THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED, 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER,1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1930. -PART 111. __ -__ TssuetI iinder the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD €3. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, LV.C. I.LONDOX;, June, 1930. Publications Committee, 1930-31 LEWIS EYNON (Chairnznn), G. C. CLAYTON (I’r~sident), H. B. BROWN, H. V.A. BRISCOE, W. J. A.BUTTERFIELD, A. M. CAMERON, A. J. CHAPMAN, F. D. CHATTAWAY, A. COULTHARD, W. R. FEARON, C. S.GIBSON, W. H. GIBSON, T. P. HILDITCH, L. E. HINKEL, J. G. KING, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (Hon. Tveasurer) D. JORDAN LLOYD, H. M. MASON, C. A. MITCHELL, W. D. ROGERS, WILLIAM WARDLAW, F.J. WILSON, A. W.M. WINTLE. 153 Proceedings of the Council. APRILMAY, 1930. Poisons and Pharmacy Acts .-Following on the report and Part I1notes contained in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, (pages 97-99; 134-136),with reference to the Report of the Departmental Committee on the Poisons and Pharmacy Acts, the Legal and Parliamentary Committee of the Institute, which has the Report under consideration, will be glad to receive suggestions from Fellows and Associates on any matters of im-portance to professional chemists which should be reviewed in the light of the proposed new legislation. Contracts of Service and the Rights of Inventors.- The Legal and Parliamentary Committee also invites the views of Fellows and Associates on questions concerning contracts of service, including the contracts of research chemists and of others who may be concerned in the invention of processes, which may assist the Committee in the consideration of these matters.British Patent Law Reform.-On the consideration of representations received from various members regarding the proposed method of dealing with medical patents in the Report of the Joint Chemical Committee on Patent Law Reform, the Council of the Institute has addressed a communication to the Board of Trade Patents Committee stating that, although the Report of the Joint Chemical Committee received the general approval of the Council in November, 1929,the Council had not before it, at that time, the views of research chemists engaged in work connected with medical patents.Having given careful consideration to the proposed scheme of dedicated patents, the Council has formed the opinion that medical patents should not be treated differently from other patents. The Council has expressed the view that the individual research worker should not be deprived of any reward for the results of his inventions, and that manufacturers could not afford to retain the services of research chemists if they were to be deprived of any advantage to be gained from their work. Civil Service.-The Institute of Physics recently called attention to the omission of any representative of science on the Royal Commission on the Civil Service, and invited the Federal 154 Council for Chemistry to appoint delegates to attend a con-ference to discuss the advisability of making representation to the Government on this matter. The Council of the Institute agreed to co-operate, and ap- pointed Professor Arthur Smithells, Past President, to represent the Institute at a meeting held on 29th May.It is understood that the proceedings will be reported in due course. Colonial Appointments .-The Council has received repre- sentations from members in the Colonies regarding the tendency of government authorities to entrust analytical work to members of other professions during the temporary absence of official chemists. The Council feels that this tendency should be watched, that occurrences of the kind should be reported, since it is not to be supposed that efficient administration can be secured by entrusting chemical work to those who are not chemists.The practice should only be resorted to when properly qualified professional chemists are not available in the district. It has also been suggested that chemists holding positions as officers of the Colonial Service should be notified of vacancies in the Service, and be allowed sufficient time to become candidates for them, if they wish to make a change of appointment. The difficulty with regard to this matter arises from the circumstance that the appointing authorities are frequently required to deal with such matters urgently. On the other hand, considerable difficulty is occasionally experienced in inducing other chemists to apply for appointments, even such as offer very reasonable prospects, in Overseas Dominions, and it is hoped that members using the Appointments Register will more frequently signify their willingness to consider suitable appointments abroad.Australian Chemical Institute.-Professor A. C. D. Rivett, Chief Executive Officer of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (Australia), has been authorised by the Australian Chemical Institute to confer with the officers of the Institute regarding the petition for the grant of a Royal Charter to the Australian Body. It is hoped that the negotiations will result in mutual understanding and agreement upon the questions raised in the observations on the petition forwarded by the Council of the British Institute to H.M.Privy Council (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part VI, 1929). Pedler Research Scholarship.-Mr. G. M. Moir, the present holder of the Pedler Scholarship, is about to complete 155 his work on “Methods for the determination of casein, albumen, and globulin in milk, and the consideration of any points arising therefrom.” It is hoped that arrangements will shortly be made for the publication of his results. Chemical Standardisation.-In response to an invitation, addressed by the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers, to the Institute and other societies and institutions likely to be interested in the organisation of chemical standardisation, the Council, at its meeting on 4th April, appointed Mr.W. J. A. Butterfield as the representative of the Institute to attend a conference on this subject. The matter is proceeding. Chemical Society Library .-Mr. G. Nevi11 Huntly, Member of Council, has been appointed to represent the Institute on the Library Committee of the Chemical Society for the present year. The Dixieme Congres de Chimie 1ndustrielle.-The Council of the Institute has been invited to nominate a delegate to the 10th Congress of Industrial Chemistry, organised by the French Society of Chemical Industry, to be held at Li&e from 7th to 13th September next, and also to appoint a repre-sentative to attend the 10th International Conference of Chemistry to be held at Li6ge from 14th to 20th September.Delegates will be appointed at an early meeting, and, in the meantime, the Council will be glad to hear from any Fellow who intends to be present at the Congress, in order that the organisers may be notified. Beilby Awards .-The Administrators of the Beilby Memorial Fund have reported that they propose to announce two awards early in July. Publication.-Sir Thomas Legge’s lecture on “Lessons Learnt from Industrial Gases and Fumes,” given before the Institute on zIst February, was issued to Fellows and Associates with JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part 11. Examinations .-This Part of the JOURNAL AND PROCEED-INGS contains an abstract of the Report of the Board of Ex-aminers on the April Examinations of the Institute (pages 171- 181).The Council is glad to note an increase in the number of candidates, and an improvement in the percentage of successes. 156 Local Sections. Aberdeen, Edinburgh and G1asgow.-A joint meeting of the Aberdeen, Edinburgh and Glasgow Sections was held in Edinburgh, in co-operation with the Edinburgh and Glasgow Sections of the Society of Chemical Industry, on zyd-zqth May. The proceedings opened on 23rd May with a Reception in the Common Room at the Heriot-Watt College. After tea, the meeting adjourned to the Lecture Hall of the College, where Mr. A. M. Cameron (chairman) having welcomed the visitors from other cities, called upon Prof. J. P. Kendall to give an address on ‘‘Chemistry in Naval Warfare.” Prof. Kendall said that, during the Great War, many new and pressing problems of a chemical nature came up for solution, and the experts attached to the navies of the various allied governments were kept busily engaged in solving them. He had acted as a liaison officer between the United States and the European naval experimental stations, interchanging information and correlating the latest advances made in each.Two only of the many topics studied would be taken up in detail,-the production of smoke screens and the use of gas in naval warfare. The pre-war method of producing a smoke screen was to belch forth black clouds from the funnels by incomplete com- bustion of the fuel supply. These clouds rapidly dissipated and were quite useless against submarine attack.Several types of white smoke were evolved which proved much more durable and efficient. It was under the cover of a chemical smoke screen of this nature that the raid on Zeebrugge was successfully carried out. Toxic gas was not actually employed in any of the naval engagements in the Great War, but a considerable amount of research work was done in the direction of developing materials which would satisfy the many conflicting requirements. The conditions for the use of gas at sea were totally different from 157 those encountered in trench warfare and, both on the offensive and on the defensive side, a number of difficult points needed to be taken into careful consideration before results of any value were finally obtained. The address was illustrated with a series of very interesting lantern slides.A vote of thanks was accorded to Prof. Kendall, on the motion of Prof. F. J. Wilson, seconded by Prof. Hendrick. Dr. Tocher proposed a vote of thanks to Principal J. C. Smail and the Governors of the Heriot-Watt College for kindly giving the facilities for holding the meeting in the College. This was seconded by Dr. Cranston. Principal Smail having replied, the proceedings concluded with a vote of thanks to the Chairman, proposed by Prof. A. Lauder, seconded by Dr. P. F. Gordon. The meeting was attended by over 80 members and their friends. Following the meeting, Mr. Cameron presided at an informal dinner held in the North British Station Hotel. In proposing the toast of “The Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry,” Principal Smail expressed the hope that the development of the electrical power schemes now in progress in Scotland would be accompanied by an extension of the activities of chemists, by the setting up of new chemical factories. Dr.Tocher replied on behalf of the Societies. Prof. Lauder proposed the toast of “The Guests, ” to which Prof. A. G. Clark replied. The very enjoyable evening was brought to a close with “Auld Lang Syne,” following the toast of “The Chairman,” proposed by Dr. R. H. Hopkins. The morning of 24th May was devoted to visits to Colinton Mains Farm and to the new University Buildings at West Mains Road. At the farm, which belongs to the Corporation of Edinburgh and supplies milk to the City Hospitals, an interesting tour was made under the guidance of Mr.A. Gofton, F.R.C.V.S., the Chief Veterinary Inspector for the City. Mr. Gofton was warmly thanked for arranging the visit and for his personal interest in it. The party then proceeded to the University buildings, where the newly opened Zoology Department and the Animal Breeding Research Department, as well as the Chemistry section, were inspected. The thanks of members were expressed to Dr. O’Donoghueof the Zoology Department, Dr. D. Bain, Mr. W. G. 158 R. Murray of the Chemistry Department, and Dr. Crew, Director of the Animal Breeding Research Laboratories, for so kindly entertaining the party. Belfast and District.-On the 20th March, Dr.J. Hawthorne presided at a meeting of the Section held in the Royal Belfast Academical Institution, when Dr. Hugh Graham gave a lecture on bb Helping Nature.” Under this title come many matters of interest, but Dr. Graham confined his remarks to fruit culture. The fruit-grower has to fight against pests, blights and diseases on his plants. Chemicals of various kinds have been in use for a long time, and spraying, dusting or fumigating are now part of the ordinary practice of every up-to-date fruit-grower. In spite of the large number and the complicated chemical nature of the substances used as fungicides and insecticides, there is no real knowledge of their chemical action. Here is another practically untrodden field for the physiologist and the chemist.The various methods employed in helping plants to bear better fruit may be summarised under the two heads-preventive and curative. Preventive measures include-the use of resistant varieties of plants; the application of chemicals to protect the plant from attack and to kill insects’ eggs; and the encouragement of the enemies of the parasites. Curative methods are concerned with the destruction of the parasites during their attack on the plant, by means of toxic chemicals. Insecticides are classified according to the habits of the insect against which they are used. Chewing insects are attacked by the so-called “stomach poisons.” The poison is eaten along with the plant tissue, and kills by absorption through the alimentary canal.With the sucking insects a poison of this type would not be very efficient as the insect obtains its food by piercing the outer surface of the plant tissue and sucking the liquid contents. The attack, therefore, on these insects is made with a “contact poison.” The lethal action is by contact and probable absorption through the body of the insect. Spraying (liquids)-as distinct from dusting (powders) and fumigating (gases)-is the method of attack on parasites which has the widest application. The spray may be a solution, a suspension, or an emulsion; it must be effective against the parasite, harmless 159 to the plant, capable of spreading and sticking and, finally, it must be cheap.Dealing with emulsions and colloidal suspensions, Dr. Graham mentioned some of the interesting problems connected with the preparation and application of these. In the discussion which followed, many interesting facts and experiences were related by Dr. J. Hawthorne, Dr. W. Honneyman, Mr. R. F. Blake, and others. Bristol and South-Western Counties.-Mr. Frank Southerden, of Exeter, has been elected Chairman of the Section. Arrangements have been made for members of the Section and their friends to visit the works of the Exeter Gas Light and Coke Co. on 25th June. Future meetings will include a paper on “Some Thallium Compounds,” by Dr. R. C. Menzies, to be given in November; a discussion on professional matters in January, I93X,and the -4nnual General Meeting in March, 1931.Glasgow and West of Scotland.-A joint meeting of the Section, with the Local Sections of the Society of Chemical Industry and the Chemical Engineering Group of the Society of Chemical Industry, was held in The Engineers’ and Shipbuilders’ Institute, Glasgow, on 7th March, when a paper was read on ‘*The Insulation of Heated and Cooled Surfaces,” by J. S. F. Gard and R. F. Robinson. The full text of the paper was published in Chemistry and Industry on 17th March. Mr. Thomas Ramsay presided, and welcomed Mr. Talbot, the Chairman, and other members of the Chemical Engineering Group, who had travelled from London to attend the meeting. The paper was full of interest and was followed by an excellent discussion, in which Mr.Talbot, Prof. V. L. Mellanby, Messrs. D. A. MacCallum, Eustace Elliott, C. S. Garland, G. E. McLellan, W. McNab, James McGregor, Thomson, H. Sanders, Robert Hamilton, James McLeod, P. F. Gordon, J. Roberts, W. R. Gaythwaite, and I. V. Hopper participated. In the course of his remarks, Mr. Talbot said that he had always been a strong advocate for the holding of joint meetings of the various sections of the Society of Chemical Industry with sections of other scientific institutions. In his opinion there were far too many association meetings of purely local interest, and if they could join with other organisations in discussing 160 subjects of national or local interest they might be able tocut down the number of these meetings and at the same time do a greater national work.Incidentally, he thought the prestige of the Society of Chemical Industry would thereby be increased. Dr. P. F. Gordon, Hon. Local Secretary of the Institute, in replying, said that , in Glasgow, the arrangements indicated by Mr. Talbot had been followed. The ten societies interested in chemistry in the area co-operated, through their association of secretaries,‘ in the arrangement of joint meetings, and a calendar of all local chemical meetings was issued to the members of each society. On 14th March the local chemical societies participated in a joint smoking concert held at “The Grosvenor,” Glasgow. Mr. Thomas Ramsay presided, supported by Prof. F. J. Wilson. The student societies provided an orchestra and many of the vocal soloists. As in previous years, about 200 members were present, and the meeting proved to be one of the most enjoyable social events of the session.Mr. A. R. Jamieson, Hon. Assistant Secretary of the Section, has been elected Convener of the Association of Secretaries of local Chemical Societies, in succession to Prof. D. N. McArthur (past Hon. Assistant Secretary of the Section) ,who has resigned. Mr. Jamieson has also been re-elected Convener of the Pamsay Dinner Committee. Huddersfie1d.-The fourth meeting of the session was held in Ravensknowle Museum on 18th February, when Mr. W. D. Scouller presided, in the absence of the Chairman. An address was given by Dr. D. A. Wray, of the Geological Survey Office, York, on “The Geology of the Huddersfield District, with special reference to Water Supply.’’ The lecturer said that the public water supplies of the large towns of Lancashire and Yorkshire were largely drawn from impounded reservoirs on the high Pennine moorlands. The moorlands had a comparatively high rainfall, and were sparsely 161 populated, and the whole constituted catchment areas for large town supplies.Practically the whole of the moorlands had been taken up or leased for water supplies, and the time was not far distant when other sources would be required. When an addition was required to the gravitational supply, the question of boring for water on a large scale would arise.In this respect Huddersfield was very fortunately situated, as it was known to be underlain by massive gritstones. Its actual underground water resources were probably very large; and although this could be tested only by trial boring, the general consideration of the geological struc- ture of the district would become of prime importance in governing such investigations. Dr. Wray explained the geological structure of the area. It was comparatively simple : the Millstone Grit, which predomin- ated in this district, had been derived from the breakdown of rocks of granitic type. The relics of this formation which still existed showed that the rock, at one time, extended over an area of probably 25,000 square miles-four times the size of Yorkshire-and that, at an average, its thickness was probably half a mile.The question of water supply in the grits was governed by quite different factors from those which obtained in such beds as chalk or soft red sandstone. In the case of the latter all that was necessary was to bore down to the stationary water level and pump the supply. With the Millstone Grit the position was quite different ;a shallow well might lead to a copious supply and another be quite dry. Some wells sunk in Hudders- field to a depth of over 1,500 ft. below the surface had yielded practically no water, while others less than zoo ft. had given quite satisfactory supplies. “It is quite impossible,” added Dr. Wray, “to predict whether conditions for water supply will be good or otherwise. All we can do is to indicate at what depths the grits can be found, and their relative thicknesses.Very little reliance can be placed on water-diviners according to the results we have obtained where we have investigated the claims they have made. ” The presence of cracks and fissures in the grit indicated a good supply. Conditions for obtaining water in the coal measures were not nearly so good or reliable as in the Millstone Grits. In the case of the grits it might be obtained copiously from the joints or fault-lines. The underground water of the coal 162 measures was of a very variable characier, whilst that from the Millstone Grits was remarkably soft and free from impurity. The lecture, which was illustrated by lantern slides, maps and geological sections, was followed by an interesting discussion. In reply to one question, Dr.Wray said that he anticipated good supplies from artesian wells. The lecturer was cordially thanked on the motion of Major J. F. Sykes (vice-chairman of the Waterworks Committee of the Huddersfield Corporation), seconded by Dr. Morley . Thanks were also expressed to Dr. T. W. Woodhead for his kindness in arranging for the meeting to be held at the Museum. Following Dr. Wray’s lecture on 18th February,-when the interest centred largely round a discussion of the water-boring operations which were being carried out with a view to increasing the gravitational supply,-arrangements were made, through the kindness of Major J.F. Sykes, Vice-chairman of the Waterworks Committee of the Huddersfield Corporation, for the members of the Section to visit the bore-holes at the Isle of Skye and Blackmoorfoot on 1st May. The party first inspected the Isle of Skye bore-hole, where the cores were laid out, and the method of operating was ex- plained by Mr. W. Armitage, Water Engineer to the Corporation. After being entertained to tea by Major Sykes, the members proceeded to Blackmoorfoot, where a shaft of about 10 ft. diameter had been sunk. A visit was also made to the purification plant, where the water is filtered after treatment with aluminium sulphate and lime. On the motion of Mr. Varley, seconded by Mr. Kandolph, the members expressed their thanks to Major Sykes and Mr.Armitage. The fifth meeting of the session was held in Collinson’s Caf6 on 11th March, when Dr. A. E. Everest presided over a good at tendance. Dr. W. H. Hatfield, of the Brown-Firth Research Labora- tories, Sheffield, gave an address on Corrosion and Heat-resisting Steels.” In his opening remarks, Dr. Hatfield traced the development of the acid- and heat-resisting steels, and showed that the resistance to corrosion of iron was materially increased when 163 alloyed with nickel, chromium, tungsten, etc., either singly or in combination. The modern acid-resisting steels could be looked upon as consisting essentially of 16 to 20 per cent. chromium, 8 to 12 per cent. nickel, with a low carbon content; tungsten, molybdenum and copper were also sometimes included for special purposes.These steels were austenitic, whereas the original type of stainless steel, containing 12 to 14per cent. chromium, was martensitic. Turning to the mechanical properties of these steels, Dr. Hatfield showed that yield points between 17 and 38 tons per square inch were available, together with ultimate stress figures of about 37 to 63 tons per square inch. A characteristic of the austenitic steels was their great ductility; over 50 per cent. elongation and reduction of area were obtainable. In any steel for chemical plant work, the following features were required :-(I) Necessary resistance to the particular conditions of service. (2) Availability in any form.(3) Ready capacity for deformation, hot or cold. (4) Machinability. (5) Weldability. (6) Simplicity of heat-treatment. (7) Sufficiently low initial cost. The lecturer felt that these requirements were met by the present-day steels. Speaking of the manipulation of these austenitic steels, the lecturer showed that the correct temperature for hot-working was 11~0-10~0°C. It was desirable to avoid heating the steel to the intermediate range of goo-500" C. When hot-working these steels, allowance had to be made for the high coefficient of expansion of 0-oooozo, i.e. about 50 per cent. greater than for mild steel. With regard to cold working, it was shown that, when fully softened, these steels could be (I) readily decreased 25-30 per cent.in thickness (sheet); (2) readily reduced in diameter 25-30 per cent. (wire); (3) pressed to a depth of 40 per cent. of the diameter. 164 After such working, softening could be resorted to; this was done by quickly cooling from a temperature of about 1100--1150~ C. It was pointed out that these steels could be readily welded, and factors to be noted in that connection were:- (I) The exercise of skill and resource on the part of the welder, with a view to avoiding warping, etc. (2) The undesirability of welding thick and thin sections together . (3) The stresses left in a structure after welding might be of consideiable magnitude. The lecturer intimated, with regard to oxy-acetylene welding, that it was very necessary to maintain a strictly neutral flame.If too much oxygen were present the resulting weld would be unsound; whilst if too much acetylene were used, the carbon content of the weld metal would be increased, thus producing a hard weld, and one, moreover, the characteristics of which would be modified as regards its resistance to corroding media. The steels in question could be successfully welded by the electric arc, the electric resistance and flash processes, in addition to the oxy-acetylene process. Mention was also made of the fact that, in general, after welding and hot manipulation of these steels, it was necessary to heat-treat the finished parts in order to remove stresses and also to put the material in its best condition to resist corroding media.Dr. Hatfield also referred to the phenomenon of passivity, and showed that it might be attained or prevented by:-(I) Composition of the steel. (2) Condition of the steel. (3) Composition of the corroding media. (4) Temperature of the corroding media. The condition of the surface was affected by all these factors. Following the lecture, a film was shown depicting the fabrica- tion of acid-resisting steel plant in all its stages from the making of the steel to the finished built-up plant. The Chairman, Dr. Morley, Messrs. Foster, Pink and Randolph, took part in the discussion, and a very hearty vote of thanks was accorded to Dr. Hatfield for his interesting lecture.165 Irish Free State.-The City Laboratory, Dublin, was visited on 5th May, when the members were received by Dr. W. C. Dwyer, City Commissioner; Mr. B. G. Fagan, City Analyst; Dr. M. J. Russell; and Mr. P. J. Hanlon, of the Public Health Department. Dr. Dwyer, in welcoming the visitors, spoke in an appreciative manner of the work of the late Sir Charles Cameron and of Mr. B. G. Fagan, the original and present holders, respectively, of the office of City Analyst. He assured his listeners that he regarded the work carried out in the laboratory as of prime importance to the public. Professor L4deney thanked the Commissioner and the other officers for their kindness in receiving the visitors, and said that he was much impressed by the friendly remarks of Dr.Dwyer concerning the work of the City Analyst. The members were then conducted over the laboratory by Mr. Fagan and Mr. Thornton, who explained the various types of apparatus and analytical methods used. Liverpool and North-Western.-On 13th March, the Section participated in a joint meeting with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, when Mr. William Doran delivered a lecture on ‘‘Odour and Chemical Constitution,” which was reported in Chemistry and Industry, 21st March, P-235. The eleventh Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at the St. George’s Restaurant, Liverpool, on 10th April. The reports of the Honorary Treasurer and Honorary Secretary were received.The Honorary Secretary, in his report, mentioned that the membership of the Section had increased by 7, to 341. Seven meetings had been held, particulars of which had been reported in the JOURNAL. The Section recorded with satisfaction that one of its members, Dr. R. A. Morton, had been awarded the Meldola Medal. Messrs. Knowles and Hardwick were reappointed as Honorary Auditors. Mr. E. Gabriel Jones was elected Chairman, on the retirement of Dr. R. Thomas, who was elected Vice-chairman for the ensuing session. Prof. W. H. Roberts was elected Hon. Treasurer, and Mr. W. Ferguson Buist, Hon. Secretary. 166 The following were elected members of the Section Committee: Prof. C. 0. Bannister, Dr. I;. J. Brislee, Messrs. Crosbie Oates, A.0. Jones, K. B. Croad, and L. V. Cocks. Preliminary consideration was given to the programme to be arranged for the next session. London and South-Eastern Counties.-On 9th April, at a well-attended meeting held at the Institute, Dr. R. M. Bronte gave a lecture on 66 The Medical Witness.” Prof. J. C. Drummond presided. Dr. Bronte said that there were two general classes of medical witnesses, viz. (I) those dealing with the living, and (2) those dealing with the dead. In the first class there was a possibility of complete divergence of views. Witnesses had sometimes to express opinions on the most meagre of facts; perhaps they would be asked how long a certain incapacity might last. This would probably depend largely on the mental outlook of the patient, and the mere settlement of a compensation claim might almost work a miracle in the recovery,-a result which might not be foreseen.Many factors had to be taken into account, and opinions generally depended upon probabilities rather than possibilities. The degree of importance put upon each factor would vary with the witnesses, who could not be blamed for their conflicting opinions, In the case of the second class of medical witnesses, there should be no such wide divergences. The witness would have certain data upon which to base his conclusions, but these should be governed by possibility rather than by probability. The cases would usually be exceptional, and all opinions expressed should, therefore, be such as would include the exceptions. A witness should not be afraid to say he did not know, if the eventualities were so many as to preclude a more definite answer.As an example, Dr. Bronte instanced the frequent question “How long has a person been dead? ” The witness would have certain general and well-known facts to guide him, such as the temperature and physical condition of the body, the position and amount of covering, etc. These would generally enable him to give an approximate answer to the question, if all the circumstances were normal. But usually the circumstances were abnormal, and the answer must allow for all possibilities, as it might be of vital importance to some suspected person. In 167 illustration, Dr. Bronte outlined a fictitious incident in “Edgar Wallace” style, and showed how easily all the possibilities might not be taken into account, with dire consequences to an innocent person.In one case with which he had been connected a number of medical men had expressed opinions that a person had been dead for a period which varied from 5 days to 3 weeks. In actual fact, the period was less than 18 hours. In endeavouring to determine the cause of death, Dr. Bronte expressed the hope that any chemist who was required to examine viscera, and had the opportunity of conferring with the medical man who conducted the post-mortem, should insist on all organs being placed in glass-stoppered bottles, without rubber washers or rings, and should request that the intestinal canal should be ligatured in several places to enable a separate analysis of each portion to be made.Another question frequently asked was: “Were these wounds self-inflicted? ” In this connection, Dr. Bronte mentioned instances in which wounds of the most extraordinary nature were known to have been self-inflicted. In these cases it would have been regarded as virtually impossible for the person to have so wounded himself. Witnesses must not confuse improb- ability with impossibility; and the definite statement that it was impossible for a man so to wound himself might, in certain circumstances, be damning, but unwarrantable, evidence against another person. At the conclusion of the lecture, Dr. BrontC, in reply to a question, stated how almost impossible it was to say what time had elapsed since the last meal was taken by a person.When one considered the differences in the digestibility of food, in the extent of cooking, in the activity of the gastric juices, etc., it was extremely difficult to hazard even an approximate opinion. The witness must allow the very widest limits which he can conceive possible. On 3rd May, the Section visited Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden. In the morning, about fifty members inspected the laboratories and were given detailed accounts of the work of the various departments. In the afternoon, together with a further sixty members, they visited the fields and plots where the large-scale experimental work is carried out.A very enjoyable and instructive day was agreeably concluded by the party being entertained to tea by Sir John Russell. 168 Malaya.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at the College of Medicine, Singapore, on the zznd February, Mr. J. C. Cowap in the chair. The Annual Report and Financial Statement were received and adopted, and a vote of thanks was passed to the Auditors. The Chairman, Mr. Cowap, in his address, said that he was glad to be able to say that the Section was in a flourishing condi- tion. The number of members was increasing, while the financial position was sound. A number of very interesting papers had been read before the Section during the year 1929. There were three matters on which, in his opinion, the Section was to be congratulated, namely, that the Director of Agriculture, S.S.and F.M.S., Dr. H. A. Tempany, and the acting Director of the Rubber Research Institute, Major B. J. Eaton, were both chemists and Fellows of the Institute; and that the Government Analyst’s Department, Singapore, had recently been made an independent department, with the creation of a new appointment of Chief Chemist. Mr. Cowap then referred to the death of Dr. Frankland Dent, the news of which reached Malaya after the previous annual meeting. It was due to the enthusiasm of Dr. Dent, together with Major Eaton and Mr. R. W. Blair, that the Malaya Section was formed in 1923,with Dr. Dent as the first Chairman. The meeting recorded its deep regret at the loss of one who had had the welfare of the Local Section and of the Institute as a whole so much at heart.The following members were elected to serve on the Committee for the ensuing year :-Kuala Lumpur.-Dr. H. A. Tempany, Major B. J. Eaton, Mr. J. Shelton, Dr. I. A. Simpson (Hon. Secretary). Singapore.-Mr. F. L. Okell, Mr. R. E. Willgress, and Mr. F. H. Geake (Assist. Hon. Secretary). Messrs. Blair and Byron were nominated auditors for 1930. Dr. H. A. Tempany was unanimously elected Chairman, and Dr. I. A. Simpson, Honorary Secretary. A discussion then ensued on matters of local interest, includ- ing the publication of papers read before the Section, the arrange- ments for the Annual Dinner and future meetings. A vote of thanks was accorded to the Principal of the College of Medicine for the use of the meeting room.In the evening the members of the Section welcomed a number 169 of guests to a very enjoyable dinner and dance at the Europe Hotel. On the following day, by kind permission of the Master Attendant, Singapore, Capt. G. H. Freyberg, O.B.E., R.N., a most interesting and enjoyable visit was paid to the Raffles Lighthouse, twelve miles from Singapore, where it was found that sea bathing in the wonderfully clear water surrounding the lighthouse provided a very pleasant relaxation. Manchester and District .-A summer excursion has been arranged to take place on 12th July. Chester has been chosenas thevenue, with a boat trip up the River Dee to Eccleston Ferry and a visit to Eaton Park, returning by Ironbridge.Manchester and District (Students’ Section) .-The first of a series of talks on professional subjects was given on 21st March, at the St. George’s Cafd, Manchester, by the President of the Students’ Section, Mr. W. D. Rogers, who spoke on 6b The Profession of Chemistry.” Mr. Rogers dealt with the following questions:- (I) What constitutes a Profession? (2) Is there a Profession of Chemistry? (3) Is the Profession of Chemistry recognised? (4) What remains to be done to make our Profession ideal? (5) What is our duty in this respect? and developed his theme by quotations from- (a) The Growth of the Profession of Chemistry during the past Half-Century (1877-1927), by Mr.A. Chaston Chapman. (b) Prof. Arthur Smithells’ Introduction to The Profession of Chemistry. (c) The Charter of the Institute. (d) The Code of Professional Conduct and Ethics of the American Institute of Chemistry, and (e) The Chemist and Commerce, by Dr. Leslie H. Lampitt. In concluding his address, he quoted “ten commandments ” for the chemist’s guidance. An interesting discussion took place, in which Messrs. Booton, Maddocks, Sowerbutts and Weir participated, and numerous questions were put to the lecturer, on points arising out of the necessarily brief survey which he bad given, 170 A vote of thanks was accorded to Mr. Rogers, on the motion of Mr. Maddocks, seconded by Mr. Weir.Following representations to the Council, an examination for the Associateship was held in Manchester in April; and, provided sufficient candidates desire to present themselves for the examinations locally, it is hoped that this concession will be continued. The next meeting of Students will take the form of an ex- cursion. Details of this will be circulated later. Newly enrolled Students are invited to become members of the Students’ Section, and should forward the subscription of 2s. 6d. to Mr. Frank Sowerbutts, B.Sc.Tech., Hon. Secretary and Treasurer, 244 Wellington Road South, Stockport. 171 April Examinations, 1930, Abstract of the Report of the Board of Examiners. Examinations were held at the times and places mentioned below; the number of candidates examined and of those who passed were :-No.NO. examined. passed.For the Associateship- At the Institute; and at the University, Manchester: 31st March-5th April .. *34 20 For the Pellowship- At the Institute : 7th -1 lth April : Branch C : Organic Chemistry- With special reference to Oils, Fats and Waxes (excluding Mineral and Essential Oils) .. .. .. 1 1 With special reference to Soapmaking and Edible Oils and Fats . . .. 1 1 With special reference to Oils, Fats and Waxes for Soapmaking and Edible Purposes, excluding Mineral and Essential Oils . . .. .. 1 I At the Institute : Branch E : The Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs, and of Water: 7th-12th April . . **14 10 At the Institute: Branch G: Industrial Chemistry, with special reference to Oils and Fats, including Edible Oils and Soap manufacture, excluding Mineral and Essential Oils :7th-I Ith April .... 1 1 In the Laboratory of Mr. William Bacon: Branch G : Industrial Chemistry, with special reference to the Technology of Paper Making :8th-1 Ith April . . .. 1 1 At the College of Technology, Manchester : Branch G : Industrial Chemistry, with special reference to Bleaching, Dyeing and Chemical Technology of Textile Fibres, except Artificial Silk : 3 lut March-4th April .. .. .. 1 0 At the Institute; and in the Laboratories of Messrs. J. Lyons: The Chemistry of Foods, with special reference to Jams and Jellies: 7tLllth April . . ..1 0 55 35 * One candidate failed to satisfy the Examiners only in the translation of German technical literature. ** One candidate completed his examination by satisfying the Examiners in Therapeutics, Pharmacology and Microscopy. 172 EXAMINATION FOR THE ASSOCIATESHIP CHEMISTRY.IN GENERAL INORGANIC AND PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY.-Generally, the answers to the papers were fairly well done, but the questions dealing with complex fluorides and polyhalides were attempted only by a few candidates, and the answers were somewhat vague and irrelevant. Apart from the question on photochemical reactions, the purely theoretical questions were dealt with adequately. The question on the determination of manganese, when attempted, was not at all well answered, and it appeared doubtful whether the candidates had really considered the possibility of more than one method being available for the determination of this metal.The practical tests appeared to suit the majority of the candi- dates, except for the detection of zinc in the specimen of zinc ferrocyanide. The quantitative work was well done, except, perhaps, the determination of P,O,. This may be attributed to some extent to the conditions necessarily present at an examina- tion in a laboratory strange to the candidates. The results of the volumetric test were good. ORGANICCHEMIsTRY.-The organic chemistry paper evoked answers of every degree, and it was impossible to make any generalisations ; there was some evidence of similarity of treat- ment of some sections of the subject, which was either due to the paucity of suitable text-books, or to the excellence of one of them.These stereotyped replies, though naturally satisfactory individually, are tedious in mass because they seem to indicate that the matter is memorised rather than studied. A number of candidates gave anthracene as an example of a natural product -it may be conceded that a gas works is part of Nature, but candidates would do well to adopt the conventions in such cases. TRANsLATIoN .-The French translations, as usual, were satisfactory, but the German were not nearly so good as they should be. EXAMINATIONTHE FELLOWSHIPBRANCHE.FOR IN The work of the successful candidates was very satisfactory throughout and showed a pleasing improvement, compared with the last examination.In the practical work, problems were tackled in a businesslike manner. The microscopical work was 173 on the whole well done, and there was a distinct improvement in the framing of certificates and in the interpretation of results. Many of the candidates were well acquainted with current literature. PASS LIST. Examination in General Chmistry for the Associateship. Adam, Harold, A.M.C.T. , College of Technology, Manchester. Allen, Frederick William, A.M.C.T., College of Technology, Manchester. Beese, Dennis Clifford, Sir John Cass Technical Institute, London. Rush, Frederick William, B.Sc. (Lond.), Battersea Polytechnic, London, Churchouse, Archibald Henry, B.Sc.(Lond.). Crawford, Robert Craig, Royal Technical College, Glasgow. Dembrey, Ivor, B.Sc. (Bris.), The University, Bristol. Fenner, Joseph, Central Technical School, Liverpool. Hale, Ernest Edward, West Ham Municipal College, London. Joseph, James Dillwyn, A.M.C.T., College of Technology, Menchester. Maddocks, John Robert, A.M.C.T., College of Technology, Manchester. Nicholson, John, B.Sc. (Lond.), West Ham Municipal College, London. Owen, Arthur Ernest, BSc. (Lond.), Central Technical School, Liverpool. Paas, Alfred, Technical College, Birmingham, and Sir John Cass Technical Institute, London. Peek, William Caird, Royal Technical College, Glwgow. Rawlings, Ernest Emerson, B.Sc. (Lond.), Municipal Technical College, Hull. Steer, Edwin Hemus, B.Sc.(Lond.), Technical College, Birmingham. Thomas, Richard Spenser, The University, Manchester, and Technical College, Birmingham. Westhead, James, A.M.C.T., College of Technology, Manchester. Wilks, Alfred Leonard, B.Sc. (Lond.). Examination for the 1T’eUowship. In Branch C: Organic Chemistry: Earding, George. Reid, Eric. Smith, Dudley Herbert, M.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C. In Branch E : The Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs, and of Water : Balmforth, Leonard, B.Sc. (Lond.). Coysh, Reginald Henry, M.Sc. (Bris.). Hallas, Charles Arthur, BSc. (Lond.). Herd, Magnus, B.Sc. (Glas.), A.R.T.C. Jamieson, Archibald Robert, B.Sc. (Glas.).Messenger, Walter George, B.Sc. (Birm.). Roche, James William, B.Sc.(Bris.). Rooke, Horace Samuel, M.Sc. (Birm.). Stevenson, Samuel Gordon, B.Sc., B.Pharm. (Lond.). Stothart, Sydney Norman Herbert, Ph.D. (Liv.). In Branch G : Industrial Chemistry : Bell, James Horst Brunneman, M.A., B.Sc. (Edin.).Revis, Fmnk Leonard Bingham, A.C.G.F.C. 174 The following papers and exercises were set:-Examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry. MONDAY, 31st MARCH, 1930: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FOURquestions only to be attempted. No credit will be given for irrelevant answers.) 1. Give an account of the complex fluorides, with special reference to their structure. 2. Describe fully the bismuthate, persulphate and Volhard methods of determining manganese, giving reasons for your preference for any one of them.3. State what you know of the work of any TWO of the following: Graham, Ramsay and Berthelot. 4. Write a short essay on (a) Thermochemistry, or (b) Osmotic pressure. 5. What ores of copper are known? Describe the processes of extraction of the metal from its ores and the methods of purifying it. 6. Describe two cases of photochemical reactions; discuss some of the theories proposed to account for the phenomena observed. 2 to 5 p.m. (FOURquestions only to be attempted. No credit will be given for irrelevant answers.) 1.’ Which polyhalides of the alkali metals have been prepared? State how their existence has been proved by (a)chemical and (b) physicalmethods, and give some view of their constitution. 2. How has “active” nitrogen been prepared? Give an account of its properties, and its effect on various elements. 3.Write an account of the properties of the elements of Sub-Group I (copper, silver and gold), comparing them with those of the alkali metals of Group I. 4. Describe the production of hydroxylamine (1) from nitric acid and (2) from nitrites through the formation of disulphonates; and give the reactions involved. Describe the method whereby ketones, such as acetone may be estimated by means of hydroxylamine. 5. Theoretical considerations suggest that isotopes may be separated. Describe briefly some attempts at the separation, with special reference to the evidence whereby it has been demonstrated that the isotopes were in fact separated.6. Enunciate the second law of thermodynamics. Deduce (1) the expression RT loge ‘2 for the work done by a gas on expansion, and (2)the V1 relation between the work done by a heat engine and the heat consumed. TUESDAY, 1st APRIL, 1930: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FIVEquestions only to be attempted. No credit will be given for irrelevurbt unswers.) 1. Give an account of the mode of employment of the more common oxidising agent,s used in organic chemistry. 2. Discuss the chemistry of acetylene and its derivatives. 3. Write an essay on the manufacture of aliphatic chemicals, with special reference to the position ofthe industry in this country. 175 4. How may the chief aldopentoses and aldohexoses be genetically related by means of interconversions ? 5.Briefly indicate the more important synthetic methods applicable to the preparation of derivatives of pyridinc and quinoline. Give some account of the properties of pyridine. 6. Show how the constitutional formula of any natural product, the molecule of which contains ten or more carbon atoms, has been deduced. WEDNESDAY, 2nd APRIL, 1930: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Identify the substance A and the constituents of the binary mixture B. (A = salol, or benzyl benzoate, or ethyl cinnamate; B = sulphanilic acid + aniline sulphate, or naphthalene + 8-naphthol, or /3-naphthylamine + 1-naphthol-4-sulphonic acid.) THURSDAY, 3rd APRIL, 1930: 10 a.m. to 4.30 pm. From the p-toluidine supplied prepare aceto-p-toluidide and 2-nitro- p -toluidine.PRIDAY, 4th APRIL, 1930: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Identify the substance C. The report must be given in by 12 NOON. (C = zinc ferrocyanide or copper ferrocyanide.) 2. The sample of calcium phosphate D supplied to you contains sulphate as an impurity. Determine this; and also the proportion of P,O,. Express the results as percentages of SO, and P,O,. (This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) SATURDAY, 5th APRIL, 1930: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Report on the specimen of impure potassium dichromate E. Deter-mine the proportion of Cr,O, iodometrically, using a specimen of pure reagent quality &Cr,O, for determining the strength of the thiosulphate solution supplied. Express the result as a percentage of potassiumdichromate.(E: impurity = potassium sulphate.) Using the results so obtained prepare a solution of dichromate, approximately N/10 from the impure specimen; and with this solution determine the percentage of ferrous iron in F. Express this result in percentage of Fef+, stating also the amount of impure dichromate per litre used by you in making your standard solution. Examination for the Fellowship. Branch C. Organic Chemistry, with special reference to Oils, Fats, Waxes, Soaps, etc. MONDAY, 7th APRIL, 1930: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FIVEquestions only to be attempted, which must include No. 1.) 1. Describe fully the methods which you would employ to determine the mode of combination of the oxygen and nitrogen atoms in a substance having the molecular formula C,H,O,N.2. What methods have been employed for the synthesis of a-and 8-mono-esters of glycerol ? Criticise the suitability of these syntheses for the determination of the structure of the resulting products. 3. What methods are available for the resolution of externally compensated substances into their optically active forms ? What conclu- sions may be drawn from the successful resolution of sulphinic esters regarding the nature of the double bond between oxygen and sulphur in these compounds ? 176 4. Write an essay of about 500 words on tautomerism. 5. Give short accounts of the manufacture of THREE of the following compounds: (1) Antipyrine, (2) Salvarsan, (3) Alizarin, (4) Congo Red, (5) Vanillin, (6) Terpineol.6. Trace the development of our knowledge of the nature of vitamin D since its recognition as a constituent of irradiated crude cholesterol. 7. Classify the commoner alkaloids according to the heterocyclic systems which they contain, and describe the synthesis of any ONE alkaloid. 2 to 5 p.m, (SIX questions only to be attempted.) 1. Give an account of recent work on the constitution of oiL and fats, describing the methods employed, and the conclusions reached. 2. Describe fully how a crude vegetable oil may be refined for (a)soap making, (b) edible purposes. 3. Compare and contrast the continuous and batch processes of oil hydrogenation. What is meant by selective hydrogenation? How do you regard hydrogenated oils as material for the manufacture of (a)soaps,(b) margarine ? 4.Given a sample of unknown oil-containing seeds or kernels,-how would you proceed in order to determine for what purposes the oil and residues might be suitable? 5. What is the nature of the unsaponifiable matter in an oil or fat? How is the unsaponifiable matter made use of, in some cases, as a guide to the purity of an oil, and as an approximate indication of amount of adulteration ? 6. How are the various commercial products known as “stearine” and “oleine” obtained ? Describe their composition and properties, and for what purposes they are used. 7. What do you know of the constitution of oleic acid and its isomers? In what circumstances are the latter formed? 8. Describe the process of “fitting” soap, and discuss the relative merits of caustic soda or salt for the purpose.What changes take place in the contents of the soap-pan during “fitting,” and what is the composition of the products obtained ? 9. How would you determine the composition of a mixture reputed to contain coconut oil, premier jus, cottonseed oil, and butter fat? 10. What do you know of the occurrence of trimethylene glycol in crude glycerin ? What precautions should be taken to avoid it ? How may it be determined? TUESDAY, 8th, to FRIDAY, 11th APRIL, 1930: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.each day. 1. Determine the titre of the sample of tallow, and report on ite suitability for soap-making. 2. Determine the genuineness of a sample of hog grease. 3. Determine the amount of iso-oleic acid in the sample of hydro- genated fat.4. Determine the amount of glycerin in the sample of soap A, and the composition of the fatty stock from which the soap B is made. 177 Branch E. The Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs, and of Water. MONDAY, 7th APRIL, 1930: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. Write a brief account of Pectic substances. Discuss their import- ance in fruit products. How would you determine the pectin content of a foodstuff? 2. If the solids-not-fat of a sample of milk are found to be below 8-5per cent. the milk is presumed to contain added water. What methods have been suggested for obtaining confirmatory evidence of the presence of this added water ? 3. What is meant by “Crude fibre”? How is it determined, and what is its significance in food analysis? (Answer in a separate notebook.) 4.Describe precisely what you understand by the following:-Expectorant, Emmenagogue, Astringent, Colagogue, Cathartic. Give TWO examples of each and dosage, and briefly indicate how the examples you choose produce their effect. 5. What is a glucoside? Give examples of glucosides used in medicine. Discuss the methods of obtaining them in a pure state, and the methods of isolation of them from the human cadaver in cases of suspected poisoning. 6. Assume that you have sent to you the viscera from a person who has died from exhaustion following an acute attack of vomiting and diarrhea. Discuss the possible causes and describe how you would examine the organs.(A detailed description of analytical procedure is not required. ) MONDAY, 7th APRIL, 1930: 2 to 5 p.m. 1. What impurities are liable to be present in the following:- (a)Essence of almonds, (b) Sublimed sulphur, (c) Beer? How would you detect their presence, and what amounts would you regard as safe in each case? 2. Outline a scheme for the analysis of a commercial liquid carbolic disinfectant. 3. Report on the suitability for drinking and general domestic purposes of the two waters which gave the following figures on analysis.What conclusions do you draw as to their origin ? A.” “B.” Parts per 100,000. Total solid matter .. .. 119.2 7-60 Combined chlorine .. .. 10.43 1-57 Nitrites .. .. .. ..trace nil Nitrates in terms of N . . .. 3.8 none Total hardness . . .. .* 59.4 2.0 Temporary hardness .. . . 16.6 -Permanent hardness .. .. 42.8 -Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours at 80” F. . . .. .. . . 0.208 0.153 Ammoniacal nitrogen . . .. 0.004 0.0014 Albuminoid nitrogen .. .. 0-0260 0.0076 4. What is meant by the term “Lintner value”? How is it 5. The air in the neighbourhood of a factory is suspected of beingdetermined? 178 polluted with furnace gases. State how you would examine this air to ascertain the presence and proportion of sulphur dioxide. TUESDAY, 8th APRIL, 1930: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. The sample of lard is submitted under the Food and Drugs (Adultera- tion) Act, 1928. Make an analysis and report on the form of certificate provided.(Hydrogenated fat and arachis oil.) WEDNESDAY, 9th APRIL, 1930: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Report on the tin of condensed milk submitted to you. (Low in fat.) ‘Z’HIJRSDAY, 10th APRIL, 1930: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. The sample of margarine submitted was purchased informally by an inspector. Examine and report upon it. (Mixture of margarine and tjutter, with excess of water, and containing boric acid.) FRIDAY, 11th APRIL, 1930: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Report on the sample of coffee A. (Adulterated with chicory.) 2. Examine microscopically the crude vegetable fibre B (soya bean fibre) obtained from a single source without admixture. Sketch the diagnostic structures and state what conclusions you draw from them as to the origin of the fibre.3. Examine microscopically the vegetable powder C. (Stramonium.)Sketch and explain any structures which afford information as to its origin. 4. Identify the starches D, E, F, G, H, K. 5. Identify the water deposit L. Make rough sketches of the structures observed, and name as many as possible. SATURDAY, 12th APRIL, 1930: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Specimen A is a sample of home-made elderberry wine. A number of people partaking of this wine were, shortly after, seized with attacks of vomiting with abdominal pain. Make an analysis of the wine to ascertain if any noxious substance is present, and estimate the amount present. Discuss in your report the possible sources of any noxious thing that you may find. (Containing zinc.) 2.Examine the sample of urine B for any abnormalities of a patho- logical nature. 3. Identify as far as possible the alkaloid in the liquid C. (Atropine.) Branch G. Industrial Chemistry. The following paper was given to all candidates taking Branch Q, Industrial Chemistry. (FOURquestions only to be attempted, which must include No. 1.) 1. What considerations would guide you in selecting a site for a chemical works, and in arranging your plant upon the site? In your answer, have regard to some specific manufacture with which you have acquaintance. 2. What are the various forms of fuel now available for power, for steam raising, or for chemical operations at high temperatures? What considerations would determine your choice of one or other of these forms? 179 3.Describe the general characteristics of plant for carrying out chemical operations at high pressures, and the precautions that should be taken in its installation and use. 4. For what purposes may it be necessary to carry out the washing of materials in chemical processes? What general principles must be attended to in designing economical plant and processes for this purpose ? Illustrate your answer by references to any actual plant. 5. What methods are available for measuring the pressure and the flow of liquids or gases in tubes, and on what principles do they depend‘! 6. What methods are there of transporting solids or liquids (a)from place to place horizontally, (6) from a lower to a higher level? What circumstances make one or other of the methods in (b) necessary or advantageous ? Industrial Chemistry, with special reference to Bleaching, Dyeing and Chemical Technology of Textile Fibres, except Artificial Silk.MONDAY, 32st MARCH, 1930: 2 to 5 p.m. (FIVEquestions only to be attempted.) 1. What substances other than cellulose are normally present in a grey cotton cloth ? By what industrial operations may they be removed ‘! 2. Define the term “kier,” and discuss the different types of kier commonly used in the cotton industry. How would you test the efficiency of a kier-boil ? 3. It has been proposed to set up standards of fastness of dyedfabrics to light ; discuss the possibilities of the establishment of standards satisfactory to the dyer and colourist.4. Write a short essay on the present state of our knowledge of the structure of cellulose. Show how some of the properties of cellulose fibres may be explained on the basis of this knowledge. 6. Define the term “sulphur-stoving” in relation to wool or worsted fabrics. Discuss, in the light of recent research, the effects of small quantities of sulphurous acid on dyed woollen materials. 6. Describe the effects of caustic soda solutions on cotton yarns under widely different conditions of temperature and concentration. How have these effects been utilised commercially ? 7. Give some account of the so-called “wetting agents” used in the textile industry. How are they applied ? How may their relative values be determined ? 8.It has been said that the oxidation potential of a solution of sodium hypochlorite is a function of the hydrogen ion concentration of the solution. What is the industrial significance of this statement? 9. Describe the general methods employed, and the precautions to be observed, in dyeing (a) cotton casement cloths, (6) real silk yarns, with vat dyestuffs. TUESDAY, lst, to FRIDAY, 4th APRIL, 1930: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Identify the colouring matters present in the fabrics 1 to 10. 2. The sample of Cotton Yellow CH (sample A) is offered against Chrysophenine G (sample B). If the price of the latter is 2s. per Ib., at what price should A be offered to be competitive? 180 3. Report upon the faults in the yarns and fabrics marked L, M, N, 0.4. Examine the dyestuff D, and demonstrate a suitable method of applying it to cotton yarn. 5. Analyse and report upon the sample of Turkey Red Oil (sample TR). 6. Examine the product K, which is recommended for wetting and scouring purposes. Industrial Chemistry, with special reference to Oils and Fats, etc. MONDAY, 7th, to FBIDAY, 11th APRIL, 1930. Kxarnination consisting of the paper in Industrial Chemistry, 1). 178, atid the second paper and practical work set for candidates in Branch C, p. 176. Industrial Chemistry, with special reference to the Technologyof Paper Making. Practical Examination only. TUESDAY, Sth, to FRIDAY, 11th APRIL, 1930: 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. 1. Determine quantitatively the constituent parts of the two coated papers marked “A” and “B” respectively, and indicate the points of difference, if any, between the two samples. Express the results in a form illustrating the components used in the manufacture. 2.Determine the pentosan figure in the given sample of fibre. 3. Evaluate the given pulp for strength and state the particular class of paper for which, in your opinion, this type of fibre would be most suitable. Determine also the characteristics of the pulp, i.e. the amounts of alplia cellulose, beta and gamma celluloses, and any other constituents you consider should be estimated. 4. Analyse the given size. Express the value of the sizing solution against a standard resin size by a practical beating trial. Special Examination for the Fellowship in the Chemistry of Foods, with special reference to Jams and Jellies.MONDAY, 31st MARCH, 1930: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Answer FIVE of the following questions. Nos. 1 and 2 are obligatory.) 1. What do you understand by stereoisomerism? Give, in illustra-tion, the methods which may be used for determining the structure of any one sugar. 2. Give the structural formulz of the following compounds:- Leucine, Succinic acid, Xylose, Caffeine. What do you understand by the following :-(Four only) Phospholipin, Sterol, Fructosan, Protamine, Tannin, Lignin, Galactin? 3. Give an account of present-day knowledge regarding the pectic 4. What are the commonly occurring enzymes in plants? Give, in 5.Describe the properties and constitution of three acids occurring substances of plants. detail, a description of the action of diastase, of emulsinand of protease. naturally in the plant world. How would you propose to prepare a pure sample of one of these acids from the natural source ? 181 6. Give an account of the changes which take place in fruit during ripening with special reference to the alterations in the chemical con- stituents. 7. Describe any two optical instruments and their application to the analysis of fruit products. 8. Give a general description of the properties of emulsoids and suspensoids. MONDAY, 31st MARCH, 1930: 2 to 5 p.m. (FIVEquestions only to be attempted.) 1. Describe in detail the commercial manufacture of pectin.2. Give a short description of the commercial manufacture of jam. What factors influence the final consistence of the product? 3. How would you propose to test the Suitability of a water obtained from an artesian well for (u)jam manufacture, (b)steam raising? Suggestmethods for the commercial softening of water with special reference to base exchange softeners and to lime-soda plants. Explain, by means of equations, the theories underlying such softening actions. 4. (a) What do you know of the corrosion by fruit juices, etc., of equipment used in jam manufacture? What do you know of the constitu- tion and properties of the protective layer used in “Glass-lined equip- ment” ? (b) What tests would you carry out to determine the suitability of a container for jam, with special reference to such types as tin plate, waxed containers and lacquered tin plate ? 6.Give an account of the “spoilage” of fruit and fruit products by micro-organisms. Describe physical and chemical methods in commercial use to prevent such spoilage. 6. Describe a series of laboratory routine tests which you consider should be carried out to standardise the preparation on a commercial scale of any one food product. 7. What is commercial glucose, and how is it manufactured ? What 8. The laboratory effluent from jam factories often causes trouble are its uses in food products? owing to the high sugar-content. What do you know of the various types of treatment of such effluents ? TUESDAY, lst, to .FRIDAY, 4th APRIL, 1930: 10 a.m.to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Analyse the sample jelly tablet A and deduce a recipe for its 2. Give an opinion based on analytical results of the sample of 3. The samples of fruit pulp C, D and E are preserved. Are they in commercial manufacture. edible gelatine B. agreement with the regulations regarding preservatives in food ? 4. Report on the composition of the sample of raspberry jam F. 5. Analyse quantitatively the sample of boiler incrustation G. 6. Describe from macro-and micro-examination the organisms(excluding bacteria) found in the sample H. Prepare in temporary mounts 5 specimens illustrating your comments. 182 Notes.Honours.-In the recent list of Honours conferred by H.M. the King, on the occasion of his birthday, the Council notes with pleasure the mention of the following Fellows of the Institute :-Dr. Thomas Eustace Hill, O.B.E., has been created a Knight Bachelor; and Dr. Ernest Woodhouse Smith has been appointed a Commander, and Mr. John Haworth, a Member, of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire. “Chemist.”-In a note, by Walter Roth, on “The Protection of the Title Chemist,, in Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 20th April, 1930, p. 11, it is stated that endeavours have been made in Germany to establish a governmental examination for chemists and a legally protected title for those who pass it; that the Chemiker-Zeitung was in favour of this proposal as early as 1879, and other periodicals and organisations of chemists have supported it, but so far, without success.The only protected professional title for chemists, for which an examination is required, is that of “examined food chemist” (corresponding to that of public analyst). Another protected professional title for chemists in Germany, not requiring a special examination, is the appellation “sworn trade chemist,” which, however, is applicable to analytical chemists only. The Economic Committee of the Provisional Council of Government Administration recently took up the matter of the legal protection of certain professional titles, but decided not to recommend such protection for chemists practising independently.The Zeitschrift fur Angewandte Chemie for 23rd November, 1929 , p. 1097, reported that a proposal to protect various professional callings by official registration was defeated by 5 votes to 4. The governmental councillor, Dr. Merres, however, has recently discussed the problem again in detail in the Zeitschrift fur Angewandte Chemie, 1930, No. 5, p. 114. He points out that the need for chemists by the government is increasing, and that the requirements of the authorities are varied. The value placed on the Doctor or Diploma titles and examinations is varied according to the different departments or branches of administration con- cerned, and in other scientific professions official examinations, 183 and not the results of examinations of a more academic character, have always supplied the test for employment or promotion.Dr. Merres recommends the establishment of two classes of government examinations, the first of which would be the same for all candidates for government positions, the second being adapted to the different tasks of the individual administrative fields of activity, to be taken after serving a preliminary period of practical preparation. He suggests that such a regulation would not entail any disadvantages in the training of chemists and would work only for their professional welfare, since at the present time anyone who desires to do so may call himself a chemist, without any hindrance. Legal.-At Leeds Assizes on 25th March, Mr. Justice Charles heard an action brought by a works chemist claiming damages equivalent to three months’ salary, in lieu of notice, against Messrs.Hailwood and Ackroyd, who contended that the chemist had agreed to accept a week’s notice, or, alternatively, was incompetent. It was proved that the plaintiff had written to the managing director at the time of his appointment stating that he could not accept one week’s notice, and that he had repeatedly drawn the attention of defendants to the unsatis- factory condition of the furnaces. The General Secretary of the British Association of Chemists was in Court prepared to give evidence of the plaintiff’s competency, but was not called upon. Mr. Justice Charles, in awarding the damages claimed with costs, stated that he regretted that allegations of incompetency had been made, as there was no foundation for them in fact, but that, on the contrary, the chemist had been competent, efficient and careful in his work.Scholarships.-In the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part V, 1929,pages 259-262, particulars of scholarships of interest to students in science, were published, the information having been obtained chiefly from The Year Book of the Universities of the Em$ire (Universities Bureau, 50 Russell Square, London, W.C.1). The Board of Education will offer for competition in 1931,20 Royal Scholarships and 11 Free Studentships tenable at the Imperial College of Science and Technology, London. These awards are open to British subjects of either sex.There is at present no age limit. A Royal Scholarship or a Free Studentship entitles the holder 184 to payment by the Board of the fee for admission to the lectures and laboratory and other work appropriate to the course followed by the holder and approved by the Board. A Royal Scholarship will also include such maintenance allowance, at a rate not exceeding k80 a year, as the Board think fit, having regard to the other financial resources of the scholar. Further particulars of the conditions for entry and a detailed syllabus of the subjects of the examination are published in the "Syllabus of the Science Scholarships Examination '' for 1931, which may be obtained, price 3d. (by post 3id.) through any bookseller or direct from H.M.Stationery Office, at the following addresses :-Adastral House, Kingsway, London, W.C.2 ; York Street, Manchester; I St. Andrew's Crescent, Cardiff; 120 George Street, Edinburgh ; 15 Donegall Square West, Belfast. Candidates may compete in a Group which includes Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics. All candidates must satisfy the Board of their proficiency in Drawing and in English, either by examination at the Science Scholarships examination or by previous successes as explained in the Syllabus. Application for entry to the examination must be made on the prescribed form (obtainable from the Board) not later than the 15th January, 1931. The following awards have been notified in the public press, and should be added to the list already published by the Institute, although the dates for forwarding applications for the present year are passed :-KITCHENER for the sons of officers and men, SCHOLARSHIPS or sons of ex-officers and men of H.M.Forces, to enable selected candidates fo follow an advanced course of study or training at a university or other institution approved for the purpose. Candi-dates must be over 17 and under 20 on the 1st January preceding their applications, and must be prepared to enter on the course not later than the month of October following. Applicants over the age of 20, who have already begun an approved course may also be considered. Particulars are obtainable from the Secretary, Lord Kitchener National Memorial Fund, 34-35 Norfolk Street, Strand, London, W.C.z .BLAIRFELLOWSHIPSIN APPLIED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. each of the value of L4SO tenable for one year, are awarded from time to time by the London County Council. The Fellowships are 185 for advance study or research and are tenable in the Dominions, in the United States, or in other foreign countries. Candidates must be British subjects, at least 21 years of age. Particulars may be obtained on application, with stamped addressed envelope, to the Education Officer (T.3),The County Hall, London, S.E.I. Photographic Research Awards.-The Royal Photo-graphic Society of Great Britain has announced that the Com- mittee of the Scientific and Technical Group of the Society, in collaboration with the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, will meet early in November next to consider applica- tions for the Williamson Photography Research Award.The Award was established in 1922 for the purpose of en-couraging research among workers in photography under 35 years of age. In addition to a fund provided by Messrs. R. and R. H. Williamson, a sum is now available for providing apparatus and material for photographic research. The following awards have already been made:- 1923.-$17 5s. Od. to Dr. K. C. D. Hickman, for his studies in the washing of photographic products, and an electrical device for measuring minute amounts of hypo. ; 1924.-€18 0s. Od. to Dr. D. A. Spencer, for further researches in the washing of photographic products ; 1927.-%18 0s.Od. to Mr. C. Lighton, for his contributions to the theory and practice of the carbo process; 1929.-$20 0s. Od. to Dr. F. M. Hamer, for her researches on photographic sensitisers and desensitisers; and $10 0s. Od. to Mr. R. B. Archey, for his studies of photographic emulsion spots of biological origin. Enquiries for full particulars should be sent to H. Baines, Esq., Hon. Secretary, Scientific and Technical Group of the Royal Photographic Society, 35, Russell Square, W.C.I. British Association for the Advancement of Science.-The Annual Meeting of the British Association will’be held at Bristol from 3rd to 10th September. Prof. Gilbert J. Morgan will be the Sectional President for Chemistry. Particulars may be obtained from the Secretary, British Association, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.I.American Institute of Chemists.-On 4th April, the New York Chapter of the American Institute of Chemists held a meeting to discuss the organisation of professional chemists in the United States, to which were invited Mr. Frederick J. Hambly, President of the Canadian Institute, and Dr. H. T. 186 Clarke, as the representative of the Institute. of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland, on the nomination of the Council. Dr. M. L. Crossley, Chairman of the Chapter, presided. Dr. Clarke gave a brief resumd of the objects and history of the “British ” Institute, explaining its relationship to the Chemical Society. He outlined the regulations for membership, spoke from his own experience of the practical nature of its examinations and traced its development to the present time, giving an indication of its activities in public affairs.Mr. Hambly, who is also a Fellow of the Institute, dealt with the difficulties with which the Canadian Institute has had to contend. He recognised the need for organisations of professional chemists, in addition to chemical societies which aim at the advancement of the science. He suggested that the American Institute should retain on the first page of its Bulletin-The Chemist-the schedule of its chief objects- “To give chemists professional solidarity. To put the profession back of LC definite code of ethics. To insist on adequate training and experience qualifications.To educate the public to an understanding of what a chemist is. To protect the public and the profession by fighting quackery. To raise the economic status of chemists.” Mr. Hambly said that the Canadian Institute had grown out of a desire to provide chemists in Canada with means of professional and personal contact with one another. The first Council was elected in 1919,and a Dominion Charter was obtained two years later. Its code of ethics adopted in I924 was similar to that of the American Institute. They maintained an Appointments Register and were active in public affairs of interest to chemists. They had established sections at five important centres. All these Iustitutes aimed at educating the public to an understanding of what a chemist is; the great thing was to see that the chemists themselves were properly educated.Canadian chemists had attempted to obtain a legal status in the Province of Quebec, but the results had not been altogether satisfactory. *4small majority of the Quebec members had formed the Association of Professional Chemists of Quebec, and obtained an Act in 1926 in which professional chemistry was legally defined as:-“The practice for hire, gain, or hope of reward of any branch of chemistry, including organic, inorganic, metallurgical, biological, and analytfcal cliernistry.” 187 but when all exceptions were provided for,-including pro-fessional engineers, holders of diplomas from the Polytechnic School and from the Faculty of Applied Science of McGill University, and members of the professions of pharmacy and medicine,-the Act was of little value; except that it gave them the right to the title chemist, to hold examinations and to restrict the title of professional chemist to members of the organisation.In 1929,the definition referred to was amended to the effect that “a professional chemist means any person registered under the Act.” When they endeavoured to obtained re-striction of practice they met with strong opposition, and the net result was a temporary setback. Aslib : Translators.-The Association of Special Libraries and Information Bureaux have announced that they have appointed a Committee to prepare a scheme for establishing a Panel of translators having both linguistic and technical qualifications, and that names of approved qualified persons are now being registered under the scheme, particulars of which can be obtained from the Secretary, Association of Special Libraries and information Bureaux, 26, Bedford Square, London, W.C.I.The Panel is intended to consist primarily of approved individual translators, but commercial translators will be eligible for registration if they satisfy the Association of their ability to offer the requisite service. Erratum.-The footnote on p. 88 of JOURNAL AND PROCEED-INGS, Part 11, should refer to Meyer’s Modern Theories of Chernis-try, translated by Bedson and Williams, published in 1888, and not to the Outlines of Theoretical Chemistry, a smaller work, by the same author and translators, published four years later.188 Obituary. ARTHUR ANGELL died at Southampton on 3rd February in his 87th year. Born at Basingstoke, he received his education at a private school at Holloway, London, and at Queen’s Grammar School, Basingstoke. He was a pupil, and later assistant, to Dr. Arthur Hassall, in whose laboratory he became associated with the late Mr. Otto Hehner, with whom he was joint author of .Butter : Its Analysis and Adulteration, published in 1874 (2nd edition, 1897). In 1874 he started practice as a consulting and analytical chemist in Southampton, and subsequently held appointments as Public Analyst for the County of Southampton, the Boroughs of Guild- ford and Newport (I.of W.), the Isle of Wight, and the City of Winchester.He still retained some of these appointments at the time of his death. He contributed papers on the analysis of well water and on the analysis of milk to The Analyst, and published a book on The Microscopical Structure of Certain Fruits and Roots to be met with in the Jams and Preserves of Commerce, and later a paper on “The Microscopical Examination of Water Deposits.” In 1882 he read a paper before the British Association on the cause of the discolouration of the Southampton water supply, and, from time to time, lectured locally on various scientific subjects. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1878. RICHARD BARRON died at Waterford, on 21st February, in his 31st year.Educated at the Christian Schools, Waterford, he studied subse- quently at the Royal College of Science, Dublin, where he obtained the Associateship in 1920. He held, for a few months, an appointment as a junior inspector under the Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction for Ireland, and was then appointed assistant master at the Central Technical Institute, at Waterford. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1921. Information has recently been received that WILLIAM THOMAS COOK was killed in an accident in 1927 at the age of 23 years. Born at Bristol, he was educated at King Henry VIII’s Grammar School, Abergavenny, and studied chemistry at University College of South Wales, Monmouth- shire, Cardiff, graduating with honours in chemistry in 1924.In the same year he was appointed research metallurgist and chemist to the Excelsior Wire Rope Co., Ltd., at Cardiff (British Ropes, Ltd.) He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1925. WILLIAM BROWN DAVIDSON died suddenly at Warkworth House, Tynemouth, on 23rd April, in his 61st year. Born at Inverness, where he was educated at Raining’s School, he entered Aberdeen University in 1885 and graduated M.A. and B.Sc. with distinction and medal in organic: chemistry in 1893. He then acted as private assistant to Japp for a year before proceeding as an 1851 Exhibition Scholar to Wiirtzburg, where he worked for two years under Hantzsch, Medicus and Rontgen. His Scholarship having been extended for a further year, he studied physico- chemical methods under Ostwald at Leipzig, and then returned to Wiirtz- 189 burg to complete his thesis “On Diazophenols, Diazonium Hydroxide and Isonitroso Compounds,” on which he was awarded the degree of Ph.D., summ cum lade, in 2898.His work with Ja,pp was contributed to the Transactions of the Chemical Society and with Hantzsch to the Rerichte der Deutschen Chemischen Ge.rellschaft, and in 2899 he was awarded the degree of D.Sc. (Aberdeen). In 1898 he became private assistant to Campbell Brown at University College, Liverpool, where he also acted as a lecturer and continued research for two years, when he returned to Aberdeen as a lecturer in physical chemistry. In 1902 he went to Woolwich as a research chemist in the experimental department of the Royal Arsenal, and in 1906 became Chief Chemist to the Gas Department of the Corporation of Birmingham,where he carried out a series of investigations on the carbonisation of coal, the details of which were contributed to the Gas Journal.This work was incorporated in a paper read before the Institution of Gas Engineers, and gained for the author the Murdoch Gold Medal. During the war he was engaged with the British Dyestuffs Corporation at Huddersfield, and in 1919 joined Dr. A. C. Michie in partnership at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, where he was still in practice at, the time of his death. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1900. At the memorial service held at his home on the 25th April, the Institute was represented by Mr.F. H. Walker, Honorary Secretary, Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North-East Coast Section. ALARICVINCENTCOLPOYSFENBYdied at Clapham Common, London, on 20th February, in his 61st year. He was born at Handsworth, Stafford- shire, and educated at Bishop Vesey’s Grammar School, Sutton Coldfield ; he studied science at Mason College, Birmingham, from 1888 to 1892, and graduated with first class honours in chemistry in the University of London in 1891, gaining a University Scholarship in the final examination. He held appointments as a Science Master at Preston, Batley, Market Bosworth, Reading, Leicester, and Yeovil, and since 1914 at St. Dunstan’s College, Catford, the City of Westminster School, Whitgift School, Croydori , and Rutlish School, Merton.He was elected an Amociate of the Institute in 192 1. AYEFLST HOOKERHENHAM died at Outwood, near Redhill, on 6th May, in his 77th year. Born at Faversham, Kent, he was educated at the Royal Grammar School, Marlborough, and at the University of Xtuttgart. In 1870, he went to Canada, where he taught natural science at Bishop’s College, Lennoxville, Quebec, and at Trinity College School, Port Hope,Ontario ;but three years later, returned to England and became assistant to C. W. Heaton, and demonstrator in chemistry, at Charing Cross Hospital Medical School. He also taught chemistry for one year at the Royal Naval School, New Cross. In 1877 he went to Egypt and was appointed chemist to the Customs Administration at Cairo, and, shortly after, an inspector (chemist) of the Customs Service.In 1881 he became a corres- pondent of ThR New York Herald and The Morning Post, and in the follow- ing year reported the bombardment of the Agamy Forts at Alexandria. He then joined the Intelligence Department under Colonel-latsr Sir-Alexander Tulloch, in which service he gained a War Medal, and the Egyptian Star (1882). In 1883, during a cholera epidemic, he acted as secretary to the commission of inquiry into its causes, and for these services the Khedive bestowed upon him the 4th Class of the Medjedie, arid he also 190 received the Qucen‘s Gold Medal for gallantry and humanity. Later, he discharged the duties of chief sanitary inspector and director of the KhediL ial laboratory ; he orpniserl the town services of C’niro ant1 Alex-andria, arid a spwial c.ol-1)~to rleill with cpidemics. On the request of Sir 14:tlgar \’incent, Financial Adviser, he was called in to report on the work of thc Octroi ser\-ices in Cairo and Alexandria, for which he received the 3rd Class of the Osniania in 1899, and shortly after he was transferred to the Ministry of Public Works as the director of town services.In 1890, he was called upon to organise and direct measures against a locust plague, and in the following year was appointed director general of the Government salt monopoly. He established the natural soda industry in the Wadi Natron, for which he was promoted a Grand Oficer of the Imperial Order of the Medjedie.In later years, the salt department was made over to the Egyptian Salt and Soda Company, of which Mr. Hooker was the first general manager, holding this appointrneiit until 1902. He received the special thanks of Lord Cromer on leaving the Government Service, and, at the same time, was promoted a Grand Officer of the Order of the Osmania. Froin 1905 to 1923 he also acted as Consul General for Norway, and in recognition of his services in this capacity received the first-class of the Order of St. Olaf. In view of his numerous activities he became known in Egypt as “Emergency Hooker.” On his retirement, in 1926, he was entertained to dinner by a large number of friends in Cairo, from whom he received a presentation, Mr.Nevile Henderson, British Minister Plenipotentiary, acting as Chairman. He returned to England in 1926, and, in 1929, presented the Chemical Society with a silver mace on the completion of 50 years’ membership of that Society. He was one of the earliest Associates of the Institute, having hcen elected in 1878, and proceeded to the Fellowship in 1883. JOHN died at the Lourdes Hospital, Liverpool. HENRY MCGUINNESS on 11th January, at the age of 38 years. He joined the 19th Battalion King’s Liverpool Regiment in December, 1914, and served in France from November, 1915, until January, 1919. He was awarded the Military Medal for conspicuous gallantry under exceptionally heavy gunfire at Pleura, Somme, in October, 1916, and later transferred to the Royal Engineers, Signal Section.He studied at Liverpool University and graduated B.Sc. with honours in chemistry in 1922. In the same year, he rejoined the staff of the Liverpool Daily Post arid Echo, with which he had been associated before the war, and continued until his death. He was President of the Liverpool Press Club. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1922. WILLIAM ALBERT RILEY died at Robin Hood, near Wakefield, at the age of 47 years. Educated at Manchester Central High School and Leigh Grammar School, he studied chemistry in the University of Manchester from 1903 to 1906, and became a chemist in the Brackley laboratory of the Earl of Ellesmere’s Collieries Estates and Coke Works. He passed the Intermediate Examination of the Institute in 1908 and the Finel for the Associateship in 1910, and shortly after became assistant manager of the works.At the time of his death he was manager of the Robin Hood Coke Works of Messrs. J. J. Charlesworth, Ltd. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1913. 191 ERIOYORKEScARLETT was born on the 3rd March, 1897, at Heaton Mersey, near Stockport, Cheshire. He was educated at a Higher Grade School in Manchester, and at the Manchester Grammar School, took the Northern Universities Matriculation, and was awarded a scholarship in the Manchester College of Technology. He served in the Special Brigade, R.E., for three years, and at tho close of the war took a course in general chemistry and technology, and graduated as B.Sc. (Tech.) in the Honours Division in 1922.He became a travelling Secretary of the Student Christian Movement in the Technical Colleges of Great Britain. A member of the Longsight Wesleyan Church, Manchester, he was accepted as a missionary of the London Missionary Society in 1924, and appointed to Peiping, where he was on the staff of the Boys’ School. In 1926 he became a member of the staff of the Anglo-Chinese College, Tientsin, under the leadership of Dr. Lavington Hart, who has recently retired. On 3rd April a cablegram brought the information that he had been shot and instantaneously killed when he and Mr. A. P. Cullen were attacked by bandits at Peitaiko, on the coast of the Province of Chihli. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1922.ANDREWTHOMSONdied at Comiston Drive, Edinburgh, on the 14th February, 1930. Born at Monquhitter, Aberdeenshire, he was a pupil and later a pupil teacher in the village school, and in 1870 entered Moray House Training College, Edinburgh, before proceeding to EdinburghUniversity, where he graduated M.A., B.Sc. in 1877. After teaching for 10 years in schools in Edinburgh and Dundet., he was appoint8ed lecturer in chemistry in University College, Dundee, and while there graduated I).&. at Edinburgh University. In 1889 he was appointed Head Sciencc and Mathematical Master at Perth Academy, where he was eventuallyRector from 1899 to 191.5. After his retirement in that year, he did war service for three years as Head Chemistry Master at George Watson’s Boys’ College, Edinburgh, and subsequently served for three years as joint administrator in Scotland of University Grants awarded by the Government to ex-service men.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888. JAMESWOODWARDdied at Ilford on the 16th March. Born at, Macclesfield in 1856, he entered the Civil Service in 1878-at first in the Excise Department. In 1880, he joined the staff of the Somerset House Laboratory, and, at the time of his retirement, at the end of 1918, was a superintending analyst in the Government Laboratory. His principal work in later years was in the examination of tobacco for revenue purposes, arid he contributed to the “Tobacco Year Rook” comprehensive articles on the British tobacco laws since 1825, and on the tobacco tariff.He graduated B.A. and B.Sc. in the University of London, and lectured for some years on inorganic chemistry at the Birkbeck Institution. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1877, and served as tt Member of Council from 1913 to 1916. RICHARDHENRYWRIGHT died at 2, Harcourt Buildings, Temple, London, on 3rd March, in his 73rd year. Educated at University College School, London, he matriculated in 1874 and proceeded to University College, where he studied under Williamson until 1876. He worked for some time as Williamson’s assistant at his Experimental Works at Willesden, and was afterwards engaged with Messrs. Burt, Roulton and Haywood. He passed the Examination of the Institute and was duly elected to the Associateship in 1883, but, in the course of time, turned his attention to art, and was a successful exhibitor.During the war, being desirous of rendering any useful service that he could at that time, he joined Professor Hodgkinson at the Ordnance College, Woolwich, where he became engaged as a demonstrator, and continlied teaching until 1923, during the last two years as senior lecturer in clieniistry.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1921. 192 Books and their Contents. Since the publication of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part I, 1930, the following books have been presented by the authors or publishers. Copies may be seen in the Library of the Institute. “Henzole Research Committee, Report of the, 1930.7th Report of the Joint Benzole Research Committee of The National Benzole Association and the University of Leeds. Pp. 149. (London : National Benzole Association.) “Crystals, The Study of.” D. B. Briggs. Pp. 137. (London: J. M. Dent & Sons, Ltd.) 4s. A book on the subject for the use of schools. “Surface Chemistry, An Introduction to.” E. K. Kideal. and edition. Pp. 459. (Cambridge University Press.) 21s. Surface tension of liquids and of solutions; surface films of insoluble materials; liquid-liquid interfaces ;gas-solid interfaces ;liquid-solid inter- faces ; differences of potential at interfaces ; conditions of stability in suspensions and emulsions ; gels and hydrated colloids. Anaesthetics .-The Conservator of the Wellcome His-torical Medical Museum has forwarded a brochure which has been published as a souvenir of the Henry Hill Hickman Cen- tenary Exhibition, and a report of the commemoration meeting of the Royal Society of Medicine, Section of Anaesthetics, held at the Wellcome Museum, Wigmore Street, London, under the auspices of the Society, on the and April.The brochure and the address of Lord Dawson of Penn, delivered at the meeting, deal with the early experimental work of Hickman in connection with the use of carbon dioxide in painless operations on animals. The exhibition included a collection of authentic records and personal relics of Hickman. Lord Dawson acknowledged the early discoveries of Lavoisier, Cavendish, Priestley, Davy and Faraday, and remarked that, in spite of Hickman’s work and the discoveries and experiments of other scientific men, it was not until 1842 that ether was used for a definite surgical purpose by a young doctor, Crawford Long.In 1843, Wells employed nitrous oxide for anaesthesia, and in 1846, Morton administered ether in Massachusetts General Hospital. Flourens, a year later, described the effects of chloroforni 01 t the lower animals ; Sir William Lawrence employed chloroform at St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, and Sir James Simp- son, in Edinburgh, soon after published the details of 50 cases in which chloroform had been administered with success. 193 It is understood that the Exhibition will probably remain open until October.Heating and Ventilation.-The Industrial Health Re-search Board of the Medical Research Council has published ‘I A Study of Heating and Ventilation in Schools’’ (Report No. 58), by H. M. Vernon and T. Bedford, assisted by C. G. Warner. (London: H.M. Stationery Office, 2s. 6d. net.) Imperial Institute.-The Direct or of the Imperial Institute has published the Annual Report to the Board of Governors, for the year 1929, a copy of which can be seen in the Library of the Institute of Chemistry. The Report bears evidence to the growth and importance of the work of the Imperial Institute during the past year, and, in addition to matters of official administration, deals with a great variety of questions bearing on Empire products, including : silk, hemp, tung oil, sheepskins, rabbit, opossum and other fur skins, animal fibres, timber, ginger, rice, shark products (oil and skins), minerals, metals, Mora wood charcoal, etc.Steel Pit Props.-The Safety in Mines Research Board has published a Report on Steel Pit Props, by T. Ashley, S. M. Dixon, and M. A. Hogan (S.M.R.B. Paper 58). (London: H.M. Stationery Office, IS. net.) Much attention is being devoted at the present time to the question of substituting steel for timber in the underground workings of coal mines. The value of steel arches for roadway support had been proved, but it is not so widely appreciated that steel props have been successful at the face under a variety of conditions when the prop tried has been of a suitable type.In an introductory note the Chairman of the Committee points out that a particular steel prop may be condemned at one pit while meeting with a full measure of success at another, and it is most important that the type of prop should be carefully chosen to suit the conditions obtaining where it is to be used. Water Pollution Research.-The Department of Scientific and Industrial Research has decided to publish monthly sum-maries of current scientific and technical literature dealing with water supplies, sewage, trade waste waters, river pollution and relevant subjects. These summaries were at first circulated in neostyle form, but, beginning with Vol. 111, No. I, for January, 1930,are now obtainable in pamphlet form.(H.M. Stationery Office, IS. 3d. net per No.; Annual Subscription, 15s. net, post free.) 194 The Register. At the meetings of Council held on 4th April and 16th May, 1930, 2 new Fellows were elected, 22 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 65 new Associates were elected, I Associate was re-elected, and 26 Students were admitted. New Fellows. Aps, John Edmund, The Lodge, Newbolt Avenue, Cheam, Surrey. Evers, Herbert Henry, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Liv.), 8, Grosvenor Avenue, Gt. Crosby, Lancs. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Balmforth, Leonard, B.Sc. (Lond.), 25, Broadhurst Gardens, London N.W. 11. Beam, Joseph Gauld, M.Sc. (Manc.), Home Glen, Waterer Rise, Off SandyLane S., Wallington, Surrey. Bell, James Horst Brunneman, M.A., B.Sc.(Edin.), South Manse, Auchter- muchty, Fife. Boyes, George Richardson, B.Sc. (Lond.), 17, Brambledown, Crouch Hill, London, N.4. Callow, Ernest Harold, B.Sc. (Birm.), Ph.D. (Cantab.), Orchard Side, Trumpington, Cambridge. Coysh, Reginald Henry, M.Sc. (Bris.), 7, Cannon’s Close, Raynes Park, London, S.W.20. Hallas, Charles Arthur, B.Sc. (Lond.), 50, Tetherdown, MusweII HilI, London, N.lO. Herd, Magnus, B.Sc. (Glas.), A.R.T.C., City Analyst’s Department, 20, Trongate, Glasgow. Jamieson, Archibald Robert, B.Sc. (Glas.), 16, Glebe Crescent, Renfrew. Lipscomb, Alfred George James, B.Sc. (Lond.), 29, Finborough Road, Stowmarket. Martin, Hubert, M.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., South-Eastern Agricultural College, Wye, Kent.Masterman, Cyril Aubyn, M.A. (Oxon.), The Pines, Oxshott, Surrey. Messenger, Walter George, B.Sc. (Birm.), 33, Roxborough Park, Harrow- on-the-Hill, Middlesex. Newington, Frederick Henry, Admiralty Chemist’s Dept., H.M. Dockyard, Portsmouth. Quastel, Juda Hirsch, D.Sc. (Lond.), Ph.D. (Cantab.), A.R.C.S., Bio-chemical Laboratory, Cardiff City Mental Hospital, Whitchurch, Glam. Reid, Eric, 41, Town Lane, Woodhey, Rock Ferry.Revis, Frank Leonard Bingham, A.C.G.F.C., 25, Birch Road, Lower Bebington, Cheshire. Roche, James William, B.Sc. (Bris.), 15, Coral Road, Cheadle Hulme, Stockport.Rooke, Horace Samuel, M.Sc. (Birm.), 146, Prince’s Avenue, London, W.3. Smith, Dudley Herbert, M.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 55, Quarry Road, Lower Bebington, Cheshire.195 Stevenson, Samuel Gordon, BSc. (Lond.), 76, Ryecroft Road, London, S.W. 16. Stothart, Sydney Norman Herbert, B,Sc., Ph.D. (Liv.), 15, Gannock Street, Edge Lane, Liverpool. New Associates. Adams, Harold, A.M.C.T., 20, Edilom Road, Higher Crumpsall, Man- Chester. Adamson, Arthur Benjamin, B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), Victoria Road, Barnetby, Lincs. Allen, Frederick William, A.M.C.T., 20, Crosby Road, Bolton, Lancs. Amner, John William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 40, Arnulf Street, London, S.E.6. Arneil, Alexander, B.Sc. (Glas.), 35, Snaefell Crescent, Burnside, Glasgow, S.E. Bamford, Thomas Gordon, MAC. (Liv.), County Technical College, Wed- nesbury.Beese, Dennis Clifford, Kenden, Vicarage Road, Egham, Surrey.Black, Miss Mary Sanderson, B.A., M.Sc. (T.C.D.), c/o The Abbey, Malvern Wells, Worcs. Bush, Frederick William, BSc. (Lond.), 51, Battersea Bridge Road, London, S.W.ll. Churchouse, Archibald Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.), 20, Holtori Heath, Poole, Dorset. Cohen, Jacob Davis, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.C.G.F.C., 65, Fairfax Road, Tedding- ton, Middlesex. Craven, Ernest Cecil, B.Sc. (Lond.), 49, Holmstall Avenue, Edgware, Middlesex. Crawford, Robert Craig, Roburite & Ammonal, Ltd., Gathurst, nr. Wigan, Crooks, James, B.Sc. (Edin.), 5, Rosbery Crescent, Bathgate, Linlithgow. Dembrey, Ivor, B.Sc. (Bris.), 142, East Street, Bedminster, Bristol. Dolby, Richard Malcolm, M.Sc. (N.Z.), 28, Fellows Road, London, N.W.3. Edwards, William, M.Sc. (Manc.), 16, Pathfield Road, London, S.W.16.Ellison, Thomas Eric, M.Sc. (Q.U.B.), 7, Milton Road, Stowmarket. Emmett, Miss Alice Mabel, B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.), 11, Collier Road, Cam- bridge. Epworth, Frederick William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 19, Park Grove, Nab Wood, Shipley.Etchells, Kenneth, B.Sc. (Liv.), 2, Brent Road, London, S.E.18. Fenner, Joseph, 143, Chatsworth Avenue, Aintree, Liverpool. Gerty, Arthur Edward, B.Sc. (Glas.), 7, Westbank Quadrant, Hillhead, Glasgow, W.2. Hale, Ernest Edward, 14, Chobham Road, London, E.15. Hall, Robert Oswald, B.Sc. (Leeds), The Eaves, Bradford Road, Wakefield. Harris, Thomas Lane, B.Sc. (Birm.), 5, Hawthorne Road, King’s Norton, Birmingham.Heathcoat, Frederick, M.Sc. (Sheff.), 7, Moorgate Terrace, Rotherham. Holland, Harold Cecil, M.Sc.(N.Z.),23, Highsted Road, Christchurch, N.Z. Holman, Henry John, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 34, WolfingtonRoad, London, S.E.27. Irving, Harry Munroe Napier Hetherington, B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), 36, Southfield Road, Oxford. Jack, John Alexander, B.Sc. (Glas.), 185, Neilston Road, Paisley, Scotland. Joseph, James Dillwyn, A.M.C.T., 5, Coach Terrace, Longsight, Man- Chester. Kaura, Bal Dev, B.Sc.Chem. Eng., M.Sc. (Utah), 84, Baird Square, New Delhi, India. I96 Kellett, Edison Geoffrey, B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), 59, Rothwell Road, Gosforth, Newcastle-on-Tyne.Krishnaswami, Kolar Ramakrishnaiyer, B.A. (Madras), 8, Gordon Street, London, W.C.1. Lawton, Henry Kenneth, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Liv.), Glengap, Sinclair Drive, Mossley Hill, Liverpool.Leishman, Andrew, M.A., B.Sc. (Glas.), 8, Douglas Drive, Ashgill, Lanark- shire. Lempert, Hyme, M.Sc. (Manc.), 13, Taylor Street, Broughton, Salford. Maddocks, John Robert, A.M.C.T., 6, Peduzzi Street, Queen’s Park, Manchester. Marloth, Bernhard Wilfrid, B.A. (Cape), Ph.D. (Miinich), 7, Park Road, Cape Town, S. Africa. Miller, Thomas Scott, A.H.-W.C., 11, Polwarth Grove, Edinburgh. Mitchell, Vivian Ernest Saunders, M.Sc. (Lond.), High Street, Southwold, Suffolk. McCrea, George Walker, B.Sc. (Edin.), 2, Rosebery Terrace, Kirkcaldy, Fife. Owen, Arthur Ernest, B.Sc. (Lond.), 3, Briardale Road, Woodhey, Rock Ferry.Pass, Alfred, c/o H. Edwin Coley, Ltd., Victoria Works, Dartford, Kent. Peek, William Caird, 86, Seymour Street, Shawlands, Glasgow, S.1.Perkins, Thomas Robert, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 11, Sheen Park, Richmond, Surrey. Rawlings, Ernest Emerson, B.Sc. (Lond.), 15, Klondyke Avenue, Stone- ferry, Hull, Yorks. Richardson, Norman Arthur, B.Sc. (Lond.), 3, Graham Road, Wealdstone, Harrow, Middlesex. Samuel, Leslie William, B.Sc. (W. Australia), 152, Newcastle Street, Perth, W. Australia. Sarin, Jiwan Lal, M.Sc. (Punjab), Ph.D. (Lond.), c/o Director of Industries, Lahore, Punjab, India. Sen Gupta, Nagendra Nath, M.Sc. (Dun.), Government Test House, 30, Judge’s Court Road, Alipore, Calcutta, India. Sexton, George Edward Wolfe, M.Sc. (N.U.I.), 57, Park View, New Malden, Surrey. Smith, Gilbert Ernest, B.Sc. (Birm.), 42, Higher Bebington Road, Lower Bebington, Cheshire.Steer, Edwin Hemus, B.Sc. (Lond.), 288, Franklin Road, King’s Norton, Birmingham.Stephenson, William Frank, B.Sc. (Liv.), The Medway Technical College, Gillingham, Kent. Stewart, Martin Louis Haerpfner, M.Sc. (N.Z.), Laboratory, Shell Co., (N.Z.), Ltd., Hutt Road, Wellington, N.Z. Thomas, Richard Spenser, 167, Tettenhall Road, Wolverhampton. Tipler, Albert Fred, B.Sc. (Lond.), 149, Monks Road, Exeter. Walker, Charles, B.Sc. (Lond.), 65, Woodville Road, London, E.18. Westhead, James, A.M.C.T., 74, Tyldesley Road, Atherton, Manchester. Wilks, Alfred Leonard, B.Sc. (Lond.), 79, Glenthorn Road, Jesmond, Newcastle-on-Tyne.Wilson, Henry Jefferis, B.Sc. (Edin.), Rosehall Lodge, Dalkeith Road, Edinburgh.Wright, Clifford Rex, A.R.C.S., 62, Biscot Road, Luton.Wright, Robert Charles, B.Sc. (Lond.), Home Farm, Nacton, nr. Ipswich. Re-elected Associate. Kirby, Christopher Stanhope, B.Sc. (Lond.), Government Harness & Saddlery Factory, Cawnpore, U.P., India. 197 New Students. Baldwin, Gordon Tate, 19, Kirkley Road, London, S.W.19. Bell, Jack, 59, Earl’s Road, Bransty, Whitehaven, Cumberland. Blake, John Barry, 11, Dryden Street, Nottingham. Bleasdale, Edwin, 10, St. Brendan’s Road N., Withington, Manchester. Bradley, Arthur Daniel, Hswarden, Olton Road, Shirley, Birmingham. Campbell, John Herbert, 12, Ashburn Mews, Gloucester Road, London, s.w.7. Carter, Gordon, Hillgrove, Station Road, Shirehampton, Bristol. Curphey, George Edward, 22, hgleby Road, New Ferry, Cheshire.Darby, George Douglas, 19, Falcon Avenue, Edinburgh. Dent, Lionel James, 82, Prince’s Avenue, London, W.3. Evans, Arthur, 33, Shaftesbury Road, London, W.6. Garlick, Reginald Stanley, 8, Livingstone Road, London, N.13. Goodall, William, 10, Lothian Road, Middlesbrough. Grant, Donald Gregory, 57, Atbara Road, Teddington, Middlesex. Grant, John Scurrah, 63, Bellwood Street, Langside, Glasgow. Hoar Edward Peace Wymark, Royal Army Medical College, Millbrsnk, London, S.W.l. Jackson, Cyril Norman, 29, King Street, Newton Abbot, Devon. Jones, Cyril Hall, 7, Corporation Road, Ilkeston, Derby. Leigh, Gordon Thomas, 244, Wellington Road, Handsworth, Birmingham. Lockton, Ernest Bernard, 34, Selby Road, West Bridgford, Nottingham.Maxwell, Norman Vincent, 26, High Craigends, Kilsyth, Glasgow. Smart, Norman, 11, Howard Terrace, Brighton. Smith, Archibald Walter, 36, Stafford Road, Gt. Yarmouth. Smith, Miss Violet Mary, 3, Marine Terrace, Aberdeen. Watkin, Raymond Phillip, Kingsfield, Thornhill Road, Streetly, Staffs. White, Edwin John Joshua, 18, Townsend Road, Southall, Middlesex. DEATHS. Fellows. William Brown Davidson, M.A., D.Sc. (Aberd.), Ph.D. (Wiirzburg) Herbert Edward Davies, M.A. (Cantab.), B.Sc. (Lond.). Samuel Shirra Dougall. Ayerst Henham Hooker. William Albert Riley. Andrew Thomson, M.A., D.Sc. (Edin.).James Woodward, B.A., B.Sc. (Lond.).Richard Henry Wright. Associates. William Thomas Cook, B.Sc. (Wales). Alaric Vincent Colpoys Fenby, B.Sc.(Lond.). John Henry McGuinness, B.Sc. (Liv.).Eric Yorke Scarlett, B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.). CHANGES OF NAMES. (Miss) Annie Harman, Associate, to Mrs. Fuller-on her marriage. Abram Moses, Associate, has given notice that he has assumed the name of Arthur Moses. 198 General Notices. Examinations.-Examinations for the Associateship and Fellowship will be held in September,-from the 15th to 20th, or from the 22nd to 27th. The list of entries for the September Examinations willclose on Monday, the 14th July. Entries for the examination for the Fellowship in Branch G: Industrial Chemistry must be received on or before Monday, 7th July. Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize for Registered Students.-A medal and prize (LIO 10s.) for the best essay, not exceeding 3000 words, on 4b Chemical Education, from the Student’s Point of View” will be awarded in January, 1931,and presented at the next Annual General Meeting, or at a meeting of the Local Section to which the successful competitor is attached.Entries are limited to registered students who are less than 22 years of age at the time of forwarding the essay. Each essay must be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the Local Section of the district in which the competitor resides, on or before the 3rd December, 1930,and must be accompanied by a signed declaration that it is the independent work of the com- petitor. Essays will be valued partly for literary style and technique, but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein.The Committee of each Local Section will be asked to select from among the essays received not more than three considered to be worthy of the award. The essays selected by the Local Sections will be referred to assessors appointed by the Council. On the report of the assessors, the Council will decide whether an award be made. The award will not be made more than once to any individual competitor. Enquiries on the subject of the Sir Edward Frankland Essays should be addressed to the Registrar. 199 The Meldola Medal (the gift of the Society of Maccabzans) is awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise and is brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 3xst December prior to the award. The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work.The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person. In awarding the Medal for 1930 the adjudicators will, unless exceptional circumstances arise, give special consideration to work in inorganic or physical chemistry. The next award will be made in January, 1931. The Council will be glad to have attention directed, before 31st December, 1930,to work of the character indicated. Beilby Memorial Awards.-From the interest derived from the invested capital of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, at intervals to be determined by the administrators representing the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institute of Metals, awards will be made to British investigators in science to mark appreciation of records of distinguished original work, preference being given to in-vestigations relating to the special interests of Sir George Beilby, including problems connected with fuel economy, chemical engineering and metallurgy.Awards will not be made on the result of any competition, but in recognition of continuous work of exceptional merit, bearing evidence of distinct advancement in knowledge and practice. The administrators of the Fund are the Presidents, the Honorary Treasurers, and the Secretaries of the three partici- pating Ins titu t ions. Fellows and Associates who wish to direct attention to work of the character indicated are requested to communicate with the Registrar of the Institute.Pedler Research Scholarship.-Under the regulations for the award of the Pedler Scholarship, the scholar is required to undertake work on a problem or problems to be chosen by the Council, having special regard to the need for its investigation in the public interest. 200 The selected problem will be announced in due course, and the Pedler Fund Committee will invite applications from candi- dates for the scholarship. The successful candidate will be informed of his or her appointment as soon as possible after the award, with a view to commencing work early in October. The scholarship is of the annual value of jts300, payable monthly, and tenable for one year, but, at the discretion of the Council, may be extended for any further period at the same rate.The work shall be conducted in a laboratory approved by the Council, and under the general direction of any person or persons, duly authorised by the Council for this purpose, who shall report to the Pedler Fund Committee from time to time as required. The Council will defray the expenses of the research out of the Pedler Fund, all such expenses being subject to the approval of the Council or of an officer duly authorised for this purpose. The results of the investigations undertaken by the scholar shall be the property of the Institute, and shall be published as the Council may direct.Any such publication, however, shall be in the name of the scholar solely. Notice to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship as soon as possible. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute on the same terms as Fellows and Associates, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their professors.Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their 201 positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employment are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period of six months, if necessary.The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assis- tants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students and Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the institute provides a collection of books primarily intended for the use of candidate5 during the Institute’s practical examinations, but is open for the use of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students between the hours of 10 a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10 a.m. and I p.ni.), except when examinations are being held. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is avail- able, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute, wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10a.m.to 9 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.), except during August and the early part of September, when the hours are from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted, at present, to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books. Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. The Science Museum, South Kensington.-The Director and Secretary of the Science Museum, South Kensington, has notified the Council of the Institute that arrangements have been made for the issue of books and periodicals on loan to scientific workers introduced by approved institutions.Books which can be obtained easily from other institutions are not ordinarily lent by the Science Library. The Science Library, however, contains some 360 periodicals specially devoted to chemical science, and arrangements have been made (by means of a form of requisition obtainable from the Registrar of the Institute) for borrowing any of these, and of the remainder of the 8000 periodicals in the Library which may not be available in the Library of the Chemical Society or elsewhere. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers for binding the JOURNAL (IS. zd. each) are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which they are desirous of binding the JOURNAL.Arrangements have been made with Messrs. A. W. Rain & Co., Ltd., r7-19, Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGStheon following terms: buckram case, IS. zd.;binding, 2s. 9d.; postage and packing, 9d.;in all, 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.--A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who wish to give lectures. The collection includes a large number of portraits and pictures of alchemists and chemists, which are especially useful to members lecturing on various phases of the history of chemistry. As the slides are constantly in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used.A List of Slides appeared in ,JOURNAL AND PROCEEUIKGS,Part IV, 1929,but it is constantly being augnicntcld by thc addition of 11ew slides to meet thc wishes of lecturers. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration.