THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND FOUNDED 1877 INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER 1885 Patron H.M. THE KING JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS PART I 1945 Publications Committee 1944-45 I;. P. Dunn (Chaivman),A. L. Bacharach. R. C. Chirnside L. Eynon Alexander Findlay (Pvesident),Osman Jones D. Jordan-Lloyd F. G. Mann H. Moore and J. H. Quastel Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee H. J. T.ELLINGHAM Secretary. 30 RUSSELLSQUARE,LONDON, W.C.1 February 1945 Report of the Council 1944-1945 (To be submitted at the Sixty-seventh Annual General Meeting of the Institute to be held on Monday 12th March 1945.1 I. THE TITLE OF THE INSTITUTE On 29th March 1944 His Majesty King George VI was graciously pleased to grant a Supplemental Charter commanding and confirming that the Institute be henceforth known as “The Royal Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland,’’ confirming the powers granted to the Institute on 13th June 1885 and further ordaining that any person while being a member of the Royal Institute might use after his name the initials if he be a Fellow of the Institute F.R.I.C.or if he be an Associate of the Institute A.R.1.C. 2. THE SEAL OF THE INSTITUTE Fellows and Associates were given an opportunity of offering suggestions with regard to the design of the seal of the Institute which eventually was adopted in the form here shown on the lines suggested by Mr.John Thornton Calvert Fellow except for a slight variation in the type.The Council is indebted to all who took an interest in this enquiry. 3. THE WAR The Royal Institute has continued to be of service to Government Departments in matters relating to the War. With the concurrence of the Ministry of Supply arrangements were made for Fellows of the Institute to give lectures to chemists engaged in ordnance factories. 4. THE ROLL OF THE INSTITUTE Since the publication of the Report for 1943-44 the Council has recorded with regret the deaths of the following Fellows Herbert Dearman Bell Robert Frederick Blake Olaf Frederick Bloch Horace Edward Brothers Reginald Bulmer James Kerry Burbridge William Alexander Kynoch Christie George Clarke C.I.E. Leonard Clement James Terence Conroy Sir Ernest Henry Cook Henry Dreyfus John Gibson Duncan Wilbraham Tollemache Arthur Edwards Sydney Emsley John Simpson Ford Ferdinand Edward Paul Foster Sir John Jacob Fox C.B.O.B.E. F.R.S. Past President Martin Ernest Fyleman Leo Frank Goodwin Thomas Rigby Greenough Ruby Caroline Groves Tom Guthrie Harold Hunter Member of Council Sir John Gustav Jarmay K.B.E. Henry Wulff Kinnersley Douglas Archibald MacCallum Ida Smedley MacLean Loxley Meggitt Ernest John Parry Robert William Richardson Raymond St. George Ross Henry Julius Salomon Sand Alexander Sanders James McConnell Sanders Andrew Laidlaw Scott Alfred Siebold Ernest Victor Suckling Marcus Baldwin Welch Forsyth James Wilson Charles Harold Wright. [21 Associates Ernest Barrett Herbert Greetham Dane David Gwynne Davies Matthewman Henry Donald Lewis Sidney Fraser Oliver Free Raymond Galloway William Archer Gray Martin John Hoare ?Robert Owen Jones James Lawrence King John Huntly Tarring Lawton Ronald William Hamilton O'Donnell Philip Roy Spencer Spettigue M.C.Kanavenahalli Subba Raniaiah John Stafford Alexander John Summers $Ernest Adam Wagstaff *John Pollard Whittaker Thomas William Whattam Hope Constance Monica Winch Ernest Ronald Withell William Wood. Registered Student *John Vanhouse Garrard. * Killed in action. By enemy action. 3 Missing believed killed. Hitherto membership statistics have been given for twelve-month periods ending 31st January. In this report data are given also for the last two calendar years ended 31st December and in future reports all statistics will be on this new basis.This change is being made at the suggestion of the Chemical Council in order to make the period covered by membership statistics coincide with that of the Accounts in conformity with the practice of the other Chartered Chemical Bodies. (a) Changes in membership and studentship in the twelve months ended 31 Dec. 31 Dec. 31 Jan. 31 Jan. 1943 1944 1944 1945 Additions and promotions New Fellows .. .. .. .. 24 28 27 28 Fellow re-elected .. .. .. .. --1 Associates elected to Fellowship .. .. 311 324 315 353 New Associaties . . .. .. .. 379 486 430 474 Students elected to Associateship .. 93 127 107 121 Associates re-elected . . .. .. 16 25 19 23 New Students . . .. .. .. 256 374 878 379 Students re-admitted .... .. 3 8 3 5 Deaths Fellows . . .. .. .. .. 30 32 46 37 Associates .. .. .. .. .. 16 22 17 22 Students . . .. .. .. .. 0 1 1 1 Resignations Fellows .. .. .. .. .. -Associates .. .. .. .. .. 10 16 17 17 Students .. .. .. .. .. 1 18 8 17 Removals Fellows .. .. .. .. .. 1 5 1 5 Associates . . .. .. .. .. 42 32 42 32 Students .. .. .. .. .. 0 40 53 40 (b) Number on the Register at 31 Dec. 31 Dec. 31 Jan. 31 Jan. 1943 1944 1944 1945 -Fellows .. .. .. .. 2688 3003 2693 3033 Associates .. .. .. 5934 61 79 6000 6194 ___ --8622 9182 8693 9227 f F. 340 Increase '"1 A. 194 ~ ___ -9182 9182 9227 9227 __ __ .~ ~ Students .. .. .. .. 1010 1206 1020 1225 Increase *. .. ._ 196 205 ___ --1206 1206 1225 1225 ._ r31 5.THE COUNCIL COMMITTEES AND REPRESENTATIVES Since the Annual General Meeting held on 15th March 1944,the Council has held 11 Meetings; the Committees Sub-committees and the Board of Examiners have held 97 Meetings. COMMITTEES AND THEIR CHAIRMEN Emergency (The Officers). . .. .. .. The President. Appointments . . .. .. .. .. D. Jordan-Lloyd Vice-Ps.eside;it. Benevolent Fund .. .. .. * ‘ C. White Hori. Tveastwer. Finance and House .. .. .. ‘ .. ‘ }John Legal and Parliamentary .. .. .. The President. Nominations Examinations and Institutions .. The President; I. M. Heilbron Vice-Pwsident Vice-Chairman. Pedler Research Scholarship . . .. . . The President. Publications and Library .. .. .. F.P. Dunn Vice-Pvesidext. Joint Committee with the Ministry of Education (National Certificates England and Wales) .. The President. Joint Committee with the Scottish Education Department (National Certificates) . . .. J. ?Veir. Special Committees Constitution of the Council and “Third Grade ” The President. Patents . . .. .. .. .. .. The President. Publicity .. .. .. .. .. . . A. L. Bacharach. “Welfare” (see p. 11) .. .. .. . . The President. Joint Committee with the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists .. The President. Professor J. M. Gulland was elected a Member of Council in the place of Vice-chancellor J. I. 0. Masson M.B.E. F.R.S. who resigned owing to pressure of work. Mr. Fred Scholefield was elected a Member of Council to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Dr.H. Hunter. The Institute has been represented on other Bodies as follows:-STATUTORY APPOINTMENT Dr. G. Roche Lynch O.B.E. on the Poisons Board constituted under the Pharmacy and Poisons Act 1933. The President,-on the Chemical Council (until December 1944) the Joint Council of Professional Scientists the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund Committee and the Joint Library Committee (since December 1944). The President with Dr. F. H. Carr Mr. E. Hinks Mr. S. E. Melling President of the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists Professor W. H. Roberts Vice-President,and the Registrar of the Institute on a deputation introduced by Mr. E.W. Salt M.P.,-to the Ministry of Health with reference to the activities of the Emergency Public Health Laboratory Service. The President with the Assistant Secretary,-at a Conference arranged by the Iron and Steel Institute with representatives of the Ministry of Education the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy and the Institute of Physics with a view to inaugurating a scheme for National Certificates in Metallurgy. The President with Mr. A. L. Bacharach Mr. Lewis Eynon Sir Robert Pickard F.R.S. and the Registrar,-to confer with representatives of the British Association of Chemists to discuss the rehabilitation of chemists after the war co-operation between Local Sections and the general position of persons making their living by chemistry; also on a Joint Consultative Committee with the Association to which may be referred during the national emergency matters affecting both bodies which in the opinion of the President of either body were of urgent public or professional interest.Sir Robert Pickard F.R.S. Past Pvesident on the Joint Council of Professional Scientists and on the Chemical Council. ~43 Mr. J. C. White Hon. Treasurer,*n the Chemical Council and at a meeting convened by the Industrial and Export Council of the Board of Trade to consider suggestions for the establishment of a closer link between the various organisations dealing with problems of industrial management. Mr. A. L. Bacharach,-on the Chemical Council and on the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee. Professor J.W. Cook F.R.S.,-on the National Committee for Chemistry of the Royal Society. Mr. A. L. Bacharach Professor H. V. A. Briscoe Mr. H. W. Cremer and Dr. E. Vanstone (until December 1944),+n the Joint Library Committee. Dr. G. Roche Lynch and Dr. Harold Moore,-on the Joint Council of Professional Scientists. Professor H. V. A. Briscoe,-on the Chemical Divisional Council of the British Standards Instituticn. Mr. W. H. Ballantyne (temporarily) and Dr. J. G. Fife,-on the Joint Committee on Patents of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers. Mr. W. Herbert Simmons,-on the Oils Fats and Waxes -4dvisory Committee of the City and Guilds of London Institute. Ih-. J. I;. Tocher,--on the Advisory Committee appointed iinder the Therapeutic Substances Act.Dr. A. H. Cook,-on the Committee of the British Chemical Ware Manufacturers’ -Association dealing with Key Industries (Laboratory Equipment). The Registrar,-on the Headmasters of Secondary Schools Employment Com-mittee Ministry of Labour on the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee of which he is a Vice-President and on the Joint Council of Professional Scientists. The Assistant Secretary,-on the Chemical Trades Advisory Committee Chemical Trades Examination Board of the Union of Lancashire and Cheshire Institutes. Fellows and Associates have continued to co-operate with the British Standards Institution in drafting specifications. 6. FINANCE AND HOUSE COMMITTEE The Financial Statements for the year 1944are attached to this Report.In spite of the fact that the Council decided that Fellows Associates and Registered Students who are serving with the Armed Forces should not be required to pay subscriptions the receipts for subscriptions for the year 194show an increase of E897 12s. 512-The examination fees received show an increase of &IS 7s. od. The expense of Examinations is not only that indicated by the examination expenses given in the account. Overheads (staff office expenses printing etc.) are not included in the sum of E1,80413s. &.; in fact many Examina- tions cost more than the fees paid by the candidates. The Expenditure generally compares satisfactorily with that for 1943 except the item of Grants to Local Sections the increase in which is mainly attributable to the transferance for current purposes of Emergency Grants (amounting to E262) allotted to the Sections in 1941.The Balance at the close of the year was reduced by the purchase of &3,000Metropolitan Water Board B Stock. Largely as a result of restrictions on house repairs printing and paper (especially the Register and the List of Official Chemical Appointments) and saving of postal expenses the Council has been able to create a fairly substantial reserve which it is hoped will place the Institute in a sound position to meet the future. When it is possible to return to normal conditions and output the Council anticipates that funds will be required for the extension of the activities of the Institute and of its Local Sections for the modification of the Charter and By-laws the publication of more lectures and for the working of the Appointments Register,-matters necessitating additional staff and equipment.rs1 The premises of the Institute have suffered damage but it has been fortunate in not having had to transfer its business elsewhere except for the conduct of examinations and general meetings and has continued to provide a public air-raid shelter which has often been used and much appreciated. The staff has been deprived from time to time of the services of well-trained and useful members thereby imposing during a period of marked activity additional burdens on those remaining. The Finance and House Committee records its special appreciation of the devoted services of the Chief Clerk Miss Cawston and the Accounts Clerk Mr.Arnold. The Council agreed to the execution of a Deed of Covenant for the contribution of E5oo per annum for seven jrears towards the maintenance of the Library of the Chemical Society. Donations have been given to the Parliamentary and Scientific Com- mittee the British Standards Institution and the World Power Conference. The Council also decided that the Institute should subscribe to the Scientific Film Association as a Corporate Member. 7. BENEVOLENT FUND COMMITTEE The attention of Fellows and Associates is specially directed to the article on the administration of the Benevolent Fund published in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1944 Part VI pp. 217-2219. The Committee is glad to report that many more members have under- taken to make regular annual contributions to the Fund under Deed of Covenant.The Accounts for 1944 are given on pp. 14-24. The total contributions during 1g44,-subscriptions annual subscrip- tions and donations,-amounted to &,327 IS. 6d. compared with a total of k1,868 IS. 3d. in 1943 an increase of E459 0s. 3d. The Committee gratefully acknowledges the support thus given to the Fund the help of “groups” contributors and of the Local Sections which has materially assisted in increasing the reserve which is likely to be needed at the end of the war. The thanks of the Committee are accorded’ also to the Almoners who have assisted in dealing with individual cases. The disbursements grants and regular allowances together with the donation to the London Orphan School (Reed’s School) amounted in 1944 to &1,rg3 17s.od. compared with a total of k1,144 15s. od. in 1943 an increase of E49 2s. od. EI,OOO was deposited in the Post Office Savings Bank in January 1945. The Committee records its cordial thanks to Mr. Richard B. Pilcher who as Hon. Secretary to the Benevolent Fund since its inception has made the administration of the Fund one of his special concerns and through a number of his personal associations has been able to secure valuable assist- ance in the furtherance of its objects. 8. PARLIAMENTARY AND SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE Representatives of the Royal Institute on the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee have taken an active part in the work of that Committee and of its Sub-Committees which has been noticed in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS.9. THE EXECUTIVE OFFICERS The Council consented with regret to a request from Mr. Richard B. Pilcher that he be allowed to retire from the office of Registrar and Secretary [el with effect from 31st March 1945,after fifty-three years in the service of the Institute; and has appointed Dr. H. J. T. Ellingham as Secretary and Mr. R. Leslie Collett as Registrar. 10. LOCAL SECTIONS The Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections have supplied the following records of their meetings many of which have been held jointly with or at the invitation of other Bodies. ARERDEENAND NORTHOF SCOTLAND :“The Mechanism of the Synthesis of Polyvinyl Plastics,” by Professor H.W. Melville F.R.S.; “Chemistry and Paint,” by Mr. 1’. Mitchell; “The Preservation of the Food,” by Dr. G. Reay; “Vitamins Vitamers and Vitagens,” by Dr. J. N. Davidson; “The Chemistry of Blue Print and SimiIar Photq; graphic Processes used by Engineers,” by Dr. F. L. Hudson; “Science and the Schools by Mr. D. E. Collier. BELFAST Film of “Water Treatment” ; “Industrial Water Treatment,” by Mr. J. S. Couper; “The History of Dyestuffs and Dyeing,” by Dr. C. J. Still; Film of “The Discovery of a New Pigment”; “The Structure and Composition of the Earth,” by Professor J. K. Charlesworth ;“Various Aspects of Blood Examination and Identifica- tion,’] by Professor John McGrath; A Course of Ten Lectures on “Recent Developments in Organic Chemistry,” by Dr.Hugh Graham by arrangement with Queen’s University. BIRMINGHAM AND MIDLANDS “New Prospects in the Chemistry of Micro-organ- isms,” by Dr. M; Stacey; “The Rheology of Plastics Stress-Strain-Time Relations for High Polymers by Dr. G. W. Scott-Blair; Post-graduate Course in Chemical Engineer- ing by Mr. E. Woollatt; Films on “The Manufacture of Catgut” and “The Story of the Tyre”; “Chemists 1892-1944,” by the Registrar; “The Rare Earths,” by Dr. J. A. Newton Friend; r‘Progress in River Pollution Prevention,” by Dr. S. H. Jenkins (at Coventry) ; “Algenic Acids and Alginates,” by hlr. C. W. Bonniksen; “Emulsions- Natural and Synthetic,” by Dr. J. Schulman (at Wolverhampton) ;Lectures for Children on “Fire” and “Science in Antiquity,” by Dr. J. Newton Friend.The Section has appointed representatives on the Birmingham Council for British- Soviet Unity. BRISTOLAND SOUTH-WESTERN “Thermal Reactions of the Paraffins,]’ COUNTIES by Dr. C. E. H. Bawn; “Chemotherapy,” by Brigadier Sir L. E. H. Whitby C.V.O. M.C.; “Microchemistf;4r,” by Dr. J. K. N. Jones; “Effects of Pollution on Deposits in the Mersey Estuary by Dr. B. A. Southgate; “Ion Exchangers applied to Water Treatment,” by Mr. R. T. Pemberton. CAFE “Food hw Administration,’] by Mr. F. E. A. Leibbrandt; discussions on professional matters; “The South African Shale Oil Industry,” by Mr. J. W. van der Menve; “Why the Chemist should study the National Income,” by Mr. J. E. Worsdale. CARDIFFAND DISTRICT.-“The Study of Reaction Mechanisms,” by Dr.H. B. Watson; “Enzymes and Vitamins,’] by Professor A. R. Todd F.R.S. ;Visit to Penallta Colliery Powell Duffryn Co.; “The Institute Its Aims and Organisation,” by the President; “Modern Developments in the Manufacture and Control of Portland Cement,” by Mr. J. Colin Gullen; “Chemistry in the Kitchen,” by Dr. E. B. Hughes, Member of Council;Discussion on the questionnaire and on the future policy of the Institute. DUBLIN “Monomolecular Films,” by Dr. V. E. J. Davidson; Visit to Factory of Messrs. Williams & Woods; “Spectrographic Analysis,” by Dr. A. G. G. Leonard; “Thirty years of Industrial Chemistry 1914-1944,” by J. W. Parkes. EASTANGLIA :Joint Meeting with the London and South-Eastern Counties Section of the Institute and Cambridge University Chemical Society :“Some Recent Advances in Inorganic Analysis,” by Mr.R. C. Chirnside Member of Council. EASTMIDLANDS “Chemical Theory and Paper-making Practice,” by Dr. Julius Grant; “Recent Advances in Photography,” by Dr. Harry Baines; Visit of the President and discussion on the policy of the Institute. AND EASTOF SCOTLAND EDINBURGH “Molecular Regimentation in Solids and Liquids,” by Professor G. M. Bennett; “Protein Fibres-Their Reactivity and its Industrial Applications,” by Professor J. B. Speakman ; “Some Aspects of Steroid Metabolism,” by Professor G. F. Marrian F.R.S. ; “Solvent Extraction of Solids,” by Mr. W. C. Peck; “Pioneers of Physical Chemistry,” by Professor Alex. Findlay President; Annual General Meeting-Discussion on “Should the Royal Institute take a more active interest in the Financial Prospects and Welfare of Chemists ?” ~71 AND WEST OF SCOTLAND: GLASGOW “Some Aspects of Hazards in Industry,” by Dr.Goldblatt (read by Dr. H. Taylor); “The Scope and Limitations of Infra-red Xeasurements in Chemistry,” by Mr. H. W. Thompson; “The Electron Microscope,” by (the late) Dr. Harold Hunter Menzbeir of Council;“Rare Elements in Coal Ashes,” by Professor 1‘. M. Goldschmidt ; “Theoretical and Practical Aspects of Fish Curing,” by nr. J. R’I. Shewan and Dr. C. I,. Cutting and “Smoking and Drying of Meat,” by Mr. T. Howard; Annual General Meeting and Visit of the President Address on “Profes- sional Affairs”; “The Value of the Resonance Theory in Chemistry,” by Mr. R.P. Bell F.R.S. ; “Some Applications of the Theory of Resonance in Colour Chemistry,” by Dr. H. H. Hodgson Member of Couitcil. HUDDERSFIELD: Films “This is Colour” and “The Discovery of a New Pigment” and “The Blowfly”; Visit of the President; “The Treatment oi’ Boiler Feed Water,” by Mr. D. Lunn; “The Runsen Flame,” by Dr. D. T. A. Townend; Visits to Worlts; “A Nuisance in the Woollen Industry,” by Mr. Donald Hanson; “Some Incidents in Diazo- chemistry,” by Dr. H. H. Hodgson Member of Couiicil; “Thirty years in the Chemical Industry in Huddersfield,” by Mr. H. \;5‘ebster Rloss; and demonstrations by Dr. J. E. Garside. LEEDS “The Ideas behind the Statistical Treatment of Experimental Errors,” by J!r. L. H. C. Tippett; Film “The Life of Pasteur” and “Some Chemical Aispccts of Cancer Research,” by I’rofessor J.IT7.Cook I;.R.S. ; Visit (if the President and discussion on matters o€ professional interest; “The Compleat Analyst,’’ by Mr. R. C. Chirnside Member of Council. AND NORTH-WESTERP;: LIVERPOOL “The Beet Sugar Industry,” by Dr. 0. Reiss; “Polarography-Some Applications in an Industrial Laboratory,” by Dr. W. Cule Davies (at Wigan); “Old and New- Problems in Vitamin Chemistry,” by Mr. A. L. Bacharach Membei. qf Council; “Corrosion of Metals in Chemical Plant,” by Dr. S. J. Kennett ; “Sulphur Dioxide-Retrospect and Prospect ” by nlr. G. Brearley ; “Clieino-therapy,” by Dr. D. H. Hey Member of Comicil; “Carria.ge by Sea,” by C. Gordon Smith. AND SOUTH-EASTERN “Recent ;Idvances in the Treatment of LONDON COUNTIES Sewage and Trade Effluents,” by Dr.B. A. Southgate; “Some Recent Advances in Inorganic Analysis,” by Mr. R. C. Chirnside nlernbev of Cozincil; “Rubber and the Rubber-like State,” by Dr. L. R. G. Treloar; “Old and Xew Problems in Vitamin Chemistry,” by Mr. A. L. Bacharach ; “Recent Advances in Sulphonamide Chemo- therapy,” by Dr. M. A. Phillips; “A Convention on Applied Spectroscopy”; Visit to Rothamsted Experimental Station ; “The Control of Rodents and Household Insect Pests,” by Mr. C. L. Claremont ; Discussion on “EligibilitJ- of Associates for Membership of Council” and “The Third Grade.” MANCHESTER “Patent Law Reform,” by Mr. H. E. Potts; Exhibit of AND DISTRICT Films “This is Colour,” “Chemical Work in the Centrifuge Cone,” “Colloids in Medicine,” “Chemistry in Relation to National Prosperity,” by Professor I.M. Heilbron D.S.O. F.K.S. Vice-President; First Dalton I,ecture-“Chemistry and Clothing,” by Dr. D. Clibbens. NEWCASTLE CO~ST mox TYNEAND NORTH-EAST Visit of the President discussion on “The Organisation of Chemists” ;“The Preparation of Scientific Sales Literature,” bS: Dr. G. E. Stephenson; “Some Applications of X-ray Analysis to Technical Problems by Mr. H. P. Rooksby; “The Molecular Nature of Bituminous Coal,” by Professor H. L. Riley; “The Medical Investigation of Crime,” by Dr. G. E. Stephenson; “Some Applica- tions of the Theory of Resonance in Colour Chemistry,” by Dr. H. H. Hodgson Member of Co14ncil. NEWZEALAND:“Some Aspects of Industrial Research,” and ‘To-operative Research,” by Mr.Philip White Chairman of the Section. SOUTHWALES:“Chemistry and Pest Control,” by Dr. H. Martin Visit of the President “The Royal Institute and the Profession of Chemistry” ; “Chemical Reactivity,” by Professor E. D. Hughes; “Properties and Applications of Organic Ion Exchange Materials with special reference to Water,” by Mr. E. Leighton Holmes; “Research in the Petroleum Industry,” by Dr. D. A. Howes; “Nuclear Chemistry.” by Mr. G. E. Coates. SOUTHYORKSHIRE Discussion on “The Education and Training of Chemists,” opened by Dr. G. Lawton and Mr. W. F. Andrews; “The Physical and Mechanical Properties of Segregates,” by Dr. H. N. Finiston; “Coal Tar as a Binder for Road and Building Material,” by Mr. G. H. Fuidge; Presentation of the “Newton Chambers” award; “The Application of Microchemical Analysis in Industry,” by Mr.R. Belcher. 681 TEES-SIDE “Some Applications of X-ray Analysis to Technical Problems,” by Mr. H. P. Rooksby; Discussion on professional matters opened by Mr. A. J. Prince Member of Council; “Some Researches into Metallic Corrosion,” by Dr. U. R. Evans; “\7itamins,” by Professor A. R. Todd F.R:S.; “Natural Resins,” by Professor R. D. Haworth; Visit of the President :discussion on “The Royal Institute and the Profession of Chemistry”; “The Chemical Link-the Story of Wave Mechanics,” by Mr. E. J. Bowen F.R.S. The President has visited the Sections at Bristol Cardiff East Midlands Edinburgh Glasgow Leeds London Manchester Newcastle upon Tyne South Wales and Tees-side The Registrar visited the Birmingham Section.The Assistant Secretary visited the South Yorkshire Section. XI. HONORARY CORRESPONDING SECRETARIES The thanks of the Council are accorded to the Honorary Corresponding Secretaries in Overseas Dominions and in the Colonies for their continued help in the work of the Institute. Mr. Bernard Collitt has accepted appointment as Honorary Corresponding Secretary for the province of Quebec and Mr. A. W. Facer for Rhodesia. 12. NOMIXATIONS EXAMINATIONS AND INSTITUTIONS The Committee (the Council in Committee) has held 15 (14)meetings and the Examinations Sub-committee 28 (19)meetings. The Committee has reported on 1590 (1293)applications for Studentship Examination Associateship and Fellowship and on numerous enquiries.The Council acknowledges the valuable help of the Advisory Committee in India and of its Honorary Secretary Dr. Gilbert J. Fowler for reports and advice on applications for membership and other matters. EXAMINATIOKS.-BJ-the courtesy of the Universities of London and ManChester and of the Royal Technical College Glasgow practical exami- nations were held in their laboratories in April and September 1944,and in January 1945. Theoretical examinations were held at the Institute and in the laboratories of several Fellows. The thanks of the Council are accorded to the authorities of the above institutions and to the Fellows concerned for the accommodation. The entries and results are here sunimarised. SUMMARY OF RESULTS A ssociateship EXAMINED PASSED Generalchemistry .... .. .. .. 170 86 Fellowship Branch A. Inorganic Chemistry .. .. *. 3 a B. PhysicalChemistry .. . . .. 1 0 C. Organicchemistry . . .. .. LO 7 D. Biochemistry .. .. .. .. -E. Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs and of Water . . 10 7 F. Agricultural Chemistry .. .. 2 4 G. Industrial Chemistry .. .. .. 7 5 H. General Analytical Chemistry 1 1 I. Water Supply and the Treatment of Sewage and TradeEffluents .. 7 -4 -211 114 __ -In 1943-1944the number of candidates examined for the Associateship was 164,of whom 67 passed. 33 candidates were examined for the Fellow- ship of whom ZI passed. The total number of candidates was 197,of whom 88 passed.~91 174candidates were examined orally by the Sub-committee under the Chairmanship of Professor H. V. A. Briscoe with Dr. J. R. Nicholls Dr. H. Baines Dr. J. G. King and Members of Council. 116satisfied the Examiners; the remainder were referred for further study and further examination. The thanks of the Council are accorded to the Board of Examiners and to Sub-Committees and also to Assessors who have reported on records of research submitted by candidates. REGISTERED STUDENTS.-Many Students have been obliged to suspend their professional training owing to service with the Armed Forces; others are engaged on work of national importance and some have been obliged to abandon their courses or have failed to produce satisfactory progress reports.INSTITUTIONS.-The University of Tasmania has been recognised for the training of candidates for admission to the Associateship of the Institute. AWARDS.-T~~ award of the Meldola Medal has been temporarily suspended. For the Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize no award was made. 13. APPOINTMENTS COMMITTEE About 270 members who contemplate the possibility of change of appointment are receiving the regular lists of vacancies. Of these only 17 are recorded as without appointment at the date of this report. The number disengaged at the same date in 1944 was 9. The slight rise in the apparent number unemployed is due essentially to the inclusion of recent graduates who have not previously held appomtments. A questionnaire has been issued to all Fellows and Associates and Registered Students in order to ascertain how many are likely to be without employment when they are demobilised from the Forces or no longer required on work directly connected with the war; and through the Joint Council of Professional Scientists the willingness of the Institute to assist in the rehabilitation of chemists has been expressed to the Hankey Corn- mittee.14. PUBLICATIONS AND LIBRARY The JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS was published in six Parts during 1944 and the following lectures have been published as separate monographs :-“Licorice Putting a Weed to Work,” by Dr. P. A. Houseman; “Some Recent Advances in Chemistry in Relation to Medicine,” by Dr. D. H. Hey. The Twenty-seventh Streatfeild Memorial Lecture on “Modern Methods of Food Preservation,” by Mr.Osman Jones Member of Co.unciZ is about to be issued and a lecture on “Cement and Concrete,” by Dr. F. M. Lea Member of Council will be published shortly. An abridged edition of “The Profession of Chemistry” has been prepared and copies will soon be available. The third edition of “What Industry Owes to Chemical Science” is in the hands of the printers and should be ready for publication in the near future. LIBRARY.-The thanks of the Council are accorded to authors publishers and others for books and journals presented to the Library of the Institute during the year. Fellows Associates and Registered Students have continued to take advantage of the facilities of the Library of the Chemical Society and of the Science Library South Kensington.E 101 LANTERN SLIDES.-Lantern slides have been available to Fellows and Associates and others for the illustration of lectures including lectures to the Forces. 15. SPECIAL COMMITTEES The Emergency Commit tee (the Honorary Officers) dealt provisionally with the matters arising on the approaching retirement of the Registrar and Secretary and also with the design of the new Seal consequent on the change in the title of the Institute. A Special (“Welfare”) Committee was appointed on the dissolution of the Policy Committee- (I) To consider the advisability of obtaining for the R.I.C. de jwe recognition as a professional body. (2) To consider whether the R.I.C. should concern itself to a greater extent than at present with the economic welfare of its members and if so what action should be taken.(3) To consider whether the Benevolent Fund should be maintained on a voluntary basis or should be financed from the funds of the Institute. The findings of the Committee regarding the Benevolent Fund were received and adopted by the Council and published in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part VI (pp. 217-219). With reference to (2)a short article appeared in Part IV (pp. 132-234)and an Address by the President in Part VI (pp.211-216). The Committee was asked by the Council to consider a request from the “Royal Commission on Equal Pay” to give an opinion on the reference to the Commission the substance of which was reported in JOURNAL AND PRO-CEEDINGS, Part VI page 201.The Committee with the approval of the Council has also conferred with representatives of industry on a form of contract of service for chemists and has under consideration what other steps the Institute can take to promote the welfare of the Fellows and Associates. The possibility of securing for the Institute further official recognition as a professional body will be under consideration with the proposal for obtaining a Supplemental Charter and the revision of the By-laws. The Special Committee dealing with the eligibility of Associates to serve on the Council and the introduction of a third grade in the Institute recom- mended the issue of a questionnaire designed to obtain for the guidance of the Council the views of individual members on the proposals.The result obtained at the close of the year 1944 was as follows:- The number of papers received was 2798. Of these on question (A)-whether Associates should be eligible for membership of the Council,-the returns showed :-Total Yes No F. 1069 280 7 89 -609 A. 1729 799 930 -131 *2798 1079 (39%) 1719 (61%) -640 On question (B)-whether there should be a third grade in the Institute Total Yes No F. 1067 572 485 3-87 A* 1723 898 825 + 73 *2780 1470 (63%) 1310 (47%) +160 * The differencearises from some members voting on only one question. ill3 About 35 per cent. of the Fellows and 28 per cent. of the Associates replied to the questionnaire. On the result as to question (A) the Council decided that there was no justification for changing the constitution of the Council on the lines suggested.On question (B) while there is no very definite lead from the returns the Council decided to give further consideration to the possibility of register-ing persons engaged in chemical practice who have not reached the standard of qualification required for the Associateship of the Institute. The Joint Committee of the Royal Institute and the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists has continued correspondence and interviews with the Ministry of Health with reference to the activities of the Emergency Public Health Laboratory Service. On the Report of the Special Committee on Patents consisting of Messrs.W. H. Ballantyne William Cullen Frank B. Dehn George Dring J. G. Fife D. H. Hey and Sir Robert Pickard the Council made representation to the Board of Trade Patents Committee 1944,urging the importance of the encouragement and protection of inventors and of the reduction of the costs of patent litigation. 16. NATIONAL CERTIFICATES IN CHEMISTRY Examinations for National Certificates were held jointly with the Ministry of Education for England and Wales the Scottish Education Department and the Ministry of Education (Northern Ireland). On the suggestion of the Chemistry Education Advisory Board the Council directed the attention of the Ministry of Education the Scottish Education Department and the Ministry of Education (Northern Ireland) to the recommendation that there be set up in the larger centres advisory committees consisting of representatives of the schools universities and/or technical colleges of chemists in industry and of the Royal Institute to give “assistance in assessing the aptitudes of and in giving guidance on further education and training to pupils about to leave school and to enter industry” 30 RUSSELLSQUARE LONDON, W.C.1.2nd February 1945. REPORT OF THE AUDITORS We have examined the Balance Sheet at 31st December 1944,of the Royal Institute of Chemistry also the Statements of Accounts for the year ended 31st December 1944 with the books and vouchers. The values of the Lease and Premises of the Institute Furniture Library Apparatus and subscriptions in arrear are not included in the Balance Sheet.Subject to that remark we have obtained all the information and explanations we have required and in our opinion the Balance Sheet and Statements of Accounts are properly drawn up and are in accordance with the entries in the books. We certify that we have received from the Bank of England and the Westminster Bank Ltd. certificates that they hold on behalf of the Institute the Investments shown on the Statements of Investments. J. Y. FINLAY & Co. Chartered Accomtants. PEARSON C. L. CLAREMONT Hon. Auditors, 3. G. A. GRIFFITHS} 1944-45. 5th February 1945. ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRYOF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND INCOME ACCOUNT AND EXPENDITURS? FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31s~ DECEMBER 1944.1943 EXPENDITURE 1944 1943 INCOME 1944 ;G s. d. To Premises- s. d. k s. d. s. d. s. d. By Subscriptions- & s. d. s. d. 300 0 0 Rent .. .. .. . . 300 0 0 4,162 7 0 Fellows .. .. .. .. .. 4,921 5 7 597 12 11 RatesandScheduleslTax .. 600 7 4 137 6 3 Insurance (including War Risks) 118 12 6 9,477 2 10 Associates .. .. .. .. . . 9,594 11 8 239 5 7 Repairs and Maintenance .. 175 19 4 515 0 0 Students . . .. .. .. .. 536 5 0 1,194 19 1 ~-16,052 2 3 1,274 4 9 Staff-14,154 9 10 5,545 16 6 Salaries and Wages .. .. 5,786 4 6 Examination and Assessment Fees (including National 428 0 0 Superannuation (incl.Ll00Reserve) 428 0 0 6,214 4 G 3,641 4 6 Certificates) .. .. .. .. v .. .. 3,669 11 6 House and Office Expenses- 1,335 7 3 Dividends and Interest (Gross) .... .. .. 1,554 10 5 --Renewals of Equipment .. 26 17 0 148 10 0 Appointments Register .. .. .. .. .. 211 0 0 221 12 0 Fuel Water and Light . . 289 12 0 27 4 3 Telephone . . .. .. 31 14 6 142 2 8 Sale of Publications. . .. .. .. .. .. 101 8 9 729 2 11 Printing and Stationery .. 988 4 10 660 Fees forfeited .. .. .. .. .. .. 660 600 2 0 Postage .. .. .. .. 599 3 6 26 6 4 Travelling Expenses .. .. 20 0 8 19 18 6 Sundry Receipts .. .. *. .. *. .. 7 1 10 189 18 0 Advertisements .. .. .. 210 19 10 124 11 9 Australia and New Zealand Account .. .. .. 218 15 5 52 10 0 Auditors’ Fees . . .. .. 62 10 0 New Seal Expenses .. .. 26 5 0 79 11 8 Miscellaneous . . .. .. 73 13 0 2,319 0 3 9,174 8 5 ~-9,728 3 10 831 12 2 Council and Committee Travelling Expenses 788 10 9 10,616 14 7 Publications-1,000 0 10 Journal L766 10s.9d. Postage i360 5s. 9d. ..1,126 16 6 1,000 0 0 Intermittent Publications Reserve .. ..1,000 0 0 414 14 0 Lectures . . .. .. .. .. .. 531 13 11 2,414 14 10 2,458 10 5 Examination Expenses (including National 1,515 2 3 Certificates) .. .. .. .. .. 1,804 13 4 Local Sections- 566 14 5 Grants (see Report) . . .. .. .. 917 13 7 81 2 4 Section Secretaries’ Conference .. .. 70 18 4 647 16 9 988 11 11 35 12 1 Library .. .. .. .. .. .. 18 1 10 721 13 10 Chemical Society Library .. .. .. 631 10 11 757 5 11 -649 12 9 --Frankland Award .. .. .. .. 10 10 0 66 5 0 Donations .. .. .. .. .. 73 1 6 150 0 0 Chemistry Education Advisory Board .. 17 9 7 640 17 4 Income Tax .... .. .. .. 527 0 3 ___ Supplemental Charter Expenses . . .. 94 2 0 ___ Conjoint Chemical Office .. .. .. 161 1 4 1,000 0 0 Reserve for War Contingencies .. .. 1,000 0 0 2,374 7 I0 Excess of Income over Expenditure . . .. 2,509 8 6 L19,572 10 6 L20,810 16 2 kI9,572 10 6 fl20.810 16 2 BALANCE SHEET as at 31st December 1944 1943 s. d. LIABILITIES s. d. 1944L s. d. 1943 l s. d. ASSETS 1944A s. d. 347 11 735 10 0 0 Sundry Creditors .. Income Tax Reserve .. .. .. .. .. .. 210 1 729 10 3 0 1,627 6 11 1 10 0 Balance at Bankers in London (see Report)Cash in hand .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4,993 4 0 .. 113 5 147 0 700 7 42,056 11 0 0 0 1 Subscriptions paid in advance .. Examination Fees paid in advance Application Fees- Retained pending further application In abeyance waiting decision ..Investment Fund . . .. ,. Reserve Accounts- .. . . .. .. .. 21 0 1,095 12 137 6 157 10 0 0 1,116 12 44,573 16 0 0 0 7 1,519 0 139 16 262 0 53,534 4 6' 7 0 4 .. .. 1,737 15 11 .. 172 6 0.. Balance at Bankers in Australia and New Zealand Sundry Debtors Rates etc. paid in advance Investments at Cost (including Accumulated Redemp- (Sterling Value) .. .. .. .. -_-Balances with Local Sections for Emergencies .. .. ,.67,644 12 Stion Fund Premiums) .. .. .. .. 8,500 17 4,512 16 8 7 4,100 17 8 Intermittent Publications .. 400 0 0 Staff Superannuation .. 4,000 0 0 War Contingencies .. .. Income and Expenditure Account- Balance at Credit 1st January 1944 .. Add Excess of Income over Expenditure for Year ended 31st December 1944. . 5,100 17 500 0 5.000 0 -4,512 16 2,509 8 8 0 0 10,600 17 7 6 7,022 6 8 1 ~ _ _ k57,113 18 4 L64,547 18 7 L57,113 18 4 &64,547 18 7 _- STATEMENT OF INVESTMENTS HELD AND DIVIDENDS RECEIVED 31st December 1944 Holding.cost. Value.* Interest. Tax deducted. Nett. L L s. d. is s. d. L s. d. L s. d. Great Western Railway 29% Debenture Stock .. ' 500 384 16 3 372 10 0 12 10 0 '6 5 0 L.M.S. Railway 5% Redeemable Preference Stock 1955 .. . . .. .. .. .. 500 503 0 0 646 5 0 25 0 0 12 10 0 12 10 0 L.M.S. Railway 4% Preference Stock . . .. 2,000 1,843 15 1 1,585 0 0 80 0 0 40 0 0 40 0 0 Southern Railway Co. 5% Redeemable Guaranteed .I Preference Stock 1957 .. .. 1,000 1,174 6 2 1,147 10 0 50 0 0 25 0 0 26 0 0 Government of Commonwealth of Australia 3)% Stock 1964-74 .... .. .. .. 4,000 3,985 5 7 4,010 0 0 130 0 0 66 0 0 65 0 0 New Zealand 5% Loan 1949 .. .. .. 1,000 1,141 8 0 1,096 0 0 50 0 0 25 0 0 25 0 0 Port of London Authority 39% Registered Stock 1966-75 . . .. .. .. .. .. 1,000 1,033 4 9 1,055 0 0 35 0 0 17 10 0 17 10 0 Wolverhampton Corporation 3% Stock 1924-64 .. 100 100 0 6 101 5 0 300 1 10 0 110 0 London County 39y0 Consols 1954-59 . . .. 1,000 1,046 8 0 1,055 0 0 35 0 0 17 10 0 17 10 0 London County 3% Consols 1956-61 .. .. 100 100 5 6 101 10 0 300 --300 n + 34% War Loan .. .. .. .. .. 13,000 13,554 16 8 13,552 10 0 455 0 0 --456 0 0 00 34% Conversion Loan .. .. .. .. 750 738 19 6 797 0 0 26 6 0 13 2 6 13 2 6 U 3% Defence Bonds . . .. .. .. .. 1,000 1,000 0 0 1,115 0 0 30 0 0 --30 0 0 3% War Loan 1955-59 .. .. ,. .. 500 500 0 0 511 5 0 15 0 0 7 lo 0 710 0 24% Nat. War Bonds 1945-47 .. .. .. 1,000 1,000 0 0 1,015 0 0 (Interest waived.) 24% Nat. War Bonds 194648 . . .. .. 2,000 2,000 0 0 2,020 0 0 50 0 0 25 00 25 0 0 2+% Nat. War Bonds 1949-51 .. . . .. 1,000 1,000 0 0 1,010 0 0 (Interest waived.) 24y0 Nat. War Bonds 1949-51 .. .. .. 3,000 3,000 0 0 3,030 0 0 75 0 0 37 00 37 10 0 24% Nat. War Bonds 1951-53 .. .. .. 8,300 8,300 0 0 8,362 5 0 207 10 0 103 60 103 15 0 28% Nat. War Bonds 1952-54t . . .. .. 8,500 8,500 0 0 8,542 10 0 145 15 6 72 79 72 17 9 3% Savings Bonds 1955-65 . . .. .. 3,000 3,000 0 0 3,045 0 0 90 0 0 45 00 45 0 0 3% Savings Bonds 1960-70 . . .. .. 1,000 1,000 0 0 1,005 0 0 30 0 0 15 00 15 0 0 Bank Deposit Interest .. .. .. ..----6 9 11 --6 9 11 L54,906 6 0 L55,074 10 0 k1,554 10 5 fj530 0 3,61,024 10 2 Redemption Fund Policy (Accumulated Premiums) 2,738 6 8 to realise L50,OOO in year 2010. * At 31st December 1944. k67,644 12 8 t L4,OOO purchased 1944. Investment Fund for the year ended 31st December 1944 A s. d. L s. d. Balance of Accumulated Fund 1st January 1944. . .. 42,050 11 1 Funds received for Investment during year- Entrance Fees .. .. .. .. .. .. 2,310 19 0 Life Composition Fees . . .. .. .. .. 206 6 6 2,517 5 6 44,573 16 7 Investments at Cost held at 1st January 1944 . . .. 53,534 4 4 Add Investments made during Year- L4.000 2&% Nat. War Bonds 1952-54 .. .. 4,000 0 0 Redemption Fund Premium .. .. .. .. 110 8 4 57,644 12 8 Amount invested in Excess of Life Composition and Entrance Fees (including Ll0,600 17s.8d. Reserves see Balance Sheet) .. .. ,. .. .. 13,070 16 1 L44,573 16 7 Subscriptions and Fees Paid in and Retained (in Currency) in Australia and New Zealand Receipts. Expenditure. s. d. fl s. d. fl s. d. To Balance 9th September 1943- On Deposit . . .. .. .. 1,850 18 4 Current Account .. .. .. 47 17 3 1,898 15 7 Subscriptions-Fellows . . .. .. .. .. 71 8 0 Associates .. .. .. .. 156 16 11 228 4 11 , Application Fees .. .. .. .. 46 4 0 , Deposit Interest .. .. .. .. 550 By Bank Charges and Expenses .. .. 648 , Balances 24th October 1944-Deposit .. .. .. .. .. 2,165 18 4 Current .. .. .. .. .. 666 _____ *2,172 4 10 * Equivalent in Sterling &1,737 16s.lld. i2,178 9 Bk2,178 9 6 STATEMENT AND FEESRECEIVED, OF SUBSCRIPTIONS LESS OUTGOINGS fl s. d. f s. d. Fellows Subscriptions- .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 71 8 0 Associates .. .. .. .. .. .. 166 16 11 228 4 11 Application Fees .. .. Interest on Deposit less Tax .. ,. .. .. .. .. .. .. 46 4 0 550 279 13 11 Less Bank Charges . . .. *. .. .. .. 648 273 9 3 Loss if converted into Sterling . . .. 1. .. 54 13 10 Balance (in Sterling) taken to Income and Expenditure Account .... i218 16 .6 -r 191 BENEVOLENT FUND ACCOUNT,€or the year ended 31st December 1944 1943 Receipts. 1944 1943 Payments. 1944 & s. d. L s. d. L s. d. s. d. 375 14 2 Balanceat Credit 1st January 1944 . . 416 13 11 204 15 0 Grants .. .... 204 15 0 981 14 7 Subscriptions . . .. .. .. 1,106 10 0 890 0 0 Regular P&men& .. .. .. 914 2 0 564 10 5 Annual Subscriptions . . .. . . 629 15 4 11 3 9 Printing and Postage .. .. 16 6 6 I75 G 6 Dividends and Interest (net).. . . 257 4 0 5 5 0 Audit Fee .. *. .. 550 --Income Tax Recovered . . . . 144 17 7 83 0 0 Loans granted during 1944 . . .. 20 0 0 63 12 0 Loans Repaid . . .. .. . . 43 10 0 50 0 0 Donation to London Orphan School 75 0 0 --Grant Repaid ,. .. .. .. 10 0 0 500 0 0 Post Office Savings Bank Reserve . . --416 13 I1 Balance at Credit 31st December 1944* 1,373 2 4 ~__--^.__I__ @,l60 17 8 fl2,608 10 10 L2,160 17 8 * see Report. fl2,SOS 10 10 N 0 1943 Receipts. 1944 1943 Payments. 1944 fl s. d. fl s. d. s. d. s. d. 36 2 6 Balance Uninvested Capital 1st Jan.4,450 0 0 Invested.. .. .. .. .. 1944 . . .. .. .. . . 184 12 3 --Fost Office Savings Bank . . . . 600 0 0 IV.Heffer & Sons (on account “What Balance Uninvested Capital at 31st 100 0 0 Industry Owes to Chemical Science”) 184 12 3 December 1944 . . .. . . 175 8 5 2,000 0 0 W.S Simpson’s Bequest . . .. 321 16 3 Donations . . .. .. .. 590 16 2 Investments Sold L2,250 3% Local 2,176 13 6 J-oans .. .. .. .. -_ ----_-fl4,634 12 3 i775 8 5 &4,6.34 12 3 -_ -_-- 1943 1944 1943 1944 s. d. A s. d. 4 s. d. A s. d. s. d. & s. d. 10,601 13 7 Capital Account .. 11,192 9 9 Investments at Cost- 1,500 0 0 Income Account Reserve 1,500 0 0 10,417 1 4 Capital Account . . 11,017 1 4 12,692 9 9 1,500 0 0 Income Account .. 1,500 0 0 416 13 I1 Income Account-Balance at 31st -12,517 1 4 December 1944 . . .. ,. 1,373 2 4 Balances at Banks-Post Office Savings BankInterest 1942-44 85 17 2 CurrentAccount .. 62 13 7 601 6 2 Deposit .. .. 1,400 0 0 i-l 1,548 10 9 c3 -___-+d Ll2,518 7 G L14,065 12 1 &12,518 7 6 L14,065 12 1 _-Statement of Loans 1943 1944 1943 1944 f; s. d. s. d. It; s. d. L s. d. 2,838 6 0 Loans to 31st December 1943 .. 2,921 6 0 1,776 0 10 Loans repaid to 31st December 1944 1,819 10 10 83 0 0 Loans granted during 1944 .. .. 20 0 0 Loans written off prior to 31st 751 14 0 December 1944 .. .. .. 751 14 0 393 I1 2 Loans outstanding .. .. .. 370 1 2 L2,921 6 0 L2.941 6 0 L2,921 6 0 &2,941 6 0 BENEVOLENT FUND INVESTMENTS HELD AND DIVIDENDS RECEIVED 31st December 1944 cost.Value.* Interest. Tax deducted. Nett. s. d. It s. a. &OOO 4% Consols . . .. .. .. .. 1,077 13 0 1,101 6 0 $0 ;do go $0 ;do fj1,200 34% War Loan .. .. 1,296 3 0 1,251 0 0 42 0 0 -__ 42 0 0 k600 3+yoPort of London Authority Registered Stock 1966-76 .. .. .. .. .. 516 17 11 527 10 0 17 10 0 8 15 0 8 16 0 f1400 34% Commonwealthdf Australia 1964-74 .. 398 10 7 401 0 0 13 0 0 610 0 610 0 L600 6% New Zealand Loan,1949 .. .. .. 570 14 6 547 10 0 25 0 0 12 10 0 12 10 0 l600 24% Nat. War Bonds 1946-47 .. .. 500 0 0 607 10 0 12 10 0 650 650 k260 2+% Nat. War Bonds 1946-48 ,. .. 260 0 0 252 10 0 650 326 326 f1360 24% Nat. War Bonds 1949-61 .. .. 350 0 0 353 10 0 8 15 0 476 476 &4,250 24% Nat.War Bonds 1961-63 .. .. 4,250 0 0 4,292 10 0 106 5 0 53 2 6 53 2 6 l200 24% Nat. War Bonds 1962-54 .. .. 200 0 0 202 0 0 461 --461 A600 34 Conversion Stock .. .. .. .. 501 19 6 531 5 0 17 10 0 8 15 0 8 15 0 L240 3% Corporationof London Debentures 1967 .. 238 1 0 243 10 0 740 312 0 3 12 0 L275 24% London Electric Transport Finance Corpora- tion Ltd. Debenture Stock 1950-65 .. .. 267 1 10 271 0 0 6 17 8 3 8 10 3 8 10 Post Office Savings Bank (Current Expenses Reserve) 1,500 0 0 1,500 0 0 73 7 2: Post Office Savings Bank (Capital Account) .. .. 600 0 0 600 0 -.-73 7 2 Bank Deposit Interest .. .. .. .. .. __-__-O} 725 -+-725 -__ -i12,617 1 4 fJ2,582 0 0 L387 12 4 A130 8 4 A257 4 0 _. P t Interest accumulated. *At 31st December 1944.SIR ALEXANDER PEDLER SCHOLARSHIP ACCOUNT 31st December 1944 Original Bequest valued at &4,993 12s. 5d. Receipts. Payments. 15 s. d. s. d. To Balance 1st January 1944 .. .. .... .. 265 1 11 .. Interest on Investments .... .. 154 2 8 By Purchase of k250 24% National War Bo;ds 19i2-54' ' .. 250 0 0 .. Balance at Bankers 31st December 1944 .... .. 169 4 7 L419 4 7 15419 4 7 Investments held at 31st December 1944 and Interest Received:- n M cost. Value.* Interest. Tax deducted. Nett. iz f s. d. ;t; s. d. L s. d. k s. d. 15 s. d. U LlOO 6% Great Western Railway Consolidated Prefer- ence Stock .. .. .. .. .. .. 94 0 0 119 10 0 500 2 10 0 210 0 A2,SOO 34% War Loan .. .. .. .. 2,808 6 0 2,710 10 0 91 0 0 --91 0 0 3*y0 Port of London Authority Registered Stock 1966-75 .... .. .. 516 17 11 527 10 0 17 10 0 8 15 0 8 15 0 15600 6% Southern Railway Redeemable Guaranteed Preference Stock 1967 .. .. .. .. 587 4 10 573 15 0 25 0 0 12 10 0 12 10 0 A600 5% New Zealand Loan 1949 .. .. .. 570 14 6 542 10 0 25 0 0 12 10 0 12 10 0 A300 4% Consols .. .. .. .. .. .. 323 1 0 330 0 0 12 0 0 600 600 L626 London Electric Transport Finance Corporation Debenture Stock 1950-65 .. .. .. 508 16 6 508 5 0 13 2 4 6 11 2 6 11 2 A1,OOO 24% National War Bonds 195i-63 . . .. 1,000 0 0 1,010 0 0 25 0 0 12 10 0 12 10 0 tA260 24y0 National War Bonds 1962-54 .. .. 250 0 0 252 10 0 3 11 0 1 15 6 1 15 6 Bank Deposit Interest .. .. .. .. .. ---10 __-10 *At 31st December 1944. L6.659 0 9 L6,574 10 0 L217 4 4 k63 1 8 A154 2 8 ____-__ t Purchased February 1944.-. Streatfeild Memorial Fund 31st December 1944. LZOO 34% War Loan. Value L208 10s. s. d. F; s. d. Balance 1st January 1944 .. 83 17 8 LectureExpenses .. .. --Dividends .. .. .. 7 0 0 Balance on Deposit 31st De- cember 1944 . . .. 90 17 8 A90 17 8 L90 17 8 P Meldola Fund 31st December 1944. A75 Government of Commonwealth of A4ustralia 3&% Stock 1964-74. Value L75 5s. s. d. s. d. Balance 1st January 1944 .. 4 11 9 Meldola Award 1944 Dividends and Interest (net)* 1 4 6 (suspended) . . .. --Balance 31st December 1944.. 5 16 3 &5 16 3 L5' 16 3 S. M,Gluckstein Memorial Lecture Fund 31st December 1944. L240 3&% Conversion Loan. Value i255 10s.L s. d. f; s. d. Balance 1st January 1944 . . 29 10 8 Balance on Deposit 31st De- Dividends and Interest (net)* 4 4 0 cember 1944 .. .. 33 14 8 L33 14 8 i33 1-1 8 * Income Tax recoverable. Proceedings of the Council Council Meeting,19th January 1945.-The President on behalf of the Council welcomed Dr. H. J. T. Ellingham as Secretary and Mr. R. Leslie Collett as Registrar. A communication on the National Scale of Salaries for Teachers in Schools received from an Associate was referred to the Special Committee dealing with matters affecting the welfare of the-members and a letter from the Chemical Council referring to the duplication of notices of joint meetings in various centres was referred to the Secre+ary for investigation and report.A letter from Dr. T. A. Henry on the suggested organisation of chemical laboratory technicians was referred to the Committee which had dealt with the questionnaire on “a third grade” in the Institute and a suggestion from Dr. Ellingham as to the possibility of providing authoritative defini- tions of scientific terms which would be acceptable in courts of law was referred to a Special Committee consisting of the President with Messrs. A. L. Bacharach G. M. Bennett R. C. Chirnside F. P. Dunn J. G. Fife and D. H. Hey for investigation and report. The Council approved a proposal received from the Joint Council of Professional Scientists to make representation to the British Broadcasting Corporation on the desirability of instituting a Scientific Committee to advise the Corporation.A memorandum on the election of the Council and Officers of the Royal Institute prepared by Dr. R. L. Edwards was referred to the Council by the Committee of the London and South-Eastern Counties Section and the Council decided that it be considered when the constitution and method of nomination and election Gf the Council is under further consideration. The report of the Special Committee re (A) Eligibility of Associates for membership of the Council and (B) a Third Grade was received (see p. 11). The Council agreed that there was no justification for changing the constitu- tion of the Council to include Associates and while there was no very definite lead from the returns on the question of “a third grade,’’ the Committee suggested that the Council might give further consideration to the possibility of registering persons engaged in chemical practice who had not reached the standard of qualification required for the Associateship.The matter was thereupon referred back to the Committee for consideration and report. The Publications Committee reported that the draft Report of Council for rgqq-rg45 was in preparation and that Dr. Quastel had kindly under- taken to give a lecture on “Soil Metabolism.” Mr. Bacharach Chairman of the Publicity Committee reported that his Committee had not met during the past year owing to the fact that the Chemical Council had not reached those decisions on “publicity” for chemists which might affect the policy of the Royal Institute.Council Meeting 2nd February 1945.-The main business of the Council at its meeting on and February was the adoption of the Report for the year 194-1945,prepared by the Publications Committee together with Reports and Statements prepared by the Finance and House Committee and the Benevolent Fund Committee and the nomination of Officers and Mem- bers for election to the new Council. r 25 1 Professor Alexander Findlay was nominated for re-election as President and Mr. J. C. White as Honorary Treasurer. The following were nominated for election as General Members of Council in accordance with By-law 26 :-F. Challenger A. T. Green C. W. Herd J. G. King E. Q. Laws R.J. W. Le F&vre,J. A. Oriel G. E. Watts H. Weatherall. The following were nomin- ated for re-election as Vice-Presidents:-F.P. Dunn I. M. Heilbron Dorothy Jordan-Lloyd W. H. Roberts. Ballot having been taken the following were also nominated for election as Vice-presidents :-A. L. Bacharach and William Cullen. The following were nominated for re-election as General Members of Council:-G. N. Burkhardt R. C. Chirnside Arthur Churchman G. R. Clemo J. W. Corran J. F. J. Dippy. George Dring Lewis Eynon J. M. Gulland R. D. Haworth D. H. Hey F. M. Lea G. Roche Lynch Harold Moore Sir Robert Pickard A. J. Prince J. H. Quastel F. Schole-field. Ballot having been taken the following were also nominated for election as General Members of Council:-E. C. Dodds H. J. Emelhs D. W. Kent-Jones G. F. Marrian George Taylor A. R. Todd.The following were nominated from whom four shall be elected as Censors :-Lewis Eynon, I. M. Heilbron G. Roche Lynch Harold Moore Sir Robert Robinson. Reports were received from the Finance and House Committee and the Benevolent Fund Committee. The Benevolent Fund Committee reported that many more members had undertaken to make regular annual contributions to the fund under Deeds of Covenant] and a member who had received a loan of fT75 in I927 had repaid it in full; an additional grant was made towards the education of the daughter of a deceased Fellow. The Assessor of the Essays submitted for the Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize regretted that only two essays had been submitted and that neither was of sufficient merit to enable him to recommend an award.Lecture.-On 19th December at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Dr. F. M. Lea O.B.E. Member of Council delivered a lecture before the Institute on “Cement and Concrete,” Professor Alexander Findlay President in the Chair. The lecture is in preparation for publication. Local Sections The Institute as not responsible for the views expressed inpapers read or in speeches delivered during discussions. Belfast and District.-On 9th November 1944 Professor J . K. Charlesworth delivered a discourse on “The Structure and Composition of the Earth.” On 19th December 1944 Professor John McGrath State Pathologist to the Govern- ment of Eire delivered an address on “Various Aspects of the Examination and Identi- fication of Blood Stains,” which was followed by projection of a series of films covering the technique of forensic work on blood stains and providing an unusually interesting record of experience “in the field.” Cardiff and District.-On 16th December the Section discussed the question- naire issued to Fellows and Associates on the eligibility of Associates for service on the Council and “a third grade” in the Institute.Dr. Williamson supported the proposal for specific representation on the Council of young Associates who were not eligible for the Fellowship and there was general support for “a third grade ” with careful choice of title. On 19th January a joint meeting was held with the Society of Chemical Industry (South Wales Section and Food Group) at the Technical College Cardiff.Mr. B. W. Minifie gave a lecture illustrated by lantern slides and samples on “Cocoa Chocolate and Confectionery.” Dublin.-At a meeting held in University College Dublin on 6th December 1944 Prof. T. J. Nolan in the Chair Mr. J. W. Parkes spoke on “Thirty Years of Industrial r 26 1 Chemistry 1914-44,” dealing first with his experiences at Messrs. Kynoch’s explosives works at Arklow and later at Messrs. Goulding’s Fertilizer Works. In addition he gave a short and interesting summary of outstanding developments in chemical industry during the past thirty years. Glasgow and West of Scotland.-On 2nd February Mr. J. Haslam gave a lecture on “Analytical Methods in an Industrial Laboratory,” which was followed by an inter- esting discussion in which many members participated.Huddersfie1d.-A meeting was held in the Technical College Huddersfield on 12th January Mr. D. Hanson presiding. Mr. L. F. Keeley of Edgar Allen & Co. Ltd. Sheffield read a paper on “Heat Resisting Steels.” A Dance was held in Collinson’s Cafe on 18th January for the benefit of the Benevolent Fund and the thanks of the Committee of the Section have been accorded to all those who participated and purchased tickets. The Committee hopes to arrange a similar event annually. Leeds Area.-A meeting of the Section was held at the University of Leeds on 15th January Mr. H. M. Mason Chairman of the Section presiding. Mr. R. C. Chirnside of the Research Laboratories of the General Electric Co. Ltd. gave a lecture entitled “The Compleat Analyst.” The discussion which followed reflected the great interest the lecture aroused.London and South-Eastern Counties.-At a meeting of the Section held on 25th November 1044 a motion was proposed that the relative values of the Fellowship and the Associateship require clarification and that if the Fellowship is to be considered the normal grade of membership Associates should be ineligible for election to the Council but that if the Fellowship is to be maintained as a higher standard of professional chemical qualification entrance thereto should be by suitable examinations and that otherwise Fellows and Associates should enjoy the same privileges of membership. As a consequence of this motion a meeting of the Section was held on 17th January 1945 in the Lecture Theatre of the Pharmaceutical Society when a discussion on “The Status of the Fellowship ” was opened by the President Professor Alexander Findlay.The President pointed out that in 1918 the standard of qualification for the Fellow- ship was raised but it was not the intention of the Council that the standard should be so high that it could be attained only by a few Associates of exceptional ability. In framing the Regulations for admission to the Fellowship the Council had in mind the very great diversity of activities of chemists of the conditions under which they work and of the circumstances which lead them to seek admission to the Fellowship. Although the high standard of qualification for the Fellowship must be maintained the Council holds the view that the Regulations make it possible for most of the Associates to qualify for the Fellowship either by examination or by the successful prosecution of their professional activities during a certain period of years.Moreover it must not be thought that Regulation 3 (c) rendered admission to the Fellowship in any way “auto- matic” or contributed an easy means of approach to the Fellowship. In replying to the excellent discussion in which a large number of members took part the President pointed out that an Associate did not cease to be a chemist by engaging in administrative work and therefore did not cease to be eligible for election to the Fellowship. An Associate would be greatly helped in forming an opinion of his own qualifications for the Fellowship by receiving advice from fellow-members and generally by active participation in the work of the Section.Members expressed to the President their appreciation of his visit and of the oppor- tunity it had afforded for exchanging views and resolving difficulties by carrying with acclamation a very hearty vote of thanks. New Zealand.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in the Dominion Laboratory Wellington on 23rd November 1944 when Dr. H. E. Annett was elected Chairman in succession to Mr. Philip White Dr. J- K. Dixon was reappointed Honorary Secretary and Mr. W. A. Joiner Auditor. The Committee was elected as follows:-Dr. H. 0. Askew (Nelson) Mr. F. H. V. Fielder (Auckland) Dr. R. Gardner (Dunedin) Dr.H. C. Holland (Christchurch) Dr. F. H. McDowall (Palmerston North) Dr. G. M. Moir and Mr. M. L. H. Stewart (Wellington). The Section has over 70 members and co-operates with the New Zealand Institute of Chemistry. A Committee has been appointed with a view to holding a Joint Conference at Palmerston North in August this year. Both Institutes have offered to assist in rehabilitation of chemists in civil life after the war. Resulting from the advice given in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS (Part IV 1944 p. 137) that chemists contemplating the possibility of obtaining appointments in the c271 Dominion should seek an interview with liaison officers at New Zealand House the Section reports that many enquiries have been received and dealt with.The Section conveyed greetings and good wishes to Mr. R. B. Pilcher Registrar and Secretary on his retirement. Mr. Philip White the retiring Chairman gave an address on “Co-operative Re- search.” South Wales.-On 18th January members of the Section participated in a meeting arranged by the Chemical Society and the University College of Swansea Chemical Society which was held at University College Swansea,-Dr. L. E. Hinkel in the Chair. Professor Wilson Baker delivered a lecture entitled “Some Consequences of Hydrogen Bond Formation.” SUMMARIES OF LECTURES Sulphur Dioxide-Retrospect and Prospect By G. BREARLEY, BSc. F.R.I.C. M.1.Chem.E. [Liverpool and North-Western Section Chairman’s Address 12th October 1944.1 The sources of sulphur dioxide are burner gases from the combustion of brimstone and pyrites; smelter gases from the roasting of zinc and copper sulphide ores; hydrogen sulphide from coke ovens gasworks oil refineries and natural gases; and miscellaneous sources such as flue gases and sulphite pulp liquor.The problem for the chemist is often to produce an economic supply of usable material from apparently unsuitable sources the factors to be considered being location strength purity quantity and trans- portation. In Great Britain flue gases containing as little as 0-02 per cent. sulphur dioxide represent about 3 million tons of SO per annum. The super power stations where the largest volumes are available reject the SO as calcium sulphate after scrub- bing with a chalk slurry. In America where coals of higher sulphur content (5 to 6 per cent.) are used pilot plant experiments give a return of 12 to 20 dollars per ton of sulphur dioxide recovered from stack gases and it is apparent that some large part of the cost would have to be debited against the removal of a nuisance.In the coal gas industry the iron oxide box is used to reduce the hydrogen sulphide content to zero and the spent oxide is used for the production of sulphuric acid. Newer continuous liquid treatment processes are (1) the Alkazid process in which the H,S is absorbed in a cold solution of a-aminopropionic acid concentrated H,S is liberated by heating and converted to sulphur in a Claus-Chance Kiln; (2) the Thylox process in which the H,S is absorbed in an ammonium thioarsenate solution to form a higher thioarsenate.Elevation of temperature and a stream of air precipitate sulphur as a froth which is separated dehydrated de-arsenicated and distilled. Smelter gases are a valuable source of sulphur but economically the recovery from weak gases depends on the existence of suitable outlets for sulphuric acid in the form of superphosphate or ammonium sulphate The deliberate preparation of SO by burning brimstone in air takes place in burners producing an SO concentration of 14-18 per cent. To reduce the SO content to a minimum combustion is carried out at a high temperature above 800”C. and the time the gases are in the temperature range 800”-200” C. is the shortest possible. In the preparation of pure sulphur dioxide whether from the weaker smelter gases or the stronger burner gas the method of separation is by absorption based on the Hanisch and Schroeder process originated in 1884.Using water alone a 7 per cent. SO roaster gas gives a solution strength of only 1 per cent. SO by weight and a 14 per cent. burner gas approximately a 2 per cent. solution. In the first case 100 tons and in the second case 50 tons of solution would have to be raised to the boil to procure 1 ton of SO, so that success depends upon the economics of the heating system. Processes have been devised for producing pure SO from still weaker gases by using difEerent absorbents. The I.C.I. Billingham process utilises an aluminium sulphate solution buffered to fiH 3.5 by addition of ground limestone; heating liberates con- centrated SO, and accumulation of sulphate by oxidation is prevented by the use of limestone added in a side stream.The Sulphidine process employs a mixture of crude xylidine and water as absorbent and accumulation of sulphate is avoided by adding soda ash and removing sodium sulphate by cooling. t 28 3 The pure SO gas produced by these processes is liquefied by compressing to 66 lbs. per square inch and cooling. Since liquid SO has a large coefficient of expansion with rise in temperature containers must not be filled more than seven-eighths fullin temperate climates to avoid the generation of excessive pressures. In using the liquefied gas it is better to allow it to leave the container in liquid form through an internal dip tube allow- ing it to gasify after passing through a valve at the highest point of the gas distribution system thus maintaining a steady flow by avoiding pressure drop in the container as a result of a temperature drop due to the latent heat of evaporation.Measurement and control of the SO is possible by the use of a sulphitometer which may be of a fixed or portable design. Dry liquid SO does not attack iron up to 100"C. and corrosion by moist liquid SO tends to be inhibited by the formation of a protective film. With sulphurous acid solutions at 100"C. when small percentages of chlorides and sulphuric acid are present a curious and severe form of corrosion has been experienced in the case of lead. Lead sulphide was the end corrosion product resulting from a cycle of reactions including the solution of lead as lead chloride the auto-reduction of SO to H,S and H,SO,.Elimination of the chlorides eliminated the corrosion. Industrial uses of liquid sulphur dioxide include refrigeration ;sour and anti-chlor in calico bleaching; the separation of aromatic fractions from the paraffin fractions in petroleum and lubricating oils by the Edeleanu process; the manufacture of the hydro- sulphites; polymerisation of vegetable oils ; as a solvent in chemical reactions having a different directing influence in brominations and sulphonations. Since the isolation of pure sulphur dioxide by Joseph Priestley in 1775 the production of liquefied SO has risen to several thousand tons per annum. There are still wide fields of investigation open particularly concerning the isolation of SO from weak waste gases and the mechanism of reactions carried out with liquid SO as a solvent.Co-operative Research By P. WHITE,F.R.I.C. Director Leather and Shoe Research Association N.Z. [New Zealand Section 23rd November 1944.1 Down through the centuries the production of goods to suppIy the needs of man followed .along definite stereotyped lines. The processes used were often handed down from father to son and were regarded not only as family secrets but as family wealth. It is not surprising therefore that certain families became associated with certain industries the supposed secrets of which were jealously guarded. The position was often further complicated by the fact that certain individuals employed in carrying out these processes specialised along certain lines and carried out a process or part of a process according to their own secret formulz.Under such conditions industries tended to be arts in which the rule-of-thumb methods prevailed. Although industry was an art ruled by the traditional methods some of the results obtained viewed even by the light of modern science were amazing. The products of centuries ago will still bear comparison with and sometimes excel in certain qualities the products of to-day. Under such conditions progress must necessarily be slow. Units of industry tended to develop along the lines dictated by tradition the industrial foresight of a strong personality or an inventive genius. Although slow this progress over a period of years was of no small order and the success of individual firms resulted in world-wide reputa- tions being established.Such success spurred on the efforts of competing firms to find better methods and newer processes. These efforts produced articles of better quality. Increases in efficiency reduced costs of production. Progress by one firm meant that others had to follow or else go out of business. It is therefore quite probable that internal competition in industry has been responsible down through the ages for more improvements and the maintenance of a high standard of quality than any other factor. Internal competition in a restricted sense may have a very beneficial effect. Often unrestricted external competition that is competition from the industry in another country is regarded as being dangerous to the industry.It is not often realised that internal competition can also have a strangling effect on the industry if it becomes too fierce. The application of science to the problems of industry brought about a new era in the history of industry. Instead of the old hit-and-miss method or the old empirical method oftrial and error the new idea of cause and effect was gradually introduced. Investiga-tions on the fundamental principles underlying the processes were carried out. When [ 29 1 these were discovered and the effects produced were more thoroughly understood it became possible to predict along what lines new processes could be developed what nexv materials could be evolved what new materiah produced by other industria could be used and what is probably of more immediate value to the older industries how the day-to-day problems of production could be solved.By careful investigation of the processes and the goods produced standards have been established by research which have enabled industry to maintain quality and profits. Research however must itself come under the same yardstick of monetary value. It is of not much immediate value to spend 2d. to save Id. It is comparatively easy to establish the fact that research has a “cash value,” but the assessment of this cash value is a very different matter. The cost of the application of the results of research may be estimated. The costs of scientific control of the processes tests of materials used tests of quality of the finished article routine tests to keep down waste can be measured in terms of ;f s.d. This cost once determined can then be added to the production costs and eventually paid for by the consuming public. Research is not however confined only to immediate problems of production. It is also concerned with the fundamental principles underlying the processes fundamental knowledge of the materials used the search for newer and better processes the search for newer and better methods of control based on the wider knowledge gained by scientific workers. Early in the twentieth century there were many old-established industries which had been built up by a large number of generations of keen business men.It needed the war of 1914-18 to bring home the fact that to meet the new conditions imposed by that war the systematic application of science to production was necessary. After the war the Government sought to encourage further the application of science to industry. As an incentive in this direction the offer of a subsidy on a pound-for-pound basis was made to all monies raised by an industry for co-operative research. So were formed what are now known as Industrial Research Associations. The subsidy was not given to individual firms but to an industry or a group of firms within an industry. This was a new idea at the time especially in the minds of men who were controlling industries either as a result of their own or their forefathers’ rugged individualistic efforts.The idea of sharing knowledge with your principal competitors possibly helping them directly or indirectly to compete in the same market required a depth of vision to accept. The success which has attended the efforts of Research Associations wherever they have been formed and co-operative research in other forms has more than justified the inception of this kind of research work. In order to appreciate the value of a Research Association it is necessary to know something about how it works some of the difficulties which have to be overcome and in what way success may be achieved. These will be discussed from the New Zealand aspect with special reference to the Leather and Shoe Research Association. After the establishment of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research offers were made to industries along similar lines to those made in England.In 1928 after preliminary meetings the Leather Industry with the aid of the subsidy formed the New Zealand Leather Research Association. The membership was purely voluntary but one of the articles of the Association stated that after the formation no member could resign for three years. As in England the New Zealand Government subsidised the finances of the Associa- tion on a pound-for-pound basis. The subscriptions of each member were based on the number of employees at the time of the formation of the Association. The Pelt Re- search Association which is a part of the Leather Research Association bases its members’ subscriptions on the number of pelts processed.The Shoe Industry when it joined to form the combined Leather and Shoe Research Association paid a lump sum on behalf of all its members. The point to be emphasised is that the basis of subscrip- tion is fixed by the members themselves. The difference between Britain and New Zealand on the financial aspect is the former pays the subsidy or grant to the Research Associations who then have to make their own administrative arrangements whilst in New Zealand the members pay their subscriptions to the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research and the departmental o5cers keep the accounts. The management of the Leather Research Association in New Zealand is vested in an Executive Committee and this Committee is the responsible authority for looking after all the affairs of the Association.The Committee consists of three persons appointed from the Industrial members of the Association and two persons appointed by the Government. The main object of a Research Association is to carry out Research on problems which are common to all members of the industry in general. On this basis it would seem quite an easy problem to formulate a programme of research. That this is not so easy 1301 is illustrated by the experience of the Cotton Research Association in Great Britain. At its inception there were approximately one thousand members and each was asked to send in his problems for investigation. The total response to this questionnaire was one problem. When the .issociation began to function properly the problems were found.As far as the New Zealand Leather Research Association and other Leather Research Associations are concerned a major problem was self-evident. This problem is that of determining what is quality in leather and how quality may quickly be measured or correlated with measurable physical and chemical properties. The problem as far as sole leather is concerned is complicated by the fact that the tanner does not sell direct to the consuming public. The leather has to pass through the hands of a shoe manu- facturer or repairer. The standards of quality established by these intermediaries are based on colour feel or handle or how they will work in process. Actually there is little if any relation between these characteristics and the true quality of leather i.e.performance in wear. Before quality may be defined it is necessary to define wear. This can only be done on a very broad basis. Hence as quality depends on this defini- tion it will be seen that the determination of quality in leather cannot be regarded as an abstract problem of chemistry or physics. There are two methods of attacking this problem both of which have been followed by the New Zealand Leather Research Association. The first is that of accepting the customers’ requirements of characteristics which he terms quality. Having accepted these standards it then becomes necessary to find some method of measuring them so that the effect of processes on the selling value of leather may be determined.The second method is to adopt a standard for measuring definite physical and chemical qualities or functions of leather and try to correlate these with actual wear. The difficulty of this method is the length of time taken in securing results and of inter- preting the results obtained. It is a comparatively easy matter to plan a series of wear tests but even with the greatest co-operation and goodwill of the people concerned it is very difficult to carry them to a successful conclusion. As a result of investigations carried out along with those of other workers overseas slight progress in the desired direction has been made. Much new information has been obtained which perhaps some day will fit into its place and complete what appears at present a very intricate jigsaw puzzle.There are certain difficulties attached to a Research Association. In the first place the object is to obtain information concerning the industry which will enable the individual members to solve their day-to-day technical problems increase the efficiency of old processes establish new processes and to increase the quality of the finished goods. Another difficulty which fortunately has not arisen in the New Zealand Leather and Shoe Research Association is that of obtaining the support and interest not only of the employers and managers but also of the foremen and workpeople. All must have interest and confidence that eventually research will help to solve the daily problems. In the following out of a line of research it is sometimes difficult to attack the problem in such a way as to obtain information on the various aspects as it is viewed by different members.The industrialist views the problem from one aspect and the research worker from another. So the investigation may have to be done in different ways and the different results obtained welded if possible into a common solution. The larger the research institution the greater the number of ways of attacking problems. Research work in industry is not confined to chemical problems but may require the services of a physicist engineer psychologist biologist etc. A well-balanced research institution will have all these services available to its members. When in need of help along these lines I have not hesitated to ask for it and at this stage I would like to thank all those and there are many who have directly or indirectly contributed to the success of the New Zealand Leather and Shoe Research Association.A Research Association serves an industry and individual members of this industry will at some time or other come up against the same technical problems. In the course of time the Association collects a fund of information on such problems. By being able to draw on this reserve fund the members are able to obtain information which when applied to their own peculiar requirements helps in the finding of a solution much more quickly than otherwise would be possible. It is important that research workers keep in touch with other investigators who are working on similar problems in other countries.When institutions exist overseas it is easier for a similar institution to maintain contact with them than with the individual. By exchanging information and discussing problems as they arise greater benefits are obtained than by reading periodically the papers which are published. The New Zealand Leather and Shoe Research Association maintains contact with the British Leather Manufacturers’ Research Association The Leather Industries Research r311 Institute South Africa the Chemical Section of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research of Australia and the Tanners’ Research Council Cincinnati U.S.A. Last but not least is the advantage which members of the Research Association can obtain by meeting together on common grounds in the search for information.Financial and economic matters may be and are forgotten on such occasions. They are all comrades in arms seeking new weapons to meet their daily difficulties and problems. When this spirit of co-operation is developed i.e. confidence in each other established along the line of the search for knowledge it extends along many other avenues hitherto considered impossible. The industry as a whole becomes most efficient a better spirit exists which is not confined to the executive officers and men become happier. The Control of Rodents and Household Pests By C. L. CLAREMONT,BSc. F.R.I.C. [London and South Eastern Counties Section 22nd November 1944.1 The problems of pest control are scientific even if not purely chemical.A pest is a species out of place and by virtue of numbers destructive and uncleanly habits results in economic disturbance to mankind. Favourable factors which result in adequate food shelter suitable conditions for breeding and evasion of enemies upset the balance of nature to bring pests into being and the habits of man are largely responsible for such developments. Successful control is based upon an accurate knowledge of the life history habits and environment of the pest and a particular pest necessitates a specific method of control or elimination. Insect pests with multi- stages of existence are most vulnerable to destructive agents at a particular stage in the life cycle. The usual methods of control may be grouped into (a) Poisons and Baits; (b) Fumigation ; (G) Biological (d) Trapping and hunting.Rodents.-The Rodentia is one of the largest natural orders of animals and is characterised by the habit of gnawing. The species nearly all reach maturity at an early age and are endowed with great fecundity. Most of the genera whilst sedentary and gregarious are very adaptable to change of environment. They are mainly classified by their dentition but all possess specially adapted incisors which would grow too long if not utilised for gnawing. The three species which have become world- wide pests are the brown or common rat (Rattus norvegzcus) the black or old English rat (Raltus mttus) and the common mouse (Mus ~nuscuZus),originating in Asia or Eastern Europe. The differentiation of the two rat species by coat colour is confusing for this varies considerably and identification is by the larger body weight and size blunter muzzle and shorter and thicker tail of the brown rat.The tame rat of the laboratory is “Norvegicus.” The black rat probably reached England at the time of the Crusades and was the indirect cause of the authenticated outbreaks of plague. The brown rat came later spreading across Europe in the early 18th century owing to the expanse of trade and shipping. Though both species are nocturnal make nests of grass or litter and store food they differ in that brown rats can construct burrows and live in the open whereas black rats prefer to live in buildings. The black rat rarely swims; the brown rat does and inhabits sewers.Control depends upon the study of habits. Poisoning is very effective if due con- sideration is given to the right bait and the best poison to use. This should be effective in low concentration in the bait commensurable with lethal action and the baits should be relatively harmless to domestic stock and human beings. Formerly white arsenic strychnine and phosphorus were in general use but since 1919 barium carbonate red squill thallium sulphate and zinc phosphide have been employed. The use of arsenic is to be deprecated and if used “pre-baiting,” i.e. bait without poison must be put down for several nights in the first place. Rats are less susceptible to strychnine than mice and 32 mg. per kilo. body weight should result in total mortality. It is illegal to sell strychnine for rat poisoning.Yellow phosphorus is an excellent poison despite the nauseous taste and smell of its preparations. Barium carbonate kills rats in doses of about 600 mg. per kilo. body weight. It should be fed in about 15 per cent. con- centration in a dry cereal bait for the presence of fat may render it harmless. Thallium sulphate must be considered too dangerous for general use and zinc phosphide if “pre- baited” is said to be similar in action to phosphorus. Both zinc phosphide and phos- phorus may cause odours should the rats die under floors in buildings and there is a fire risk with the latter. Compared with the chemical poisons red squill (Urginea maritima) is a most effective natural poison having low toxicity to domestic animals.The lethal active principle has not been definitely isolated and it is most effective in powder or extract when incorporated in cereal baits. Fumigation and gassing is r321 frequently employed for the disinfestation of ships and HCN is the usual toxic agent. This treatment accords with the international agreement to prevent the spread of plague which is a secondary infection resulting from the bite of a flea parasitical to the rat. Fcr the gassing of burrows in fields to exterminate rats and rabbits HCN SO or CO from a motor car exhaust are effective. The holes of the burrow are noted and all but one are lightly stopped. The tube from the gas container is inserted in the open hole. Crude calcium cyanide “Cyanogas,” may be used and a still more recent development is “Cymag,” a mixture of sodium cyanide and magnesium sulphate mono- hydrate which evolves HCN when exposed to the atmosphere.Viruses have been in use since the beginning of the century. The principle is akin to poisoning and live cultures of the Gaertner type of bacillus are baited. They can produce excellent results but should not be employed in premises where food is prepared and handled because of doubt as to the pathogenicity of the organisms to man. It is possible that rats slightly affected by the disease produced acquire immunity to \absequent doses of the virus. Crawling and Flyi?zg Pests popularly termed “insects” (though correctly speaking the group Insecta are six-legged creatures) may have many discrete stages of existence after the egg.Certain stages present greater resistance to processes of control which may bc by biological methods or by poison baits dusts and sprays or fumigation methods. Success attends these measures only if correct time thoroughness and effective means of application are planned. Whilst there is no definite knowledge of the mechanism of killing powders the mineral poisons-borax sodium fluoride thallium sulphate-are generally effective for biting insects like beetles cockroaches and crickets and those containing pyrethrum or derris for practically all insects especially sucking types like bugs fleas flies and aphis. Because of general toxicity care must be exer- cised in the use of the mineral poisons in kitchens and infested food stores.The powders mixed with dry cereal are forced into crevices by hand blowers. Pyrethrum (from Chrysanthemum cinerariafolium) is an ideal Lveapon which appears to kill by paralytic action. Derris root powder containing 2 per cent. to 6per cent. of rotenone as active principle is more applicable to horticultural than to house- hold pests. Sprays usually consist of pyrethrum extract in a light mineral oil vehicle and act by contact with the insect. Under the trade name “Lethane 384,” 8-butoxy-p-thiocyanodiethyl ether has come into use and typifies the introduction of aliphatic thiocyanates as a class of pest destructor with no human toxic effect. Fumigation, except for the bedbug is rarely employed for the elimination of household pests. HCN ethylene oxide and SO are the agents used.As for the house pests the Pharaoh ant (Monomorium Pharaonis) is a small reddish insect which invades blocks of flats and bakeries. It nests in crevices and is difficult to eradicate. One cure is to kill the workers by powders or syrup bait containing sodium arsenate or thallium sulphate. Bedbugs hatch in 6-10 days from eggs laid in crevices in wood etc. and progress through five nymphal stages to maturity. There are three or four generations in a year each cycle taking 22 to 26 days. This insect hibernates in the cold and can exist for a long time without food. Apart from fumigation pyrethrum provides an effective control measure. The commonest species of cock-roaches in Britain are the oriental or blackbeetle (Blatta orientalis) and the German or steam fly (B.germanica).Both are nocturnal and multiply rapidly. The egg is laid in a capsule containing 16 eggs in two rows. After hatching and six moults the resulting nymph eats but little ahd moults once mcre to become the adult insect. Powders containing pyrethrum or sodium fluoride are effective a’nd these may also be used to control crickets. Fleas have hundreds of species nearly all parasitical on warm-blooded animals. The human flea (Pulex irritans) the dog flea (CtenocephaZus canis) *and the cat flea (C.fiZis) are the commonest and all pass through a four-stage development in the life cycle. Thorough cleansing of the infested rooms and the use of pyrethrum act as deterrents. Flies and mosquitoes are troublesome vectors of disease.They undergo the four-stage metamorphosis and are most vulnerable in the larval stage. The eggs of flies are laid in decaying refuse and if heat is generated by the tight packing of manure heaps it is destructive to the maggots. The mcsquito larva develops in water and control is effected by draining marshy land layering water surfaces with paraffin introducing fish into ponds etc. The three common types of clothes moth differ slightly in appearance but have like habits. All cause damage to fabrics and furs when in the larval stage. Control depends upon the nature of the material affected but preventative action is the best “cure.” Cold storage with intermittent heating kills them in furs but ordinary garments should be brushed exposed to sunlight and then stored away in stout paper bags in tight boxes.p-dichlorobenzene is the best deterrent. Silver fish are primitive insects halving a full life cycle occupying about two years and are controlled by insect powders. rice are disease vectors of animals [ 333 especially of man under war conditions. Control of infested clothing is by steam disin- fection and the recently introduced “D.D.T.” is proving its worth as an eradicator of the pest with the Armed Forces. Thirty Years of Chemical Industry 19161944 By J. W. PARKES, hf.Sc. F.R.I.C. [Dublin Section 6th December 1944.1 The value of explosives for civil purposes is largely overshadowed by their military importance in war-time but explosives are one of man’s greatest sources of power and have enabled him to carry out great engineering feats such as the construction of alpine tunnels and the Panama canal.They also make possible an annual production of millions of tons of coal iron and various ores. The manufacture of explosives at Arklow was started by Messrs. Kynoch Ltd. in 1894 and in 1914 the factory produced mainly blasting gelatine for work in quarries and “permitted explosives” for use in coal mines chiefly in Scotland. In September 1914 the Great War led to a big extension of the factory for the manufacture of cordite then in short supply. This involved the large-scale production of sulphuric acid (oleum) nitric acid nitrocellulose and nitroglycerine. On the cessation of hostilities the factory was closed down in 1919 and the business transferred to Nobel Industries Ltd.Scotland. Nitrocellulose developed originally for use as an explosive formed the basis for new developments in the production of plastic materials paints and impregnated fabrics. This has been followed by the introduction of cellulose acetate ethyl cellulose and synthetic fibres. The manufacture of superphosphate is now over 100 years old and it is still the most important form of phosphatic fertiliser. Progress has been made in recent years by the introduction of (1) improved methods of grinding (2) mechanical dens which operated continuously instead of intermittent batch mixing (3) more accurate control of the mixing of sulphuric acid and phosphate rock and a longer time of contact in the mixer (4)a greater fan draught to reduce the moisture content (5)granulation.In America there has been an increased production of triple superphosphate (containing 48 per cent. P,O,) by electric furnace methods (Tennessee Valley). The use as fertilisers of calcium metaphosphate and high temperature phosphates (calcined to remove the fluorine) are being investigated closely at the present time. Important developments have resulted from the use of air coal petroleum and sea-water as sources of raw materials. High pressure technique and the use of catalysts have led to the fixation of atmo- spheric nitrogen on a vast scale; hydrogenation of coal has led to the production of synthetic petrol ; petroleum refinery products butadiene and styrene are used to produce synthetic rubber the production of which in U.S.A.now exceeds 1,000,000tons per annum; bromine for the production of “anti-knock” petrol has been prepared in large quantity from sea-water since 1933; magnesium has been manufactured from the same source since 1941 ; while sea-weed in addition to yielding potash and iodine has been utilised for producing salts of alginic acid used in the textile industry. The value of research is still insufficiently realised by the general public. All the great developments of the past 30 years have been made possible by research. Research workers are “a new power in the world.” To ensure the future prosperity of Eire more provision for research in all branches of science is essential. Ion Exchangers Applied to Water Treatment By R.T. PENIBERTON [Bristol and South-Western Counties 7th December 1944.1 After a short historical survey of the silicate base exchange materials a description of the newer organic exchangers was given. These are divided into two classes functioning as hydrogen ion exchangers and anion exchangers respectively. The former derived from coal and the like by sulphonation or from phenols as formaldehyde condensation products are capable of exchanging all cations for hydrogen ions yielding acids which as far as water treatment is concerned render neutralisation or removal essential. Neutralisation can be carried out by blending with raw or base exchange softened water. The removal of these acids can be readily accomplished by passage through a bed [ 34 1 of an anion exchanger.The dual treatment yields a water extremely low in total solids useful for boiler feed water high quality chemical process water and applicable to many other industries. In the plant which is used to house these ion exchangers risk of corrosion dictates special care in lining the pressure vessels normally used. Three classes of valve assembly are available (1) single valves-glass lined with rubber diaphragm (2) valve panels of similar constructions and (3) a rubber-lined multiport valve which has the added advantage of allowing the operations of regeneration etc. to be carried out in the correct sequence. The air scrubber for removing the carbon dioxide not removed with anion exchanger works on a counter flow basis. Developments have taken place in connection with waste water conservation as well as with methods of improving the residual total of dissolved solids when treating raw waters with a content of over 50 parts per 100,000.The controls can be made automatic by the use of a recording conductivity meter suitably calibrated. A series of lantern slides was shown illustrating many of the points given in the lecture and comprising (1) analysis of typical waters before and after various treatments taken from actual plants (2) flow diagrams of plant and (3) views of several plants illustrating the various types and sizes of construction employed and the improvements evolved over the 10 years that this work has been in progress. An actual portable unit was exhibited and photographs were shown indicating how cation and anion materials are being used in war.Recent Investigations on the Chemistry of Seaweed By Dr. VINCENTJ. BARRY [Dublin Section and the Chemical Society 24th January 1945.1 Algae are seldom found growing beyond a depth of ten fathoms. Despite this fact it has been stated that the total weight of marine vegetation is greater than that of land vegetation. Also larger plants occur in the sea than on land. All algae contain chlorophyll which is accompanied and in some cases masked by other pigments. Depending on the pigment which predominates the algae are classified as Brown Red Green Blue-Green. Until about 1860 the ash of fucus varieties was the sole source of alkali for the soap and glass industry.This kelp industry was then threatened by the Leblanc soda process. However as the use of iodine in medicine developed a new kelp industry arose based on the ash of laminarians. This kelp may contain more than 20 per cent. K,O. The organic constituents of seaweed on which any future industry must be based are mainly polysaccharide in character. Brown algae contain alginic acid lamind mannitol fucoidin and a low-grade cellulose. Of these alginic acid (discovered by Stanford 1883) is becoming increasingly important as an emulsifier and in the production of Rayon etc. Ground weed is used to some extent in patent foodstuffs for cattle principally it is believed as a mineral supplement. It has however 24 times the value of potatoes as a feeding-stuff for pigs.Chopped weed after boiling with dilute acid and alkali gives a “stuff” which when reinforced by straw or other fibrous material may be compressed $0a board that takes paint plaster and screws. If the technical difficulties of extraction could be overcome it is suggested that laminarin could be used as a substitute for starch in diabetic flour. Of the Red Algae used in Ireland Carragheen is the most important. It is a galactan sulphate. These galactan sulphuric acid esters may be extracted from a number of red algae and so far no two have been found identical. Dilisc or dulse contains a xylan not the same as the xylan occurring in wood. Agar-agar has been shown to contain both d-and Z-galactose residues in its molecule. These are for the most part linked 1 3.It is also alleged to be a sulphuric ester but the sulphur content of Irish agar is so low as to make this doubtful. Sloke (Po~phyra) is a good source of vitamin C. All the red algae contain Floridean starch which resembles glycogen. Laminarin is a glucose polymer and was the first algal polysaccharide to be found to contain a 1 3 linkage. This linkage is now known to be a commonplace in poly- saccharides occurring in seaweeds. It has the f3-configuration and is hydrolysed only by an enzyme occurring in snail juice and in the ,common limpet. A new glucose disaccharide laminaribiose has been prepared from it. The “end-group assay” of laminarin has been carried out by a method which depends on the oxidising action of periodic acid. This reagent attacks the a-glycol linkage (===-ii) converting each -GOH to -CHO.In a 1 3 polysaccharide only the terminal non-reducing hexose r 35 I contains this x-glycol grouping. Further oxidation with bromine introduces two carbonyl groups into the terminal hexose and neutralisation now yields a measure of the repeating chain unit in the polysaccharide molecule. Again treatment of the periodic acid oxidised molecule with phenylhydrazine causes the separation of glyoxalosazone and leaves the chain one hexose unit shorter. In this way a stepwise degradation of the molecule may be achieved. It is possible that this reaction might be used to show the presence of cross linkages in certain polysaccharide molecules. The Compleat Analyst By R. C. CHIRNSIDE,F.R.I.C.[Leeds Area Section 15th January 1945.; Much thought has been given recently to the state of analytical chemistry and to the training and functions of the analyst both in this country and elsewhere. The view has been expressed in the U.S.A. that the “compleat analyst” should be something of a microscopist and spectroscopist conversant with optics photography and modern electrical circuits; all these in addition to a fundamental knowledge of chemistry. The common conception of the analyst is more circumscribed and the status of the analyst is lower than it was formerly. This is not due to any reduction in the need for skilled analysts but the reasons must include the present emphasis on the academic side of training at the expense of manipulative ability and the confusion in terms between the analyst proper and the routine tester (from whom however great analysts are some- times made).There is an urgent need for the teaching of analytical chemistry in Uni- versities (cf. the U.S.A.) and it is hoped that Branch Hof the Fellowship maybecome the hall-mark of the real analyst. The older training schools the laboratories of the consultants and public analysts are more restricted and recruits now enter the pro- fession from the University or as student-assistants engaging in part-time studies. Often the latter class yields the better analysts. The obvious advantages of the University training might be better utilised if some part of the analytical training could be assimilated before graduation. The student might profitably spend 12-18 months in an analytical laboratory before proceeding to the University and return there for a further short period after graduation.Among the other qualities desired in the analyst besides theoretical knowledge and manipulative skill are personal integrity scepticism caution without loss of imagination logic perspective and keen powers of observation. To all these should be added the ability and will to record faithfully his observations. These qualities should give the analyst the unquestioned right to equality in the chemical world. The industrial analytical laboratory will usually be an auxiliary service unit. It should maintain the closest liaison with the departments it serves largely interpret its own results and be discriminating in the work it undertakes.Analysis has recently been defined as “the examination of a material to ascertain its composition its properties and its qualities,” and the analyst should realise that if the facilities available were to embrace some of the new physical tools and techniques he could more closely approach this ideal. Amongst these newer techniques are the spectrograph for qualitative reports fair quantitative accuracy speed permanent records and low sample consumption ; X-ray diffraction for determining the state of combination of the radicals observing changes of phase observing solid solution effects approximate quantitative determinations ; absorptiometric methods ; polarographic methods ; chromatography ; micro and semi- micro methods.The analyst cannot be expected to master all these techniques; it is no longer possible for analysis to be anything but a co-operative effort of a number of experts each having considerable knowledge of the work of the other members of the team. But the complete analyst will be familiar with and be able to understand and make use of the extra information that these new methods afford. He will not lose sight of the simpler and cheaper techniques available in his enthusiasm for the new but will choose the most suitable method or combination of methods for any particular application. By the rational employment of the newer techniques the analyst can make his contribution towards a higher conception of analysis of what the analyst should be and of what he can do.January Examinations 1945 Abstract of the Report of the Board of Examiners Examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry Examiners Professor G. M. Bennett and Professor IT. Wardlaw. Held at the Royal Institute in the Laboratories of the University Entered* Passed* of London South Kensington theoretical papers being taken in other local centres in the week commencing *32 17 -I Monday 15th January. * 5 candidates failed to satisfy the Examiners in part only of the examination and one candidate satisfied the Examiner in those parts of the examination in which he had previously failed. Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Theory .-Most candidates attempted the required number of questions on both papers but few did exceptionally well.On the first paper the best answers were given to the questions concerning chemical bonds and the colloidal state. Less satisfactory answers were returned to the questions dealing with the factors which determine the choice of substances as standards in volumetric analysis and the methods available for assessing the dissociation constant of water. Few candidates gave a good account of the preparation of ammonium molybdate or of potassium ferrioxalate ; the composition assigned to ammonium molybdate was fre- quently incorrect. Speaking generally the answers disclosed rather a surface knowledge of the topics selected. On the second paper it was noteworthy that the question involv- ing a calculation was unpopular. Some very good answers were returned to the question which required a description and explanation of the procedure involved in the gravi- metric determination of nickel magnesium and the sulphate radical but it was observed that the formula for nickel dimethylglyoxime was not always given correctly.Practical.-The practical work was not in general done so well as is usual in this examination. This applies to both the qualitative and quantitative exercises. Organic Chemistry.-Satisfactory work was done by a fair proportion of the candi- dates on most of the questions but Q. 2 on aliphatic sulphonic acids was answered rarely and inaccurately. Q. 1 on total syntheses was often well done though some candidates did not adhere to the implied rules and introduced into their schemes substances of which the syntheses were not given.In discussing diazonium salts many wrote formulae with a 6-covalent nitrogen atom although they were well aware that the substance was ionic. The reactions yielding fluorobenzene and phenylarsinic acid were not as well known as they should be. The accounts of cis-trans isomerism were in general good and the discussions of the structures of alizarin and indigotin were usually adequate. The comments on keto-enol tautomerism in Q. 7 were often too elementary. Many candidates appeared to have little idea of the essential mechanism of tautomeric change. There was also in some cases an unfortunate confusion between tautomerism and resonance. Practical.-The quantitative exercise was well done by a number of candidates.The value of this must depend on attaining real accuracy. The identifications and preparative exercises were generally well done. Translation.-The translations were mostly quite satisfactory. PASS LIST Adams David Hemsley B.Sc. (Lond.) Northern Polytechnic London. Allen David George B.Sc. (Lond.) Birbeck College London. Andrus Stanley City Technical College Liverpool. Chapman Leslie M.P.S. Merchant Venturers’ Technical College Bristol; and Northern Polytechnic London. Farron John Clifford Royal Technical College Salford ;and Manchester University. Foster Frederick Henry City Technical College Liverpool. Frow Percy B.Sc. (Lond.) Municipal Technical College Hull. Henstock Hubert Ian City Technical College Liverpool. Hepburn Harold Llewellyn Merchant Venturers’ Technical College Bristol.Knight James Wilfred B.Sc. (Lond.) Municipal Technical College Hull; and Sorth Staffs. Technical College Stoke-on-Trent. Naish Arthur Basil Merchant Venturers’ Technical College Bristol. Rogan Mervyn Desmond Municipal Technical College Hull. Rymer Thomas Edward Municipal Technical College Hull. Sanderson John Rutherford Technical College Newcastle upon Tyne. Speedie John Douglas City Technical College Liverpool. Thackray Gerald Bowling B.Sc. (Lond.) Wilson Keith Rowley. Merchant Venturers’ Technical College Bristol. Examination €or the Associateship in General Chemistry The following papers and exercises were set :-MONDAY 15th JANUARY 1945 10 a.m. to 1 P.w. (Answer FIVE questions only.Answev concisely and to the point. Give forniulae a?td equations where posszble.) 1. What is meant by a "bond" in chemistry ? By reference to suitable examples discuss the different types of chemical bonds. 2. Describe THREE methods by which the dissociation constant of water has been determined. 3. Give an account of the oxides and oxyacids of EITHER phosphorus OR chlorine. 4. Indicate the factors which determine the choice of substances as standards in volumetric analysis. 6. Write a concise account of the colloidal state with particular emphasis on the distinction between colloids and the other forms of matter. 6. Describe the preparation properties and uses of FOUR of the following:- (a) sodium azide (b) ammonium molybdate (c) potassium persulphate (d) sodium nitroprusside (e) potassium ferrioxalate (f)sodium hydrosulphite (Na$,O,).7. Describe some of the methods which have been used for the detection and separation of non-radioactive isotopes. 2 to 6 9.m. (Answer FIVE questions only. Answer concisely and to the point. Give formulae and equations where PossibZe.) 1. Give an account of the more important features in the chemistry of EITHER (a)boron and its compounds OR (b) titanium and its compounds. 2. Derive thermodynamically an equation for the lowering in freezing point of a solvent produced by the solution of 1 gram molecule of a solute in 1,000 grams of the solvent. The addition of 0.15 gram of a substance (A) of molecular weight 120 to 12-20 grams of a solvent (B) lowered the freezing point of the latter from 62-25' to 61.80".Calculate the latent heat of fusion of (B). 3. Describe and explain the procedure involved in the gravimetric determination of the following :-(a) nickel (b) the sulphate radical (c) magnesium. 4. State the fundamental principles of photochemistry and discuss the photolysis of hydrogen iodide and hydrogen bromide. 5. Give an account of ONE of the following:-(a) nuclear reactions; (b) carbon monoxide and the metallic carbonyls ;(c) crystal structures. 6. Discuss the chief advances in chemistry associated with the names of TWO of the following :-Bunsen Moissan and Ramsay. 7. Write an essay on ONE of the following subjects:-(a) Combustion; (b)Catalytic action; (c)Thermal dissociation.TUESDAY 16th JANUARY 1945 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Answer FIVE questions only. Answer concisely and to the point. Give formulae and equations where possible.) 1. Outline practicable schemes for the total synthesis (from the elements) of any FOUR of the following compounds :-n-butyl alcohol diethylmalonate pentaerythritol trimethylacetic acid tetramethylethyleneglycol. It will suffice to indicate the steps of each synthesis by formulae with notes as to the necessary conditions or reagents at each stage. 2. Give an account of the preparation and properties of the aliphatic sulphonic acids. Explain their relationship to sulphuric and sulphurous acids. How can a sulphonic acid be converted into (a) a sulphinic acid (b) a thioalcohol (mercaptan) I 3.Explain the accepted view of the structure of aromatic diazonium salts and describe their common applications in preparative chemistry. How may a diazonium salt be used to prepare (a)benzoic acid (b) fluorobenzene (c) an aromatic arsinic acid ? [381 4. Describe and explain the cis-trans isomerism of (a) maleic and fumaric acids (b)the cyclopropane dicarboxylic acids (c) the trithioacetaldehydes (d)a-and /?-glucose. In any TWO of these cases indicate the manner in which their configurations have been demonstrated. 6. What methods are available for the preparation of ketones of the aliphatic and aromatic series including aromatic hydroxy-ketones ? What is Michler’s ketone? How is it prepared and how may it be used in the preparation of dyes 6.Give an account of the structure and synthesis of EITHER alizarin OR indigotin. 7. Write short explanations of any TWO of the following:-(a) keto-enol tautomerism (b) diene additions (c) the Beckmann transformation. 2 to 2.30 p.m. Translations from French and German technical literature. WEDNESDAY 17th JANUARY 1945 9.30 a.m. to 4 P.m. 1. (A) is a mixture of an organic acid and neutral inert material. Separate the acid prepare a pure specimen and leave it for inspection. Prepare a small quantity of its silver salt determine the percentage of silver in it and deduce the equivalent of the acid. You are not asked to attempt to identify it. This exercise may be completed to-morrow. 2. Examine the substance (B)with a view to its identification and leave specimens of any derivatives which you may make.(p-bromoacetanilide or p-chloroacetanilide.) THURSDAY 18th JANUARY 1945 9.30 am. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercise 1. 2. @om the phenol (C) provided prepare pure specimens of (a) tribromophenol, (b) 2 4-dinitrophenol (c) the p-toluenesulphonyl derivative (d) the azo compound by coupling with diazotised p-naphthylamine. 3. Identify the substance (D). (Glycine or anthranilic acid.) FRIDAY 19th JANUARY 1945 9.30 a.m. to 4 p.m. 1. Determine volumetrically and gravimetrically the percentage of iron in the given sample of haematite (E). This exercise may be completed to-movrow. 2. Identify the mixture (F). (Sodium tungstate and ammonium sulphate.) SATURDAY 20th JANUARY 1945 9.30 a.m.to 4 p.m. 1. Determine by two distinct volumetric methods the percentage of manganese 2. Identify the substance (H). (Cobalt borate and barium silico-fluoride.) dioxide (MnO,) in the sample of pyrolusite (G). Constitution of the Council and Method of Nomination and Election of Members of Council Basis of proposed changes in By-Laws In June 1941 the Council announced the appointment of a Special Committee to consider the constitution of the Council and the advisability of modifying the method of nomination and election of Members of Council. In July the Committee recorded its opinion that the Council was too large; that Members of Council should be elected for three years subject to adequate rules as to attendance; that a third of the Council should retire annually the retiring Mem- bers being ineligible for re-election for twelve months; that some form of district or regional representation (irrespective of whether districts or regions included Local Sections) should be retained and that regional Members of Council should be elected by the Fellows and Associates within their respective regions.[ 39 1 The Committee expressed the view that the Council should retain the right of nominating a certain number of General Members of Council bearing in mind the importance of representation of various branches of the science and of the profession. In June 1941 the Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections discussed these proposals.In October 1942 the Committee recommended making provision in the By-laws for the immediate Past President to be an additional Vice-president; for the reduction of the number of Members of Council; for the election of Officers and Members of Council for three years’ service; for the Treasurer to be eligible for re-election annually; to allow each Fellow and Associate to nominate two Members of Council instead of one as at present; to enforce more strictly the rule regarding absence from meetings; and to eliminate the use of the asterisk* and italicst on the balloting list but to provide separately a statement as to the occupation and method of nomination of each candidate. The Council thereupon requested the Committee to submit draft By-laws for consideration.In January 1943 the Council reported that the suggested revised By-laws were under consideration but subsequently on a Report from the Policy Committee debated the desirability of Associates being eligible for service on the Council and decided that the proposal was not in the best interests of the Institute. At the Annual General Meeting held on 15th March 1944 a motion to refer back the part of the Report of the Council dealing with this subject was lost by a small majority. In view of the closeness of the voting the President promised that further consideration should be given to the matter before submitting the suggested revised By-laws on the constitution of the Council referred to above. A questionnaire on the subject was there- fore issued to all Fellows and Associates the result of which is given in the Report of Council for 1944-1945 (see p.11). This point having been settled Local Sections are now invited to consider the follow- ing brief statement of the proposed alterations in the By-laws. 1. That a retiring President who has served in that office for three years shall be ex-oflcio a Vice-president. 2. That there befifteen instead of twenty-seven General Members of Council and jifteen Regional Members of Council (or such other numbers being multiples of three as a General Meeting may from time to time determine) who shall be nominated and elected by Members in such regions as may from time to time be defined. 3. That a Member of the Council absent from three successive ordinary meetings or in any one year fromfive ordinary meetings of the Council shall zpsofacto vacate his office; provided that the operation of this clause may be suspended by the Council in any particular instance by the adoption of a special resolution.4. That the Officers and Members of Council elected at an Annual General Meeting or by the members of a Region shall hold office for three years but thereafter shall not be eligible for re-election to the same office until the Annual General Meeting (or in the case of a Regional Member until the election in his Region) held next after his retire- ment. 5. That two Vice-presidents one-third of the General Members of the Council and one-third of the Regional Members shall retire each year (provision being made for deciding retirement by ballot until the new By-laws come into full operation).6. That with the balloting list a statement authorised by the Council shall be sent giving in respect of each candidate his occupation his Local Section and the manner of his nomination. If the above proposals are generally approved other By-laws will need to be revised to conform with them. * Indicating nomination by the Council. t Indicating that the mt-mber is in office and is eligible for re-election. Notes The Report of Lord Hankey’s Committee on “Higher Appointanmt8,“-presented by the Minister of Labour to Parliament in January has been published by H.M. Stationery Office Is. net. The Committee was appointed in July 1943 :-“To consider and report upon the arrangements which should be made to facilitate the employment after the end of hostilities of men and women qualified to undertake responsible work in the professions or elsewhere with particular reference to (a)the organisation premises and staff of the Appointments Department of the Ministry of Labour and National Service* (b) the arrangements which should be made for co-operation between the Appointments Department and other organisations and institutions (including professional industrial and commercial organisations) and Universities at home and abroad.” The Report contains an introduction in which it is stated that “Our first conclusion is that the necessary machinery cannot be provided solely by the effort or enterprise of private organisations necessarily confined within sectional geographical-and often financial-limits.We are satisfied that direct provision by the State is indispensable and as suggested to us in our Terms of Reference this provision must be based upon the Appointments Department of the Ministry of Labour and National Service.* Consequently our recommendations provide in some detail for the organisation of a nation-wide State-provided agency for employment in the field of ‘higher appoint- ments.’” “We . . . . regard the placing work of the Appointments Department as the focal point of a service for providing men and women and their employers with the best available information advice and help. The advisory service will indeed in the re-settlement period occupy a part in the day-to-day work of the organisation no less important than actual placing work.It is not easy to over-estimate the value of the r81e that the Appointments Department can play in this period if properly equipped to give authoritative advice on training opportunities employment trends opportunities overseas and other similar questions.” “To achieve these aims the organisation must be planned on the right lines and then staffed with the right officers.” “For essentially this is a human problem and the indispensable foundation of success is the appointment of the right men and women to tackle it.” The opinion is also expressed that the Committee is concerned with the setting up of a permanent State service which in co-operation with other agencies will ensure that the best talents of the nation are neither wasted nor misdirected and Mr.Bevin in a letter published in Appendix I11 of the Report gives the assurance that it is not part of the plan to give the Appointments Department a legal monopoly; indeed he stresses the importance of a co-ordination of effort to insure the best possible use of specialised knowledge and ability. After chapters dealing with the organisation following the last war and the institution in 1938 of the Central Register formed with the help of the principal professional and occupational Bodies the work and organisation of the Appointments Department and the method of dealing with vacancies the Committee makes recommendations for those requiring special arrangements “vacancies in the highest and most important posts of whatever kind ;engineering vacancies ;scientific vacancies.” Reference is made to the evidence from the Joint Council of Professional Scientists and from the Scientific Research and the Chemistry Advisory Committee to the Central (Technical and Scientific) Register to the effect that vacancies for qualified scientists should be dealt with centrally especially because only in a central office would it be practicable to provide staff with the necessary qualifications and contacts to handle the work a staff of qualified scientists should if necessary be engaged on a part-time *The existing Appointments Department was based upon the Central Register inaugurated in September, 1938 of persons with higher :qualifications in all fields of activity who might be deeded in Government service and also upon the decentralised Supplementary Register set up in December 1939 to find employment for persons with higher qualifications.[411 basis; but vacancies for those below the standard of a university degree or the equivalent should be dealt with at Local Appointments Offices. Chapter 5 is devoted to the work of the Appointments Office and Chapter 6 to the Advisory Service for applicants seeking guidance in the choice of a career on where to train for it and how to obtain grants for further training. The staff will be expected to take a continued interest in those who are placed or advised and periodically review their progress. Dealing with Public Relations and Co-operation with other Organisations Chapter 7 shows that the Committee realises that the success of the Appointments Offices will depend largely on the extent to which they can arouse the interest of professional and other organisations including professional institutes which the Committee has no doubt will be most willing to assist.Chapter 8 deals with the staff of the Appointments Department; Chapter 9 with Other Questions and Chapter 10 with the cost of the proposals. The Report is followed by a summary of seven pages. The recommendations follow largely on the lines of the proposals put forward by the Joint Council of Professional Scientists except that it is recommended that the Central Register slightly modified should form a permanent branch of the Appoint- ments Department.The Joint Council did not favour this. The Committee recom- mends however that in certain cases the Appointments Department might treat an agency as the sole agent for dealing with all applications and vacancies in a particular occupation. At the time of going to Press the Report has not been adopted. HarrisonMemorial Prize for 1944.-The Selection Committee consisting of the Presidents of the Chemical Society the Royal Institute of Chemistry the Society of Chemical Industry and the Pharmaceutical Society has awarded the Harrison Memorial Prize for 1944 to Dr. Leslie Frederick Wiggins Associate in recognition of the out- standing quality of his researches on transformation products of the hexose sugars. His originality and resource combined with exceptional experimental skill in these difficult investigations have opened new fields of theoretical interest.Much of this work holds promise of practical development along novel lines. The Harrison Prize is awarded to the chemist of either sex being a natural-born British subject not at the time over 30 years of age who in the opinion of the Selection Committee shall during the previous five years have conducted the most meritorious and promising original investigations in any branch of Chemistry and published the results of those investigations in a scientific periodical or periodicals. Beit Fellowships for Scientific Research.-The Twenty-seventh Election of Fellows will take place on or about the 7th day of July 1945.Not more than three Fellowships will be awarded. Applications must be received on or before 6th April 1945. Forms of Applications and all information may be obtained by letter only addressed to the Registrar Imperial College South Kensington London S.W.7. Canada.-The Canadian Chemical Association the Canadian Institute of Chemistry and the Canadian Sections of the Society of Chemical Industry have co-operated in forming a national chemical organisation known as the Chemical Institute of Canada which will represent some 10,000 chemists and chemical engineers in the Dominion. The Isle of Man Scientific Society.-A Society with this name has been established to promote interest in science in the Island; to facilitate the interchange of information ideas and practice on all matters appertaining to science and the con- sideration and discussion of all questions relating thereto; to invite communications written or oral relating to science; to form and maintain a library of scientific books and journals; and to arrange visits to places of scientific interest.The Society has as its Patron His Excellency the Lieutenant Governor and the first President was F. R. Grundey BSc. The programme of activities in 1944 was opened with a lecture on “The Scientific Method,” by Gerald Leighton O.B.E. I).Sc. M.D. Mr.C. S. Robinson Fellow has been appointed a member of the Royal Commission on Equal Pay. Obituary JAMES KERRYBURBRIDGE died in London on 27th January in his 73rd year. Trained under KekulC and Anschbtz at Bonn and under J.Millar Thomson at King’s College London he became engaged as chemist with Messrs. William Warne Co. I,td. India-rubber manufacturers of Tottenham Middlesex where his father was managing director and he remained with the company eventually as a director throughout his career. He was elected an Associate in 1895 and a Fellow in 1898. CARL WINSTON CASSINIdied while on flying duties in December 1944 in his 23rd year. Educated in India and at Framlingham College Suffolk he studied for four years at Heriot-Watt College Edinburgh obtaining the Diploma of the College in 1942. He then reported to the Air Ministry and was sent abroad to complete his training as a pilot. He was elected an Associate in 1943. SIR ERNEST HENRY COOKdied at Bristol on 18th January in his 90th year.Born at Bristol he was educated at the Trade and Mining School in that city and having gained a Royal Exhibition Scholarship continued his studies at the Royal College of Science Dublin. He gained the Associateship of the College graduated B.Sc. (Lond.) and in 1887 proceeded to D.Sc. For some years he was engaged as a schoolmaster and in 1895 was elected to the Bristol School Board; in 1900 he joined the City Council; in 1905 he became a Justice of the Peace; in 1909 an Alderman and in 1921 became Lord Mayor of Bristol. He received the honour of Knighthood in 1963. He was associated with the constitution of University College Bristol as an independent university from which he later received the honorary degree of D.Sc.In 1927 he was created a Chevalier of the Legion of Honour. He established a consulting and analytical practice in which for many years he was joined in partnership by Mr. 13. 1:. Barke Fellow. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888. At his funeral the Institute was represented by Mr. F. E. Needs. died in London on 30th December in his 63rd year. Of Swiss HENRY DREYFUS origin he was born and educated at B%le where members of his family were already well established in the chemical industry and later studied for two years in Paris. He was%warded the degree of Ph.D. (BAle) in 1905 in which year he began to devote special attention to the chemistry of cellulose esters collaborating with his brother Dr. Camille Dreyfus. In 1916 his process for the production of cellulose acetate was approved by the British Government and he erected a factory for the supply of aero- plane finishes the Spondon Works near Derby in due course came under British Celanese Ltd.of which Dr. Dreyfus became Manager and Technical Director and from 1926 Chairman of the Board of Directors. He made numerous contributions to the chemistry of cellulose acetate and fibres made therefrom and his name is associated with many patents aud processes. In 1936 he was appointed an Officer of the I.cgion of Honour. In 1937 he became a naturalised British subject. In 1939 he received the Perkin Medal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1943. Information has lately been received that WILBRAHAM ARTHUR TOLLEMACHE EDWARDS died at Rose Hill Mauritius early in 1944 in his 77th year.He received his general education at the Mauritius Royal College and under Rev. H. T. J. Coggin, at Fincliley London. He studied from 1889-1891 at the Royal A4gricultural College, Cirencester under Professor Edward Kinch and from ?891-1893 at the Institut Agronomique Paris. He also worked for a time with Sir Henry Gilbert at Kothamsted and in the laboratory of Mr. Benjamin E. R. Newlands. In 1893 he became attached to the Agricultural Experimental Station at RCduit Mauritius and for some years before his retirement was Director of the Municipal Laboratory of the Corporation of Port Louis. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1895. GEORGEDAVIDsoN ELSDON died at Manchester in his 57th year.After acting as assistant to F. H. Alcock Fellow of Birmingham for a year he studied at the University graduated B.Sc. with honours in chemistry. He continued under Professor Percy F. Frankland F.R.S. as a Priestley Research Scholar until 1910 when he was appointed La31 an assistant to J. F. Liverseege &-ellow,,Public Analyst for Birmingham. Later he proceeded to D.Sc. In 1912 to 1914 he was lecturer in chemistry at the XValsall Municipal Technical School. In the latter year he was appointed Public Analyst and Official Agricultural Analyst to the County Borough of Salford and in due course held appointments as chemist to the River Irwell Conservancy Committee Public Analyst for the County of Lancashire from 1926 until $937 when he became Chief Inspector under the Mersey and Irwell Joint Committee now the Lancashire Rivers Board which position he held at the time of his death.He was the author of The Chemistry cirzd Examination of Edible Fats and Oils their Substitutes and Adztlteiants and joint author with Mr. Evers of The Analysis of Drugs and Chenzicals. He was elected an Associate in 1912 and a Fellow in 1915. He served as a Member of Council 1928 to 1931 and from 1933 to 1936; and froin 1937 to 1941 was Examiner in the Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs and of Water. He was an active member of the committee of the Manchester Section. died at Southampton on 20th December in his 66th year. The SYDNEYEMSLEY son of Walter Emsley artist and portrait painter of Manchester he was educated at the Manchester Cathedral Choir School where in 1903 he won a scholarship to the Cheetham Higher Grade School.He received his scientific training at the University Manchester and graduated B.Sc. with honours in chemistry in 1911. He became assistant to Mr. I;.W. F.Arnaud Fellow then Public Analyst for Portsmouth,-now for the County of Kent,-and later held appointments as a research chemist at Woolwich .Arsenal and with the London Rrighlon and South Coast Railway before in 1013 he tiecame assistant to Mr. James Brierley Public Analyst for the County Borough of Southampton. From 1916-1918 however he was engaged on lvar work with Alessrs. Hrunner Mond & Co. at Northwich. He returned to Southampton and on the retire- ment of Mr.Hrierley in 1022 was appointed Public Analyst and Official Agricultural Analyst. Subsequently when Mr. Arthur Angell Analyst for the County of Southamp- ton the Isle of Wight and the City of Winchester died he succeeded to the appoint- ments of Public Analyst for the Isle of Wight and Winchester. He suffered from a claylight enemy raid in 1940 and from that time was in failing health. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1915 and a Fellow in 1919. LEWISSIDNEYFRASEK died at Srnethwick on 29th December 1944 at the age of 48 years. Born at High Wycombe Buclts. and educated at the Royal Grammar School in that town he served with the Royal Engineers (Inland Water Transport) from December 1917 to February 1920.He studied at the Royal College of Science graduated B.Sc. (Lond.) with honours in chemistry and was awarded the Associateship of the College and later the Diploma of the Imperial College (D.I.C.). After taking a post-graduate course in agricultural chemistry with biochemical research he was appointed assistant chemist on the staff of J. S. Fry & Sons Ltd. and in the following ?.ear deputy chief chemist under Dr. H. W. Bywaters. In 1931 he was appointed factory manager and chief chemist with Messrs. Scribbans & Co. Cake Manufacturers Smethwick. During the present war he has served as a Gas Identification Officer in Birmingham. He was elccted an Associate of the Institute in 1921. RAYMOND died at Isleworth on 7th November 1943 in his 24th year.GALLOWAY Born at Isleworth Surrey and educated at Spring Grove Junior and Isleworth County Schools he studied at Birkbeck College while engaged in the radium laboratory of Jchnson Matthey & Co.,Ltd. In October 1939 he was called to the Colours but released in July 1940 at the request of the Company with whom he was later trans- ferred to the research laboratory of the chemical department. He graduated I3.Sc. (Lond.) with first class honours in chemistry in 1942 in which year he was elected an Associate of the Institute. WILLIAMARCHERGRAY died at Queen’s Park London on 15th January in his 31st year. Educated at the Polyteclinic Secondary School Regent Street London he was an assistant at the Custom House in the Government Chemist’s Department from 1934-1938 and attended classes at the Sir John Cass Technical Institute graduat- ing B.Sc.(Lond.) with first class honours in chemistry. From 1938 to 1940 he was an Assistant Examiner at the Patent Office Board of Trade and from 1940 a shift chemist in a Government Factory. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1943. (h‘liss)RUBYCAROLINE GROVES,who died at Windsor on 14th December after a short illness in her 53rd year was educated at King Edward VI Grammar School Aston and at King Edward VI Grammar School Birmingham. She studied at the L 441 University graduating BSc. with honours in chemistry and later proceeded to M.Sc. During the war of 1914-1918 she was an assistant chemist in the Metallurgical Re- search Branch of the Royal Arsenal Woolwich until 1918 when she obtained an appointment in the Scientific and Technical Department of the Imperial Institute where since 1929 she had'been a senior assistant.She contributed papers to the Jozcrnal of Agricultural Science on soil examination and to the Bulletin of the Imperial Institute on allied subjects. She was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1919 and a Fellow in 1934. FREDERICK died at Weymouth on 20th January in his 8lst year. HUDSON-COX Born at the Grammar School Southampton he was trained originally for pharmacy at the School of the Pharmaceutical Society and studied physics at University College London. From 1890 he was engaged successively with the Hydraulic Sanitary Soap Co. Leicester the Automatic Aeration Co.London and the Midland Spinning Co. Long Eaton. From 1896 to 1898 he was an assistant in the laboratory of A. H. Allen Fdlozer of Sheffield and in 1891 was a member of the staff of F. M. Rimmington & Son at Bradford; eventually from 1905 he was in practice as an analytical chemist at Weymouth. He was elected an Associate in 1895 and a Fellow in 1899. DOUGLAS MACCALLuhi died at Glasgow on 26th January 1946 in his ARCHIBALD 1 oth year. Trained at the Glasgow and West of Scotland-now the Royal-Tecbnical College he was for some time assistant to Professor A. Humboldt Sexton and thereafter was engaged in turn as chemist with William Beardmore & Co. Ltd. at Parkhead I'lrilliam Denny & Co. Ltd. at Dumbarton The Steel Co.of Scotland Ltd. at Hallside and with James Dunlop & Co. Ltd. at Tollcross. In 1901 he established a successful analytical and consulting practice in Glasgow dealing especially with metallurgical problems refractories fuel and water. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1918. JOHN STAFFORD died in January 1944 in his 43rd year. Born and educated at Bolton Lancs. he studied at Manchester University graduating B.Sc. with first class honours in chemistry. He continued for two years on research in physical chemistry under Dr. D. H. Bangham and was awrarded the degree of M.Sc. In 1924 he established a practice in Bolton devoting special attention to metallurgy as applied to foundry work and chemical engineering problems. He was Gas Examiner for the County Borough of Bolton and for several Urban District Councils in Lancashire.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1924. GEORGEHUGH UNDERWOOD died at Tidworth on 14th January in his 22nd year. Educated at the City of Bath Boys' School he was in training at the Merchant Venturers' Technical College Bristol before he joined the Colours in 1942 and at the time of his death was a Sergeant in the R.A.O.C. He was registered as a Student of the Institute in 1941. WILLIAMWOODdied at Wrexham on 11th January in his 66th year. Educated in Antwerp and at Duren Germany he studied at the Federal Technical University Zurich where in 1903 he gained the Diploma. He joined his father in the manage- iiient of a caustic potash factory at Antwerp until 1914 when he came to this country and was engaged at a Government factory-as chemist in charge of the manufacture of nitrocotton and of acids and in the recovery of the spent acids.In 1921 he returned to Belgium and resumed for a while the manufacture of caustic potash but later was engaged with a firm of canvas waterproofers. After the outbreak of the present war he was again engaged in work of national importance until his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1919. JASON HALLWORRALL died at Chapeltown near Sheffield on 1st January in his 85th year. He was a pupil of Alfred H. Allen Fellow of Sheffield and later senior assistant and sometime demonstrator in chemistry at the Wesley College Sheffield. In 1886 he was engaged as chemist at the Oil Works of Messrs.Newton Chambers ck Co. Ltd. at Thorncliffe Sheffield with whom he remained until 1925. He was principally concerned with white fluid disinfectants. He was elected a FeIIow in 1888. c 45 1 Books and their Contents Colorimetric Analysis. Noel L. Allport. Pp. xii + 452. (London Chapman & Hall Ltd.) 32s. net. Preface (explaining that the book is devoted to descriptions of actual chemical technique) ; general introduction; metals; acid radicals; substances of clinical and biological significance; alkaloids hormones and vitamins; miscellaneous substances indexes. Factory Planning Fundamentals. Hal Gutteridge. I’p. 12. Institution of Engineering Inspection 2 Caxton Street Westminster S.W. 1. Postwar Planning and Anglo-American Relations.Harold Whitehead and Staff. (Pp. 64). 31 Palace Street London S.W.1. 2s. Gd. net. Scope and method of the survey summary of results; post-war planning; Anglo- American economic relations ; co-operation with American industry. Resonance The Theory of and its Applications to Organic Chemistry. G. \Ir. Wheland. Pp. vi + 316. (New York John Wiley & Sons Inc. and London Chapman and Hall Ltd.). $4.50 net. Theory of resonance; nature of valence; resonance energy; steric effects of reson- ance ; resonance and dipole moments; resonance and molecular spectra; resonance and chemical equilibrium resonance and chemical reaction ; appendix. Author and subject index. Organic Syntheses Methods for the preparation of Organic Chemicals.Editor-in-Chief Nathan L. Drake Vol. 24. Pp. vi + 120. (New York John Wiley & Sms Inc. and London Chapman and Hall Ltd.). 10s. 6d. net. Dr. S. Judd Lewis,Fellow has kindly presented the Institute with a collection of liis publications during the years 1909 to 1934 including papers on zirconium on tinc- tures and drugs but mainly on spectrography. Dr. Judd Lewis has also presented the Institute with a copy of Elements of Chemistry Theoretical and Practical by William Allen Miller 3 volumes Part I Chemical Physics; Part 11 Inorganic Chemistry; Part 111 Organic Chemistry. London 1855-1 857. The book is extra-illustrated with chemical equations represented by coloured hand-drawn designs. Coming Events February 28 ROYALINSTITUTE (Liverpool and North-Western) “Coals Cokes and Chars.” Professor H.L. Riley at the Mining and Technical College Wigan at 6.45 p.m. March ASSOCIATION 1 ABERDEENPHARMACEUTICAL “Penicillin.” Mr. A. I,. Bacharach in Robert Gordon’s College hberdeen at 7.30 p.m. 2 ROYAL INSTITUTE (Aberdeen and North of Scotland) “Vitamins.” Mr. A. L. Bacharach in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre Marischal College Aberdeen at 7.30 p.m. ROYAL INSTITUTE (Cardiff and District) jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry “Some Industrial Applications of X-ray Analysis.” Mr. H. P. Rooksby at the Physics Lecture Theatre University College Cathays Park Cardiff at 6.30 p.m. ROYALINSTITUTE (Manchester and District). Joint Meeting with the Society of Chemical Industry and Chemical Society.“The Chemical Structure of Starch.” Professor E. L. Hirst F.R.S. at the Grand Hotel hytoun Street Manchester at 6 p.m. OF PUBLIC AND OTHERANALYTICAL Akinual General 9 SOCIETY ANALYSTS CHEMISTS Meeting at 3.15 p.m. followed by Presidential Xddress which will include some observations on “Water and Water Supplies,” by Mr. S. E. Melling at the Chemical Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.l at about 4p.m. [ 46 1 March 10 ROYALINSTITUTE (Liverpool & North-Western) “Mechanism of Condensation Reactions.” Dr. J. F. J. Dippy at the Municipal Technical College Widnes at 3 p.m. 1P ROYALINSTITUTE Annual General Meeting at the London School OF CHEMISTRY of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Keppel Street Gower Street W.C.1 at 4 p.m. 14 THE INSTITUTE PETROLEUM: OF Original Papers by Sub-committees of the Standardization Committee at 26 Portland Place London W. 1. ROYAL INSTITUTE (Cardiff and District) Jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry. “The Nature and Significance of the Inorganic Substances in Coal.” Dr. H. E. Crossley at the Technical College Newport at 6.45 p.m. SOCIETY 15 CHEMICAL Liversidge Lecture “Reactions in MonoIayers.” Professor E. K. Rideal M.B.E. F.R.S. at Burlington House Piccadilly London W. 1 at 2.30 p.m. (South Wales) “The Straining of Metals.” Dr. C. A. Edwards, 16 ROYALINSTITUTE F.R.S. in the Royal Institution of South Wales Swansea at 6.30 p.m. (Instead of 9th March as reported in Part VI 1944.) 20 ROYALINSTITUTE (Huddersfield) Annual General Meeting in Field’s Caf6 Hud- dersfield at 6.30 p.m.“The Training of an Organic Chemist,” by Mr. J. R. Rowlands; and “The Removal of Hydrogen Sulphide from Coal Gas,” by Mr. R. J. S. Thompson. 21 ROYALINSTITUTE (London and South Eastern Counties) “The Mechanism of Electrode Measurements.” Professor H. T. S. Britton Joint Meeting with the Institute of Physics at the Royal Institution Albemarle Street London R’.1 at 2.30 p.m. OF CHEMICAL (Birmingham) Jubilee Memorial Lecture. “The 23 SOCIETY INDUSTRY Present Era in Combustion.” Professor D. T. A. Townend at the Chamber of Commerce Birmingham at 6.30 p.m. 34 BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS (St. Helens Section) “Micro-Chemical Analysis,’’ Mr. L. Woods in the Y.M.C.A.Buildings St. Helens at 7.30 p.m. INSTITUTE. 26 ROYAL “Industrial Non-Ferrous Alloys.” Dr. Harold Moore C.B.E. Member of Council at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Keppel Street London W.C.1 at 5 p.m. 28 ROYALINSTITUTE (Birmingham and Midlands) Annual General Meeting. 29 ROYALINSTITUTE (Belfast and District) Annual General Meeting. FOR SCIENTIFICPHOTOGRAPHY 31 ASSOCIATION “High-speed Cinematography,” at Caxton Hall Westminster S.W.l at 2.30 p.m. April 5 BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS(St. Helens Section) “X-rays in Industry.” Dr. N Thorley at Radiant House St. Helens at 7.30 p.m. 13 SOCIETY INDUSTRY: OF CHEMICAL Joint Meeting with the Plastics Group at the Chamber of Commerce Birmingham at 6.30 p.m.1s THE INSTITUTE Joint Meeting with the British Rheologists’ Club OF PETROLEUM at 26 Portland Place London W.1. ROYAL (London and South Eastern Counties) :“Some Empire Vegetable INSTITUTE Oils.” Mr. G. T. Bray in the Lecture Theatre of the Pharmaceutical Society 17 Bloomsbury Square London W.C.1 at 6 p.m. 19 CHEMICAL Annual General Meeting and Presidential Address. SOCIETY 2 1 ASSOCIATIONFOR SCIENTIFIC “A Consideration of the Requirements PHOTOGRAPHY for Micrography and Cinemicrography Apparatus,” Mr. E. Mackie at Caxton Hall Westminster London S.W.l at 2.30 p.m. BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS (St. Helens Section) “Chemical Aspects of X-ray Crystallography.” Dr. N. Thorley in the Y.M.C.A. Buildings St. Helens at 7.30 p.m.25 BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS:Annual General Meeting at the Chamber of Commerce Birmingham at 6.0 p.m. 27 ROYALINSTITUTE. “Soil Metabolism.” Dr. J. H. Quastel F.R.S. Member of Council,at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Keppel Street London W.C.l at 5 p.m. t 47 1 The Register New Fellows Ashton Henry n’orman. Coxon Wilfred Francis MSc. Ph.D. Baker Professor Wilson M.A. (Oxon.) (Lond.). Ph.D. D.Sc. (Manc.). Levvy Guildford ,4lbert Ph.D. D.Sc. Blockey John Reginald M.Sc. (Leeds). (Edin.). Bone Malcolm Drummond B.Sc. (Lond.) Marshall Philip Guy D.Sc. (Leeds). A.R,S.M. Price William Charles BSc. (Wales), Bradford Bernard William B.Sc. Ph.D. P1i.D. (Cantab. and Johns Hopkins). (Lond.),A.K.C.S. D.I.C. Re-e-lectedFellow Holman William Ian Maxwell B.Sc.Agr.(Sydney); Ph.D. (Lond.) D.I.C. Associates elected to the Fellowship Xllchin John Pratt. Levenberg Cecil B.Sc.Eng. (Witwaters- Ashley Julius Nicholson B.Sc. (Birm.) rand) B.Sc. (Leeds). Ph.D. (Manc.). Lunn Harold Britnor. Bruce RGbert James. Macdonald Duncan Mackenzie B.Sc. Bush Frederick William B.Sc. (Lond.). (Lond.). Cousen Arnold M.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.) Marshall Frederick Cecil Barron B.Sc. A.R.C.S. Ph.D. (Lond.) D.I.C. Cowie Douglas Williamson B.Sc. Ph.D. Marshall James Currie B.Sc. (Glas.). (Glas.). Mitra Sachindra Nath B.Sc. (Calcutta), Dames William Morley M.A. Dip. Agr. M.Sc. (Lond.). (Cantab.) B.Sc. (Birm.). Morris Colin John Owen Rhonabwi M.Sc. Davis Harold B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.) (Wales) Yh.D.(Lond.). Ph.C. Myerscough Leslie Charles B.Sc. (Lond.). Del Mar Ronald Henry M.A. (Cantab.). Newbery George BSc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. Elson Leslie Alderman B.Sc. Ph.D. D.I.C. (Lond.). Oliver James Herbert B.Sc. Ph.D. Evans Norman Leslie B.Sc. (Birm.). (Lond.). Farber Louis Nathan B.A. B.Sc. Ph.D. Randall Frederick Charles M.Sc. (Lond.). (Cape). Ritchie Peter Aitken A.H.-W.C. Francis-Carter Charles Francis Jack Scharff Godfrey Edward B.A. (Cantab.) O.B.E. A.I.R.I. Garforth Bertram B.Sc. Ph.D. (Leeds). Smith James Fergus B.Sc. Ph.D. Grist Ralph Alfred Sidney B.A. (Oxon.). (Edin.). Ham Albert John B.Sc. Ph.D. (Bris.). Squire George Victor Vincent B.Sc. Hamied Khwaja Abdul B.Sc. (Allaha-(Lond.). bad) Ph.D. (Berlin). Strachan James Thallon. Hampson Cyril Garforth B.Sc.Tech.Sundaram Ayyar Komal Viswanatha (Manc.). M.Sc. (Calcutta). Hare Andrew Thomas Stewart A.H.-W.C. Tobias Benjamin Franklin B.Sc. (Lond.). Harrison Antony Ashwin A.R.C.S. Vaughan Reginald Edward BSc. Ph.D. Haslewood Geoffrey Arthur Dering M.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. 1’h.D. (Lond.). Walker Alexander Nicholson B.Sc. Hearne James Frederick. (Glas.). Hoknes Eusebius B.Sc. Ph.D. (Birm.). Ward Alfred Thomas KSc. (Lond.). Hudswell Fred M.A. (Cantab.). Webb Thomas Gilbert BSc. (N.U.I.), Jenner Roy Maurice B.Sc. B.Pharm. A.R.C.Sc.1. Pl1.C. Wells Robert Stirling B.A. (Cantab.). Johnson Robert Ian B.Sc. (Lond.). Wilson Donald Cumming B.Sc. (Edin.) Kenrick David Arnold B.Sc.Tech. A. H.-W.C. (Manc.). r 48 1 New Associates Anantakrishnan Coimbatore Panchanada M.Sc.(Madras). Armstrong John Wilson B.Sc. (Glas.). Atkinson Alexander Joseph B.Sc. Dip. Ed. (&din.). Baldit Gerald Lucien B.Sc. (Lond.). Bassett Edward Arthur B.Sc. (Lond.). Baxter Arthur M.A. B.Sc. (Oxon.). Bell Herbert Harold. Belton James Gabriel B.Sc. (N.U.I.). Benton Shirley Faulkner B.Sc. (Birm.). Bevan Tom Harry B.Sc. (Bris.). Bidwell Miss Ethel B.Sc. (Lond.). Biggs Arthur Ian B.Sc. (N.Z.). Bowers Vincent Henry Malcolm B.A. (T.C.D.). Box Francis William B.Sc. (Lond.). Burns David B.Sc. (Lond.). Cairns Alan Cole Hooper B.*4. B.Sc. (Oxon.). Campbell George BSc. (Edin.). Cavill George William Kenneth B.Sc. (Sydney). Coates William Marsden B.Sc. (Lond.). Connellan James B.Sc.(N.U. I.). Cooke Edward Vincent BSc. (Manc.). Cudlipp Gerald William B.Sc. (Lond.). Dalziel Keith B.Sc. (Lond.). Daroux William Gerard A.M.1.Chem.E. Davies Edward Sydney M.Sc. Dip. Ed. (Wales). Dawson Peter Stephen Shevyn B.Sc. (Birm.). Dean Alastair Campbell Ross B.Sc. (Glas.). Dews Fred Hubbins B.Sc. Dip.Ed. (Leeds). Dodd Arthur Edward M.Sc. (Lond.). Doherty James McEleney. Doyle Frank Peter BSc. (Lond.). Ellis Trefor Owen B.Sc. (Wales). Ellinger Miss Gabrielle Marianne BSc. (Lond.). Elvidge John Arthur B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. Epstein Charles M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.). Evans Rowland Arthen B.Sc. (Wales). Gardner John Baxter B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. D.I.C. Goldschmidt Wilfrid Bernard BSc. (S.A.). Goinberg Heiem B.Sc.(Lond.) A.K.C.S. Gordon Arthur Abe B.Sc. (Leeds) M.P.S. Greenfield Miss Florence Mabel B.Sc. (Lond.). Gregory Miss Pamela Zoe B.Sc. (Lond.). Harrison Kenneth Henry B.Sc. (Lond.). Hawkins Cyril George B.Sc. (Lond.). Haynes Leonard John A.R.C.S. Henly Albert Arthur B.Sc. (Lond.). Herringshaw John Francis B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. Hirsh Benjamin Woolf B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. D.I.C. Honeyman John M.A. B.Sc. Ph.Z). (St. Andrews). Howieson William B.Sc. (Glas.). Hughes John Sylvan B.Sc. (Lond.). Hunter James George B.Sc. (Glas.). Ilett John David B.A. (Cantab.). R.Sc. (Lond.). Jenkins Cecil. Jenkinson George Robert. Keen Moss M.Sc. (Liv.). Lacey Richard Norman B.Sc. (Iand.), A.R.C.S.. D.I.C. Laidler Douglas Stuart B.Sc.1’h.D. (Dunelm). Latham Peter Kenneth KSc. Imid.). 1-ewis Douglas Stanley B.Sc. [\\‘ales). Lyth Rupert M.Sc. (Manc.) Dip.Bact. Marshall Peter Robert B.Sc. (Dunelm). McKenzie Helen Mackay M.A. B.Sc. (Aberd.). Meggy -Alexander Bernard B.Sc. (Lond.), 1’h.D. (Oxon.). JIiall Lawrence Mackenzie B.A.(Cantab.). Nills James B.Sc. Ph.D. (Dunelm). Nicholls Robert Emmanuel B.Sc. (Lond.). Norris JIiss Joan Ruth B.A. (Cantab.). Nutt Cecil Wilfred B.Sc. (Bris.). Ottaway James Henry B.Sc. (Lond.). Owen Morgan David B.Sc. (Wales). Patterson Edward Mervyn M.Sc. (Q.U.B.). Pearson Ronald Mead. Poole Arthur B.Sc. (Lond.). Powell John Foster M.A. (Oxon.). Pratt Norman Hunt MSc. (Lond.). Puttick Alfred Vernon. Quinn James B.Sc.(St. Andrews). Kajagopalan Srinivasa M.Sc. (Madras). Raine Philip Alexander. Richardson Bernard. Riley John Price B.Sc. (Liv.). Robertson Charles McKinnon B.Sc. (Edin.) Ph.D. Ross Kenneth John B.Sc. (Lond.). Sahasrabud hey Ramchandra Hari M.Sc. Ph.D. (Agra). Sane Janardan Balkrishna iM.Sc.Tech. (Bom bay). Sansbury Harry B.A. B.Sc. (Oxon.), D.I.C. Savaage Frank &LA. B.Sc. (Oxon.). Scowcroft West Haslam. Scullion Henry James B.Sc. (Glas.). Sen Parimal Kuniar B.Sc. (Calcutta) B.Sc. Tech. (Manc.). Shapiro Solomon B.Sc. (Lond.). Shau- Brian Maxwell B.Sc. (Lond.). Sheldon David B.Sc. (Lond.). Shorter George Victor. Smith Thomas David B.Sc. (Lond.). Stack-Dunne Michael Patrick B.Sc. (Lond.). c 49 1 Storey Ralph Alexander B.Sc.Ph.D. (St. Andrews). Stroud Stanley William R.Sc. (Lond.). Taylor Ernest Alexander B.Sc. M.Ed. (Leeds). Tew Reginald Percy. Thorn John Alexander B.Sc. (Lond.), Ph.D. (Edin.). Thomas \Villiam David Emrys B.Sc. Ph.D. (Wales). Trollope Philip B.A. (Oxon.). Walker Arthur B.Sc. (Lond.). Uryash Philip. Weale Kenneth Edward B.Sc. (Wales). Vc’liipp Henry B.Sc. (Lond.). Whittington Jack Geoffrey. Williams Walter Hugh Ph.C. Willing Ernest George John B.Sc. (Lond.). Wilson Richard B.Sc. (Lond.). Wood Dennis John Cecil B.Sc. (Lond.). Wood Herbert John B.Sc. (N.Z.). JIatthews Thomas Henry (Dunelm). Ridge Dudley M.Sc. (Lontl.). Berry James Peter. Blow Miss Dorothy Alice. Boyd Daniel Robert John.Boyd George. Bromilow Jack. Brown Edward Gordon. Churley Kenneth Leonard. Cliffe John Owen. Cox Ivor Samuel. Cozens-Watts Gilbert Ernest. Crosbie Reginald Benjamin. Dewhurst Roy. Dobson Samuel. Dobson Stanley. Reelected Associates B.Sc. Ritchie Thomas B.Sc. A.R.T.C. (Glas.). Weall Victor Maurice B.Sc. (Lond.). New Students Matthew Roy Derek. McGlashan Douglas Knight Anderson. Page Miss Delia Margaret. Parker Stuart Henry. Podmore Dennis Arthur. Powell Leslie. Pumphrey James Greville. Rea Allen Arthur. Reeve Sydney George. Riddell Richard Henry. Rimmer Alan Keith. Roper Miss Barbara Mary. Rowe David John Michel. Shorten George Alfred. Silk Stanley Joseph. Sidlow Richard. Slater Frank Milnes.Smith John Colin Dinsdale. Spivack Michael. Stroud Rliss Molly. Sutcliffe Kenneth George. Thain Eric Malcolm. Thomas Derek Malcolm. Tibbs Geoffrey Thomas. Timmons Christopher John. Turner Robert John. Valentine Leslie Mackenzie. Wilson Roy Vernon. Wolfenden George. CTood Norman. Dunn Henry Conrad. Eastwood Roger. Ewart John Archibald Douglas. Farndon John Ernest. I:oster George. Fulton David McGrouther Blackwood. Gardner Arthur George. Harris Isadore. Hindle. Miss Winefred. Holman Peter Dennis Hocking. Hopliins Hubert Brian. Johnson Miss Hilda Betty. Johnson Thomas John Clifford. Lows Leonard. JIardiall Jefferson. Martin Alexander Lawson. Martin Leslie Edwin. DEATHS Fellows James Kerry Burbridge.Sir Ernest Henry Cook Hon.D.Sc. (Bris. and Lond.) A.R.C.Sc.1. (Chevalier Legion d’Honneur) . Henry Dreyfus Ph.D. (Basle). \Villiam Tollemache Arthur Edwards. George Davidson Elsdon D.Sc. (Birm.). Sydney Emsley D.Sc. (Vic.). Ruby Caroline Groves M.Sc. (Birm.). Frederick Hudson-Cox. Douglas Archibald MacCullum. Jason Hall Worrall. c 503 Associates Carl Winston Cassini A.H.-W.C. (killed in flying duties). Lewis Sidney Fraser B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. D.I.C. Raymond Galloway B.Sc. (Lond.). William Archer Gray. Annie Clapham Holgate B.Sc. (Lond.) John Stafford. William Wood. John Yeoman B.Sc. (Liv.). Flying Officer (killed in flying duties). Registered Student George Hugh Underwood Sergeant R.A.O.C.General Notices The Annual General Meeting of the Institute will be held on haanday 12th March 1945 at 4 p.m. Election of Omcers and Council.-The Balloting List for the election of Officers Censors and Members of Council has been issued. Votes must be received at the office of the Institute not later than 4 p.m. on 10th March. Lectures.-Dr. Harold Moore C.B.E. Member of Council has kindly undertaken to give a lecture on “Industrial Non-Ferrous Alloys,’’ at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Keppel Street London W.C.l on Monday 26th March 1945 at 5 p.m. Dr. J. H. Quastel F.R.S. Member of CounciE has kindly undertaken to give a lecture on “Soil Metabolism,” at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine on Friday 27th April 1945 at 5 p.m.The President Professor Alexander Findlay will preside on both occasions. The Journal and Proceedings. Owing to paper rationing and steady increase in membership stocks of the Journal of the Institute are short. The Publications Com-mittee will be grateful if members who do not keep their journals will return to the Secretary copies of recent Parts-especially Parts IV V and VI 1944. Examinations.-Arrangements have been made to hold examinations for the Associateship commencing on 9th April and for the Fellowship commencing on 30th April. It is hoped that examinations will also be held in September. Full information will be given at a later date. The Council has decided that save in exceptional circumstances candidates should not be admitted to the Examination for the Fellowship until three years from the date of their qualifying for admission to the Associateship in order that they may have had adequate time to acquire the additional knowledge and experience necessary.Active Service.-Fellows Associates and Registered Students who are on active service with the Navy Army and Air Force as well as Recipients of Honours and Awards are requested to notify the Institute giving such particulars as may be permissible as to their rank unit etc. Notices to Associates-Associates who desire to qualify for the Fellowship can obtain copies of the Regulations and forms of application from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments or are desirous of extending their opportunities is kept at the offices of the Institute.For full information inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. rJ-511 Libraries.-The Library of the Institute is available to Fellows Associates and Registered Students from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. on week-days (except Saturdays 10 a.m. to 1 p.m.) ;the Library of the Chemical Society is available for those wishing to consult or borrow books from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. (except Saturdays 10 a.m. to 1p.m.). Books may be borrowed from the Science Library Science Museum South Kensington S.W.7 on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Secretary of the Institute. Information regarding facilities afforded to members by Lewis’s Lending Library can also be obtained from the Registrar.Boots’ Booklovers Library.-Under the arrangements made on behalf of Fellows and Associates with Boots’ Booklovers Library the service for current subscriptions will expire on 1st-MARCH. Fresh application forms must be obtained by those who desire to receive the service. Members must renew their subscriptions or return the last volume and membership token to the local or most convenient branch of the Library on or before 1st March. Forms can be obtained from the Registrar. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers (Is. 7d. each) for binding the JOURNAL in annual volumes are requested to notify the Secretary of their requirements indicating the years for which the covers are required. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-Enquiries should be addressed to the Secretary.As the slides are frequently in demand members are requested to notify their require- ments at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.-Fellows Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give so far as possible their permanent addresses for registration. All requests for changes in the Register should be addressed to the Registrar and not to the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. In order to facilitate identification Fellows and Associates are asked to give their full initials on communications addressed to the Institute. In the prevailing circumstances Fellows and Associates are also asked not invariably to expect formal acknowledgments of communications addressed to the Institute unless replies are necessary.BENEVOLENT FUND.-Contributions for 1945 may be sent to the Honorary Treasurer 30 Russell Square London W.C.l. Forms for Deeds of Covenant and Forms of Bequest may be obtained from the Secretary. JOINT SUBSCRIPTION SCHEMES Fellows and Associates and Registered Students who wish to participate in the scheme under which they can acquire for a reduced subscription joint membership of the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry and substantial privileges as to publications can obtain particulars from the Conjoint Chemical Office 6 Burlington Gardens Piccadilly London W. 1.