THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER,1885. Patron -H.M. THE KING. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. PART 11: 1941. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE,LONDON,W.C.I. April, I94I. Publications Committee, 194 1-42. F. P. DUNN (Chairman), J. J. FOX (President), E. E. AYLING, H.BAINES, M. BOGOD, R.R. BUTLER, F. CHALLENGER, J. W. COOK, A. COULTHARD, A. E. DUNSTAN, G. D. ELSDON, L. EYNON, E. GREGORY, T. P. HILDITCH, W. G. HISCOCK W. HONNEYMAN, R. H. HOPKINS, H. HUNTER, G. W. MONIER-WILLIAMS, A. C.MONKHOUSE, H.W. MOSS, J. R.NICHOLLS, T. J. NOLAN, SIR ROBERT PICKARD, F. M. ROWE, GARFIELD THOMAS, S. W.A. WIKNER, F. J. WILSON. Officers and Members of Council, 1941-42. PRESIDENT: JOHN JACOB FOX, c.B., o.B:E., D.SC. VICE-PRESIDENTS : HENRY VINCENT AIRD BRISCOE, D.Sc., A.R.C.S., D.I.C. FRANCIS HOWARD CARR, C.B.E., D.Sc., M.I.CHEM.E. THOMAS PERCY HILDITCH, D.Sc. GERALD ROCHE LYNCH, O.B.E., M.B., B.S. SIR ROBERT HOWSON PICKARD, D.Sc., F.R.S. HAROLD AUGUSTINE TEMPANY, C.B.E., D.Sc. HON. TREASURER: JOHN CHRISTISON WHITE, M.C., O.B.E., A.K.C. MEMBERS OF COUNCIL: JOHN STEELE ALLAN: Aberdeen and North of Scotland. EDWARD BERTRAM ANDERSON, M.Sc.: London. ERNEST EDWARD AYLING, M.Sc., A.K.C.: Wales and the County of HARRY BAINES, D.Sc.: London. [Monmouth. MARK BOGOD, A.R.C.S. : London and South-Eastern Counties. RAYMOND RENARD BUTLER, M.Sc.: Liverpool and North- West Coast. SYDNEY RAYMOND CARTER, D.Sc. : Birmingham.FREDERICK CHALLENGER, PH.D., D.Sc. : Leech. JAMES WILFRED COOK, PH.D., D.Sc., F.R.S.: Clasgow and West of ALBERT COULTHARD, PH.D. : Manchester. [Scotland.WILLIAM MURDOCH CUMMING, D.Sc., M.I.CHEM.E. : Olasgow.JACK CECIL DRUMMOND, D.Sc.: London. FREDERICK PERCY DUNN, B.Sc., A.R.C.S.: London. ALBERT ERNEST DUNSTAN, D.Sc.: London. GEORGE DAVIDSON ELSDON, D.Sc. : Manchester. LEWIS EYNON, B.Sc.: London. ERNEST HAROLD FARMER, D.Sc., D.I.C. :London. ALEXANDER FINDLAY, M.A., PH.D., D.Sc.: Aberdeen. EDWIN GREGORY, M.Sc., PH.D.: East Midlands and South Yorkshire.IAN MORRIS HEILBRON, D.S.O., D.Sc., F.R.S.: London. WALTER GEORGE HISCOCK, B.Sc., PH.D.: Edinburgh and East of THOMAS REGINALD HODGSON, h1.A.: Manchester. [Scotland.WILLIAM HONNEYMAN, B.Sc., PH.D.: Northern IreZand. REGINALD HAYDN HOPKINS, D.Sc. : Birmingham.HAROLD HUNTER, D.Sc., A.INsT.P., A.M.I.CHEM.E.: Munchester. LOUIS ARNOLD JORDAN, D.Sc., A.R.C.S.: London. JAMES GRIEVE KING, PH.D., D.Sc.: London. LESLIE HERBERT LAMPITT, D.Sc., M.I.CHEM.E. :London. JOSEPH HENRY LESTER, XSc. : Manchester and District. GORDON WICKHAM MONIER-WILLIAMS, O.B.E., M.C., M.A., PH.D.: [London.ALLAN CUTHBERTSON MOKKHOUSE, B.Sc., PH.D. : Bristol a& [South-Western Counties. HENRY WEBSTER MOSS, A.R.C.Sc.1. : Yorbhire.JOHN RALPH NICHOLLS, B.Sc.: London. THOMAS JOSEPH NOLAN, B.A., D.Sc. : Dublin. ALFRED JOHN PRINCE, M.Sc., M.I.CHEM.E.: Billingham.THOMAS FRED ERIC RHEAD, M.Sc., M.I.CHEM.E. :Birmingham.WILLIAM HENRY ROBERTS, M.Sc. : Liverpool.FREDERICK MAURICE ROWE, D.Sc.: Leeda. NORMAN LINDSAY SHELDON, C.I.E., PH.D. :The Overseas Dominions [and Elsewhere Abroad. GARFIELD THOMAS, M.Sc. :Birmingham and Midlunch. SIGURD WALFRID ALBERT WIKNER: Newcastle upon Tyne a& FORSYTH JAMES WILSON, PH.D., D.SC.: Ghgow. [North-East Coat. 80 DATES OF COUNCIL MEETINGS: FRIDAY: 25~~APRIL, 1941. FRIDAY: 21ST NOVEMBER, 1941. 23~~ 1941.MAY, 1941. ,, ~~THDECEMBER,,9 ZOTH JUNE, 1941. ,, 23~~and 30~~,9 ,, 18r~JULY, 1941. JANUARY, 1941. t 1 ~ ~ FEBRUARY, 1942.7 OCTOBER, 1941. ,, 20~~ ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING: MONDAY, ZND MARCH, 1942. CENSORS : 1941-42. THE PRESIDENT, EX-OFFICIO. FRANCIS HOWARD CARR, C.B.E.. D.Sc.. M.I.CHEM.E. GERALD ROCHE LYNCH, .o.B.E.,'M.B., B.s. SIR ROBERT PICKARD, D.Sc., F.R.S. SIR ROBERT ROBINSON, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S. Committees for 1941-42. Chairman* FINANCE AND HOUSE COMMITTEE: THE PRESIDENT, WITH H. V. A. BRISCOE, F. H. CARR, A. COULTHARD, A. E. DUNSTAN, L. EYNON, A. FINDLAY, L. A. JORDAN. J. G. KIKG. L. H. LAMPITT. G. ROCHE LYNCH. G. w. MONIER-WILLIAMS, H. A. TEMPANY, AND J.c.WHITE*. LEGAL AND PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEE: THE PRESIDENT*, WITH F. H. CARR, L. H. LAMPITT, J. H. LESTEH, G. ROCHE LYNCH, G. W. MONIER-WILLIAMS, H. W. MOSS, J. R.NICHOLLS, W. H. ROBERTS, AND H. A. TEMPANY. NOMINATIONS, EXAMINATIONS AND INSTITUTIONS COMMITTEE: THE PRESIDENT*; H. V. A. BRISCOE (VICE-CHAIRMAN);ANT) COUNCIL IN COMNITTEE. PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE: THE PRESlDENT, WITH E. E. AYLING, H. BAINES, M. BOGOD, R. R. BUTLER, F. CHALLENGER, J.W. COOK, A. COULTHARD, F. P. DUNN*, A. E. DUNSTAN, G. D. ELSDON, L. EYNON, E. GREGORY,-T. P. HILDITCH, W. G. HISCOCK, W. HONNEY-MAN, R. H. HOPKINS, H. HUNTER, G. W. NONIER-WILLIAMS,A. C. MONKHOUSE. H. W. MOSS. J. R. NICHOLLS. T.J. NOLAN. SIR ROBERT PICKARD, F. M. ROWE, GARFIELD THOMAS, S. W. A. WIKNER, AND F. J. WILSON. SPECIAL COMMITTEES. BENEVOLENT FUND COMMITTEE: THE PRESIDENT, J. C. WHITE (HoN.TREASURER)*,THE FINANCE AND HOUSE COMMITTEE, H. G.COLMAN, E. M. HAWKINS, AND G. RUDD THOMPSON. 81 APPOINTMENTS COMMITTEE: THE: PRESIDENT, WITH H. V. A. BRISCOE, A. COULTHARD, H. E. COX, J. C. DRUXMOND, A. G. FRANCIS, E. GREGORY, W. HONNEYMAN, R. H. HOPKINS, L. A. JORDAX, J. G. KING, J. H. LESTER, G. ROCHE LYSCH, J. R. XICHOLLS, A. J. PRINCE, W. H. ROBERTS, R. E. SLADE, H. A. TEMPANY*, AKD W. WARDLAW. EMERGENCY COMMITTEE: THE PRESIDENT*, THE VICE-PRESIDENTS, AND THE HONORARY TREASURER. PEDLER FUND COMMITTEE: THE PRESIDENT, WITH H. V. A. BRISCOE, F. H. CARR*, F. CHALLENGER, W. CUMMING, E. H. FARMER, I.M. HEILBRON, T. P. HILDITCH, R. H. HOPKINS, D. JORDAN-LLOYD, L. H. LAMPITT, H. McCOMBIE, SIR ROBERT PICKARD, E. K. RIDEAL, SIR ROBERT ROBINSON, D. F. TWISS, AND WILLIAM WARDLAW.PUBLICITY COMMITTEE : A. L. BACHARACH*, H. BAINES, L. EYNOX, T. P. HILDITCH, ,J. G. KING, AND E. Q. LAWS (REPRESENTING THE COXMITTEE OF THE LONDON AND SOUTH-EASTERNCOUNTIESSECTION). SUPPLEMENTAL CHARTER COMMITTEE : THE PRESIDENT*, WITH W. M. AMES, E. E. AYLING, H. V. A. BRISCOE, W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD, H. E. COX, A. E. EVEREST,I. M. HEILBRON, T. P. HILDITCH, H. HUNTER, G. ROCHE LYNCH. D. W. PARKES. SIR ROBERT PICKARD, W. H. ROBER‘TS, AND S. B. WATKINS. Special Committee appointed to “consider the whole question of the constitution and method of nomination of the Council.” THE PRESIDENT*, THE HONORARY TREASURER, E. E. AYLING, A. L. BACHARACH, H. BAINES, MARK BOGOD, A. FINDLAY, I. M. HEILBROK, T. P. HILDITCH, G. KING, J. H. LESTER, G.ROCHE LYNCH, A. J. PRINCE, W. H. ROBERTS, AND S. B. WATKINS. NATIONAL CERTIFICATES IN CHEMISTRY. REPRESENTATIVES OF THE INSTITUTE ON THE JOINT COMMITTEE WITH (a) THE BOARD OF EDUCATION (ENGLAND AND WALES): THE PRESIDENT, WITH H. V. A. BRISCOE, A. E. DUNSTAN, L. EYKON, AND SIR ROBERT PICKARD. (b) THE SCOTTISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT: THE PRESIDENT, WITH R. BRUCE, J. W. COOK, W. M. CUMMING, A. FINDLAY, P. F. GORDON, J. W. HAWLEY, F. D. MILES,N. PICTON, J. WEIR*, AND F. J. WILSON. 82 (c) THE MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, NORTHERN IRELAND: THE PRESIDENT, WITH W. H. GIBSON, J. HAWTHORNE, W. HONNEYMAN, AND G. S. ROBERTSON. REPRESENTATIVE ON THE POISONS BOARD: (Pharmacy and Poisons Act, 1933) G. ROCHE LYNCH, O.B.E., M.B., B.S.REPRESENTATIVES ON THE CHEMICAL COUNCIL: J. J. FOX (PRESIDENT), A. E. DUNSTAN, AND H. A. TEMPANY. REPRESENTATIVES ON THE JOINT LIBRARY COMMITTEE OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY: A. L. BACHBRACH, H. V. A. BRISCOE, H. 1%'.CREMER, AND ERNEST VANSTONE. BOARD OF EXAMINERS FOR THE ASSOCIATESHIP AND FELLOWSHIP, 1941-42. Chairman :THE PRESIDENT. Representatives of the h70minations, Examinations and Institutions Com- mittee: H. V. A. BRISCOE, E. H. FARMER, G. ROCHE LYNCH, SIR ROBERT PICKARD, AND W. H. ROBERTS. Examiners for the Associateship : JOSEPH KENYON, D.SC. (LoND.), F.R.S. WILLIAM WARDLAW, D.Sc. (DUNELM). Examiners for the Fellowship : Branch A.-INORGANIC CHEMISTRY: WILLIAM WARDLAW, D.Sc. (DUNELM). Branch B.-PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY: RONALD GEORGE WREY-FORD NORRISH, Sc.D.(CANTAB), F.R.S. Branch C.-ORGANIC CHEMISTRY: JOSEPH KENYON, D.Sc. (LoND.), F.R.S. Branch D.-BIOCREMISTRY: HAROLD RAISTRICK, B.A., Sc.D. (CANTAB.),DSc. (LEEDS), F.R.S. Branch E.-CHEMISTRY (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs, and of Water: HENRY EDWARD COX, D.Sc. (LoND.). THERAPEUTICS, PHARMACOLOGY, AND MICROSCOPY:CHARLES HERBERT HAMPSHIRE, M.B., B.S., B.Sc. (LoND.), M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P. Branch F.-AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY: ERNEST VANSTONE, D.Sc. (BIRM.). Branch G.-INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY(General Chemical Technology) : HERBERT WILLIAM CREMER, M.Sc. (LoND.). Examiners in the special sections of Branch G will be appointed as required. 83 HON. AUDITORS, 1941-42: CLAUDE LEOPOLD CLAREMONT, B.Sc.(LosD.), AND JOHN GNUS ASHTVELL GRIFFITHS, B.A., PH.D. (CAKTAB.). AUDITORS, 1941-42: DAVID HENDERSON, in association with MESSRS. J. Y. FINLAY & CO., Chartered Accountants. SOLICITORS: MESSRS. MARKBY, STEWART & WADESONS, 6, Bishopsgate, London, E.C.2. BANKERS : THE WESTMINSTER BANK, LTD., Bloomsbury Branch, 214, High Holborn, London, W.C.1. REGISTRAR AND SECRETARY: RICHARD BERTRAW PILCHER, O.B.E., Chartered Secretary. ASSISTANT SECRETARY: RONALD LESLIE COLLETT, M.A. (CANTAB.), F.I.C. 84 Sixty-Third Annual General Meeting. MONDAY, 3rd MARCH, 1941. -The Sixty-third Annual General Meeting of the Institute was held at 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1, on Monday, 3rd March, 1941, at 3.0 p.m.,-Dr. J. J.Fox, C.B., O.B.E., President, in the Chair. MINUTES. The Minutes of the previous Annual Meeting, which had been published in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,were taken as read, and signed. PRESENTATIONTHE MELDOLA MEDAL. OF The PRESIDENT: “We are opening the proceedings pleasantly by presenting the Meldola Medal to Dr. Ewart Ray Herbert Jones. “Educated at Grove Park School, Wrexham, Dr. Jones has since studied at University College of North Wales, Bangor, and the University of Manchester. In 1929 he was awarded a major open scholarship to University College, Bangor, and a Denbigh- shire County Exhibition. In 1932, he graduated B.Sc. with first class honours in Chemistry; in 1933, he gained a University of Wales Studentship for research in Organic Chemistry under Professor J.L. Sirnonsen; in 1935, he was awarded the Fellow- ship of the University of Wales; in 1936, he proceeded to the degree of Ph.D. for a thesis entitled ‘Syntheses in the Sesquiter- pene Series,’ and became research assistant to Professor I. M. Heilbron with a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation ; in 1938, he was appointed an Assistant Lecturer in Organic Chemis- try at the Imperial College, London; and since 1939, he has been engaged on work for the Government. “Dr. Jones’ synthesis of a sesquiterpene ketone containing an angle methyl group led directly to the complete synthesis of cyperone. Some of his papers have been concerned with attempts either to discover a more satisfactory route to pro- vitamin-D,, or to convert sterol ketones to aromatic compounds related to the natural oestrogens. As an outcome of this work, valuable insight into the stereochemistry, isomerism and ab- sorption spectra of the sterols was obtained.85 “Two papers clarified to a large extent the chemistry of lupeol, a complex triterpene alcohol. Hitherto this had proved a serious stumbling block in an interesting field which in recent years has made a wide appeal to organic chemists throughout the world, Further papers revealed the probability of a close relationship between the constituents of the parasitic fungi and their hosts; others first recorded direct transformation of chole- sterol into its epimer and established the constitution of zymo-sterol, thus settling a problem which had been attacked by numerous workers over a period of years. “I would remind you that we have been very fortunate in those to whom we have presented the Meldola Medal; they have without exception proved themselves chemists of outstanding importance and there is not the slightest doubt that Dr.Jones is in the direct line and will fully justify the confidence that we have shown in awarding him this Medal.” Presenting the Medal to Dr. Jones, the President added: “From a small fund which we have available for the purpose, it is our custom also to present a book to the recipient of the Meldola Medal. We give you this with our congratulations, though we are sure that there is little in it that you do not know already.” (Applause.) Dr.EWARTJONES: “It is with deep gratitude that I thank you, Sir, the Council of the Institute and the Society of Macca- baeans for this award of the Meldola Medal. Although it is barely 20 years since it was first instituted, one has only to examine the list of previous recipients of this Medal to realise that a great tradition has been established. I can assure you that I shall do my utmost to maintain the high tradition of academic achievement which has been set by my predecessors. It is difficult for me adequately to thank my co-workers, and particularly those distinguished men of science with whom it has been my pleasure and privilege to work. Whatever I may have achieved is largely to be attributed to the patience and constant encouragement of my teachers.It gives me great pleasure to think that, in being awarded the Meldola Medal, honour is being done to Professor Simonsen and Professor Heilbron, for whose knowledge, skill and patience I have the deepest regard, and whose enthusiasm for organic chemistry, particularly in relation to the study of natural products, has infected not only myself but all their research associates with an intense desire to delve more deeply into these fascinating fields. At the present moment it is not possible for us, nor would we wish, to prosecute those rather more academic researches in which our main interest lies. In this war-which, incidentally, is being fought in the true Maccabaean tradition-we can only hope that any contributions which we may be able to make to our country’s magnificent effort will bring us the more speedily to that final victory on which depends not only the future of scientific thought in this country, but indeed our very existence.” (Applause.) ANNUALACCOUNTS.Mr. J. C. WHITE (Hon. Treasurer): “In presenting the Accounts, I do not propose to deal with them at length inasmuch as you have the full statement before you. I will, however, draw attention to the fact that while the income for the year has actually increased-that being something over which we have no control-the expenditure has been reduced substantially by the holding of meetings of Committees on the same day as the meetings of the Council, thereby avoiding double travelling expenses.Local Sections have absorbed less from the funds of the Institute, and the Register in its abbreviated form (the reason for which you already know) has cost less than was anticipated. As a result of that and of strict economy in all other directions, we have been put in the position of being able to invest L2,610 instead of the sum of approximately L2,208 which was actually due for investment this year. “You will notice also that we have made provision for the Intermittent Publications once again; we have added to the Staff Superannuation Reserve, and we have established a reserve for war contingencies with a first contribution of LI,OOO. I think you will all agree that the future holds many possibilities that the establishment of such a reserve must be regarded as a wise step at this stage.In spite of this we have an excess of income over expenditure of L652 11s.6d., which is more than the normal. “If there are any questions on these Accounts I shall do my best to deal with them, but the Accounts are clearly set out in the various statements which you have before you. Having said that, I beg to move-‘That the Annual Accounts for 1940,with the Report of the Auditors, be received and adopted, and that the thanks of the Fellows and Associates be accorded to the Honorary Auditors, Messrs. C. L. Claremont and J. G. A. Griffiths, and to Messrs. J. Y. Finlay, Pearson & Co. for their services.’ ” 87 Mr. J. B. WILTON seconded the motion.The PRESIDENT:“Are there any comments or questions? If not, I will put the motion to the meeting.” The motion z’as carried unanimously and the Honorary Auditors replied. REPORTOF THE COUNCIL. The PRESIDENT:“It is now my pleasure to ask you to receive and adopt the Report of the Council. “In the present circumstances you will forgive me if, in submitting the Report, my remarks are brief. The Report itself is, I think, clear and needs no explanation. “We regret the loss by death of many good friends, and not a few whose names will long be remembered in the history of our science, as having contributed to the advancement of chemistry and to the interests of members of our profession. Among these I should like to mention Sir Robert Hadfield, Sir Arthur Harden, Sir Gilbert Morgan, Sir Jocelyn Thorpe and Professor Wilsmore.Professor Wilsmore, who died in Australia, was known to many of us as a student in his younger days. I may be pardoned if I also refer to two friends who were associated with me in my own Department: George Stubbs and Charles Proctor. George Stubbs was at one time Deputy Government Chemist, and, as you all know, a man of outstanding ability. Charles Proctor left my Department over twenty years ago after a most successful career. “I need hardly say that, thanks to the able control of your Honorary Treasurer, Mr. White, and his Committee, our finances are in a sound position. The Benevolent Fund, too, has been administered with great care, the fullest consideration being given to all cases brought to the notice of the Institute.In no case which has come to us have we failed to extend assistance on your behalf, when the case was worthy of support. I should like to take this opportunity of thanking all who have so gener-ously responded to the appeal which I made at the close of 1940. There was some fear that the scheme of co-operation initiated by the Chemical Council might affect the Fund, and therefore you will be glad to know that the receipts for 1941so far amount to k1,365 compared with k1,135 at the same date in 1940, an increase of L230. “The number of Fellows and Associates who have decided to participate in the co-operation scheme now stands at 1,153. As a first effort, I think it is a remarkable tribute that our Fellows 88 and Associates have so far taken advantage of the possibilities which the scheme affords.It is too early yet to assess the full value of the scheme which is the beginning of a carefully con- sidered experiment, backed by the resources of the Chemical Council, supplied by industry and by chemists themselves, for the safeguarding of British publications produced by the Chartered Chemical Societies. I would remind you that the Institute has resolved to urge its Fellows and Associates to support the scheme, in which they can participate at any time. One can look forward to the day when there will be very few Fellows and Associates who are not in the scheme. It is an excellent opportunity of lending support to the Societies at small cost to the individual. “The Local Sections have presented, as usual, a report on their activities, and we gladly acknowledge the valuable services of their officers and committees. They work very hard, as those of us who meet them know.The Annual Conference of the Honorary Secretaries again afforded a valuable opportunity for the interchange of ideas, and we hope to make arrangements for obtaining a good agenda of matters for consideration in June this year. “It is a matter of personal regret that circumstances at the moment prevent me from meeting my colleagues in the various Local Sections, for I regard such personal contact as a most important part of my job. “The report shows that we have continued to hold our ex- aminations and increased in membership by over 220.* By means of our Appointments Register, in connexion with which Dr. Tempany has rendered yeoman service, we have substantially contributed to the full employment of our profession. This valuable service has been readily acknowledged, as has also the assistance of our executive officers in supplying information from our unrivalled records of chemical personnel. I believe that our records are unique in the information which we possess about our Fellows and Associates, and I think it is right to say that the Institute has rendered very great assistance to the authorities in connexion with the supply of chemists. I should like to take this opportunity of congratulating Dr.Tempany on his appointment as Chief Agricultural Adviser to the Colonial Office. *In the Report of Council the figure was accidentally recorded as 241. 89 “The increase in the numerical strength of the Institute, since our last trial of strength in 1914-1918, has been very remarkable; it has been multiplied more than five times; and no less remarkable is the record of unemployment during the same period. Membership. Unemployed. Jan. 1914 . . 1464 Not recorded ,, 1921 .. 3270 25 -0.76 per cent. ,, 1928 .. 5388 104-1.93 ,, ,, 1936 .. 6285 123 -1.95 ,, ,, 1941 .. 7775 66-0.85 ,, “I should like to point out that the overwhelming proportion of our members has been fully employed during the whole of that period.In 1921, for example, the percentage of our members unemployed was only 0.76; in 1928 and in 1935 it was just under 2 per cent., and this year it is less than I per cent. Those figures are to some extent misleading, because they include a number of older members who wish to be considered available, as well as young members who have just finished their courses of training and have only lately qualified. “I am aware that some have been disappointed in the positions which have been offered them and some in the positions they have accepted. Many of us can cast our minds back to the state of affairs which existed at the time of the last war so far as chemists were concerned. It was well that industry was far better supplied with chemists in September, 1939, than in July, 1914.“The Report deals fully with the work of the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee, and in this connexion I should like especially to acknowledge the services of Professor Briscoe, who has undertaken the arduous duties of Chairman of the Sub-committee for Interviews and Oral Examinations, and also to express our thanks to Dr. G. J. Fowler, Honorary Secretary of the Indian Advisory Committee, for his invaluable help in connexion with applications received from India. “I would also like to express to all Members of Council who are now retiring from office grateful thanks for all the time and trouble which they have given to the affairs of the Institute, and I know that I express your feelings when I say that we hope to see some of them on the Council again.Special thanks are due to Mr. -4.L. Bacharach and his Committee for their work during 90 the past year, which I am sure will conduce to the future improve- ment in our publications. Even in the presence of the Registrar, I venture to think that it is possible to improve our JOURNAL. “When you did me the honour, a year ago, to elect me President of the Institute, I knew that the position was no sinecure. The duties attached to the office are many and various and, in these times especially, also often responsible; but I esteem the honour very highly, and enjoy the agreeable associa- tion with the Officers and Council and many members of the Institute with whom I am brought into contact, to whom I am grateful for their loyal and devoted co-operation in our ever- increasing activities.I have had a very pleasant year of office, and I hope that the members of the Institute will think that I have served them reasonably well. This reminds me to tell you that the scheme of co-operation has imposed on the officers of the Institute an extremely onerous task. I have seen it from the inside, and I can assure you that it has meant working day and night, every day and all day. Owing to unfortunate cir- cumstances, due to illness and other reasons, the work has been doubly onerous, and I should like to express my and your gratitude for the work that the officers have done. “The Council is a body representative of all branches of the profession, and the fact that its members are elected both by the general body of the Fellows and Associates and by districts should ensure that such representation is adequate and effective.However, we have been asked to review the constitution, as well as the method of nomination and election of the Council, and this will be part of the business in the near future. “I am informed that the record of Council attendances during the past two years has been the subject of criticism, but it will not surprise you to know that many Members of Council are actively engaged on work for the Government and others are finding it difficult to undertake journeys as often as they could and would in normal times.It is only fair to state that the Council often has before it the views of those who are absent for the reasons that I have indicated. These views are taken into consideration by the Council as fully as if the members con-cerned were actually present. We have carefully considered the possibility of holding meetings in other centres, but, although many reside at considerable distances from our headquarters, we have come to the conclusion that London is at the present 91 time more easily accessible than any other centre, notwith- standing difficulties. We had contemplated meeting at a Midland centre, but circumstances made it difficult to do so. “I submit that the Annual Report now before you is a record bearing evidence of steady effort to carry on our normal business, and to watch the interests of the profession, while at the same time holding ourselves in readiness to meet any call which may be made upon us in the national effort.“Other parts of the Report before you call for no special comment at the present time, and I shall not detain you further, but now move formally ‘That the Report of the Council be received and adopted.’ ” Nr. A. L. BACHARACH:“I have much pleasure in seconding the motion which the President has proposed. It is quite un- necessary after the President’s survey of the Council’s activities during the past year, as detailed in the Report, for me to com- ment on any one of those activities in particular. I should like to refer in passing, however, to the spiritual atmosphere of the Council during the past year, because this has, I think I can say- and I am sure that my fellow-members of the Council will agree with me-in no way been affected by the change in the physical atmosphere in which the Council has found it necessary to meet.U’hen, as has occasionally happened, the deliberations of the Council have been accompanied by gun-fire, this has not made the Council deaf to the opinions of members: when it has been necessary to meet in the black-out, which has an effect not only on the light but on the atmosphere, making it even thicker than usual, we hope that members will find that the vision of the Council has not thereby been dimmed. The work of Members of Council has not afforded them a bed of roses; it has been increasingly difficult for them to attend meetings, and even more difficult sometimes to get away again to wherever they wanted to return.In spite of that, as the record of the year shows, the amount of business transacted has been greater, rather than less, in extent than before, because of the number of new matters arising directly out of the war situation with which the Council has had to deal. I can say both for those who are continuing to serve on the Council and for those who have, with a mixture of reluctance and thankfulness, to retire, that we have done our best; and I hope that your acceptance of the Report will indicate that you appreciate this.” 92 The PRESIDENT: “There is one omission which I should like to repair before I ask for questions.You will have seen that the Institute has decided to set up a a new branch, to be termed Branch H : Analytical Chemistry, in the Fellowship Examination. It is extraordinary that it should have taken all these years for the Institute to set up a branch in the Fellowship Examination in Analytical Chemistry, seeing that so many of its members are occupied in that branch. I have said on other occasions that it is surprising that there is not anywhere in this country a Chair of Analytical Chemistry. Those of us who have spent our time in analytical chemistry know perfectly well that such a professor- ship ought to exist in this country as it does in others, and why one has not been set up I cannot tell you.There was one originally, but it was discontinued. I hope that we shall have one again.” “Does any member wish to raise any question on the Report ?” The motion was carried unanimowly. ON THE ELECTIONREPORTOF THE SCRUTINEERS OF OFFICERS, MEMBERSOF COUNCILAND CENSORS. The REGISTRAR read the following Report of the Scrutineers : The number of valid voting papers received for the election of Officers was 1114. The following were elected:- President: J. J. Fox. A.Vice-presidents: H. IT,Briscoe, F. H. Carr, T. P. Hilditch, G. Roche Lynch, Sir Robert Pickard, and H. A. Tempany. Honorary Treasurer: John C. White. The number of valid votes cast for General Members of Council was 1108. The following were elected:- Alexander Findlay, A.E. Dunstan, L. H. Lampitt, I. M. Heilbron, J. C. Drummond, F. Challenger, W. M. Cumming, F. M. Rowe, T. F. E. Rhead, E. B. Anderson, G. W. Monier-Williams, G. D. Elsdon, H. Hunter, E. H. Farmer, F. P. Dunn, A. J. Prince, R. H. Hopkins, A. Coulthard, L. A. Jordan, W. H. Roberts, J. R. Nicholls, L. Eynoii, T. R. Hodgson,J. G. King, F. J. Wilson, H. Baines, S. R. Carter. The number of valid voting papers received for the election of Censorb was 1065. The following were elected:- G. Roche Lynch, Sir Robert Pickard, Sir Robert Robinson and F. H. Carr. The following voting papers were disallowed according to the By- laws :-90 from Fellows and Associaties whose subscriptions for 1941 had not been received.1 unsigned.7 received after the close of the poll. 4 in respect of votes for Council, more than 27 votes having been recorded in each instance. The total number of papers received was 1212. 93 The PRESIDENT:“I declare the Officers and Members of Council whose names have been read to be duly elected. It is amazing to me that out of nearly eight thousand members hardly more than one-eighth take the trouble to record their votes. We have to thank the Scrutineers, Mr. Ellis and Mr. Bassett. I saw them hard at work and, frankly, it is a job that I should not like to do myself.” Mr. C. L. CLAREMONT:“I have great pleasure in proposing a vote of thanks to the Scrutineers. They have a very onerous task; it is far worse than that of an Honorary Auditor.We owe them a vote of thanks for doing a troublesome piece of work.” The motion was duly seconded and carried unanimously. ELECTION AUDITORS.OF The PRESIDENT: “The present Auditors are willing to help us again. I shall therefore nominate Mr. C. L. Claremont as Honorary Auditor.” Dr. J. G. A. Griffiths was nominated from the body of the hall. The motion for the re-election of Messrs. C. L. Claremont and J. G. A. Gri$iths as Honorary Auditors was carried unanimously. Mr. J. C. WHITE (Hon. Treasurer) :“I should like to move that Messrs. J. Y. Finlay, Pearson & Co., Chartered Accountants, be re-appointed Auditors, and with that I should like to couple the recommendation that their fee for the current year be in- creased to 50 guineas, i.e.an increase of 10 guineas. I would explain, having had considerable contact with the work which they have to do for the Institute, that with the increasing member- ship, and with all the ramifications which exist to-day but which did not exist previously, the present fee of 40 guineas is in my opinion and in the opinion of my colleagues inadequate.” Mr. C. L. CLAREMONT:“I should like to be allowed to second the motion. It certainly seems to me that the fee which they were receiving was not altogether adequate. There is a great deal of work to be done.” Dr. J. G. A. GRIFFITHS: “I should like to associate myself with Mr. Claremont’s remarks. The professional Auditors have a very heavy task to perform, and they help us very considerably.” The motion was carried unanimously. VOTEOF THANKS MEMBERS OF COUNCIL.TO THE RETIRING Mr.BUTTERFIELD: “I should like to propose a vote of thanks to the retiring Members of the Council. As a former Member of 94 Council, I can speak of the energy which my fellow-members have always shown in furthering the interests of the profession and of the members of the Institute. I should like to draw attention to the signal services of Mr. Bacharach as Chairman of the Publica- tions Committee. As a former Chairman of that Committee I can without a vestige of self-adulation say that he has immensely improved the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,which is the chief item with which the Chairman of the Publications Committee is con- cerned.He might say, ‘Well, that is very faint praise, because you left me something which was easily capable of improve- ment.’ (Laughter.) I shall therefore put it in another way, and say that he has done extremely good work in most difficult times in carrying on in the way that he has. The publication is called ‘JOURNAL but, by tradition and by AND PROCEEDINGS’; character, ‘journalese,’ as it is generally understood, is rigidly suppressed in our Journal, which may therefore be regarded as primarily the Proceedings of the Institute. I am sure that Mr. Bacharach will not mind my saying that he has had, as former Chairmen of that Committee have had, the untiring and fortu- nately non-retiring assistance of the editor-in-chief ; but that comes outside the scope of this motion.We owe retiring Members of the Council a deep debt of gratitude for their services during the past session, when they have been faced with heavy difficulties in carrying on the work of the Council. I therefore propose most sincerely that a vote of thanks be accorded to them.” Mr. WALTER C. HANCOCK:“I have very much pleasure in seconding that. As an old member of the Publications Com- mittee, I remember something of the difficulties involved in the work, and I heartily endorse what Mr. Butterfield has said, that there has been a great and very marked improvement in the character of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS.” The motion was carried uvtanimously. THE STREATFEILD BY MR. S. J. JOHNSTONE.MEMORIALLECTURE The PRESIDENT:“As Mr.Johnstone is here I should like to say how much we appreciate his recent lecture, which has been printed and circulated. If there are any members who have not devoted any time to the study of the matter, I recommend them to do so as soon as possible. The lecture is a very fine document, and I should like to thank Mr. Johnstone personally for all the trouble he has taken in producing it.” 95 Mr. S. J. JOHNSTONE: “I am very gratified indeed by the President’s kind remarks about my effort. Doubtless there are many shortcomings in it, and I should explain that the work had to be done principally between 7 p.m. and 2 a.m. during the ‘blitz’ in November and December. I was very glad, however, to be able to offer some little token of my appreciation of our old friend Streatfeild. Although it is 35 years since I left Finsbury, my recollection of him is still very clear indeed, and it is since leaving his wing that I have realised what a wonderful teacher he was.His idea seemed to be that teaching, in those days at all events, was a full-time occupation and did not leave time for a great deal of research work. He devoted the whole of his time to his students and to their needs, and had it not been for this fact, doubtless we should now be referring to him as ‘Professor Streatfeild, F.R.S.’ But he lives in our memories as a man who gave us a marvellous lead in the most difficult time of our lives, and so I was glad to be able to contribute my small effort to his memory.” The PRESIDENT: “That concludes our business, and we thank you all very much for coming here in these difficult times.” The proceedings then terminated.96 Proceedings of the Council. Council Meeting, 21st February, 1941.-The Council received a suggestion that representations might be made to the appropriate authority regarding the proposed Voluntary Insur- ance Act, with particular reference to laboratory apparatus and fittings of universities and institutions, and of private practitioners and others. Whereas it was provided that saleable goods could be, and were already, insured, it appeared doubtful (at the time) whether laboratory equipment could be insured beyond a limit of L1,goo.The Council agreed, therefore, to refer the matter to the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee. (It was subse-quently ascertained that such property would be insurable beyond the suggested limit.) The question was also raised whether there was any restriction on the supply of Swiss technical journals. It was thought that while universities, research institutions and the like could obtain them comparatively easily, individual chemists and firms experienced more difficulty in obtaining such supplies. The matter was referred for enquiry. Further correspondence was received regarding the action of Directors of Emergency Public Health Laboratory Services, offering to undertake professional work hitherto satisfactorily performed by public analysts and other chemists. (Correspond-ence on the subject, between the Institute and the Ministry of Health, is proceeding.) Reports were received from Standing Committees. The Benevolent Fund Committee, in addition to reporting on cases, mentioned that a Fellow had suggested that the President’s letter asking for help for the Fund should be read at Local Section meetings.The Committee concurred that this should be done on appropriate occasions. The Publications Committee made proposals regarding future lectures, which were appioved by the Council. The Chairman of the Committee mentioned that he had received a letter from a Fellow criticising the attendances of Members of Council, recorded in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part VI. (See President’s Address, page go.) 97 The Council confirmed the appointment of the Board of Examiners, re-appointed the Honorary Corresponding Secre-taries and the Executive Officers of the Institute, for the ensuing year.A vote of thanks was accorded to the retiring Members of Council for their services. Council Meeting, 21st March, 1941.-The President welcomed the new Members of Council who attended for the first time,-Mr. E. E. Ayling, Dr. H. Baines, Dr. S. R. Carter, Professor Frederick Challenger, Professor J. W. Cook, Mr. Garfield Thomas and hlr. S. W. A. Wikner,-as well as those who had been re-elected. The President presented the Streatfeild Memorial Medal for 1940,the gift of the Governors of the City and Guilds of London Institute, and a photograph of F.W. Streatfeild, to hlr. Sydney James Johnstone, Fellow, whom he thanked again for his lecture on "Empire Mineral Resources and their Relation to the War Effort ." A letter was received from Dr. Lampitt reporting that there appeared to be no restriction of facilities for obtaining Swiss scientific journals, although orders should be pre-paid and there might be delay of eight to twelve weeks. Further correspondence was received from the Ministry of Health regarding the Emergency Public Health Laboratory Service, and, at the suggestion of Dr. F. H. Carr, the COuncil agreed to ask the Council of the Society of Public Analysts to appoint representatives to a Joint Committee with representa- tives of the Institute, to consider the whole matter,-the repre-sentatives of the Institute being Dr.F. H. Carr, Dr. G. Roche Lynch, Mr. E. B. Anderson and Mr. Edward Hinks. The Council was informed that a cablegram had been received from a combined conference of the New Zealand Section of the Institute with the New Zealand Institute of Chemistry, held in Dunedin in January,-" The Annual Conference of New Zealand Chemists sends greetings and good wishes to our British colleagues. White." An appropriate acknowledgment had been returned. Mr. Philip White, Honorary Secretary of the Section, in confirming the cablegram, added-" Please convey to members of the Institute the admiration of chemists in New Zealand for their courage and devotion in very trying conditions." 98 A letter on the method of transfer of suitable students from secondary to technical education, received from Dr.E. A. Rudge, Fellow, was referred to a Sub-committee, to whom Members of Council were invited to communicate their views. Memoranda, received from two members, on the constitution and method of nomination of the Council, were referred to the Special Committee appointed to deal with that subject. A letter referring to the statutory position of Public Analysts in relation to their authorities was referred to the Legal and Parliamentary Commit tee. Mr. W. J. A. Butterfield, having expressed his desire’to retire from representing the Institute on the Chemical Divisional Council of the British Standards Institution, the Council accorded Mr.Buttefield their best thanks for his services and appointed Professor Briscoe to succeed him as the Institute’s representative. A letter was received from the Secretary of the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee on the question whether the Govern- ment was making full use of scientists during the war, on which Viscount Samuel proposed to ask a question in the House of Lords. The feeling was expressed that, in using the word “scientist,” it should be made quite clear that it referred not only to academic chemists, physicists and others, but to all scientific workers who were engaged in industry and in consulting practice. Complaints received regarding the action of a public utility company soliciting practice were referred to the Emergency Committee.The Committees for the year 1941-1942were appointed with their Chairmen, and the dates of future Council Meetings were fixed. 99 Local Sections. Belfast and District.-At a meeting of the Section held in the Royal Academical Institution, Belfast, on 18th February,- Dr. R. H. Common in the Chair-Mr. Oliver Davies read an interesting paper entitled “Ancient Metallurgical Technique.” Dr. Common also presided at a meeting of the Section held in the Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Queen’s University, Belfast, on 6th March, when Mr. R. A. Hamilton read a paper entitled “Soil Fertility-its measurement on a large scale,” later demonstrating the apparatus in the laboratories. The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in the Carlton, Belfast, on 28th March,-Dr.R. H. Common in the Chair. The Annual Report and Financial Statement were presented and adopted. The following Officers and Committee were elected for the session 1941-42:-Chairman, Dr. R. H. Common; Hon. Treasurer, Dr. W. Honneyman; Hon. Secretary, Mr. C. S. McDowell; Committee, Drs. M. H. Hall, E. M. Reid, E. Wright and Mr. R. V. Manning. Birmingham and Midlands.-The Annual Meeting of the Section was held at the Chamber of Commerce, Birmingham, on 26th March. The following Officers, Committee and Auditors were appointed for next Session:-Chairman, Mr. T. H. Gant; Vice- Chairman, Dr. s. R. Carter; Treasurer, Dr. W. J. Hickinbottom; Secretary, Mr.E. M. Joiner; Committee, Mr. Geo. King, Mr. A. Churchman, Mr. T. F. E. Rhead, Mr. E. G. K. Pritchett, Mr. H. A. Caulkin, Mr. F. W. Pinkard, Mr. A. Black, Mr. G. H. Edwards and Dr. G. W. Usherwood ;District Member of Council, Mr. Garfield Thomas. Auditors, Dr. A. G. R. Whitehouse and Mr. F. G. Broughall. In moving the adoption of the Report, Mr. T. H. Gant said that technical men, generally, would have to take a wider interest in the industries in which they are concerned. When faced with a dearth of materials one finds chemicals which dominate a process manufactured in one place only. Such centralisation involves considerable risks. 100 He pleaded for a greater study of industrial diseases and thought Birmingham might well play an important part in such a project.He hoped to arrange for a lecture to be given on the subject. The revised Rules of the Section were accepted and the Secretary was instructed to submit them for Council’s approval. The meeting discussed the desirability of the Institute adopting a post-war policy, and after a full discussion the Secretary was instructed to propose the following resolution at the Conference of Secretaries:- “That this meeting requests the Council of the Institute to appoint a committee representative of all members of the Institute to formulate a post-war policy for the Institute. That such a committee include in its terms of reference (u) The reconstruction of the Council. (b) The holding of a triennial Congress.(c) The possibility of union of chemical bodies.” Bristol and South-Western Counties .-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in the Chemical Depart- ment of Bristol University, on 27th March,-Professor W. E. Gamer in the Chair. The Report of the Hon. Secretary and Treasurer was read and adopted. Professor H. T. S. Britton was elected to the vacancy on the Committee, and Mr. F. P. Hornby was re-elected Hon. Secretary. Mr. Edward Russell and Mr. W. J. Carter were re-elected Hon. Auditors to the Section. A vote of thanks was passed to the authorities of the Uni- versity for the facilities granted to the Section in allowing the use of the Chemical Department of the University for its meetings. Dr. A, C.Monkhouse, District Member of Council, emphasised the Council’s recent appeal for increased support for the Benevolent Fund. The Annual General Meeting was followed by a joint meeting with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry and Fellows of the Chemical Society, when Mr. A. L. Bacharach gave a paper on “Biochemistry and the Vitamins,” illustrated by means of the epidiascope. In co-operation with other societies, it is hoped to continue the sectional meetings further into the summer than usual, order to compensate for those which have been abandoned during the winter. 101 East Ang1ia.-Conditions in East Anglia prevent arrange- ments of regular meetings, but members are constantly in touch with one another.Glasgow and West of Scotland.-On 24th January members of the Section, on the invitation of the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, attended a lecture on “The Organisation of an Industrial Laboratory,” delivered by Mr. W. G. Bailey. On 21st February, on the invitation of the Chemical Society, members attended a lecture on “Correlations among Cancer- producing Compounds” by Professor J. W. Cook, F.R.S. Both meetings were held in the Royal Technical College. Mr. James Simpson presided at the first and Professor Forsyth J. Wilson at the second. Leeds Area.-A meeting of the Section was held in the University of Leeds on 10th F’ebruary-Dr. H. Burton in the Chair. Professor N. M. Comber gave a lecture on “The Chemistry of Soil Fertility.” There was a good attendance, and the interest aroused by the subject was well reflected in the discussion. Manchester and District.-A meeting for Lunch was held on 8th March, in the Staff House of the University.,4 message was received from the President, Dr. Fox, expressing his regret that he was unable to be present. The Chairman, Mr. S. A. Brazier, welcomed a number of new Associates. A discussion took place on Institute matters and on the future activities of the Section. South Wales.-On 8th February members of the Section participated in a meeting arranged by the South Wales Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, held in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, University College, Swansea,-Mr. J. Christie presiding. Dr.J. A. Sugden gave a lecture on “The Development of Ceramic Electrical Insulating Materials.” The discussion was opened by Mr. G. P. Bntton. On 8th March, a meeting of the Section was held jointly with the University College of Swansea Chemical Society in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, University College, Swansea, Mr. J. Christie presiding. 102 Mr. F. Hudswell delivered a lecture on “Microchemistry, with special reference to Spot Tests.” The meeting was well attended and, in the discussion which followed, great appreciation of the lecture and demonstrations was expressed. On 20th March, members of the Section participated in a meeting, arranged by the Chemical Society and the University College of Swansea Chemical Society, held in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, University College, Swansea,-Professor J.E. Coates presiding. Professor C. S. Gibson, F.R.S., delivered aolecture on “The Life and Work of Sir William Jackson Pope.” 103 SUMMARIES OF LECTURES The Duties and Liabilities of the Chemist at Common Law BY H. M. BUNBURY,MSc., A.I.C. [Leeds Area Section, on 13th January, 1941.1 For the present purposes common law may be defined as the law between subject and subject, consisting largely of the law of contract and the law of tort. The duties and liabilities of the chemist arise directly or indirectly out of some contract of employment. There are many kinds of employer, but as employee the chemist belongs to one of three classes, the servant, the agent, or the independent contractor, though he may be, and frequently is, both a servant and an agent.The characteristic which distinguishes a servant is that his services must be personal, i.e. personally performed: he has no powers of delegation unless these are given to him. He is personally liable to the master and the latter is always he who has control of the servant's work: the payment of wages or salary and the right of dismissal, though relevant, are not conclusive in deciding who is the master. The contract of personal service does not in itself impart duties to third parties. If such duties arise, then the chemist will generally be acting as an agent, i.e. he will be acting on behalf of his employer (or principal). A chemist frequently acts in this capacity and when so doing he must be careful to see that he does not go beyond the authority vested in him.Provided he acts within this authority his principal will be bound by what he does, but the principal can revoke the authority at any time. On the other hand, the principal can adopt or ratify an otherwise unauthorised act. The independent contractor, e.g. a private practitioner such as a private analyst or consultant, is in quite a different category. He is employed to carry out a particular piece of work or produce a particular result. When this is done the relationship between him and his employer ceases. The employer has usually little or no control over the manner in which the work is done. The duties and liabilities of the chemist 104 vary, according as he is a servant, an agent, or an independent contractor.Although not a matter of common law, the dis- tinction is well illustrated by the provisions of sec. 5 of the Copy- right Act, which applies only to servants. Contrary to the general rule that the author is the first owner of the copyright, the Act vests the copyright in the employer (unless of course the contract of service provides otherwise) provided that the written matter-report, memorandum, scientific paper, etc.-is composed in the course of the service. Even where the servant is the owner, the employer can always restrain publication of confidential information. There is no similar statutory provision in the Patents Acts as regards inventions, but the courts have applied a similar principle, as was exemplified in the recent case of Triplex Safety Glass v.Scorah. In his judgment in this case Farwell J. said: “In my judgment it is a term of all employment that any invention made in the course of employment and in doing what he is engaged to do is the property of the employer, and having made such an invention he becomes the trustee of the employer and is bound to give him the benefit. He cannot cease to be a trustee after he has left the employment.” As regards breaches of confidence, although the general rule is that a chemist cannot be prevented from making use of general knowledge acquired in his employment, he will be restrained from disclosing secret processes or confidential information.There are a number of cases involving chemists which have decided this general rule, the most recent being British Industrial Plastics v. Ferguson and others. On the subject of the duties of fellow servants to one another the question of personal injuries is of special importance. It is usual in such cases for the employer to be sued in an action for damages. There are three defences : contributory negligence, volenti non Jit injuria (i.e. “taking the risk”) and common em- ployment. Contributory negligence, which can be pleaded even in cases of breach of statutory duties, will, in most cases, succeed. In pleading the defence of volenti non Jit injuria it is essential that there should be knowledge of the risk and voluntary acceptance of it.Chemical practice often involves some element of danger, and qualified men are taken to know and to accept the normal risks of their calling. The third defence, that of common employment, applies only to cases where a servant is injured owing to the negligence of a fellow servant (servant may be acting as agent). There must be a common master. 105 The injury must arise out of and in the course of the employment, i.e. they must both be engaged at the time on the master’sbusiness and the business must be such as to bring them into association. The doctrine of common employment cannot be invoked in cases of breach of statutory duties, nor in cases under the Employer’s Liability and Workmen’s Compensation Acts. The duties and liabilities to third parties are of considerable importance. Here the chemist is in most cases acting as agent.The liability of the employer rests upon the principle that “he who acts through another acts himself.” This is the reason why an employer can be sued for the wrongful acts of his servant or agent, but it must be remembered that the servant is also liable for his own acts and can be sued, and if sued cannot plead the orders of his master. In acting on behalf of his employer an agent must not exceed his authority and must not make a contract which his principal has no power to make: if he does so he will not bind his principal and will be personally liable. Similarly if a servant or agent acts tortiously and so injures a third party the employer will only be liable if the wrongful act arises out of, and in the course of, the employment.The position of the independent contractor is quite different from that of the servant or agent. Only in certain special cases is there any vicarious liability on the part of the employer, e.g. where the employer is under some statutory or contractual duty, or where the work may cause a nuisance or be dangerous to others, in which case he must see that proper precautions are taken. An independent contractor must not, of course, be employed to do anything which is itself unlawful. So far the War Legislation has not interfered with the common law rights and liabilities of the chemist, but powers to do so (not yet exercised) have been conferred on the Crown by the Emergency Powers (Defence) Act, 1940. The Chemistry of Soil Fertility BY PROFESSORN.M. COMBER,D.Sc., F.I.C. [Leeds Area Section, on 10th February, 1941.1 The industry based on soil fertility is obviously the oldest and most necessary of industries. It is, however, only about a century ago that the fundamental chemical process of that industry, namely, the process of photosynthesis, was generally 106 accepted. From that time onwards the chemistry of soil fertility has been essentially the chemistry of those soil factors that control photosynthesis and the ensuing changes in the plant. Fertility maintained by Soil Treatment.-A vast amount of empirical observation on the effects of soil treatment has been made by field, pot and water culture experiments during the last century. The knowledge thereby established is not as great as might be at first expected, since the technique of field and pot experiments is not easy and the statistical treatment of results is sometimes complicated.Qualitatively it has been established that compounds of potassium and of phosphorus, organic matter and nitrogenous compounds and certain basic compounds of calcium comprise for the most part those substances which can often be added to the soil with consequent enhancement of fertility. Only in rare circumstances are other substances profitably added. Quantitatively, the effect of increasing doses of one particular factor is still not finally determined.It was claimed by Mitscherlich that the increase in yield (y)is related to increases in the factor applied (x) by the equation- 2= (A -y)Cdx where A represents the maximum yield that full treatment of the factor in the circumstances of the experiment can bring about and C is a constant. This equation has been much discussed and many modifications have been introduced into it. It is accepted tentatively by many as the basis of our quantitative knowledge of the relation between yield and increasing treatments. The Inherent Fertility of the Soil.-In addition to our empirical knowledge of the effects of adding certain substances to the soil it is known that soils vary in their inherent potentialities for crop production.This inherent fertility is commonly associated with the soil colloids-the clay and the humus. These two soil constituents are both characterised by marked base exchange capacity which is to some extent correlated with certain physical properties such as the heat of wetting. While a good deal of progress has been made in the study of the mineralogy of clay and of the chemical structure of the humus nucleus, it still has to be confessed that the relationship between these colloids and the fertility of the soil in which they occur is very little understood. On the one hand botanists have established much scientific 107 knowledge of the plant. On the other hand the more recent science of Pedology has established knowledge of the constitution of soil constituents and the changes involved in soil formation.The actual relationship, however, between plant and soil which must be the basis of any study of soil fertility, has hardly been investigated at all. The inadequacy of the old assumption that plants “dip into” the soil, soluble nutrients diffusing into the roots hairs, has long been recognised. It is probable that the mucilaginous colloids of the plant roots and the colloids of the soil intermingle to form one system so that plant and soil are related as one system, and not as two systems in mere contact. Availability of Plant Food.-The analytical examination of soils for the purpose of determining the probable response to compounds of phosphorus, potassium, nitrogen and lime is still very empirical and different methods are used by different soil chemists.For the determination of available mineral plant food (i.e. phosphorus and potassium) extraction by I per cent. citric acid as introduced by Dyer many years ago (a method originally intended to imitate the dissolving effects of root sap) is still very largely used. Other methods are based on the use of the Mitscherlich equation mentioned above, while some Continental workers draw their conclusions from the amounts of phosphorus and potassium taken up from the soil by rye seedlings. A still further method is to measure the growth of a mycelium in a nutrient solution devoid of phosphorus or potassium except in so far as some of the soil under examination added to the solution can supply that missing element.Appropriate applications of nitrogenous fertilisers can usually be assessed without analytical data since available nitrogen is not stored up in the soil. The diversity of methods used by soil chemists in connexion with their advice on the application of lime to soils can be illus- trated by reference to the methods that are in actual use in three different Advisory Provinces in this country to-day. In one Province the titration curve of the soil is determined by measuring the fH value resulting from treatments by different concentra- tions of lime in sugar solution. The quantity of lime to bring the soil to fH 7 is thereby determined. In another Province the absolute amount of exchangeable calcium in the soil is deter- mined and used as the analytical indication of the appropriate liming treatment.In other Provinces the reduction in the titre 108 of a solution of calcium bicarbonate after shaking with the soil is measured. Since most of the methods in use are largely em- pirical and arbitrary,each chemist is, inthe present state of know-ledge, entitled to develop the use of those methods which he has correlated with his experience. It is also probable that differ- ences of rainfall such as exist, for example, between North Wales and the East of England, make different methods appropriate in different areas. Ancient Metallurgical Technique BY OLIVERDAVIES,M.A. [Belfast and District Sectioii, on 18th February, 1941.1 The ancients had practically no idea of systematic research and co-ordination in any branch of science.They relied on two classes of material, the speculations of the philosophers, which were seldom related to observation of phenomena, but were derived from a primi systems, and rule of thumb observations of technicians, who usually had no contact with the speculators, and so could neither assist nor be assisted by them. Indeed, the ancient theory of cause and effect as immanent in each other, and their lack of an idea of progression, due to their momentary out- look on life, would have made the creation of scientific systems very difficult. Their greatest advances were in medicine, which in addition to its practical utility interested their anthropocentric point of view.Metallurgy, geology and chemistry were sciences in which the divorce between speculation and technique was not marked. The early alchemical treatises consist of a heterogene- ous mass of data, partly the experiments of would-be magicians, partly the recipes of fraudulent metal-workers. In geology and metallurgy there was no close distinction between substances, the roughest criteria such as colour being used; even common metals like lead and tin or silver and zinc were not sharply differentiated,while gold electrum (gold-silver alloy) andsilver were. Some metals were obtained native, such as gold, and more rarely copper and silver, probably only in early days when there were come native deposits at the lode outcrops.The discovery of the property of fusibility as well as malleability was made at an early date. Copper must have been smelted from early times, the oxides being readily reducible provided a sufficient tempera- ture was obtained; the more difficult sulphides were already being worked soon after 1000 B.C. Many impurities, like zinc, nickel, 109 cobalt, would remain in the smelted metal: gold and silver were extracted by liquation in Etruria in pre-Roman times. The alloying of copper with tin was known in the early part of the bronze age; occasionally antimony was substituted for tin, when the latter was expensive or unprocurable. In the late bronze age in W. Europe, copper was often debased with lead.The manufacture of brass by bedding copper in calamine and heating was discovered probably in Asia Minor a few centuries B.C. Casting copper was highly developed, normally in clay moulds; stone moulds have often been found, but many of them are of inferior stone and can only have been used as a matrix to con- struct the mould of clay. Skim-casting, core-casting and cire perdue were developed in the first millennium B.C. For iron working the ancients had to use rich ores, owing to the wastefulness of their smelting. The iron was reduced at a low temperature and hammered; much of the metal was then lost in the slag, but impurities such as phosphate were little reduced. The ancients were able to produce very pure malleable iron or mild steel.Their steel tended, however, to be patchy and of uncertain quality, owing to the difficulty of controlling car-burisation, but cementation and annealing were occasionally practised, and by Roman times complex damascening was regular for weapons. Cast iron of ancient date is extremely rare, and perhaps was never intentionally produced. Greece contributed little to none specialised metallurgical knowledge, which seems to have been derived mainly from Sumeria, Egypt and Etruria. Such knowledge perhaps arose partly as an esoteric temple-technique in the East, though in Etruria it had become thoroughly industrialised. Nor did the Romans contribute greatly to metallurgical or to any other sciences, though their work is characterised by large-scale operations which their political power and control of capital enabled them to practise.The Energy Output and Food Requirementsof a Miner By Professor K. NEVILLEMOSS. [Birmingham and Midlands Section, on 26th February, 1941.1 Professor Moss said that his research on problems connected with miners’ food was first designed to find if any relationship existed between the amount of food taken into the pit by the 110 miner and the pit temperature. He made the quite unexpected discovery that where the underground temperature was highest, the miners’ food requirements were highest. He actually determined the food in-put of 60 miners over a period of ten days and found that their average food intake amounted to 4,700 calories per 24 hours.Pit temperature had an important bearing on the loss of body weight through excessive perspiration. Loss of body weight had been as high as 18.5 lbs. in 5.5 hours. Excessive perspiration losses had been related to miner’s cramp, which was found to be due to lack of chlorides in the body or to “water poisoning” caused by the excessive drinking of salt-free water. The increased rations in hot mines yielded additional chlorides to the body; in some cases, miners obtained the same benefit by salting their beer. Having determined the amount of food required by a miner, Professor Moss then discussed its relation to energy output. He criticised the report on “Nutrition of Miners and their Families” published by the British Medical Research Council.In this report the Council averred that the output of a coal miner was equivalent to that of a South African native hammer boy, basing their conclusions on the work of Orenstein and Ireland. In the opinion of Professor Moss a coal-face worker did about three times more work than that suggested by the Medical Research Council. Such reports were both dangerous and misleading. If the miner were given insufficient food, his coal output would decline or he would lose weight. On the other hand, output could only be maintained at the expense (in food) of his wife and family. Professor Moss referred to energy requirements for different body postures. The positions vaned from upright to “all fours”; in the latter case the energy output (allowing for oxygen debt) was 400 per cent.greater. High roads underground meant the miner dissipated less energy in getting to his job. Mining was severe work and frequent short periods of several minutes’ rest were necessary to recover the oxygen debt. Time studies showed, frequently, that the rest period amounted to one-third of the shift; in hot mines the period was even greater. Roof height, also, was an important factor. Where men worked under roof heights of 5 or of 2 ft. there was noticeable stooping or back-bending and this, no doubt, accounts 111 for the lower mechanical efficiency of work under these conditions. For roof heights of 3 and 4 ft. the men knelt and maintained a comparatively straight back, using mainly arm and shoulder muscles and this no doubt accounts for an improved working efficiency.Hence it is clear that the larger back muscles play an import- ant part in lowering the efficiency where they participate in the mechanics of loading. Moreover, in ascertaining the critical rate of loading it was shown that the heavier a man the lower was the critical rate, due no doubt to the greater inertia of his body and limbs. Microchemistry, with Special Reference to Spot Tests BY F. HUDSWELL,M.A. [South Wales Section, on 8th March, 1941.1 The use of spot tests in qualitative analysis is responsible for a considerable saving in time and material. The reactions involved in such tests need not be quantitative; the important factor is that some easily recognisable change should occur when the substance under test is treated with a reagent.For example, a marked change in colour, evolution of a gas or fluorescence are all phenomena which fulfil this requirement. Spot tests are characterised by their sensitivity and specificity; there are various devices by which the former may be increased- by the formation of domplex compounds, exemplified by the greater sensitivity of phosphomolybdates when compared with a simple molybdate; by the inclusion of heavy groups in the reagent, as in the reaction of the silver ion with p-dimethyl- aminobenzalrhodanine ; by induced reactions, as in the co-precipitation of zinc and cobaltic ions with ammonium mercury thiocyanate; by extraction of colour from a solution with another solvent or by concentration of a precipitate at the interface of two immiscible liquids; and by the use of spot paper impregnated with a reagent.The question of specificity of tests yields scope for much more investigation, although a number of specific reactions have been made available through intensive empirical investigations. Organic compounds, as a result of their multiplicity, and also as 112 a result of their ability to form internal complexes with metals, will probably be the most fruitful field in this respect. Even when a reagent is not specific, it may be used for the detection of one ion in the presence of an interfering ion, if use is made of the capillary separation which occurs when a drop of the solution of the ions is placed on spot paper which has previously been impregnated with the reagent.Examples of this technique are provided by the detection of bismuth in the presence of copper, lead and mercury by the use of cinchonine and potassium iodide, and by the separation of copper, nickel and cobalt on spot paper impregnated with rubeanic acid. If this method fails, resort may be had to the use of a masking agent for the interfering ion-thus, ferric iron and cobaltic ions both give a colour reaction with thiocyanate ions, but if an excess of alkali fluoride is added to the solution before the addition of the reagent, only the colour due to the reaction of the cobalt is observed, as the complex ion FeF6"' is formed.Spot tests may be utilised in almost any branch of qualitative analysis, whether inorganic or organic, and on that account are finding increasing application in many of the chemical industries. They are particularly valuable in the investigation of impurities in all classes of substances. 113 Notes. SCIENCEIN PARLIAMENT. In the House of Lords, on 2nd April, Viscount Samuel asked the Government whether they could make any statement on the extent to which the assistance of scientists had been enlisted in the prosecution of the war, and referred to the feeling that had been expressed by the Council of the Institute that, in the view of some Government Departments, the word “scientist ” had too narrow an application, and that those engaged in industry, or in practice as consultants, ought to be more frequently employed than they were.Lord Hankey, replying, said that the system of harnessing research to the war effort was built upon foundations which were laid before the war. The three main pillars were the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, the Medical Research Council, and the Agricultural Research Council,-all responsible to the Lord President of the Council. There were joint com-mittees on matters of common concern and contacts could hardly be closer. There were important research organisations in the Admiralty, the Ministry of Supply-which undertook most of the research for the War Office-the Air Ministry, which had now handed over most of its research to the Ministry of Aircraft Production, and the Ministry of Home Security, which occupied a position intermediate between the Service Departments and the Civil Servants.In addition, there was a good deal of research in the Civil Departments. The Scientific Advisory Committee was in close touch, through the Royal Society, with the great stream of scientific research and development, through the representatives of Government research, with Government activities, and through the Chairman and the Lord President of the Council, with the policy of the Government in these matters. He did not agree that the Government interpreted the term “scientist ” rather narrowly. He said that the reason for the non-inclusion of applied scientists on the Scientific Advisory Committee was not a failure to appreciate their great importance in our war effort, but simply that the proposal did not fit into the Government conception of 114 the Scientific Advisory Committee. The Government was in touch with the professional societies concerned with a view to the possible establishment of a separate organisation working in the field of applied science and in close touch with the Scientific Advisory Committee, and an announcement might be expected before long.Our scientists were at least as good as the enemies’ and better, and with the aid of the scientific resources of the Empire, and especially of the United States, we were building a scientific equipment which was destined to play an ever-increasing part in our war effort and the period of reconstruction to follow. Experimental and Laboratory Assistants (male and female) are urgently required by the Ministry of Supply in the provinces.Candidates must be of British birth and parentage. Laboratory assistants should be not less than 16 years of age and should have had a secondary school training in subjects which include chemistry, or should have attained a standard equivalent to the General Schools Certificate in that subject. Inclusive weekly rate of pay between 33s. od. and 75s. od. (male) or 61s. od. (female) according to age and experience. Experimental Assistants should have obtained Higher School Certificates or equivalent qualifications in subjects which include chemistry. Inclusive annual salaries are between Q13 19s.od. (at age 17) and L260 (male) or L250 (female) according to age, qualifications and experience. Applications should be forwarded to the Secretary (S.E.3.B.), Ministry of Supply, Adelphi, London, W.C.2. Fellows and Associates are invited to bring these vacancies to the notice of suitable candidates known to them who are not at present doing work of national importance. The Co-operation Scheme.-Fellows and Associates who are participating in the Co-operation Scheme, under which they can obtain publications of the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry, are advised that formal application for mem- bership of both Societies is necessary to comply with the By-laws.Applications forms are obtainable from the Registrar of the Institute and, when completed, should be sent to the General Secretaries respectively of the Societies. 115 There has been unavoidable delay in the supply of journals, largely due to lack of staff and the great variety of requirements of the subscribers; but, by now, the distribution should have been completed. Any who have not yet received the publications applied for should communicate with the General Secretary of the Society concerned. The number of members participating in the Scheme is now approximately 1,300. Science, National and International, and the Basis of Co-operation.-At the Annual General Meeting of the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee, held at the House of Commons on 28th January, Professor A.V. Hill, M.P., F.R.S., gave an address, entitled as above. It is here summarised, as a contribution to the discussion on present and post-war problems, but its publication does not imply endorsement by the Institute of the views expressed therein. Professor Hill said that scientific.men as a class were not less liable to prejudice, on grounds of self-interest, race, politics or religion, than other educated people, and would deceive them- selves if they assumed that scientific eminence, or the scientific habit of mind, as such, gave any special virtue to their opinions on more ordinary topics. The nature of their work made them particularly inter-national in outlook.Science claimed to be independent of political opinion, of nationality, or of material profit. Scientific people, throughout the world, were convinced of the necessity for international collaboration, had practised such collaboration throughout the centuries and had built up a system of congresses, of unions, of standards, units and nomenclature and of abstracting journals, together with a widespread interchange of research workers and of ideas between countries. There existed a general understanding or appreciation of fellow workers in other parts of the world and a realisation that international co-operation was the basis of progress in science and learning. One of the great tasks before scientific people, after the war, would be to rebuild international scientific organisations on a firmer and better foundation.The reconstruction of Britain and of our international relationships, in learning and the arts of peace, as well as in social and economic directions, was a matter of great concern about which we should all be thinking. Science had a special part to play in national and international affairs, 116 and it was right that independent science should have access to the chief centre of government. Science was coming into its own and the influence of learning as a whole would be increased. In order to preserve the integrity of science in our own country, it was very important that strong and independent scientific bodies should be maintained and, for the sake of inter- national scientific relations, it was desirable, in other countries also, that the domination of the State over science should be tempered by public appreciation of the part played by scientific agencies and institutions.Our American scientific friends would regard it as a sacred trust of friendship to bear a large part in restarting international co-operation in scientific endeavour, Referring to the importance and necessity of scientific or- ganisations within the framework of the State, Professor Hill said that there were several things to be feared- (i) the condition of stagnation and complacency which tended to develop in any department or establishment which is cut off from outside criticism or ideas; (ii) the danger that science would be planned by administrators in offices; (iii) the disadvantage of separating teaching from research; (iv) a decrease in the influence of independent scientific bodies; (v) the danger that he who paid the piper might call the tune, and that research might be devoted primarily to objects which the politician, or the civil servant, regarded for the moment as of national im-portance.In departments of Government where scientific research is undertaken, the condition of secrecy rendered them, in ordinary times, unattractive to many who preferred the freer atmosphere of the university and the possibility of discussing and publishing their results. When an emergency occurred, the ability and imagination of such workers might for long be imperfectly used, because at first they had no experience of service conditions and needs.To obviate this, Professor Hill suggested-(i) the introduction into each department or organisation of some kind of advisory council, similar to that now existing under the Ministry of Supply, consisting partly of independent scientific men with special knowledge and wide contact with the scientific com- munity, and partly of official personnel, representing not only the department or organisation itself, but a variety of other depart- ments, so that a good cross-section of official knowledge and experience might be available, and (ii) provision for the regular interchange of personnel between Govern- ment research establishments or organisations, and universities and other independent institutions where research is oarried on.117 The aim should be to build up a reserve of scientific talent to be available for service when needed, and, in so doing, to introduce a new spirit and a new outlook into Government scientific establishments. Professor Hill then commented on the need for better financial support of research, at the same time stipulating- (i) that the State should not interfere with the integrity and indepen- dence of research; that “it should not be overplanned and directed by officials sitting in Government offices”; (ii) that it is often better to employ existing and experienced agencies to undertake new work “rather than allow our young revolution- aries to scrap old and set up new schemes”; and (iii) that the chief value of research grants will often be to young and comparatively unknown workers, the responsibility resting with the university or other institution where they work and are known.If a Government fund of a million pounds were available for research, it might be allocated by the University Grants Com- mittee, and each university empowered to dispose of the sum allotted to it. For research in industry, medicine and agriculture, the machinery already exists in the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, the Medical Research Council and the Agricultural Research Council-with extended financial provision from the Treasury, if necessary.Professor Hill concluded his address,- “One last word. In recent years a number of brilliant revolu- tionaries, filled with political zeal, but without experience of affairs, have won great fame and applause, by showing how Science is going to change the face of Society. The public is inclined to place these gentlemen on the same intellectual pedestal as Einstein, supposing that their science is as great as their chatter. The more responsible members of the scientific community are a little frightened by these activities-not because they grudge their colleagues their easy fame- but because the impression is put about that scientists as a whole claim to be allowed to dominate policy: and so resistance is aroused to their more modest suggestion that they ought to be consulted.If these remarks should reach the ears of those on whom the task of formulating public policy falls, they can be reassured. The majority of scientific man are quite reasonable and have no grandiose ideas. We know our limitations-as we are well aware of yours. All we ask is that we should be considered aa equals in a common task-not merely aa superior technicians paid to dish up the magic which you order.” 118 Local Sections.-The approximate number of members at present attached to each Local Section is given below. Section. No. of members. Aberdeen and North of Scotland .. .. 58 Belfast and District .. .. .. .. .. 53 Birmingham and Midlands .. .. Bristol and South-Western Counties .... .. .. 601 322 Cape of Good HopeCardiff District .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 40 109 Dublin and District .. .. .. .. .. 51 East Anglia . . East Midlands .. .. .. *. .. I. .. .. .. 68 273 Edinburgh and East ofScotlld Glasgow and West of Scotland Huddersfield .. .. .. India .. .. .. .. . . .. *. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 204 413 82 295 ~eecisArea . . .. .. .. .. 298 Liverpool and North-Western Counties London and South-Eastern Counties .. .. .. .. 576 2689 Malaya . . .. .. Manchester and District .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. 33 634 Newcastle and North-East Coast . . .. .. 187 New Zealand . . .. .. .. .. .. 79 South Wales (Swansea) South Yorkshire ., . . .. .. .. .. .. *.139 134 War Gases.-An article on “The Detection of War Gases in Foodstuffs,” contributed by the British Association of Research for the Cocoa, Chocolate, Sugar, Confectionery and Jam Trades, was published in The Analyst, February, 1941,with the approval of the Ministry of Supply and the Ministry of Food. Professor J. C. Philip, O.B.E., F.R.S., Fellow, was elected President of the Chemical Society, at the Annual General Meeting of the Society held on 3rd April. Professor Harry Work Melville, Fellow (Meldola Medallist, I935), has been elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. Mr. William Gordon Adam, Fellow, Superintendent of the Gas Light and Coke Co., has been awarded the George Medal. Mr. Adam and members of his staff entered burning retort- houses to shut off valves of broken mains.119 Obituary. ANDREWCAXPBELLdied on 16th February in his 74th year. In his youth he was assistant to J. Falconer King, Fellow, at Edinburgh, and also assisted in the laboratories of the Edinburgh School of Medicine, for some years, before he obtained an appointment as chemist to the Linlithgow Oil Co., Ltd., which he held from 1885 to 1889. In the latter year he joined the Burmah Oil Co.,Ltd., in Rangoon, where he became works manager in 1893 and continued for 20 years, designing, developing and superintending refineries. In the meantime, in 1908, he was sent to Persia to select sites and erect plant for the Anglo-Persian-now the Anglo-Iranian-Oil Co. From 1913 he continued to serve both companies in an advisory capacity.He was largely responsible for the design and execution of the Anglo-Uranian’s large refinery in this country, and served as a Director of riational Oil Refineries, Ltd. He had served as a Member of the Council of the Institute of Petroleum Technologists-now the Institute of Petroleum,-of the Society of Chemical Industry and of the Council of the Chemical Society. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1918. HAROLDMATTHEWCOOPER died, as a result of enemy action, in March, 1941, in his 25th year. Educated at the Riley High School from 1927-1931, he received his chemical training at the Hull Technical College from 1931-1935 and, in the latter year, passed the technological examina- tion of the City and Guilds of London Institute with first class honours in oils, fats and waxes. He then obtained an appointment as a works chemist to Messrs.Storry, Witty & Co., Ltd. (paint manufacturers), which position he held at the time of his death. He was also a lecturer in paints and varnishes at the Hull Technical College, and a member of the Gas Identi- fication Service. He was the brother of Leslie Ernest Cooper, Associate. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1936. At his funeral, the Institute was represented by Mr. D. J. T. Bagnalland Mr. Leonard Balmforth. JAMESPICXENdied at Sheffield, on 17th February, in his 47th year. Educated at the John Neilson Institution and the Grammar School, Paisley, he studied chemistry at the University of Glasgow from 1912 to 1915, in which latter year, after assisting in research work in the physio- logical department for five months, he joined the staff of H.M.Factory,Oldbury, where he continued until April, 1918. He had enlisted in 1915, but was not called to the colours until April, 1918. He served with the Royal Garrison Artillery in France until March, 1919, returned to the University, and graduated B.Sc. in Pure Science. He then obtained a position as a supervising chemist in the By-products Department of the Glasgow Corporation Gas Department, Dalmarnock, where he became works manager in 1920. Later he was transferred to similar positions at Dawsholm Works and Provan Works. In September, 1924, he was appointed an Inspector under the Alkali, etc., Works Regulation Act, 1906, in charge of the Sheffield district, which position he still held at the time of his death.He was elected an Associate in 1919 and a Fellow in 1927. 120 In order to augment the obituary notice of Charles Proctor (JOURNBL AND PROCEEDINQS,Part I, 1941, p. 48) further information has been obtained. Mr. Proctor was born on 23rd September, 1863, and was in his 88th year when he died on 13th December, 1940. He entered the service of the Board of Inland Revenue in 1875 and was appointed in 1884 to the staff of the Inland Revenue Laboratory-now the Government Laboratory- then at Somerset House. He retired from the service in 1919 having attained the position of superintending chemist and received the Imperial Service Order.He was the author of a paper on the determination of s&ccharin in beers, contributed to the T‘ransactions of the Clbemical Society, in 1906, and was largely responsible for a report to the Board of Customs and Excise on the determination of the original gravity of beer. He also published a paper on the glaze on the surface of stones discovered in a dry stone wall at a hill fort on the Tap 0’ North, near Huntly. His conclusion, after analysis of the glazes, was that attackers had made a fire against the wall. For over 40 years he was closely associated with the Civil Service Insurance Society; he was on the Committee of Management at the time of his death, and was honorary secretary of the Widows’ and Orphans’ Fund from 1908 to 1924.He was elected a Fellow in 1887, served on the Council from 1910 to 1913, and for 20 years was a helpful member of the Benevolent Fund Committee of the Institute. JOHNGUSTAF ADOLF RRODIN died at Ilford on 20th March, in his 70th year. Born in Sweden, he was educated at the GothenburgReallaroverk, matriculated at Wenersborg in 1888, and entered the University of Upsala, where he studied for two years before he became assistant to J. Men, Municipal Analyst of Gothenburg. In 1890 he contributed his first paper-on the hydrostatic pyknometer-to the Swedish Chemical Society. In 1891 and 1892 he was chemist to the Swedish Moor Cultivation Society. In the latter year, he decided to come to England, but before doing so visited several important laboratories in Denmark.For two years he assisted (Sir) Joseph Wilson Swan, with whom, in 1894, he was joint author of a paper, given before the Royal Society, on “Measurements of the absolute Specific Resistance of pure Electrolytic Copper.” Next, he was for three years chief assistant to the Chloride Electrical Storage Syndicate, Ltd., at Manchester. He waa the patentee of secondary battery plates which are still in use, as well as of a number of improved electro-chemical methods adopted on the manu-facturing scale. For several years, from 1896, he practised independently in Manchester. In 1898 he contributed to the Swedish Academy of Sciences a “Contribution to the theory of Voltaic Combinations of Lead and Peroxide of Lead.” Later, he held appointments with the Muntz Metal Company, the Westinghouse Brake Company, Raphael’s Refinery and the British Celanese Co., finally, since 1925, resuming independent practice at his home at Ilford.He was the author of numerous contributions to the scientific and technical press. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1899. ANDREWJom ROBERTSONdied at Glasgow on 2lst February, in hie 62nd year. From 1898-1898, he was a pupil assistant with Messrs. Tatlock and Thomson, before he proceeded to University College, Dundee, where he worked under Professor-later Sk-James Walker, and graduated B.Sc. 121 (St. Andrews) in 1901, subsequently proceeding to D.Sc. He was, for some months, research assistant to Professor Walker, and towards the end of 1901, worked for a time with Professor J.Hendrick, at Aberdeen. Earlyin 1902, he became an assistant in the Customs Laboratory in London, and in 1903 was appointed chemist and physicist to the Scottish Fishery Board, being engaged upon the investigation of sea water in connexion with the hydrographic survey of the North Sea. In 1907, he was appointed chief chemist with the Blaydon Chemical Company, and from 1913 until his death, he was chief chemist to hlessrs. J. & J. White, Ltd., of Rutherglen.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1901 and a Fellow in 1904. He was Secretary of the Glasgow and West of Scotland Section of the Institute for the years 1921-1922, and served on the Committee of the Section for three years following. ROGERSONHAROLD died suddenly at Bromborough, Cheshire, in November, 1940, at the age of 58 years.Born at Preston, Lanes., he was educated at Hutton Grammar School, and in 1899 proceeded to the Victoria University of Manchester, where he continued until 1905, in-cluding post -graduate research under Professor-later Sir-Jocelyn Thorpe, and obtained the degree of 1f.S~. From 1905 to 1912, he was a research chemist in the Wellcome Research Laboratories, and was joint-author, with Dr. Power, of many papers contributed to the Journal of the Chemical Society and other scientific journals. From 1912 to 1917 he was lecturer and demonstrator in public health at Guy’s Hospital, London, and from 1917 to 1921 he was a chief chemist and plant superintendent with Messrs.Brotherton & Co. He then rcturnod to academic research and worked for a few months with Professor F. L. Pyman at the School of Technology, Manchester, before he was appointed Assistant Director of Chemical Laboratories at the University of Liverpool, where he continued in an administrative capacity and as a demonstrator until his death. He was a pianist of distinction and took an active part in the affairs of the University Music Society. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1922. 122 Books and their Contents. The following books have been kindly presented by the authors and publishers, and may be seen in the Library of the Institute:-Canning Practice and Control.Osman Jones and T. W. Jones. 2nd Edition. Revised and Enlarged. Pp. xiv + 312. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 32s. Some preliminary statistics; cannery and preliminary equipment;canning; packing foods in glass containers; cannery laboratory and its work; examination of raw foodstuffs; examination of the can or glass; water for the canning factory and its examination; examination of canned foods; general outline of the microbiology of canning; preparation and use of culture media; staining of micro-organisms for microscopical examination; cultural notes of the principal food-spoiling organisms ; effect of canning upon nutritive values; cannery waste; canneryhygiene ; index. Intermediate Inorganic Chemistry. (The late) J.W. Mellor, F.R.S. New Edition: Revised by H. Irving. Pp. xx + 690. (London, New York and Toronto: Longmans, Green & CO.) 9s. Physical properties of gases; chemical nature of air; ice, water and steam ; mixtures and compounds ; three gases-hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen; atomic hypothesis; composition of water; revision of the atomic hypothesis; chlorine and some of its compounds; acids, bases and salts; gaseous oxides of carbon; energy and matter; relations of chlorine -iodine, bromine and fluorine; oxygen compounds of the halogens; classification of the elements; alkali metals; copper, silver and gold; osmotic pressure ; ionic hypothesis ; alkaline earths ; magnesium, zinc, cadmium and mercury ;boron, aluminium and related elements ; carbon ; compounds of carbon with hydrogen and nitrogen; combustion and flame; compounds of nitrogen and carbon; silicon; tin and lead; nitric, nitrous and hyponitrous acids and their salts; nitrogen oxides ;ammonia; atmosphere ; phosphorus, arsenic, antimony and bismuth ; sulphur and its compounds; chromium and compounds; manganese and its com-pounds; iron, nickel and cobalt; platinum metals.Index. Qualitative Chemical Analysis, A Text-Book of. Arthur I. Vogel. 2nd Edition. Pp. xii + 486. (London, New York and Toronto: Longmans, Green & Co.) 10s. 6d. The theoretical basis of qualitative analysis; analytical operations ; reactions of the metal ions or cations-silver group, copper and arsenic group; iron and zinc group; calcium group; alkali group; reactions of the acid radicals or anions; systematic qualitative analysis of inorganic substances; modification of the systematic analysis when organic acids, silicates, borates, fluorides and phosphates are present; reactions of some of the rarer elements; appendix; index.123 A Survey of Insecticide Materials of Vegetable Origin. Edited by H. J. Holman; issued under the auspices of the Consultative Committee on Insecticide Materials of Vegetable Origin. Pp. .viii + 156. (London: The Imperial Institute.) 3s. 6d. net. Introduction; Part I. Alkaloid-containing materials: nicotine; nicotine products ; anabasine ; hellebore ; other alkaloids having insecticidal action; Part 11. Plants containing rotenone and allied compounds: chemical constituents ; occurrence of the toxic constituents in the tissues of the plant; effects of cultivation and soil conditions on toxic content; derris; lonchocarpus; physiological action of derris and allied materiale ; pest control with derris and lonchocarpus ; relative toxicity of derris and lonchocarpus; methods of evaluation of derris and lonchocarpus; production and trade in derris; production and trade in lonchocarpus ; consumption of derris and lonchocarpus; tephrosia ; mundulea; other rotenone-containing plants; characteristics of the chief crystalline compounds derived from derris root; Part 111.Pyrethrum:botany of pyrethrum; chemical constituents of pyrethrum; distribution of the toxic principles in the plant; effect of drying pyrethrum flowers; effect of storage, etc., on pyrethrum; evaluation of the active principles of pyrethrum; physiological action of pyrethrum ; insecticidal properties of pyrethrum; the pyrethrum industry; consumption of pyrethrum; Part IV.Quassia: introduction; botany; chemistry of quassia; insecti- cidal properties of quassia; production and consumption; Part V. Plant oils: essential oils; fatty oils; cashew nut-shell oil; references; appendix. Bibby’s Book on Milk.-Section I (2nd Edition). (1933,)- Sampling and Analysis of Milk. Pp. 56. 7s. 6d. Progress in Milk Technology. (1936.) Edited by John Hanley. Vol. I. Knowledge extant at the beginning of the 20th Century. Pp. 188. 11s. 6d. Section I (Supplement No.2) (1925-1931.) The appeal to the cow; Minimum variation in Quality of Milk; What is Normal Milk? Pp. 46. 4s. Section I1 (12th Edition). (1928.) The Law relating to the Sale of Milk: its History; Criticism of its Administration; Sug- gestions for its Amendment. Pp. vi + 482 + Insets. (1928.) 30s. Section I1 (Supplement to 12th Edition). A cloth folder containing Acts of Parliament (1889-1938) ; Statutory Rules and Orders (1922-1939) ; Circulars (1922-1938) ; Forms (1936) ; Memoranda (1929-1937) ;Decided Cases (Divisional Court) (1917) ; Police Court (1925-1932) ; Miscellaneous (192 5-1937). Section 1V.-Bovine Tuberculosis. Chart and Plate. Ab-stracts from Section 8 (IgIg).-Calving. Pp. 48. IS. 6d. 124 The British Standards Institution.-A review of British Standards for Paint Materials has recently been under- taken and modifications thereto and additional specifications have been issued in special publications beariDg the reference numbers B.S.925 to B.S.929.War Emergency Revision Slips have been issued for :-Linseed Oil Putty; Green Pigments; Linseed Oil; White Spirit; Extenders; Zinc Oxide and Ochre; Ready Mixed Paints (Oil Gloss); Black (Carbon) Pigments; Red Oxides of Iron; Lead Chromes and Zinc Chromes; Aluminium (Powder and Paste) for Paints, and Tung Oil. War Emergency Revision Slips have also been issued-for determining the Percentage of Fat in Milk and Milk Products by the Gerber Method; for the determination of the percentage of Fat in Milk and Milk Products by the Babcock Method; for Coal Tar Creosote for the Preservation of Timber, and for Soft Solders.The Institution has also issued, recently,-No. 945 (1941) : for Rubber and Insertion Jointing for Flange and similar joints subject to water pressure. Professor J. W. Cook, F.R.S., has kindly presented the Institute with a copy of the Report of the Tenth International Congress of Chemistry, held in Rome, May, 1938: Volume IV, Sections 11-V. India.-Professor H. B. Dunnicliff, C.I.E., Fellow, contrib-uted to the December, 1940, issue of Current Science an interest- ing illustrated account of the Central Revenues Control Laboratory at New Delhi, opened by Sir Jeremy Raisman, Finance Minister of the Government of India, in April last year.The Laboratory is primarily intended to deal with the examina- tion of imported goods, to determine their assessment to customs duty; but it also is concerned with the examination of explosives and petroleum products for the Labour Department, with food- stuffs for the Port Health Department, and with many other matters, such as come within the control of the Government Laboratory in London. 125 The Library, 1940-41. Since the issue of the JOURKAL AKD PROCEEDINGS, Part 11, 1940, the Council has had the pleasure to acknowledge the following gifts:- MESSRS. EDWARD ARNOLD& Co.: Analytical Processes. T. B. Smith. London, 1940. H. F. BAMFORD,B.A., A.I.C. : Poisons : Their Isolation and Identification. F.Bamford. London, 1940. MESSRS. BLACKIE& SON,LTD.: Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Analysis. Vol. 11. Gravi-metric Electrolytic Analysis and Electrolytic Marsh Tests. H. J. S. Sand. London and Glasgow, 1940. MRS. W. A. S. CALDER: Atti del Xo Congress0 Internazionale Di Chimica. Roma: 15-21 Maggio, 1938. Vol. V. Roma, 1939. CAMBRIDGE PRESSUNIVERSITY : An Introduction to the Kinetic Theory of Gases. Sir James Jeans. Cambridge, 1940. Surface Tension and the Spreading of Liquids. R. S. Burdon. Cam-bridge, 1940. MESSRS.CHAPMAH& HALL,LTD.: Advanced Readings in Chemical and Technical German. J. T. Fotos and R. N.Shreve. London and New York, 1940. An Introduction to Chemical Science. W. H. Hatcher. London and New York, 1940.Brewing: Science and Practice. H. Lloyd Hind. Vol. 11. BrewingProcesses. London, 1940. Calculations of Quantitative Analysis. C. J. Engelder. London and New York, 1939. Canning Practice and Control. 0. Jones and T. W. Jones. 2nd Edition, Revised and Enlarged. London, 1941. Chemical Computations and Errors. T. B. Crunipler and J. H. Yoe. Londork and New York, 1940. Chemicals of Commerce. F. D. Snell and C. T. Snell. London, 1940. Chemistry, Life and Civilisation. A Popular Account of Modern Advances in Chemistry. H. T. S. Britton. London, 1940. Colloid Chemistry. A Text Book. H. B. Weiser. London and Bew York, 1940. Conversion of Petroleum. Production of Notor Fuels by Thermal and Catalytic Processes. A. N. Sachanen. New York, 1940. Forensic Chemistry.H. T. F. Rhodes. London, 1940. Handbook of Chemical Microscopy. Vol. 11. Chemical Methods and Inorganic Qualitative Analysis. 2nd Edition. London and NEW York, 1940. Insect Pests in Stored Products. H. Hayhurst. London, 1940. 126 Introductory College Chemistry. N. E. Gordon and W. E. Trout, Jr. 2nd Edition. London and New York, 1940. Methane. Its Production and Utilisation. J. P. Lawrie. London, 1940. Organic Syntheses. An Annual Publication of Satisfactory Methods for the Preparation of Organic Chemicals. Vol. XIX. Editor-in-Chief-4. R. Johnson. London and New York, 1939. Also Vol. XX. Editor-in-Chief-C. F. H. Allen. London and New York, 1940. Plastics in Industry. By “Plastes.” London, 1940. Records and Research in Engineering and Industrial Science.J. E. Holmstrom. London, 1940. Starch and its Derivatives. J. A. Radley. London, 1940. The Chemical Constitution of Natural Fats. T. P. Hilditch. Lodon, 1940. The Manufacture of Compressed Yeast. F. G. Walter. London, 1940. Thermodynamics and Chemistry. F. H. MacDougall. 3rd Edition. London and New YoTk, 1939. Thermodynamics for Chemical Engineers. H. C. Weber. London and New York, 1939. The Tools of the Chemist. Their Ancestry and American Evolution. E. Child. London and New York, 1940. DR. V’ILFRED FRANCIS, F.I.C.: Boiler House and Power Station Chemistry. W. Francis. London, 1940. DR. J. NEWTONFRIEND, F.I.C.: Lectures on History and General Policy, to which is prefixed an Essay on a Course of Liberal Education for Civil and Active Life.JosephPriestley. A New Edition with numerous enlargements by J. T. Rutt. London, 1826. The History and Present State of Electricity, with Original Experi- ments. Joseph Priestley. The 5th Edition, Corrected. London, 1794. MESSRS.GURNEY& JACKSON: Lunge and Keane’s Technical Methods of Chemical Analysis. 2nd Edition. Edited by C. A. Keane and P. C. L. Thorne. Vol. IV. London and Edinhrgh, 1940. THE IKPERIAL :INSTITUTE Annual Report, 1940. Survey of Insecticide Materials of Vegetable Origin. London, 1941. INSTITUTE :OF PETROLEUM Annual Reviews of Petroleum Technology. Vol. V (covering 1939).F. H. Garner. Birmingham, 1940. J. P. LAWRIE: Methane. Its Production and Utilisation.J. P. Lawrie. London, 1940. MESSRS.LONQMANS,GREEN& Co., LTD.: A New Dictionary of Chemistry. S. Miall. London, 1940. A Text-Book of Qualitative Chemical Analysis. A. I. Vogel. 2nd Edition. London, 1941. Intermediate Inorganic Chemistry. J. W. Mellor. London, 1941. Thorpe’e Dictionary of Applied Chemistry. J. F. Thorpe and M. A. Whiteley. 4th Edition, revised and enlarged, Vol. IV. London, 1940. 127 J. E. R. MCDONAGH, F.R.C.S. : The Universe through Medicine. J. E. R. McDonagh. London, 1940. E. W. MUDDIMAN,B.Sc., F.I.C.: Handbook on Witherite and its Industrial Uses. Newcastle-on-Tyne,1940. H. T. F. RHODES: Forensic Chemistry. H. T. F. Rhodes. London, 1940. DR.H. J. STERN,A.I.C.: Practical Latex Work.H. J. Stern. Leicester, 1940. Books Purchased. The Mineral Industry. Its Statistics, Technology and Trade during 1939. Edited by G. A. Roush. Vol. XLVIII. Supplementing Vols. I-XLVII. London and New York, 1940. 128 The Register. At the meeting of Council held on zIst February, 1941, 2 new Fellows were elected, I Fellow was re-elected, 8 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 41 New Associates were elected, I Associate was re-elected, and 36 new Students were admitted. The Council regrets to report the deaths of 8 Fellows and I Associate. New Fellows. Emelbus, Harry Julius, D.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., Imperial College of Science and Technology, South Kensington, London, S.W.7. Stein, Norman Oscar, B.Sc. (Manitoba), M.S.(Michigan), Ph.D. (Lond.), 60, Holly Road, Quinton, Birmingham, 32. Re-elected Fellow. West, Charles Alfred, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 327, West Avenue, Rochester, New York, U.S.A. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Berry, Arthur George Vale, 8, End Ridge Road, Pointe-&Pierre, Trinidad, B.W.I. Colborne, Robert Stanley, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., A.M.I.Chem.E., Old Hadleigh, Cape1 St. Mary, Ipswich. Livingston, Charles Sinclair, B.Sc. (Glas.), A.M.I.Chem.E., Irvine, Ayrshire. Metcalfe, William John, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 7, Glenmore Road, Salisbury.North, Charles William, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.K.C., 582, Nottingham Road, Chaddesden, Derby. Stacey, Maurice, D.Sc., Ph.D. (Birm.), The A.E. Hills Laboratories, The University, Edgbaston, Birmingham.Sumner, Major Andrew Theodore, B.Sc. (Lond.), Directorate of Scientific Research, Ministry of Supply, London, W.C.2. Walley, Geoffrey, B.Sc. (Lond.), 43,Langdale Road, Bebington, Cheshire. New Associates. Ames, Alexander King, B.Sc. (Lee&), 45, Polefield Road, Blackley, Manchester, 9. Bramley, Donald, B.Sc. (Lond.), 1, Highfield Crescent, Baildon, Shipley, Yorks. Buchanan, Charles, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Glas.), Organic Chemistry Department, The University, Glasgow. Bull, Lawrence Stanley, B.Sc. (Lond.), 47, Chester Avenue, Cranham, Upminster, Essex. Coats, Robert Reid, B.Sc. (Glas.), 18, Douglas Street, Motherwell, Scotland. Cowling, Richard Ernest, B.Sc. (Lond.), 24, Radmoor Road, Lough- borough.Crawford, Aynsley, M.Sc., Ph.D.(Dunelm), Deneburn, Wansbeck Road, Ashington, Northumberland. Flavell, William, B.Sc. (Birm.), 2, Brook Street, Woodsetton, nr. Dudley,Worcs. Greenhalgh, Richard, B.Sc. (Mane.), 2, Claxton Avenue, Blackley,Manchester, 9. 129 Gregg, Eric French, B.Sc. (Glas.), 2, Colebrooke Street, Glasgow, W.2. Hawkes, John Arthur, B.Sc. (Bris.), The Hollies, Ravenscroft Drive, Chaddesden, Derby. Humphreys, James Leslie, B.So. (Lond.), 139, Worton Road, Isleworth, Mid&. Hunter, Frederick, B.Sc. (Dunelm), North Farm, Newbottle, Houghton- le-Spring, Co. Durham. Johnston, Kerr, B.Sc. (Glas.), Kerston, Knoxland Square, Dumbarton, Scotland. Knight, Claude Leonard, B.Sc. (Birm.), 95, Albert Street, Rugby. MacLean, James Alistair Ross, B.Sc.(Edin.), Ellangowan, Croyard Road, Beady, Invernesshire. March, Peter James, B.Se. (Lond.), 11, Sherdley Road, Crumpsall,Manchester, 8. Martin, David Christie, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Edin.), 12a, Westbourne Square, London, W.2. Mason, William Alexander, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Liv.), 85, Londonderry Road, Stockton-on.Tees, Co. Durham. Meachen, Walter, B.Sc. (Leeds), 136, Blake Road, West Bridgford, Notts. Meakins, Reginald John, B.Sc. (Sydney), Imperial College of Science and Technology, South Kensington, London, S.W.7. Mene, Purushottam Sadashio, B.Sc. (Nagpur), c/o S. R. Mahajan, Esq., Imperial Bank of India, Nagpur, C.P., India. Molloy, Cornelius Christopher, B.Sc. (Lond.), 9, Sandhurst Drive, Ilford, Essex. Morgan, William McGillivray, B.Sc., Ph.D.(Dunelm), 19, Ladybridge Road, Cheadle Hulme, Cheshire. Ormrod, Albert, B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), 51, Cheviot Avenue, Oldham, Lanes. Owen, Edmund Cecil, B.Sc. (Liv.), 14, Heaton Road, Gledholt, Huddersfield. Pinnington, Edward, B.Sc. (Liv.), 11, Oakdale Road, Waterloo, Liver- pool, 22. Quennell, Cyril, B.Sc. (Lond.), B.Pharm., 1, Parkway, Weston Favell, Northampton.Rama Rao, Govindacharla, 1M.Sc. (Benares), Osmania Technical College, Hyderabad, Deccan, India. Ratcliff, Anthony Charles, B.Sc. (Birm.), 55, Lickhill Road, Stourport-on- Severn, Worcs. Rexworthy, Desmond Ramsay, B.Sc. (Bris.), Royal Liver Buildings,Liverpool.Reynolds, Reginald John William, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Birm.), 13, Brierley Drive, Alkrington, Middleton, Manchester.Rossell, Stanley Alan, B.Sc. (Lond.), 38, Selston Drive, Wollaton Park, Nottingham.Sager, Frederick Haworth, 21, Hawthorn Avenue, Oswaldtwistle, Lancs. Sarathy, Manickam Partha, c/o Dr. B. Subramaniam, Mount Road, Coonoor R.E., Nilgiris Dist., India. Steel, Peter, B.Sc. (Lond.), 4, Montem Lane, Slough. Tubb, Clifford Mervyn, B.Sc. (Mane.), 1, Mount Road, Fleetwood, Lancs. Whitney, John Edward Seager, B.Sc. (Lond.), 49, Brookfields Avenue, Mitcham, Surrey. Wilde, Bertrand Ernest, B.Sc. (Lond.), c/o 37, Stanmore Road, Mount Florida, Glasgow, 5.2. Williams, George Cuthbert, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Liv.), 82, Borough Road, Wallasey.Williams, Richard Eryl, B.Sc. (Liv.), Cavendish Villa, Aubrey Street, Liverpool, 6. Re-elected Associate. Murch, Mrs.Edith Hilda, XSc. (Lond.), Walcot, Chirbury, nr. Montgomery. 130 New Students. Allen, David George, 43, Coombe Gardens, New Malden, Surrey. Bell, Jack Gorman, 25, Cherry Street, Blackburn. Benzie, Robert John, 7, Ulster Gardens, Edinburgh, 8. Blackburn, Francis Henry Bernard, Xeedler Hall, Cottingham, E. Yorks. Bristow, Howard Arthur Stanley, 107, Claverdale Road, London, S.W.2. Burkin, Alfred Richard, 68, Walnut Tree Road, Dagenham, Essex. Bushnell, Alexander Claud, 18-24, Baldwin Street, Bristol, 1. Carson, Robert George, 6, Kilbrannan Drive, Greenock, Renfrewshire. Cassini, Carl Winston, c/o 43, Narchmont Crescent, Edinburgh, 9. Cory, Miss Frances Margaret Joan, 5,Humberstone Road, Radford, Coventry. Curran, Bernard Cyril, 9, Westcliffe Road, Liverpool, 12.Gibbons, George Cuthbert, 25, Mentone Road, Heaton Moor, Stockport. Glover, Jack Harry, 88, Gordon Street, Burton-on-Trent. Greenhalgh, Alan D., 21, Bushey Mill Lane, Watford. Hadley, Frederick Charles, 86, Hillaries Road, Erdington, Birmingham, 23. Hall, Ronald Henry, 41, Crescent Road, London, S.E.18. Heath, Harold, 18, Egleston Road, Morden, Surrey. Henbest, Harold Bernard, 244, Upminster Road, Rainham, Essex. Henley, Eric Douglas, 74, Sebert Road, London, E.7. Hiscox, Norman Geoffrey, 3, Kilworth Drive, Leicester. Hornby, Edward Stuart, 9, Cissbury Ring North, London, N.12. Jarvis, Peter Charles, 184, Tottenhall Road, London, N.13. Jordan, Anthony, 4, Park Road, London, W.7. Levitsky, Boris Nicholas, 2, Itayner’s Road, London, S.W.15.Membery, Donald Percy, 69, The Drive, Isleworth. Parvin, Kenneth, 33, Thayer Street, London, W.l. Raw, Francis William, 72, Barnes Street, Clayton-le-Xoors, nr. Accrington. Rees, Philip Owen, 4, Dyffryn Villas, Ferndale, Rhondda, Glam. Riley, Cyril James, 74, lllanser Road, Rainham, Essex. Salmon, John Ernest, 4, Grey Close, Rleadway, London, N.W.11. Smith, Ronald Francis, 183, Earlshall Road, London, S.E.9. Smith, Thomas Sydney, The Brand, Griffydam, Leicester. Stephens, Francis Frederick, 1012, Ashton New Road, Clayton, Man- Chester, 11. Taylor, Peter William, 20, Tylehurst Gardens, Ilford. Tissier, Joseph John, 282, Beulah Hill, London, S.E.19. Walden, Harold Elborough, 149, Hearsall Lane, Earlsdon, Coventry. -DEATHS.Fellows. Andrew Campbell. Arthur Lapworth, B.Sc. (Birm.), KSc. (Manc.), D.Sc. (Lond.), Hon. LLD. (St. Andrews and Birm.), F.R.S. Frank Maudsley, B.Sc. (Vict.). James Picken, B.Sc. (Glas.). John Gustaf Adolf Rhodin. William Thomas Rigby. Andrew John Robertson, D.Sc. (St. Andrews). Harold Rogerson, M.Sc. (Vict.). Associate. Harold Matthew Cooper. CHANGE OF NAMES. (Mrs.) Tillie Zeidenfeld, Associate, to Denfield, by Deed Poll. (Miss) WFifred Osman Jones, Associate, to (Mrs.) Walder, on her marriage. 131 Coming Events. April 22 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (South Yorkshire Section): A Series of short papers of topical interest. At the Metallurgical Club, 198, West Street, Sheffield.INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Leeds Area Section): Joint Meeting with Leeds University Chemical Society. Films on Petroleum Pro -duction. “Chemicals from Petroleum.” Mr. R. H. Morley, at the University, at 5.15 p.m. 24 THE CHEXICAL SOCIETY: Tilden Lecture. “Some Problems in Macro-molecular Chemistry.” Professor H. W. Melville, F.R.S., at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.1, at 4.15 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Liverpool and North Western Section) : “The Profession-Some Observations Sub Rosa.” Mr. J. R. Stubbs, at Reece’s Restaurant, Parker Street, Liverpool, at 6.15 p.m. Annual General Meeting. OF CHEXICALINDUSTRY:25 SOCIETY Joint Meeting with the Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast Section of the Institute. Jubilee Memorial Lecture.“Reflections on the Philosophy of Science.” Professor F. G. Donnan, C.B.E., F.R.S., at King’s College, Newcastle upon Tpe, at 6 p.m. OF28 INSTITETECHEMISTRY (Aberdeen and North of Scotland Section). Annual General Meeting, in the Palace Hotel, Aberdeen, at 7.30 p.m. 28 & ROYALSOCIETYOF ARTS: “Chemotherapy.” G. Stafford Whitby, MAY 5 at the Society, John Adam Street, Adelphi, W.C.2, at 2.30 p.m. 30 THE PHYSICALSOCIETY (Colour Group): “Colour Tolerance.” Mr. H. W. Ellis; “Colour Terminology.” Mr. H. D. Murray, at the Royal Photographic Society, 16, Princes Gate, London, S.W.7, at 2.30 p.m. INSTITUTE : Joint Meeting with the Coke Oven Managers’ OF FUEL Association. “Research and the Coking Industry.” Dr. E. W. Smith, C.B.E., at the Royal Victoria Station Hotel, Sheffield, at 2.30 p.m.May6 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(South Yorkshire Section): Annual General Meeting, at the Rotherham Technical College, at 7.30 p.m. 8 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (South Wales Section): Annual General Meeting, at Mackworth Hotel, High Street, Swansea. 13 THE CHEXICAL SOCIETY (Leeds Are& Section): Eighth Liversidge Lecture: ‘‘ Complex Formation.” Professor N. V. Sidgwick,C.B.E., F.R.S. 15 THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY: Eighth Liversidge Lecture: “Complex Formation.” Professor N. V. Sidgwick, C.B.E., F.R.S.,at Burlington House, Piccadillp, London, W.1, at 4.15 pm, 132 General Notices. Lecture.-Dr. A. E. Dunstan has kindly consented to give a lecture before the Institute on the “Recent Syntheses in the Petroleum Industry,” at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, on Friday, 16th May, at 5 p.m.,-Dr.J. J. Fox, C.B., President, in the Chair. Examinations.-It is hoped that examinations for the Associateship and for the Fellowship will be held in September as usual. Candidates whose applications have not yet been accepted by the Council must forward them to reach the Institute not later than Monday, 16th June. It is hoped that candidates whose applications have then been accepted, may be informed early in July as to the arrange- ments for the examinations. The last date for actual entries and payment of examination fees will be 14th July. Addresses Unknown.-The particular attention of Fellows and Associates is directed to the list of Addresses Unknown at the end of this Part of the Journal and Proceedings.The Council will be greatly obliged if Fellows and Associates, who are able to give the present addresses of the members referred to, will communicate with the Registrar. Active Service.-Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who are on active service with the Navy, Army and Air Force are requested to notify the Registrar of the Institute, giving such particulars as may be permissible, as to their rank, unit, etc. Notices to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship. Copies of the Regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. 133 Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute.For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship, may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute, provided that their applications for this privilege are endorsed by their professors. Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register.Fellows and Asso- ciates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employment are ordinarily required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period if necessary. For the time being the payment of 6s. 6d. is suspended. The Institute also maintains a List of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students or Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar.The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The Library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. Under the Deed of Agreement between the Chemical Society, the Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry, dated July, 1935,the comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is available for the use of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students of the Institute wishing to consult or 134 borrow books. Owing to the war, the Library cannot now be available during the usual hours.It will be open from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. from Monday to Friday, but for the present will re- main closed on Saturdays. Members and Students of the Insti- tute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. The Institute has entered into an arrangement with The Science Library, Science Museum, South Kensington, S.W.7, whereby books may be borrowed on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary of the Institute. Boots’ Booklovers Library.-Under the arrangements made on behalf of Fellows and Associates of the Institute, subscriptions to Boots’ Booklovers Library expired on 1st March. The subscriptions rates are 6s.Gd. for Class B, and 16s.Gd. for Class A. Application forms can be obtained from the Registrar of the Institute. Further information is obtainable from the Head Librarian, Boots’ Booklovers Library, Stamford Street, London, S.E.I. Lewis’s Lending Library.-Any Fellow or Associate who is not already acquainted with this Library of scientific and technical books may obtain a copy of the Prospectus from the Registrar of the Institute. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers (IS. 2d. each) for binding the JOURNAL in annual volumes, are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required. Arrangements may be made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19, Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.z, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSat 5s.2d. each. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who are giving lectures. Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As the slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. 135 Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration. All requests for changes in the Register should be addressed to the Registrar, and not to the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections.A copy of “The Profession of Chemistry” (Fourth Edition, 1938) will be supplied gratis to any Fellow, Associate or Regis- tered Student who has not yet received one, on application to the Registrar. SALTERS’ INSTITUTE OF INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY. Scholarships.-Applications are invited for Salters’ Scholar- ships available for chemists of post-graduate standing. The object of the Scholarships is to afford special training by means of a course of Chemical Engineering at an approved College, for one year. The value of a Scholarship is L250. Applications should be received by the Director, Salters’ Institute of Industrial Chemistry, Salters’ Gardens, Church Road, Watford, Herts., on or before 3rd May, 1941.Full particulars and forms of application may be had on request. 136 INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY REGISTER ADDRESSES REQUIRED Fellows. Anderson, Frederic Alfred, B.Sc. (Lond.). Bardsley, Joshua. Bowles, Horace Edgar, Boyce, Frank. Browning, Ronald George, B.Sc. (Lond.). Darling, Charles Robert, A.R.C.Sc.1. Drinkwater, Basil Walter, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., A.R.S.M. Eastburn, Major Gerald Jerome, M.C., A.R.T.C. Edwards, Vincent. Glendinning, Tom Aldrich, M.Sc. (N.Z.). Gray, Archibald. Hart-Jones, Cyril William, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.). Hogben, Walter. Homer (Miss) Annie, M.A. (Cantab.), Sc.1). (Dub.). King, Charles Arthur, M.Sc.(Leeds). Loudon, Alexander, B.Sc. (Witwatersrand), M.Sc. (Lond.). Morley, Henry Forster, M.A., D.Sc. (Lond.). Peterson, John Hamilton, D.Sc. (Dunelm). Robertson, Joseph Gold, Ph.D. (Jena). Robertson, William Stirling, B.Sc. (Glaa.). Saunders, Wilfrid, B.Sc. (Lond.). Sinclair, St. Clair Overbeek, M.A. (Cape), D.Sc. (Atellenhosch). Subrahmanyan, Vaidyanatha, B.A. (Madras), D.Sc. (Lond.). Watson, Eric Edmund. 'M'illey, Eric John Baxter, Ph.D. (Cantab.), M.Sc. (Dunelm),D.Rc. (Lond.). Wright, Charles James, B.A. (Cantab.). Associates. Barclay, Miss Judith Margaret, R.Sc. (Lond.). Bean, Philip Leslie, A.R.C.S. Behram, Jal D. Edal, M.Sc. (Bombay). Bhavnagri, Shapur Khushro, B.A., B.Sc. (Bombay), B.Sc. (Mane.). Bond, George Douglas, B.Sc.(Lond.). Brandt, Alfred, B.Sc. (Lond.). Brodie, Neal, M.Sc. (Dunelm). Claudet, Richard Arthur Ormerod, B.Sc. (Lond.). Clulow, Frederick Stanley, B.Sc. (Lond.). Cole, Henry George, B.Sc. (Lond.). Cole, Reginald Joseph, B.Sc. (Lond.). 137 Cook, Harry Aaron, B.Sc. (Lond.). Davies, George Parker, B.Sc. (Lond.), M.Sc. (Wales), Ph.D. (Bris.). Davis, Frederick Victor, B.Sc. (Lond.). Dawson, Thomas Theodore, M.Sc. (Birm.). Dean, William Thomas, B.Sc. (Rlanc.). Diamond, Leslie George, B.Sc. (Bris.). Eastman, Clifford William, B.Sc. (Birm.). Eccott, Eustace Nevill, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.). Evans, Thomas Leslie, B.A. (Cantab.). Evans, Thomas Watcyn, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Wales). Fletcher, Peter Bainbrigge, M.Sc. (Lond.). Gardner, William Kidston, B.Sc., Ph.D.(Glas.). Gilbert, Frank Lathe, B.Sc. (Lond.), Ph.D. (Cantab.). Goodwin, Harold Walter, B.Sc. (Glas.). Gordon, Roy Robert, MA., Ph.D. (Glas.). Graham, Frank Nelson, B.Sc. (Liv.). Gresham, Harold Ernest, B.Sc. (Lond.). Grieve, Stanley Trethowa, M.Sc. (Audubon). Grfith, Goronwy, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Wales). Hall, Donald Hugh, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.). Harden, Harold Lawrence, B.Sc. (Lond.). Harrison, Charles Frederick Reed, B.Sc., PILL).(Birm.). Harrison, Christopher Jerome, B.Sc. (Birm.). Helsby, Frank William, B.Sc. (Lond.). Hodson, William Brook, A.C.G.F.C. Holman, Henry John, B.Sc. (Lond.). Horton, Laurence, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.). Jackson, Emmanuel, B.Sc. (N.U.I.). Johnson, Sydney Walgate, B.Sc. (Dun.), Ph.D. (Lond.).Johnston, Alexander, B.Sc. (Glas.). Jones, Edward Henry. Kay, John Louden, A.R.T.C. Kent, Arthur Vincent, M.Sc. (Wales). Khin, Maung Aung, B.Sc. (Rangoon). Kingcome, John Charles, B.Sc. (Lond.). Laurie, Leonard Llewelyn, M.Sc. (Lond.). Lawton, John Huntly Tarring, Ph.D. (Lond.). Lempert, Hyme, M.Sc. (Manc.). Linzell, Leslie, A.C.G.I. Rlahal, Harbhajan Singh, M.Sc. (Punjab). Maitra, Manan Kumar, Ph.D. (Lond.). Manchester, Leslie George, B.Sc. (Lond.). Mansell, Richard Ivor, B.Sc. (Lond.). Markham, Peter John, B.Sc. (Lond.). Marsh, Ernest Victor, B.Sc. (Vict.). Matheson, Donald, M.A., B.Sc., Ph.D. (Aberd.). RlcCullagh, Thomas Anthony, M,Sc, (N.U.I.). McGregor, Thomas, M.A., B.Sc., Ph.D. (Glas.). 138 Mein, Henry Cranston, B.So.(Edin.). Milne, Stephen George Mount Stephen, B.Sc. (Aberd.). Morris, John Vernon, B.Sc. (Lond.). Norris, Edward Frank, B.Sc. (Lond.), Parker, Hugh Edniund, MSc. (Lond.). Pearson, Ernest Leigh, M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.). Peel, Patrick Robert Elliott, B.Sc. (Lond.). Pemberton, Douglas Gordon, M.Sc. (Mano.). Penny, Ernest Edgar, B.So. (Lond.). Pinder, Harold William, A.Met. (Sheffield). Randall, Robert Bennet, B.So., Ph.D. (Lond.). Ransome, Harry Norman, B.So. (Lond.). Richmond, Kenneth William, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Liv.). Rigby, Joe, M.Sc. (Manc.). Robert, Roger Felix Laurent, M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.). Robinson, Rupert Eardley. Rose, Leslie. Salt, Wilfred Austin, M.C., B.So.Tech. Sames, Kenneth, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.). Saunders, Benjamin, B.Sc. (Lond.). Sheldon, Wilfred, M.Sc.(Vict.). Sheldrick, George, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Dunelm). Tavroges, Joseph, B.Sc. (Lond.). Taylor, William Edward Leslie. Thi, Maung Ba, B.So. (Rangoon). Thom, William Albert Strang, B.So. (Glas.). Thornley, Derek George Claude, B.Sc. (Q.U.B.). Tonkin, James Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.). Walden, Alfred Edward, B.So. (Lond.). Walkey, Wilfred Alan, B.Sc. (Lond.). Wallbank, Albert William, B.So. (Birm.). Wallis, Norton James Hugh, BSc., Ph.D. (Lond.). Wigram, Peter Woolmore, B.A. (Cantab.). Wild, George Lewis Edgar, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.). Wildman, Harry, B.So. (Manc.). Williams, Benjamin Haydn, B.So., Ph.D. (Liv.). Williams, Evan, M.So. (Wales). Williams, Frank Archer, M.So., Ph.D. (Lond.). Wood, Reginald John. Wrather, Harry Coupe, M.Sc. (Manc.).Yates, Edmund Denys, B.So., Ph.D. (Lond.). Yeats, Howard, B.Sc. (Lond.). 139 Institute of Chemistry Benevolent Fund Founded in 1920as a memorial to Fellows, Associates and Students who died in the service of their country, 1914-18. Contributions may be forwarded to The Hon. Treasurer, FUND,INSTITUTEBENEVOLENT OF CHEMISTRY, 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, W.C.I.LONDON, APPOINTMENTS REGISTER Fellows and Associates are reminded to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. All communications to be addressed to the Registrar. 140 THEGOVERNMENT IS ASKING YOU to help your country by subscribing to Savings Bonds and ATational Wnr Bonds. Money thus placed at the disposal of the State strengthens our financial structure and so gives us more power to defeat the enemy, and shorten the war.Money is needed and needed urgently. Every effort you make to lend the State more money; is an efort made on behalf of your country. 3% SAVINGS BONDS (1955-1965) and 2115% NATIONAL WAR BONDS (1946-1948) Full Trustee Securities having the following features in comnion : Payment in full on application- Price of issue f 100 per cent.-Subscriptions of flOO or any higher multiple of f50 will be received until further notice- Interest accrues from date of purchase-No limit to holdings. Prospectus and application forms obfainable from Banks or Stockbrokers.