least three years since their election to the Associateship, can obtain from the Registrar particulars of the Regulations and forms of application for the Fellowship.Appointments Register.2A Register of Fellows and Asso-ciates of the Institute of Chemistry who are available for appointments is kept at the Offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institntc of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Iristitutc for not less than six months and are in the last term of their college course may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute on the same terms as Fellows and Associates, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by thcir Professors. Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register.Members and Students who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without emplovment are requirccl to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period of six months if riecessai-j.. The Institute also maintains a Register of 1,aborator.j-Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for such assistants and students are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students between the hours of 10 a.m.and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays: 10a.m. 207 and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The library consists of hooks which are likely to be required by candidates during the Institute’s practical cxaminations. The comprehensive Library of the Chernical Society is a caiI-able, by the courtesy of the Council of thc Socictjr, foi-tht. use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to corisult or borrow books from 10 a.m. to g p.m. on wcek-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.). Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted for the present year to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books.Fellows, Associates and Registered Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the Rules of the Society regarding the use of books. Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesel1schaft.- The Library Committee will be greatly indebted to any Fellow who will assist in making up the set of the Rerichte for 1924. This Journal was hitherto given to the Institute by the late Dr. Frank Clowes. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved resulting from frequent alteration of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, as far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration. Official Chemical Appointments, 5th Edition.---Registered Students may obtain copies of Official Chemical Appointments at a reduced price of zs., on application to the Registrar.Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers Tor-binding the Journal (cost about IS. 2d. each) are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements by indicating the dates of the years for which they are desirous of binding the JOUKNAI.. Arrangements have been made with Messrs. A. W. Hain & Co., Ltd., 17-19,Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSon the following terms: Buckram case, lettered complete, IS. zd. ; binding, 2s. gd.; postage and packing, gd.; in all, 4s. Sd. 208 History of the Institute, 1877-1 91 4.-Any member who is not in possession of a copy of the History of the Institute can borrow one either from the Honorary Secretary of his Local Section or from the Institute direct.Lantern Slides for Lectures.-Fellows and Associates are invited to co-operate in forming a collection of slides, to be kept at the Institute and placed at the disposal of members who wish to give lectures, or, alternatively to notify the Registrar if they are prepared to lend slides for this purpose. The collection already includes a large number of portraits and pictures of alchemists and chemists.