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THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND FOUNDED 1877 INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER 1885 Patron H.M. THE KING JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS PART I 1945 Publications Committee 1944-45 I;. P. Dunn (Chaivman),A. L. Bacharach. R. C. Chirnside L. Eynon Alexander Findlay (Pvesident),Osman Jones D. Jordan-Lloyd F. G. Mann H. Moore and J. H. Quastel Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee H. J. T.ELLINGHAM Secretary. 30 RUSSELLSQUARE,LONDON, W.C.1 February 1945 Report of the Council 1944-1945 (To be submitted at the Sixty-seventh Annual General Meeting of the Institute to be held on Monday 12th March 1945.1 I. THE TITLE OF THE INSTITUTE On 29th March 1944 His Majesty King George VI was graciously pleased to grant a Supplemental Charter commanding and confirming that the Institute be henceforth known as “The Royal Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland,’’ confirming the powers granted to the Institute on 13th June 1885 and further ordaining that any person while being a member of the Royal Institute might use after his name the initials if he be a Fellow of the Institute F.R.I.C.or if he be an Associate of the Institute A.R.1.C. 2. THE SEAL OF THE INSTITUTE Fellows and Associates were given an opportunity of offering suggestions with regard to the design of the seal of the Institute which eventually was adopted in the form here shown on the lines suggested by Mr.John Thornton Calvert Fellow except for a slight variation in the type.The Council is indebted to all who took an interest in this enquiry. 3. THE WAR The Royal Institute has continued to be of service to Government Departments in matters relating to the War. With the concurrence of the Ministry of Supply arrangements were made for Fellows of the Institute to give lectures to chemists engaged in ordnance factories. 4. THE ROLL OF THE INSTITUTE Since the publication of the Report for 1943-44 the Council has recorded with regret the deaths of the following Fellows Herbert Dearman Bell Robert Frederick Blake Olaf Frederick Bloch Horace Edward Brothers Reginald Bulmer James Kerry Burbridge William Alexander Kynoch Christie George Clarke C.I.E. Leonard Clement James Terence Conroy Sir Ernest Henry Cook Henry Dreyfus John Gibson Duncan Wilbraham Tollemache Arthur Edwards Sydney Emsley John Simpson Ford Ferdinand Edward Paul Foster Sir John Jacob Fox C.B.O.B.E. F.R.S. Past President Martin Ernest Fyleman Leo Frank Goodwin Thomas Rigby Greenough Ruby Caroline Groves Tom Guthrie Harold Hunter Member of Council Sir John Gustav Jarmay K.B.E. Henry Wulff Kinnersley Douglas Archibald MacCallum Ida Smedley MacLean Loxley Meggitt Ernest John Parry Robert William Richardson Raymond St. George Ross Henry Julius Salomon Sand Alexander Sanders James McConnell Sanders Andrew Laidlaw Scott Alfred Siebold Ernest Victor Suckling Marcus Baldwin Welch Forsyth James Wilson Charles Harold Wright. [21 Associates Ernest Barrett Herbert Greetham Dane David Gwynne Davies Matthewman Henry Donald Lewis Sidney Fraser Oliver Free Raymond Galloway William Archer Gray Martin John Hoare ?Robert Owen Jones James Lawrence King John Huntly Tarring Lawton Ronald William Hamilton O'Donnell Philip Roy Spencer Spettigue M.C.Kanavenahalli Subba Raniaiah John Stafford Alexander John Summers $Ernest Adam Wagstaff *John Pollard Whittaker Thomas William Whattam Hope Constance Monica Winch Ernest Ronald Withell William Wood. Registered Student *John Vanhouse Garrard. * Killed in action. By enemy action. 3 Missing believed killed. Hitherto membership statistics have been given for twelve-month periods ending 31st January. In this report data are given also for the last two calendar years ended 31st December and in future reports all statistics will be on this new basis.This change is being made at the suggestion of the Chemical Council in order to make the period covered by membership statistics coincide with that of the Accounts in conformity with the practice of the other Chartered Chemical Bodies. (a) Changes in membership and studentship in the twelve months ended 31 Dec. 31 Dec. 31 Jan. 31 Jan. 1943 1944 1944 1945 Additions and promotions New Fellows .. .. .. .. 24 28 27 28 Fellow re-elected .. .. .. .. --1 Associates elected to Fellowship .. .. 311 324 315 353 New Associaties . . .. .. .. 379 486 430 474 Students elected to Associateship .. 93 127 107 121 Associates re-elected . . .. .. 16 25 19 23 New Students . . .. .. .. 256 374 878 379 Students re-admitted .... .. 3 8 3 5 Deaths Fellows . . .. .. .. .. 30 32 46 37 Associates .. .. .. .. .. 16 22 17 22 Students . . .. .. .. .. 0 1 1 1 Resignations Fellows .. .. .. .. .. -Associates .. .. .. .. .. 10 16 17 17 Students .. .. .. .. .. 1 18 8 17 Removals Fellows .. .. .. .. .. 1 5 1 5 Associates . . .. .. .. .. 42 32 42 32 Students .. .. .. .. .. 0 40 53 40 (b) Number on the Register at 31 Dec. 31 Dec. 31 Jan. 31 Jan. 1943 1944 1944 1945 -Fellows .. .. .. .. 2688 3003 2693 3033 Associates .. .. .. 5934 61 79 6000 6194 ___ --8622 9182 8693 9227 f F. 340 Increase '"1 A. 194 ~ ___ -9182 9182 9227 9227 __ __ .~ ~ Students .. .. .. .. 1010 1206 1020 1225 Increase *. .. ._ 196 205 ___ --1206 1206 1225 1225 ._ r31 5.THE COUNCIL COMMITTEES AND REPRESENTATIVES Since the Annual General Meeting held on 15th March 1944,the Council has held 11 Meetings; the Committees Sub-committees and the Board of Examiners have held 97 Meetings. COMMITTEES AND THEIR CHAIRMEN Emergency (The Officers). . .. .. .. The President. Appointments . . .. .. .. .. D. Jordan-Lloyd Vice-Ps.eside;it. Benevolent Fund .. .. .. * ‘ C. White Hori. Tveastwer. Finance and House .. .. .. ‘ .. ‘ }John Legal and Parliamentary .. .. .. The President. Nominations Examinations and Institutions .. The President; I. M. Heilbron Vice-Pwsident Vice-Chairman. Pedler Research Scholarship . . .. . . The President. Publications and Library .. .. .. F.P. Dunn Vice-Pvesidext. Joint Committee with the Ministry of Education (National Certificates England and Wales) .. The President. Joint Committee with the Scottish Education Department (National Certificates) . . .. J. ?Veir. Special Committees Constitution of the Council and “Third Grade ” The President. Patents . . .. .. .. .. .. The President. Publicity .. .. .. .. .. . . A. L. Bacharach. “Welfare” (see p. 11) .. .. .. . . The President. Joint Committee with the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists .. The President. Professor J. M. Gulland was elected a Member of Council in the place of Vice-chancellor J. I. 0. Masson M.B.E. F.R.S. who resigned owing to pressure of work. Mr. Fred Scholefield was elected a Member of Council to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Dr.H. Hunter. The Institute has been represented on other Bodies as follows:-STATUTORY APPOINTMENT Dr. G. Roche Lynch O.B.E. on the Poisons Board constituted under the Pharmacy and Poisons Act 1933. The President,-on the Chemical Council (until December 1944) the Joint Council of Professional Scientists the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund Committee and the Joint Library Committee (since December 1944). The President with Dr. F. H. Carr Mr. E. Hinks Mr. S. E. Melling President of the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists Professor W. H. Roberts Vice-President,and the Registrar of the Institute on a deputation introduced by Mr. E.W. Salt M.P.,-to the Ministry of Health with reference to the activities of the Emergency Public Health Laboratory Service. The President with the Assistant Secretary,-at a Conference arranged by the Iron and Steel Institute with representatives of the Ministry of Education the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy and the Institute of Physics with a view to inaugurating a scheme for National Certificates in Metallurgy. The President with Mr. A. L. Bacharach Mr. Lewis Eynon Sir Robert Pickard F.R.S. and the Registrar,-to confer with representatives of the British Association of Chemists to discuss the rehabilitation of chemists after the war co-operation between Local Sections and the general position of persons making their living by chemistry; also on a Joint Consultative Committee with the Association to which may be referred during the national emergency matters affecting both bodies which in the opinion of the President of either body were of urgent public or professional interest.Sir Robert Pickard F.R.S. Past Pvesident on the Joint Council of Professional Scientists and on the Chemical Council. ~43 Mr. J. C. White Hon. Treasurer,*n the Chemical Council and at a meeting convened by the Industrial and Export Council of the Board of Trade to consider suggestions for the establishment of a closer link between the various organisations dealing with problems of industrial management. Mr. A. L. Bacharach,-on the Chemical Council and on the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee. Professor J.W. Cook F.R.S.,-on the National Committee for Chemistry of the Royal Society. Mr. A. L. Bacharach Professor H. V. A. Briscoe Mr. H. W. Cremer and Dr. E. Vanstone (until December 1944),+n the Joint Library Committee. Dr. G. Roche Lynch and Dr. Harold Moore,-on the Joint Council of Professional Scientists. Professor H. V. A. Briscoe,-on the Chemical Divisional Council of the British Standards Instituticn. Mr. W. H. Ballantyne (temporarily) and Dr. J. G. Fife,-on the Joint Committee on Patents of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers. Mr. W. Herbert Simmons,-on the Oils Fats and Waxes -4dvisory Committee of the City and Guilds of London Institute. Ih-. J. I;. Tocher,--on the Advisory Committee appointed iinder the Therapeutic Substances Act.Dr. A. H. Cook,-on the Committee of the British Chemical Ware Manufacturers’ -Association dealing with Key Industries (Laboratory Equipment). The Registrar,-on the Headmasters of Secondary Schools Employment Com-mittee Ministry of Labour on the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee of which he is a Vice-President and on the Joint Council of Professional Scientists. The Assistant Secretary,-on the Chemical Trades Advisory Committee Chemical Trades Examination Board of the Union of Lancashire and Cheshire Institutes. Fellows and Associates have continued to co-operate with the British Standards Institution in drafting specifications. 6. FINANCE AND HOUSE COMMITTEE The Financial Statements for the year 1944are attached to this Report.In spite of the fact that the Council decided that Fellows Associates and Registered Students who are serving with the Armed Forces should not be required to pay subscriptions the receipts for subscriptions for the year 194show an increase of E897 12s. 512-The examination fees received show an increase of &IS 7s. od. The expense of Examinations is not only that indicated by the examination expenses given in the account. Overheads (staff office expenses printing etc.) are not included in the sum of E1,80413s. &.; in fact many Examina- tions cost more than the fees paid by the candidates. The Expenditure generally compares satisfactorily with that for 1943 except the item of Grants to Local Sections the increase in which is mainly attributable to the transferance for current purposes of Emergency Grants (amounting to E262) allotted to the Sections in 1941.The Balance at the close of the year was reduced by the purchase of &3,000Metropolitan Water Board B Stock. Largely as a result of restrictions on house repairs printing and paper (especially the Register and the List of Official Chemical Appointments) and saving of postal expenses the Council has been able to create a fairly substantial reserve which it is hoped will place the Institute in a sound position to meet the future. When it is possible to return to normal conditions and output the Council anticipates that funds will be required for the extension of the activities of the Institute and of its Local Sections for the modification of the Charter and By-laws the publication of more lectures and for the working of the Appointments Register,-matters necessitating additional staff and equipment.rs1 The premises of the Institute have suffered damage but it has been fortunate in not having had to transfer its business elsewhere except for the conduct of examinations and general meetings and has continued to provide a public air-raid shelter which has often been used and much appreciated. The staff has been deprived from time to time of the services of well-trained and useful members thereby imposing during a period of marked activity additional burdens on those remaining. The Finance and House Committee records its special appreciation of the devoted services of the Chief Clerk Miss Cawston and the Accounts Clerk Mr.Arnold. The Council agreed to the execution of a Deed of Covenant for the contribution of E5oo per annum for seven jrears towards the maintenance of the Library of the Chemical Society. Donations have been given to the Parliamentary and Scientific Com- mittee the British Standards Institution and the World Power Conference. The Council also decided that the Institute should subscribe to the Scientific Film Association as a Corporate Member. 7. BENEVOLENT FUND COMMITTEE The attention of Fellows and Associates is specially directed to the article on the administration of the Benevolent Fund published in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1944 Part VI pp. 217-2219. The Committee is glad to report that many more members have under- taken to make regular annual contributions to the Fund under Deed of Covenant.The Accounts for 1944 are given on pp. 14-24. The total contributions during 1g44,-subscriptions annual subscrip- tions and donations,-amounted to &,327 IS. 6d. compared with a total of k1,868 IS. 3d. in 1943 an increase of E459 0s. 3d. The Committee gratefully acknowledges the support thus given to the Fund the help of “groups” contributors and of the Local Sections which has materially assisted in increasing the reserve which is likely to be needed at the end of the war. The thanks of the Committee are accorded’ also to the Almoners who have assisted in dealing with individual cases. The disbursements grants and regular allowances together with the donation to the London Orphan School (Reed’s School) amounted in 1944 to &1,rg3 17s.od. compared with a total of k1,144 15s. od. in 1943 an increase of E49 2s. od. EI,OOO was deposited in the Post Office Savings Bank in January 1945. The Committee records its cordial thanks to Mr. Richard B. Pilcher who as Hon. Secretary to the Benevolent Fund since its inception has made the administration of the Fund one of his special concerns and through a number of his personal associations has been able to secure valuable assist- ance in the furtherance of its objects. 8. PARLIAMENTARY AND SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE Representatives of the Royal Institute on the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee have taken an active part in the work of that Committee and of its Sub-Committees which has been noticed in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS.9. THE EXECUTIVE OFFICERS The Council consented with regret to a request from Mr. Richard B. Pilcher that he be allowed to retire from the office of Registrar and Secretary [el with effect from 31st March 1945,after fifty-three years in the service of the Institute; and has appointed Dr. H. J. T. Ellingham as Secretary and Mr. R. Leslie Collett as Registrar. 10. LOCAL SECTIONS The Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections have supplied the following records of their meetings many of which have been held jointly with or at the invitation of other Bodies. ARERDEENAND NORTHOF SCOTLAND :“The Mechanism of the Synthesis of Polyvinyl Plastics,” by Professor H.W. Melville F.R.S.; “Chemistry and Paint,” by Mr. 1’. Mitchell; “The Preservation of the Food,” by Dr. G. Reay; “Vitamins Vitamers and Vitagens,” by Dr. J. N. Davidson; “The Chemistry of Blue Print and SimiIar Photq; graphic Processes used by Engineers,” by Dr. F. L. Hudson; “Science and the Schools by Mr. D. E. Collier. BELFAST Film of “Water Treatment” ; “Industrial Water Treatment,” by Mr. J. S. Couper; “The History of Dyestuffs and Dyeing,” by Dr. C. J. Still; Film of “The Discovery of a New Pigment”; “The Structure and Composition of the Earth,” by Professor J. K. Charlesworth ;“Various Aspects of Blood Examination and Identifica- tion,’] by Professor John McGrath; A Course of Ten Lectures on “Recent Developments in Organic Chemistry,” by Dr.Hugh Graham by arrangement with Queen’s University. BIRMINGHAM AND MIDLANDS “New Prospects in the Chemistry of Micro-organ- isms,” by Dr. M; Stacey; “The Rheology of Plastics Stress-Strain-Time Relations for High Polymers by Dr. G. W. Scott-Blair; Post-graduate Course in Chemical Engineer- ing by Mr. E. Woollatt; Films on “The Manufacture of Catgut” and “The Story of the Tyre”; “Chemists 1892-1944,” by the Registrar; “The Rare Earths,” by Dr. J. A. Newton Friend; r‘Progress in River Pollution Prevention,” by Dr. S. H. Jenkins (at Coventry) ; “Algenic Acids and Alginates,” by hlr. C. W. Bonniksen; “Emulsions- Natural and Synthetic,” by Dr. J. Schulman (at Wolverhampton) ;Lectures for Children on “Fire” and “Science in Antiquity,” by Dr. J. Newton Friend.The Section has appointed representatives on the Birmingham Council for British- Soviet Unity. BRISTOLAND SOUTH-WESTERN “Thermal Reactions of the Paraffins,]’ COUNTIES by Dr. C. E. H. Bawn; “Chemotherapy,” by Brigadier Sir L. E. H. Whitby C.V.O. M.C.; “Microchemistf;4r,” by Dr. J. K. N. Jones; “Effects of Pollution on Deposits in the Mersey Estuary by Dr. B. A. Southgate; “Ion Exchangers applied to Water Treatment,” by Mr. R. T. Pemberton. CAFE “Food hw Administration,’] by Mr. F. E. A. Leibbrandt; discussions on professional matters; “The South African Shale Oil Industry,” by Mr. J. W. van der Menve; “Why the Chemist should study the National Income,” by Mr. J. E. Worsdale. CARDIFFAND DISTRICT.-“The Study of Reaction Mechanisms,” by Dr.H. B. Watson; “Enzymes and Vitamins,’] by Professor A. R. Todd F.R.S. ;Visit to Penallta Colliery Powell Duffryn Co.; “The Institute Its Aims and Organisation,” by the President; “Modern Developments in the Manufacture and Control of Portland Cement,” by Mr. J. Colin Gullen; “Chemistry in the Kitchen,” by Dr. E. B. Hughes, Member of Council;Discussion on the questionnaire and on the future policy of the Institute. DUBLIN “Monomolecular Films,” by Dr. V. E. J. Davidson; Visit to Factory of Messrs. Williams & Woods; “Spectrographic Analysis,” by Dr. A. G. G. Leonard; “Thirty years of Industrial Chemistry 1914-1944,” by J. W. Parkes. EASTANGLIA :Joint Meeting with the London and South-Eastern Counties Section of the Institute and Cambridge University Chemical Society :“Some Recent Advances in Inorganic Analysis,” by Mr.R. C. Chirnside Member of Council. EASTMIDLANDS “Chemical Theory and Paper-making Practice,” by Dr. Julius Grant; “Recent Advances in Photography,” by Dr. Harry Baines; Visit of the President and discussion on the policy of the Institute. AND EASTOF SCOTLAND EDINBURGH “Molecular Regimentation in Solids and Liquids,” by Professor G. M. Bennett; “Protein Fibres-Their Reactivity and its Industrial Applications,” by Professor J. B. Speakman ; “Some Aspects of Steroid Metabolism,” by Professor G. F. Marrian F.R.S. ; “Solvent Extraction of Solids,” by Mr. W. C. Peck; “Pioneers of Physical Chemistry,” by Professor Alex. Findlay President; Annual General Meeting-Discussion on “Should the Royal Institute take a more active interest in the Financial Prospects and Welfare of Chemists ?” ~71 AND WEST OF SCOTLAND: GLASGOW “Some Aspects of Hazards in Industry,” by Dr.Goldblatt (read by Dr. H. Taylor); “The Scope and Limitations of Infra-red Xeasurements in Chemistry,” by Mr. H. W. Thompson; “The Electron Microscope,” by (the late) Dr. Harold Hunter Menzbeir of Council;“Rare Elements in Coal Ashes,” by Professor 1‘. M. Goldschmidt ; “Theoretical and Practical Aspects of Fish Curing,” by nr. J. R’I. Shewan and Dr. C. I,. Cutting and “Smoking and Drying of Meat,” by Mr. T. Howard; Annual General Meeting and Visit of the President Address on “Profes- sional Affairs”; “The Value of the Resonance Theory in Chemistry,” by Mr. R.P. Bell F.R.S. ; “Some Applications of the Theory of Resonance in Colour Chemistry,” by Dr. H. H. Hodgson Member of Couitcil. HUDDERSFIELD: Films “This is Colour” and “The Discovery of a New Pigment” and “The Blowfly”; Visit of the President; “The Treatment oi’ Boiler Feed Water,” by Mr. D. Lunn; “The Runsen Flame,” by Dr. D. T. A. Townend; Visits to Worlts; “A Nuisance in the Woollen Industry,” by Mr. Donald Hanson; “Some Incidents in Diazo- chemistry,” by Dr. H. H. Hodgson Member of Couiicil; “Thirty years in the Chemical Industry in Huddersfield,” by Mr. H. \;5‘ebster Rloss; and demonstrations by Dr. J. E. Garside. LEEDS “The Ideas behind the Statistical Treatment of Experimental Errors,” by J!r. L. H. C. Tippett; Film “The Life of Pasteur” and “Some Chemical Aispccts of Cancer Research,” by I’rofessor J.IT7.Cook I;.R.S. ; Visit (if the President and discussion on matters o€ professional interest; “The Compleat Analyst,’’ by Mr. R. C. Chirnside Member of Council. AND NORTH-WESTERP;: LIVERPOOL “The Beet Sugar Industry,” by Dr. 0. Reiss; “Polarography-Some Applications in an Industrial Laboratory,” by Dr. W. Cule Davies (at Wigan); “Old and New- Problems in Vitamin Chemistry,” by Mr. A. L. Bacharach Membei. qf Council; “Corrosion of Metals in Chemical Plant,” by Dr. S. J. Kennett ; “Sulphur Dioxide-Retrospect and Prospect ” by nlr. G. Brearley ; “Clieino-therapy,” by Dr. D. H. Hey Member of Comicil; “Carria.ge by Sea,” by C. Gordon Smith. AND SOUTH-EASTERN “Recent ;Idvances in the Treatment of LONDON COUNTIES Sewage and Trade Effluents,” by Dr.B. A. Southgate; “Some Recent Advances in Inorganic Analysis,” by Mr. R. C. Chirnside nlernbev of Cozincil; “Rubber and the Rubber-like State,” by Dr. L. R. G. Treloar; “Old and Xew Problems in Vitamin Chemistry,” by Mr. A. L. Bacharach ; “Recent Advances in Sulphonamide Chemo- therapy,” by Dr. M. A. Phillips; “A Convention on Applied Spectroscopy”; Visit to Rothamsted Experimental Station ; “The Control of Rodents and Household Insect Pests,” by Mr. C. L. Claremont ; Discussion on “EligibilitJ- of Associates for Membership of Council” and “The Third Grade.” MANCHESTER “Patent Law Reform,” by Mr. H. E. Potts; Exhibit of AND DISTRICT Films “This is Colour,” “Chemical Work in the Centrifuge Cone,” “Colloids in Medicine,” “Chemistry in Relation to National Prosperity,” by Professor I.M. Heilbron D.S.O. F.K.S. Vice-President; First Dalton I,ecture-“Chemistry and Clothing,” by Dr. D. Clibbens. NEWCASTLE CO~ST mox TYNEAND NORTH-EAST Visit of the President discussion on “The Organisation of Chemists” ;“The Preparation of Scientific Sales Literature,” bS: Dr. G. E. Stephenson; “Some Applications of X-ray Analysis to Technical Problems by Mr. H. P. Rooksby; “The Molecular Nature of Bituminous Coal,” by Professor H. L. Riley; “The Medical Investigation of Crime,” by Dr. G. E. Stephenson; “Some Applica- tions of the Theory of Resonance in Colour Chemistry,” by Dr. H. H. Hodgson Member of Co14ncil. NEWZEALAND:“Some Aspects of Industrial Research,” and ‘To-operative Research,” by Mr.Philip White Chairman of the Section. SOUTHWALES:“Chemistry and Pest Control,” by Dr. H. Martin Visit of the President “The Royal Institute and the Profession of Chemistry” ; “Chemical Reactivity,” by Professor E. D. Hughes; “Properties and Applications of Organic Ion Exchange Materials with special reference to Water,” by Mr. E. Leighton Holmes; “Research in the Petroleum Industry,” by Dr. D. A. Howes; “Nuclear Chemistry.” by Mr. G. E. Coates. SOUTHYORKSHIRE Discussion on “The Education and Training of Chemists,” opened by Dr. G. Lawton and Mr. W. F. Andrews; “The Physical and Mechanical Properties of Segregates,” by Dr. H. N. Finiston; “Coal Tar as a Binder for Road and Building Material,” by Mr. G. H. Fuidge; Presentation of the “Newton Chambers” award; “The Application of Microchemical Analysis in Industry,” by Mr.R. Belcher. 681 TEES-SIDE “Some Applications of X-ray Analysis to Technical Problems,” by Mr. H. P. Rooksby; Discussion on professional matters opened by Mr. A. J. Prince Member of Council; “Some Researches into Metallic Corrosion,” by Dr. U. R. Evans; “\7itamins,” by Professor A. R. Todd F.R:S.; “Natural Resins,” by Professor R. D. Haworth; Visit of the President :discussion on “The Royal Institute and the Profession of Chemistry”; “The Chemical Link-the Story of Wave Mechanics,” by Mr. E. J. Bowen F.R.S. The President has visited the Sections at Bristol Cardiff East Midlands Edinburgh Glasgow Leeds London Manchester Newcastle upon Tyne South Wales and Tees-side The Registrar visited the Birmingham Section.The Assistant Secretary visited the South Yorkshire Section. XI. HONORARY CORRESPONDING SECRETARIES The thanks of the Council are accorded to the Honorary Corresponding Secretaries in Overseas Dominions and in the Colonies for their continued help in the work of the Institute. Mr. Bernard Collitt has accepted appointment as Honorary Corresponding Secretary for the province of Quebec and Mr. A. W. Facer for Rhodesia. 12. NOMIXATIONS EXAMINATIONS AND INSTITUTIONS The Committee (the Council in Committee) has held 15 (14)meetings and the Examinations Sub-committee 28 (19)meetings. The Committee has reported on 1590 (1293)applications for Studentship Examination Associateship and Fellowship and on numerous enquiries.The Council acknowledges the valuable help of the Advisory Committee in India and of its Honorary Secretary Dr. Gilbert J. Fowler for reports and advice on applications for membership and other matters. EXAMINATIOKS.-BJ-the courtesy of the Universities of London and ManChester and of the Royal Technical College Glasgow practical exami- nations were held in their laboratories in April and September 1944,and in January 1945. Theoretical examinations were held at the Institute and in the laboratories of several Fellows. The thanks of the Council are accorded to the authorities of the above institutions and to the Fellows concerned for the accommodation. The entries and results are here sunimarised. SUMMARY OF RESULTS A ssociateship EXAMINED PASSED Generalchemistry .... .. .. .. 170 86 Fellowship Branch A. Inorganic Chemistry .. .. *. 3 a B. PhysicalChemistry .. . . .. 1 0 C. Organicchemistry . . .. .. LO 7 D. Biochemistry .. .. .. .. -E. Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs and of Water . . 10 7 F. Agricultural Chemistry .. .. 2 4 G. Industrial Chemistry .. .. .. 7 5 H. General Analytical Chemistry 1 1 I. Water Supply and the Treatment of Sewage and TradeEffluents .. 7 -4 -211 114 __ -In 1943-1944the number of candidates examined for the Associateship was 164,of whom 67 passed. 33 candidates were examined for the Fellow- ship of whom ZI passed. The total number of candidates was 197,of whom 88 passed.~91 174candidates were examined orally by the Sub-committee under the Chairmanship of Professor H. V. A. Briscoe with Dr. J. R. Nicholls Dr. H. Baines Dr. J. G. King and Members of Council. 116satisfied the Examiners; the remainder were referred for further study and further examination. The thanks of the Council are accorded to the Board of Examiners and to Sub-Committees and also to Assessors who have reported on records of research submitted by candidates. REGISTERED STUDENTS.-Many Students have been obliged to suspend their professional training owing to service with the Armed Forces; others are engaged on work of national importance and some have been obliged to abandon their courses or have failed to produce satisfactory progress reports.INSTITUTIONS.-The University of Tasmania has been recognised for the training of candidates for admission to the Associateship of the Institute. AWARDS.-T~~ award of the Meldola Medal has been temporarily suspended. For the Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize no award was made. 13. APPOINTMENTS COMMITTEE About 270 members who contemplate the possibility of change of appointment are receiving the regular lists of vacancies. Of these only 17 are recorded as without appointment at the date of this report. The number disengaged at the same date in 1944 was 9. The slight rise in the apparent number unemployed is due essentially to the inclusion of recent graduates who have not previously held appomtments. A questionnaire has been issued to all Fellows and Associates and Registered Students in order to ascertain how many are likely to be without employment when they are demobilised from the Forces or no longer required on work directly connected with the war; and through the Joint Council of Professional Scientists the willingness of the Institute to assist in the rehabilitation of chemists has been expressed to the Hankey Corn- mittee.14. PUBLICATIONS AND LIBRARY The JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS was published in six Parts during 1944 and the following lectures have been published as separate monographs :-“Licorice Putting a Weed to Work,” by Dr. P. A. Houseman; “Some Recent Advances in Chemistry in Relation to Medicine,” by Dr. D. H. Hey. The Twenty-seventh Streatfeild Memorial Lecture on “Modern Methods of Food Preservation,” by Mr.Osman Jones Member of Co.unciZ is about to be issued and a lecture on “Cement and Concrete,” by Dr. F. M. Lea Member of Council will be published shortly. An abridged edition of “The Profession of Chemistry” has been prepared and copies will soon be available. The third edition of “What Industry Owes to Chemical Science” is in the hands of the printers and should be ready for publication in the near future. LIBRARY.-The thanks of the Council are accorded to authors publishers and others for books and journals presented to the Library of the Institute during the year. Fellows Associates and Registered Students have continued to take advantage of the facilities of the Library of the Chemical Society and of the Science Library South Kensington.E 101 LANTERN SLIDES.-Lantern slides have been available to Fellows and Associates and others for the illustration of lectures including lectures to the Forces. 15. SPECIAL COMMITTEES The Emergency Commit tee (the Honorary Officers) dealt provisionally with the matters arising on the approaching retirement of the Registrar and Secretary and also with the design of the new Seal consequent on the change in the title of the Institute. A Special (“Welfare”) Committee was appointed on the dissolution of the Policy Committee- (I) To consider the advisability of obtaining for the R.I.C. de jwe recognition as a professional body. (2) To consider whether the R.I.C. should concern itself to a greater extent than at present with the economic welfare of its members and if so what action should be taken.(3) To consider whether the Benevolent Fund should be maintained on a voluntary basis or should be financed from the funds of the Institute. The findings of the Committee regarding the Benevolent Fund were received and adopted by the Council and published in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part VI (pp. 217-219). With reference to (2)a short article appeared in Part IV (pp. 132-234)and an Address by the President in Part VI (pp.211-216). The Committee was asked by the Council to consider a request from the “Royal Commission on Equal Pay” to give an opinion on the reference to the Commission the substance of which was reported in JOURNAL AND PRO-CEEDINGS, Part VI page 201.The Committee with the approval of the Council has also conferred with representatives of industry on a form of contract of service for chemists and has under consideration what other steps the Institute can take to promote the welfare of the Fellows and Associates. The possibility of securing for the Institute further official recognition as a professional body will be under consideration with the proposal for obtaining a Supplemental Charter and the revision of the By-laws. The Special Committee dealing with the eligibility of Associates to serve on the Council and the introduction of a third grade in the Institute recom- mended the issue of a questionnaire designed to obtain for the guidance of the Council the views of individual members on the proposals.The result obtained at the close of the year 1944 was as follows:- The number of papers received was 2798. Of these on question (A)-whether Associates should be eligible for membership of the Council,-the returns showed :-Total Yes No F. 1069 280 7 89 -609 A. 1729 799 930 -131 *2798 1079 (39%) 1719 (61%) -640 On question (B)-whether there should be a third grade in the Institute Total Yes No F. 1067 572 485 3-87 A* 1723 898 825 + 73 *2780 1470 (63%) 1310 (47%) +160 * The differencearises from some members voting on only one question. ill3 About 35 per cent. of the Fellows and 28 per cent. of the Associates replied to the questionnaire. On the result as to question (A) the Council decided that there was no justification for changing the constitution of the Council on the lines suggested.On question (B) while there is no very definite lead from the returns the Council decided to give further consideration to the possibility of register-ing persons engaged in chemical practice who have not reached the standard of qualification required for the Associateship of the Institute. The Joint Committee of the Royal Institute and the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists has continued correspondence and interviews with the Ministry of Health with reference to the activities of the Emergency Public Health Laboratory Service. On the Report of the Special Committee on Patents consisting of Messrs.W. H. Ballantyne William Cullen Frank B. Dehn George Dring J. G. Fife D. H. Hey and Sir Robert Pickard the Council made representation to the Board of Trade Patents Committee 1944,urging the importance of the encouragement and protection of inventors and of the reduction of the costs of patent litigation. 16. NATIONAL CERTIFICATES IN CHEMISTRY Examinations for National Certificates were held jointly with the Ministry of Education for England and Wales the Scottish Education Department and the Ministry of Education (Northern Ireland). On the suggestion of the Chemistry Education Advisory Board the Council directed the attention of the Ministry of Education the Scottish Education Department and the Ministry of Education (Northern Ireland) to the recommendation that there be set up in the larger centres advisory committees consisting of representatives of the schools universities and/or technical colleges of chemists in industry and of the Royal Institute to give “assistance in assessing the aptitudes of and in giving guidance on further education and training to pupils about to leave school and to enter industry” 30 RUSSELLSQUARE LONDON, W.C.1.2nd February 1945. REPORT OF THE AUDITORS We have examined the Balance Sheet at 31st December 1944,of the Royal Institute of Chemistry also the Statements of Accounts for the year ended 31st December 1944 with the books and vouchers. The values of the Lease and Premises of the Institute Furniture Library Apparatus and subscriptions in arrear are not included in the Balance Sheet.Subject to that remark we have obtained all the information and explanations we have required and in our opinion the Balance Sheet and Statements of Accounts are properly drawn up and are in accordance with the entries in the books. We certify that we have received from the Bank of England and the Westminster Bank Ltd. certificates that they hold on behalf of the Institute the Investments shown on the Statements of Investments. J. Y. FINLAY & Co. Chartered Accomtants. PEARSON C. L. CLAREMONT Hon. Auditors, 3. G. A. GRIFFITHS} 1944-45. 5th February 1945. ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRYOF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND INCOME ACCOUNT AND EXPENDITURS? FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31s~ DECEMBER 1944.1943 EXPENDITURE 1944 1943 INCOME 1944 ;G s. d. To Premises- s. d. k s. d. s. d. s. d. By Subscriptions- & s. d. s. d. 300 0 0 Rent .. .. .. . . 300 0 0 4,162 7 0 Fellows .. .. .. .. .. 4,921 5 7 597 12 11 RatesandScheduleslTax .. 600 7 4 137 6 3 Insurance (including War Risks) 118 12 6 9,477 2 10 Associates .. .. .. .. . . 9,594 11 8 239 5 7 Repairs and Maintenance .. 175 19 4 515 0 0 Students . . .. .. .. .. 536 5 0 1,194 19 1 ~-16,052 2 3 1,274 4 9 Staff-14,154 9 10 5,545 16 6 Salaries and Wages .. .. 5,786 4 6 Examination and Assessment Fees (including National 428 0 0 Superannuation (incl.Ll00Reserve) 428 0 0 6,214 4 G 3,641 4 6 Certificates) .. .. .. .. v .. .. 3,669 11 6 House and Office Expenses- 1,335 7 3 Dividends and Interest (Gross) .... .. .. 1,554 10 5 --Renewals of Equipment .. 26 17 0 148 10 0 Appointments Register .. .. .. .. .. 211 0 0 221 12 0 Fuel Water and Light . . 289 12 0 27 4 3 Telephone . . .. .. 31 14 6 142 2 8 Sale of Publications. . .. .. .. .. .. 101 8 9 729 2 11 Printing and Stationery .. 988 4 10 660 Fees forfeited .. .. .. .. .. .. 660 600 2 0 Postage .. .. .. .. 599 3 6 26 6 4 Travelling Expenses .. .. 20 0 8 19 18 6 Sundry Receipts .. .. *. .. *. .. 7 1 10 189 18 0 Advertisements .. .. .. 210 19 10 124 11 9 Australia and New Zealand Account .. .. .. 218 15 5 52 10 0 Auditors’ Fees . . .. .. 62 10 0 New Seal Expenses .. .. 26 5 0 79 11 8 Miscellaneous . . .. .. 73 13 0 2,319 0 3 9,174 8 5 ~-9,728 3 10 831 12 2 Council and Committee Travelling Expenses 788 10 9 10,616 14 7 Publications-1,000 0 10 Journal L766 10s.9d. Postage i360 5s. 9d. ..1,126 16 6 1,000 0 0 Intermittent Publications Reserve .. ..1,000 0 0 414 14 0 Lectures . . .. .. .. .. .. 531 13 11 2,414 14 10 2,458 10 5 Examination Expenses (including National 1,515 2 3 Certificates) .. .. .. .. .. 1,804 13 4 Local Sections- 566 14 5 Grants (see Report) . . .. .. .. 917 13 7 81 2 4 Section Secretaries’ Conference .. .. 70 18 4 647 16 9 988 11 11 35 12 1 Library .. .. .. .. .. .. 18 1 10 721 13 10 Chemical Society Library .. .. .. 631 10 11 757 5 11 -649 12 9 --Frankland Award .. .. .. .. 10 10 0 66 5 0 Donations .. .. .. .. .. 73 1 6 150 0 0 Chemistry Education Advisory Board .. 17 9 7 640 17 4 Income Tax .... .. .. .. 527 0 3 ___ Supplemental Charter Expenses . . .. 94 2 0 ___ Conjoint Chemical Office .. .. .. 161 1 4 1,000 0 0 Reserve for War Contingencies .. .. 1,000 0 0 2,374 7 I0 Excess of Income over Expenditure . . .. 2,509 8 6 L19,572 10 6 L20,810 16 2 kI9,572 10 6 fl20.810 16 2 BALANCE SHEET as at 31st December 1944 1943 s. d. LIABILITIES s. d. 1944L s. d. 1943 l s. d. ASSETS 1944A s. d. 347 11 735 10 0 0 Sundry Creditors .. Income Tax Reserve .. .. .. .. .. .. 210 1 729 10 3 0 1,627 6 11 1 10 0 Balance at Bankers in London (see Report)Cash in hand .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4,993 4 0 .. 113 5 147 0 700 7 42,056 11 0 0 0 1 Subscriptions paid in advance .. Examination Fees paid in advance Application Fees- Retained pending further application In abeyance waiting decision ..Investment Fund . . .. ,. Reserve Accounts- .. . . .. .. .. 21 0 1,095 12 137 6 157 10 0 0 1,116 12 44,573 16 0 0 0 7 1,519 0 139 16 262 0 53,534 4 6' 7 0 4 .. .. 1,737 15 11 .. 172 6 0.. Balance at Bankers in Australia and New Zealand Sundry Debtors Rates etc. paid in advance Investments at Cost (including Accumulated Redemp- (Sterling Value) .. .. .. .. -_-Balances with Local Sections for Emergencies .. .. ,.67,644 12 Stion Fund Premiums) .. .. .. .. 8,500 17 4,512 16 8 7 4,100 17 8 Intermittent Publications .. 400 0 0 Staff Superannuation .. 4,000 0 0 War Contingencies .. .. Income and Expenditure Account- Balance at Credit 1st January 1944 .. Add Excess of Income over Expenditure for Year ended 31st December 1944. . 5,100 17 500 0 5.000 0 -4,512 16 2,509 8 8 0 0 10,600 17 7 6 7,022 6 8 1 ~ _ _ k57,113 18 4 L64,547 18 7 L57,113 18 4 &64,547 18 7 _- STATEMENT OF INVESTMENTS HELD AND DIVIDENDS RECEIVED 31st December 1944 Holding.cost. Value.* Interest. Tax deducted. Nett. L L s. d. is s. d. L s. d. L s. d. Great Western Railway 29% Debenture Stock .. ' 500 384 16 3 372 10 0 12 10 0 '6 5 0 L.M.S. Railway 5% Redeemable Preference Stock 1955 .. . . .. .. .. .. 500 503 0 0 646 5 0 25 0 0 12 10 0 12 10 0 L.M.S. Railway 4% Preference Stock . . .. 2,000 1,843 15 1 1,585 0 0 80 0 0 40 0 0 40 0 0 Southern Railway Co. 5% Redeemable Guaranteed .I Preference Stock 1957 .. .. 1,000 1,174 6 2 1,147 10 0 50 0 0 25 0 0 26 0 0 Government of Commonwealth of Australia 3)% Stock 1964-74 .... .. .. .. 4,000 3,985 5 7 4,010 0 0 130 0 0 66 0 0 65 0 0 New Zealand 5% Loan 1949 .. .. .. 1,000 1,141 8 0 1,096 0 0 50 0 0 25 0 0 25 0 0 Port of London Authority 39% Registered Stock 1966-75 . . .. .. .. .. .. 1,000 1,033 4 9 1,055 0 0 35 0 0 17 10 0 17 10 0 Wolverhampton Corporation 3% Stock 1924-64 .. 100 100 0 6 101 5 0 300 1 10 0 110 0 London County 39y0 Consols 1954-59 . . .. 1,000 1,046 8 0 1,055 0 0 35 0 0 17 10 0 17 10 0 London County 3% Consols 1956-61 .. .. 100 100 5 6 101 10 0 300 --300 n + 34% War Loan .. .. .. .. .. 13,000 13,554 16 8 13,552 10 0 455 0 0 --456 0 0 00 34% Conversion Loan .. .. .. .. 750 738 19 6 797 0 0 26 6 0 13 2 6 13 2 6 U 3% Defence Bonds . . .. .. .. .. 1,000 1,000 0 0 1,115 0 0 30 0 0 --30 0 0 3% War Loan 1955-59 .. .. ,. .. 500 500 0 0 511 5 0 15 0 0 7 lo 0 710 0 24% Nat. War Bonds 1945-47 .. .. .. 1,000 1,000 0 0 1,015 0 0 (Interest waived.) 24% Nat. War Bonds 194648 . . .. .. 2,000 2,000 0 0 2,020 0 0 50 0 0 25 00 25 0 0 2+% Nat. War Bonds 1949-51 .. . . .. 1,000 1,000 0 0 1,010 0 0 (Interest waived.) 24y0 Nat. War Bonds 1949-51 .. .. .. 3,000 3,000 0 0 3,030 0 0 75 0 0 37 00 37 10 0 24% Nat. War Bonds 1951-53 .. .. .. 8,300 8,300 0 0 8,362 5 0 207 10 0 103 60 103 15 0 28% Nat. War Bonds 1952-54t . . .. .. 8,500 8,500 0 0 8,542 10 0 145 15 6 72 79 72 17 9 3% Savings Bonds 1955-65 . . .. .. 3,000 3,000 0 0 3,045 0 0 90 0 0 45 00 45 0 0 3% Savings Bonds 1960-70 . . .. .. 1,000 1,000 0 0 1,005 0 0 30 0 0 15 00 15 0 0 Bank Deposit Interest .. .. .. ..----6 9 11 --6 9 11 L54,906 6 0 L55,074 10 0 k1,554 10 5 fj530 0 3,61,024 10 2 Redemption Fund Policy (Accumulated Premiums) 2,738 6 8 to realise L50,OOO in year 2010. * At 31st December 1944. k67,644 12 8 t L4,OOO purchased 1944. Investment Fund for the year ended 31st December 1944 A s. d. L s. d. Balance of Accumulated Fund 1st January 1944. . .. 42,050 11 1 Funds received for Investment during year- Entrance Fees .. .. .. .. .. .. 2,310 19 0 Life Composition Fees . . .. .. .. .. 206 6 6 2,517 5 6 44,573 16 7 Investments at Cost held at 1st January 1944 . . .. 53,534 4 4 Add Investments made during Year- L4.000 2&% Nat. War Bonds 1952-54 .. .. 4,000 0 0 Redemption Fund Premium .. .. .. .. 110 8 4 57,644 12 8 Amount invested in Excess of Life Composition and Entrance Fees (including Ll0,600 17s.8d. Reserves see Balance Sheet) .. .. ,. .. .. 13,070 16 1 L44,573 16 7 Subscriptions and Fees Paid in and Retained (in Currency) in Australia and New Zealand Receipts. Expenditure. s. d. fl s. d. fl s. d. To Balance 9th September 1943- On Deposit . . .. .. .. 1,850 18 4 Current Account .. .. .. 47 17 3 1,898 15 7 Subscriptions-Fellows . . .. .. .. .. 71 8 0 Associates .. .. .. .. 156 16 11 228 4 11 , Application Fees .. .. .. .. 46 4 0 , Deposit Interest .. .. .. .. 550 By Bank Charges and Expenses .. .. 648 , Balances 24th October 1944-Deposit .. .. .. .. .. 2,165 18 4 Current .. .. .. .. .. 666 _____ *2,172 4 10 * Equivalent in Sterling &1,737 16s.lld. i2,178 9 Bk2,178 9 6 STATEMENT AND FEESRECEIVED, OF SUBSCRIPTIONS LESS OUTGOINGS fl s. d. f s. d. Fellows Subscriptions- .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 71 8 0 Associates .. .. .. .. .. .. 166 16 11 228 4 11 Application Fees .. .. Interest on Deposit less Tax .. ,. .. .. .. .. .. .. 46 4 0 550 279 13 11 Less Bank Charges . . .. *. .. .. .. 648 273 9 3 Loss if converted into Sterling . . .. 1. .. 54 13 10 Balance (in Sterling) taken to Income and Expenditure Account .... i218 16 .6 -r 191 BENEVOLENT FUND ACCOUNT,€or the year ended 31st December 1944 1943 Receipts. 1944 1943 Payments. 1944 & s. d. L s. d. L s. d. s. d. 375 14 2 Balanceat Credit 1st January 1944 . . 416 13 11 204 15 0 Grants .. .... 204 15 0 981 14 7 Subscriptions . . .. .. .. 1,106 10 0 890 0 0 Regular P&men& .. .. .. 914 2 0 564 10 5 Annual Subscriptions . . .. . . 629 15 4 11 3 9 Printing and Postage .. .. 16 6 6 I75 G 6 Dividends and Interest (net).. . . 257 4 0 5 5 0 Audit Fee .. *. .. 550 --Income Tax Recovered . . . . 144 17 7 83 0 0 Loans granted during 1944 . . .. 20 0 0 63 12 0 Loans Repaid . . .. .. . . 43 10 0 50 0 0 Donation to London Orphan School 75 0 0 --Grant Repaid ,. .. .. .. 10 0 0 500 0 0 Post Office Savings Bank Reserve . . --416 13 I1 Balance at Credit 31st December 1944* 1,373 2 4 ~__--^.__I__ @,l60 17 8 fl2,608 10 10 L2,160 17 8 * see Report. fl2,SOS 10 10 N 0 1943 Receipts. 1944 1943 Payments. 1944 fl s. d. fl s. d. s. d. s. d. 36 2 6 Balance Uninvested Capital 1st Jan.4,450 0 0 Invested.. .. .. .. .. 1944 . . .. .. .. . . 184 12 3 --Fost Office Savings Bank . . . . 600 0 0 IV.Heffer & Sons (on account “What Balance Uninvested Capital at 31st 100 0 0 Industry Owes to Chemical Science”) 184 12 3 December 1944 . . .. . . 175 8 5 2,000 0 0 W.S Simpson’s Bequest . . .. 321 16 3 Donations . . .. .. .. 590 16 2 Investments Sold L2,250 3% Local 2,176 13 6 J-oans .. .. .. .. -_ ----_-fl4,634 12 3 i775 8 5 &4,6.34 12 3 -_ -_-- 1943 1944 1943 1944 s. d. A s. d. 4 s. d. A s. d. s. d. & s. d. 10,601 13 7 Capital Account .. 11,192 9 9 Investments at Cost- 1,500 0 0 Income Account Reserve 1,500 0 0 10,417 1 4 Capital Account . . 11,017 1 4 12,692 9 9 1,500 0 0 Income Account .. 1,500 0 0 416 13 I1 Income Account-Balance at 31st -12,517 1 4 December 1944 . . .. ,. 1,373 2 4 Balances at Banks-Post Office Savings BankInterest 1942-44 85 17 2 CurrentAccount .. 62 13 7 601 6 2 Deposit .. .. 1,400 0 0 i-l 1,548 10 9 c3 -___-+d Ll2,518 7 G L14,065 12 1 &12,518 7 6 L14,065 12 1 _-Statement of Loans 1943 1944 1943 1944 f; s. d. s. d. It; s. d. L s. d. 2,838 6 0 Loans to 31st December 1943 .. 2,921 6 0 1,776 0 10 Loans repaid to 31st December 1944 1,819 10 10 83 0 0 Loans granted during 1944 .. .. 20 0 0 Loans written off prior to 31st 751 14 0 December 1944 .. .. .. 751 14 0 393 I1 2 Loans outstanding .. .. .. 370 1 2 L2,921 6 0 L2.941 6 0 L2,921 6 0 &2,941 6 0 BENEVOLENT FUND INVESTMENTS HELD AND DIVIDENDS RECEIVED 31st December 1944 cost.Value.* Interest. Tax deducted. Nett. s. d. It s. a. &OOO 4% Consols . . .. .. .. .. 1,077 13 0 1,101 6 0 $0 ;do go $0 ;do fj1,200 34% War Loan .. .. 1,296 3 0 1,251 0 0 42 0 0 -__ 42 0 0 k600 3+yoPort of London Authority Registered Stock 1966-76 .. .. .. .. .. 516 17 11 527 10 0 17 10 0 8 15 0 8 16 0 f1400 34% Commonwealthdf Australia 1964-74 .. 398 10 7 401 0 0 13 0 0 610 0 610 0 L600 6% New Zealand Loan,1949 .. .. .. 570 14 6 547 10 0 25 0 0 12 10 0 12 10 0 l600 24% Nat. War Bonds 1946-47 .. .. 500 0 0 607 10 0 12 10 0 650 650 k260 2+% Nat. War Bonds 1946-48 ,. .. 260 0 0 252 10 0 650 326 326 f1360 24% Nat. War Bonds 1949-61 .. .. 350 0 0 353 10 0 8 15 0 476 476 &4,250 24% Nat.War Bonds 1961-63 .. .. 4,250 0 0 4,292 10 0 106 5 0 53 2 6 53 2 6 l200 24% Nat. War Bonds 1962-54 .. .. 200 0 0 202 0 0 461 --461 A600 34 Conversion Stock .. .. .. .. 501 19 6 531 5 0 17 10 0 8 15 0 8 15 0 L240 3% Corporationof London Debentures 1967 .. 238 1 0 243 10 0 740 312 0 3 12 0 L275 24% London Electric Transport Finance Corpora- tion Ltd. Debenture Stock 1950-65 .. .. 267 1 10 271 0 0 6 17 8 3 8 10 3 8 10 Post Office Savings Bank (Current Expenses Reserve) 1,500 0 0 1,500 0 0 73 7 2: Post Office Savings Bank (Capital Account) .. .. 600 0 0 600 0 -.-73 7 2 Bank Deposit Interest .. .. .. .. .. __-__-O} 725 -+-725 -__ -i12,617 1 4 fJ2,582 0 0 L387 12 4 A130 8 4 A257 4 0 _. P t Interest accumulated. *At 31st December 1944.SIR ALEXANDER PEDLER SCHOLARSHIP ACCOUNT 31st December 1944 Original Bequest valued at &4,993 12s. 5d. Receipts. Payments. 15 s. d. s. d. To Balance 1st January 1944 .. .. .... .. 265 1 11 .. Interest on Investments .... .. 154 2 8 By Purchase of k250 24% National War Bo;ds 19i2-54' ' .. 250 0 0 .. Balance at Bankers 31st December 1944 .... .. 169 4 7 L419 4 7 15419 4 7 Investments held at 31st December 1944 and Interest Received:- n M cost. Value.* Interest. Tax deducted. Nett. iz f s. d. ;t; s. d. L s. d. k s. d. 15 s. d. U LlOO 6% Great Western Railway Consolidated Prefer- ence Stock .. .. .. .. .. .. 94 0 0 119 10 0 500 2 10 0 210 0 A2,SOO 34% War Loan .. .. .. .. 2,808 6 0 2,710 10 0 91 0 0 --91 0 0 3*y0 Port of London Authority Registered Stock 1966-75 .... .. .. 516 17 11 527 10 0 17 10 0 8 15 0 8 15 0 15600 6% Southern Railway Redeemable Guaranteed Preference Stock 1967 .. .. .. .. 587 4 10 573 15 0 25 0 0 12 10 0 12 10 0 A600 5% New Zealand Loan 1949 .. .. .. 570 14 6 542 10 0 25 0 0 12 10 0 12 10 0 A300 4% Consols .. .. .. .. .. .. 323 1 0 330 0 0 12 0 0 600 600 L626 London Electric Transport Finance Corporation Debenture Stock 1950-65 .. .. .. 508 16 6 508 5 0 13 2 4 6 11 2 6 11 2 A1,OOO 24% National War Bonds 195i-63 . . .. 1,000 0 0 1,010 0 0 25 0 0 12 10 0 12 10 0 tA260 24y0 National War Bonds 1962-54 .. .. 250 0 0 252 10 0 3 11 0 1 15 6 1 15 6 Bank Deposit Interest .. .. .. .. .. ---10 __-10 *At 31st December 1944. L6.659 0 9 L6,574 10 0 L217 4 4 k63 1 8 A154 2 8 ____-__ t Purchased February 1944.-. Streatfeild Memorial Fund 31st December 1944. LZOO 34% War Loan. Value L208 10s. s. d. F; s. d. Balance 1st January 1944 .. 83 17 8 LectureExpenses .. .. --Dividends .. .. .. 7 0 0 Balance on Deposit 31st De- cember 1944 . . .. 90 17 8 A90 17 8 L90 17 8 P Meldola Fund 31st December 1944. A75 Government of Commonwealth of A4ustralia 3&% Stock 1964-74. Value L75 5s. s. d. s. d. Balance 1st January 1944 .. 4 11 9 Meldola Award 1944 Dividends and Interest (net)* 1 4 6 (suspended) . . .. --Balance 31st December 1944.. 5 16 3 &5 16 3 L5' 16 3 S. M,Gluckstein Memorial Lecture Fund 31st December 1944. L240 3&% Conversion Loan. Value i255 10s.L s. d. f; s. d. Balance 1st January 1944 . . 29 10 8 Balance on Deposit 31st De- Dividends and Interest (net)* 4 4 0 cember 1944 .. .. 33 14 8 L33 14 8 i33 1-1 8 * Income Tax recoverable. Proceedings of the Council Council Meeting,19th January 1945.-The President on behalf of the Council welcomed Dr. H. J. T. Ellingham as Secretary and Mr. R. Leslie Collett as Registrar. A communication on the National Scale of Salaries for Teachers in Schools received from an Associate was referred to the Special Committee dealing with matters affecting the welfare of the-members and a letter from the Chemical Council referring to the duplication of notices of joint meetings in various centres was referred to the Secre+ary for investigation and report.A letter from Dr. T. A. Henry on the suggested organisation of chemical laboratory technicians was referred to the Committee which had dealt with the questionnaire on “a third grade” in the Institute and a suggestion from Dr. Ellingham as to the possibility of providing authoritative defini- tions of scientific terms which would be acceptable in courts of law was referred to a Special Committee consisting of the President with Messrs. A. L. Bacharach G. M. Bennett R. C. Chirnside F. P. Dunn J. G. Fife and D. H. Hey for investigation and report. The Council approved a proposal received from the Joint Council of Professional Scientists to make representation to the British Broadcasting Corporation on the desirability of instituting a Scientific Committee to advise the Corporation.A memorandum on the election of the Council and Officers of the Royal Institute prepared by Dr. R. L. Edwards was referred to the Council by the Committee of the London and South-Eastern Counties Section and the Council decided that it be considered when the constitution and method of nomination and election Gf the Council is under further consideration. The report of the Special Committee re (A) Eligibility of Associates for membership of the Council and (B) a Third Grade was received (see p. 11). The Council agreed that there was no justification for changing the constitu- tion of the Council to include Associates and while there was no very definite lead from the returns on the question of “a third grade,’’ the Committee suggested that the Council might give further consideration to the possibility of registering persons engaged in chemical practice who had not reached the standard of qualification required for the Associateship.The matter was thereupon referred back to the Committee for consideration and report. The Publications Committee reported that the draft Report of Council for rgqq-rg45 was in preparation and that Dr. Quastel had kindly under- taken to give a lecture on “Soil Metabolism.” Mr. Bacharach Chairman of the Publicity Committee reported that his Committee had not met during the past year owing to the fact that the Chemical Council had not reached those decisions on “publicity” for chemists which might affect the policy of the Royal Institute.Council Meeting 2nd February 1945.-The main business of the Council at its meeting on and February was the adoption of the Report for the year 194-1945,prepared by the Publications Committee together with Reports and Statements prepared by the Finance and House Committee and the Benevolent Fund Committee and the nomination of Officers and Mem- bers for election to the new Council. r 25 1 Professor Alexander Findlay was nominated for re-election as President and Mr. J. C. White as Honorary Treasurer. The following were nominated for election as General Members of Council in accordance with By-law 26 :-F. Challenger A. T. Green C. W. Herd J. G. King E. Q. Laws R.J. W. Le F&vre,J. A. Oriel G. E. Watts H. Weatherall. The following were nomin- ated for re-election as Vice-Presidents:-F.P. Dunn I. M. Heilbron Dorothy Jordan-Lloyd W. H. Roberts. Ballot having been taken the following were also nominated for election as Vice-presidents :-A. L. Bacharach and William Cullen. The following were nominated for re-election as General Members of Council:-G. N. Burkhardt R. C. Chirnside Arthur Churchman G. R. Clemo J. W. Corran J. F. J. Dippy. George Dring Lewis Eynon J. M. Gulland R. D. Haworth D. H. Hey F. M. Lea G. Roche Lynch Harold Moore Sir Robert Pickard A. J. Prince J. H. Quastel F. Schole-field. Ballot having been taken the following were also nominated for election as General Members of Council:-E. C. Dodds H. J. Emelhs D. W. Kent-Jones G. F. Marrian George Taylor A. R. Todd.The following were nominated from whom four shall be elected as Censors :-Lewis Eynon, I. M. Heilbron G. Roche Lynch Harold Moore Sir Robert Robinson. Reports were received from the Finance and House Committee and the Benevolent Fund Committee. The Benevolent Fund Committee reported that many more members had undertaken to make regular annual contributions to the fund under Deeds of Covenant] and a member who had received a loan of fT75 in I927 had repaid it in full; an additional grant was made towards the education of the daughter of a deceased Fellow. The Assessor of the Essays submitted for the Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize regretted that only two essays had been submitted and that neither was of sufficient merit to enable him to recommend an award.Lecture.-On 19th December at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Dr. F. M. Lea O.B.E. Member of Council delivered a lecture before the Institute on “Cement and Concrete,” Professor Alexander Findlay President in the Chair. The lecture is in preparation for publication. Local Sections The Institute as not responsible for the views expressed inpapers read or in speeches delivered during discussions. Belfast and District.-On 9th November 1944 Professor J . K. Charlesworth delivered a discourse on “The Structure and Composition of the Earth.” On 19th December 1944 Professor John McGrath State Pathologist to the Govern- ment of Eire delivered an address on “Various Aspects of the Examination and Identi- fication of Blood Stains,” which was followed by projection of a series of films covering the technique of forensic work on blood stains and providing an unusually interesting record of experience “in the field.” Cardiff and District.-On 16th December the Section discussed the question- naire issued to Fellows and Associates on the eligibility of Associates for service on the Council and “a third grade” in the Institute.Dr. Williamson supported the proposal for specific representation on the Council of young Associates who were not eligible for the Fellowship and there was general support for “a third grade ” with careful choice of title. On 19th January a joint meeting was held with the Society of Chemical Industry (South Wales Section and Food Group) at the Technical College Cardiff.Mr. B. W. Minifie gave a lecture illustrated by lantern slides and samples on “Cocoa Chocolate and Confectionery.” Dublin.-At a meeting held in University College Dublin on 6th December 1944 Prof. T. J. Nolan in the Chair Mr. J. W. Parkes spoke on “Thirty Years of Industrial r 26 1 Chemistry 1914-44,” dealing first with his experiences at Messrs. Kynoch’s explosives works at Arklow and later at Messrs. Goulding’s Fertilizer Works. In addition he gave a short and interesting summary of outstanding developments in chemical industry during the past thirty years. Glasgow and West of Scotland.-On 2nd February Mr. J. Haslam gave a lecture on “Analytical Methods in an Industrial Laboratory,” which was followed by an inter- esting discussion in which many members participated.Huddersfie1d.-A meeting was held in the Technical College Huddersfield on 12th January Mr. D. Hanson presiding. Mr. L. F. Keeley of Edgar Allen & Co. Ltd. Sheffield read a paper on “Heat Resisting Steels.” A Dance was held in Collinson’s Cafe on 18th January for the benefit of the Benevolent Fund and the thanks of the Committee of the Section have been accorded to all those who participated and purchased tickets. The Committee hopes to arrange a similar event annually. Leeds Area.-A meeting of the Section was held at the University of Leeds on 15th January Mr. H. M. Mason Chairman of the Section presiding. Mr. R. C. Chirnside of the Research Laboratories of the General Electric Co. Ltd. gave a lecture entitled “The Compleat Analyst.” The discussion which followed reflected the great interest the lecture aroused.London and South-Eastern Counties.-At a meeting of the Section held on 25th November 1044 a motion was proposed that the relative values of the Fellowship and the Associateship require clarification and that if the Fellowship is to be considered the normal grade of membership Associates should be ineligible for election to the Council but that if the Fellowship is to be maintained as a higher standard of professional chemical qualification entrance thereto should be by suitable examinations and that otherwise Fellows and Associates should enjoy the same privileges of membership. As a consequence of this motion a meeting of the Section was held on 17th January 1945 in the Lecture Theatre of the Pharmaceutical Society when a discussion on “The Status of the Fellowship ” was opened by the President Professor Alexander Findlay.The President pointed out that in 1918 the standard of qualification for the Fellow- ship was raised but it was not the intention of the Council that the standard should be so high that it could be attained only by a few Associates of exceptional ability. In framing the Regulations for admission to the Fellowship the Council had in mind the very great diversity of activities of chemists of the conditions under which they work and of the circumstances which lead them to seek admission to the Fellowship. Although the high standard of qualification for the Fellowship must be maintained the Council holds the view that the Regulations make it possible for most of the Associates to qualify for the Fellowship either by examination or by the successful prosecution of their professional activities during a certain period of years.Moreover it must not be thought that Regulation 3 (c) rendered admission to the Fellowship in any way “auto- matic” or contributed an easy means of approach to the Fellowship. In replying to the excellent discussion in which a large number of members took part the President pointed out that an Associate did not cease to be a chemist by engaging in administrative work and therefore did not cease to be eligible for election to the Fellowship. An Associate would be greatly helped in forming an opinion of his own qualifications for the Fellowship by receiving advice from fellow-members and generally by active participation in the work of the Section.Members expressed to the President their appreciation of his visit and of the oppor- tunity it had afforded for exchanging views and resolving difficulties by carrying with acclamation a very hearty vote of thanks. New Zealand.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in the Dominion Laboratory Wellington on 23rd November 1944 when Dr. H. E. Annett was elected Chairman in succession to Mr. Philip White Dr. J- K. Dixon was reappointed Honorary Secretary and Mr. W. A. Joiner Auditor. The Committee was elected as follows:-Dr. H. 0. Askew (Nelson) Mr. F. H. V. Fielder (Auckland) Dr. R. Gardner (Dunedin) Dr.H. C. Holland (Christchurch) Dr. F. H. McDowall (Palmerston North) Dr. G. M. Moir and Mr. M. L. H. Stewart (Wellington). The Section has over 70 members and co-operates with the New Zealand Institute of Chemistry. A Committee has been appointed with a view to holding a Joint Conference at Palmerston North in August this year. Both Institutes have offered to assist in rehabilitation of chemists in civil life after the war. Resulting from the advice given in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS (Part IV 1944 p. 137) that chemists contemplating the possibility of obtaining appointments in the c271 Dominion should seek an interview with liaison officers at New Zealand House the Section reports that many enquiries have been received and dealt with.The Section conveyed greetings and good wishes to Mr. R. B. Pilcher Registrar and Secretary on his retirement. Mr. Philip White the retiring Chairman gave an address on “Co-operative Re- search.” South Wales.-On 18th January members of the Section participated in a meeting arranged by the Chemical Society and the University College of Swansea Chemical Society which was held at University College Swansea,-Dr. L. E. Hinkel in the Chair. Professor Wilson Baker delivered a lecture entitled “Some Consequences of Hydrogen Bond Formation.” SUMMARIES OF LECTURES Sulphur Dioxide-Retrospect and Prospect By G. BREARLEY, BSc. F.R.I.C. M.1.Chem.E. [Liverpool and North-Western Section Chairman’s Address 12th October 1944.1 The sources of sulphur dioxide are burner gases from the combustion of brimstone and pyrites; smelter gases from the roasting of zinc and copper sulphide ores; hydrogen sulphide from coke ovens gasworks oil refineries and natural gases; and miscellaneous sources such as flue gases and sulphite pulp liquor.The problem for the chemist is often to produce an economic supply of usable material from apparently unsuitable sources the factors to be considered being location strength purity quantity and trans- portation. In Great Britain flue gases containing as little as 0-02 per cent. sulphur dioxide represent about 3 million tons of SO per annum. The super power stations where the largest volumes are available reject the SO as calcium sulphate after scrub- bing with a chalk slurry. In America where coals of higher sulphur content (5 to 6 per cent.) are used pilot plant experiments give a return of 12 to 20 dollars per ton of sulphur dioxide recovered from stack gases and it is apparent that some large part of the cost would have to be debited against the removal of a nuisance.In the coal gas industry the iron oxide box is used to reduce the hydrogen sulphide content to zero and the spent oxide is used for the production of sulphuric acid. Newer continuous liquid treatment processes are (1) the Alkazid process in which the H,S is absorbed in a cold solution of a-aminopropionic acid concentrated H,S is liberated by heating and converted to sulphur in a Claus-Chance Kiln; (2) the Thylox process in which the H,S is absorbed in an ammonium thioarsenate solution to form a higher thioarsenate.Elevation of temperature and a stream of air precipitate sulphur as a froth which is separated dehydrated de-arsenicated and distilled. Smelter gases are a valuable source of sulphur but economically the recovery from weak gases depends on the existence of suitable outlets for sulphuric acid in the form of superphosphate or ammonium sulphate The deliberate preparation of SO by burning brimstone in air takes place in burners producing an SO concentration of 14-18 per cent. To reduce the SO content to a minimum combustion is carried out at a high temperature above 800”C. and the time the gases are in the temperature range 800”-200” C. is the shortest possible. In the preparation of pure sulphur dioxide whether from the weaker smelter gases or the stronger burner gas the method of separation is by absorption based on the Hanisch and Schroeder process originated in 1884.Using water alone a 7 per cent. SO roaster gas gives a solution strength of only 1 per cent. SO by weight and a 14 per cent. burner gas approximately a 2 per cent. solution. In the first case 100 tons and in the second case 50 tons of solution would have to be raised to the boil to procure 1 ton of SO, so that success depends upon the economics of the heating system. Processes have been devised for producing pure SO from still weaker gases by using difEerent absorbents. The I.C.I. Billingham process utilises an aluminium sulphate solution buffered to fiH 3.5 by addition of ground limestone; heating liberates con- centrated SO, and accumulation of sulphate by oxidation is prevented by the use of limestone added in a side stream.The Sulphidine process employs a mixture of crude xylidine and water as absorbent and accumulation of sulphate is avoided by adding soda ash and removing sodium sulphate by cooling. t 28 3 The pure SO gas produced by these processes is liquefied by compressing to 66 lbs. per square inch and cooling. Since liquid SO has a large coefficient of expansion with rise in temperature containers must not be filled more than seven-eighths fullin temperate climates to avoid the generation of excessive pressures. In using the liquefied gas it is better to allow it to leave the container in liquid form through an internal dip tube allow- ing it to gasify after passing through a valve at the highest point of the gas distribution system thus maintaining a steady flow by avoiding pressure drop in the container as a result of a temperature drop due to the latent heat of evaporation.Measurement and control of the SO is possible by the use of a sulphitometer which may be of a fixed or portable design. Dry liquid SO does not attack iron up to 100"C. and corrosion by moist liquid SO tends to be inhibited by the formation of a protective film. With sulphurous acid solutions at 100"C. when small percentages of chlorides and sulphuric acid are present a curious and severe form of corrosion has been experienced in the case of lead. Lead sulphide was the end corrosion product resulting from a cycle of reactions including the solution of lead as lead chloride the auto-reduction of SO to H,S and H,SO,.Elimination of the chlorides eliminated the corrosion. Industrial uses of liquid sulphur dioxide include refrigeration ;sour and anti-chlor in calico bleaching; the separation of aromatic fractions from the paraffin fractions in petroleum and lubricating oils by the Edeleanu process; the manufacture of the hydro- sulphites; polymerisation of vegetable oils ; as a solvent in chemical reactions having a different directing influence in brominations and sulphonations. Since the isolation of pure sulphur dioxide by Joseph Priestley in 1775 the production of liquefied SO has risen to several thousand tons per annum. There are still wide fields of investigation open particularly concerning the isolation of SO from weak waste gases and the mechanism of reactions carried out with liquid SO as a solvent.Co-operative Research By P. WHITE,F.R.I.C. Director Leather and Shoe Research Association N.Z. [New Zealand Section 23rd November 1944.1 Down through the centuries the production of goods to suppIy the needs of man followed .along definite stereotyped lines. The processes used were often handed down from father to son and were regarded not only as family secrets but as family wealth. It is not surprising therefore that certain families became associated with certain industries the supposed secrets of which were jealously guarded. The position was often further complicated by the fact that certain individuals employed in carrying out these processes specialised along certain lines and carried out a process or part of a process according to their own secret formulz.Under such conditions industries tended to be arts in which the rule-of-thumb methods prevailed. Although industry was an art ruled by the traditional methods some of the results obtained viewed even by the light of modern science were amazing. The products of centuries ago will still bear comparison with and sometimes excel in certain qualities the products of to-day. Under such conditions progress must necessarily be slow. Units of industry tended to develop along the lines dictated by tradition the industrial foresight of a strong personality or an inventive genius. Although slow this progress over a period of years was of no small order and the success of individual firms resulted in world-wide reputa- tions being established.Such success spurred on the efforts of competing firms to find better methods and newer processes. These efforts produced articles of better quality. Increases in efficiency reduced costs of production. Progress by one firm meant that others had to follow or else go out of business. It is therefore quite probable that internal competition in industry has been responsible down through the ages for more improvements and the maintenance of a high standard of quality than any other factor. Internal competition in a restricted sense may have a very beneficial effect. Often unrestricted external competition that is competition from the industry in another country is regarded as being dangerous to the industry.It is not often realised that internal competition can also have a strangling effect on the industry if it becomes too fierce. The application of science to the problems of industry brought about a new era in the history of industry. Instead of the old hit-and-miss method or the old empirical method oftrial and error the new idea of cause and effect was gradually introduced. Investiga-tions on the fundamental principles underlying the processes were carried out. When [ 29 1 these were discovered and the effects produced were more thoroughly understood it became possible to predict along what lines new processes could be developed what nexv materials could be evolved what new materiah produced by other industria could be used and what is probably of more immediate value to the older industries how the day-to-day problems of production could be solved.By careful investigation of the processes and the goods produced standards have been established by research which have enabled industry to maintain quality and profits. Research however must itself come under the same yardstick of monetary value. It is of not much immediate value to spend 2d. to save Id. It is comparatively easy to establish the fact that research has a “cash value,” but the assessment of this cash value is a very different matter. The cost of the application of the results of research may be estimated. The costs of scientific control of the processes tests of materials used tests of quality of the finished article routine tests to keep down waste can be measured in terms of ;f s.d. This cost once determined can then be added to the production costs and eventually paid for by the consuming public. Research is not however confined only to immediate problems of production. It is also concerned with the fundamental principles underlying the processes fundamental knowledge of the materials used the search for newer and better processes the search for newer and better methods of control based on the wider knowledge gained by scientific workers. Early in the twentieth century there were many old-established industries which had been built up by a large number of generations of keen business men.It needed the war of 1914-18 to bring home the fact that to meet the new conditions imposed by that war the systematic application of science to production was necessary. After the war the Government sought to encourage further the application of science to industry. As an incentive in this direction the offer of a subsidy on a pound-for-pound basis was made to all monies raised by an industry for co-operative research. So were formed what are now known as Industrial Research Associations. The subsidy was not given to individual firms but to an industry or a group of firms within an industry. This was a new idea at the time especially in the minds of men who were controlling industries either as a result of their own or their forefathers’ rugged individualistic efforts.The idea of sharing knowledge with your principal competitors possibly helping them directly or indirectly to compete in the same market required a depth of vision to accept. The success which has attended the efforts of Research Associations wherever they have been formed and co-operative research in other forms has more than justified the inception of this kind of research work. In order to appreciate the value of a Research Association it is necessary to know something about how it works some of the difficulties which have to be overcome and in what way success may be achieved. These will be discussed from the New Zealand aspect with special reference to the Leather and Shoe Research Association. After the establishment of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research offers were made to industries along similar lines to those made in England.In 1928 after preliminary meetings the Leather Industry with the aid of the subsidy formed the New Zealand Leather Research Association. The membership was purely voluntary but one of the articles of the Association stated that after the formation no member could resign for three years. As in England the New Zealand Government subsidised the finances of the Associa- tion on a pound-for-pound basis. The subscriptions of each member were based on the number of employees at the time of the formation of the Association. The Pelt Re- search Association which is a part of the Leather Research Association bases its members’ subscriptions on the number of pelts processed.The Shoe Industry when it joined to form the combined Leather and Shoe Research Association paid a lump sum on behalf of all its members. The point to be emphasised is that the basis of subscrip- tion is fixed by the members themselves. The difference between Britain and New Zealand on the financial aspect is the former pays the subsidy or grant to the Research Associations who then have to make their own administrative arrangements whilst in New Zealand the members pay their subscriptions to the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research and the departmental o5cers keep the accounts. The management of the Leather Research Association in New Zealand is vested in an Executive Committee and this Committee is the responsible authority for looking after all the affairs of the Association.The Committee consists of three persons appointed from the Industrial members of the Association and two persons appointed by the Government. The main object of a Research Association is to carry out Research on problems which are common to all members of the industry in general. On this basis it would seem quite an easy problem to formulate a programme of research. That this is not so easy 1301 is illustrated by the experience of the Cotton Research Association in Great Britain. At its inception there were approximately one thousand members and each was asked to send in his problems for investigation. The total response to this questionnaire was one problem. When the .issociation began to function properly the problems were found.As far as the New Zealand Leather Research Association and other Leather Research Associations are concerned a major problem was self-evident. This problem is that of determining what is quality in leather and how quality may quickly be measured or correlated with measurable physical and chemical properties. The problem as far as sole leather is concerned is complicated by the fact that the tanner does not sell direct to the consuming public. The leather has to pass through the hands of a shoe manu- facturer or repairer. The standards of quality established by these intermediaries are based on colour feel or handle or how they will work in process. Actually there is little if any relation between these characteristics and the true quality of leather i.e.performance in wear. Before quality may be defined it is necessary to define wear. This can only be done on a very broad basis. Hence as quality depends on this defini- tion it will be seen that the determination of quality in leather cannot be regarded as an abstract problem of chemistry or physics. There are two methods of attacking this problem both of which have been followed by the New Zealand Leather Research Association. The first is that of accepting the customers’ requirements of characteristics which he terms quality. Having accepted these standards it then becomes necessary to find some method of measuring them so that the effect of processes on the selling value of leather may be determined.The second method is to adopt a standard for measuring definite physical and chemical qualities or functions of leather and try to correlate these with actual wear. The difficulty of this method is the length of time taken in securing results and of inter- preting the results obtained. It is a comparatively easy matter to plan a series of wear tests but even with the greatest co-operation and goodwill of the people concerned it is very difficult to carry them to a successful conclusion. As a result of investigations carried out along with those of other workers overseas slight progress in the desired direction has been made. Much new information has been obtained which perhaps some day will fit into its place and complete what appears at present a very intricate jigsaw puzzle.There are certain difficulties attached to a Research Association. In the first place the object is to obtain information concerning the industry which will enable the individual members to solve their day-to-day technical problems increase the efficiency of old processes establish new processes and to increase the quality of the finished goods. Another difficulty which fortunately has not arisen in the New Zealand Leather and Shoe Research Association is that of obtaining the support and interest not only of the employers and managers but also of the foremen and workpeople. All must have interest and confidence that eventually research will help to solve the daily problems. In the following out of a line of research it is sometimes difficult to attack the problem in such a way as to obtain information on the various aspects as it is viewed by different members.The industrialist views the problem from one aspect and the research worker from another. So the investigation may have to be done in different ways and the different results obtained welded if possible into a common solution. The larger the research institution the greater the number of ways of attacking problems. Research work in industry is not confined to chemical problems but may require the services of a physicist engineer psychologist biologist etc. A well-balanced research institution will have all these services available to its members. When in need of help along these lines I have not hesitated to ask for it and at this stage I would like to thank all those and there are many who have directly or indirectly contributed to the success of the New Zealand Leather and Shoe Research Association.A Research Association serves an industry and individual members of this industry will at some time or other come up against the same technical problems. In the course of time the Association collects a fund of information on such problems. By being able to draw on this reserve fund the members are able to obtain information which when applied to their own peculiar requirements helps in the finding of a solution much more quickly than otherwise would be possible. It is important that research workers keep in touch with other investigators who are working on similar problems in other countries.When institutions exist overseas it is easier for a similar institution to maintain contact with them than with the individual. By exchanging information and discussing problems as they arise greater benefits are obtained than by reading periodically the papers which are published. The New Zealand Leather and Shoe Research Association maintains contact with the British Leather Manufacturers’ Research Association The Leather Industries Research r311 Institute South Africa the Chemical Section of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research of Australia and the Tanners’ Research Council Cincinnati U.S.A. Last but not least is the advantage which members of the Research Association can obtain by meeting together on common grounds in the search for information.Financial and economic matters may be and are forgotten on such occasions. They are all comrades in arms seeking new weapons to meet their daily difficulties and problems. When this spirit of co-operation is developed i.e. confidence in each other established along the line of the search for knowledge it extends along many other avenues hitherto considered impossible. The industry as a whole becomes most efficient a better spirit exists which is not confined to the executive officers and men become happier. The Control of Rodents and Household Pests By C. L. CLAREMONT,BSc. F.R.I.C. [London and South Eastern Counties Section 22nd November 1944.1 The problems of pest control are scientific even if not purely chemical.A pest is a species out of place and by virtue of numbers destructive and uncleanly habits results in economic disturbance to mankind. Favourable factors which result in adequate food shelter suitable conditions for breeding and evasion of enemies upset the balance of nature to bring pests into being and the habits of man are largely responsible for such developments. Successful control is based upon an accurate knowledge of the life history habits and environment of the pest and a particular pest necessitates a specific method of control or elimination. Insect pests with multi- stages of existence are most vulnerable to destructive agents at a particular stage in the life cycle. The usual methods of control may be grouped into (a) Poisons and Baits; (b) Fumigation ; (G) Biological (d) Trapping and hunting.Rodents.-The Rodentia is one of the largest natural orders of animals and is characterised by the habit of gnawing. The species nearly all reach maturity at an early age and are endowed with great fecundity. Most of the genera whilst sedentary and gregarious are very adaptable to change of environment. They are mainly classified by their dentition but all possess specially adapted incisors which would grow too long if not utilised for gnawing. The three species which have become world- wide pests are the brown or common rat (Rattus norvegzcus) the black or old English rat (Raltus mttus) and the common mouse (Mus ~nuscuZus),originating in Asia or Eastern Europe. The differentiation of the two rat species by coat colour is confusing for this varies considerably and identification is by the larger body weight and size blunter muzzle and shorter and thicker tail of the brown rat.The tame rat of the laboratory is “Norvegicus.” The black rat probably reached England at the time of the Crusades and was the indirect cause of the authenticated outbreaks of plague. The brown rat came later spreading across Europe in the early 18th century owing to the expanse of trade and shipping. Though both species are nocturnal make nests of grass or litter and store food they differ in that brown rats can construct burrows and live in the open whereas black rats prefer to live in buildings. The black rat rarely swims; the brown rat does and inhabits sewers.Control depends upon the study of habits. Poisoning is very effective if due con- sideration is given to the right bait and the best poison to use. This should be effective in low concentration in the bait commensurable with lethal action and the baits should be relatively harmless to domestic stock and human beings. Formerly white arsenic strychnine and phosphorus were in general use but since 1919 barium carbonate red squill thallium sulphate and zinc phosphide have been employed. The use of arsenic is to be deprecated and if used “pre-baiting,” i.e. bait without poison must be put down for several nights in the first place. Rats are less susceptible to strychnine than mice and 32 mg. per kilo. body weight should result in total mortality. It is illegal to sell strychnine for rat poisoning.Yellow phosphorus is an excellent poison despite the nauseous taste and smell of its preparations. Barium carbonate kills rats in doses of about 600 mg. per kilo. body weight. It should be fed in about 15 per cent. con- centration in a dry cereal bait for the presence of fat may render it harmless. Thallium sulphate must be considered too dangerous for general use and zinc phosphide if “pre- baited” is said to be similar in action to phosphorus. Both zinc phosphide and phos- phorus may cause odours should the rats die under floors in buildings and there is a fire risk with the latter. Compared with the chemical poisons red squill (Urginea maritima) is a most effective natural poison having low toxicity to domestic animals.The lethal active principle has not been definitely isolated and it is most effective in powder or extract when incorporated in cereal baits. Fumigation and gassing is r321 frequently employed for the disinfestation of ships and HCN is the usual toxic agent. This treatment accords with the international agreement to prevent the spread of plague which is a secondary infection resulting from the bite of a flea parasitical to the rat. Fcr the gassing of burrows in fields to exterminate rats and rabbits HCN SO or CO from a motor car exhaust are effective. The holes of the burrow are noted and all but one are lightly stopped. The tube from the gas container is inserted in the open hole. Crude calcium cyanide “Cyanogas,” may be used and a still more recent development is “Cymag,” a mixture of sodium cyanide and magnesium sulphate mono- hydrate which evolves HCN when exposed to the atmosphere.Viruses have been in use since the beginning of the century. The principle is akin to poisoning and live cultures of the Gaertner type of bacillus are baited. They can produce excellent results but should not be employed in premises where food is prepared and handled because of doubt as to the pathogenicity of the organisms to man. It is possible that rats slightly affected by the disease produced acquire immunity to \absequent doses of the virus. Crawling and Flyi?zg Pests popularly termed “insects” (though correctly speaking the group Insecta are six-legged creatures) may have many discrete stages of existence after the egg.Certain stages present greater resistance to processes of control which may bc by biological methods or by poison baits dusts and sprays or fumigation methods. Success attends these measures only if correct time thoroughness and effective means of application are planned. Whilst there is no definite knowledge of the mechanism of killing powders the mineral poisons-borax sodium fluoride thallium sulphate-are generally effective for biting insects like beetles cockroaches and crickets and those containing pyrethrum or derris for practically all insects especially sucking types like bugs fleas flies and aphis. Because of general toxicity care must be exer- cised in the use of the mineral poisons in kitchens and infested food stores.The powders mixed with dry cereal are forced into crevices by hand blowers. Pyrethrum (from Chrysanthemum cinerariafolium) is an ideal Lveapon which appears to kill by paralytic action. Derris root powder containing 2 per cent. to 6per cent. of rotenone as active principle is more applicable to horticultural than to house- hold pests. Sprays usually consist of pyrethrum extract in a light mineral oil vehicle and act by contact with the insect. Under the trade name “Lethane 384,” 8-butoxy-p-thiocyanodiethyl ether has come into use and typifies the introduction of aliphatic thiocyanates as a class of pest destructor with no human toxic effect. Fumigation, except for the bedbug is rarely employed for the elimination of household pests. HCN ethylene oxide and SO are the agents used.As for the house pests the Pharaoh ant (Monomorium Pharaonis) is a small reddish insect which invades blocks of flats and bakeries. It nests in crevices and is difficult to eradicate. One cure is to kill the workers by powders or syrup bait containing sodium arsenate or thallium sulphate. Bedbugs hatch in 6-10 days from eggs laid in crevices in wood etc. and progress through five nymphal stages to maturity. There are three or four generations in a year each cycle taking 22 to 26 days. This insect hibernates in the cold and can exist for a long time without food. Apart from fumigation pyrethrum provides an effective control measure. The commonest species of cock-roaches in Britain are the oriental or blackbeetle (Blatta orientalis) and the German or steam fly (B.germanica).Both are nocturnal and multiply rapidly. The egg is laid in a capsule containing 16 eggs in two rows. After hatching and six moults the resulting nymph eats but little ahd moults once mcre to become the adult insect. Powders containing pyrethrum or sodium fluoride are effective a’nd these may also be used to control crickets. Fleas have hundreds of species nearly all parasitical on warm-blooded animals. The human flea (Pulex irritans) the dog flea (CtenocephaZus canis) *and the cat flea (C.fiZis) are the commonest and all pass through a four-stage development in the life cycle. Thorough cleansing of the infested rooms and the use of pyrethrum act as deterrents. Flies and mosquitoes are troublesome vectors of disease.They undergo the four-stage metamorphosis and are most vulnerable in the larval stage. The eggs of flies are laid in decaying refuse and if heat is generated by the tight packing of manure heaps it is destructive to the maggots. The mcsquito larva develops in water and control is effected by draining marshy land layering water surfaces with paraffin introducing fish into ponds etc. The three common types of clothes moth differ slightly in appearance but have like habits. All cause damage to fabrics and furs when in the larval stage. Control depends upon the nature of the material affected but preventative action is the best “cure.” Cold storage with intermittent heating kills them in furs but ordinary garments should be brushed exposed to sunlight and then stored away in stout paper bags in tight boxes.p-dichlorobenzene is the best deterrent. Silver fish are primitive insects halving a full life cycle occupying about two years and are controlled by insect powders. rice are disease vectors of animals [ 333 especially of man under war conditions. Control of infested clothing is by steam disin- fection and the recently introduced “D.D.T.” is proving its worth as an eradicator of the pest with the Armed Forces. Thirty Years of Chemical Industry 19161944 By J. W. PARKES, hf.Sc. F.R.I.C. [Dublin Section 6th December 1944.1 The value of explosives for civil purposes is largely overshadowed by their military importance in war-time but explosives are one of man’s greatest sources of power and have enabled him to carry out great engineering feats such as the construction of alpine tunnels and the Panama canal.They also make possible an annual production of millions of tons of coal iron and various ores. The manufacture of explosives at Arklow was started by Messrs. Kynoch Ltd. in 1894 and in 1914 the factory produced mainly blasting gelatine for work in quarries and “permitted explosives” for use in coal mines chiefly in Scotland. In September 1914 the Great War led to a big extension of the factory for the manufacture of cordite then in short supply. This involved the large-scale production of sulphuric acid (oleum) nitric acid nitrocellulose and nitroglycerine. On the cessation of hostilities the factory was closed down in 1919 and the business transferred to Nobel Industries Ltd.Scotland. Nitrocellulose developed originally for use as an explosive formed the basis for new developments in the production of plastic materials paints and impregnated fabrics. This has been followed by the introduction of cellulose acetate ethyl cellulose and synthetic fibres. The manufacture of superphosphate is now over 100 years old and it is still the most important form of phosphatic fertiliser. Progress has been made in recent years by the introduction of (1) improved methods of grinding (2) mechanical dens which operated continuously instead of intermittent batch mixing (3) more accurate control of the mixing of sulphuric acid and phosphate rock and a longer time of contact in the mixer (4)a greater fan draught to reduce the moisture content (5)granulation.In America there has been an increased production of triple superphosphate (containing 48 per cent. P,O,) by electric furnace methods (Tennessee Valley). The use as fertilisers of calcium metaphosphate and high temperature phosphates (calcined to remove the fluorine) are being investigated closely at the present time. Important developments have resulted from the use of air coal petroleum and sea-water as sources of raw materials. High pressure technique and the use of catalysts have led to the fixation of atmo- spheric nitrogen on a vast scale; hydrogenation of coal has led to the production of synthetic petrol ; petroleum refinery products butadiene and styrene are used to produce synthetic rubber the production of which in U.S.A.now exceeds 1,000,000tons per annum; bromine for the production of “anti-knock” petrol has been prepared in large quantity from sea-water since 1933; magnesium has been manufactured from the same source since 1941 ; while sea-weed in addition to yielding potash and iodine has been utilised for producing salts of alginic acid used in the textile industry. The value of research is still insufficiently realised by the general public. All the great developments of the past 30 years have been made possible by research. Research workers are “a new power in the world.” To ensure the future prosperity of Eire more provision for research in all branches of science is essential. Ion Exchangers Applied to Water Treatment By R.T. PENIBERTON [Bristol and South-Western Counties 7th December 1944.1 After a short historical survey of the silicate base exchange materials a description of the newer organic exchangers was given. These are divided into two classes functioning as hydrogen ion exchangers and anion exchangers respectively. The former derived from coal and the like by sulphonation or from phenols as formaldehyde condensation products are capable of exchanging all cations for hydrogen ions yielding acids which as far as water treatment is concerned render neutralisation or removal essential. Neutralisation can be carried out by blending with raw or base exchange softened water. The removal of these acids can be readily accomplished by passage through a bed [ 34 1 of an anion exchanger.The dual treatment yields a water extremely low in total solids useful for boiler feed water high quality chemical process water and applicable to many other industries. In the plant which is used to house these ion exchangers risk of corrosion dictates special care in lining the pressure vessels normally used. Three classes of valve assembly are available (1) single valves-glass lined with rubber diaphragm (2) valve panels of similar constructions and (3) a rubber-lined multiport valve which has the added advantage of allowing the operations of regeneration etc. to be carried out in the correct sequence. The air scrubber for removing the carbon dioxide not removed with anion exchanger works on a counter flow basis. Developments have taken place in connection with waste water conservation as well as with methods of improving the residual total of dissolved solids when treating raw waters with a content of over 50 parts per 100,000.The controls can be made automatic by the use of a recording conductivity meter suitably calibrated. A series of lantern slides was shown illustrating many of the points given in the lecture and comprising (1) analysis of typical waters before and after various treatments taken from actual plants (2) flow diagrams of plant and (3) views of several plants illustrating the various types and sizes of construction employed and the improvements evolved over the 10 years that this work has been in progress. An actual portable unit was exhibited and photographs were shown indicating how cation and anion materials are being used in war.Recent Investigations on the Chemistry of Seaweed By Dr. VINCENTJ. BARRY [Dublin Section and the Chemical Society 24th January 1945.1 Algae are seldom found growing beyond a depth of ten fathoms. Despite this fact it has been stated that the total weight of marine vegetation is greater than that of land vegetation. Also larger plants occur in the sea than on land. All algae contain chlorophyll which is accompanied and in some cases masked by other pigments. Depending on the pigment which predominates the algae are classified as Brown Red Green Blue-Green. Until about 1860 the ash of fucus varieties was the sole source of alkali for the soap and glass industry.This kelp industry was then threatened by the Leblanc soda process. However as the use of iodine in medicine developed a new kelp industry arose based on the ash of laminarians. This kelp may contain more than 20 per cent. K,O. The organic constituents of seaweed on which any future industry must be based are mainly polysaccharide in character. Brown algae contain alginic acid lamind mannitol fucoidin and a low-grade cellulose. Of these alginic acid (discovered by Stanford 1883) is becoming increasingly important as an emulsifier and in the production of Rayon etc. Ground weed is used to some extent in patent foodstuffs for cattle principally it is believed as a mineral supplement. It has however 24 times the value of potatoes as a feeding-stuff for pigs.Chopped weed after boiling with dilute acid and alkali gives a “stuff” which when reinforced by straw or other fibrous material may be compressed $0a board that takes paint plaster and screws. If the technical difficulties of extraction could be overcome it is suggested that laminarin could be used as a substitute for starch in diabetic flour. Of the Red Algae used in Ireland Carragheen is the most important. It is a galactan sulphate. These galactan sulphuric acid esters may be extracted from a number of red algae and so far no two have been found identical. Dilisc or dulse contains a xylan not the same as the xylan occurring in wood. Agar-agar has been shown to contain both d-and Z-galactose residues in its molecule. These are for the most part linked 1 3.It is also alleged to be a sulphuric ester but the sulphur content of Irish agar is so low as to make this doubtful. Sloke (Po~phyra) is a good source of vitamin C. All the red algae contain Floridean starch which resembles glycogen. Laminarin is a glucose polymer and was the first algal polysaccharide to be found to contain a 1 3 linkage. This linkage is now known to be a commonplace in poly- saccharides occurring in seaweeds. It has the f3-configuration and is hydrolysed only by an enzyme occurring in snail juice and in the ,common limpet. A new glucose disaccharide laminaribiose has been prepared from it. The “end-group assay” of laminarin has been carried out by a method which depends on the oxidising action of periodic acid. This reagent attacks the a-glycol linkage (===-ii) converting each -GOH to -CHO.In a 1 3 polysaccharide only the terminal non-reducing hexose r 35 I contains this x-glycol grouping. Further oxidation with bromine introduces two carbonyl groups into the terminal hexose and neutralisation now yields a measure of the repeating chain unit in the polysaccharide molecule. Again treatment of the periodic acid oxidised molecule with phenylhydrazine causes the separation of glyoxalosazone and leaves the chain one hexose unit shorter. In this way a stepwise degradation of the molecule may be achieved. It is possible that this reaction might be used to show the presence of cross linkages in certain polysaccharide molecules. The Compleat Analyst By R. C. CHIRNSIDE,F.R.I.C.[Leeds Area Section 15th January 1945.; Much thought has been given recently to the state of analytical chemistry and to the training and functions of the analyst both in this country and elsewhere. The view has been expressed in the U.S.A. that the “compleat analyst” should be something of a microscopist and spectroscopist conversant with optics photography and modern electrical circuits; all these in addition to a fundamental knowledge of chemistry. The common conception of the analyst is more circumscribed and the status of the analyst is lower than it was formerly. This is not due to any reduction in the need for skilled analysts but the reasons must include the present emphasis on the academic side of training at the expense of manipulative ability and the confusion in terms between the analyst proper and the routine tester (from whom however great analysts are some- times made).There is an urgent need for the teaching of analytical chemistry in Uni- versities (cf. the U.S.A.) and it is hoped that Branch Hof the Fellowship maybecome the hall-mark of the real analyst. The older training schools the laboratories of the consultants and public analysts are more restricted and recruits now enter the pro- fession from the University or as student-assistants engaging in part-time studies. Often the latter class yields the better analysts. The obvious advantages of the University training might be better utilised if some part of the analytical training could be assimilated before graduation. The student might profitably spend 12-18 months in an analytical laboratory before proceeding to the University and return there for a further short period after graduation.Among the other qualities desired in the analyst besides theoretical knowledge and manipulative skill are personal integrity scepticism caution without loss of imagination logic perspective and keen powers of observation. To all these should be added the ability and will to record faithfully his observations. These qualities should give the analyst the unquestioned right to equality in the chemical world. The industrial analytical laboratory will usually be an auxiliary service unit. It should maintain the closest liaison with the departments it serves largely interpret its own results and be discriminating in the work it undertakes.Analysis has recently been defined as “the examination of a material to ascertain its composition its properties and its qualities,” and the analyst should realise that if the facilities available were to embrace some of the new physical tools and techniques he could more closely approach this ideal. Amongst these newer techniques are the spectrograph for qualitative reports fair quantitative accuracy speed permanent records and low sample consumption ; X-ray diffraction for determining the state of combination of the radicals observing changes of phase observing solid solution effects approximate quantitative determinations ; absorptiometric methods ; polarographic methods ; chromatography ; micro and semi- micro methods.The analyst cannot be expected to master all these techniques; it is no longer possible for analysis to be anything but a co-operative effort of a number of experts each having considerable knowledge of the work of the other members of the team. But the complete analyst will be familiar with and be able to understand and make use of the extra information that these new methods afford. He will not lose sight of the simpler and cheaper techniques available in his enthusiasm for the new but will choose the most suitable method or combination of methods for any particular application. By the rational employment of the newer techniques the analyst can make his contribution towards a higher conception of analysis of what the analyst should be and of what he can do.January Examinations 1945 Abstract of the Report of the Board of Examiners Examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry Examiners Professor G. M. Bennett and Professor IT. Wardlaw. Held at the Royal Institute in the Laboratories of the University Entered* Passed* of London South Kensington theoretical papers being taken in other local centres in the week commencing *32 17 -I Monday 15th January. * 5 candidates failed to satisfy the Examiners in part only of the examination and one candidate satisfied the Examiner in those parts of the examination in which he had previously failed. Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Theory .-Most candidates attempted the required number of questions on both papers but few did exceptionally well.On the first paper the best answers were given to the questions concerning chemical bonds and the colloidal state. Less satisfactory answers were returned to the questions dealing with the factors which determine the choice of substances as standards in volumetric analysis and the methods available for assessing the dissociation constant of water. Few candidates gave a good account of the preparation of ammonium molybdate or of potassium ferrioxalate ; the composition assigned to ammonium molybdate was fre- quently incorrect. Speaking generally the answers disclosed rather a surface knowledge of the topics selected. On the second paper it was noteworthy that the question involv- ing a calculation was unpopular. Some very good answers were returned to the question which required a description and explanation of the procedure involved in the gravi- metric determination of nickel magnesium and the sulphate radical but it was observed that the formula for nickel dimethylglyoxime was not always given correctly.Practical.-The practical work was not in general done so well as is usual in this examination. This applies to both the qualitative and quantitative exercises. Organic Chemistry.-Satisfactory work was done by a fair proportion of the candi- dates on most of the questions but Q. 2 on aliphatic sulphonic acids was answered rarely and inaccurately. Q. 1 on total syntheses was often well done though some candidates did not adhere to the implied rules and introduced into their schemes substances of which the syntheses were not given.In discussing diazonium salts many wrote formulae with a 6-covalent nitrogen atom although they were well aware that the substance was ionic. The reactions yielding fluorobenzene and phenylarsinic acid were not as well known as they should be. The accounts of cis-trans isomerism were in general good and the discussions of the structures of alizarin and indigotin were usually adequate. The comments on keto-enol tautomerism in Q. 7 were often too elementary. Many candidates appeared to have little idea of the essential mechanism of tautomeric change. There was also in some cases an unfortunate confusion between tautomerism and resonance. Practical.-The quantitative exercise was well done by a number of candidates.The value of this must depend on attaining real accuracy. The identifications and preparative exercises were generally well done. Translation.-The translations were mostly quite satisfactory. PASS LIST Adams David Hemsley B.Sc. (Lond.) Northern Polytechnic London. Allen David George B.Sc. (Lond.) Birbeck College London. Andrus Stanley City Technical College Liverpool. Chapman Leslie M.P.S. Merchant Venturers’ Technical College Bristol; and Northern Polytechnic London. Farron John Clifford Royal Technical College Salford ;and Manchester University. Foster Frederick Henry City Technical College Liverpool. Frow Percy B.Sc. (Lond.) Municipal Technical College Hull. Henstock Hubert Ian City Technical College Liverpool. Hepburn Harold Llewellyn Merchant Venturers’ Technical College Bristol.Knight James Wilfred B.Sc. (Lond.) Municipal Technical College Hull; and Sorth Staffs. Technical College Stoke-on-Trent. Naish Arthur Basil Merchant Venturers’ Technical College Bristol. Rogan Mervyn Desmond Municipal Technical College Hull. Rymer Thomas Edward Municipal Technical College Hull. Sanderson John Rutherford Technical College Newcastle upon Tyne. Speedie John Douglas City Technical College Liverpool. Thackray Gerald Bowling B.Sc. (Lond.) Wilson Keith Rowley. Merchant Venturers’ Technical College Bristol. Examination €or the Associateship in General Chemistry The following papers and exercises were set :-MONDAY 15th JANUARY 1945 10 a.m. to 1 P.w. (Answer FIVE questions only.Answev concisely and to the point. Give forniulae a?td equations where posszble.) 1. What is meant by a "bond" in chemistry ? By reference to suitable examples discuss the different types of chemical bonds. 2. Describe THREE methods by which the dissociation constant of water has been determined. 3. Give an account of the oxides and oxyacids of EITHER phosphorus OR chlorine. 4. Indicate the factors which determine the choice of substances as standards in volumetric analysis. 6. Write a concise account of the colloidal state with particular emphasis on the distinction between colloids and the other forms of matter. 6. Describe the preparation properties and uses of FOUR of the following:- (a) sodium azide (b) ammonium molybdate (c) potassium persulphate (d) sodium nitroprusside (e) potassium ferrioxalate (f)sodium hydrosulphite (Na$,O,).7. Describe some of the methods which have been used for the detection and separation of non-radioactive isotopes. 2 to 6 9.m. (Answer FIVE questions only. Answer concisely and to the point. Give formulae and equations where PossibZe.) 1. Give an account of the more important features in the chemistry of EITHER (a)boron and its compounds OR (b) titanium and its compounds. 2. Derive thermodynamically an equation for the lowering in freezing point of a solvent produced by the solution of 1 gram molecule of a solute in 1,000 grams of the solvent. The addition of 0.15 gram of a substance (A) of molecular weight 120 to 12-20 grams of a solvent (B) lowered the freezing point of the latter from 62-25' to 61.80".Calculate the latent heat of fusion of (B). 3. Describe and explain the procedure involved in the gravimetric determination of the following :-(a) nickel (b) the sulphate radical (c) magnesium. 4. State the fundamental principles of photochemistry and discuss the photolysis of hydrogen iodide and hydrogen bromide. 5. Give an account of ONE of the following:-(a) nuclear reactions; (b) carbon monoxide and the metallic carbonyls ;(c) crystal structures. 6. Discuss the chief advances in chemistry associated with the names of TWO of the following :-Bunsen Moissan and Ramsay. 7. Write an essay on ONE of the following subjects:-(a) Combustion; (b)Catalytic action; (c)Thermal dissociation.TUESDAY 16th JANUARY 1945 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Answer FIVE questions only. Answer concisely and to the point. Give formulae and equations where possible.) 1. Outline practicable schemes for the total synthesis (from the elements) of any FOUR of the following compounds :-n-butyl alcohol diethylmalonate pentaerythritol trimethylacetic acid tetramethylethyleneglycol. It will suffice to indicate the steps of each synthesis by formulae with notes as to the necessary conditions or reagents at each stage. 2. Give an account of the preparation and properties of the aliphatic sulphonic acids. Explain their relationship to sulphuric and sulphurous acids. How can a sulphonic acid be converted into (a) a sulphinic acid (b) a thioalcohol (mercaptan) I 3.Explain the accepted view of the structure of aromatic diazonium salts and describe their common applications in preparative chemistry. How may a diazonium salt be used to prepare (a)benzoic acid (b) fluorobenzene (c) an aromatic arsinic acid ? [381 4. Describe and explain the cis-trans isomerism of (a) maleic and fumaric acids (b)the cyclopropane dicarboxylic acids (c) the trithioacetaldehydes (d)a-and /?-glucose. In any TWO of these cases indicate the manner in which their configurations have been demonstrated. 6. What methods are available for the preparation of ketones of the aliphatic and aromatic series including aromatic hydroxy-ketones ? What is Michler’s ketone? How is it prepared and how may it be used in the preparation of dyes 6.Give an account of the structure and synthesis of EITHER alizarin OR indigotin. 7. Write short explanations of any TWO of the following:-(a) keto-enol tautomerism (b) diene additions (c) the Beckmann transformation. 2 to 2.30 p.m. Translations from French and German technical literature. WEDNESDAY 17th JANUARY 1945 9.30 a.m. to 4 P.m. 1. (A) is a mixture of an organic acid and neutral inert material. Separate the acid prepare a pure specimen and leave it for inspection. Prepare a small quantity of its silver salt determine the percentage of silver in it and deduce the equivalent of the acid. You are not asked to attempt to identify it. This exercise may be completed to-morrow. 2. Examine the substance (B)with a view to its identification and leave specimens of any derivatives which you may make.(p-bromoacetanilide or p-chloroacetanilide.) THURSDAY 18th JANUARY 1945 9.30 am. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercise 1. 2. @om the phenol (C) provided prepare pure specimens of (a) tribromophenol, (b) 2 4-dinitrophenol (c) the p-toluenesulphonyl derivative (d) the azo compound by coupling with diazotised p-naphthylamine. 3. Identify the substance (D). (Glycine or anthranilic acid.) FRIDAY 19th JANUARY 1945 9.30 a.m. to 4 p.m. 1. Determine volumetrically and gravimetrically the percentage of iron in the given sample of haematite (E). This exercise may be completed to-movrow. 2. Identify the mixture (F). (Sodium tungstate and ammonium sulphate.) SATURDAY 20th JANUARY 1945 9.30 a.m.to 4 p.m. 1. Determine by two distinct volumetric methods the percentage of manganese 2. Identify the substance (H). (Cobalt borate and barium silico-fluoride.) dioxide (MnO,) in the sample of pyrolusite (G). Constitution of the Council and Method of Nomination and Election of Members of Council Basis of proposed changes in By-Laws In June 1941 the Council announced the appointment of a Special Committee to consider the constitution of the Council and the advisability of modifying the method of nomination and election of Members of Council. In July the Committee recorded its opinion that the Council was too large; that Members of Council should be elected for three years subject to adequate rules as to attendance; that a third of the Council should retire annually the retiring Mem- bers being ineligible for re-election for twelve months; that some form of district or regional representation (irrespective of whether districts or regions included Local Sections) should be retained and that regional Members of Council should be elected by the Fellows and Associates within their respective regions.[ 39 1 The Committee expressed the view that the Council should retain the right of nominating a certain number of General Members of Council bearing in mind the importance of representation of various branches of the science and of the profession. In June 1941 the Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections discussed these proposals.In October 1942 the Committee recommended making provision in the By-laws for the immediate Past President to be an additional Vice-president; for the reduction of the number of Members of Council; for the election of Officers and Members of Council for three years’ service; for the Treasurer to be eligible for re-election annually; to allow each Fellow and Associate to nominate two Members of Council instead of one as at present; to enforce more strictly the rule regarding absence from meetings; and to eliminate the use of the asterisk* and italicst on the balloting list but to provide separately a statement as to the occupation and method of nomination of each candidate. The Council thereupon requested the Committee to submit draft By-laws for consideration.In January 1943 the Council reported that the suggested revised By-laws were under consideration but subsequently on a Report from the Policy Committee debated the desirability of Associates being eligible for service on the Council and decided that the proposal was not in the best interests of the Institute. At the Annual General Meeting held on 15th March 1944 a motion to refer back the part of the Report of the Council dealing with this subject was lost by a small majority. In view of the closeness of the voting the President promised that further consideration should be given to the matter before submitting the suggested revised By-laws on the constitution of the Council referred to above. A questionnaire on the subject was there- fore issued to all Fellows and Associates the result of which is given in the Report of Council for 1944-1945 (see p.11). This point having been settled Local Sections are now invited to consider the follow- ing brief statement of the proposed alterations in the By-laws. 1. That a retiring President who has served in that office for three years shall be ex-oflcio a Vice-president. 2. That there befifteen instead of twenty-seven General Members of Council and jifteen Regional Members of Council (or such other numbers being multiples of three as a General Meeting may from time to time determine) who shall be nominated and elected by Members in such regions as may from time to time be defined. 3. That a Member of the Council absent from three successive ordinary meetings or in any one year fromfive ordinary meetings of the Council shall zpsofacto vacate his office; provided that the operation of this clause may be suspended by the Council in any particular instance by the adoption of a special resolution.4. That the Officers and Members of Council elected at an Annual General Meeting or by the members of a Region shall hold office for three years but thereafter shall not be eligible for re-election to the same office until the Annual General Meeting (or in the case of a Regional Member until the election in his Region) held next after his retire- ment. 5. That two Vice-presidents one-third of the General Members of the Council and one-third of the Regional Members shall retire each year (provision being made for deciding retirement by ballot until the new By-laws come into full operation).6. That with the balloting list a statement authorised by the Council shall be sent giving in respect of each candidate his occupation his Local Section and the manner of his nomination. If the above proposals are generally approved other By-laws will need to be revised to conform with them. * Indicating nomination by the Council. t Indicating that the mt-mber is in office and is eligible for re-election. Notes The Report of Lord Hankey’s Committee on “Higher Appointanmt8,“-presented by the Minister of Labour to Parliament in January has been published by H.M. Stationery Office Is. net. The Committee was appointed in July 1943 :-“To consider and report upon the arrangements which should be made to facilitate the employment after the end of hostilities of men and women qualified to undertake responsible work in the professions or elsewhere with particular reference to (a)the organisation premises and staff of the Appointments Department of the Ministry of Labour and National Service* (b) the arrangements which should be made for co-operation between the Appointments Department and other organisations and institutions (including professional industrial and commercial organisations) and Universities at home and abroad.” The Report contains an introduction in which it is stated that “Our first conclusion is that the necessary machinery cannot be provided solely by the effort or enterprise of private organisations necessarily confined within sectional geographical-and often financial-limits.We are satisfied that direct provision by the State is indispensable and as suggested to us in our Terms of Reference this provision must be based upon the Appointments Department of the Ministry of Labour and National Service.* Consequently our recommendations provide in some detail for the organisation of a nation-wide State-provided agency for employment in the field of ‘higher appoint- ments.’” “We . . . . regard the placing work of the Appointments Department as the focal point of a service for providing men and women and their employers with the best available information advice and help. The advisory service will indeed in the re-settlement period occupy a part in the day-to-day work of the organisation no less important than actual placing work.It is not easy to over-estimate the value of the r81e that the Appointments Department can play in this period if properly equipped to give authoritative advice on training opportunities employment trends opportunities overseas and other similar questions.” “To achieve these aims the organisation must be planned on the right lines and then staffed with the right officers.” “For essentially this is a human problem and the indispensable foundation of success is the appointment of the right men and women to tackle it.” The opinion is also expressed that the Committee is concerned with the setting up of a permanent State service which in co-operation with other agencies will ensure that the best talents of the nation are neither wasted nor misdirected and Mr.Bevin in a letter published in Appendix I11 of the Report gives the assurance that it is not part of the plan to give the Appointments Department a legal monopoly; indeed he stresses the importance of a co-ordination of effort to insure the best possible use of specialised knowledge and ability. After chapters dealing with the organisation following the last war and the institution in 1938 of the Central Register formed with the help of the principal professional and occupational Bodies the work and organisation of the Appointments Department and the method of dealing with vacancies the Committee makes recommendations for those requiring special arrangements “vacancies in the highest and most important posts of whatever kind ;engineering vacancies ;scientific vacancies.” Reference is made to the evidence from the Joint Council of Professional Scientists and from the Scientific Research and the Chemistry Advisory Committee to the Central (Technical and Scientific) Register to the effect that vacancies for qualified scientists should be dealt with centrally especially because only in a central office would it be practicable to provide staff with the necessary qualifications and contacts to handle the work a staff of qualified scientists should if necessary be engaged on a part-time *The existing Appointments Department was based upon the Central Register inaugurated in September, 1938 of persons with higher :qualifications in all fields of activity who might be deeded in Government service and also upon the decentralised Supplementary Register set up in December 1939 to find employment for persons with higher qualifications.[411 basis; but vacancies for those below the standard of a university degree or the equivalent should be dealt with at Local Appointments Offices. Chapter 5 is devoted to the work of the Appointments Office and Chapter 6 to the Advisory Service for applicants seeking guidance in the choice of a career on where to train for it and how to obtain grants for further training. The staff will be expected to take a continued interest in those who are placed or advised and periodically review their progress. Dealing with Public Relations and Co-operation with other Organisations Chapter 7 shows that the Committee realises that the success of the Appointments Offices will depend largely on the extent to which they can arouse the interest of professional and other organisations including professional institutes which the Committee has no doubt will be most willing to assist.Chapter 8 deals with the staff of the Appointments Department; Chapter 9 with Other Questions and Chapter 10 with the cost of the proposals. The Report is followed by a summary of seven pages. The recommendations follow largely on the lines of the proposals put forward by the Joint Council of Professional Scientists except that it is recommended that the Central Register slightly modified should form a permanent branch of the Appoint- ments Department.The Joint Council did not favour this. The Committee recom- mends however that in certain cases the Appointments Department might treat an agency as the sole agent for dealing with all applications and vacancies in a particular occupation. At the time of going to Press the Report has not been adopted. HarrisonMemorial Prize for 1944.-The Selection Committee consisting of the Presidents of the Chemical Society the Royal Institute of Chemistry the Society of Chemical Industry and the Pharmaceutical Society has awarded the Harrison Memorial Prize for 1944 to Dr. Leslie Frederick Wiggins Associate in recognition of the out- standing quality of his researches on transformation products of the hexose sugars. His originality and resource combined with exceptional experimental skill in these difficult investigations have opened new fields of theoretical interest.Much of this work holds promise of practical development along novel lines. The Harrison Prize is awarded to the chemist of either sex being a natural-born British subject not at the time over 30 years of age who in the opinion of the Selection Committee shall during the previous five years have conducted the most meritorious and promising original investigations in any branch of Chemistry and published the results of those investigations in a scientific periodical or periodicals. Beit Fellowships for Scientific Research.-The Twenty-seventh Election of Fellows will take place on or about the 7th day of July 1945.Not more than three Fellowships will be awarded. Applications must be received on or before 6th April 1945. Forms of Applications and all information may be obtained by letter only addressed to the Registrar Imperial College South Kensington London S.W.7. Canada.-The Canadian Chemical Association the Canadian Institute of Chemistry and the Canadian Sections of the Society of Chemical Industry have co-operated in forming a national chemical organisation known as the Chemical Institute of Canada which will represent some 10,000 chemists and chemical engineers in the Dominion. The Isle of Man Scientific Society.-A Society with this name has been established to promote interest in science in the Island; to facilitate the interchange of information ideas and practice on all matters appertaining to science and the con- sideration and discussion of all questions relating thereto; to invite communications written or oral relating to science; to form and maintain a library of scientific books and journals; and to arrange visits to places of scientific interest.The Society has as its Patron His Excellency the Lieutenant Governor and the first President was F. R. Grundey BSc. The programme of activities in 1944 was opened with a lecture on “The Scientific Method,” by Gerald Leighton O.B.E. I).Sc. M.D. Mr.C. S. Robinson Fellow has been appointed a member of the Royal Commission on Equal Pay. Obituary JAMES KERRYBURBRIDGE died in London on 27th January in his 73rd year. Trained under KekulC and Anschbtz at Bonn and under J.Millar Thomson at King’s College London he became engaged as chemist with Messrs. William Warne Co. I,td. India-rubber manufacturers of Tottenham Middlesex where his father was managing director and he remained with the company eventually as a director throughout his career. He was elected an Associate in 1895 and a Fellow in 1898. CARL WINSTON CASSINIdied while on flying duties in December 1944 in his 23rd year. Educated in India and at Framlingham College Suffolk he studied for four years at Heriot-Watt College Edinburgh obtaining the Diploma of the College in 1942. He then reported to the Air Ministry and was sent abroad to complete his training as a pilot. He was elected an Associate in 1943. SIR ERNEST HENRY COOKdied at Bristol on 18th January in his 90th year.Born at Bristol he was educated at the Trade and Mining School in that city and having gained a Royal Exhibition Scholarship continued his studies at the Royal College of Science Dublin. He gained the Associateship of the College graduated B.Sc. (Lond.) and in 1887 proceeded to D.Sc. For some years he was engaged as a schoolmaster and in 1895 was elected to the Bristol School Board; in 1900 he joined the City Council; in 1905 he became a Justice of the Peace; in 1909 an Alderman and in 1921 became Lord Mayor of Bristol. He received the honour of Knighthood in 1963. He was associated with the constitution of University College Bristol as an independent university from which he later received the honorary degree of D.Sc.In 1927 he was created a Chevalier of the Legion of Honour. He established a consulting and analytical practice in which for many years he was joined in partnership by Mr. 13. 1:. Barke Fellow. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888. At his funeral the Institute was represented by Mr. F. E. Needs. died in London on 30th December in his 63rd year. Of Swiss HENRY DREYFUS origin he was born and educated at B%le where members of his family were already well established in the chemical industry and later studied for two years in Paris. He was%warded the degree of Ph.D. (BAle) in 1905 in which year he began to devote special attention to the chemistry of cellulose esters collaborating with his brother Dr. Camille Dreyfus. In 1916 his process for the production of cellulose acetate was approved by the British Government and he erected a factory for the supply of aero- plane finishes the Spondon Works near Derby in due course came under British Celanese Ltd.of which Dr. Dreyfus became Manager and Technical Director and from 1926 Chairman of the Board of Directors. He made numerous contributions to the chemistry of cellulose acetate and fibres made therefrom and his name is associated with many patents aud processes. In 1936 he was appointed an Officer of the I.cgion of Honour. In 1937 he became a naturalised British subject. In 1939 he received the Perkin Medal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1943. Information has lately been received that WILBRAHAM ARTHUR TOLLEMACHE EDWARDS died at Rose Hill Mauritius early in 1944 in his 77th year.He received his general education at the Mauritius Royal College and under Rev. H. T. J. Coggin, at Fincliley London. He studied from 1889-1891 at the Royal A4gricultural College, Cirencester under Professor Edward Kinch and from ?891-1893 at the Institut Agronomique Paris. He also worked for a time with Sir Henry Gilbert at Kothamsted and in the laboratory of Mr. Benjamin E. R. Newlands. In 1893 he became attached to the Agricultural Experimental Station at RCduit Mauritius and for some years before his retirement was Director of the Municipal Laboratory of the Corporation of Port Louis. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1895. GEORGEDAVIDsoN ELSDON died at Manchester in his 57th year.After acting as assistant to F. H. Alcock Fellow of Birmingham for a year he studied at the University graduated B.Sc. with honours in chemistry. He continued under Professor Percy F. Frankland F.R.S. as a Priestley Research Scholar until 1910 when he was appointed La31 an assistant to J. F. Liverseege &-ellow,,Public Analyst for Birmingham. Later he proceeded to D.Sc. In 1912 to 1914 he was lecturer in chemistry at the XValsall Municipal Technical School. In the latter year he was appointed Public Analyst and Official Agricultural Analyst to the County Borough of Salford and in due course held appointments as chemist to the River Irwell Conservancy Committee Public Analyst for the County of Lancashire from 1926 until $937 when he became Chief Inspector under the Mersey and Irwell Joint Committee now the Lancashire Rivers Board which position he held at the time of his death.He was the author of The Chemistry cirzd Examination of Edible Fats and Oils their Substitutes and Adztlteiants and joint author with Mr. Evers of The Analysis of Drugs and Chenzicals. He was elected an Associate in 1912 and a Fellow in 1915. He served as a Member of Council 1928 to 1931 and from 1933 to 1936; and froin 1937 to 1941 was Examiner in the Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs and of Water. He was an active member of the committee of the Manchester Section. died at Southampton on 20th December in his 66th year. The SYDNEYEMSLEY son of Walter Emsley artist and portrait painter of Manchester he was educated at the Manchester Cathedral Choir School where in 1903 he won a scholarship to the Cheetham Higher Grade School.He received his scientific training at the University Manchester and graduated B.Sc. with honours in chemistry in 1911. He became assistant to Mr. I;.W. F.Arnaud Fellow then Public Analyst for Portsmouth,-now for the County of Kent,-and later held appointments as a research chemist at Woolwich .Arsenal and with the London Rrighlon and South Coast Railway before in 1013 he tiecame assistant to Mr. James Brierley Public Analyst for the County Borough of Southampton. From 1916-1918 however he was engaged on lvar work with Alessrs. Hrunner Mond & Co. at Northwich. He returned to Southampton and on the retire- ment of Mr.Hrierley in 1022 was appointed Public Analyst and Official Agricultural Analyst. Subsequently when Mr. Arthur Angell Analyst for the County of Southamp- ton the Isle of Wight and the City of Winchester died he succeeded to the appoint- ments of Public Analyst for the Isle of Wight and Winchester. He suffered from a claylight enemy raid in 1940 and from that time was in failing health. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1915 and a Fellow in 1919. LEWISSIDNEYFRASEK died at Srnethwick on 29th December 1944 at the age of 48 years. Born at High Wycombe Buclts. and educated at the Royal Grammar School in that town he served with the Royal Engineers (Inland Water Transport) from December 1917 to February 1920.He studied at the Royal College of Science graduated B.Sc. (Lond.) with honours in chemistry and was awarded the Associateship of the College and later the Diploma of the Imperial College (D.I.C.). After taking a post-graduate course in agricultural chemistry with biochemical research he was appointed assistant chemist on the staff of J. S. Fry & Sons Ltd. and in the following ?.ear deputy chief chemist under Dr. H. W. Bywaters. In 1931 he was appointed factory manager and chief chemist with Messrs. Scribbans & Co. Cake Manufacturers Smethwick. During the present war he has served as a Gas Identification Officer in Birmingham. He was elccted an Associate of the Institute in 1921. RAYMOND died at Isleworth on 7th November 1943 in his 24th year.GALLOWAY Born at Isleworth Surrey and educated at Spring Grove Junior and Isleworth County Schools he studied at Birkbeck College while engaged in the radium laboratory of Jchnson Matthey & Co.,Ltd. In October 1939 he was called to the Colours but released in July 1940 at the request of the Company with whom he was later trans- ferred to the research laboratory of the chemical department. He graduated I3.Sc. (Lond.) with first class honours in chemistry in 1942 in which year he was elected an Associate of the Institute. WILLIAMARCHERGRAY died at Queen’s Park London on 15th January in his 31st year. Educated at the Polyteclinic Secondary School Regent Street London he was an assistant at the Custom House in the Government Chemist’s Department from 1934-1938 and attended classes at the Sir John Cass Technical Institute graduat- ing B.Sc.(Lond.) with first class honours in chemistry. From 1938 to 1940 he was an Assistant Examiner at the Patent Office Board of Trade and from 1940 a shift chemist in a Government Factory. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1943. (h‘liss)RUBYCAROLINE GROVES,who died at Windsor on 14th December after a short illness in her 53rd year was educated at King Edward VI Grammar School Aston and at King Edward VI Grammar School Birmingham. She studied at the L 441 University graduating BSc. with honours in chemistry and later proceeded to M.Sc. During the war of 1914-1918 she was an assistant chemist in the Metallurgical Re- search Branch of the Royal Arsenal Woolwich until 1918 when she obtained an appointment in the Scientific and Technical Department of the Imperial Institute where since 1929 she had'been a senior assistant.She contributed papers to the Jozcrnal of Agricultural Science on soil examination and to the Bulletin of the Imperial Institute on allied subjects. She was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1919 and a Fellow in 1934. FREDERICK died at Weymouth on 20th January in his 8lst year. HUDSON-COX Born at the Grammar School Southampton he was trained originally for pharmacy at the School of the Pharmaceutical Society and studied physics at University College London. From 1890 he was engaged successively with the Hydraulic Sanitary Soap Co. Leicester the Automatic Aeration Co.London and the Midland Spinning Co. Long Eaton. From 1896 to 1898 he was an assistant in the laboratory of A. H. Allen Fdlozer of Sheffield and in 1891 was a member of the staff of F. M. Rimmington & Son at Bradford; eventually from 1905 he was in practice as an analytical chemist at Weymouth. He was elected an Associate in 1895 and a Fellow in 1899. DOUGLAS MACCALLuhi died at Glasgow on 26th January 1946 in his ARCHIBALD 1 oth year. Trained at the Glasgow and West of Scotland-now the Royal-Tecbnical College he was for some time assistant to Professor A. Humboldt Sexton and thereafter was engaged in turn as chemist with William Beardmore & Co. Ltd. at Parkhead I'lrilliam Denny & Co. Ltd. at Dumbarton The Steel Co.of Scotland Ltd. at Hallside and with James Dunlop & Co. Ltd. at Tollcross. In 1901 he established a successful analytical and consulting practice in Glasgow dealing especially with metallurgical problems refractories fuel and water. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1918. JOHN STAFFORD died in January 1944 in his 43rd year. Born and educated at Bolton Lancs. he studied at Manchester University graduating B.Sc. with first class honours in chemistry. He continued for two years on research in physical chemistry under Dr. D. H. Bangham and was awrarded the degree of M.Sc. In 1924 he established a practice in Bolton devoting special attention to metallurgy as applied to foundry work and chemical engineering problems. He was Gas Examiner for the County Borough of Bolton and for several Urban District Councils in Lancashire.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1924. GEORGEHUGH UNDERWOOD died at Tidworth on 14th January in his 22nd year. Educated at the City of Bath Boys' School he was in training at the Merchant Venturers' Technical College Bristol before he joined the Colours in 1942 and at the time of his death was a Sergeant in the R.A.O.C. He was registered as a Student of the Institute in 1941. WILLIAMWOODdied at Wrexham on 11th January in his 66th year. Educated in Antwerp and at Duren Germany he studied at the Federal Technical University Zurich where in 1903 he gained the Diploma. He joined his father in the manage- iiient of a caustic potash factory at Antwerp until 1914 when he came to this country and was engaged at a Government factory-as chemist in charge of the manufacture of nitrocotton and of acids and in the recovery of the spent acids.In 1921 he returned to Belgium and resumed for a while the manufacture of caustic potash but later was engaged with a firm of canvas waterproofers. After the outbreak of the present war he was again engaged in work of national importance until his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1919. JASON HALLWORRALL died at Chapeltown near Sheffield on 1st January in his 85th year. He was a pupil of Alfred H. Allen Fellow of Sheffield and later senior assistant and sometime demonstrator in chemistry at the Wesley College Sheffield. In 1886 he was engaged as chemist at the Oil Works of Messrs.Newton Chambers ck Co. Ltd. at Thorncliffe Sheffield with whom he remained until 1925. He was principally concerned with white fluid disinfectants. He was elected a FeIIow in 1888. c 45 1 Books and their Contents Colorimetric Analysis. Noel L. Allport. Pp. xii + 452. (London Chapman & Hall Ltd.) 32s. net. Preface (explaining that the book is devoted to descriptions of actual chemical technique) ; general introduction; metals; acid radicals; substances of clinical and biological significance; alkaloids hormones and vitamins; miscellaneous substances indexes. Factory Planning Fundamentals. Hal Gutteridge. I’p. 12. Institution of Engineering Inspection 2 Caxton Street Westminster S.W. 1. Postwar Planning and Anglo-American Relations.Harold Whitehead and Staff. (Pp. 64). 31 Palace Street London S.W.1. 2s. Gd. net. Scope and method of the survey summary of results; post-war planning; Anglo- American economic relations ; co-operation with American industry. Resonance The Theory of and its Applications to Organic Chemistry. G. \Ir. Wheland. Pp. vi + 316. (New York John Wiley & Sons Inc. and London Chapman and Hall Ltd.). $4.50 net. Theory of resonance; nature of valence; resonance energy; steric effects of reson- ance ; resonance and dipole moments; resonance and molecular spectra; resonance and chemical equilibrium resonance and chemical reaction ; appendix. Author and subject index. Organic Syntheses Methods for the preparation of Organic Chemicals.Editor-in-Chief Nathan L. Drake Vol. 24. Pp. vi + 120. (New York John Wiley & Sms Inc. and London Chapman and Hall Ltd.). 10s. 6d. net. Dr. S. Judd Lewis,Fellow has kindly presented the Institute with a collection of liis publications during the years 1909 to 1934 including papers on zirconium on tinc- tures and drugs but mainly on spectrography. Dr. Judd Lewis has also presented the Institute with a copy of Elements of Chemistry Theoretical and Practical by William Allen Miller 3 volumes Part I Chemical Physics; Part 11 Inorganic Chemistry; Part 111 Organic Chemistry. London 1855-1 857. The book is extra-illustrated with chemical equations represented by coloured hand-drawn designs. Coming Events February 28 ROYALINSTITUTE (Liverpool and North-Western) “Coals Cokes and Chars.” Professor H.L. Riley at the Mining and Technical College Wigan at 6.45 p.m. March ASSOCIATION 1 ABERDEENPHARMACEUTICAL “Penicillin.” Mr. A. I,. Bacharach in Robert Gordon’s College hberdeen at 7.30 p.m. 2 ROYAL INSTITUTE (Aberdeen and North of Scotland) “Vitamins.” Mr. A. L. Bacharach in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre Marischal College Aberdeen at 7.30 p.m. ROYAL INSTITUTE (Cardiff and District) jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry “Some Industrial Applications of X-ray Analysis.” Mr. H. P. Rooksby at the Physics Lecture Theatre University College Cathays Park Cardiff at 6.30 p.m. ROYALINSTITUTE (Manchester and District). Joint Meeting with the Society of Chemical Industry and Chemical Society.“The Chemical Structure of Starch.” Professor E. L. Hirst F.R.S. at the Grand Hotel hytoun Street Manchester at 6 p.m. OF PUBLIC AND OTHERANALYTICAL Akinual General 9 SOCIETY ANALYSTS CHEMISTS Meeting at 3.15 p.m. followed by Presidential Xddress which will include some observations on “Water and Water Supplies,” by Mr. S. E. Melling at the Chemical Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.l at about 4p.m. [ 46 1 March 10 ROYALINSTITUTE (Liverpool & North-Western) “Mechanism of Condensation Reactions.” Dr. J. F. J. Dippy at the Municipal Technical College Widnes at 3 p.m. 1P ROYALINSTITUTE Annual General Meeting at the London School OF CHEMISTRY of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Keppel Street Gower Street W.C.1 at 4 p.m. 14 THE INSTITUTE PETROLEUM: OF Original Papers by Sub-committees of the Standardization Committee at 26 Portland Place London W. 1. ROYAL INSTITUTE (Cardiff and District) Jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry. “The Nature and Significance of the Inorganic Substances in Coal.” Dr. H. E. Crossley at the Technical College Newport at 6.45 p.m. SOCIETY 15 CHEMICAL Liversidge Lecture “Reactions in MonoIayers.” Professor E. K. Rideal M.B.E. F.R.S. at Burlington House Piccadilly London W. 1 at 2.30 p.m. (South Wales) “The Straining of Metals.” Dr. C. A. Edwards, 16 ROYALINSTITUTE F.R.S. in the Royal Institution of South Wales Swansea at 6.30 p.m. (Instead of 9th March as reported in Part VI 1944.) 20 ROYALINSTITUTE (Huddersfield) Annual General Meeting in Field’s Caf6 Hud- dersfield at 6.30 p.m.“The Training of an Organic Chemist,” by Mr. J. R. Rowlands; and “The Removal of Hydrogen Sulphide from Coal Gas,” by Mr. R. J. S. Thompson. 21 ROYALINSTITUTE (London and South Eastern Counties) “The Mechanism of Electrode Measurements.” Professor H. T. S. Britton Joint Meeting with the Institute of Physics at the Royal Institution Albemarle Street London R’.1 at 2.30 p.m. OF CHEMICAL (Birmingham) Jubilee Memorial Lecture. “The 23 SOCIETY INDUSTRY Present Era in Combustion.” Professor D. T. A. Townend at the Chamber of Commerce Birmingham at 6.30 p.m. 34 BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS (St. Helens Section) “Micro-Chemical Analysis,’’ Mr. L. Woods in the Y.M.C.A.Buildings St. Helens at 7.30 p.m. INSTITUTE. 26 ROYAL “Industrial Non-Ferrous Alloys.” Dr. Harold Moore C.B.E. Member of Council at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Keppel Street London W.C.1 at 5 p.m. 28 ROYALINSTITUTE (Birmingham and Midlands) Annual General Meeting. 29 ROYALINSTITUTE (Belfast and District) Annual General Meeting. FOR SCIENTIFICPHOTOGRAPHY 31 ASSOCIATION “High-speed Cinematography,” at Caxton Hall Westminster S.W.l at 2.30 p.m. April 5 BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS(St. Helens Section) “X-rays in Industry.” Dr. N Thorley at Radiant House St. Helens at 7.30 p.m. 13 SOCIETY INDUSTRY: OF CHEMICAL Joint Meeting with the Plastics Group at the Chamber of Commerce Birmingham at 6.30 p.m.1s THE INSTITUTE Joint Meeting with the British Rheologists’ Club OF PETROLEUM at 26 Portland Place London W.1. ROYAL (London and South Eastern Counties) :“Some Empire Vegetable INSTITUTE Oils.” Mr. G. T. Bray in the Lecture Theatre of the Pharmaceutical Society 17 Bloomsbury Square London W.C.1 at 6 p.m. 19 CHEMICAL Annual General Meeting and Presidential Address. SOCIETY 2 1 ASSOCIATIONFOR SCIENTIFIC “A Consideration of the Requirements PHOTOGRAPHY for Micrography and Cinemicrography Apparatus,” Mr. E. Mackie at Caxton Hall Westminster London S.W.l at 2.30 p.m. BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS (St. Helens Section) “Chemical Aspects of X-ray Crystallography.” Dr. N. Thorley in the Y.M.C.A. Buildings St. Helens at 7.30 p.m.25 BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS:Annual General Meeting at the Chamber of Commerce Birmingham at 6.0 p.m. 27 ROYALINSTITUTE. “Soil Metabolism.” Dr. J. H. Quastel F.R.S. Member of Council,at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Keppel Street London W.C.l at 5 p.m. t 47 1 The Register New Fellows Ashton Henry n’orman. Coxon Wilfred Francis MSc. Ph.D. Baker Professor Wilson M.A. (Oxon.) (Lond.). Ph.D. D.Sc. (Manc.). Levvy Guildford ,4lbert Ph.D. D.Sc. Blockey John Reginald M.Sc. (Leeds). (Edin.). Bone Malcolm Drummond B.Sc. (Lond.) Marshall Philip Guy D.Sc. (Leeds). A.R,S.M. Price William Charles BSc. (Wales), Bradford Bernard William B.Sc. Ph.D. P1i.D. (Cantab. and Johns Hopkins). (Lond.),A.K.C.S. D.I.C. Re-e-lectedFellow Holman William Ian Maxwell B.Sc.Agr.(Sydney); Ph.D. (Lond.) D.I.C. Associates elected to the Fellowship Xllchin John Pratt. Levenberg Cecil B.Sc.Eng. (Witwaters- Ashley Julius Nicholson B.Sc. (Birm.) rand) B.Sc. (Leeds). Ph.D. (Manc.). Lunn Harold Britnor. Bruce RGbert James. Macdonald Duncan Mackenzie B.Sc. Bush Frederick William B.Sc. (Lond.). (Lond.). Cousen Arnold M.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.) Marshall Frederick Cecil Barron B.Sc. A.R.C.S. Ph.D. (Lond.) D.I.C. Cowie Douglas Williamson B.Sc. Ph.D. Marshall James Currie B.Sc. (Glas.). (Glas.). Mitra Sachindra Nath B.Sc. (Calcutta), Dames William Morley M.A. Dip. Agr. M.Sc. (Lond.). (Cantab.) B.Sc. (Birm.). Morris Colin John Owen Rhonabwi M.Sc. Davis Harold B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.) (Wales) Yh.D.(Lond.). Ph.C. Myerscough Leslie Charles B.Sc. (Lond.). Del Mar Ronald Henry M.A. (Cantab.). Newbery George BSc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. Elson Leslie Alderman B.Sc. Ph.D. D.I.C. (Lond.). Oliver James Herbert B.Sc. Ph.D. Evans Norman Leslie B.Sc. (Birm.). (Lond.). Farber Louis Nathan B.A. B.Sc. Ph.D. Randall Frederick Charles M.Sc. (Lond.). (Cape). Ritchie Peter Aitken A.H.-W.C. Francis-Carter Charles Francis Jack Scharff Godfrey Edward B.A. (Cantab.) O.B.E. A.I.R.I. Garforth Bertram B.Sc. Ph.D. (Leeds). Smith James Fergus B.Sc. Ph.D. Grist Ralph Alfred Sidney B.A. (Oxon.). (Edin.). Ham Albert John B.Sc. Ph.D. (Bris.). Squire George Victor Vincent B.Sc. Hamied Khwaja Abdul B.Sc. (Allaha-(Lond.). bad) Ph.D. (Berlin). Strachan James Thallon. Hampson Cyril Garforth B.Sc.Tech.Sundaram Ayyar Komal Viswanatha (Manc.). M.Sc. (Calcutta). Hare Andrew Thomas Stewart A.H.-W.C. Tobias Benjamin Franklin B.Sc. (Lond.). Harrison Antony Ashwin A.R.C.S. Vaughan Reginald Edward BSc. Ph.D. Haslewood Geoffrey Arthur Dering M.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. 1’h.D. (Lond.). Walker Alexander Nicholson B.Sc. Hearne James Frederick. (Glas.). Hoknes Eusebius B.Sc. Ph.D. (Birm.). Ward Alfred Thomas KSc. (Lond.). Hudswell Fred M.A. (Cantab.). Webb Thomas Gilbert BSc. (N.U.I.), Jenner Roy Maurice B.Sc. B.Pharm. A.R.C.Sc.1. Pl1.C. Wells Robert Stirling B.A. (Cantab.). Johnson Robert Ian B.Sc. (Lond.). Wilson Donald Cumming B.Sc. (Edin.) Kenrick David Arnold B.Sc.Tech. A. H.-W.C. (Manc.). r 48 1 New Associates Anantakrishnan Coimbatore Panchanada M.Sc.(Madras). Armstrong John Wilson B.Sc. (Glas.). Atkinson Alexander Joseph B.Sc. Dip. Ed. (&din.). Baldit Gerald Lucien B.Sc. (Lond.). Bassett Edward Arthur B.Sc. (Lond.). Baxter Arthur M.A. B.Sc. (Oxon.). Bell Herbert Harold. Belton James Gabriel B.Sc. (N.U.I.). Benton Shirley Faulkner B.Sc. (Birm.). Bevan Tom Harry B.Sc. (Bris.). Bidwell Miss Ethel B.Sc. (Lond.). Biggs Arthur Ian B.Sc. (N.Z.). Bowers Vincent Henry Malcolm B.A. (T.C.D.). Box Francis William B.Sc. (Lond.). Burns David B.Sc. (Lond.). Cairns Alan Cole Hooper B.*4. B.Sc. (Oxon.). Campbell George BSc. (Edin.). Cavill George William Kenneth B.Sc. (Sydney). Coates William Marsden B.Sc. (Lond.). Connellan James B.Sc.(N.U. I.). Cooke Edward Vincent BSc. (Manc.). Cudlipp Gerald William B.Sc. (Lond.). Dalziel Keith B.Sc. (Lond.). Daroux William Gerard A.M.1.Chem.E. Davies Edward Sydney M.Sc. Dip. Ed. (Wales). Dawson Peter Stephen Shevyn B.Sc. (Birm.). Dean Alastair Campbell Ross B.Sc. (Glas.). Dews Fred Hubbins B.Sc. Dip.Ed. (Leeds). Dodd Arthur Edward M.Sc. (Lond.). Doherty James McEleney. Doyle Frank Peter BSc. (Lond.). Ellis Trefor Owen B.Sc. (Wales). Ellinger Miss Gabrielle Marianne BSc. (Lond.). Elvidge John Arthur B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. Epstein Charles M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.). Evans Rowland Arthen B.Sc. (Wales). Gardner John Baxter B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. D.I.C. Goldschmidt Wilfrid Bernard BSc. (S.A.). Goinberg Heiem B.Sc.(Lond.) A.K.C.S. Gordon Arthur Abe B.Sc. (Leeds) M.P.S. Greenfield Miss Florence Mabel B.Sc. (Lond.). Gregory Miss Pamela Zoe B.Sc. (Lond.). Harrison Kenneth Henry B.Sc. (Lond.). Hawkins Cyril George B.Sc. (Lond.). Haynes Leonard John A.R.C.S. Henly Albert Arthur B.Sc. (Lond.). Herringshaw John Francis B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. Hirsh Benjamin Woolf B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. D.I.C. Honeyman John M.A. B.Sc. Ph.Z). (St. Andrews). Howieson William B.Sc. (Glas.). Hughes John Sylvan B.Sc. (Lond.). Hunter James George B.Sc. (Glas.). Ilett John David B.A. (Cantab.). R.Sc. (Lond.). Jenkins Cecil. Jenkinson George Robert. Keen Moss M.Sc. (Liv.). Lacey Richard Norman B.Sc. (Iand.), A.R.C.S.. D.I.C. Laidler Douglas Stuart B.Sc.1’h.D. (Dunelm). Latham Peter Kenneth KSc. Imid.). 1-ewis Douglas Stanley B.Sc. [\\‘ales). Lyth Rupert M.Sc. (Manc.) Dip.Bact. Marshall Peter Robert B.Sc. (Dunelm). McKenzie Helen Mackay M.A. B.Sc. (Aberd.). Meggy -Alexander Bernard B.Sc. (Lond.), 1’h.D. (Oxon.). JIiall Lawrence Mackenzie B.A.(Cantab.). Nills James B.Sc. Ph.D. (Dunelm). Nicholls Robert Emmanuel B.Sc. (Lond.). Norris JIiss Joan Ruth B.A. (Cantab.). Nutt Cecil Wilfred B.Sc. (Bris.). Ottaway James Henry B.Sc. (Lond.). Owen Morgan David B.Sc. (Wales). Patterson Edward Mervyn M.Sc. (Q.U.B.). Pearson Ronald Mead. Poole Arthur B.Sc. (Lond.). Powell John Foster M.A. (Oxon.). Pratt Norman Hunt MSc. (Lond.). Puttick Alfred Vernon. Quinn James B.Sc.(St. Andrews). Kajagopalan Srinivasa M.Sc. (Madras). Raine Philip Alexander. Richardson Bernard. Riley John Price B.Sc. (Liv.). Robertson Charles McKinnon B.Sc. (Edin.) Ph.D. Ross Kenneth John B.Sc. (Lond.). Sahasrabud hey Ramchandra Hari M.Sc. Ph.D. (Agra). Sane Janardan Balkrishna iM.Sc.Tech. (Bom bay). Sansbury Harry B.A. B.Sc. (Oxon.), D.I.C. Savaage Frank &LA. B.Sc. (Oxon.). Scowcroft West Haslam. Scullion Henry James B.Sc. (Glas.). Sen Parimal Kuniar B.Sc. (Calcutta) B.Sc. Tech. (Manc.). Shapiro Solomon B.Sc. (Lond.). Shau- Brian Maxwell B.Sc. (Lond.). Sheldon David B.Sc. (Lond.). Shorter George Victor. Smith Thomas David B.Sc. (Lond.). Stack-Dunne Michael Patrick B.Sc. (Lond.). c 49 1 Storey Ralph Alexander B.Sc.Ph.D. (St. Andrews). Stroud Stanley William R.Sc. (Lond.). Taylor Ernest Alexander B.Sc. M.Ed. (Leeds). Tew Reginald Percy. Thorn John Alexander B.Sc. (Lond.), Ph.D. (Edin.). Thomas \Villiam David Emrys B.Sc. Ph.D. (Wales). Trollope Philip B.A. (Oxon.). Walker Arthur B.Sc. (Lond.). Uryash Philip. Weale Kenneth Edward B.Sc. (Wales). Vc’liipp Henry B.Sc. (Lond.). Whittington Jack Geoffrey. Williams Walter Hugh Ph.C. Willing Ernest George John B.Sc. (Lond.). Wilson Richard B.Sc. (Lond.). Wood Dennis John Cecil B.Sc. (Lond.). Wood Herbert John B.Sc. (N.Z.). JIatthews Thomas Henry (Dunelm). Ridge Dudley M.Sc. (Lontl.). Berry James Peter. Blow Miss Dorothy Alice. Boyd Daniel Robert John.Boyd George. Bromilow Jack. Brown Edward Gordon. Churley Kenneth Leonard. Cliffe John Owen. Cox Ivor Samuel. Cozens-Watts Gilbert Ernest. Crosbie Reginald Benjamin. Dewhurst Roy. Dobson Samuel. Dobson Stanley. Reelected Associates B.Sc. Ritchie Thomas B.Sc. A.R.T.C. (Glas.). Weall Victor Maurice B.Sc. (Lond.). New Students Matthew Roy Derek. McGlashan Douglas Knight Anderson. Page Miss Delia Margaret. Parker Stuart Henry. Podmore Dennis Arthur. Powell Leslie. Pumphrey James Greville. Rea Allen Arthur. Reeve Sydney George. Riddell Richard Henry. Rimmer Alan Keith. Roper Miss Barbara Mary. Rowe David John Michel. Shorten George Alfred. Silk Stanley Joseph. Sidlow Richard. Slater Frank Milnes.Smith John Colin Dinsdale. Spivack Michael. Stroud Rliss Molly. Sutcliffe Kenneth George. Thain Eric Malcolm. Thomas Derek Malcolm. Tibbs Geoffrey Thomas. Timmons Christopher John. Turner Robert John. Valentine Leslie Mackenzie. Wilson Roy Vernon. Wolfenden George. CTood Norman. Dunn Henry Conrad. Eastwood Roger. Ewart John Archibald Douglas. Farndon John Ernest. I:oster George. Fulton David McGrouther Blackwood. Gardner Arthur George. Harris Isadore. Hindle. Miss Winefred. Holman Peter Dennis Hocking. Hopliins Hubert Brian. Johnson Miss Hilda Betty. Johnson Thomas John Clifford. Lows Leonard. JIardiall Jefferson. Martin Alexander Lawson. Martin Leslie Edwin. DEATHS Fellows James Kerry Burbridge.Sir Ernest Henry Cook Hon.D.Sc. (Bris. and Lond.) A.R.C.Sc.1. (Chevalier Legion d’Honneur) . Henry Dreyfus Ph.D. (Basle). \Villiam Tollemache Arthur Edwards. George Davidson Elsdon D.Sc. (Birm.). Sydney Emsley D.Sc. (Vic.). Ruby Caroline Groves M.Sc. (Birm.). Frederick Hudson-Cox. Douglas Archibald MacCullum. Jason Hall Worrall. c 503 Associates Carl Winston Cassini A.H.-W.C. (killed in flying duties). Lewis Sidney Fraser B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. D.I.C. Raymond Galloway B.Sc. (Lond.). William Archer Gray. Annie Clapham Holgate B.Sc. (Lond.) John Stafford. William Wood. John Yeoman B.Sc. (Liv.). Flying Officer (killed in flying duties). Registered Student George Hugh Underwood Sergeant R.A.O.C.General Notices The Annual General Meeting of the Institute will be held on haanday 12th March 1945 at 4 p.m. Election of Omcers and Council.-The Balloting List for the election of Officers Censors and Members of Council has been issued. Votes must be received at the office of the Institute not later than 4 p.m. on 10th March. Lectures.-Dr. Harold Moore C.B.E. Member of Council has kindly undertaken to give a lecture on “Industrial Non-Ferrous Alloys,’’ at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Keppel Street London W.C.l on Monday 26th March 1945 at 5 p.m. Dr. J. H. Quastel F.R.S. Member of CounciE has kindly undertaken to give a lecture on “Soil Metabolism,” at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine on Friday 27th April 1945 at 5 p.m.The President Professor Alexander Findlay will preside on both occasions. The Journal and Proceedings. Owing to paper rationing and steady increase in membership stocks of the Journal of the Institute are short. The Publications Com-mittee will be grateful if members who do not keep their journals will return to the Secretary copies of recent Parts-especially Parts IV V and VI 1944. Examinations.-Arrangements have been made to hold examinations for the Associateship commencing on 9th April and for the Fellowship commencing on 30th April. It is hoped that examinations will also be held in September. Full information will be given at a later date. The Council has decided that save in exceptional circumstances candidates should not be admitted to the Examination for the Fellowship until three years from the date of their qualifying for admission to the Associateship in order that they may have had adequate time to acquire the additional knowledge and experience necessary.Active Service.-Fellows Associates and Registered Students who are on active service with the Navy Army and Air Force as well as Recipients of Honours and Awards are requested to notify the Institute giving such particulars as may be permissible as to their rank unit etc. Notices to Associates-Associates who desire to qualify for the Fellowship can obtain copies of the Regulations and forms of application from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments or are desirous of extending their opportunities is kept at the offices of the Institute.For full information inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. rJ-511 Libraries.-The Library of the Institute is available to Fellows Associates and Registered Students from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. on week-days (except Saturdays 10 a.m. to 1 p.m.) ;the Library of the Chemical Society is available for those wishing to consult or borrow books from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. (except Saturdays 10 a.m. to 1p.m.). Books may be borrowed from the Science Library Science Museum South Kensington S.W.7 on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Secretary of the Institute. Information regarding facilities afforded to members by Lewis’s Lending Library can also be obtained from the Registrar.Boots’ Booklovers Library.-Under the arrangements made on behalf of Fellows and Associates with Boots’ Booklovers Library the service for current subscriptions will expire on 1st-MARCH. Fresh application forms must be obtained by those who desire to receive the service. Members must renew their subscriptions or return the last volume and membership token to the local or most convenient branch of the Library on or before 1st March. Forms can be obtained from the Registrar. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers (Is. 7d. each) for binding the JOURNAL in annual volumes are requested to notify the Secretary of their requirements indicating the years for which the covers are required. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-Enquiries should be addressed to the Secretary.As the slides are frequently in demand members are requested to notify their require- ments at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.-Fellows Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give so far as possible their permanent addresses for registration. All requests for changes in the Register should be addressed to the Registrar and not to the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. In order to facilitate identification Fellows and Associates are asked to give their full initials on communications addressed to the Institute. In the prevailing circumstances Fellows and Associates are also asked not invariably to expect formal acknowledgments of communications addressed to the Institute unless replies are necessary.BENEVOLENT FUND.-Contributions for 1945 may be sent to the Honorary Treasurer 30 Russell Square London W.C.l. Forms for Deeds of Covenant and Forms of Bequest may be obtained from the Secretary. JOINT SUBSCRIPTION SCHEMES Fellows and Associates and Registered Students who wish to participate in the scheme under which they can acquire for a reduced subscription joint membership of the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry and substantial privileges as to publications can obtain particulars from the Conjoint Chemical Office 6 Burlington Gardens Piccadilly London W. 1.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/RG9456900001

出版商:RSC    

年代:1945

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND FOUNDED 1877 INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER 1885 Patron -H.M. THE KING JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS PART 11 1945 Publications Committee 1945-46 F. P. Dunn (Chairnzan),A. L. Bacharach F. Challenger R. C. Chirnside L. Eynon Alexander Findlay (President) Osman Jones D. Jordan-Lloyd H. Moore and J. H. Quastel Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee H. J. T. ELLINGHAM Secre hry 30 RUSSELLSQUARE, LONDON,W.C.1 Ap7C 194.5 Officers and Members of Council 1945-1946 PRESIDENT ALEXAKDER FINDLAY 3I.A. LL.D. l3.S~. VICE-PRESIDENTS ALFRED LOUIS BACHiIRACH M.A. wrxAnr CULLEN LL.D. ~I.I.CHEM.E. FREDERICK PERCY DUNN B.Sc. A.R.C.S. IAN MORRIS HEILBRON D.S.O.D.Sc. F.R.S. DOROTHY JORD*IN-LLOYD M.A. D.Sc. WILLIAM HENRY ROBERTS XSc. HON. TREASURER JOHN C,HRJSTISOTU’ WHITE O.B.E. bI.C. X.K.C. MEMBERS OF COUNCIL HARRY BAINES D.Sc. London and South-Eastern Couiities. JAMES EMRYS BOjVEN B.Sc. PH.~. Abevdeen and North of Srotlartd. GEORGE RREAKLEY B.Sc. Liverpool and North-West Coast. GEORGE NORMAN BURKHARDT M.Sc. PH.D. Ma??chester. FREDERICK CHALLENGER Pn.D. D.Sc. Leeds. RALPH CLARK CHIRYSIDE Londoiz. ARTHUR CHURCHMAN Rirminghain. GEORGE ROGER CLEhIO D.PHIL. D.Sc. F.R.S. Newrustla upon Tyne. JOHN WILLIAM CORRAN BSc. PH.D. Xorwich. ALBERT COULTHARD E.Sc. PH.D. Mnnchester aizd District. JOHN CHESTER COWA4P B.Sc. Oaerseas Dominions and elsea*herfe abroad. JOHN FREDERICK JAMES DIPPY PH.D.D.Sc. Wigan. EDWARD CHARLES DODDS M.V.O. D.Sc. M.D. F.R.S. London. GILBERT ELLIOT DODDS A.H.-W.C. Edinburgh and East of Scotlasid. GEORGE DRIXG M.A. B.Sc. I?irwtinghals?. HARRY JULIUS EMELBUS n.sc. A.R.C.S. London. ARTHUR ERNEST EVEREST PH.D. D.Sc. Yorkshire. LEWIS EYNON B.Sc. Londo??. THOMAS HAROLD GANT A.R.C.S. M.I.CHEM.E. Bir~zinghaiwand ilIidlami. ARNOLD TREVOR GREEN F.INsT.P. A.AI.I.CHEM.E. iVewcastle-under-L~~~e. JOHN RIASSON GULLAND M.A. PH.~., D.Sc. F.R.S. Noltinghanz. GEORGE FREDERICK HALL M.B.E. B.Sc. East Midland and So& Yorkshire. MERVYN HECTOR HALL M.Sc. Northern Ireland. ROBERT DOWNS HAWORTI-I PH.D. D.Sc. F.R.S. Shejield. DONALD HOLROYDE HEY ~’H.D.,D.Sc. illunchester. OSlLIAN JONES Byisto2 and So~ifh-Coztntics.LVCS~PY~Z RCNALD HEXRY JONES Iffalesand the Cozwty of L.lo?inzoz&i. DOUGLAS WILLIAM KENT- JONES B.Sc. Pz1.D. Londoiz. JOHN WILLIAM KERR B.Sc. Glasgow and West of Scotland. JAMES GRIEVE KING O.B.E. PH.D. D.Sc. A.R.T.C. Lorido~. FREDERICK MEASHAhl LEA O.B.E. D.Sc. London. GERALD ROCHE LYNCH O.B.E. M.B. B.S. D.P.H. Lo~rdoit. GUY FREDERIC MARRIAN D.Sc. F.R.S. Edinbzwgh. HAROLD b100I<E C.B.E. PH.D. D.Sc. F.INsT.P.: Londoii JOHN WILI’RID PXRKES M.Sc. Dublin Eire. SIR ROBERT PICKARD D.Sc. F.R.S. ,lla?zcIi?ster. ALFRED JOHN PRINCE M.Sc. ?~T.I.CHHM.E. R~lli)zghniii. JUDA HIRSCH QUASTEJ, D.Sc. F.R S. Camhridggc. FRED SCHOLEFIELD &I.%. iTKam9zester. ALEXAFDER RORERTUS TODD D.PHIL.,D.Sc. F.K.S. Cainbridge. HARRY WEATHERALL Liveqbool.HERBERT NEWTON WILSON A’eze castle zipon Tyne arid Nortlz-East Coast. [ 54 ] COMMITTEES FOR 1945-1946 COMMITTEES OF COUNCIL EMERGENCY COMMITTEE THEPRESIDENT,* THE VICE-PRESIDENTS AND THE HONORARY TREASURER. FINANCE AND HOUSE COMMITTEE THEPRESIDENT WITH A. COULTHARD L. EYNON D. JORDAN-LLOYD D. W. KENT-JONES, J. G. KING G. ROCHE LYNCH AND J. C. WHITE.* LEGAL AND PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEE THEPRESIDENT *WITH A L BACHARACH W.CULLEN E. C. DODDS T. H. GANT J. M. GULLAND, I. M. HEILB~ON,H. ‘MOORE SIR KO~ERTPIC~RD AND w. 8. ROBERTS. NOMINATIONS EXAMINATIONS AND INSTITUTIONS COMMITTEE THEPRESIDENT,* I. M. HEILBRON (\’ICE-CHAIRMAS) ; THE COUNCIL IN COMMITTEE. PUBLICATIONS AND LIBRARY COMMITTEE THEPRESIDENT WITH A.L. BACHARACH F. CHALLENGER R. C. CHIRXSIDE F. P. DUNN,* L. EYNON OSMAN JONES D. JORDAS-LLOYD H. MOORE AND J. H. QUASTEL. SPECIAL COMMITTEES APPOINTMENTS COMMITTEE THE PRESIDENT WITH J. W. COOK J. F. J. DIPPY N. EVERS A. T. GREEN J. M. GULLAND R. D. HAWORTH W. G. HISCOCK L. A. JORDAN D. JORDAN-LLOYD,* J. G. KING J. R. NICHOLLS A. J. PRINCE W. H. ROBERTS li. E. SLADE €1. A. TEMPANY AND W. WAKDLAW. BENEVOLENT FUND COMMITTEE ’ THE PRESIDENT WITH J. C. WHITE (HoN.TIZEASOR~.R),* THE FINANCE AND HOUSE COMMITTEE J. G. A. GRIFFITHS A-ND E. M. HAWKINS. PUBLICITY COMMITTEE A. L. BACHARACH,* WITH J. W. CORRAN \V. CULLEX G. E. DODDS L. EYNON S. J. JOHNSTONE, J. G KING E. Q. LAWS A. J. PKINCE AND H. M‘EATHERALL. t “WELFARE ” COMMITTEE THEPRESIDENT,* WITH R.C. CHIRNSIDE A. CHURCHMAN J. I?. J. DIPPY G. E. DODDS D. JORDAN-LLOYD L. H. LAMPITT SIR ROBERT PICKARD AND J. C. WHITE. t COMMITTEE RE THIRD GRADE AND ASSOCIATES ON THE COUNCIL THEPRESIDENT,* WITH G. E. DODDS D. M. FREELAND H. H. HODGSON OSMAN JONES L. H. LAMPITT G. ROCHE LYNCH W. S. PATTERSON AND SIR ROBERT PICKAKD. COMMITTEE ON REVISION OF CHARTER AND BY-LAWS THEPRESIDENT,* WITH A. L. BACHARACH R. C. CHIRNSIDE G. E. DODDS I. hl. HEILBRON, D. JORDAN-LLOYD G. ROCHE LYNCH G’ S. W. MARLOW SIR ROBERT PICKARD AND J. C. WHITE. t PATENTS COMMITTEE THEPRESIDENT WITHE.F. .4RMSTRONG W.H. BALLANTYHE W.CULLEN F. B. DEHN GEORGE DRING J. G. FIFE D. H. HEY AND SIR ROBERT PICKAKD. REPRESENTATIVES ON JOINT COMMITTEES AND ON OTHER BODIES NATIONAL CERTIFICATES IN CHEMISTRY REPRESENTATIVES ON THE JOINT COMMITTEE WITH (a) THE MINISTRY OF EDUCATION (ENGLAND AND WALES) THEPRESIDENT WITH G.N. EURKHARDT L. EYNON AND H. N. W71LSON. (b) THE SCOTTISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT TIIE PRESIDENT WITH J. W.COOK G. E. DODDS AND J. WEIR.* (c) THE MINISTRY OF EDUCATION (NORTHERN IRELAND) THEPRESIDENT WITH RI. H. HALL. REPRESENTATIVES ON THE CHEMICAL COUNCIL A. L. BACHARACH D. JORDAN-LLOYD SIR ROBERT PICI<hIID AND THE HONORARY TREASU KE R. REPRESENTATIVES ON THE JOINT LIBRARY COMMITTEE A. L. BACHARACH H. V. A. BRISCOE H. W. CREMER AXD A. EINDLAY. REPRESENTATIVES ON THE JOINT COMMITTEE OF THE INSTITUTE AND THE SOCIETY OF PUBLIC ANALYSTS THEPRESIDENT WITH A. L. BACHARACH F. H. CARR H. E. COX AND E.HINKS. * Indicates Chairman. t Committees re-appointed to complete specific work. REPRESENTATIVES ON THE JOINT COUNCIL OF PROFESSIONAL SCIENTISTS A. FINDLAY I. M. HEILBRON G. ROCHE LYNCH 13. MOORE SIR ROBERT PICKARD* AND H. J. T. ELLINGHAM. REPRESENTATIVE ON THE POISONS BOARD (PHARMACY AND POISONS ACT 1933) G. ROCHE LYNCH. REPRESENTATIVES ON THE PARLIAMENTARY AND SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE THEPRESIDENT WITII A. L. BACHARACH AND H. J. T. ELLINGHAXI. REPRESENTATIVE ON THE HEADMASTERS' EMPLOYMENT COMMITTEE OF THE MINISTRY OF LABOUR I<. L. COLLETT. CENSORS 1945-46 THE PRESIDENT cf-officio. IAN MORRIS HEILBRON D.S.O. DSc. F.H.S. GERALD ROCHE LYNCH. O.B.E.. M.B.. B.S. HAROLD MOORE C.B.E.,' Pii.D. 'DSc. ' SIR ROBERT ROBINSON M.A.D.Sc. F.K.S. BOARD OF EXAMINERS FOR THE ASSOCIATESHIP AND FELLOWSHIP 1945-46 Ckniniznn Trr~PRESII>EYI. Represeittativcs of the Xontinaliorts ExawiirLatiorrs and Zitslitirtiorts Corrtmittez F. CHALLENGER R. C. CHIRNSIDE K. D. HAWORTH AND A. J. PRIXCE. Exnritirrers for the ~ssociatdship G. 11. DESNETT 11..4. Sc.L). (CASTAU.),\VILLIAAI \VARDLAW DSC. (DUNELX). t.'.vaiiziners for the Feilos.sLi/ I3raiich A.-~SOKCASIC CIiEa1Ih.i I<\- \VlLl,I.%hl IV.ARL)LA\V 11.S~.(I~SELY). Branch B.-PHYSIC.~L CHEIIISTRY R. G. M'.NOKRISH ?LA. Sc.D. (CAKTAB.) F.K.S. 13raiich C.-ORGAXIC CHEMISTRY: G. .\I. BENXETT MA. Sc.D. (CANTAB.). Uranch ~).-UIOCHEMISTRY R. .4. MORTON PH.L).,DSc. (LIv.). Uranch Ii.-TiiE CHEYISlRY ISCLUDISC hfICWOSCOPY 01 FOOD .\YD IIXVGS .\6D OE IVA'IEK H.E. cox, DSc. (LoND.). THERAPEUTICS ASU C. H. HAhlPSHIRE PHARMACOLOGYMICROSCOPY XU. B.S. B.Sc. (LoND.) XI.R.C.S. L.R.C.P. ]:ranch ];.-ACRICCLTURAL CIIELIISTRY: R. 0. D.4V11:S >I.%. (\V.\LES). Branch G.-~SDI;STRIAL CHENISTRY TECHSOLOGY) (GESERALCHEMICAL H. IV. CKE,\lICR 31.S~. (LosD.) JI.I.CHEM.E. Examiners in the special sections of llranch G will be appointed as rcqiiired. 13rar;cli H.--(;I.xERAI ASALYTICAL H. K. \VILSOS. CHEMISTRY Branch I. -\VATER SUPPLY ASD THE TREATalENr OF SEWAGI' ASD TRADE s. E. JiELLIXC EYFLUENTJ ASD E. .%RDERN D.SC. (MANC.). I<,L@JjLk?YS for Oval 6xniizirtntiorts H. V. A. BRISCOE I>.Sc. (LONU.),J. l<. NICHOLLS DSc. (LoND.). HON. AUDITORS 1945-46 Cl,.%LvI)l<LEOPOLD CLAREMOST USc.(LosD.) ASD E.DWAI<D QLEXTIbi L.4WS BSc. (LoND.). AUDITORS 1945-46 AlkSSKS. J. I'. I'INI,AY PEARSON 8r CO. CIIaIlerCrl ;Iccoitrttajlls. SOLICITORS MESSHS. .\l.AKKBY STEWART & \\'AUESOSS 5 Bishopsgate London E.C.Y. BANKERS THE \VESTAIINSTER BASK LTD. t:IuouidJury lk~~icli, 214 High Holborn London \V.L.l. SECRETARY HAROLD JOH.\NX THOMAS ELLISGH.111 PH.L). (LosD.) F.K.I.C. REGISTRAR HOSALD LESLIId COLLETT M.A. (CASTAB.),P.R.I.C. DATES OF COUNCIL MEETINGS MAY 1jTH JUNE Y ~ JULY lh'H OCTOHI:R 161~XOVEMBER, FRIDAYS 20rir APRIL ?~TH H 21sr DECEMBER 1949; 18rH JANUARY Isr AND I~THFEBRUARY 1946. ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING TCESDAY 13nz MARCH 19iK * Indicates Chairman. CSGI Proceedings of the Council Council Meeting 16th February 1945.-Applications from two Sections for approval of proposed alterations in their Rules were deferred for general consideration of how far Rules of Local Sections should be further co-ordinated while still leaving scope for diversities required to meet local conditions.It was agreed that this general question be referred to the Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. The Council received and adopted wi tli minor modifications a Report of the “Welfare” Committee on several matters referred to it including the question “whether the Institute should concern itself to a greater extent than at present with the economic welfare of its members and if so what action should be taken.” It was agreed that the conclusions reached on this question should be set forth in an article to be printed in JOURNAL AND (see PROCEEDINGSp.So). The Council also adopted the Committee’s recommendation that representations be made to the Burnham Committee pointing out that in order to attract graduates to the teaching profession “a considerably higher additional remuneration over the basic salary should be offered.” Approval was given to a proposal that a schedule should be prepared of members in practice as independent consultants with particulars of their principal fields of work and that this schedule should be available to enquirers. The draft document entitled “Suggested Clauses for incorporation in Contracts of Service for Chemists” was referred back for further considera- tion by the Joint Conference in view of the information that additional comments were being sent through the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers.The Report of the Finance and House Committee was received and adopted including a recommendation that the major part of the funds of the Institute in Australia and New Zealand be transferred to London. The Council received and adopted the Report of the Publications Com-mittee stating inter alia that lectures by Mr. Osman Jones and Dr. F. M. Lea were in the hands of the printers; that the Ministry of Information was being approached regarding their request to publish matter derived from Institute lectures and publications in periodicals sponsored by the Ministry for circulation in allied countries; that consideration was still being given to a request from the Birmingham Section to reprint Mr.Woollatt’s “Chemical Engineering Notes,” but that a decision had been deferred for further examination of the principles involved; that on the suggestion of the South Yorkshire Section Mr. R. Belcher had been invited to prepare a monograph dealing with developments in the technique and applications of Micro- chemistry; and that at a future meeting the Committee proposed to review the list of “free” exchanges of publications. On the recommendation of the Special Committee re (a) eligibility of Associates for service on the Council and (b) whether there should be a third grade in the Institute it was decided that no further action was called for with regard to (a),and that further consideration of (b) be deferred until the Government’s intention with regard to post-war registration of chemists had been declared.[ 57 1 The Reports of the Nominations Examinations and Institutions Com-mittee were received and adopted and the Board of Examiners was re- appointed except as regards Branch I of the Fellowship where a new appointment was necessitated by the death of Dr. E. V. Suckling (see p. 56). The Honorary Corresponding Secretaries for Overseas Dominions were re-appointed. The President expressed thanks to the retiring Members of Council for their services during the past year. Council Meeting 23rd March 1945.-The election of Officers and Council for 1945-46 was reported (see p.54) and the President welcomed new members who were present. Dates of Council Meetings were fixed and the Committees and their Chairmen for 1945-46 were appointed (see p. 55). The appointment of the new Committee on Economic Status and Welfare was deferred to the next meeting of Council. The Report of the Nominations Examinations and Institutions Com- mittee was received and adopted and recommendations for admission to Studentship and to Examination and for election to Associateship and Fellowship were approved. It was reported that the Chancellor of the Exchequer had indicated that subscriptions of employees to professional institutions would continue to be admissible as deductible expenses in relation to Income Tax only where membership of such an institution was a condition of employment.Work on the document entitled “Suggested Clauses for incorporation in Contracts of Service for Chemists” was reported to be nearing completion it was agreed that it should be published in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS (see p. 82). A letter from the Department of Scientific and Industcal Research on the need for providing after the war improved facilities for enabling industrial firms readily to get into touch with consultants experienced in particular fields of work was considered in relation to Council’s previous decision to draw up a schedule of members of the Institute engaged in practice as independent consultants. It was agreed that the Institute should collaborate in endeavouring to secure improvements in and extensions of these facilities.The President reported briefly the conclusions of the Joint Committee of the Institute and the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists on questions arising from the activities of the Emergency Public Health Laboratories and indicated that correspondence with the Ministry of Health on the matter was proceeding. A Report was received of a resolution passed at the Annual General Meeting of the Incorporated Association of Headmasters regretting the continuance of the system of receiving articled pupils on payment of premiums. Consideration of relevant aspects of this question was referred to the Committee on Economic Status and Welfare. The President reported on negotiations with the Ministry of Education referring to the inclusion of technological courses in the scheme for Ordinary National Certificates.It was decided to inform the Ministry that the Council was in full accord with the Chemistry Education Advisory Board in regarding the inclusion of such subjects at this stage as unsatisfactory, and that no new schemes including technological courses would be approved. [a81 The Report of a Special Committee on Terminology was received and adopted and approval was given to the recommendation that an invitation be issued to certain cognate bodies to join with the Institute in a conference to consider a scheme for drawing up precise definitions of scientific terns. A suggestion was received from a member that the Institute should take the initiative in bringing about the establishment of a Rare Chemicals Bureau; enquiries are being made as to the implications and possibilities of t.his proposal.The question whether any special arrangements were needed to ensure co-ordination of interests when one Section desired to hold a meeting in the area of another was referred to the Conference of Honorary Secretarks zf Local Sections. Reports of meetings of the Chemical Council were received referring inter alia to the appointment of Committees; publicity; the Library of the Chemical Society and accommodation; adequacy of the paper ration for various chemical bodies; and finance. It was reported that the Ministry of Information had indicated a desire to be able to publish abstracts of Institute lectures etc.in periodicals issued by them for circulation in certain allied countries and officials of the Ministry had given an assurance that in order to ensure accuracy matter derived from such sources would not be released for publication without previous submission to the Institute. Sixty-Seventh Annual General Meeting MONDAY 12th MARCH 1945 The Sixty-seventh Annual General Meeting of the Royal Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland was held at 30. Russell Square London W.C.l on Monday the 12th day of March 1945 at 4 p.m. Professor Alexander Findlay M.A. DSc. LL.D. President in the chair. The PRESIDENT read the Notice convening the Meeting. MINuTES.-The Minutes of the 66th Annual General Meeting (JOURNAL AND PRO-CEEDINGS, 1944 Part 11).were taken as read and were confirmed and signed. ANNUAL AccouNTs.-In presenting the Financial Statements for 1944 Mr. J. C. White the Hon. Treasurer said:- I do not propose to comment in detail upon the accounts which you have before you AND PROCEEDINGS, (JOURNAL Part I. 1945). I would however endeavour to focus attention on the financial needs and prospects of the future. He would be bold indeed who attempted to forecast with any degree of confidence or detail conditions that may arise in the immediate post-war period when no doubt some restriction upon and limitation of the activities of bodies such as the Institute may be maintained for months if not years notably in matters of publications alterations to or re-decoration of premises replacement of worn out or obsoIete equipment modifica- tion of the Charter etc.That considerable expenditure for such purposes will be required however is beyond question and the Finance Committee and the Council have had these matters in mind throughout the war and in increasing measure in each succeeding year. As you are aware Reserve Funds were established as far back as 1939 in respect of Publications and 1940 in respect of War Contingencies and though each of these funds has now reached the L5,OOO mark it is not felt that these sums are any too large to cover eventualities. The publication of the full Register before the war when the membership was of the order of 7,000 cost approximately L900; to-day with 9,200 members and enhanced costs the next issue may well cost L1,500.Similarly with “Official Chemical Appoint- ments,” the cost in 1937 was f;l,lOO but we may have to budget for the next issue in a [ 59 1 sum approaching the same figure-f11,600. A new issue of “The Profession of Chemis-try” will shortly be required at a cost of something like L300. The Journal we all hope to see in its pre-nar size if not larger and therefore a con- siderable increase in cost is to be anticipated. The restriction of publication of recent advances in our science made during the war period will inevitably lead to the delivery and publication of many more lectures in the near future lvith corresponding calls upon our resources. We may in consequence expect our Publications Reserve to become very sma!l.Turning to the War Contingencies Reserve War Damage claims vcill inevitably fall short of the cost of repairs and as re-decoration has been impossible ii1 recent years a very comprehensive programme is called for as soon as circumstances permit. Jioreover alterations to the buildings may be necessary to provide greater and better oliice accommodation. In recent years Examinations have becii hilt1 in centres outside these premises a practice that will probably be continued. Wl~t udl then be the best use to be made of the Laboratories in future? Expense may bc inwli-ed here also. I do not therefore anticipate any material residue from these Reserve l:un,ls which account for k10,600 of our Investments leaving at 31st December 1044 only L44,500.Some will say “why only?”-for covetous eyes have often been cast on these investments. The facts are that we have 391 living members who have taken advantage of Life Composition and the equivalent of their normal annual subscription amounts to ,t;S20. Our income from investments other than the Ll0,SOO earmarked for Neserves amounts in these days of cheap money and high taxation to only @60 so that \ye have only L40 per annum left out of our income from investments after covering the sub- scription of life compounding members. The better side of the financial picture is the greatly increased income clue to in- creased membership and it is therefore from income that we must hope 13 meet in the near future numerous and highly desirable developments both at 30 rhssell Square and in the Local Sections.I beg to move that the Financial Statements for 1944 be received and adopted and that the thanks of the Institute be accorded to the Honorary Auditors Mr. C. I,. Claremont and Dr. J. G. A. Griffiths and also to the professional Auditors Alessrs. J. Y. Finlay Pearson & Co. for their services. Seconding the motion Mr. J. C. Cowap referred to the valuable work that the Hon. Treasurer had done for the Institute in the past year. The motion and the votes of thanks were carried unanimously. REPORTOF COUNCILFOR THE YEAR1944-45-The President said:-It is my privilege to move the adoption of the Report of the Council for the year 1944-45 which was published in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, issued last month and is now in your hands.Soon after our last Annual General Meeting. the Institute received the Supplemental Charter granted by His Majesty the King confirming its title as The Royal Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland. The change of title necessitated a change in the Seal of the Institute and it was considered by some that the occasion was opportune for the introduction of an entirely new Seal. A design embodying two pelicans and recalling the apparatus known as a twin pelican used by the alchemists of the Middle Ages was suggested by an eminent artist and designer of official seals; but this design although artistically attractive failed to gain the approval of our members. The figure of Priestley the great amateur of chemistry has therefore been retained the lettering of the Seal being altered as shown in the drawing reproduced in the Report.During the period of the war now in its sixth year heavy demands have been made on the general body of chemists many of whom were called to important national service in Government Ordnance Factories even before they had completed their courses of training while others were at the very beginning of their scientific careers. Of necessity these chemists were sometimes compelled by the nature of their service to live in an isolation which was anything but splendid and which cut them off from the general life of their science. The Institute therefore was glad to make arrangements for some of its Fellows to visit ordnance factories and to address the chemists there OR subjects of chemical and professional interest.These visits and addresses made with the concurrence of the Ministry of Supply were warmly welcomed by the workers who derived great benefit from them. I am glad to have this opportunity of emphasising the value and importance of this service and of thanking those Fellows who rendered it. It is with profound regret that one has to note the removal from our midst by death of some of our most senior and notable members chemists who had attained positions of high fame in the profession and had rendered important service to the Institute and the community. In the list of our losses there stands out the name of our Vice-president [ 60 1 and immediate past President John Jacob Fox who as Examiner Member of Council and President gave memorable and devoted service to the Institute; who also enriched science by his researches and for many years rendered important national service as Government Chemist.Prominent in the field of industrial chemistry were Olaf Bloch who made notable improvements in photographic materials for use in scientific work and Sir John Jarmay of Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. ; Sir Ernest Cook for some time Lord Mayor of Bristol and Ernest Victor Suckling Examiner for the Fellowship of the Institute in the recently established Branch I have been removed from the ranks of analytical and consulting chemists; and teaching and research have suffered loss through the deaths of Forsyth James Wilson and Harold Hunter former Members of Council and of Ida Smedley Maclean.At the Annual General Meeting last year I drew attention to the fact that during the preceding year the increase in our membership 462 was one of the largest annual increases in our records.* During the past year however the increase.!ids been >ti! greater namely 534 the increase in the number of Fellows being 340 and of Associates 194. I may recall that whereas the average annual increase in the number of Fellows during the four years 1939-1943 was 51 the increase during the year 1943-1944 was 297. It is clear therefore that the very notable increase in the number of Fellows which occurred in that year has been maintained during the past year. It is moreover of special interest to note that during the past year the number (353) of Associates elected to the Fellowship is considerably greater than the number (315) elected in the previous year.From this fact one may infer I think that the attitude of Associates towards the Fellowship has markedly altered in recent years. The relatively large increases in the number of Associates elected to the Fellowship are of great interest and importance and one will not be wrong I think in attributing them to a better understanding by Associates of the Regulations and of the way in which they are interpreted. It has been pointed out on more than one occasion that while it is the intention of the Council to maintain the high standard of qualification required for the Fellowship it is not intended that this standard shoulcl be so high that it can be attained only by a small minority of Associates of exceptional ability.In framing the Regulations for admission to the Fellowship the Council had in mind the very great diversity not only of the activities of chemists but also of the conditions under which they work and of the circumstances which lead them to seek admission to the Fellowship; and the Regulations were framed so as to make it possible for most of the Associates to qualify for the Fellowship either by examination or by the successful prosecution of their professional activities during a certain period of years. This fact is now I believe being more fully realised by our Associates. You will observe from the Report that the burden of work thrown on the Nomina- tions Examinations and Institutions Committee has continued to increase the number of applications for Studentship Associateship and Fellowship having grown from 1,293 to 1,590.As a consequence it has been found necessary to postpone each Report of the Committee till the meeting of the Council in the month following the meeting of the Committee. The resulting delay in informing candidates of the result of their applica- tions is regrettable but during the war emergency period unavoidable. The Committee has carried out its onerous duties with a care and judgment which have earned the gratitude of all our members. It will be noted that the number of candidates for the Fellowship and Associateship by examination continues to increase and the standard of qualification of the candidates has been well maintained.We shall all I am sure heartily endorse the expression of gratitude which the Report conveys to all those who have devoted so much of their time and thought to the examination of the candidates. As you will see from the Financial Statement attached to the Report the finances of the Institute which are managed with great care by our Honorary Treasurer Mr. J. C. White are in a very satisfactory state. Like any private person the Institute has been compelled by various Governmental restrictions to exercise the virtue of thrift a virtue which some may regard as outmoded; and a substantial reserve fund has been built up which will enable the Institute at the end of the war and when the present restrictions are removed not only to resume a number of its normal activities which have had to remain in abeyance during the war period but also considerably to extend its activities and services both centrally and in the Local Sections.It is also pleasing to note that subscriptions to the Benevolent Fund show a con- siderable increase over those of the previous year and that more subscriptions are being made under Deed of Covenant. As there has been no serious increase in the demands *Attention may be drawn to an error in the table on p. 57 of the JOUR~ALAVD PROCEEDINGS for 1944. The annual increase for the year 1940-1941 should read 221 instead of 241; the total increase for SIX years should be 1697 instead of 1717; and the average annual increase should be 283 instead of 286.C611 on the Fund during the past year it has been possible to strengthen the basis of the Fund by increasing the reserve. This conservative treatment of the finance of the Fund is all the more important in view of the decision of the Council to maintain the Fund on a voluntary basis; and I would take this opportunity of directing the attention of all members of the Institute to the article which was published in Part VI of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS for 1944. The continuing rapid expansion of our membership and the increasing diversity of the activities of chemists and of their impacts on the life of the community make the work of administration of the Institute more and more onerous. During the past year there have been not only eleven meetings of the Council but also no fewer than ninety- seven meetings of Committees Sub-committees and Board of Examiners.At a time when all members of the Council are very fully occupied not only with their professional duties but also with special work of national importance the demands which attendance at the meetings of the Council and its Committees makes on the time energy and thought of members of the Council are very heavy indeed and are probably far from being fully appreciated by other members of the Institute. I can assure you that for anyone who carries out his duties conscientiously membership of the Council is very far from being a sinecure. It is for me as Chairman of the Council a matter for regret that I have to say fare- well-for a brief period only I hope-to our senior vice-president Dr.Lampitt whose wise counsel we shall greatly miss and to those members of the Council who under our By-Laws are ineligible for re-election. To these and to all other members of the Council and especially to the Chairmen and members of the various Committees who have laboured so untiringly in the interests of the Institute I would offer our sincere thanks my own no less than yours. Here also I would take the opportunity of expressing to the Registrar and Secretary and to all members of his staff our warm appreciation of the efficient and devoted service which they have rendered to the Institute during a period of great strain and difficulty. No institution has been better served.While the administration of the affairs of the Institute must necessarily be carried out centrally the activities of the Institute as a brotherhood of living men and women spread over the whole country must increasingly find expression in the Local Sections. There provision must be made for keeping alive the sense of brotherhood through social intercourse between the members; and in the Local Sections also the scientific interests of the members and especially of the younger members must be encouraged and main- tained by means of lectures and discussions to which members of the Section no less than visiting lecturers must make their contribution. Visits of lecturers from outside the area of a Local Section are of great value in maintaining and extending the scientific interests and outlook of members and in enabling them to make personal contact with those who are playing a leading part in the advancement of the science of chemistry and of its applications.The records of the meetings of the Local Sections which are contained in the Report of the Council give impressive evidence of the vitality of the Sections and of the great work which they are successfully doing in maintaining the scientific interests of their members and the comradeship of the profession. To the Hon. Secretaries of the Local Sections for their valuable and self-sacrificing labours the gratitude of all members is due. As in previous years so during the year that has passed members of the Council and other members of the Institute have co-operated with other bodies in the consideration of matters not only of professional interest but also of national importance.The im- portance of such collaboration at the present time and indeed at any time cannot be exaggerated. Reports on some of the results achieved have been submitted to the Council and made known to our members from time to time. In the important work of the Chemical Council in seeking to bring about greater collaboration among the various organisations of chemists and better co-ordination of their activities representatives of the Institute have continued to play their part. One is glad to note that the Joint Membership Schemes the initiation of which I regard as one of the most important achievements of the Chemical Council are proving in- creasingly successful and are attracting a larger number of Fellows Associates and Students to the support of the publishing Societies.One may also congratulate the Chemical Council on having gained from industrial firms and private subscribers greatly increased financial support for chemical publications. It is gratifying to note from the Report of the Lord Hankey Committee on Higher Appointments a summary of which appears in Part 1 of the JOURNAL AND PROCEED- INGS for 1945 that proposals laid before them by the Joint Council of Professional Scientists have been to a considerable extent adopted. It may be noted however that whereas the Joint Council favoured the retention of the Central Register in its present form to deal with appointments of professionally qualified chemists and physicists 162 1 only during the period of resettlement after the war the Hankey Committee recommend that the Central Register (in slightly modified form) should become a permanent branch of the Appointments Department of the Ministry of Labour.It is stated however that “in certain cases the Appointments Department might treat an agency as the sole agent for dealing with all applicants and vacancies in a particular occupation.” I hope that so far as qualified chemists are concerned the work of the Appointments Department may be entrusted mainly at least to the Royal Institute of Chemistry. Definite action has not yet been taken by the Government and it will be the business of the Officers of the Institute to watch developments so that in the interests of chemists and of the community fullest advantage may be taken of the help which the Institute can give and which it has expressed its desire to give.It is appropriate to refer here to the fact that the Institute through its Appoint- ments Committee has already taken steps to ascertain how many of our Fellows Associates and Students are likely to be without employment when they are dernobilised from the Forces or released from work directly connected with the war. In due course such assistance as may be necessary for the placing of these men or women in suitable posts will be taken by the Appointments Committee and the Registrar. The representatives of the Institute have continued to take an active part in the deliberations of the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee from the vice-presidency of which one regrets to note Mr.l’ilcher has recently retired. During the past year the Committee has issued a Report embodying a scientific policy for British Agriculture and one may confidently expect that this Report will exercise a determining influence on future agricultural policy in this country. Other problems relating to the future of scientific research in Great Britain are under consideration by the Committee. Among these may be mentioned the education and training in adequate numbers of all grades of scientific workers; the organisation of research; the education of industry in the im- portance and proper use of scientific research and the bringing home not only to our legislators but to the people generally some knowledge of the achievements poten-tialities and limitations of science.It will be the duty and privilege of your represen- tatives to make their contribution to the solution of these very important problems. Last year I made reference to the rapidly growing power and influence of the Parlia- mentary and Scientific Committee; and of this power and influence there has been I am sure no abatement. Many years ago the American chemist Dr. Arthur Little gave rather impatient expression to the thought that in the ranks of science there is knowledge without power and in politics power without knowledge. In so far as there is truth in that complaint and in so far as the existing state of affairs is inimical to the best interests of the community service on the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee gives I believe to men of science an opportunity to bring about a better balance between science and politics and between knowledge and power.It must certainly be realised that the tasks of government and the formation of a national and international policy which will secure the fullest and most complete development and expression of human nature when beauty and goodness merge and blend together with truth depend in part on values other than the scientific and involve problems which cannot be solved merely by the application of the laws of natural science. In securing the material well-being of the people however and in advancing industrial prosperity science is all-important ; and the representatives of scientific institutions on the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee by offering their special contribution of knowledge and experience to the discussions of the Committee free from political bias can and do play an important part in keeping Parliament informed regarding the discoveries and applications of science to human and industrial well-being and in ensuring that national policy is guided by scientific knowledge.To the representatives of science on the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee moreover the opportunity is also given of interpreting to those who in the language of Dr. Little have power without knowledge the scientific method of approach to the problems of government and of national administration a method infused with the spirit of truth rather than of prejudice or of party partisanship.In recent years there has been a much fuller understanding by the Government and by all sections of the community of the importance of science and a greater appreciation of the service which men of science have rendered to the country at war and of the service which they can render in times of peace. The Lord President of the Council (Mr. Attlee) has publicly proclaimed that the great research departments of the Govern- ment the universities and industry have played an outstanding part in the achievement of victory; and that British scientists whose reputation in abstract science is so high, have been brought closely into the counsels of the Cabinet and the higher command and have proved themselves second to none in the application of science to the practical problems of war.The importance of science for the industrial prosperity of the country and the part which science and especially the science of chemistry can play and will f 63 1 play in the development ot great iien industrie3 have beeii recogiiised in recent days by the Minister of Information ; and the Government and great chemical industries have provided or have promised to provide very notable financial resources for the encouragement of research in chemistry and of instruction in chemical engineering. These are indeed very welcome signs of an increasing appreciation of the value of scientific knowledge and research and it is now our duty as chemists to go forward with great hope in our hearts each determined that nothing shall be wanting from that contribution to science or its applications which his training and natural abilities enable him to make and of which the country is in sore need.It is now sixty years since the Institute of Chemistry was incorporated by Royal Charter and since that time there has been a more than twenty-fold increase of its membership. Moreover not only has the number of professionally qualified chemists very greatly increased but there has also taken place a remarkable expansion of their activities..hqth in range and variety. It is a tribute to the wisdom and foresight of those who were responsible for drawing up the Charter that the Institute has been able so successfully to adapt itself to changing conditions.The time has however come for the Institute to re-formulate its aims and interests and to adapt its organisation so as the more effectively to achieve its aims and fulfil its responsibilities. On this work the Council has been engaged during the war years and I am glad to say is now approaching the end of its labours. Important matters of policy affecting our Charter and By-Laws and relating to the organisation as well as to the activities of the Institute have been under consideration; and 1trust that the decisions which have been reached will soon find expression in a Supplemental Charter and rcskcd By-Laws so that on the return of peace the Institute may with greatcr authority and freedom more effectively safeguard the interests of its membcrs and still further enhance the prestige and status of the profession of chemistry in the interests of the community no less than of its members.Of the questions of policy which have been under discussion during the past two or three years one of the most important has reference to the constitution of the Council. While it is of importance that the varied activities of chemists should be adequately represented on the Council it was thought by a number of members that the Council as an administrative and executive body had expanded beyond the point of maximum efficiency. In 1941 therefore a Special Committee was appointed to consider the constitution of the Council and the advisability of modifying the method of nomination and election of AZembers of Council (see JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1945 Part I p.39). After considering the report af this Committee the Ccuncil decided to recommend to the members of the Institute that various changes should be made and By-Laws giving effect to the proposed changes were drafted and approved by the Council in 1943. By that time however the question of the eligibility of Associates for membership of the Council had begun to be debated and the revised FJy-Laws were therefore not submitted for the consideration of the Fellows .and Associates. Although the Council on more than one occasion had decided against the admission of -Associates to its membership a persistent opposition to this decision was maintained. The replies however of members to the recently issued questionary have clearly demonstrated-and I think that this is a point \vliicli should be emphasised-that the C,ouncil did in this case at least accurately reflect the general opinion of Associates as well as of Fellows.The Council therefore agreed at its last meeting that there is no justification for petitioning for a Supplemental Charter in order to make Associates eligible for membership of the Council; and it decided to make known the changes in the constitution and mode of election of Members of Council which had been approved in 1943 and to submit the proposals for the consideration of the Local Sections. X statement of the proposals is given in the Jou~ix-4~ AXD 1-’RXEEDISCIS 1945 l’art I p. 40.At the Annual General nleeting last year I expressed the hope that the Council would consider nhetlier the Institute should concern itself more even than it does at present with the economic welfare of its niembers and what action if any should be taken. I am glad to say that these questions have been under consideration during the past year by a Special Committee of the Council and the results of its deliberations are now ready for publication (see p. 80.) I have left to the end of my remarks rcference to a matter which has I am sure been uppermost in the mind of each inember present as it has been in mine. This afternoon hIr. Pilcher is present for the last time at our Annual GeneralhIeeting as Registrar and Secretary of the Institute. An appreciation of hlr.t’ilcher’s work for the Institute will be published in the JOUKXAL AND PROCET~DINGS (see p. 67) but I cannot allow this occasion to pass without expressing to him in your name and in the name of all our members our gratitude for the unique service which he has rendered to the Institute. For fifty years Nr. Pilcher has acted as Secretary and for forty-five years as Registrar and Secretary and he has seen the membership of the Institute grow from something over 800 to well over 9,000. Throughout his long period of service he has devoted himself wholeheartedly to furthering the interests of the Institute and the profession of chemistry and to promoting the welfare of our members; and for his counsel and advice always willingly and gladly given he has earned the special gratitude of many.In the romantic pre-scientific era of chemistry and especially in its literary and artistic expression Mr. Pilcher has taken much interest ; and his lectures on A Zchemists in Art and Literature and on the earlier history of chemistry have given pleasure to many. Mr. Pilcher’s literary ability has also found expression in various publications issued by the Institute and especially in his History of the Institute 1877-1914 which is an historical document of great value. May we hope that the greater leisure which our Registrar and Secretary will now enjoy will enable him to make further contribu- tions to our historical literature. It is with great regret that we say farewell to Mr. Pilcher as Registrar and Secretary and I know that you would wish me to assure him that he carries into the years of his retirement the gratitude and affectionate good wishes of all members of the Institute.In former days of greater dynastic stability the cry of “The King is dead” was followed quite naturally and spontaneously by the cry “Long live the King.’’ In our Royal Institute the dynastic principle seems to be still more firmly established for on losing one king we have now gained two kings the offices of Registrar and of Secretary, conjoined forty-five years ago having once more been separated. While therefore we may to-day feel a sense of loss we shall go forward into the future with hope and confidence. To the office of Secretary there now comes one who has long been known and highly esteemed in the world of chemistry and whose business gifts and organisa- tional ability have been widely recognised.To the office of Registrar the Council has called one who has already given many years of valued service to the Institute and whose knowledge and experience not only in matters relating to education and exami- nations but also in matters relating to the employment of chemists will thus we are glad to know continue to be available for the benefit of the Institute and the advantage of its members. To Dr. Ellingham as Secretary and to Mr. Collett as Registrar all members of the Institute will give a very warm welcome and will cherish the confident hope that with them as Executive Officers the prosperity of the Institute will further increase and its glory still more brightly shine.I have now pleasure in moving- That the Report of the Council for 1944-1945 be received and adopted. Dr. Roche Lynch said :-It is my very pleasant duty to second the motion which the President has moved. The Report of the Council we have seen printed in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, and this afternoon we have heard a very scholarly address from the President who has amplified the somewhat cold statements of fact which have appeared in print. I should particularly like to associate myself as I know you would all wish to do with the remarks which the President made about Mr. Pilcher and also with the warm welcome which he gave to Dr. Ellingham and to Mr. Collett. You will all agree with me if I make the formal request that the President allow his Address to be printed in our PROCEEDINGS.The motion was carried unanimously. REPORTOF THE SCRUTINEERS.-BefOre reading the report Mr. Richard B. Pilcher said that he would like to thank the President for the kind remarks which he had made and Dr. Roche Lynch for what he said in support of them. The Report was as follows The number of valid voting papers received for the election of Officers was 2150 and the following qualified for election :-President Alexander Findlay (2135); Vice-Presidents I. M. Heilbron (2113) William Cullen (2106) A. L. Bacharah (2105) F. P. Dunn (ZIOZ),D. Jordan-Lloyd (2097) W. H. Roberts (2090); Hon. Treasurer J. C. White (2146). The number of valid votes cast for General Members of Council was 2145 and the following qualified for election:-G.Roche Lynch (1697) Sir Robert Pickard (1613) R. D. Haworth (1676) Arthur Churchman (1494) A. R. Todd (1490), F. Challenger (1467) J. W. Corran (1454) 9.H. Hey (1442),George Dring’(1438) G. R. Clemo (1428) R. C. Chirnside (1423) G. N. Burkhardt (1409) A. J. Prince (1408) F. Scholefield (l408) G. F. Marrian (1385) E. C. Dodds (1383) J. I?. J. Dippy (1376), J. M. Gulland (1366) J. H. Quastel (1357) Harold Moore (1336) H. J. Emel6us (1319), F. M. Lea (1313) Lewis Eynon (1306) J. G. King (1245) A. T. Green (1238) Harry Weatherall (1152) D. W. Kent-Jones (1140). The number of valid votes cast for Censors was 1991 and the following qualified for election:-G. Roche Lynch (1718), I. M. Heilbron (1667) Sir Robert Robinson (1611) Harold Moore (1238).The following voting papers were disallowed according to the By-laws :-118 from Fellows and C653 Associates whose subscriptions were in arrear 4 unsigned ; 22 received after the close of the poll; 5 in respect of votes for Council; 2 papers received from one member. The PRESIDENT declared the Officers Members of Council and Censors whose names had been read out from the Report of the Scrutineers duly elected to their respective offices. In proposing a vote of thanks to the Scrutineers Mr. B. A. Ellis and Mr. H. S. Rooke the President said that the task involved in scrutinising the votes of over 2,000 members was by no means a light one and members were greatly indebted to Mr. Ellis and Mr. Rooke for the care time and trouble which they had taken.Mr. C. L. CLAREMONT seconded the proposal and the vote of thanks was carried unanimously with acclamation. APPOINTMENT OF AuDIToRs.-The President proposed the re-appointment of Mr. C. L. Claremont and Dr. Roche Lynch the re-appointment of Dr. J. G. A. Griffiths. Dr. GRIFFITHS said that he appreciated very much this nomination and regarded it as a mark of continued confidence but having held this office for a number of years, he felt that the time had come when someone else should have this privilege he asked therefore to be allowed to stand down. Mr. D. M. FREELAND said that he understood that Mr. E. Q. Laws was willing to serve as Honorary Auditor in place of Dr. Griffiths who now had another task on his shoulders in the Honorary Secretaryship of the London Section ;he therefore proposed the appointment of Mr.E. Q. Laws. This proposal having been seconded the President moved that Mr. C. L. Claremont and Mr. E. Q. Laws be appointed Hon. Auditors for 1945-46. The motion was carried unanimously. Mr. J. C. WHITE (Hon. Treasurer) then proposed the re-appointment of the Pro- fessional Auditors Messrs. J. Y. Finlay Pearson & Co. Chartered Accountants for the ensuing year at a fee of fifty guineas. The motion was seconded put and carried. VOTEOF THANKS MEMBERS TO THE RETIRING OF CouNcIL.-In moving this vote of thanks Mr. A. L. BACHARACH said that the new members of the Council would find it by no means an easy task to contribute the same amount to the sum total of activities of the Council as had been contributed by those who were now retiring.He drew attention to the increase in the number of ballot papers returned which he believed for the first time in the history of the Institute had passed the 2,000 mark. This seemed to indicate that members were taking that increasing interest in the work of the Council which so many had hoped to see. This development and the increasing number of Associates applying for admission to the Fellowship boded well for the future of the Institute. A great responsibility was placed on the new members of the Council. In shouldering their responsibilities he felt sure that they could not do better than follow in the footsteps of those who were now passing from the Council for the time being.In seconding this vote of thanks Mr. LEWIS EYNON said that as one who has been on the Council for a great many years intermittently he knew how much the members of the Council were called upon to do in the service of the Institute and was sure that their work was appreciated. The vote of thanks was curried unanimously with acclamation. The proceedings then terminated. f 663 Richard Bertram Pilcher O.B.E. F.C.I.S. Richard B. Pilcher was born at Patrixbourne near Canterbury on 23rd March 1874. He was the third and youngest son of Herbert Edward Pilcher land agent to the Marquess Conyngham. In 1890 he was with a firm of stockbrokers in the City of London but two years later he was appointed Clerk at the Institute of Chemistry and then began that associa- tion which lasted for 53 years; and as has so often been said “The Institute is Pilcher and Pilcher is the Institute.” In 1894 he was appointed Assistant Secretary and in 1S95 Secretary while in 1900 he became Registrar and Secretary.During that time membership of the Institute has grown from about 800 to well over 9000. Although Pilcher has never claimed to be counted as a chemist he took Millar Thornson’s lectures at King’s College London for two years and attended Jackson’s evening practical classes during the same period. He was much attached to the College while Thomson was Hon. Registrar and many past students of King’s will remember that at the annual social evenings in the Senior Common Room his “songs at the piano” were a regular feature.He was also a moderate performer on the banjo. 24th August 1899 was a memorable day for Pilcher as on that day he was married to Violet Frances daughter of George Alfred Sims Land Agent to the Baron Ferdinand and later to Miss Alice de Rothschild. Now he has two sons and one daughter one of the sons being a Captain in the Royal Artillery on the staff of the 15th India Corps in Burma. That the Institute is so well known is largely due to the many activities of our former Registrar and Secretary. He has lectured in over fifty Colleges and Schools on “Science as a Career,” and on the early history of science. He broadcast from 2 L.O. (27th September 1923) on “How to hecome a Chemist.” During the war of 1914-1918 he was Secretary of the Glass Research Committee co-operating with the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research and with the Department of Optical Munitions.Moreover the Institute was the chief agency for securing chemists for the Admiralty War Officc Royal Air Force Ministry of Munitions and other Government Departments. From 1918-1920 he was a member of the Officers Resettlement Committee; from 1919-1924 a. member of the Grants Committee Appointments Department; and from 1920 to the present time a member of the Headmaster’s Employment Committee-these three being committees of the Ministry of Labour. He served as Hon. Secretary of the Chemical Council from its inception in 1935,until 1943. A Committee in which he has taken great interest is the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee of which he became a member in 1935 and Vice- President in 1943.He was elected a Fellow of the Chartered Institute of Secretaries in 1897 became a Member of Council in 1908 Vice-president 1924-1926 and President 1926-1927. His love for his home county has always persisted and he is Vice-president and Past Chairman of Council of the Association of Men of Kent and Kentish Men. From 1898 to 1914 while he lived on the premises of the Institute in Bloomsbury Square he was for several years a member of the Board of Guardians for the parishes of St. George and St. Giles. He was a Com- missioner for the Square and later for Russell Square under Statutes for the r 67 1 management of the gardens.He was Chairman for over ten years of the Commissioners for Russell Square until the control passed into the hands of the Holborn Borough Council during the present war when his colleagues marked the occasion by making him a presentation in appreciation of his services. He served as a Special Constable throughout the war of 1914-1918 retiring as a Deputy Sub-Inspector. For several years he was a member of the Committee of the Chemical (Industry) Club and was one of the founders- with Stanley Carr and J. P. Longstaff-of the Scientific Societies’ Secre- taries’ Club. A characteristic feature of Pilcher’s personality is the intense loyalty he has always evoked from his staff. Of his work at the Institute nothing was nearer to his heart than the Benevolent Fund of which he has been Honorary Secretary since 1920.He has published several books all well known to successive generations of Fellows and Associates of the Institute :-History of the Institutc 1877-1914; What I.t.Idztstry Owes to Chemical Science (jointly with Frank Butler-Jones) xst Edition 1918,2nd Edition 1923 3rd Edition in the Press; The Profession of Chemistry 1919,4th Edition 1938; O@cial Chemical Appoiihnents 1906,9th Edition 1937; Chefnistry as a Career 1923;Alchemists in Art and Literature 1933;A Century of Chemistry From Boyle fo Priestley 1940 Other contributions have been published in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS of the Institute The Secretary and other journals. In 1917,011 his completing 25 years with the Institute the Hon.Officers and Members of Council presented him with a silver rose bowl; in 1925 on completing zj years as Registrar and Secretary the Fellows and Associates raised a Fund of over E425,which was devoted to the purchase of furniture and plate; in 1927,on the occasion of the celebration of the Jubilee of the foundation of the Institute he was presented with a silver biscuit box and in 1942 on completing 50 years’ service past and present Officers and Members of Council presented him with a silver waiter suitably inscribed and a plan-chest for the accommodation of his collection of prints. The good wishes of all Fellows and Associates go with Yilcher in his retirement when he will be able to devote his energies to his hobbies- prints of chemical and other scientific interest of which he has a very fine collection; the early history of science; carpentry; and last but not least gardening.Prior to the meeting of Council held on 16th February the Officers and Council together with Past Officers and Members of Council resident in the London area enter- tained Mr. Pilcher the retiring Registrar and Secretary and Mrs. Pilcher to luncheon at the Russell Hotel. Mr. W. H. Bird Mr. S. E. Cam Mr. G. S. W. Marlow and Dr. S. Miall were present as guests. In proposing the toast of Mr. and Mrs. Pilcher the President said that they were gathered together in all the intimacy of a family circle to do honour to their very good friend Richard Pilcher. Many messages of good wishes had also been received from members who regretted their inability to be present.He felt sure that their Registrar and Secretary on looking back on his fifty years of unique and successful achievement must be filled with a quiet pride and a great joy and with the consciousness of an important and difficult job well done. Wealth in money he might not have acquired but he had acquired a wealth of happiness and of friendship and that greater weaith which is but the capitalisation of good deeds and of service to his fellow men. After recalling the varied and important services which Mr. Pilcher had rendered to the Institute his work as a representative of the Institute on various committees as well as his literary contributions the President emphasised Mr. Pilcher’s interest in the human side of the Institute’s activities.For him the Institute had never been [681 an impersonal thing but a brotherhood of living men and women in whose welfare he was deeply interested; and this interest had found its most notable expression through the Benevolent Fund. In the name of those present and of all members of the Institute the President expressed their heartfelt gratitude to Mr. Pilcher for his long and devoted service; and offered to him and to RIrs. Pilcher whom equally with her husband they desired to honour sincere good wishes for health and happiness and prayed that the period of retirement might be one of peace and serenity. Sir Robert Pickard Past President in supporting the remarks of the President recalled the early days of the frock-coat and top-hat.He had always been impressed by the way in which Pilcher ran the ofice-as the father of a happy family. Mr. Pilcher in reply expressed his gratitude and thanks for the kindness and con- sideration shown to him and for the kind messages received from absent friends and his appreciation of the honour done to himself and his wife. They were indeed honoured by such a company. Referring to his long association with the Institute he said he had known all the Presidents nearly all the Vice-presidents all the Honorary Treasurers and a multitude of Councillors who in their forbearance and he would like to think in their wisdom had encouraged him and helped him on what had proved to be a way remarkably free from very serious trouble although at times it had been uphill.He would not start at “1892 and all that,” but would merely give expression to his sincere gratitude and warm appreciation of all that had made his career a happy one. He recalled the kindness shown to him in his early days by his first President. Sir William Tilden and by Professor J. Millar Thomson and read a letter which he had received from Sir William Tilden when it was proposed to appoint him as Assistant Secretary in 1894; in the following year he had been appointed Secretary under Professor Thomson as Honorary Registrar. He was especially glad to see present the three past Assistant Secretaries Mr. S. E. Carr General Secretary of the Chemical Society who had kept his place warm for him when he was ill and spent a winter in Switzerland; Mr.W. H. Bird Secretary of the Institute of Brewing whom he never knew to lose his temper; and Mr. G. S. W. Marlow Secretary of the Faraday Society. Each had been with the Institute for seven years which recalled Holy Writ and the injunction-“At the end of every seven years thou shalt make a release.” Then came Mr. Collett who had been keenly devoted to the affairs of the Institute and its members for 20 years and as Registrar would succeed to half of his title while his new friend Dr. Ellingham as Secretary took the other half and had recently taken a “better half.” He wished them both the best of luck. It was to be expected that he would repeat as he had so often done his appreciation of the management of the office and incidentally of himself by Miss Cawston who had trained so many young people and watched their interests.Among other members of the staff who deserved his sincere thanks were Miss Madge Wilson (29 years) her sister Miss Raynar Wilson and Miss Haywood his own personal secretary (each 28 years), and he would like to add Leonard Winder now and since the outbreak of war serving with the Forces. and D. A. Arnold the Accounts Clerk. His thanks also were due to the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections and to the Honorary Corresponding Secre- taries in various parts of the Empire as well as to all who helped with the Benevolent Fund. He hoped that the Benevolent Fund Committee would maintain close relations with the Drapers’ Company that had been so helpful and also with Reed’s School where seven children of members of the Institute had been and several were still being educated.He hoped that they would believe that he had tried to give the Institute a square deal. He had loved his work; it had been his hobby and his pleasure and he believed that that was the only course for one occupyinn the position of Secretary of such an organisation. He had seen the roll of membershbip of the Institute grow from 825 to 9225 and the finances improved so that it no longer feared to venture on further expansion of its activities. He was proud of the Register ; there was none like it in the world. In these times the country would be poor indeed without such a body as the Institute. Fellows and Associates themselves should be proud of it; they had made it; the founders knew what they were about when they laid the foundations.The Fellows and Associates were the bricks; all true bricks cemented by good fellowship. In thanking them again he knew that they realised also that he owed more than he could tell to his wife whom they had invited to be with him that day for her care and devotion and encouragement. With the permission of the President he concluded by proposing the toast “The Royal Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland may it continue to flourish !” c691 Local Sections (The Institute is not responsible for the views expressed in papers OY in speeches read during discussions.) Aberdeen and North of Scotland.-At a meeting held on 10th November 1944 the Hon.Secretary of the Branch Dr. F. L. Hudson gave a lecture on the “Chemistry of Blue Print and similar Photographic Processes used by Engineers,” The lecturer described the Blue Print Ferro-Gallic and Dyeline Processes and with the assistance of Mr. W. Barnett showed hand coatings to illustrate the methods by which these are used. In particuIar the difference between the ammonia and wet development processes was shown together with the effect of different phenols when used as developers. On 21st February Dr. R. B. Strathdee presided over a lunch-time meeting in the University Union Aberdeen. Mr. A. Reid works manager Abadan Refinery Anglo- Iranian Oil &. gave a short address on “Oil Production and Refining in Iran.” A meeting of the Section was held on 2nd March in the Chemistry Department University of Aberdeen Dr.Strathdee in the Chair. A lecture on “Vitamins” was delivered by Mr. A. L. Bacharach of Glaxo Laboratories Ltd. The lecture which was fully illustrated by lantern slides stimulated a lively discussion. Birmingham and Midlands.-The Local Section in co-operation with the heads of Birmingham and District Elementary and Secondary Schools and with the approval of the Chief Education Officer (Sir Peter Innes) arranged Christmas lectures for school children. Two lectures were delivered in Birmingham Town Hall by Dr. J. A. Newton Friend head of the Chemistry Department Birmingham Central Technical College before an audience of 1,500 children and 200 adults. The first lecture was entitled “Fire” and the second “Science in Antiquity” both were illustrated by experiments.So great was the popularity of the lectures that 3,600 children applied for tickets and from many reports received there is no doubt that the lectures were much appreciated. Civic recognition was accorded by the presence of the Deputy Mayor (Alderman L. G. H. Alldridge J.P.) who presided at the first meeting. On the second occasion the chair was occupied by the Archdeacon of Aston (Ven. H. McGowan) a member of the Edu- cation Committee. The Section Committee is greatly indebted to Dr. Friend for his services and to the Charles Henry Foyle Trust which made a generous donatkn to the expenses. Bristol and South-Western Counties.-A meeting of the Section was held in the Chemical Department of Bristol University on 8th November 1944 jointly with the Local Sections of the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry Dr.,E. B. Maxted in the Chair. The Tilden Lecture of the Chemical Society on “Diffraction Methods in Modem Structural Chemistry” was given by Professor J. M. Robertson. The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at Rristol University on 8th March Dr. T. Malkin Chairman of the Section presiding. The Annual Report was adopted and W. B. Carter and H. S. Howes were re-elected as Hon. Auditors. A. F. Balfour H. Martin and F. E. Needs were elected to vacancies on the Committee which for 194546 is now constituted as follows Dr. T. Malkin (Chairman} A. F. Balfour C. Harris H. Martin F. E. Keeds W.H. Simmons Osman Jones (District Member of Council) and F. P. Hornby (Hon. Secretary and Treasurer). Following the Annual General Meeting a joint meeting was held with the Local Sections of the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry over which Dr. Malkin also presided. On behalf of members of the three Chartered Bodies Mr. A. Marsden presented a picture to Dr. Monkhouse on his leaving the district in recognition of the valuable services that he had rendered to all three bodies. The Streatfeild Memorial Lecture on “Modem Methods in Food Preservation” was then delivered by Mr. Osman Jones. Cardiff and District.-The first joint meeting with the South Wales Section was held in the Mining and Technical Institute Bridgend on 9th February when Professor W.H. Linnell lectured on “Chemotherapy and the Chemist.” The Chair was taken by Mr. P. V. Lloyd supported by Dr. L. E. Hinkel; and Dr. D. P. Evans welcomed the Institute to Bridgend. The success of this meeting fully justified the experiment of holding a joint meeting in this centre. In Cardiff on 2nd March at a meeting held jointly with the South Wales Section of the Society of Chemical Industry at University College Mr. H. P. Rooksby lectured on “The Industrial Application of X-ray Analysis.” Mr. D. Hicks made a plea for the establishment of an X-ray Research School in South Wales. c 70 1 At the Technical College on 14th March Dr. H. E. Crossley addressed a joint meeting with the Society of Chemical Industry on “The Nature and Significance of the Inorganic Substances in Coal.” The audience included many fuel chemists and combustion engineers.Coloured photo-micrographs of boiler dusts attracted much interest. East Midlands.-The December meeting 1944 was held in Notting:am when Dr. D. Trail1 gave an interesting account of the new synthetic fibre “Ardil. On 18th January Dr. C. R. Harington F.R.S. lectured at Leicester on “The Bio-chemistry of Iodine.” This was one of the most interesting addresses given to the Section for a long time. On 2nd March Professor F. Challenger of Leeds University lectured at Derby on “Moulds and Animals as Methylating Agents,” in the course of which he dealt with some of his most recent work and with that of du Vigneaud and his school in America.Glasgow and West of Scotland.-A joint meeting of the three Chartered Chemical Bodies was held in the Royal Technical College Glasgow on Friday 2nd February when an address entitled “Analytical Chemistry in an Industrial Laboratory” was delivered by Mr. J. Haslam. The Chair was occupied by Mr. J. W. Hawley Chairman of the Section. The lecture was illustrated by lantern slides and much apparatus was on view. On 13th February members attended a meeting by invitation of the Association of Polish Engineers in Great Britain (Glasgow Branch) when an address entitled :“Develop-ment of Polish Industry and Description of the German Industries in Upper Silesia and Prussia,” was delivered by Mr. L. Zakrzewski. The lecture was illustrated by an interesting film on the developments in Poland.A joint meeting of the three Chartered Chemical Bodies was held in the Royal Technical College on Friday 16th February when a paper entitled “Some Aspects of the Metabolism of Steroid Hormones’’ was delivered by Professor G. F. Marrian F.R.S. of Edinburgh University. Professor J. W. Cook F.R.S. presided. Following the Annual General Meeting of the Glasgow Section Society of Chemical Industry members were invited to attend a meeting held in the Royal Technical College Glasgow on 2nd March. Mr. James Bruce retiring Chairman Society of Chemical Industry occupied the chair. A lecture entitled “Some Uses of Blasting Explosives in Industry,” illustrated by lantern slides was delivered by Mr. J. Hancock M.B.E. Huddersfie1d.-A joint meeting with the Huddersfield Section of the Society of Dyers and Colourists was held on 30th January in Fields’ Cafe Huddersfield under the Chairmanship of Dr.A. E. Everest. Dr. R. G. Heyes of I.C.I. (Plastics) Ltd. gave a talk entitled “Thermoplastics.” The lecture was illustrated by lantern slides and by exhibits of articles made from plastics. At a meeting held on 13th February in Fields’ Cafk under the Chairmanship of Mr. D. Hanson Mr. S. Ellingworth gave a paper entitled “The Chemotherapy of Bacterial Infections.” Leeds Area.-A meeting of the Section was held ‘at the University of Leeds on 12th February Mr. H. M. Mason Chairman of the Section presiding. Dr. H. Phillips gave a lecture on “Wool Some Recent Investigations of the Chemical and Physical Properties of a Natural High Polymer.” Liverpool and North-Western.-A joint meeting was held on 1st December 1944 at 6.30 p.m.in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre the University of Liverpool. Mr. C. Gordon Smith Chairman of the Liverpool Section of the Society of Chemical Industry delivered an address entitled “Carriage by Sea.” A special meeting was held on 4th December 1944 at Reece’s Restaurant to discuss matters of future policy with particular reference to the circulated questionnaire. The subjects for discussion were treated separately except in the introduction by the Chairman Mr. G. Brearley. A large number of members took part and a wide variety of views for and against the two projects was expressed. A meeting organised by the Liverpool Joint Chemistry Committee held on 18th January in the University of Liverpool was arranged by the Chemical Society together with the University of Liverpool Chemical Society.Professor R.A. Morton was in the Chair and Dr. J. D. Fulton gave an interesting talk on “Malaria.” On Saturday afternoon 17th February members of the Institute took advantage of the invitation of the Society of Chemical Industry to hear the Jubilee Memorial Lecture “Paint-the Art and Science,” delivered by Dr. L. A. Jordan Director Paint Research Station Teddington. During the lecture striking experiments and slides were shown and in the second part a remarkable philosophy was propounded which related the decline of the craftsman and the evolution of the machine. 1711 London and South-Eastern Counties.-“Chemica Education” was discussed at a joint meeting of the Section and the London Sections of the British Association of Chemists and the Association of Scientific Workers held in the Lecture Theatre of the Pharmaceutical Society on 21st February.The subject attracted a very large audience and provoked an animated discussion in which many speakers joined. Various aspects of the subject were introduced by different speakers. Dr. J. R. Nicholls gave his views on the knowledge and skill expected from an analytical chemist. He stressed the need for training in fundamental chemistry and in the principles under- lying the various analytical procedures. Speed and accuracy were essential and keen powers of observation were required.He suggested that chemical education should include some account of the factors which determine whether a particular chemical reaction is suitable for use on a large scale and concluded by regretting that there were no Chairs of Analytical Chemistry at the Universities and no academic schools of research in analysis. Dr. F. W. Stoyle considered that for a Works Chemist too high a degree of specialisa- tion in the degree course should be discouraged. At the same time efforts should be made to give students an idea of the similarities and differences between laboratory and works practice by resort to factorv visits. After securing employment the graduate should supplement his academic training by courses in technology and ancillary subjects such as Costing Factory Legislation etc.He should attempt to improve factory technique while making due allowance for the craft of the operative. Mr. F. A. Robinson spoke on “What is expected of the Research Chemist.” He was of the opinion that the primary requirement is a sound grasp of the principles of scientific research and secondly an ability to apply these to whatever problems are encountered. He must also be gifted with a healthy scepticism inventiveness patience the ability to read intelligently and an interest in the utilitarian aspect of his work. The latter quality is perhaps most neglected in University training and might be fostered by informing the student of technological as well as academic discoveries. Dr. J. Kenyon F.R.S. in speaking on university training pointed out that chemistry is a wonderful blend of craft and science and that the training of the chemist is therefore twofold in character.In the laboratory the aim is to acquire manipulative skill and develop powers of observation and deduction while in the lecture room the funda- mental principles of the science are acquired. He stressed the importance of the latter and did not conceive it to be the function of University training to produce youthful specialists ready to fulfil the specific requirements of any particular industry. Rather is it to supply young men and women capable of applying the results of their training- a skilled hand an observing eye a well-stored mind a critical judgment and a logical intellect-to meet the varied demands of the chemical industry.Dr. A. J. Jinkings spoke on the “Technical Training of the Chemist.” He affirmed that full-time day courses at a University or technical college were somewhat academic in character and that emphasis was rightly placed on principles rather than on applica- tions. It was stressed that greater co-operation was needed between the universities and technical colleges and that more technical college courses should be regarded as adequate qualification for a degree. He suggested that it would prove of immense value if there existed a Faculty of Technology at London University and a National Technological Institute to grant degrees and to co-ordinate and supervise technical training generally. Dr. E. A. Rudge paid high tribute to the sterling qualities of the part-time graduate and expressed the opinion that he stood high in industrial value.Against the advan- tages he showed in training and experience were serious disadvantages of narrowness in outlook since he lacked the experience of academic life. He suggested that this could be overcome by wider provision for .part-time day classes which should be integrated where possible into the academic course. The discussion which followed has been summarised by Dr. C. G. Anderson. A number of contribu tors considered that during University chemistry courses a certain amount of technological training and some knowledge of standard forms of plant should be given so that graduates would not be completely at a loss on entering industry. It was thought that this training would be helped by interchange of industrial chemists and university teachers by works visits and vacation employment in industry.Training in the use of scientific and technical literature was also considered desirable. Students should be given some idea of the conditions requirements and possibilities in industry in order that they might select to some extent the type of work for which they were fitted. It was suggested that more attention should be paid to inculcating the scientific outlook quite early in ordinary school training. Part-time evening study while valuable was considered too strenuous and more day training and State bursaries for full-time study were Considered desirable. The opinion was expressed that there [ 72 I should be courses for the training of laboratory assistants and stewards and that there was need for refresher courses in a variety of subjects; also that industry should provide special training while apprenticeship schemes for juniors might prove of great advantage.“The Mechanism of Electrode Measurements” was the subject of a lecture delivered by Professor H. T. S. Britton before a joint meeting of the Section and the London and Home Counties Branch of the Institute of Physics held in the Royal Institution on 21st March. The lecture was illustrated by lantern slides. Manchester and District.-The following lectures have been delivered at joint meetings of the Section with other local chemical bodies :-26th January “Immuno- Chemistry,” by Dr.W. T. J. Morgan; 2nd March “The Chemistry of Starch,” by Professor E. L. Hirst F.R.S. ; 22nd March “Reactions in Monolayers,” by Professor E.K. Rideal M.B.E.,F.R.S. Newcastle upon Tyne and N.E.Coast.-A meeting was held jointly with the Newcastle Section of the Society of Chemical Industry at King’s College on 21st February; when Dr. A. H. Jay lectured on “The Study of Industrial Problems by X-rays. Dr. G. E. Stephenson presided. South Wales.-On 16th February members of the Section participated in a joint meeting arranged by the South Wales Section of the Society of Chemical Industry which was held in the Royal Institution of South Wales Swansea Professor J. E. Coates presiding. Mr. Norman Swindin gave a lecture on “The Treatment of Spent Pickle.” On 16th March a meeting of the Section was held in the Royal Institution of South Wales Swansea Professor J.E. Coates in the Chair when Dr. C. A. Edwards F.R.S. delivered a lecture entitled “The Straining of Metals.” Members of the Chemical Society the Society of Chemical Industry’ the Institute of Metals and the Swansea and District Metallurgical Society also attended. A meeting was held jointly with the Cardiff and District Section at Bridgend on 9th February; this is reported above under the heading of the Cardiff and District Section. South Yorkshire.-A very successful joint meeting with the Institution of Chemical Engineers was held at Scunthorpe on 7th March. Some 100 members were conducted round the synthetic ammonia and contact sulphuric acid plants of Nitrogen Fertilisers Limited Flixborough and afterwards took lunch at the Blue Bell Hotel Scunthorpe.In the afternoon a paper was given by Dr. E. W. Smith C.B.E. on “The Future Aspects of Research for Industry” in the Technical College to a large audience including members of the Institute of Fuel and the Leeds Section of the Royal Institute of Chemistry. Tees-Side.-A well-attended joint meeting of this Section with the Society of Chemical Industry (Newcastle Section) was held on 23rd February at Norton Hall Stockton-on-Tees when Professor J. P. Kendall F.R.S. spoke on the subject “A Simple Reversible Reaction. ” Local Sections.-The amroximate number of members at present attached to each Local Section is given belo$.A Section No. of members.Aberdeen and North of Scotland .. .. .. *. 72 Belfast and District .. *. .. .* .. 60 Birmingham and Midlands .. .. .. .-.. 560 Bristol and South-Western Counties .. .. .. .. 348 Cardiff District .. .. .. .. .. .. 156 Dublin and District .. .. .. .. .* .. 60 East Anglia .. .. .. .. *. .. .. 76 East Midlands . . .. .. *. .-.. 360 I. Edinburgh and East of’Scotland .. .. .. 224 Glasgow and West of Scotland . . .. .. .. 500 Huddersfield .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 118 Lee& Area . . .. .. .. .. .. .. 352 Liverpool and North-Western Counties .. .. .. 752 London and South-Eastern Counties .. .. .. 3050 Manchester and District .. .. .. .. .. 776 Newcastle and North-East Coast . . .. .. .. 125 South Wales (Swansea) .. .. .. .. .. 190 South Yorkshire .... .. .. .. .. 190 Tees-Side .. .. .. .. .. .. 152 Cape of Good Hope . . .. .. .. .. .. 45 India . . .. .. .. f. .. .. .. 333 Malaya (in enemy occupation-35 in 1939) .. .. -Newzealand .. .. .. .. .* .. 74 a. I73I SUMMARIES OF LECTURES Progress in River Pollution Prevention By S. H. JENKINS D.Sc. F.R.I.C. [Birmingham and Midlands Section 21st June 1944.1 The earliest use of sewers in this country was for the drainage of low-lying areas but with the development of towns and industries which the Industrial Revolution brought about widespread use was made of them to convey domestic sewage and trade wastes into watercourses. The consequences were disastrous. Waterborne diseases such as Asiatic cholera caused heavy loss of life throughout the country on account of lack of sanitation bad living conditions and ignorance of the origin of disease.The results were seen in the vital statistics of the day. One hundred years ago the Health of Towns Commission reported that out of every 100 live births amongst the gentry in Preston Lancs. 82 76 and 56 lived to the ages of 5 20 and 50 years respectively; amongst the workpeople the numbers alive at the same ages were 45 32 and 16. The progress made in the past century can best be measured by taking the figures for Preston to-day. For all classes 91 out of every 100 live births are alive at the age of 5 years 90 at 15 years and 80 at 45 years. The association between disease and water contaminated by sewage was suspected years before Pasteur’s proof in 1860 that fermentation was the work of living organisms capable of isolation in pure culture and not the result of spontaneous decomposition which was generally held to be the cause at that time.His discovery and those of Koch Loeffler and Pfeiffer etc. inevitably pointed the way to better sanitation by removing sewage away from sources of drinking water. Rivers suffered because of the untreated sewage poured into them. The Public Health Act of 1875 gave local authorities powers to purchase land and construct works for the treatment of sewage while the Rivers Pollution Prevention Act of 1876 prohibited the discharge of untreated sewage into rivers. The first method of treatment used was to run the sewage over land and allow it to drain through the soil which brought about purification by biological and physical agencies.Then sand filters were used preceded by removal of the suspended matter in order to lengthen the life of the filters. Later still towards the end of the last century filters of various kinds were introduced. These acted by removing solid matter and by becoming colonised with a variety of organisms which purified the sewage by feeding on its impurities. A new development of this process by O’Shaughnessy now known as the alternating double filtration process has greatly increased the capabilities of filters. Since 1914 a different system of purification termed the activated sludge process by its originators Ardern and Lockett has found universal favour; colonies of organisms of mixed culture grown from the sewage cause rapid purification when aerated in presence of sewage.All these processes are capable of giving non-polluting liquids when practised with care under the right conditions but the purified effluent is far from fit to drink. Sewage and certain trade wastes cause pollution by reason of the biological de- composition which they undergo when mixed with clean river water. The oxygen dissolved in the water is used up during the decomposition and if it is not replaced from the air rapidly the oxygen concentration may fall low enough to allow undesirable plant growths to become dominant and to make fish life insupportable. Fortunately, re-oxygenation does permit rivers to recover from the ill-effects of pollution.This recovery process known as self-purification is illustrated by the fact that although the River Trent and some of its tributaries receive such heavy discharges of sewage effluent and trade waste as to render the main river incapable of supporting fish life over some stretches yet after the impurities in the water have become oxidised a few miles down the river fish begin to re-appear. A survey of the River Tees made by the Water Pollution Research Board has shown the effects of sewage and industrial effluents in ultimately converting a river of the highest purity into a polluted estuary which under the worst conditions in summer is completely devoid of oxygen. Polluted estuaries take a high toll in fish life because fish such as salmon and sea trout spend most of their life in the open sea coming up the river only to spawn in the upper reaches.The fish hatched out there spend two years in the river and then migrate to the sea. A high mortality of adult and young fish occurs in a heavily polluted estuary. The situation is made more serious by the fact that salmon and sea trout appear to return mainly to their native river to spawn. c 743 The proper application of existing knowledge would do much to reduce pollution. Certain administrative changes would also help. One of the most important would be to implement the recommendations made in the Third Report of the Central Advisory Water Committee to divide up the country among Rivers Boards with all the powers needed to maintain clean rivers.Then again benefits would also follow in some districts from the administration of larger drainage districts so as to provide more efficient management of a group of sewage works or to centralise the treatment of sewage and trade waste in one large works Regional control of the former type has existed in Birmingham and district since 1877; in West Middlesex a single works has replaced a number of sewage works with benefit to the River Thames. A scheme pre- pared some years ago for Greater London envisaged the replacement of some 200 sewage disposal plants by ten large works. Analytical Chemistry in an Industrial Laboratory By J. HASLAM, M.Sc. F.R.I.C. [Glasgow and West of Scotland Section 2nd February 1945.1 The analytical section of the research department of a large alkali works undertakes the examination of the raw materials and finished products of the industry the exami- nation of complaint samples and deals with works difficulties.The section may also control research work having very little connection with alkali manufacture and the investigation and application of old and new analytical methods. Correct sampling of materials for analysis such as limestone is of great importance and particular care must be taken to obtain a final product representative of the material being examined. Analytical methods are of three types (a)shift laboratory or day laboratory control methods (b)research laboratory methods (c) specification tests. Shift laboratory methods cover such determinations as ammonia sulphate carbonate sodium in potassium salts and iron by colorimetric tests ; specification tests include that of sodium bicarbonate in relation to the B.P.specification. Control work in which speed is essential is illustrated by the determination of aniline by the use of picryl chloride in preference to the lengthy diazotisation method. Likewise the use of more modern apparatus assists in analytical determinations e.g. the use of the spectrograph in the determination of lithium in potash electrolytes of aluminium and calcium in sodium hydroxide and of bismuth in metallic lead. The spectrograph also assists in qualitative analysis though note must be taken of its limitations and semi-micro methods are useful in supplementing spectrographic data previously obtained.The Spekker photoelectric absorptiometer may be used for determining the iron in alkalis by both thiocyanate and thioglycollic acid methods and this instrument enables the analyst to study colorimetric tests in greater detail e.g. in the determination of rn-dinitrobenzene in nitrobenzene. Likewise the B.D.H. Lovibond nessleriser has improved shift methods. The new types of colorimetric apparatus are helpful also in such connexions as the copper diethyldithiocarbamate and lead dithizone tests in which solvents are often used to extract the organic complexes when once these are formed. The Spekker fluorimeter has found useful applications in vitamin studies and the polarograph in such determinations as nitrobenzene in aniline.Potentiometric titration methods are of special value in such operations as the determination of chlorides bromides and iodides in mixtures and improved electrodes for this purpose are now available. Other pieces of apparatus now in use include Griffin and Tatlock equipment for electroanalysis involving the deposition of copper as metal and lead as dioxide; and the G.L.C. gas analysis apparatus. The Fischer method for the determi- nation of water in organic solvents and in salts containing water of crystallisation is a very sensitive one. The Pan- bomb is used for the rapid determination of chlorine bromine iodine fluorine sulphur and phosphoru’s in organic substances. An interesting analytical problem encountered was the identification of the pigment in a dental plate.Improved apparatus is available for the estimation of tarry matter in nitrobenzene the qualitative determination of volatile solutes and the salinity of sea water ; also for increasing the numerical value of Spekker absorptiometer readings. Numerous lantern slides were shown and much analytical equipment was displayed; charts useful in connexion with the systematic examination of organic and inorganic mixtures were also exhibited. Diffraction Methods in Modern Structural Chemistry By J. MONTEATHROBERTSON, M.A. Ph.D. D.Sc. F.R.I.C. F.R.S. [Tilden Lecture of the Chemical Society Joint meeting with the Bristol and South- Western Counties Section of the Institute and the Bristol Section of the Society of Chemical Industry 8th February 1945.1 Two main methods can be applied to problems of chemical interest-gas diffraction by electrons and crystal diffraction by X-rays.For the former the experimental data are meagre and lack precision as compared with X-ray crystal data but the problem prcsented for analysis is very much simpler. The gas molecules are widely separated and scatter independently. The result is calculated by averaging over all possible orientations. Consequently a simple model can be set up for any molecule and tested directly. it’ith a crystal we cannot do this. The relative orientations of the molecules must be taken into account. Every model will have an infinite number of different orientations all of which would require to be tested before that particular model could be either established or eliminated.Direct methods of analysis are available in the two cases-the radial distribution method for electron diffraction and the Patterson vector diagram mcthod for crystal analysis. The greater simplicity of the gas diffraction method is reflected in the results already achieved. In its own field it has probably led to a larger number of accurate deter- minations of the interatomic distances of interest to structural chemistry than the crystal method. But the crystal method has a wider range and gives accurate informa- tion about intermolecular distances as well. Finally in both methods even perfect agreement between the observed and calculated diffraction pattern does not necessarily establish a unique solution to the structural problem even when it is expressed in terms of atoniic positions.The real question to be asked about any diffraction problem is whether a unique solution is possible in terms of reasonable structures. All other lines of chemical and physical evidence should converge and agree before we finally accept a structure as being true. Application to Molecular Structures-Bonds between like atovns.-After a period of reasonable stability when definite rules were formulated the subject of interatomic distances is now undergoing some revision. The empirical values of the covalent radii have been found extremely useful in predicting the structures of simple molecules and crystals and also in drawing attention to special structures when the observed distances differ from the predicted values.These special cases can usually be explained in terms of resonance with double bonded structures and the actual distances have in many instances been calculated quantitatively by the method of molecular orbitals in agree- ment with the observed values e.g. for certain carbon-carbon bonds in simple con- jugated systems and in the aromatic hydrocarbons naphthalene and coronene. Bonds between unlike atoms.-The problems which arise for bonds between unlike atoms are much more complicated. The departure from the radius sum is generally in the direction of a decrease from the predicted value and this can be explained in terms of resonance with multiple bonded structures or by the polar character of the bond. The recent upward revision of the single bond covalent radii for nitrogen oxygen and fluorine has emphasised the importance of the latter cause of contraction but corrections for it may be complicated.Possible extensions of the diffraction methods.-It is clear that distance measurements alone are not in any way a sufficient basis for full and detailed discussion of the structure and nature of bonds between atoms. What we require most of all from the experi- mental side is a detailed picture of the electron distribution between atoms. In principle diffraction methods can furnish information of this kind if they are pressed far enough but there are formidable difficulties. The situation is rather like that of trying to locate very light atoms in the presence of very heavy ones.IVith improve- ments in technique particularly in the direction of recording small angle scattering there is no doubt that both the gas diffraction and the crystal method will ultimately yield valuable information in this direction. Wool Some Recent Investigations of the Chemical and Physical Properties of a Natural High Polymer By HEKRYPHILLIPS, Ph.D. D.Sc. F.R.I.C. [Leeds Area Section 12th February 1945.1 The manufacturing properties of wool are based largely on the elasticity of the fibre the special nature of its surface and its ability to set when extended to various degrees of permanency. The elasticity coupled with the special surface properties endows the wool fibre with the capacity to felt which is of great value in the economical con- version of wool into textiles with desirable characteristics.Astbury’s recent explanation of the elasticity of wool is related to the compact nature of the molecular structure of wool and Speakman has put forward views on the chemical changes preceding supercontraction and leading to set. Chemical investiga- tions by the lecturer and his colleagues designed to confirm that these chemical changes take place have led to the interesting discovery that the combined cystine of wool does not react in an homogeneous manner. So far they have divided it into two main fractions (A+B) and (C+D) apparently of equal magnitude which differ in their reactions towards sodium bisulphite and alkalies. Fraction (A+B) is converted by sodium bisulphite into cysteine and S-cysteinesulphonate side-chains those derived from sub-fraction A are unstable and revert to disulphide in the presence of bisulphite-free water whilst those derived from sub-fraction 13 are water-stable.Similarly alkalies convert fraction (A+B) into combined lanthionine sub-fraction A reacting more rapidly than sub-fraction B. Fraction (CSD) stable to cold bisulphite is decomposed by hot solutions of bisulphite and also by alkaline solutions and w3th both reagents yields combined cc-aminoacrylic acid. Sub-fraction C is the least reactive of the four sub-fractions. The properties of fraction (A+B) suggest that it forms a cross-linkage between the main polypeptide chains the difference between the two sub-fractions being due to differences in the chemical reactivity of neighbouring side-chains.Fraction (C+D) fulfils a more passive role. The influence of bisulphite and alkaline solutions on the extensibility super-contraction and setting of wool fibres may be interpreted in terms of this more precise knowledge of the reactivity of the combined cystine. They are changes which seem to be dependent on the breakdown and re-building of the main-chain adhesion which is controlled by the response of the active side-chains (in particular those forming salt- linkages) to the chemical treatments. The extent of this response which leads to swelling and hydration is dependent partly on whether the chemical treatment leaves the covalent disulphide cross-linkages of fraction (A+ B) intact or replaces them by shorter covalent lanthionine cross-linkages or splits them into active side-chains.The Chemotherapy of Bacterial Infections By S. ELLINGWORTH, M.Sc. [Huddersfield Section 13th February 1945.1 Following the use of phenol as a surgical antiseptic in 1867 many chemical compounds have been employed for the treatment of accessible bacterial infections. Some are harmful to human tissue and interfere with natural healing and most have diminished activity in presence of body fluids. Proflavine and acriflavine how-ever used during the 1914 war for treating infected wounds maintain their activity under these con- ditions and despite some disagreement concerning their effect on leucocytic action they continue to find favour as surface antiseptics.Prior to 1035 attempted chemo- therapy of systemic bacterial infections met with little or no success but in that year Domagk announced that the dye Prontosil cured infections due to the haemolytic streptococcus. Prontosil however is inactive in vitro and it was soon shown in both France and Britain that the active agent is sulphanilamide formed by break-down of the dye in the body. A very large number of substituted sulphanilamides and related derivatives has subsequently been prepared but apart from a few examples having special applications only those containing a heterocyclic residue in the sulphonamido group have achieved any substantial advance on sulphanilarnide itself. Such com- Founds have brought an increased range of infections under control.c 773 The discovery of the sulphonamides has profoundly modified our ideas concerning the laboratory methods whereby we formerly sought to evaluate potential anti-bacterial substances. There has been considerable speculation concerning the mechanism of their anti-bacterial action and the Fildes-Woods theory postulating competition with p-aminobenzoic acid (by reason of “structural similarity” to that substance) for an enzyme concerned in the utilisation of the amino acid as a bacterial metabolite has gained wide acceptance. Since however p-aminobenzoic acid has been shown to be an essential metabolite for only very few bacteria the theory has little experimental basis although there is circumstantial evidence in its favour. Moreover the most effective therapeutic agents of the sulphonamide group differ structurally from p-aminobenzoic acid much more than does sulphanilamide itself.Of the theories “superimposed” on that of Fildes-Woods to explain the varying anti-bacterial action of individual sulphonamides none seems entirely satisfactory or comprehensive. On the other hand the “metabolite” theory receives support from the work of McIlwain who has demonstrated the anti-bacterial action of pantoyltaurine-a variant of the metabolite pantothenic acid-both in vitro and i~ vivo. He has also shown a similar relationship to exist between nicotinic acid and pyridine-3-sulphonic acid and other parallel cases are known. Nevertheless from a practical standpoint work on these lines has so far proved disappointing no clinically effective anti-bacterial agent having yet emerged.Certain aspects of sulphonamide action are difficult to explain in terms of the Fildes-Woods theory and amongst alternatives the theory has been suggested that the sulphonamides fall into line with certain narcotic substances whose behaviour toward cells in general they closely simulate. Since such narcotics do not exhibit structural relationship the hypothesis offers little help to the chemist endeavouring to produce new anti-bacterial substances. In addition to intrinsic antibacterial action other factors such as absorption from the alimentary tract rate and route of excretion degree of inactivation in the body have to be considered in evolving a satisfactory chemo- therapeutic agent the behaviour of the various sulphonamides illustrating the im- portance of these.Summing up it appears that whilst variation of the structure of a bacterial meta- bolite may lead to a corresponding growth-inhibitor considerable further variation may -and probably will-be necessary before the maximum antibacterial action of that type of compound can be realised and then combined with the desired pharmacological properties; and there is little to guide the chemist as to the form such variation should take. Much more detailed knowledge of biological mechanisms is therefore necessary before we can legitimately claim any marked degree of rationalisation in this branch of chemotherapeutic research. Theories such as that of Fildes-Wood nevertheless have done useful service in suggesting new avenues of thought and with our steadily increasing knowledge of enzymes and their functions valuable results may be anticipated.The interpretation of the term “structural similarity” should be kept within reasonable bounds however if that conception is to afford any degree of practical guidance to the would-be designer of new drugs. Some Aspects of Scientific Control in the Canning Industries By JOHN BREEN,M.Sc. Ph.D. A.R.I.C. [Dublin Section 21st February 19451 Canning is a form of food preservation whereby conditions are created that prevent the spoilage of the food in the container by micro-organisms. Canning consists of packing the food into the container hermetically sealing it and subjecting it to the necessary thermal process.This method of food preservation was first discovered by Nicholas Appert in France during the Napoleonic wars and was later developed on a large scale in America and Canada where the work of Russell Prescott Underwood and McPhail established it as a science instead of an industry of individual effort. The manufacture of tin-plate is the first essential and contrary to popular belief the metal of the container is not tin but consists of 98.5 per cent. by weight of steel sheet coated with tin,which is only 1-5 per cent. of the total weight. [ 781 The round open-top can which is the one most in use is fabricated on automatic machines capable of turning out upwards of 350 cans per minute. In certain cases enamels or lacquers are applied totinplate to prevent sulphur staining or as a protection against excessive acidity or to help to retain the colour of the food.The modern practice is to pack under as high a vacuum as is convenient. In sealing the cans the greatest care must be exercised to have all measurements of the seam exactly correct. Acid foods i.e.; those with a pH value of 4.5 or lower are easy to process and may be dealt with in hot or boiling water; whereas non-acid foods which have a pH value over 4.5 require a long process which is now carried out by pressure cooking in steam at 240” F. or higher. By studying such factors as acidity of the food being handled the thermal death times of bacterial spores and the rate of heat penetration into different foods it is possible to arrive at the exact process time that is needed for each foodstuff and each size of can.Depending on the nature of the foodstuff the shelf life of canned food varies from a few years for acid foods to many years for non-acid foods. The most recent development in food canning is the self-heating can for liquid products such as soups. Rubber Chemicals :Past and Future Influence on Synthetic Rubber By W. J. S. NAUNTON, M.A. M.Sc. Ph.D. F.R.I.C. Past Member of Council [Birmingham and Midlands Section at Birmingham 12th March 1945.1 The development of synthetic rubber in Germany prior to and for use in the last war led to the discovery and development of rubber chemicals such as accelerators of vulcanisation anti-oxidants and elasticators.Had the Germans known about the beneficial effects of gas black upon synthetic rubber they could have put their methyl- rubber to much better use. The Allies on the other hand were beginning to make full use of such blacks during the same period and it has been said that the troubles involved in the initial use of gas black were as great as those faced during the present war in changing over from natural to synthetic rubber. After Pearl Harbour it was evident that rubber would become scarce and systematic work was at once started to economise its use. Rubber mixes were drastically revised reclaimed rubber was substituted for new rubber wherever possible rubber “extenders” were introduced and so on. It should be made quite clear however that these so- called “extenders” were in the main no more than softeners since the only real extenders for rubber are synthetic rubbers.It therefore became quite evident that synthetic rubber would have to be produced by the Allies on an unprecedented scale. The only country with the necessary resources of man-power steel chemical raw materials etc. was the U.S.A. It is to be regretted from the technical viewpoint that a skeleton production at least was not authorised in this country. It should always be kept in mind that research work on synthetic rubber is closely connected with progress in plastics and synthetic fibres. The next question to be faced was what synthetic rubber should be made. It was finally agreed that a slightly modified Buna S should be produced.It is more workable than the original German product and the loss in physical characteristics is negligible. It was also decided to make smaller quantities of neoprene and butyl rubber. The United States has made a wonderful success of the task and produced more than the scheduled quantity. The changeover from natural rubber to the new synthetic rubber (GR-S) in the rubber factories has been in some respects more difficult than the problem of producing the GR-S. The view has been expressed that the changeover has been retarded by the rubber technologist by too close observance of the old natural rubber technique. GR-S has inherent defects which arise from its structure. It is not a straight chain polymer like natural rubber but lacks symmetry due to the uneven distribution of butadiene and styrene units cross-linking pendant groups etc.It takes more time and power to mill is difficult to process is slow curing and possesses generally inferior physical properties. The rubber chemist has alleviated some of these shortcomings by suggesting the use of suitable peptising agents softeners faster accelerators more suitable carbon blacks and so on. They could of course be better overcome by the [791 discovery of a method of polymerisation control which would give symmetrical straight chains but apparently only the tree knows the secret of this control. The tyre tech- nologist has also made his contributions by modifving design and technique to meet the new rubbers. The result is a reasonably good tyre which is giving good service.The U.S. Army has officially reported that it has confidence in GR-S tyres. They are not as good as natural but the gap between is getting smaller. With regard to future outlook it should be kept in mind that the GR-S process was “frozen” some years ago. Better products could undoubtedly be made even at the present time but whether such products would be fundamentally different from GR-S or involve merely detailed improvements is doubtful. With regard to cost of production it would appear that GR-S could be produced at a cost comparable with that of plantation rubber. At present it looks as if there will be sufficient demand for at least some years to absorb both the natural and the synthetic productions.It is quite clear that the United States will insist on maintaining a syn- thetic rubber industry if only to regulate the price of the naturaI product. Economic Welfare of Members In view more especially of the increasingly large proportion of members of the Institute who are employed in industry the Council at its meeting in March last year set up a Committee which was charged “to consider whether the Royal Institute of Chemistry should concern itself to a greater extent than at present with the economic welfare of its members and if so what action should be taken.” This Committee reported to the Council on 16th February last and the recommen- dations of the Committee with slight verbal alterations were approved by the Council. The decisions taken by the Council are of interest and importance to members of the Institute.Owing it may be to a misinterpretation of one of the clauses appearing in the Charter the statement has repeatedly been made and published that the Institute cannot because of the limitations of its Charter interest itself on behalf of its members in matters affecting remuneration and conditions of employment. The Council holds this statement to be mistaken and desires to make clear to its members that the Institute is not debarred by its Charter from such activities. The Council would point out that in seeking to maintain the status of the profession of chemistry the Institute has always recognised that it must concern itself with the remuneration of its members and with the conditions under which they have to prosecute their professional activities.In the past action in this direction has in fact been taken by the Institute and the following examples of such action may be cited (a) For many years the interest of the Institute in this field was mainly in giving guidance as to fees chargeable by private practitioners and as to the remuneration of chemists in public service. When thought desirable or necessary representa- tions were made to public bodies if the remuneration or conditions of service offered were considered by the Institute to be unsatisfactory; members have even been advised not to apply for posts when the conditions of service were un-satisfactory; and public bodies have been induced to withdraw notices of posts offered to tender.(b) In more recent years the Institute has had to concern itself with the remuneration of an increasingly large number of its members who are employed in industry and has drawn attention to inadequacies especially by the issue from time to time of salary statistics prepared from information furnished by members. It is known that improvements in rates of pay have resulted in many individual instances from the publication of analyses of such statistics. (c) The Institute has published papers by E. J. MacGillivray K.C. on “Some Aspects of the Law of England affecting Chemists” and by G. S. W. Marlow on “Contracts of Service”; and in 1931 in consultation with representatives of industrial firms a document was drawn up in which a comprehensive survey was given of the various clauses that might be included in contracts of service in the interests both of employers and of employed chemists.This document has now been revised for issue to members (see p. 82). Mr. Marlow also has kindly consented to revise his article on “Contracts of Service.” rw1 (d) In connection with the Appointments Register informal advice and guidance have frequently been given on request by the Officers of the Institute to firms and others seeking to employ chemists with regard to remuneration and con- ditions of appointment; and advice and guidance have been given also to candi- dates for posts. The action which has been taken in the past by the Institute has undoubtedly been effective within certain limits in maintaining and improving the economic status and welfare of its members.The Council however holds the view that the Royal Institute of Chemistry should concern itself still more actively than it has done hitherto with the remuneration and conditions of appointment (in the widest sense) of its members and of those qualified and qualifying for membership of the Institute; and it has formulated and adopted the following genera1 principles as forming the basis on which further action should be taken. (a)Collective bargaining is not in most cases the most satisfactory or most desirable method of discussing remuneration and conditions of employment of professionally qualified chemists. Since the work on which professionally qualified chemists are or should be engaged will depend for its success on individual qualities (mental ability personality initiative etc.) remuneration should be based on merit (involving all qualities making for successful achievement).(b) No opposition should be offered in principIe to a probationary period of employ- ment provided that the extent of this period is defined for such probationary period may give both the chemist and the employer opportunity of considering the appointment. (c) In cases where grading and salary scales are introduced it should be recognised that passage from one grade to a higher should not be automatic; that trans- ference from one grade to a higher may take place before the highest point in the scale of the former has been reached; that a chemist may be introduced from outside at any point in a grade according to his qualifications; and generally that promotion and remuneration should depend mainly on merit and ex-perience with however an appropriate recognition of seniority.In order that the Institute may act as effectively as possible on the basis of the principles which have just been stated the Council has decided that steps should be taken to secure for the Institute wider recognition as an advisory body by Government Departments firms and others employing chemists. The Council however is opposed to any alteration of the constitution of the Institute with a view to its registration as a Trade Union. It is the intention of the Council to set up a Committee on Economic Status and Welfare to act as an advisory body and to confer with employers and employees on questions of remuneration and conditions of service.This Committee will be empowered (1) to accept or refuse applications from employers for notices in the Appointments Register and (2) to seek legal advice on general principles. The Committee will periodically report its proceedings in general terms to the Council. Appointments in New Zealand.-In JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1944 Part Iv there appeared (p. 137) a note advising chemists who are interested in possible employ- ment in New Zealand after the war r,ot to apply direct to New Zealand without having previously sought an interview with the Scientific Liaison Officers at the Office of the High Commissioner 415 Strand London W.C.2.In order to avoid possible mis- understandings it should be stated that openings in New Zealand fur chemist.; from the United Kingdom are likely to be few the demand being limited mainly to men who have acquired some specialised knowledge and experience while overseas that would fit them for certain special work in Kew Zealand. SUGGESTED CLAUSES FOR INCORPORATION IN CONTRACTS OF SERVICE FOR CHEMISTS formulated by a Joint Committee of THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY THE ASSOCIATION OE BRITISH CHEMICAL MANUFACTURERS AND REPRESENTATIVES OF THE STANDING COMMITTEE OF DIRECTORS OF RESEARCH ASSOCIATIONS [It is to be understood that the participation of the bodies represented on the Joint Com-mittee in the fireparation of this document does not impose any obligation on the individual members of these bodies to apply or accept any or all of the clauses in any particular contract of service.] An Agreement made the day of I9 between of hereinafter called “the Employer ” (which expression includes the Employer’s successors) of the one part and of hereinafter called “the Chemist ” of the other part WHEREBY it is agreed that:- I.The Employer shall employ the Chemist and the Chemist shall serve the Employer as a Chemist (or Manager or Research Chemist or Director of Laboratories) or in such other capacity as may from time to time be mutually agreed as from the date hereof (or from the day of 19 ) until his employment shall be determined as hereinafter provided. 2.The Employer shall pay the Chemist from the date hereof (or from the said day of 19 ) monthly a salary payable on at the rate of E Per annum or such further sum as the Employer may from time to time direct. Note.-It is desirable that the Chemist should come under some superannuation scheme preferably such as will permit transfer to or from employment of similar or different types without loss of benefits. 3. The Chemist shall during the period of this agreement perform in* all such duties as he may be required to perform and are consistent with his employment in relation to the business of the Employer and exercise all such powers as may from time to time be assigned to or vested in him by the Employer or with the general approval of the Employer by any duly authorised person including such duties as he may be required to perform and such powers as he may be called upon to exercise for and on behalf of any subsidiary or associated business.*Insert such areas as may be mutually agreed to be defined at the time of signing the contract. c 82 I 4. The Chemist shall throughout his employment hereunder devote his attention and abilities to the business and interests of the Employer and shall well and faithfully serve and use his utmost endeavours to promote the interests of the Employer. The Chemist shall attend to his duties during the usual working hours of every day and at such other times as the Employer may reasonably require. 5. The Chemist shall not during his employment hereunder without the written consent of the Employer be engaged or be interested either directly or indirectly in any other business trade or profession otherwise than as a shareholder or debenture holder in a limited liability Company.6. The Chemist shall be allowed holidays aggregating not less than weeks working days per annum at such time or times as shall be mutually agreed in addition to the usual public holidays or other days in lieu thereof. 7. The Employer shall pay the travelling and other usual expenses of the chemist incurred in the business or on behalf of the Employer other than those incurred by his daily journey between his place of residence and the place or places where he is regularly employed. In the event of the Employer changing the place at which the Chemist is required to work and necessitating a change in the place of residence of the Chemist the Employer shall pay to the Chemist all reasonable removal expenses and other expenses incidental to such change of residence and such subsis- tence allowance for such period as the Employer in his reasonable discretion may decide.8. The Chemist shall not at any time except with the written consent of the Employer either utilise or divulge directly or indirectly to any person or persons any secret or confidential knowledge and information which he may have acquired as the result of his employment by the Employer but nothing in this Agreement shall prevent the Chemist using any general knowledge and experience which he may have acquired at any time.The Employer will not unreasonably withhold consent to the publica- tion through ordinary scientific channels of information relating to any discovery or invention made by the Chemist which may be of general scientific interest and the publication of which would not in the opinion of the Employer adversely affect his interests. Nor will the Employer un-reasonably withhold permission for the Chemist to attend and take part in scientific meetings or conferences. 9. Any property of the Employer or relating to the business of any associated or subsidiary Company including memoranda notes records reports plates sketches plans or other documents which may be in the possession or under the control of the Chemist at the time of the termination of his employment by the Employer shall be delivered by the Chemist to the Employer or to the appropriate associated or subsidiary Company.The Chemist shall not be entitled to the copyright in any such documents and binds himself not to retain copies of any of them. 10. The Chemist hereby agrees that any and all improvements inven- tions and discoveries whether or not patentable which he may make either alone or in conjunction with others during the period of his employment hereunder relating to or in any way appertaining to or connected with any of the matters which have been or may become the subject of the duties or r 83;l investigations of the Chemist shall forthwith be communicated to the Employer and shall become the sole and exclusive property of the Em- ployer and the Chemist further agrees that whenever requested so to do by the Employer during the period of the employment or after the termi- nation of the employment he will at the cost of the Employer execute or sign any and all applications assignments and other instruments which the Employer may deem necessary or advisable in order to apply for and obtain letters patent design registrations or other forms of protection for the said improvements inventions and discoveries in such countries as the Employer may direct and to vest in the Employer the whole right title and interest therein.11. If the Chemist shall at any time disobey or wilfully neglect or refuse to comply with any lawful and reasonable directions given to him hereunder or fail persistently to observe any of the conditions or stipulations of this agreement he shall be liable to be summarily dismissed.12. In case the Chemist shall at any time be prevented by illness or accident from performing his duties except from causes arising from his employment (having in such event if required furnished the Employer with satisfactory evidence of such incapacity and the cause thereof) he shall receive his full salary for a period of! consecutive months during which such incapacity shall continue and if he shall continue so incapacitated for a longer period thanf consecutive months his employment shall at the option of the Employer forthwith be determined and he shall not be entitled to claim any compensation from the Employer in respect of such determination.$ Period to be inserted commonly 3 months. Note.-In the event of the Chemist becoming incapacitated from causes arising from his employment common law and certain special Acts may apply. 13. Subject to the provisions hereinbefore contained this Agreement shall continue in force until determined by not less than ** days’ notice in writing by one party to the other. A notice by the Employer can be signed by any official duly authorised on his behalf. ** Commonly ninety. 14. Any notice required to be given hereunder shall be given in writing and may be given personally or be sent by registered post addressed (in the case where the Chemist desires to give notice) to the Employer at its registered office and (in the case where the Employer desires to give notice) to thechemist at his last address known to the Employer and any notice given by registered post shall be deemed to have been served in the ordinary course of the post.15. In case of any dispute or difference arising between the parties hereto as to any matter arising out of or concerning this Agreement every such dispute and matter in difference shall be referred to a single arbitrator if the parties can agree upon one but otherwise to three arbitrators one to be selected by the Employer and one by the Chemist and one by [the President for the time being of the Royal Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland or his nominee] and the opinion or conclusion of the Arbitration shall be final.IN WITNESS whereof etc. Note:-In many cases a clause of the following type is inserted. If this is done professional advice should be taken as to the terms in order to ensure that its meaning may be clear and its validity likely to be upheld:- The Chemist shall not for a period of years* from the date of the.termination of his employment with the Employer without the written consent of the Employer enter the employment of or be associated except as a shareholder or debenture holder in a limited liability Company with any business or Company in the United King-dom? similar to or in competition with the Employer and engage on any work or processes similar to the work or processes on which he has been employed by the Employer or with which his work for the Employer has made him familiar.Such consent shall not however be unreason- ably withheld. If .such consent be withheld the Employer shall pay to the Chemist in consideration thereof of the annual salary of which he shall be in receipt at the time of his leaving the employ- ment of the Employer during such period as the above restriction shall be in force and for months** thereafter. * Save in exceptional circumstances this period should not exceed one year. ?Or areas to be specified. 1Insert appropriate proportion of salary mutually agreed upon commonly ‘one half. ’ ** Commonly ‘three.’ ROYALINSTITUTE CHEMISTRY, OF 30 RUSSELLSQUARE W.C.I. LONDON April 1945. Notes The following Fellows have been elected to the Fellowship of the Royal Society:- John Masson Gulland Professor of Chemistry University College Nottingham ; John hlonteith Robertson Gardiner Professor of Chemistry University of Glasgow; and Frederick Maurice Rowe Professor of Colour Chemistry and Dyeing University of Leeds.The following Fellows have been elected to the Fellowship of the Royal Society of Edinburgh :-William Spence Haldane teacher of chemistry Dumfermline High School ; Stephen John Watson Professor of Agriculture University of Edinburgh and Principal of the Edinburgh and East of Scotland College of Agriculture; and Donald Cumming Wilson Director of T. & H. Smith Ltd. Edinburgh. Dr. W. M. Cumming Pas2 Mefizber of Council “Young” Professor of Technical Chemistry Royal Technical College Glasgow has been appointed Director of the School of Chemistry in the College.During the war Professor Cumming has been Head of the Explosives Directorate in Scotland of the Ministry of Supply. Mr. H. W. Cremer M.I.Chem.E. Fellow has recently resigned from the post of Director of Chemical Engineering Studies at King’s College London in order to take up an industrial appointment. He has served as Hon. Secretary Vice-president and Hon. Treasurer of the Institution of Chemical Engineers and as Chairman of the Chemi- cal Engineering Group of the Society of Chemical Industry; and is the Examiner for the F.R.I.C. in Branch G. Mr. C. S. Robinson M.I.Chem.E. Fellow will be the Head of the Chemical Industry Section of the British Section of the Allied Control Commission when the Commission takes up its work in Germany.r 85 I Dr. G.W. Monier-Williams O.B.E. M.C. Past Member of Council has been elected President of the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists in succession to Mr. S. E. hfelling Past Member of Council. The title of the appointment of Mr. R. E. Summers Fellow in the Department of Munitions Commonwealth of Australia has been changed from Chief Chemist (Explosives) to Assistant Superintendent Munitions Supply Laboratories. British Standards Institution.-B.S.381C 1944 Colours for Ready Mixed Paints has recently been issued. ‘‘Institution of Metallurgists ”.-Considerable progress has been made towards the formation of a professional institution with this title “to promote in every possible way the interests of and to maintain the status and prestige of metallurgists and to encourage scientists whose main interests lie in metallurgy to become and to designate themselves ‘metallurgists.’ ” Power is also being taken to advance the study of metallurgy to promote the better education of metallurgists to maintain a register of qualified members to set up and maintain a high standard of professional conduct among metallurgists and to collaborate with existing professional and scientific insti- tu tions.Obituary MARGARET APPLEYARDdied in November 1944 in Pittsfield ELSIESNOWDEN Mass. U.S.A. at the age of 36. Educated at the Greenhead High School Huddersfield she proceeded in 1927 to Newnham College Cambridge where she completed the Natural Science Tripos in 1931 and obtained the B.A.degree subsequently becoming an M.A. She was engaged during 1931-32 on research work in photochemistry under Professor Norrish and published jointly with him a paper on the photochemical decomposition of ketones. For the next four years she held a post as demonstrator in physical and inorganic chemistry at Bedford College for Women London and also carried out research work in the field of magneto-chemistry with Professor J. F. Spencer. After a further year of research at Cambridge she obtained in 1937 a post with the Asphalte and Bitumen Company Preston but in the following year proceeded to the United States to take up an appointment at Mount Holyoak College South Hadley Mass.Subsequently she was at the Wellesley College and finally at Williams College Williamstown Mass. where she was engaged in the Department of 13iology at the time of her death. She was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1937. BARROWCLIFF MARMADUKE died on 7th March 1945 at the age of 62 years. He was educated at Loughborough Grammar School and from 1899-1902 at University College Nottingham where he studied chemistry under Professor F. S. Kipping. He was then engaged in the Wellcome Chemical Research Laboratories on investigations relating to the separation and constitution of natural products derived from plants. In 1906 he went to the Research Department of Burroughs Wellcome & Co. at Dartford where he collaborated with Pyman and others in research on the aromatic arsonic acids and other problems in organic synthesis.A few years later he became First Assistant Chemist in the Department of Agriculture of the Federated Malay States. In the course of work on the Hevea Latex he discovered a new method of coagulation for which patents were taken out. Returning to England in 1915 he worked with F. H. Carr at Messrs. Boots Pure Drug Co. at Nottingham where he was engaged on various war-time problems including the method of manufacturing saccharin and the preparation of granules for use in anti-gas equipment. In recognition of this work he received the M.H.E. in 1920. In 1919 he moved to Manchester to take up a post on the research staff of British Dyestuffs Corporation. After some years as Head of the Operating Section he became in 1931 research manager of Imperial Chemical Industries (Dyestuffs) Ltd.a post which he held until about two years ago. His enthusiasm for research is evidenced by the fact that even after his retirement he was actively engaged on investigations at the Rothampstead Experimental Station and at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. He published a number of scientific papers and in 1921 in collaboration with F. H. Carr the well-known text-book Organic Medicinal Chemicals. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1904 and a Fellow in 1908 I 86.1 ALFRED HENRY CLUCASdied at Leeds on 10th January 1945 at the age of 62. He was educated at the Thoresby High School until 1909 when he took a post as chemical assistant with Otto Coke Ovens Co.Ltd. Leeds. During a period of four years with this Company he was concerned with a wide range of routine work and also with a number of investigations on matters related to the Company’s activities; at the same time he was attending evening classes at the Central Technical School Leeds. In 1913 he entered Leeds University to study gas engineering. On the outbreak of war in August 1914 he obtained a commission in the West Yorkshire Regiment and served with distinction in France Belgium and Germany. Promoted to the rank of Captain in September 1916 he acted for a time as divisional gas officer and later as Staff Captain to an Infantry Brigade while after the Armistice he was appointed Brigade Education Officer.He was mentioned in despatches and received the M.B.E. for his services. On demobilisation in 1919 he returned to Leeds University and in the following year obtained the Diploma in Gas Engineering and Fuel. It was then that he was appointed as Chemist to the Leeds Corporation Gas Department and thereafter devoted his energies to the work of this post. Later he was awarded the degree of M.Sc. by the University of Leeds. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1920. HOLGATE ANNIE CLAPHAM died in May 1944 at the age of 44. After receiving a general education at several schools in London finally at the Mary Datchelor School Cambenvell she proceeded to Queen Mary (then East London) College obtaining the BSc. degree with honours in 1922.A year at the London Day Training College gave her also the Teachers’ Diploma In the years 1923 to 1927 she held various temporary posts as science mistress in schools in London and in the provinces and then received an appointment as chemistry mistress at the Abbeydale Secondary School Sheffield. Keenly interested in the organisation of teachers she was for some years the honorary secretary of the Northern Branch of the Association of Women Science Teachers. Since 1932 she had been living in London. She was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1929. THOMAS JOSEPH NOLANdied in Dublin on 12th March 1945 in his 67th year. Professor Nolan received his early education at the Christian Brothers’ Schools Synge Street Dublin and entered University College Dublin in 1906.Graduating BSc. with first class honours in 1909 he was awarded the Travelling Studentship in Chemistry in 1911 during the tenure of which he worked under Smiles in London Pictet in Geneva Zincke in Marburg and Willst%tter in Berlin. In 1915 he was appointed research chemist at Messrs. Nobels and in 1925 he returned to Dublin to become Assistant State Chemist and later State Chemist. In 1932 he was appointed to the chair of Chemistry in University College Dublin. Most of his early research work was concerned with the constitution of natural pigments and more recently with the constitution of compounds found in lichens. He was an active member of the Institute having been member of Council (1939-42) and having served on the committee of the Dublin Section from 1934.He was elected a Fellow in 1918. HUTTON ROBERT SCOTTdied as the result of enemy action in March 1945 in his 24th year. He received his early education at the John Neilson Institution Paisley from 1926 to 1938; and in 1939 entered the Royal Technical College Glasgow where four years later he graduated as B.Sc. in Applied Chemistry with first class honours and obtained the Diploma of A.R.T.C. During his time at college he gained useful practical experience through vacation work with various firms and also obtained a certificate in technical bacteriology at the Royal Technical College. On graduation he was appointed to a post in Birmingham with Bakelite Ltd. in the Development Department and in September 1944 was transferred to Ilford Essex where he met his death.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1943. JOHN YEOMAN who was born on 4th February 1916 was reported missing in September 1944 while on active service with the R.A.F. and has now been presumed dead. He was educated at the Wallasey Elementary School and subsequently at the M’allasey Grammar School. Entering Liverpool University in 1934 he was awarded the B.Sc. degree in Biochemistry with honours three years later. At the University he showed keen interest in the organisation of student affairs and held a number of offices in the Guild of Undergraduates including that of Treasurer while also taking a prominent part in athletics. On graduation he entered the employ of Goodlass Wall 8z Lead Industries Ltd.as a trainee in the business and technical sides of the paint industry. In September 1942 he joined the R.A.F. and had attained the rank of Flying Officer at the time when he was reported missing. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1937. 87 1 Books and their Contents Reagent Chemicals. Samuel Morris. Pp. viii+ 150. (Sydney Australia Grosvenor Laboratories Pty. Ltd.) Specifications for 70 selected reagents with methods of estimating the percentage of the substance in a sample under examination. Index. Endeavour. No. 13 of Volume IV published in January contains inter ah articles on “Modern Developments in Glasses for Technical Purposes,’’ by Professor W. E. S. Turner F.R.S. and “Recent Work on Gaseous Ions,” by Professor A.M. Tyndall F.R.S. Organic Reagents for Organic Analysis. By the staff of the Research Labora- tory of Hopkin & Williams Ltd. Pp. 172. (Lofldon Hopkin and Williams Ltd.). General survey; selected reagents; melting point tables; index. Vitreous Enamellers The Institute of Annual Proceedings. Vols. II-VII 1936-42. (London Industrial Newspapers Ltd.). Reports of meetings; research reports; technical papers; lists of members; etc. Text-Book of Pharmacognosy. G. E. Trease. Pp. viii +800. (London: BailliGre Tindall and Cox.) Fourth edition. General principles historical introduction ; London commerce in crude drugs ; enzymes in vegetable drugs; cultivation of medicinal plants ;collection drying and storage of drugs; insect and other pests in drugs.Drugs of vegetable origin. Drugs of animal origin. Chemistry the constituents of drugs; extraction of drugs;fluorescence and chromatographic analysis; exercises on the evaluation of drugs. Microscopy the microscope and microscopical technique ; fibres and surgical dressings; cell structure; cell contents ; the microscopical study of drugs; the examination of powdered drugs ; quantitative microscopy. Maps. Glossary of Latin words used in naming species. Index. Coming Events April 28 THE INSTITUTE Midland Chemists’ Committee Annual Luncheon (or Dinner). May OF PUBLIC CHEMISTS: 2 SOCIETY ANALYSTSAND OTHER ANALYTICAL Meeting for the reading of papers at the Chemical Society’s Rooms Burlington House Piccadilly W.l at 5 p.m. 9 INSTITUTE :“Code of Electrical Practice for the Petroleum Industry.’’ OF PETROLEUM Alan D.Maclean at 26 Portland Place London W.l at 4.30 p.m. 9-10 IRON Annual General Meeting at 10.30 a.m. on 9th May. AND STEEL INSTITUTE A number of papers will be presented after the meeting and on following day at the Institution of Civil Engineers Great George Street London S.W.l. 10 SOCIETY (Road and Building Materials Group) Annual OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY General Meeting at Gas Industry House 1 Grosvenor Place London S.LV.1 at 4 p.m. followed at about 4.30 by a paper on “Co-operative Kesearch in the Road Emulsion Industry,” by 1:. R. Hatt and W. R. Peard. 11 THEINSTITUTE (Cardiff and District Section) :Annual General Meeting at 6.30p.m., at the Technical College Cardiff.16 THE INSTITUTE (Birmingham and Midlands Section) (Jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry) 16 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) “The Theory and Practice of the Microbiological Assay of the Vitamin-B Complex Selected Amino- Acids and Potassium.” Dr. E. C. Barton-Wright at the Chemical Society Burlington House W.l at 6 p.m. [881 May 17 CHEMICAL Hugo Miiller Lccture “The Past and Future of Crystal Chemis- SOCIETY try.” Professor J. I). Bernal F.R.S. at Burlington House Piccadilly London W.l at 5 p.m. 24 CHEMICAL Hugo Muiler Lecture “The Past and Future of Crystal Chemis- SOCIETY try.” Professor J. D. Bernal F.R.S, at University College Cardiff. June 9 BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS Works Visit.13 THEINSTITUTE (Birmingham and Midlands Section) “Medico-Legal Experiences.” Dr. G. Roche Lynch at Coventry. 13 1Nsrnu-m OF PETRoLEuhi “H. D. Lubricating Oils,” by Special Sub-committee of the Standardisation Committee at 26 Portland Place London W.l at 5.30 p.m. 23 THE INSTITUTE “Foods as Colloid Systems.” Dr. Wm. Clayton in Cambridge. Lecture arranged by the Birmingham and Midlands Section as a prelude to the Colloid Science Course (see below). 23-30 THE ~NSTITUTE (Birmingham and Midlands Section) Colloid Science Course at Cambridge. The Register New Fellows Sewcombe Jaines Arthur B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.S.M. Cooke Edmund Allaway M.A. (Oxon.). Re-elected Fellow Langton Harold McKee 31..4. (Cantab.) B.Sc. (Lond.).Associates elected to the Fellowship Cann Charles. Cash Wilfrid Ernest M.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. D.I.C. navies Evan Richard Hyivel B.Sc. Ph.D. (Wales). Dougary James McCulloch B.Sc. (Lond.). Dunsmore Adam A. H.-W.C. Fairgrieve Adam Wilson A.H.-W.C. Hems Benjamin Arthur 13.S~.(Gla\.) Ph.D. (Edin.). Holness Harry M.Sc. (Leeds). Hutcheson William Bell. Inglis Andrew Goldie B.Sc. (Glas.). Jones Norman Ralph B.Sc. (Lond.). Kitto Walter Harold RI.Sc. (S.A.). Lowe. Arthur Reginald B.Sc. P1i.D. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. D.I.C. Marsh Frank Hubert B.Sc. (Leeds). Mills Winton Gordon Boyce BSc. (Lond.) Narayanamurti Duraiswanii M.B.E. R.Sc. (Mysore) M.Sc. (Madras) Dr.Tng. (Danzig). Sorris Alfred M.A. B.Sc. D.Phi1. (Oxon.). O’Brien Eric Ackerley B.Sc.Tech.(Vict.). Pepper Albert Cecil B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.). Perren Edward Arthur B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. D.I.C. Purser Ernest Grenville BSc. (Lond.). Ram Miss Sosheila M.A. (Cantab.). Silman Richard Samuel. Spinks John William Tranter BSc. P1i.D. (Lond.). Tweed W’illiain Thomas 31.-4. (Cantab.), I1I.Sc. (Leeds). Walker William Basil J3.Sc. (Lond.). Wallace Thomas M.C.. D.Sc. (Dunelm). Woods Douglas Eric BSc. Ph.D. (Lond.). New Associates Adams David Hemsley BSc. (Lond.). Allen David George B.Sc. (Lond.). Andrus Stanley. Armitage Maurice Stanley Pearce. Briggs Arthur Stanley B.A. BSc. (Oxon.). Challis Horace James. Chapman Leslie M.P.S. Coles Kenneth Frank B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. D.I.C. Cooper David Wallace M.P.S.Donald Charles B.Sc. Ph.D. (Aberd.). c 80 3 Dunton Francis George M.Sc. (Lond.). Dutton Guy Gordon Studdy B.A. (Cantab.). Farron John Clifford. Foster Frederick Henry. Frow Percy B.Sc. (Lond.). Furzey Douglas George B.Sc.Tech. (Sheffield). Gallafent Victor M.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. D.I.C. Gard John Alan BSc. (Dunelm). Gibson Joseph B.Sc. (Dunelm). Griffiths James Owen B.Sc. (Wales). Hartley Kenneth B.Sc. (Manc.). Haworth John Wynne MSc. Ph.D. (Manc.). Heath Miss Florence May B.Sc. (Lond.). Henstock Hubert Ian. Hepburn Harold Llewellyn. Hill James Thomas B.Sc. (Lond.). Holmes George. Hughes Stanley Reginald Charles B.Sc. (Liv.). James Hector Glyndwr B.Sc. (Lond.). Jones Gwilym Thomas B.Sc.(Wales). Jones Lynn Francis B.Sc. (Wales). Jones Peter BSc. (Wales). Knight James Wilfred B.Sc. (Lond.). Lahiri Adinath MSc. (Calcutta) Ph.D. (Lond.) D.I.C. Leadbeater Bernard BSc. (Leeds). Leicester James M.Sc.Tech. Dip.Ed. (Sheffield). Longman Frederick Thomas. Moreton Trevor Gardner. Moseley Philip John. Naish. Arthur Basil. Newlands George BSc. (Glas.). Nicol Donald Laurence BSc. (Lond.). Parker Leslie Frederick John B.Sc. (Lond.). Plant Jack M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.). Powling Jack B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. Roberts Evan B.Sc. (Wales). Rogan Mervyn Desmond. Rosser Robert Arthur B.A. B.Sc. (Oxon.). Sanderson John. Schofield Tom. Short Andrew Galbraith BSc. Ph.D. (St. Andrews). Shuttleworth Robert M.P.S. Sim \Villiam Stuart B.Sc.Ph.D. (Edin.). Smith Neville B.Sc. (Sheffield). Speedie John Douglas. Storey William Stivens A.H.-W.C. Tennyson-Smith Duncan. Thackray Gerald Bowling BSc. (Lond.). Truscott Colin Owen B.Sc. (Lond.). Turner Claude B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.). Vernon Edmond James B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. Westwood John BSc. (Birm.). White Alexander. Whitmarsh John Marshall M.Sc. (Lond.). Wilcock Bertram. Willison Geoffrey. Wilson Keith Rowley. Woiwod Albert John BSc. (Lond.). Re-elected Associate Harvey Frank Emery BSc. Ph.D. (Bris.). New Students Andrews Geoffrey Robert. Bagshaw Harold Baker Philip Basil M.P.S. Ball Eugene Thomas FitzPatrick. Baxter Miss Kathleen. Baxter Peter Maxwell. Beckett Herbert Victor Austin.Borrowdale James. Bouch William Ernest. Bowes Emmerson. Brown Joseph Clair. Bryceson Leslie Donald Battiscombe Burnett James Donald. Clay Ronald. Collier Raymund Ernest. Cooke Ronald. Cooper Hamish Rae. Cotter Miss Brigid Mary. Cowell William Alan. Cowperthwaite James. Crabtree Leslie Schofield. Daykin George. Deverell David. Donn Thomas Whyte. Dulinsky Cyril Irving. Egan George Henry. Evered Derek Frank. Fatherley Michael. Fewlass Maurice William. Glaister Frank Joseph. Gregory Neal Roy. Harris Frederick John. Harrison Eric. Hayes Alan. Holt Thomas. Hulme Brian. Hutchinson Alan. Jenkins Aubrey Dennis. Johnson George. Jolly Reginald. Jones Robert Daniel. Kember Norman Frank.Craig Thomas Gardner. Latty James Eric. Croft Norman. Lee Walter Henry. Curtis Norman Sidney. Lockhart George Watson. Davies William. London David Lockwood BSc. (Lond.). (901 Longden Basil Richmond Anthony Desmond. Lowe John Anthony B.Sc. (Lond.). Rollinson Joe. Mabley Bert. Rose William Ian Balfour. Martin Brian Wellburn. Sanders John Joseph. Miller Ronald Bruce. Savage Norman Fielden. Munslow Robert John. Shelmerdine John. Murphy James Henry. Slade Jack Harry Ralph. Mynett Raymond John. Smith Edgar Vernon. Newman Dennis Daniel Ernest. Steel Alan Edward. Nicholas Miss Rachael Elizabeth Hope. Stubbs Frederick John. Poppelsdorff FCdor. Thomson Thomas Bernard. Prior Kenneth Francis William. Wild David Edward. Pryde Alan Millam.Wilkie John Strachan B.Sc. (Edin.). Richardson Eric Mills. Re-registered Students Burman Arthur Duncan. Morgan Thomas David B.Sc. (Lond.) Lambden. Alfred Edward. DEATHS Fellowa Marmaduke Barrowcliff M.B.E. Sydney Walter Hunt B.Sc. A.R.C.S. Thomas Joseph Nolan B.A. D.%. (N.U.I.) Associates Margaret Elsie Snowden Appleyard M.A. Alan Percy Platt B.Sc. Ph.D. (Liv.). (Cantab.). Robert Hutton Scott B.Sc. (Glas.) Richard Arthur Omerod Claudet B.Sc. A.R.T.C. (Lond.). Donald Vernon Tilston B.Sc. (Wales). Alfred Henty Clncas M. B.E,,M.Sc. (Leeds) . CHANGE OF NAME Eva Rebecca Levy B.Sc. Associate to PINTo,-on her mamage. CORRECTIONS On page 49 of Part I 1945-for “Connellan James” read “Connellan JOHN.” Kunj Behari Lal Associate in future wishes to be registered as MATHUR,KUNJ BEHARI LAL.General Notices Lecture.-Dr. J. H. Quastel F.R.S. Member of Couszcil has kindly undertaken to give a lecture on “Sail Metabolism,” at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine on Friday 27th April 1945 at 6 p.m. The President Professor Alexander Findlay will preside. The Journaland Proceedings. Owing to paper rationing and steady increase in membership stocks of the Journal of the Institute are short. The Publications Com- mittee will be grateful if members who do not keep their journals will return to the Secretary copies of recent Parts-especially Part IV 1944. Examinations.-Subject to final arrangements examinations will be held in September 1945 as follows:-For the Associateship during the week commencing Monday 17th September in London and in Glasgow.All applications must be received not later than Monday 11th June. Last date for Entry Monday 9th July. For the Fellowship during the week commencing Monday 24th September. All applications must be received not later than Monday 11th June. Last date for entry, Monday 18th June. i911 Active Service.-Fellows Associates and Registered Students who are on active service with the Navy Army and Air Force as well as Recipients of Honours and Awards are requested to notlfy the Institute giving such particulars as may be permissible as to their rank unit etc. Notices to Associates.-Associates who desire to qualify for the Fellowship can obtain copies of the Regulations and forms of application from the Registrar.Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments or are desirous of extending their opportunities is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Libraries.-The Library of the Institute is available to Fellows Associates and Registered Students from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. on weekdays (except Saturdays 10 a.m. to 1 p.m.) ; the Library of the Chemical Society is available for those wishing to consult or borrow books from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. (except Saturdays 10 a.m. to 1 p.m.). Books may be borrowed from the Science Library Science Museum South Kensington S.W.7 on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Secretary of the Institute.Information regarding facilities afforded to members by Lewis’s Lending Library can also be obtained from the Registrar. Boots’ Booklovers Library.-Under the arrangements made on behalf of Fellows and Associates with Boots’ Booklovers Library the service for current subscriptions expired on 1sT MARCH. Fresh application forms must be obtained by those who desire to receive the service. Members must renew their spbscriptions or return the last volume and membership token to the local or most convenient branch of the Library on or before 1st March. Forms can be obtained from the Registrar. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers (1s. 7d. each) for binding the JOURNAL in annual volumes are requested to notify the Secretary of their requirements indicating the years for which the covers are required.Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-Enquiries should be addressed to the Secretary. As the slides are frequently in demand members are requested to notify their require- ments at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.-Fellows Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give so far as possible their permanent addresses for registration. All requests for changes in the Register should be addressed to the Registrar and not to the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. In order to facilitate identification Fellows and Associates are asked to give their full initials on communications addressed to the Institute.In the prevailing circumstances Fellows and Associates are also asked not invariably to expect formal acknowledgments of communications addressed to the Institute unless replies are necessary. BENEVOLENTFUND.-Contributions for 1945maybe sent to the Honorary Treasurer 30,Russell Square London W.C.l. Forms for Deeds of Covenant and Forms of Bequest may be obtained from the Secretary. JOINT SUBSCRIPTION SCHEMES Fellows and Associates and Registered Students who wish to participate in the scheme under which they can acquire for a reduced subscription membership of the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry and substantial privileges as to publications can obtain particulars from the Conjoint Chemical Office 6 Burlington Gardens Piccadilly London W.1.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/RG9456900053

出版商:RSC    

年代:1945

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND FOUNDED 1877 INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER 1886 Patron -H.M. THE KING JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS PART 111 1945 Publications Committee 1945-46 F. P. Dunn (Chairman),A. L. Bacharach F. Challenger R. C. Chirnside L. Eynon, Alexander Findlay (President) Osman Jones D. Jordan-Lloyd H. Moore and J. H. Quastel Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee H. J. T.ELLINGHAM Secretary. 30 RUSSELLSQUARE W.C.1 LONDON Jane 1945 Proceedings of the Council Council Meeting 20th April 1945.-The Committee on Economic Status and Welfare with terms of reference previously approved (see JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1945,Part 11 p. 81),was appointed as follows:-The President with Dr.J. F. J. Dippy Dr. L. H. Lampitt Dr. G. Roche Lynch Sir Robert Pickard Mr. A. J. Prince and Professor W. Wardlaw. The Report of the Finance and House Committee was received and adopted including a recommendation that a sum of &,ooo be invested on general account. It was decided that after the end of 1945no publications will be issued to members who are more that fourteen months in arrear in payment of their annual subscriptions. In adopting the Report of the Benevolent Fund Committee it was agreed that in view of the generous co-operation of Reed’s School in the education of a number of children of Fellows and Associates the annual contribution to that School be increased from t75 to fs~oo. The Report of the Nominations Examinations and Institutions Committee (23rd March) was received and adopted and the recommendations for admis- sion to Studentship and to Examination and for election to the Associate- ship and Fellowship were approved.The Council received a report on correspondence with the Ministry of Health regarding loss of work suffered by consultants through the operation of Emergency Public Health Laboratories. In view of the Minister’s promise to consult the Institute and the Society on the general question of the part to be played by chemists in connection with the safeguarding of water supplies and other aspects of public health policy it was agreed subject to the concurrence of the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists that the terms of reference of the existing Joint Committee of the two bodies be extended to cover the consideration of all developments affecting responsibility for the chemical and bacteriological examination of water.A suggestion received from the Leeds Area Section that details of cases in which the Institute had taken successful action over unsatisfactory salaries and similar matters should be published from time to time without mention of names was referred to the Committee on Economic Status and Welfare. On the recommendation of the Publications and Library Committee it was agreed that following a protest by the South Yorkshire Section regarding an entry in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1944,Part VI extracts from the press would not be published in future without due safeguards against inaccuracies or undesirable implications.Arising from an inquiry from the Birmingham and Midlands Section as to the possibility of reprinting Mr. Woollatt’s Chemical Engineering Notes originally issued in connection with a lecture course the Council endorsed the following conclusions of the Publications Committee :-No objection can be taken to a Section issuing printed copies of notes on a lecture course arranged by the Section provided that such copies are issued to members taking the course without charge other than that made for attending the course for in these circumstances the issue of such notes would not be regarded asconstitutingpublication. On the other hand if matter of this kind were printed or reprinted for sale by the Institute or by one of its Sections the Institute would thereby be assuming responsibilities as a publisher in a field of publication different from that covered by its normal activities where its publications are issued free to all members.[ 94 3 It was agreed therefore that the proposal to reprint Mr. Woollatt’s Chemical Engineering Notes should not be approved. The Chairman of the Publications and Library Committee has undertaken to prepare a statement setting out conditions of publication appropriate to the Institute and it was agreed that this statement should be referred t‘o the Annual Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. Approval was given to a recommendation of the Chemical Council “That the Constituent Bodies approve the co-option of two representatives of the Faraday Society as Members of the Chemical Council under similar condi- tions to the other Bodies.” It is understood that the Faraday Society wishes to come under the scheme of co-operation for publications; and that if this recommendation is accepted by the three Constituent Bodies the Chemical Council will draw up a scheme acceptable to the bodies concerned.The Council received and considered a letter from the Leeds Area Section asking for guidance as to policy with regard to the holding of joint meetings with the Association of Scientific Workers or the British Association of Chemists. The position taken up by the Council on a3rd July 1943 was confirmed i.e. there is no objection to Local Sections holding meetings with bodies with Trade Union interests provided that such meetings are held for the discussion only of matters of scientific interest and not for political propaganda.Council Meeting 25th May 1945.-The Committee on Revision of Charter and By-laws at its first meeting made a preliminary survey of the work to be done. The Committees of Council and certain Special Com- mittees have been invited to furnish suggestions as to desirable changes in the Charter and By-laws connected with their respective fields of work. Following a suggestion from the Leeds Area Section the attention of the Publications Committee has been drawn to the desirability of providing as soon as conditions permit more information on the proceedings of Council either by extension of the existing reports or by the inclusion of special articles on questions of major interest.The Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists has agreed to the proposed extension of the terms of reference of the Joint Committee with the Institute (see previous Report above). Resolutions from the Cardiff and District Section and the South MY’ales Section (see p. 102)concerning possible changes in regional representation on Council under the proposed new By-laws (see JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1945,Part I p. 39) were referred to the Annual Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections and for subsequent consideration by the Committee on Revision of the Charter and By-laws. A resolution by the South Wales Section that for the better guidance of members a fuller description of each candidate for election to Council should be circulated was referred to the same bodies.In the Report of the Finance and House Committee which was adopted reference was made to proposed revision of the scale of the Life Composition fees; revision of insurances in relation to increased values; staff pensions; and the possibilities of utilising more effectively the house accommodation at 30 Russell Square with special reference to the use to be made of the laboratory and of the meeting room both of which are inadequate for the purposes for which they were originally intended. c 951 Following an enquiry from the Liverpool and North-Western Section it was agreed that travelling expenses could be claimed by the Chairman the Honorary Secretary and the Recorder of a Section in respect of a meeting of the Section held within the area of the Section but at centres other than that at which the Officer concerned resides.Consideration was given to the possibility of arrangements being made with the Banks to enable members to be relieved of Bank charges on their personal accounts ; but it was concluded that in present circumstances such concessions would be unlikely to be granted in respect of members of the Institute and that if they were granted their value would probably be negligible. It was decided therefore not to proceed further with the matter at the present time. From the Report of the Benevolent Fund Committee it was learned with satisfaction that in the last six months 75 new Deeds of Covenant representing a gross additional annual income of kgz IOS.,had been executed by members of the Institute.The Council welcomed a suggestion from a Fellow that other members might like to follow his example in sending to the fund a donation representing one shilling for each year of his membership as a thankoffering for the end of the European War. A Report of the Nominations Examinations and Institutions Committee of 20th April and a Special Report on matters sent forward from a meeting of the Board of Examiners on 16th May were received and adopted. A request from the Institute of Physics to be allowed to use the document entitled “Suggested Clauses for Incorporation in Contracts of Service for Chemists” (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1945 Part 11 pp.82-85) as the basis of a similar document for physicists was approved. Consideration was given to a protest from a Fellow against the inclusion of clause 5 in this document but it was agreed that the clause did not impose an unreasonable restraint on a chemist in full time employment and that its inclusion was justified. The Council approved arrangements that were being made for the issue of a form to be completed by Fellows and Associates who are principals in independent consulting practices and agreed that the form should be sent out with JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part 111 which should contain a short note on the purpose of the enquiry (see p. 98). The Council learned with regret that the Minister of Health was not prepared to consider claims for compensation in respect of loss of work by private practitioners through the operation of Emergency Public Health Laboratories.Arrangements have been made however for representatives of the Institute and the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists to discuss with the Chief Medical Officer of the Ministry of Health proposals under consideration for the establishment of a public health laboratory service on a national basis as part of the post-war health services. This should afford an opportunity for emphasising the importance in the national interest of the part that should be played by chemists in the safeguarding of water supplies and other public health services.In a Report of the Appointments Committee which was adopted con- sideration was given to means for enabling members and Registered Students at present serving in the Forces or holding temporary war-time appoint- ments to secure permanent appointments when demobilised or released (see special note on page 98). [961 The Council received a draft memorandum drawn up by the Joint Council of Professional Scientists setting forth principles of recommended codes of practice in respect of consulting work by scientists. The purpose of the document is to indicate how scientists of various classes (private practitioners members of the staffs of universities and technical colleges etc.) may most appropriately use their knowledge and experience in advising or assisting industry.The general terms of the memorandum were approved and its issue as an agreed statement by the Royal Institute of Chemistry and the Institute of Physics was authorised subject to any drafting amendments to be made by the Joint Council and to the concurrence of the Institute of Physics. Recommendations by the Publications and Library Committee on future policy with regard to the Institute’s library were adopted. The purpose of the recommendations is to provide for the maintenance at 30 Russell Square of a small but well organised library consisting of certain reference books and up to date textbooks and complete runs of a few standard period- icals and to bring a complete schedule of the actual contents of this special library to the notice of members and students from time to time.In adopting this recommendation the Council accepts the now well-established position that members and students of the Institute have access to the com- prehensive library of the Chemical Society to the maintenance of which the Institute makes a substantial contribution under the co-operation scheme and will use it as the general library for consultation and borrowing of books but considers that a useful purpose would be served by providing at 30 Russell Square a limited special reference library of known content. A reply was received from the Ministry of Education to the Council’s assertion that it was unsatisfactory to include technological courses in the scheme for Ordinary National Certificates (see Report of Council Meeting 23rd March JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1945,Part 11,p.50);and following a suggestion by the Ministry it was agreed to invite Officers of the Ministry to attend part of the June Meeting of the Council in order to explain more fully the views of the Ministry on the questions at issue. With reference to a suggestion by the London and South-Eastern Counties Section that the Council should reconsider its requirements as to “evidence of general education” for admission to the Associateship Exam- ination with a view to giving holders of National Certificates better oppor- tunities of becoming qualified chemists the Council decided that it would be undesirable to make any further concessions in this direction that would involve lowering the standard of preliminary education demanded by the existing regulations.Reports of proceedings at meetings of the Chemical Council in March and April were received and approval was given to a recommendation that publishing societies be asked to establish means of informal contact between editorial staffs and foster informal co-operation between Editors. Arising out of a letter from a former Member of Council regarding lack of representation of the Institute on a particular Government Committee the general question of securing a wider recognition of the professional status and work of the Institute by Government departments was referred to the Committee on Economic Status and Welfare. [ 97 3 Employment in the Post-War Period In response to the enquiry in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1944 Part V p.156 the Institute has now obtained particulars of 275 Fellows or Associates and of 100 Registered Students who hold posts of a temporary character or who are serving in the Forces and who desire assistance in obtaining permanent appointments as soon as they are released or demobilised. All members in administrative positions able to make offers of employment to such members or students who may not be immediately available are asked as soon as they are free from restrictions to communicate with the Registrar who will notify particulars of vacancies to the members and students concerned. Directory of Independent Consultants IMPORTANT NOTICE TO INDEPENDENT CONSULTANTS At its meeting on 16th February the Council decided that an up-to-date directory should be prepared of the names and addresses of Fellows and Associates in practice as independent Consultants together with an indication of the general scope of their activities and of any particular fields of work in which they specialise.The intention is that copies of the complete directory which will be revised annually shall be made available to every enquirer and that existence of the directory shall be advertised in the press. The directory will also be printed as an appendix to future issues of the Register of the Institute. The names and particulars of all independent consultants who are members of the Institute will thus be brought to the notice of firms or Government Departments that may have need of their services.In making this decision the Council had in mind not only the interests of consultants but also the wider public interest in securing that after the war industry shall be able readily to obtain the best advice and assistance in the solution of its current problems and in fostering new developments. Thc importance of this aspect of the matter has been confirmed by a request since received from the Department of Scientific and Indus- trial Research for similar particulars of practitioners and of the laboratory facilities which they command with reference to services ranging from purely routine testing to research and development work in connection with new processes. Fellows and Associates who are l’rincipals in an independent consulting practice are invited therefore to complete the accompanying form and to return it to the Secretary Royal Institute of Chemistry 30 Russell Square W.C.I.Returns from members in the British Isles should reach the Secretary not later than 31st July 1945 for incorporation in the first issue of the Directory in the autumn. Returns from members overseas will be held for inclusion in a later issue. Application of Chemistry to the Promotion of Industrial Welfare The Newton Chambers Prize Essay Competition,1945.-Fellows Associates and Registered Students will recall that Messrs. Newton Chambers & Co. Ltd. offered to the South Yorkshire Section of the Institute a sum of LlOO per annum for five years for the award of an annual prize for contributions to the subject of Chemistry and Industrial Welfare.The whole objective of the Award is to encourage young chemists to make greater use of their knowledge of chemistry and their facilities for experimental work to enhance the existing knowledge of Industrial Welfare. Applications to com- pete for the Prize for 1945 are invited mder the following conditions:- 1. The 1945 competition is open to every Fellow Associate or Registered Student of the Institute who had not reached his 36th birthday by 1st January 1945. 2. The 1945 Award is offered for an essay paper or papers published or unpublished embodying the candidate’s own observations or experimental work on some aspects of the application of chemistry to the promotion of Industrial Welfare.A critical examination of existing knowledge is admissible to the Competition provided that the conclusions reached constitute an addition to the knowledge of the subject. 3. Each candidate must transmit to the Hon. Secretary] South Yorkshire Section Royal Institute of Chemistry (A. Taylor Esq. B.Sc. A.R.I.C. c/o Newton Chambers & Co. Ltd. Thorncliffe Works Sheffield) to reach him on or before 31st December] 1945 (a) A formal letter of application to enter the competi- tion stating his name address date of birth and status (Fellow Associate or Registered Student) in the Institute; (b) two copies of each essay or paper submitted together with a brief statement in duplicate indicating in what respect the essay or paper advances knowledge of the application of chemistry to the promotion of industrial welfare; and (c) a declaration by the candidate that the work is his own or in the case of joint papers a statement signed by the candidate and his collaborators as to the extent to which the results and con-clusions are the work of the candidate.4. The decision of the Committee of the South Yorkshire Section on any matter connected with the award of the prize is final. The Committee may at its discretion divide the Prize between two or more candidates or may withhold the award if no entry of sufficient merit is received. 5. The Committee may require a candidate to attend for interview in connection 6. The Committee reserves the right to publish the successful essay or paper (if not with his application.already published) in whatever form it thinks desirable. Local Sections The Institute is not responsible /or the views expressed in papers or in speeches read during discussions. Belfast and District.-The Annual GeneraleMeeting of the Section was held in the Carlton Restaurant Belfast on 29th March at 6.15 p.m. Dr. M. H. Hall took the Chair. The Financial Statement and Annual Report were discussed and adopted and suggestions for the programme for next Session were made. The following office-bearers for 1945-46 were elected :-Chairman Dr. E. M. Reid; Hon. Treasurer Dr. W. Honney-man; Hon. Secretary Mr. C. S. McDowell; Committee Messrs. W. Bolton W. W. W. Jackson T. C. Shaw and W.A. Smith. Birmingham and Midlands.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on Wednesday 28th March 1945. The Chair was taken by Mr. A. Churchman. In moving the Committee’s Annual Report the Chairman referred briefly to new enter- prises which had been undertaken in addition to the normal lecture programme and said that so long as good support continued to be forthcoming the Committee would invite lecturers of high standing. The new Committee was elected as follows:-Chairman Mr. A. Churchman; Vice- Chairman Mr. Garfield Thomas; Treasurer Mr. G. H. Edwards; District Member of Council Mr. T. H. Gant; Hon. Secretary Mr. E. M. Joiner; Fellows Mr. J. P. Allchin Dr. L. R. Bishop Dr. S. 13. Carter Mr. Geo. King Dr. H. C. Smith Associates Mr. J.H. Bennitt Mr. A. W. Evans Mr. F. A. Oliver Mr. M. E. D. Windridge. Messrs. F. G. Broughall and E. G. K. kitchett were elected Hon. Auditors. At the conclusion of formal business the meeting discussed the proposed new bye- laws for the election of Members of Council; these were approved. Dr. H. C. Smith drew attention to an appeal for equipment and literature for the liberated countries of Europe and it is expected that some action will be taken in this matter in the near future. On 28th April members of the Section took part in the festivities of Midland Chemists’ Day. The Annual Luncheon was followed by a Family Garden Party in the afternoon and by dancing in the evening. A joint meeting of the Section and the Birmingham Section of the Society of Chemical Industry was held on’16th May in the English Theatre of the University when Mr.J. Haslam lectured on “Analytical Chemistry in an Industrial Laboratory.” A summary of this lecture as delivered on 2nd February to the Glasgow and West of Scotland Section was published in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part 11 p. 76. Cardiff and District.-A lecture on ‘‘-The Occurrence and Significance of the Inorganic Constituents of Coal,” by Dr. H. E. Crossley on 14th March (see summary on p. 107) evoked considerable interest and drew the largest audience the Section has had at a meeting for some years. At the Annual General Meeting held at the Technical College Cardiff on 11th May the following Officers and Committee were elected for the Session 1945-46 :-Chairman Mr.W. D. Williams; Hon. Secretary and Treasurer Mr. H. F. Adams; Hon. Auditor Mr. D. Hicks; Committee Mr. J. F. Byrne Dr. N. M. Cullinane Mr. S. U. Evans Mr. J. Ormston Dr. K. Sames Dr. R. Williams and cx-o@cio (as District Member of Council) Mr. R. H. Jones. By invitation of the Chemical Society members of the Section attended the Hugo Miiller Lecture on “The Past and Future of Crystal Chemistry,” by Professor J. D. Bernal F.R.S. at University College Cardiff on 24th Iflay. East Midlands.-At the Annual General Meeting of the Section held at the beginning of April the following Officers and members of Committee were elected for the Session 1945-46:-Chairman Mr. S. W. Atherley; Hon. Treasurer Mr. E. M. Bavin; Hon. Secretary Dr. C. Whitworth; Committee Dr.Miller Mr. Hunter and Mr. Fairgrieve (for Derbyshire) Dr. Hunter and Mr. Bullock (for Leicester-excluding E 1001 Loughborough) Dr. Dyson (for Loughborough) Dr. Barber Mr. Bavin and Mr. Ward (for Nottinghamshire) and Mr. Campbell (for Lincoln) with Mr. Davidson and Mr. North as co-opted members. Dr. Barber was elected Hon. Auditor. The Annual General Meeting was followed by a lecture by Dr. G. Roche Lynch Member of Council entitled “Some Medico-Legal Experiences.’’ Glasgow and West of Scotland.-At a committee meeting held on 16th April the resignation of Dr. F. Rumford as Assistant Secretary of the Section on his appoint- ment as Hon. Secretary of the Glasgow Section of the Society of Chemical Industry was received; and appreciation of his services as Assistant Secretary and as a member of committee was recorded.Mr. W. G. Desmond Wright was appointed as his successor. Huddersfie1d.-The Annual General Meeting was held on 20th March in Field’s Cafe Mr. D. Hanson Chairman of the Section presiding. The Reports of the Hon. Secretary and Hon. Treasurer were read and approved and Mr. C. E. Randolph was reelected Hon. Auditor. Messrs. T. A. Simmons and R. J. S. Thompson were elected to the vacancies on Committee occasioned by the retirement of Mr. D. Hanson and Miss E. C. Gilmore. The Officers and Committee for the current Session are as follows :-Chairman Mr T. A. Simmons; Hon. Treasurer Mr. A. W. Waller; Hon. Secretary Dr. E. H. Goodyear; Committee Mr. C. Lumb Mr. R. J. S. Thompson Mr.H. S. Peacocke Mr. P. G. Packman Dr. A. E. Everest (Member of Council). Following the business meeting Mr. J. R. Rowlands opened a discussion on “The training of an Organic Chemist.” It was generally agreed that the best training was a sound grounding in fundamental chemistry with practical training in which emphasis was laid on qualitative and quantitative analysis. Mr. R. J. S. Thompson then read a paper on “The Removal of Hydrogen Sulpliide from Coal Gas,” which was followed by a good discussion. A joint meeting with the Huddersfield branch of the Society of Dyers and Colourists was held on 15th May in Collinson’s CafC at which members were entertained to a show of sound films of topical and educational interest provided by the Ministry of Informa- tion.Liverpool and North-Western.-A joint meeting arranged by the British Association of Chemists was held on 23rd February in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre the University of Liverpool with Mr. E. P. McManus in the Chair. Mr. H. W. Rowel1 gave a talk on “The Useful Thermoplastics” which was illustrated by many samples and slides. On 28th February a meeting was held in Wigan at the Mining and Technical College as arranged by Dr. J. F. J. Dippy Member of Council. A lecture previously delivered before another Section was given by Professor H. L. Riley on “Coals Cokes and Chars,” a subject most appropriate for the Lancashire coalfield of which Wigan is the centre. Keen interest was shown in the subject matter as evidenced by the discussion which followed particularly by students who comprised a large part of the audience.Many members took the opportunity offered by the Society of Chemical Industry of hearing on 8th March the Hurter Memorial Lecture delivered by Dr. R. E. Slade M.C. Research Controller of Imperial Chemical Industries under the title “Benzene Hexa- chloride-An Insecticide with Outstanding Properties.” A meeting sponsored by Dr. W. Cule Davies was held in the Municipal Technical College Widnes on 10th March when Dr. J. F. J. Dippy gave a lecture on “The Mechan- ism of Condensation Reactions’’ (see summary on p. 107) which was followed by a dis- cussion. This was the first meeting of the Institute at Widnes and 30 members and students were present. The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 12th April when the follow- ing were elected to the Committee.-Chairman Mr.P. N. Williams; Vice-Chairman Mr. G. Brearley; Hon. Treasurer Mr. G. W. Beaumont; Hon. Secretary Mr. H. Weather-all; Hon. Recorder Dr. G. P. Gibson; Assistant Secretary Mr. E. Reid; Committee Mr. W. E. Frankenburg Mr. E. Meyer Dr. J. B. Firth and Mr. L. V. Cocks. Mr. L. V. Cocks and Mr. B. D. W. Luff were appointed Hon. Auditors. The Treasurer presented a brief financial statement which included for the first time expenses incurred by meetings held at Wigan and Widnes. The business of the meeting was preceded by a dinner at Reece’s Restaurant and was followed by an entertainment arranged by Mr. Weatherall. Lady guests were invited to the social part of the programme and the artists were mainly members of the Section.[ 101 1 Newcastle upon Tyne and N.E. Coast.-The Twenty-sixth Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at King’s College Newcastle upon Tyne on 16th May under the Chairmanship of Dr. G. E. Stephenson. The Annual Reports of the Com- mittee and the Hon. Treasurer were received and adopted and Dr. P. L. Robinson and Mr. W. Lawson were elected Hon. Auditors. Dr. C. W. Gibby and Mr. M. A. W. Brown were elected to vacancies on the Committee which is constituted as follows for 1945-46:-Dr. J. H. Jones Chairman; Dr. W. M. Madgin Hon. Treasurer; H. E. Blayden Hon. Secretary M. A. W. Brown W. A. Campbell Professor G. R. Clemo (ex-oflcio,Member of Council) Dr. C. W. Gibby. Dr. C. W. Shacklock Dr.G. E. Stephen-son Dr. W. s. Patterson. Following the business of the Annual General Meeting an open discussion on “Education in Chemistry” was introduced by Dr. W. S. Patterson. The discussion which was well attended ranged over a wide field and many members contributed to it. South Wales.-The 27th Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 27th April at the nlackworth Hotel Swansea Dr. L. E. Hinkel presiding. The Annual Report and Financial Statement from the Committee was received and adopted. Officers and Members of the Committee for the ensuing session were elected as follows :-Chairman Dr. L. E. Hinkel ; Honorary Secretary Mr. E. E. Ayling ; Committee Professor J. E. Coates Messrs. R. 0. Bishop C. J. Bloomfield D. L. Phillips E. C. Roper and E.Thornton. Messrs. G. Made1 and J. W. Adye were elected as Honorary Auditors. Mr. R. H. Jones District Member of Council spoke on Council activities and the meeting then discussed the proposed changes in the By-Laws concerning the Constitu- tion of the Council and the Nomination and Election of Members of Council. The following resolutions were adopted unanimously for submission to the Council :-“That for the better guidance of members a much fuller description of each candidate for election should be circulated including for example the candidate’s age details of his experience as a chemist details of any activities in other chemical or scientific organisations and other details which the candidate might submit subject to the approval of the Council.” “That general approval be given to the proposed alterations in the By-Laws subject to the inclusion of the suggestion embodied in the previous resolution.” Since the present District of Wales and the County of Monmouth has a distinct entity on national educational and geographical bases the following resolution was also adopted :-“That in the form of District or Regional representation agreed upon under the proposed changes in the By-Laws Wales and the County of lLlonmouth should remain as a single electing unit and retain a representative on the Council.” On 24th May members attended a meeting by invitation of the Chemical Society which was held at University College Cardiff with Professor J.E. Coates presiding when Professor J. D. Bernal F.R.S.delivered the Hugo Miiller lecture on “The Past and Future of Crystal Chemistry.” Tees-Side.-On 29th April Dr. J. F. J. Dippy Member of Council spoke to a large audience on the subject “Modern Views on Some Condensation Reactions,” (see Sum-mary p. 107) ; a keen discussion followed. The Annual General Meeting was held on 9th April. The following Committee and Honorary Officers were declared for the year 1945-46:-Messrs. C. Walker A. T. S. Zealley E. A. Blench Charles Wilson E. G. Rutter H. S. V’ood E. R. H. Davies C. R. Groves M. Guter (Hon. Treasurer) H. N. Wilson (ex-oficio,District Member of Council) A. J. Prince (ex-oficio General Member of Council) F. K. Williams (Hon. Secretary). Drs. J. S. Dunn and G. I. Higson were elected honorary treasurers; the latter is also almoner for the district.Mr. A. J Prince is chairman of the Section for the year and Mr. Walker deputy-chairman. Mr. Charles Wilson is honorary assistant-secretary. The Annual General Meeting approved a resolution that no honorary secretary or treasurer may hold office for a period Ionger than five years. A discussion on the proposed changes of representation on Council was then initiated by Dr. F. R. Williams. In general the proposals were welcomed although many members made the reservation that the actual geographical division would need careful consideration. Discussion also took place on the period for which a Vice-president might serve on Council. On 3rd May Mr. A. G. Pollard of the Department of Agricultural Chemistry Im- perial College of Science and Technology lectured under the title “Some Aspects of Crop Feeding and the Fertiliser Industry.” A brisk discussion followed the lecture.All three of the above meetings were held at the William Newton School Norton- on-Tees. [ 1021 OVERSEAS SECTIONS Cape of Good Hope.-Two ordinary meetings of the Section were held during 1944. Members of the Cape Chemical and Technological Society were present by invitation on both occasions. On 16th June 1944 a meeting was held in the DepaI-tment of Physical Chemistry University of Cape Town Rondebosch Dr. A. H. Spong Chairman of the Section presiding. Brig. E. McKenzie Taylor C.I.E. M.B.E. Fellow a visitor to the Section gave a most interesting address on “Irrigation Research in the Punjab.” On 18th August 1944 Dr.R. G. Shuttleworth Associate gave a lecture on “Penicillin.” Members of the Section were also invited to attend three meetings held under the auspices of the Cape Chemical and Technological Society:-A lecture by Mr. H. Green Associate on “Some Drugs of Pharmaceutical Interest,” on 19th May 1944; a meeting on 1st September 1944 when Dr. P. R. v. d. R. Copeman of the Government Chemical Laboratories Cape Town spoke on “The Toxicology of some Inorganic Substances” ; a lecture by Mr. A. W. Lategan on “Some Industrial Catalytical Processes with special reference to the Production of Ethyl Alcohol and its Derivatives.” The 20th Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in the Oak Hall Y.R.I.C.A. Cape Town on 23rd February 1945 Dr.A. H. Spong Chairman of the Section presiding. The Reports of the Hon. Secretary and of the Hon. Treasurer for the year 1944-45 were adopted and the following Officers and Committee were elected for the year 1945-46:- Chairman Dr. A. H. Spong; Hon. Secretary Dr. H. M. Schwartz; Hon. Treasurer Mr. R. J. Kruger; Committee hIembers Dr. W. S. Rapson and Mr. W. H. Seath; Hon. Auditors Dr. P. C. Carman and Mr. F. E. A. Leibbrandt. The points raised by the recent questionnaire issued by the Council were discussed. Since the questionnaire had reached South Africa too late for members of the Section to return it before the 31st December it was felt desirable that the meeting should send a considered statement of opinion on these subjects to the Council.The following resolutions were passed :-“That a statement should be sent to the Council advising them that this meeting agrees with the opinion expressed by the Council that Associates should not be eligible to serve on the Council.” “That this meeting considers that the Institute should register a third grade of Chemists but it questions the suitability of the definitions laid down in the second schedule to S.R.O. 1940 No. 1293 especially Clause I (c) as a basis for suchregistration.” India.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at Nagpur on 3rd January 1945 during the Session of the Indian Science Congress. Dr. Forrester Chairman of the Section presided. Steps are being taken to bring up to date the list of members resident in India with a view to setting up branches in various centres and for the election of representatives from those branches.During the year an attempt had been made to arrange meetings with other societies and joint Easter sessions had been held at Bangalore. It was decided that pending the compilation of an accurate list of members the following Committee of four should be appointed to attend to the general matter of re- organising the Section :-Dr. C. Forrester (Chairman) Mr. K. B. Sen (Hon. Secretary) Dr. G. J. Fowler (of Bangalore) and Dr. Mata Prasad (of Bombay). Dr. R. B. Forster referred to a resolution passed at the Lahore meeting in 1939 regarding the classification of the Indian Universities in respect of admission to the Associateship and stated that apparently nothing had been done in the matter.It was agreed that this matter should be investigated. The Chairman referred to the desirability of colIaborating with the Indian Chemical Society and the Institution of Chemists (India) in the matter of publishing notices of the activities of the Institute. Honorary Corresponding Secretaries East Africa Union of South Africa- Cape Province Transvaal Rhodesia Commonwealth of Australia-New South Wales Queensland South Australia Victoria Western Australia Dominion of Canada- British Columbia Manitoba Nova Scotia Quebec Egypt British Guiana Empire of India Dominion of New Zealand *Straits Settlements and the Far East Professor W.D. Raymond B.Sc.,- Ph.D. F.R.I.C. Medical Laboratory Dar-es-Salaam Tanganyika. Charles Frederick Juritz M.A. DSc. F.R.I.C. Grenoble Avenue Fresnaye Seapoint C.P. James Gray F.R.I.C. P.O. Box 6254 Johannesburg, Transvaal. A. W. Facer B.A. F.R.I.C. Government Analyst’s Laboratory P.O. Box 422 Salisbury Rhodesia. Thomas Cooksey D.Sc. Ph.D. F.A.C.I. F.R.I.C. Board of Health Office Macquarie Street Sydney N.S.W. John Brownlie Henderson O.B.E. F.R. I.C. Palardo Private Bag Miles Queensland. William Arthur Hargreaves M.A. B.C.E. D.Sc. F.R.I.C. 39 Hackney Road Hackney South Australia. William Ralph Jewell M.Sc. D.Met. F.R.I.C. State Laboratories Gisborne Street E. Melbourne C.2. (Vacant.) Robert Boyd B.Sc. A.R.T.C. F.R.I.C. c/o The British Columbia Sugar Refining Co.Ltd. Vancouver. Professor Matthew Archibald Parker DSc. LL.D. F.R.I.C. 365 Waverley Street Winnipeg. Walter Charles Carter F.R.I.C. 84 Charlotte Street Sydney Nova Scotia. Bernard Collitt F.C.I.C. F.R.I.C. c/o Messrs. Jenkins Bros. Ltd. G17 St. Remi Street Montreal. Alfred Lucas O.B.E. B.Sc. F.R.I.C. The Turf Club Cairo. Captain Howard Nobbs M.Sc. F.R.I.C. Queen’s College Georgetown. Gilbert John Fowler D.Sc. F.R.I.C. Central Hotel Bangalore India. Bernard Cracroft Aston F.R.I.C. Wellington C. 1. Sir Thomas Hill Easterfield M.A. Bronte Street Nelson. William Rest Mummery F.R.I.C. Box 40 G.P.O. Ph.D. F.R.I.C. Dairy Research Institute (N.Z.) Box 867 Palmerston North. Harold James Page M.B.E.B.Sc. F.I.R.I. F.R.I.C. * In enemy occupation. SUMMARIES OF LECTURES Development and Industrial Application of Wetting Agents By A. IT.BILLINGHAME, B.Sc. [South Yorkshire Section at Sheffield 10th February 1945.1 The earlier types of wetting agents such as the ordinary soaps and sulphonated castor oil suffer from a number of disadvantages particularly a lack of stability in the presence of calcium and magnesium compounds and of mineraI acids. The greatly improved properties of the modern wetting agents have been due in a large measure to the successful search for means of improving the stability in the presence of lime and magnesia and of electrolytes generally. The lack of stability is attributed to the readi- ness with which the carboxyl group will react with lime and magnesia and this has been overcome by “blocking” the -COOH group by various means e.g.esterification or amidation of the acid before sulphonating. In a satisfactory wetting agent there must be also a careful balancing of the lyophilic and lyophobic groups in the molecule The lack of balance resulting from the use of a heavy lyophobic grouping is accompanied by a loss of wetting properties. Wetting agents may be classified in three main groups:-(a) anionic (b) cationic (c) non-ionising. With regard to the effect of electrolytes on the detergent properties performance curves illustrate the fact that in general improved detergency is obtained with increase of the ratio of say sodium chloride to wetting agent up to an optimum figure beyond which performance begins to deterorate.With one. of the newer wetting agents-the sodium salt of a sulphonated secondary alchol-the optimum ratio of salt to wetting agent is about 3. Among the applications of wetting agents in industry are their use in alkaline degreasing baths acid pickling processes photographic processes and “laying” of dusts in collieries. A “Simple” Reversible Reaction By JAMES KENDXLL, MA D.Sc. F.R.S. [Tees-side Section at Stockton-on-Tees 23rd February 1945.1 The reaction to be considered is the familiar “esterification-ester hydrolysis,” e.g. CH,COOH + C,H,OH =+CH,COOC,H + H,O. Little is still known with cer-tainty about this reaction in spite of the enormous amount of work done upon it. The action is not analogous to “neutralisation-salt hydrolysis,” but involves the OH of the acid and the H of the alcohol.When the reaction is catalysed in acid solution the rate is not directly proportional to hydrogen-ion concentration and various “solvated hydro- gen ions” have been assumed to be present with different degrees of activity. Addition compounds of diverse types have been shown to exist in the reaction mixture; some of these types (e.g. RCOOR’ -HX) have been isolated. A study of the effect of addition of alcohol to the binary system ethyl acetate-water indicated that deviations from ideality are enormous (see Trans. Faraday Soc. 1937 33,2). Moulds and Animals as Methylating Agents By FREDERICK PH.D.,D.Sc. F.R.I.C. CHALLENGER [East Midlands Section at Derby 2nd March 1945.1 Methylation is a well-recognized method for detoxication in animals.Dogs convert pyridine quinoline and nicotinic acid to methylpyridinium and quinolinium hydroxides and the arnide of trigonelline. respectively. In 1891 Gosio exposed a potato-mash containing arsenious oxide to air when it became infected with moulds and bacteria and evolved a garlic odour (“Gosio-gas”) . A pure culture of one mould (Penicillium brevicaule now termed ScofluEariopsis brevi-cauZis) gave an intense garlic odour on media containing arsenious oxide. Biginelli aspirated the gas from such cultures through mercuric chloride in hydro- chloric acid and from analysis of the precipitate concluded that the gas was diethylarsine. [ 105 1 Klason regarded it as diethylarsine oxide.Wigren showed that the behaviour of these compounds towards acid mercuric chloride solution was different from that of Gosio-gas. A study of Gosio-gas was therefore commenced at Leeds. Bread crumbs were sterilised and inoculated with S. brevicaulis. Sterile aqueous solutions of arsenious oxide were added and a stream of sterile air was passed over the cultures volatile compounds being absorbed in acidified mercuric chloride giving a precipitate of the composition (CH3),As.2HgC12. Gosio-gas is therefore trimethylarsine. Bread cultures containing sodium methylarsonate CH,A4sO(ONa), or sodium cacodylate (CH,),AsO-ONa (free from inorganic arsenic) also evolved trimethylarsine. Addition of the sodium salts of various alkylarsonic acids RAsO(OH), to bread cultures of the mould gave a garlic odour and the gas with Biginelli’s solution gave the mercurichloride of an alkyldimethylarsine RAsMe,.The product from bread cultures of S. brevicaztlis containing sodium selenate or selenite was aspirated through various reagents giving in each instance a derivative of dimethyl selenide. Similar cultures containing potassium tellurite evolved dimethyl telluride charac- terised as mercurichloride and di-iodide. Hansen after swallowing potassium tellurite noticcd a garlic odour in his breath after a few minutes. This lasted for weeks and he was obliged to withdraw himself from society. The garlic odour of the breath of patie,r?s receiving bismuth salts at one time well-known to pharmacists as “bismuth breath is due to the presence of traces of tellurium compounds.KO methylation was observed with sulphur or its common inorganic and organic compounds including thiourea in cultures of S. brevicaulis. Pohl however noticed a leek-like odour in the breatn of animals after injections of thiourea and concluded that the product was an alkyl sulphide. This is interesting in view of the odour recently observed in the breath of patients suffering from hyperthyroidism and receiving thiourea. The conversion of inorganic sulplistes to methyl mercaptan recently observed by Birkinshaw and Findlay with the wood-destroying fungus Schizopltyllztvlz commune is of particular interest. The occurrence of methionine CH,S~CH,CH,CH(NH,)COOH in nature and its relation to cysteine and cystine suggested that compounds containing the -SH or -S-S-links might undergo methylation by moulds.On addition of ethyl and n-propyl disulphides RS-SR to bread cultures the products consisted of the mercaptan RSH the unchanged disulphide RS-SR and a methyl alkyl sulphide IISCH,. The methyl alkyl sulphide was converted to the mercurichloride and to the benzylsulphonium picrate. Di-n-butyl and di-n-amyl disulphides behaved in a similar manner. The fission of the -S-S-link by S. brevicaulis appears to be a general reaction of the simple aliphatic disulphides. Three hypotheses have been suggested to explain methylation by moulds (a) that the methyl group is derived from acetic acid (b) that it is transferred from a methyl donor such as choline methionine or betaine (c) that elimination of formaldehyde takes place from some >NCH compound by way of >NCH,OH.There is little evidence for (a)but when heated betaine can transfer a methyl group to compounds of selenium tellurium and sulphur. Several intermediate compounds postulated by hypotheses (b) and (c) give rise to trimethylarsine or dimethyl selenide in cultures of S.bvevicaulis but a clear-cut decision between the two mechanisms has not been achieved. In 1939 du Vigneaud found that homocystine can replace methionine in the diet of white rats only in presence of choline or betaine. He suggested that a methyl group is transferred from choline or betaine to the sulphur of homocysteine to give methionine and considered that methionine might also act as a methyl donor to a choline precursor.Deuteromethionine containing 83.6 atom per cent. of deuterium in the methyl group was fed to a rat kept on a methionine-choline-free diet for 94 days until the methyl group of the urinary creatinine contained 72.4 atom per cent. of D. The atom per- centage of deuterium in the methyl groups of the choline (isolated from the tissues as the chloroplatinate) was 74.2 and for the tissue creatine 73 representing in each case approximately 85 per cent. of the theoretical amount of deuterium-the “deuterium ratio”-assuming that all the methyl groups came from deuteromethionine. Oxidation of the choline to trimethylamine showed that all the deuterium was contained in the methyl groups. du Vigneaud concludes that the methyl group is transferred as a whole and that dideuteroformaldehydc CD,O is not involved.On the formaldehyde theory of methylation this would react with the amino group of the choline precursor presumably ethanolamine HOCH,CH,NH, to give -NHCD,OH yielding on reduction -NHCD,H and not -NHCD,. Consequently the “deuterium ratio” would have a maximum of 66-6 per cent. The Mechanisms of Condensation Reactions By J. F. J. DIPPY,Ph.D. D.Sc. F.R.I.C. [Liverpool and North-Western Section at Widnes 10th March 1945; Tee-side Section at Norton 29th March 1945.1 The organic condensations identified as they are with so many famous names have been the subject of much study as indeed their importance merits. For a long time they remained largely shut up in individual compartments more or less regarded as specific reactions.In quite recent years however attempts have been made to suggest rational mechanisms for the most common of them based in the main on the electronic theory of valency and already much success has attended these efforts. The Wurtz-Fittig synthesis of hydrocarbons proceeds in part at least through the intervention of organo-metallic compounds ; an alternative explanation postulates the formation of free radicals. Condensation of iodobenzene by the Ullmann method using a copper catalyst with the elimination of free iodine may follow a similar course. The function of aluminium chloride in the Friedel-Crafts reaction is now understood with reasonable certainty as far as alkylation and acylation of the aromatic nucleus is con- cerned.Reaction proceeds through co-ordination of the aluminium chloride with the alkyl or acyl halide to give a salt-like complex (ionic) as suggested by Meerwein and now confirmed experimentally by Wertyporoch and Fairbrother. The aluminium chloride may react as a catalyst or alternatively if the product of the reaction forms a stable compound with aluminium chloride stoichiometric quantities are required. The explanation may have a broad application to reactions involving carbonyl chloride or hydrogen cyanide and to the rearrangement of the phenolic esters and ethers. Several well-known condensations involve addition at unsaturated linkages notably >C=C< >C=O, -C=N (in particular the carbonyl bond).The aldol con-densation proceeds in this way in the presence of a catalyst which assists ionisation of the reagent; the initial addition may be followed by the subsequent elimination of water and the formation of crotonaldehyde. It is now considered that the Knoevenagel Perkin and Claisen condensations all follow the aldol mechanism and detailed general schemes have been advanced in recent years. It would follow of course that the catalysts used in these condensations (alkali acid piperidine sodium acetate etc.) should be interchangeable and there is some support for this. Certain of the evidence however needs to be further examined and supplemented. Thus for instance it has been shown that in the Perkin condensation anhydrous sodium acetate may be effectively replaced by sodium triphenylmethyl sodium sulphite sodium carbonate etc.but the possi- bility of an equilibrium with acetic anhydride cannot be overlooked; this would lead back to sodium acetate the earlier specific catalyst. With sodium and potassium carbonate it has now been demonstrated that interaction with anhydrous acetic anhy- dride occurs even under perfectly dry conditions there is at least qualitative elimination of carbon dioxide. The Michael reaction furnishes a case of addition at an olefinic link activated by an adjacent carbonyl group e.g. the reaction of ethyl sodiomalonate with cinnamic ester. Any mechanism must provide a basis on which to explain why addition occurs at the 8-position relative to the carbonyl group.The molecule undergoes electromeric change so that the 8-carbon becomes positive and then attracts the negative residue of the ethyl sodio-malonate. The Occurrence and Significance of the Inorganic Constituents of Coal By H. E. CROSSLEY, B.Sc.(Tech.).M.Sc. PH.D. A.R.I.C.,of the Fuel Research Station Department of Scientific and Industrial Research [Cardiff and District Section at Newport 14th March 1945.1 (This summary is published by permission of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Reseaych.) The three main kinds of minerals associated with coals are the shales or clays carbonates and sulphides. The shaly matter consists mainly of complex silicates such as kaolinite micas and felspars with some quartz. It occurs mainly as bands in or near the coal but it may also be present in more intimate admixture through the coal.The manner of occurrence is important in the cleaning of coal as only the separate minerals can be removed without excessive breakage. [ 107 1 The sulphide minerals consist mainly of iron pyrites but marcassite (also FeSJ may be present. These minerals contribute half to two-thirds of the sulphur in coals and during the war they have been recovered from coals to save imports. The carbonates in coal range from calcite CaCO, through ankerite 2CaC03,MgC03,FeC0, to brass-stone FeCO,. They occur like the sulphides in joints of the coal as separate aggregations and in intimate association with the coal. When coal is burned the shales lose moisture and at higher temperatures silicon is volatilised probably as silicon monoxide.The sulphides yield sulphur dioxide and ferric oxide and the carbonates are converted to sulphates which latter evolve sulphur trioxide at temperatures over 1,000” C. The extent to which this sulphation occurs varies according to the procedure followed in the incineration. In the determination of ash from coal therefore carefully standardised procedures are necessary to ensure the agreement of resuIts between different laboratories and the minimisation of divergence requires the use of special furnaces. There are important associations with the main classes of minerals in coals. Barium occurs with the carbonates and half the world’s demand for witherite (BaCO,) was supplied from a coal mine in Durham.Mispickel FeAs,,FeS, is sometimes associated with the sulphides and the avoidance of this mineral is necessary in the selection of coals for use in the drying of malt. Lead zinc and copper sulphides have also been found in coals with various effects from the toxicity of chimney emissions to the colouring of flames. The phosphorus and fluorine in coals are associated with the shales. They are undesirable when present in excess as they have corrosive and toxic effects. Chlorine occurs in coals mainly as alkali chlorides but sometimes as oxychlorides of the alkaline earths. The chlorides may be partly dispersed through the coal in such a way that they cannot be washed out unless the coal is ground to a particle size of one micron (0.001 mm.).A little chlorine appears to be adsorbed on the surface of particles of coal and this has so far been removed only by electro-dialysis. There is evidence to support the possibility that traces of organically combined chlorine are present in some coals. Relatively large amounts of salt are undesirable in boiler furnaces and producers sometimes contributing to clinkering corrosion and the formation of scales. Traces of about 30 elements some rare can occur as part of the coal substance. Of these germanium is the only one for which a systematic search has been made and this has been recovered from coal ash. The rarer elements in coal are often concen- trated in boiler flue dusts and producer dusts. The trace elements in coal may occur accidentally but it is probable that some of them were essential elements for the life of the vegetation which became coal.It has been suggested that the relatively large amounts of some of the less common elements may be due to their concentration in the leaves of plants as the roots cannot absorb proportional amounts of the adjacent common and less common inorganic compounds. Some of the trace elements in coal may assume importance in the future through having a catalytic action on an industrial process. Books and their Contents Standard Methods for Testing Petroleum and its Products. The Institute of Petroleum. Pp. xxxvii + 539. The sixth edition of this standard reference book represents a revision of the volume issued in 1944. It includes a number of additional methods particularly those relating to asphaltic bitumen and the determination of sulphur.Endeavour. No. 14 of Volume IV published in April contains inter alza articles. on “The language of science;” “Rheology the dynamics of real fluids,” by Dr. E. G. Richardson; “Agar-agar and its supply,” by Professor Lily Newton; “Particles Waves and Chemical Formulae,” by Mr. E. J. Bowen F.R.S. April Examinations 1945 Abstract of the Report of the Board of Examiners April-May 1945 Examinations were held as under :-For the Associateship in General Chemistry. Entered Passed Examiners Professor G. M. Bennett and Professor W. Wardlaw. The examination was held in the week commencing Monday 9th April at the Institute in the Laboratories of the University of London South Kensington and at the University of Man- Chester; some theoretical papers being taken in other centres 85 43* For the Fellowship.The examinations were held in the week commencing Monday 30th April at the Institute and in the Laboratories of the University of London South Kensington except where otherwise stated. Branch A Inorganic Chemistry with special reference to the Analysis of Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metals. Examiner Mr. C. W. Dannatt. At the Institute and at the Royal School of Mines South Kensington .. .. .. .. 2 Branch C Organic Chemistry. Examiner Professor G. M. Bennett 3 With special reference to High Polymers. Examiners Professor G. M. Bennett and Dr. E. H. Farmer . . .. 1 With special reference to Terpenes and Synthetic Perfumes.Examiners Professor G. M. Bennett and Professor J. L. Simonsen .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 1 Branch E The Chemistry including Microscopy of Food and Drugs and of Water. Examiners Dr. H. E. Cox and Dr. C. H. Hampshire .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5 Branch G Industrial Clzemistry. General Examiner Mr. H. W. Crerner. With special reference to Pafier Making. Examiner Dr. H. Ainsworth Harrison at Bolton Lancs. .. .. .. .. 2 With special reference to Power Station Operation and Pvac- tice. Examiner Mr. G. W. Hewson at the Institute and at the Battsea Power Station of the London Power Company .. 1 With special reference to Industrial Water Treatment. Examiner :Mr. G. W. Hewson as above.. .. .. .. 1 Branch H General Analytical Chemistry.Examiner Mr. H. N. Wilson . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 Branch I Water Supplies and the Treatment of Sewage and Trade Efluents. Examiners Mr. S. E. Melling and Dr. E. Ardern, in Manchester . .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 0 -103 54 -* Five candidates failed to satisfy the Examiners in the practical part of the examina- tion. t One candidate failed to satisfy the Examiners in only part of the examination. $ Candidates who failed in Branches G and H did so in only part of their examination. The following exercises were given :-Examination €or the Associateship in General Chemistry MONDAY 9th APRIL 1945 10 a.m. to 1 $.in. (Answer FIVE questions only. Answer concisely and to the point. Give fornzulae and equations where possible.) 1.Describe the methods available for determining the molecular weight of a non- volatile organic solid. 0.531 gram of a hydrocarbon when dissolved in 18.4 grams of benzene produced a rise in boiling point of 0.321” C. The elevation constant for 100 grams of benzene is 26.7. 0.1999 gram of the hydrocarbon gave on combustion 0.6850 gram of carbon dioxide and 0.1180 gram of water. Determine the formula and molecular weight of the hydrocarbon. 2. Discuss some of the reactions which occur between carbon monoxide and metallic elements or their compounds. Make special reference to any of the reactions which find practical applications. 3. How are the solubilities of gases and gaseous mixtures in liquids influenced by temperature pressure and chemical nature of the gases ? Discuss these generalisations with respect to the solubility in water of (a) atmos-pheric air (b) sulphur dioxide (c) ammonia.4. Write an account of the peracids of carbon and sulphur and their salts. 5. Give an account of some of the physico-chemical methods employed for investi- gating molecular association. Describe the laboratory technique necessary for carrying out TWO such measurements. 6. Describe the preparation and properties of the hydrides of boron and silicon and discuss their relationship to the corresponding compounds of carbon. 7. Describe experiments in the study of colloids to illustrate (a) their mode of preparation (b) their chief properties. 2 to 5 p.m. (Answer FIVE questions only. Answer concisely and to the point.Give formulae and equations where Possible.) 1. Discuss the stereochemistry of some of the metal-ammines. 2. What is implied by the term “energy of activation.” Explain how it is deter- mined and indicate its significance in the development of our views regarding the mechanism of chemical change. 3. Discuss the analogies and differences which are found to exist amongst the metals chromium molybdenum tungsten and uranium and their compounds. 4. Discuss modern views on the constitution of the atom. 5. Define what is meant by a “chain reaction.” Describe with examples the principal characteristics of reactions of this type. 6. Outline some of the applications of organic compounds to quantitative inorganic 7.Write an essay on EITHER (a)the concept of resonance OR (b)acids and bases. analysis. TUESDAY 10th APRIL 1945 10 a.m. to 1p.m. (Answer FIVE questions only. Answer concisely giving fornzzdae and equations where possible.) 1. Describe exactly how you would prepare a specimen of ethyl acetoacetate in the laboratory. Briefly indicate by formulae how it could be used to make any FOUR of the following :-(a) methyl-n-butylacetic acid ; (b) methyl-,9-phenylethyl ketone; (c) pyruvic aldehyde (niethylglyoxal) ; (d) laevulic acid (e) a hydroxyquinoline. 2. Write a general account of the use of organo-metallic compounds for synthetic purposes giving examples. In what circumstances is zinc used in preference to magnesium? 3. Indicate by formulae and brief notes the steps by which either benzene or toluene may be converted into any SIX of the following :-m-dichlorobenzene P-dinitro-benzene o-nitraniline 2 4-dinitrobenzaldehyde m-hydroxybenzaldehyde p-hydroxy- benzoic acid metanilic acid.4. What products may be obtained from naphthalene by the following processes 6. Give TWO methods by which pyridine or its homologues may be prepared applied once or repeatedly :-(a) nitration; (b) sulphonation; (c) reduction ? c 1101 conveniently from aliphatic substances. What mono-carboxylic acids of pyridine are known and how have their formulae been demonstrated ? 6. Briefly summarise the evidence for the structure of any TWO of the following:- menthone fructose civetone tryptophan.7. Write a short essay on EITHER (a) the separation of optically active substances from inactive mixtures; OR (b) the phthaleins. 2 to 3.30 p.m. Translations from French and German technical literature. WEDNESD,4 Y 11th APRIL 1945 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Determine the weight of acetone present in 1 litre of the solution (A) which contains no other organic substance. You are provided with pure acetone and approxi- mately decinormal solutions of iodine and thiosulphate. 2. Examine the substance (B)with a view to its identification and leave specimens of any derivatives you may isolate. [(Bl) = nz-nitroacetanilide ; (BZ) = p-nitroacetanilide] Lengthy descriptions of practical work are not required. Make concise notes of y o ~ experiments as they are made and where possible in tabular form.State your final con- ciusions clearly. THURSDA Y 12th APRIL 1945 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. From the 8-naphthol provided prepare specimens of (a)the acetyl derivative; (b) the picrate; (c) the benzene-azo-derivative; (d) the 2 4-dinitrophenyl ether. 2. Examine the substance (C) with a view to its identification. [(Cl) = ethylphenyl acetate; (CZ) = benzyl acetate]. Lengthy descriptions of practical work are not required. Make concise notes of your experiments as they are made and where possible in tabular form. State your final con- clusions clearly. FRIDAY 13th APRIL 1945 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. The solution (D) contains sodium chloride and potassium iodide. Determine the number of grams of sodium chloride and the number of grams of potassium iodide in one litre of the solution.You are required to estimate the total halide gravimetrically and the iodide volumetrically using the solid potassium iodate provided. 2. Identify the substances (E) and (F). [(El) = barium sulphate; (E2) = strontium sulphate. (Fl) = manganese chromate; (F2) = nickel ferrocyanide]. SATURDAY 14th APRIL 1945 10 a.m. to 4.30p.m. 1. The solution (G) contains sodium and potassium arsenates. Determine the amount of arsenic in grams present in one litre of the solution. You are provided with a solution of silver nitrate and standard ammonium thiocyanate. 2. Using the alcoholic solution of oxine provided determine the weight of tungsten in I litre of the solution (€3) containing an alkali tungstate.Examinations for the Fellowship Branch A Inorganic Chemistry with special reference to the Analysis of Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metals ;1IOKDAY 30th APRIL 1945 10 a.m. to 1 9.m. (Not wore than FOUR questions ave to be attempted.) 1. Discuss the significance of the atomic number of an element. 2. Write a short essay on ONE of the following subjects:- (u) The existence of free atoms and radicals in chemical reactions. (b) Metallic carbonyls. 3. Give a brief review of the modern theories of metallic corrosion. 4. Discuss some methods which have been employed for the fixation of atmospheric 6. Describe and contrast the properties of the elements sulphur selenium and nitrogen and describe briefly any ONE of the more successful processes.l1113 tellurium. 6. Give a short account of modern views on the formation of inter-metallic com- pounds. 7. Discuss the value and indicate the scope of X-ray analysis in the examination of metallic castings. 2 p.m. to 5 p.m. (Not more lhan FOUR questions are to be attempted.) 1. Describe in reasonable detail how you would propose to carry through the complete analysis of a high-speed tool steel. 2. Discuss the value of physical methods of analysis as applied to the examination of metals. 3. How are non-metallic impurities in steel determined? Discuss the value of the results normally obtained in practice. 4. Give a brief account of the procedure you would recommend for the sampling and complete analysis of a small consignment of ferro-titanium.6. Write a short essay on ONE of the following subjects- (a) The possible applications of chromatographic analysis to metallurgical problems. (b) The value of micro-chemical methods in metallurgical analysis. 6. What are the principal impurities you would expect to find in a good-grade sample of Muntz metal? Indicate in moderate detail the methods of analysis you would recommend for the routine examination of such a material. 7. How would you determine the major constituents and principal impurities present in a magnesium alloy casting? TUESDAY to FRIDAY 1st to 4th MAY 1945 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Determine the principal constituents in the given samples of :- (A) Nickel steel or Carbon steel.(B) White bearing metal. 2. Identify and make a complete analysis of sample (C). [(C) = a phosphor bronze.] Branch C Organic Chemistry MONDAY 30th APRIL 1945 10 a.m. to 1 9.m. (THREE questions to be answered.) 1. Briefly explain the value of any SIX of the following substances as reagents in organic chemistry dimethyl sulphate phenyl isocyanate maleic anhydride 2 4-dinitro-phenylhydrazine aluminium isopropoxide xanthydrol phthalic anhydride selenium dioxide. 2. Review the various possibilities of isomerism which arise for glucose and its derivatives such as the alkyl glucosides gluconic acid and its lactones (but excluding the other hexoses) and indicate the evidence as to the actual occurrence of each.3. Give a brief account of the Beckmann change referring both to the stereochemical 4. Describe the evidence both analytical and synthetical for the accepted structure features and to the mechanism of the reaction. of EITHER limonene OR sylvestrene and in either case discuss its relationship with ONE other naturally occurring substance. 5. Discuss in some detail the structure of ONE of the following:-laudanosine 6. Write an essay on EITHER the Walden Inversion OR the mechanism of hydrolysis tropine cinchonine. of alkyl halides. MONDAY 30th APRIL 1945 2 to 6 p.m. (THREE questzoles to be answered.) 1. Give an account of the discovery of the optically active diphenic acids and 2.State the modem view as to the presence of strain in saturated carbon rings 3. The NO and CO groups have similar effects in causing special reactivity in other explain how the phenomenon has been extended to other classes of substance. and describe the work which has been carried out concerning EITHER the isomeric decalins and analogous compounds OR substances having a large-ring structure. r 1121 atoms or groups in the molecule containing them. Give examples to illustrate this and discuss the mechanism of the reactions concerned. 4. State concisely the general laws of substitution in (u) benzene (b) naphthalene, and their derivatives. Give examples of reactions exhibited by aromatic nitro-com- pounds which appear to be abnormal from the general point of view and explain the modern view of these processes.5. Write a general account of EITHER the azo-dyes OR yellow plant pigments (flavones). 6. Discuss Staudinger’s theory of highly polymerised substances referring in your answer to the “polymerides” of formaldehyde isoprene and glucose. TUESDAY and WEDNESDAY,1st and 2nd MA Y,1945 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Determine the saponification number and the iodine value of the given oil. A standard acid and Wijs’ solution are provided. [Olive oil + heavy paraffin]. 2. Identify the substances (A) and (B) leaving specimens of any derivatives you may make. [(Al) = veratraldehyde; (A2) = piperanyl. (Bl) = p-chlorobenzenesulphonicacid (sodium salt) ; (B2) = m-nitrobenzenesulphonic acid (sodium salt) .] THURSDAY and FRIDAY 3rd and 4th MAY 1945 10 a.m.to 5 p.m. each day. 1. From the given amine (C) prepare a pure specimen of its phthalanil. Determine the nitrogen content of your specimen by the Kjeldahl method. [(Cl) = P-chloroaniline; (C2) = p-toluidine.] 2. Examine the substances (D) and (E) with a view to their identification. [(D) = benzoin. (E) = asparagin.] Branch C Organic Chemistry with special reference to High Polymers MONDA Y,30th APRIL 1945 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (seep. 112). 2 to 5 p.m. (FOURquestions ONLY to be answered.) 1. Describe briefly the means employed to bring about industrially the polymeris- ation of (a) butadiene and (b)butadiene with styrene. Two specimens of butadiene-styrene co-polymer (GR-S rubber) of the same nominal styrene content are found to differ considerably in physical properties.Describe the experiments you would undertake in order to determine so far as possible what structural factors (if any) are responsible for the differences observed. 2. Give an account of the researches referred to in the following quotation “The production of Nylon yarn for textiles represents the finale of a brilliant research pro- gramme by Carothers and his associates who set out to build up a fibre based on the classical researches of Fischer and Abderhalden into the structure of polypeptides and proteins.” 3. What is meant by functionality in connexion with poly-condensation and poly- mensation processes? Illustrate your answer by examples drawn from the chemistry of well knowrl groups of synthetic resins.4. The properties of naturally-occurring high-molecular-weight materials can often be usefully altered by chemical (i.e. structural) modification of the materials. Describe several examples of such modification giving details of the chemical processes involved and ofany special precautions necessary to overcome inherent difficulties. 6. Describe briefly the practical way in which phenol-formaldehyde resins are formed and as fully as possible the nature of the reactions which are believed to be responsible for the formation of the resinous bodies. 6. Discuss the chemical basis of vulcanisation processes. Illustrate your answer by reference to natural rubber butyl rubber and thiokol A.TUESDAY to FRIDA Y,1st to 4th MA Y,1946 :10 a.m. to 6 9.m. each day (as above). r 1131 Branch C Organic Chemistry with special reference to Terpenes and Synthetic Perfumes MONDAY 30th APRIL 1945 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (seep. 112). 2 p.m. to 5 F.m. (Answer Question 1 and any THREE other questions.) 1. Write an essay on EITHER-The more important theories now held as to the origin and the mechanism of the formation of essential oils in plants and to the part which they play in the plant meta- bolism; OR The more important technical methods employed for the isolation of essential oils from plant products. 2. How are the following substances prepared and what are their chief uses in perfumery :-methyl heptine carbonate hydroxycitronellol amylcinnamaldehyde, a-ionone benzyl isocyanate ? 3.Write an account of the chemistry of irone and show how the investigation of the chemistry of this ketone has influenced development of the chemistry of synthetic perfumes. 4. What are the more important animal products used in the perfume industry? Outline the synthesis of any ONE of these. 5. How have the structure of any TWO of the following been d etermined :-cadinene isozingiberene cyperone a-santalol ? 6. Outline with such technical details as you can supply the methods used in the manufacture of “synthetic” camphor. 7. Write a brief essay on the use of fixatives. 8. Discuss the use of piperitone as a synthetic organic chemical. THURSDAY and FRIDAY 3rd and 4th MAY 1945 10 a.m.to 5 p,m. each day. 1. Identify the natural essential oil (C). The constituents should if possible be separated and derivatives prepared. [(C) = eucalyptus dives.] 2. Identify the alcohol present in the oil (D). [(D) = “darwinol.”] Branch E The Chemistry including Microscopy of Food and Drugs and of Water MONDAY 30th APRIL 1945 10 a.m. to 11.30p.m. 1. Write an essay on the application of micro-biological methods to the examina- tion of foodstuffs. 2. What conditions affect the action of water on metallic pipes and how may such 3. What are the principal requirements of the Labelling of Food Order ? Comment action be eliminated or minimised ? upon some of the practical difficulties raised by it. 11.30 a.m.to lp.m. (THREEquestions to be answered.) 1. What compounds of the acridine series are used in medicine? Indicate the pharmacological actions of those you mention and discuss their therapeutic uses. 2. Write short notes on the pharmacology and therapeutics of (a) sulphathiazole; (b) hyoscine hydrobromide; (c) male fern; (d)squill. 3. Write an account of the general pharmacology of cocaine. Name some syn-thetic local anaesthetics and discuss their special uses. 4. Discuss the pharmacological basis of the uses of each of the following (a)amido-pyrine ; (b) atropine sulphate ; (c) magnesium sulphate ; (d) aneurine hydrochloride. 2 to 6 p.m. 1. How is Vitamin E determined in a food? 2. What is gelatin; how do you distinguish it from glue and what are its values 3.Give some account of the soya bean its identification in foods and its food as a food? [ 114 3 value. 4. Describe methods of which you have experience for the routine bacteriological examination of a sample of water. How may faecal Bacterium coli be differentiated from non-faecal types ? 5. What standards are applicable to baking powder and to self-raising flour? What methods do you apply to each? TUESDAY 1st MAY 1945 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. The cod liver oil (A1) contains 420 I.U.’s of Vitamin A per gram. Use it to determine by means of the blue value the vitamin content of the concentrate (A2) (which need not be saponified). 2. Examine and report upon the Curry Powder (B). These exercises may be completed tomorrow.WEDNESDA Y 2nd MA Y 1945 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercises. 2. The drinking water (C) is thought to be contaminated by a gas works. What is the evidence? [(C) contained phenols and thiocyanates.] 3. Examine and report upon the Cordial (D). These exercises may be completed tomorrow. THURSDA Y 3rd MA Y 1945 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercises 2 and 3. 2. Report upon the sample of Vinegar (E). 3. Analyse and report upon the Salad Cream (F). State what should appear on the label in accordance with the published Order. These exercises may be completed to-morrow. FRIDAY 4th MAY 1945 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercises 2 and 3. 2.Identify the powders (G) (H),(I)and (J). SATURDAY 5th MA Y 1945 10 am. to 5 p.m. (Reports of microscopical examinations should be accompanied by annotated sketches. 1. Make a microscopical examination of the vegetable powders (A) (B) and (C). Identify the principal drug present in each and report on the presence or absence of adulterants. 2. The tablets (D) and (E) and the urine (F) are submitted in connection with a case of narcotic poisoning. Identify the drugs in the tablets examine the urine and report whether the tablets can have been the cause of the poisoning. [(D) = potassium bromide; (E) and (F) contained soluble phenobarbitone.] Branch G Industrial Chemistry MONDAY 30th APRIL 1946 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. [Paper taken by all candidates in Branch G.] (Answer Question 1 and any THREE of the other questions.) 1.Discuss the general economic and technical factors which should be taken into 2. Give an account of the industrial uses of EITHER calcium carbonate OR silica account when deciding upon the location of a new chemical works. as derived from natural sources. 3. Describe briefly the commercial methods available for the production of hydrogen with particular reference to (a) economic considerations; (b) suitability of the product for processes involving the use of catalysts. 4. Indicate by suitably described sketches the nature of the industrial equipment you would recommend for TWO of the following absorption systems respectively (materials of construction should be clearly stated) :-(a) For oxides of nitrogen in the manufacture of synthetic nitric acid.(b) For sulphur trioxide in the production of 20 per cent. oleum. (t) For hydrogen chloride in the preparation of concentrated hydrochloric acid. 5. Give an account of the application of EITHER aluminium OR nickel (including 6. Discuss the physico-chemical principles underlying extraction processes which its alloys) in the construction of plant for the chemical and allied industries. [ 1151 involve the separation of a soluble constituent from a solid by the use of a solvent. Indicate the common types of industrial equipment in use and the conditions for which these types are specially suited. 7. Write a short essay on ONE of the following subjects (a) Pafents and industrial research.(b) Smoke abatement and legislation in connection therewith. (c) Statutory obligations of manufacturers in regard to dangerous and unhealthy industries. Branch G Industrial Chemistry with special reference to Paper Making MONDAY 30th APRIL 1945 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (seepp. 115-116). 2 to 5 p.m. (Not more than FOUR questions should be attempted.) 1. Write notes on THREE of the following:- (a) Recent advances in the bleaching of mechanical pulp; (b) The automatic control of the pH of paper-making stock; (c) The colorimetric identification of traces of metallic radicals liable to be present in paper and board; (d) Methods of inhibiting insect ravages and fungoid growths on paper and board; (e) Factors affecting the drying capacity of a hooded multi-cylinder paper or board machine.2. Write an essay on large-scale methods of enhancing the wet strength of paper. Give some account of the essential characteristics of the products obtained. 3. Discuss the factors which affect the suitability of fibrous cellulosic material for tropical packaging indicating by what methods and to what extent such materials can be improved for this purpose. 4. Discuss fully the uses of starches in paper- and board-making and coating giving special prominence to the characteristics of modified starches. 5. Discuss briefly (u)the advantages and disadvantages of sizing and dyeing a web of paper OR board after it has been formed; and (b) the commercial utilisation of non-cellulosic products obtained during the cooking of wood by the sulphite process.6. Describe in detail with drawings EITHER-(a) two methods of recovering fibre from backwater with a view to its re-use; OR (b) two methods of controlling the consistency of paper-or board-making stock. Discuss the principles involved in each case. TUESDAY to FRIDAY 1st to 4th MAY 1945 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. (Where possible the evidence you obtain should be left in the form of labelled specimens.) 1. Determine the moisture-vapour resistance of the surface-treated paper sample (Al).(or (A2)). Report your result in grams per square metre per 24 hours at a relative humidity differential of 65%-0%.2. Report as fully as possible on the sample of treated green paper (Bl) (or (B2)). 3. Identify as far as possible the colouring matters and fibrous constituents present 4. Identify the beater-impregnant used in the manufacture of the board sample in the small samples of commercial papers (C) and (D). (El) (or (E2)),and estimate the approximate percentage present. 5. Report qualitatively on the speciality coated paper sample (Fl) (or (F2)). Branch G:Industrial Chemistry With special reference to Power Station Operation and Practice MONDAY 30th APRIL 1945 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (seepfi. 115-116). 2 to 5 p.m. (Answev THREE questions only.) 1. Discuss the uses of hexametaphosphate. 2. Describe the commercial methods of chlorinating water supplies.Select a method which is suitable for the prevention of growths in the condensing water system c 116 3 of a power station which draws condensing water at the rate of 10,000 tons per hour from a tidal river. Give reasons for your choice and state what arrangements YOU would recommend for the safety of the men who operate the chlorinating plant. 3. Give a brief account of THREE different methods of determining sulphate in boiler waters. 4. Give a concise description of methods of determining the concentrations of silica and phosphate in a treated water which contains both. 5. Discuss the principles governing the sampling and analysis of pure and contamin- ated waters for the concentration of dissolved oxygen.TUESDAY 1st MAY 1945 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Answer THREE questions only.) 1. Discuss the sampling and testing of boiler flue gases with the object of assessing the average concentration of combustible gases during a 3-day boiler trial. 2. Flue gases from a chain-grate stoker have the average composition Coal 15.5 per cent.; CO 0.6 per cent; O, 4.0 per cent. Assuming that coal is being fed to the grate at constant rate calculate the maximum theoretical CO percentage on complete combustion with no excess air. What was the percentage of excess air in the sample quoted? If samples were taken from the gases rising (a)from the front and (b) from the rear of the fuel bed of a chain grate stoker in what way would you expect the maximum theoretical COa percentages which are calculated from analyses of these samples to differ from the maximum theoretical CO percentage which is calculated from an analysis of the coal ? 3.What methods and precautions would you adopt in order to measure the temperature of the flue-gases in the super-heater zone of a steam generator? 4. Discuss the difficulties of determining the concentration of sulphur trioxide or sulphuric acid vapour in boiler flue gases. 5. Describe ONE method of determining the chlorine content of coal. What may be the effects of halogens in coals which are burned under high-pressure boilers ? 2 lo 5 p.m. (Answer THREE questions only.) 1. What methods can be used for measuring the pH value of (a)condenser cooling water; (b) boiler water and (c) pure de-aerated condensate? State what difficulties might be encountered in making any of these measurements.2. Discuss briefly the embrittlement of steel in high-pressure plant. 3. What methods would you recommend for controlling internal corrosion in boiler plant working at 600 lbs. per square inch (a)in normal operation; (b) when the boiler is banked every night; (c) when the boiler is laid off for a week; and (d)when the boiler is laid off for six months? 4. Give a brief outline of the Institute of Petroleum or British Standards Institution sludging test for oils. What do you think of the practical value of the tests ? What can be done to diminish the sludge-forming tendencies of turbine lubricating oils ? 6. Write a concise account of boundary lubrication.WEDNESDAY 2nd MA Y,1945 10 a.m. to 1p.m. (AnsweY THREE questions ody.) 1. Discuss ONE of the following statements having regard to combustion theory and to the practical design and operation of stoker-fired boilers “Maximum efficiency occurs when there is a small but finite percentage of combust- ible gases in the flue gases”; OR “The composition of the gases arising from a fuel bed of unvarying thickness is within limits almost independent of the rate of combustion.” 2. Describe the “rational analysis” of coal and its uses. 3. What are the principal methods which have been suggested for calculating the 4. What are the properties and characteristics of a deep-mine coal which depend 5. What are the effects of weathering on coal and what principles govern the weight of pure coal substance in a given weight of coal from its analysis? upon its rank? How do they change with rank? successful storage of coal ? [ 1171 2 to 5 p.w (Answer THREE questions only.) 1.Describe ONE type of instrument for recording the concentration of oxygen dissolved in water. 2. How may boiler carry-over affect turbine blading and what are the methods which can be used to diminish trouble arising in this way ? 3. One of the tubes of a superheater which is made of a straight carbon steel and supplies steam at 375 lbs. per sq. in. and 800” F. has ruptured in service. HOLV would you attempt to determine whether this tube had been overheated ? 4.Make a list of the items in a complete heat balance of a stoker-fired boiler. Describe in detail how you would attempt to estimate any one of the heat losses. 5. Write a concise account of the way in which the common mineral constituents of coal may influence the cost of operation of a boiler fitted with a chain grate stoker and refractory walls and arch. THURSDA Y 3rd MA Y 1945 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Within the limits of the time allowed examine the samples of coal marked (A) and (B),and submit a reasoned report upon their suitability for firing in a 100,000Ib./hr. boiler fitted with a chain-grate stoker. 2. The sample (C) is representative of a sample obtained from the steam outlet of a boiler drum by means of a steam sampling apparatus. lieport upon this sample giving a reasoned statement on the condition of the boiler at the time the sample was taken.These exercises may be finished tomorrow. FRIDAY 4th MAY 1945 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercises. 2. The sample (D) was obtained from the mud-drum of a steaming boiler (375 lbs./sq. in.). Examine the sample and prescribe treatment on one of the standard forms provided. Report the results of your analysis and the reasons for your prescrip- tion. Assume that the boiler contains 10,000 gallons of water. Branch G Industrial Chemistry with special reference to Industrial Water Treatment MONDAY 30th APRIL 1945 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (see pp. 115-116). 2 to 5 p.m. (see pp. 116-117.) TUESDAY 1st MAY 1945 10 a.m. to 1 P.W.(Nottftorethan TWO questions to be answered.) 1. Discuss the factors affecting the corrosion of mild steel by industrial waters at atmospheric temperatures. 2. What are the reasons for the presence of ammonia in some water supplies? Discuss critically as many methods as you can of diminishing the ammonia content of distillate which is produced by evaporating water that contains ammonia. 3. Give a theoretical and practical account of the base-exchange and the “demineral- isation” processes of water-treatment. 4. Discuss the mechanism of and the physico-chemical principles governing the formation of internal scale on the evaporating surfaces of steam generators. 2 to 5 p.m. (Answer Question 1 and not more than ONE other question. A table of atomic weights will be supplied on request.) 1.An analyst has supplied the following results of his examination of a town’s main water Parts per wdlion Calcium (Ca) . . .. .. .. .. 11.6 Magnesium (Mg) . . .. .. .. 4.1 Iron (Fe) . . .. .. .. .. .. 0.8 Sulphate (SO,) .. .. .. .. .. 36-0 Nitrate (NO,) . . .. .. .. .. 1.3 Chloride (CI) . . .. .. .. .. 11.5 Carbonate (CO,) .. .. .. .. 5-2 Free carbon dioxide (CO,) . . .. .. 2.5-4.0 Silica (SiO,) . . .. .. .. . . 2-9 Organic Matter .. .. .. .. .. 1.0 Temporary Hardness .. .. .. .. 7-0-32*0 [ 1181 Describe quantitatively the methods of treatment or purification that you would recommend (a)for a small laundry; (h) for a shell-type boiler with 50 per cent. make-up ; and 50 per cent.return condensate operating at a gauge pressure of 100 lbs. per sq. inch; (c) for a water-tube boiler with 3 per cent. make-up and 97 per cent. return condensate operating at a gauge pressure of 600 Ibs. per sq. inch. 2. Discuss the uses of nitrates and nitrites in the treatment of waters for steam generation. 3. Give an account of any one method with which you are familiar of purifying a trade effluent in order to render it fit for discharge into a stream or river. Comment upon the local regulations which make it necessary to purify the discharge. WEDNESDA Y 2nd MA Y; 1945 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Examine the sample of water marked (1) for calcium magnesium sulphate silica temporary and permanent hardness and total dissolved salts. Keep the rest of the sample until tomorrow.3. The sample marked (2) has been taken from a stock of lime which is offered at 85 per cent. of the price of high-grade quicklime. Is it worth buying for use in an old Archbutt-Declev lime-soda softener ? These exercises may be completed tomorrow. THURSDAY 3rd MAY 1945 10 a.m. to 5 9.m. 1. Complete the examination of sample (l),make any other determinations that you think necessary for your report and report upon the suitability of the source of the sample for the preparation of distilled water using a single-effect evaporator working at 5 lbs./sq. inch gauge heated with steam coils and fitted with a pre-heater which is designed to raise the temperature of the ingoing feed from room temperature to 185” F. Give reasons for recommendations that you would make for treating the water either before or after entry to the evaporator.3. Complete your report on sample (2). Hand in your answers to Questions 1 and 2. FRIDAY 4th MAY 1945 10 a.m. to 5 9.m. 1. Report on the sample of water (3) from a source which it is proposed to use for topping up lead-storage accumulators. 2. Measure the pH value of sample (4) which is pure distilled water in equilibrium with the atmosphere. Comment upon any difficulties that you encounter. Branch H General Analytical Chemistry MONDAY 30th APRIL 1945 10 a.m. to 1p.m. (Answer FOUR questions.) 1. Write an essay on volumetric methods of analysis in which reactions involving cationic iodine are employed. 2. From the standpoint of the solubility product theory discuss the precipitation of metals as sulphides from acid solution.Indicate how by varying the pH of the solution or by use of masking reagents the reaction may be made more selective and refer also to co-precipitation or post-precipitation of metals in other groups. 3. Describe in some detail the apparatus used in conductometric analysis explain the theoretical principles involved and illustrate your answer by two or three examples which are familiar to you. OR Discuss fundamentally the determination of the pH of solutions briefly indicating the apparatus employed in the practice. 4. Give an account of recent developments in laboratory distillation technique. 5. How would you determine 6 of the following dangerous substances in the atmosphere? Arsine hydrogen cyanide hydrogen sulphide “nitrous fumes,” carbon monoxide lead in fumes from lead-burning chromium present in dust.6. Describe the construction and operation of a refractometer (AbbC type or dipping refractometer) or of a polarimeter. Indicate the expected precision of measurements and the most probable sources of error. 7. Describe two modern types of gas analysis apparatus (constant pressure and constant volume) indicate the method you would employ using one of the types des- cribed to analyse a sample of coal gas. What are the chief sources of error in the analysis ? L-1191 MONDAY 30th APRIL 1945 2 to 5 9.m. (Answer THREE questions.) 1. Outline a scheme for the analysis of a welding flux whose main constituents are lithium fluoride borax boric acid and sodium chloride.2. What methods are available for the separation of aluminium from elements with which it is commonly associated? How would you determine aluminium (a) in steel; (b) in potable water clarified by a process employing aluminium compounds; (c) in formaldehyde which has been stored in aluminium containers? 3. Discuss the analytical chemistry qualitative and quantitative of arsenic or zinc or iodine including the isolation and determination of traces. 4. Describe the sampling of a partially solidified fatty oil in a consignment of 20-30 drums and explain how you would determine water acidity unsaponifiable matter ester value acetyl value and iodine value. Remark upon likely sources of error in these determinations.5. You are to suppose that you have become Chief Chemist to a small firm in the engineering industry and wish to speed up their analyses by introduction of modem technique. Give the considerations which would influence you in deciding whether or not to recommend the purchase of spectrographic equipment. 6. Write short notes on analytical uses of 6 of the following:- Anthranilic acid. Ammonium mercurithiocyanate. Cupferron. Hydriodic acid. Chloramine T. Phenylhydrazine. Thioc yanogen. Acetyl chloride. Ammonium benzoate. Sodium hypophosphite. TUESDAY 1st MAY 1945 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Identify the alloying elements in the sample of steel (A). Submit the results to the examiner and determine two of them (as instructed by the examiner) by potentiometric titration.[(A) contains chromium vanadium and manganese.] This exercise must be completed to-day. WEDNESDAY to FRIDAY 2nd to 4th MAY 1945 10 a.m. to 6 $.m. each day. 1. Determine the iodine value of sample (B). Also determine its unsaturation by some other method e.g. McIlhiney’s method (N/10 bromine in carbon tetrachloride). As far as time permits try to establish the true unsaturation value of this substance. 2. Analyse sample (D) which is the under-coat of a vitreous enamel. Branch I Water Supply and the Treatment of Sewage and Trade Efnuents MONDAY 30th APRIL 1945 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Questions 1 2 and 3 and TWO others are to be attemfited.) 1. Write an essay dealing with the attitude of the public towards quality of potable water supplies (excluding reference to the bacteriological aspect).State clearly your views on the significance of ionic concentration. 2. What are the main provisions of the Rural Water Supplies and Sewerage Act 1944? What advantages are evident in contrast with any previous measures relating to rural communities? What are your views on the outstanding features of the proposed further legislation ? 3. What biological and chemical phenomena would you expect to find in a stream (a) slightly polluted by domestic sewage (b) heavily polluted by domestic sewage and (c) seriously polluted by an imperfectly purified effluent from a bleach works? 4. Describe concisely what methods you would adopt to distinguish between the members of the Coli-aerogenes group of organisms and state their relative hygienic significance.6. Discuss generally the softening and conditioning of water both for domestic and industrial use. 6. Describe a typical case of water-pipe (or mains) trouble in which an aquatic 7. Having regard to a typical Pennine area discuss clearly the hydro-geological population has gained ascendency. conditions which govern the supply of potable water from the Carboniferous Limestone strata including the marginal tracts of limestone shales and millstone grits. c 120 1 2 to 5 p.na. (Questions 1 8 3 and TWO others to be attempted.) 1. What difficulties are encountered in the filtration of stored water and how would you attempt to overcome them ? 2.With regard to the migratory range throughout the body of a deep lake contrast vertical with horizontal distribution of plankton. What are the factors governing the periodicity of these organisms ? 3. Discuss generally the action of water on metals and state what means YOU would adopt to prevent corrosion with special reference to plumbo-solvency and the action of water on cast-iron and galvanised iron pipe systems. 4. Discuss critically the difference in general character and quality you would expect to find in waters derived from shalIow and deep-seated supplies respectively. 5. Equate the reactions involved in the formation of chloramines and describe the factors which govern their production in the treatment of water.Contrast their sterilizing velocity as against simple chlorination and deal concisely with the advantage (if any) inherent to chloramination. 6. In what circumstances would you recommend areation of water drawn from a deep borehole? Describe and illustrate by a rough sketch how this may be achieved and give the operating data of any plant with which you may be familiar. 7. What explanation can you give of the high adsorptive capacity of Active Carbon specifying the primary facts in accordance with the Freundlich Equation ? TUESDAY 1st MAY 1945 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Questions 1 2 and 3 and TWO others to be attempted.) 1. Describe in outline EITHER a typical activated sludge installation or a modern biological filtration plant giving particulars of the requisite capacities etc.for the production of a satisfactory effluent from (a) a weak domestic sewage (b) an average strength domestic sewage and (c) a strong sewage containing a considerable proportion of trade waste. 2. Discuss critically the Public Health (Drainage of Trade Premises) Act 1937 including special reference to the nature of By-laws governing the discharge of trade effluents to the sewers How has the Act affected the position as between the Local Authority and the Manufacturer ? 3. Review the prospects of the economic utilisation of the manurial value of sewage sludge. 4. Give an account of the most recent developments in the application of the 5. Discuss generally the question of Standards (Limits of Impurity) for Sewage 6.What is the minimum amount of analytical control you would recommend to 7. Discuss briefly the various types of sedimentation tanks in general use in sewage percolating filter to the treatment of sewage and certain trade wastes. Effluents. secure efficient operation of a modern sewage disposal plant ? purification plant and express an opinion on their relative all-round efficiency. TUESDAY 1st MAY 1945 2 p.m. to 6 p.m.; WEDNESDA Y to FRIDA Y,2nd to 4th MA Y 1945 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Inspection of Sewage Disposal Works in the Manchester area with report on the performance of the plant after examination of samples of (a) Crude Sewage (b) Tank Effluent and (c) Filter Effluent collected personally. 2. Chemical analysis with microscopical examination of deposit and bacteno- 3.Macroscopical and microscopical examination of certain exhibits natural to 4. Searching oral examination covering the syllabus. logical examination of two samples of water. water and/or sewage effluents. REPORT All candidates both for the Associateship and for the Fellowship should be advised to consider the questions carefully before writing answers or undertaking practical work so that their work may be directed precisely to the points raised by the question. Candidates particularly for the Fellowship should gather together the results of their practical work and present them in the form of an orderly report including their opinions on any points raised by the question.Exantination for the A ssociateship Inoyganic and Physical Chemistry.-Questions involving calculations are generally the least popular yet most candidates attempted Q. 1 in the first paper. Although most candidates knew the reactions between CO and metals there was a marked reluctance to discuss the reactions between CO and metallic compounds which was an essential part of the question. Candidates as a general rule were very familiar with the chemis- try of the peracids of carbon and sulphur and were abIe to gi\-e readable accounts of the hydrides of boron and silicon. On the other hand the answers dealing with the solu- bilities of air sulphur dioxide and ammonia were frequently of poor quality. Some excellent answers were returned to the question dealing with experiments illustrative of the properties of colloids.This was very gratifying. In the second paper the questions dealing with physical chemistry were done quite well but the answers to the questions on inorganic chemistry were rather disappointing. Many answers dealing with the stereochemistry of the metal-ammines plainly showed that the candidates had no understanding of the fundamental principles involved. Although candidates were able to give full details of the experimental use of organic compounds in analysis many people displayed ignorance of the theory involved. For example the valency considerations were not understood lvlien the compound formed by nickel salts with dimethylglyoxime was formulated. The practical work calls for no special comment other tlian to state that as usual most candidates were well prepared to tackle this part of the examination.Organic Chemistry.-Work of a satisfactory standard was submitted by a con-siderable proportion of the candidates in answer to most of the questions. Among the items which proved troublesome to a number of candidates the following may be mentioned. In Q. 1 the preparation of pyruvic aldehyde and laevulic acid. In Q. 2 in addition to the Reformatzki reaction the use of zinc organo compounds in preparing ketones should have been mentioned. In Q. 3 the conditions for securing a fair yield of o-nitraniline and the use of nitrodimethylaniline in preparing dinitrobenz- aldehyde were rarely given and many candidates recommended the direct oxidation of 9-cresol as a good method for preparing 9-hydroxybenzoic acid.Few candidates in answering Q. 4 mentioned that decalin is a mixture of known isomerides. The answers to Q. 5 on pyridine were satisfactory as regards methods of synthesis but few candidates gave a satisfactory account of the methods by which the pyridine carboxylic acids were orientated. In dealing with the structure of fructose clear evidence was not often pro- vided for the existence and position of the (virtual) ketonic group and a number of answers confused structure with configuration. Practical Work.-The quantitative exercise provided a good test of skill and intelli- gence. The qualitative and preparative work was in general well done. Translation.-The German passage was found difficult by a number of the candidates yet with the use of a dictionary it should have been readily intelligible to any chemist.PASS LIST Examination in General Chemistry for the ,4 ssociateship Alcock Arthur College of Technology Rlanchester. Anderson Joseph Rutherford Technical College Xewcastle-upon-Tyne. Barkeworth Gordon Edward Hull Municipal Technical College. Birch Miss Mary Alice City of Liverpool Technical College. Bithell Raymond John Birmingham Central Technical College. Burroughs Leonard Frederick B.Sc. Agric. (Reading) The University Reading and Merchant Venturers' Technical College Bristol. Casson Frank David Hull Municipal Technical College. Chapman Henry Eric B.Sc. (Lond.) Birmingham Central Technical College. Chicken Eric University College Hull.Cleeland Miss Daphne Marian Downing Chelsea Polytechnic and Acton Technical College London. Crawley Ralph Hugh Alfred B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. Imperial College London. 122 I Cropper Miss Frances Anne City of Liverpool Technical College. Davies Richard Laurens City of Liverpool Technical College. Elson John James Widnes Municipal Technical College. Fowler Kenneth Edward Merchant Venturers’ Technical College Bristol. Griffiths David Kenneth B.Sc. (Lond.) City of Liverpool Technical College. Hadley Gordon Birmingham Central Technical College. Harland William Gordon Bolton Municipal Technical College Henderson James Alexander Chelsea Polytechnic London. Hobson John Douglas BSc. (Lond.) Harris Institute Preston and The University Sheffield.Hornby John Arthur Widnes Municipal Technical College and The College of Tech-nology Manchester. Hughes Miss Annie City of Liverpool Technical College. Johnson John Terrence George Sir John Cass Technical Institute and the Northern Polytechnic London. Kerley Thomas Frank Rutherford Technical College Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Love Bernard Eric Birmingham Central Technical College. Lowe Norman RlacDougall Royal Technical College Glasgow. Mackay Eric John Merchant Venturers’ Technical College Bristol. Mather James Harold Derby Technical College. McIntosh Henry James Birmingham Central Technical College. Mitchell William Vernon City of Liverpool Technical College. Musgrave Oliver Charles Hull Municipal Technical College.Parks Victor Harold Regent Street Polytechnic Sir John Cass Technical Institute and the Xorthern Polytechnic London. Roberts Richard Geoffrey College of Technology Manchester and the Royal Technical College Salford. Rogerson Walter Alan The University and the College of Technology Manchester and Derby Technical College. Rout Herbert Kenneth Beatty West Ham Municipal College London and the City of Liverpool Technical College. Russell Gerald Sir John Cass Technical Institute and the Northern Polytechnic, London. Taylor i-ieginald David Birmingham Central Technical College. Toothill Percy Coventry Municipal College. Vaughan Geoffrey Alison Harris Institute Preston. Wallis Miss Vivienne College of Technology Manchester. Walls Ewart Heywood City of Liverpool Technical College.Whitehead Miss Meryl College of Technology Manchester. Wilding Basil Raymond Merchant Venturers’ Technical College Bristol. Examinations for the Fellowship In Branch A Inorganic Chemistry With special reference to the Analysis of Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metals Bayley William John B.Sc. (Lond.). Sutcliffe Gordon Roy. In Branch C Organic Chemistry Davies Norman Robert B.Sc. (Lond.). Mills Eric William B.Sc. (Liv.). Wilde Bertrand Ernest B.Sc. (Lond.). With special reference to High Polymers Pinner Solomon Harris B.Sc. (Lond.). With special reference to Terpenes and Synthetic Perfumes Pickthall Jack. In Branch E The Chemislry including Microscopy of Food and Drugs and of Water Jackson Robert Henry B.Sc.B.Pharm. (Lond.). Unstead- Joss Leslie Gordon Lovett B.Sc. (Lond.). In Branch G :Industrial Chemistry With special reference to Paper Making Keaton James. With special reference lo Power Station Operation and Practice Haigh Donald. E 1231 Notes Honours.-Dr. James Wallace McDavid Fellow has been appointed a Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire,-C.B.E. Mr. Horace Walter Rigden Fellow Dr. Harry William Webb Fellow and Mr. Henry Wheatley Associate have been appointed Officers of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire,-O.B.E.; and Mr. John Henry Associate a Member of that Order,- M.B.E. The British Empire Medal (B.E.M.) has been awarded to S./Sgt. Geoffrey Hurst Registered Student.Members of the Institute will also note with pleasure that the honour of Knighthood has been conferred on Mr. Edward William Salt M.P. chairman of the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee. Appointments.-Dr. E. F. Armstrong F.R.S. Fellow and Professor I. M. Heilbron D.S.O. F.R.S. Vice-Pyesident have been appointed members of a Scientific Advisory Committee set up by the Minister of Works “to advise on and to suggest lines of scientific research; to suggest where this research could best be carried out and to keep it under review; and to advise on the practical possibilities and further development of the results of current research.” Sir Jack Drummond F.R.S. FeEZow has resigned the Chair of Biochemistry at University College London which he had held since 1922 in order to take up an appointment as Director-in-Charge of the scientific research organisation of Boots Pure Drug Co.Ltd. but is remaining for the time being as Chief Scientific Adviser to the Ministry of Food. Mr. J. Davidson Pratt O.B.E. Fellow has been released from his war-time appoint- ment as Director of Chemical Defence Development Ministry of Supply and has resumed his duties with the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers and affiliated organisations. Mr. C. G. Hyde Fellow has been appointed an Assistant Secretary in the Gas and Electricity Division of the Ministry of Fuel and Power. Dr. J. F. J. Dippy Membev of Council has been appointed Head of the Science Department of the South-East Essex Technical College Dagenham.Mr. Herbert E. Hill Associate has been appointed Government Analyst in Tasmania. Correction.-In JOURNAL 1945 Part I p. 2 in the list of AND PROCEEDINGS Fellows who died during 1943-44 the name of “Foster” should read “FORSTER.” In a letter from Mysore dated 9th April 1945 Sir Martin Forster drew attention to this error and wrote as follows:- “My life-long friend F. E. P. Forster (unrelated) was 40 years a Fellow and according to my Register (1938) the chance of mis-spelling his name was only 9 to 4; whilst in Durham and Northumberland Forsters are commoner than Fosters. Both names are occupational Forsters being foresters or wood-cutters Fosters being food- suppliers as in foster-mother. Thus the excuse for confusing them is only slightly better than for confusing Barkers and Bakers (9 to 8) which is not commonly per- petrated.Please when I die do spell my name RI. 0. FORSTER.” This letter was received at the Institute on 23rd May Sir Martin Forster died at Mysore on the following day. SCIENCEIN PARLIAMENT Coal By-product Industries.-In reply to a question by Mr. J. Griffiths on 27th March Mr. Tom Smith (Ministry of Fuel and Power) said My Department is working in close collaboration with the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research in regard to the further development of processes for the extraction of oil from coal. Much progress has in fact taken place during the war. By-products from coal are already produced on a large scale by the carbonisation industries and the production of coal tar oil as a substitute for imported liquid fuel has been expanded during the war from less than 100,000 tons to over 600,000 tons.Department of Scientific and Industrial Research.-On the 18th January Sir E. Graham-Little asked the Lord President of the Council whether in view of the growing importance of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research in national c 1243 affairs he will consider appointing a public relations officer to increase the knowledge of industry and the public about the services they can provide. Mr. Attlee replied The measures taken by the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research before the war to extend knowledge concerning its work in industry and among the general public were meeting with considerable success but the outbreak of hostilities naturally cur- tailed them.They are now being resumed and I am proposing on the recommendation of my Advisory Council to expand them very considerably in the post-war period. do not feel that the appointment of an official with the title of Public Relations Officer would be appropriate since many sections of the whole Department are concerned with making contacts with the public in order to make the results of its work more generally known and it would be undesirable to make it appear that all contacts lay and scientific with the public had to pass through a single officer. British Scientific Achievements (Publicity) .-On the question of the publicity to be given to British scientific achievements connected with the war raised by Mr.Salt on 28th February Mr. Attlee said His Majesty’s Government are fully aware of the importance of making known the achievements of British science during the war. While individual Departments are responsible for publicity within their own fields the Scientific Advisory Committee of the \Var Cabinet has undertaken the responsibility of supervising the departmental arrangements. On the Committee’s recommendation an archivist has been appointed to co-ordinate the preparation of the necessary records from which publication of the work in suitable form can be made at the earliest appro- priate time. Conversion of Salt Water to Drinking Water.-In reply to a question by Captain Strickland as to research on the conversion of salt water into drinking water by demineralisation evaporation or other processes in relation to the development of effective apparatus for use on sea-going vessels and their boats Mr.Noel-Baker (Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of War Transport) stated on 16th January His Majesty’s Government have done extensive research into the distillation of salt water by demineralisation and evaporation and apparatus designed by private inventors has been examined and tested. As a result two types of freshwater producer for life boats are now issued on free loan to shipowners. A third and smaller pattern for use in emergency rafts is in production. Sea-going vessels carry adequate supplies of drinking water for use on board. Water Research.-On the 15th March Mr.Price asked the Lord President of the Council whether consideration had been given to establishing one central water research laboratory to which all water undertakings could contribute for furthering research which is common to their interests. Mr. Attlee replied The Department of Scientific and Industrial Research through its Water Pollution Research Organisation already serves as a central research organisation for the study of problems inherent to the supply of water both for domestic and industrial purposes. Many water and other undertakings already contribute valuable help to this work which the Department proposes to extend after the war. In addition the Geological Survey of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research can provide for water undertakings advice about underground water supplies based on its study of geological data.Such information will be con- siderably enlarged if the powers sought in Clause 7 of the Water Bill are conferred by Parliament. Scientific Instruments Industry.-In reply to a question put by Mr. Salt to the President of the Board of Trade on 15th May Mr. Dalton said that the scientific instru- ments industry had been greatly expanded during the war and as war contracts were reduced ample capacity should become available for the manufacture of apparatus for peace-time production. He would do his utmost in conjunction with the Ministry of Supply to see that this industry was maintained at the highest level of efficiency. Public Health Laboratory Service.-Captain Plugge asked the Minister of Health on 17th May when he proposed to make a full declaration as to whether the Emergency Public Health Laboratories set up during the war were to be continued in the post-war period.and whether in this connection he would give a definite under- taking that the routine chemical and bacteriological examination of potable water which before the war was carried out by professional qualified chemists would continue to be allocated to them after the war. Mr. Willink The provision of a public health laboratory service on a national basis after the war and the form which any such service should take are under consideration as part of the wider proposals for a comprehensive health service. I hope to arrange for a discussion at an early date with the representa- tives of the professional qualified chemists concerned.II 125 3 Obituary RICHARD CLAUDETdied on 1st April in his 50th year. ARTHURORMEROD He received his general education at Heddon Court Cockfosters East Barnet and at Aldenham School Elstree. On leaving the latter in 1914 he joined the Honour- able Artillery Company. Later he proceeded to the Royal Military College Sand- hurst and obtained a Regular Army commission in the Queen’s Bays with which he served for the rest of the war. On transfer to the Reserve of Officers in 1919 he entered King’s College London and obtained the B.Sc. degree two years later. In 1921 he joined the firm of F. Claudet Ltd. Assayers to the Bank of England and to the Royal Mint Refinery and became a director of the firm.Initially he was engaged mainly on analytical work but in 1928 he started a manufacturing department in the firm for the production of precious metal contacts for the automobile and electrical industries. He was recalled to the Army in 1939 and had attained the rank of Major when he was invalided out of the Service in 1942. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1924. JAMES KEARCOLWELLdied on 26th April 1945 at the age of 79 years. After three years at the Gloucester School of Science he entered the Normal School of Science (subsequently the Royal College of Science) South Kensington where he studied under Sir Edward Frankland and spent a final year as an assistant in Frankland’s private laboratory.In 1884 he was appointed assistant to A. Wynter Blyth the Public Analyst for Marylebone and Devon and obtained a varied experience in the analysis of foods water and gas. Four years later he himself became Public Analyst for Marylebone and Bedford. He was well known as a consulting chemist and for over 25 years was Public Analyst to the Borough of Finsbury. Among his other appointments was that of consulting chemist to the Harpenden and Luton Water Companies. He was also interested in trade journalism having been a director of Practical Press Ltd. since its foundation. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1888 and became a Fellow in 1891. He served on the Council for the periods 1900-1903 and 1904-1907. CHARLESEDWINCORFIELDdied on 28th April 1945 in his 54th year.Educated at the Commercial School Ludlow he was subsequently apprenticed to W. H. Brown Pharmaceutical Chemist for four years prior to becoming in 1912 a student of King’s College London and of the School of Pharmacy. On completing the course he was appointed successively demonstrator assistant lecturer and lecturer at the School of Pharmacy and from 1919 to 1925 was in charge of the chemistry department of the School. During the war period he assisted in the manufacture of chemicals for war purposes under the direction af the Royal Society and carried out a number of investigations for Government departments. He was awarded the B.Sc. degree of London University in 1920 having previously obtained the Ph.C. In 1925 he joined the late Mr.P. A. W. Self in an analytical and consulting practice known as “Harrison and Self,” specialising in the analysis and control of foods drugs and medicines. He subsequently became the sole proprietor of the business in which he was later associated with Mrs. E. Corfield until the time of his death. He held various Home Office and Ministry of Health appointments and was analyst to a number of insurance companies. He made important contributions to the advancement of pharmacy and for ten years was Secretary of the British Pharmaceutical Con-ference. From 1930 he was the Editor of the Extra PharmacopEia and of the British Pharmaceutical Codex. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1916 and became a Fellow in 1919. SIR MARTIN ONSLOWFORSTER died at Mysore India on 24th May 1945 in his 73rd year.He received his early education at Danehill House Margate and in 1888 entered Finsbury Technical College where he studied under Meldola. After a period at the University of Wurzburg where he obtained the degree of Ph.D. he became in 1894 the first Salters’ Company Research Fellow at the Central Technical College South Kensing- ton. In the following year he was appointed demonstrator at the Royal College of Science under Sir William Tilden with whom he carried out a number of investigations and from 1902-1913 he was assistant Professor of Chemistry at that college. In recognition of his important contributions to chemical research he was awarded the D.Sc. of the University of London and in 1905 was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society.c 1261 From 1904 he was for six years an Honorary Secretary of the Chemical Society and from 1916 to 1922 its Honorary Treasurer. He was awarded the Longstaff Medal of the Society in 1915. He was a member of the Senate of London University from 1914 to 1922; a Director of British Dyes Ltd. from 1915 to 1918; the first Director of the Salters’ Institute of Industrial Chemistry from 1918 to 1922; Prime Warden of the Dyers Company 1919-1920; and President of the Chemistry Section of the British Association at Edinburgh in 1921. In 1922 he went to India as Director of the Indian Institute of Science Bangalore a post which he filled with distinction for the next 11 years. On his retirement from this appointment the honour of Knighthood was conferred upon him.Since then he had been living in Mysore City and continued to take an active interest in the development of science in India. He had been President of the Indian Science Congress in 1925. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1895 and became a Fellow in 1898. He served on the Council for the periods 1905-08 and 1912-15 and as Vice-president in 1908-11 and 1915-18. He also served as Censor in 1918-19 and was Streatfeild Memorial Lecturer in 1937. Throughout his residence in India he played an important part in promoting the interests of the Institute in that country. RICHARD died on 5th March in his 43rd year. GREENHALGH He received his general education at Birley Street Central School Manchester and at the Manchester Grammar School and proceeded in 1021 toManChester University where he obtained two years later the B.Sc.degree with honours in chemistry. From 1925 to 1929 he held an appointment as research and works chemist in the Monsanto Chemical Co. at Ruabon. Since 1925 he had been with I.C.I. (Dyestuffs) Ltd. at Manchester where he was engaged largely on research work in the Textile Auxiliary Field. He was instrumental in the development of several useful products and his name was associated with a number of patents covering processes in this field. He was elected to the Associateship in 1941 and to the Fellowship in 1944. HENRY GEORGE HARRISON died on 13th April 1945 at the age of 66 years. Educated at Perse Grammar School Cambridge he entered Sidney Sussex College Cambridge in 1898 where he graduated as B.A.and subsequently M.A. From 1901-1904 he was science master at the Blue School Wells Somerset and at the Collegiate School Tetbury Gloucestershire. After two years as assistant to Dr. Samuel Rideal then Public Analyst to the Chelsea Borough Council he became in 1906 assistant to Sir Thomas Stevenson in the Chemical Laboratories of Guy’s Hospital and succeeded him two years later as Public Analyst to the Borough of Shoreditch. He held this and the corresponding appointment to the Borough of Deptford for the remainder of his active life. He retired in 1937 and since then had been living at Weston-super-Mare. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1905 and became a Fellow in 1908.SYDNEY WALTERHUNTdied on 8th March 1945 at the age of 57. He was educated at Alleyn’s School Dulwich which he attended from 1897-1904 and during his last year there acted as assistant to Dr. (afterwards Professor) H. B. Baker. After a year at Battersea Polytechnic Institute he proceeded in 1906 to the Royal College of Science South Kensington where he obtained the Associateship of the College and the BSc. degree of the University of London. After a short period as assistant to Professor G. T. Morgan he spent a year as assistant works chemist to Burt Boulton and Haywood Ltd. In 1911 he was appointed analytical and works chemist to Messrs. C. & E. Morton Export Provision Merchants in whose service he spent the rest of his active life.His first task was to establish a works laboratory at the firm’s factory at Millwall. Later developments included the setting up of a bacteriological laboratory in 1926 and a complete reconstruction and enlargement of the laboratories in 1934. As chief chemist to the firm it fellto him to build up the necessary laboratory staff and facilities for dealing with the analysis of a wide range of food products and raw materials and with laboratory control over the factory operations involved in food preservation. Since 1939 he had been living at Loughborough where he died. He was elected an Associate in 1920 and a Fellow in 1938. FREDERICK died on 15th April 1945 at the age of 56 years. HENRY NEWINGTON Educated at the School of St. John the Divine Kennington and Wilson’s Grammar School Camberwell he became in 1903 assistant to Dr.W. B. Davidson at the Research Department Royal Arsenal Woolwich and from 1905 to 1906 was assistant chemist to the City of Birmingham Gas Department. For reasons of health he then returned for a time to his home in London but in the following year began his life-long association with the Admiralty Chemist’s Department at Portsmouth Dockyard. r 1-27] Starting as a junior analyst in 1907 he was promoted to the established analyst grade in 1915 and during the next 20 years carried out important analytical and investiga- tional work on naval problems. Most of this work was confidential but he contributed several papers to chemical journals including one on the production and estimation of carbon monoxide from paint in confined spaces.In 1935 he was appointed Assistant Admiralty Chemist and four years later was placed in charge of the Naval Works Inspection Laboratory Holton Heath in the capacity of Head Chemist. In recognition of his work on certain specialised naval problems he received the M.B.E. in 1937. He returned to Portsmouth in 1940 as Principal Chemist and was promoted last year to Superintendent Scientist. He was elected to the Associateship of the Institute in 1926 and to the Fellowship in 1930. ALANPERCY was born at Buenos Aires in 1916 and died on 20th March 1946. PLATT Educated at King George V School Southport and Cowley School St. Helens he entered the University of Liverpool in 1933 and graduated three years later as BSc.with honours in biochemistry. For the next two years he was engaged in research work under Professor Channon and then spent a year as assistant lecturer in the Biochemistry Department at Liverpool. In 1939 he took up a Rockefeller Fellowship at the University of California but resigned on the outbreak of war and returning to England was appointed in 1940 Scientific Assistant in the Scientific Adviser’s Division of the Ministry of Food. In this appointment he was concerned largely with administrative work; he organised on a scientific basis the anti-gas protec- tion of food stocks and acted as Chief Instructor of anti-gas food personnel on behalf of the Ministry. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1943. DONALD TILSTON VERNON was killed in a road accident on Easter Day 1946 whilst cycling near Bangor North Wales.Born on 14th June 1922 he received his early education at Friars School Bangor and entered the University College of North Wales Bangor in 1940 with a State Scholarship. In 1943 he graduated with first class honours and was awarded the Muriel Edwards Prize. He was permitted by the Ministry of Labour and National Service to return to Bangor for one year to carry out research work on magnetochemistry with Dr. W. Rogie Angus. In October 1944 he obtained a post in the Shell Lubricating Oil Laboratory in the Wirral. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1944. ROBERTCECIL WILD died on 26th May 1946 at the age of 76 years. From 1895 to 1898 he took the course for Institute Students at King’s College London while working in the laboratory of Mr.C. J. Head analytical and metallurgical chemist. He con- tinued as assistant to Mr. Head until the end of 1900 when he started a business on his own account as an analytical and consulting chemist specialising in metals coal gas and water. In 1915 he became Gas Examiner for Erith and later held similar appoint- ments with the Bexley Dartford and Crayford Councils. He continued to act as Gas Examiner after retirement from his consulting practice a few years ago. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1899 and became a Fellow in 1902. Coming Events 1945 Jlilv 11 12 .THEIRON Annual General Meeting; meetings for the AND STEELINSTITUTE presentation and discussion of papers.At the Institution of Civil Engineers Great George Street S.W.l beginning at 10.30 a.m. on 11th July. OF CHEMICAL Annual General Meeting at the Royal Institu- 13 SOCIETY INDUSTRY. tion Albemarle Street W.l at 10.30 a.m. followed by President’s Address at 11.30 a.m.; Presentation of the Society’s Medal to the Rt. Hon. Viscount Lever- hulme and Medallist’s Address at 3 p.m. 18 THE INSTITUTE (Birmingham and Midlands Section) “Protein Fibres.” Dr. Dorothy Jordan Lloyd at the English Theatre University Edmund Street Birmingham at 6.30 p.m. THEINSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) :Visit to Rothamsted Experimental Station Harpenden at 2 p.m. 1281 The Register New Fellows Diamond Claude BSc.(Lond.). Dickens Frank M.A. (Cantab.) Ph.D. D.Sc. (Lond.) D.I.C. Dunbar Charles M.Sc. Ph.D. (Leeds). Hempling Harris B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.). Morrison Alexander Lang B.Sc. (Glas.) D. PhiLNat. (Frankfurt). Associates elected Adamson Arthur Norman MSc. Tech. (Manc.). Anderson Alfred Milburn B.A. M.Sc. (Dublin). Barr Thomas B.Sc. (Glas.) Ph.D. (Manc.) A.R.T.C. Bayley William John B.Sc. (Lond.). Bloomfield George Frederic B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. D.I.C. Boursnell John Colin B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. Bridge Frank. Buckles Cyril William B.Sc. (Lond.). Bull Ronald Leno B.Sc. (Lond.). Bussell Leonard Herbert B.Sc. (Lond.). Cabell Harold Frank B.Sc. (Lond.). Campbell Hugh Hannay B.Sc. (Edin.), A.H.-W.C.Candlin Ernest John BSc. Ph.D. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. D.I.C. L.R.A.M. Carroll Arthur M.P.S. Crossley Harold. Dartnall Herbert James Ambrose BSc. Ph.D. (Lond.). Dimmick John BSc. (Lond.). Eaton James Caithness B.Sc. M.B. Ch.B. (Glas.). Evans Allen Whitmore B.Sc. (Birm.). Ferguson WilIiam Hunter. Flood Dona1 Thomas MSc. (N.U.I.). Francis Gordon Edward Charles B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.). Gardner William Kidston -B.Sc. Ph.D. (Glas.). Haigh Donald. Heron,Harry,B.Sc. (Lond.) ,A.M.I.Chem.E. Hignett Harold William George B.Sc. Eng. (Lond.). Jackson John B.Sc. (Lond.) Ph.D. (Birm.). Jackson Robert Henry B.Sc. B.Pharm. (Lond.). Johnson Thomas Edwin. Jones Leonard Ellwood M.Sc. (Liv.), F.C.I.P.A. Knewstubb Norman Watson B.A. (Cantab.) B.Sc.(Lond.). Redgrove Edward Robert B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.). Spence Robert Ph.D. D.Sc. (Dunelm). Spring Frank Stuart B.Sc. Ph.D. (Liv.) D.Sc. (Manc.). Tideswell Frederick Vincent M.Sc. (Manc.) Ph.D. (Sheffield). Winter Ramsay Middleton M.Sc. (N.Z.). to the Fellowship Lunt Walter Thomas B.Sc. (Lond.). Markwell William Alfred Nottage. Mills Eric William BSc. (Liv.). Morten Denis A.R.C.S. M.1.Chem.E. Myhill Alphonse Renfred. Nicholson George B.Sc. (Lond.). Ovenston Temple Clifford John B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.). Pankhurst Kenneth George Alfred B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.). Phillips Edgar Oliver M.Sc. (Wales). Phillips Lewis Henry M.C. B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. D.I.C. Philpott David M.Sc. Ph.D. (Wales). Pinches Leonard Francis.Pinner Solomon Harris BSc. (Lond.). Popple Robert Geoffrey BSc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. Raynes Edward Gordon BSc. (Lond.). Rhodes Charles England B.Sc. Dip. Ed (Leeds). Ricketts Harold Neil BSc. (Lond.), A.C.G.F.C. Ruzicka Francis Charles Julian B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. D.I.C. Smee Frederick Henry M.Sc. (Lond.). Snow Oscar Walter B.A. (Oxon.) BSc. (Lond.) Order of the Nile 4th Class. Sprague John Mortimer M.Sc. (Birm.). Stickland Frederick George William BSc. (Lond.). Sutcliffe Gordon Roy. Taylor James B.Sc. (Lond.). Tomlinson Leslie George MSc. (Lond.). Topham Arthur B.Sc. (Lond.). Urie Alexander B.Sc. Ph.D. (Glas.) A.R.T.C. Vincent John Willford B.Sc. (Bris.). Walker George William. Wesson Harry Chamberlain M.A.B.Sc. (Oxon.). Wilde Bertrand Ernest M.Sc. B.Pharm. (Lond.) . Williams Leslie Henry B.Sc. (Lond.). Wright Edward B.Sc. Ph.D. (Q.U.B.). New Associates Adlington Dennis George BSc. (Shef-field). Alcock Arthur. Anderson Joseph. Andrews Mrs. Elizabeth Ph.D. (Buda-pest). Atkinson George Wilson BSc. (Lond.). Bamford Clement Henry M.A. Ph.D. (Cantab.). Bannochie John Greig B.Sc. (Lond.). Barke David John BSc. (Lond.). Beard John Stewart B.A. BSc. (Oxon.). Bellhouse Clifford BSc. (Leeds). Belshaw Philip Leigh BSc. (Dunelm). Birch Miss Mary Alice. Bithell Raymond John. Blake John Norman B.Sc. (Lond.). Brawley Matthew B.Sc. (Glas.). Brian Robert Coles B.Sc. (Sheffield). Burroughs Leonard Frederick B.Sc. Agric.(Reading). Cameron Donald Black BSc. (Edin.). Campbell Alfred B.Sc. (Glas.). Catchpole Arthur George B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.). Chadwick John. Chapman Henry Eric B.Sc. (Lond.). Clark Frank B.A. (Cantab.) BSc. (Lond.). Cleeland Miss Daphne Marian Downing. Clifford Ivor Laurance B.Sc. (Manc.) Coleman John Stanley BSc. B.Pharm. (Lond.). Colman Colin Robert Dip. 1ng.-Chem. (Zurich). Cooke Edward Ingram B.A. (Cantab.) B.Sc. (Lond.). Crick Robert George Denton BSc. (Lond.). Cropper Miss Francis Anne. Davies Richard Laurens. Dawes Michael Frederick Aylwin B.Sc. (Cape Town). ’ Devlin William St. John MSc. (N.U.I.). Diggory James Bryan B.Sc. (Liv.). Edwards George Alfred B.A. B.Sc. (Oxon.) A.M.1.Chem.E. Elson John James.Evans Alan Ffoulkes B.Sc. (Manc.). Eve David George Malcolm B.Sc. (Lond.). Fowler Kenneth Edward. Francis Stanley Eric BSc. (Lond.). Grasham Raymond. Green Maurice Berkeley B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. Gregson Henry John B.Sc. (Liv.). Griffiths David Kenneth B.Sc. (Lond.). Hadley Gordon. Hall Reginald Harold BSc. Ph,D. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. D.I.C. Hands Sidney M.Sc. (Birm.). Harris Frank Witcomb M.A. (Cantab.) B.Sc. (Lond.). Hastings David. Hay George Angus B.Sc. (Dunelm). Headon Thomas Aloysius B.Sc. (N.U.I.). Henderson James Alexander. Herd Charles Peden B.Sc. (St. Andrews). Hewson William Arnold BSc. (Lond.). Heyworth Fred BSc. (Manc.). Hoad Philip Charles B.A. (Cantab.). Hobson John Douglas B.Sc. (Lond.). Holden Ian George BSc.(Lond.). Hornby John Arthur. Howe James Henry BSc. (Lond.). Howlett Keith Eric B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. Hughes Miss Annie. Hullin Roy Powell B.Sc. (Wales). Ibison Gerard Francis B.Sc. (Liv.). Jack James BSc. (St. Andrews). James Arthur Edwin BSc. (Birm.). Johnson John Terrence George. Jones Geoffrey Kempson. Jones Thomas Tyssul B.Sc. (Wales), Ph.D. (Cantab. and Wales). Kerley Thomas Frank. Leighton James B.A. (Oxon.). Leyshon Miss Eluned B.Sc. (Lond.). Littler Arthur B.Sc. (Lond.). Locke Ronald Stanley BSc. (Bris.). Lockington Norman Anthony B.A. (Cantab.). Love Bernard Eric. Lowe Norman MacDougall. MacGregor Alistair Gregor B.Sc. Ph.D. (Edin.). Mackay Eric John. Mather James Harold. McIntosh Andrew Hamilton BSc.(Edin.). McIntosh Henry James. Mitchell Robert Lyell B.Sc. (Edin.), Ph.D. (Aberd.). Mitchell William Vernon. Morrison Robert Ian B.Sc. Ph.D. (St. Andrews). Murphy Finnbarr B.Sc. (Lond.). Newsome Oliver. Nicholls Ralph John B.Sc. (Lond.). Nutter Ernest B.Sc. (Lond.). Owen Jack B.Sc. (Dunelm). Owston Philip George B.Sc. (Sheffield). Parks Victor Harold. Pemn Douglas Dalzell MSc. (N.Z.). Perrin Mrs. Dawn Roberta MSc. (N.Z.). Potter Edmund Clarence B.Sc. (Lond.). Rajpal Madho Das M.Sc. (Punjab). Rees Arthur Glyn M.Sc. (Wales). Roberts Richard Geoffrey. Rogerson Walter Alan. Rout Herbert Kenneth Beatty. Rule Henry. Russell Gerald. Satkunananthan Chelliah B.Sc. (Ceylon). Savage Peter Alan B.Sc.(Lond.). Searle Charles Edmund B.Sc. (Lond.). Sellers Fred. Simmens Leslie B.Sc. (Lond.). Smith William Henry. Smythe Lloyd Earle BSc. (Sydney). Stephen Alistair Matthew MSc. (Cape Town). Sunawala Soli Dosabhai MA. (Bombay). Taylor Reginald David. Thomson Anthony Walter B.Sc. (Glas.). Thomson Thomas Gordon Herd BSc. Ph.D. (Edin.). Valentine Robert Burns B.Sc. (Edin.). Valton Paul Alexander B.Sc. (Lond.). Vaughan Geoffrey Alison. Venkataraman Poonarmalle Rama-krishna B.Sc. (Annamalai) Ph.D. (Bombay). Venkatesan T. R. B.Sc. (Annamalai), M.Sc. (Madras). Vincent Ewart Albert BSc. (Reading). Waley Stephen Gerald B.A. (Oxon.). Wallis Miss Vivienne. Walls Ewart Heywood. Weller Owen George BSc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S.White Trevor Raymond B.Sc. (Wales). Whitehead Miss Meryl. Whitham Barclay Thorpe B.Sc. (Liv.). Whittaker Jack B.Sc. (Manc.). Wilcher Bryan Albert Charles BSc. (Lond.). Wilding Basil Raymond. Williams John Samuel B. Sc. (Wales). Wooding Peter Stanley B.Sc. (Lond.). Wragg William Robert B.Sc. (Lond.). Young Joseph Edward B.Sc. (Glas.). (Lond.). Adams William Henry. Annison Ernest Frank. Axford Anthony Joseph Owen. Barchard Colin Terence. Bentley Miss Joyce Alma. Blackhurst Frederick William. Bradbury Dennis Thomas. Bruce Charles Richard. Budd. Sydney Maurice. Burton Miss Freda. Capper Thomas. Clarke George Bedford. Coles Eric Lawrence. Crookall John Ormand. Crossley Eric Edward. Crossley Harold Gartside.Dunning Kenneth Henry. Ellwood William John. Gault Jacques-Red. Goldie John. Grayson Douglas. Jeffreys Roy Arthur. Kemp Stanley Gordon. Kershaw Donald Trevor. Latimer Anthony Harold. Lee David Jokin Austin. Litherland Donald. Lyall Andre BSc. (Aberd.). James Kear Colwell. %-elected Associates Brown William MSc. (Leeds). Leipper Alexander Dawson. Hadley David James BSc. (Lond.). Nabar Parashuram Mathar B.A. BSc. Hogarth Laurence Totherick BSc. (Bombay) B.Sc. (Manc.). Spears Thomas James B.Sc. (Lond.). New Students Mander Geoffrey Arthur. Marchant Reginald Humfrey. Martin Miss Elizabeth. McDonnell William Francis. McIsaac William Mallinson. Moore Brian Birkett. Mostyn Reginald Angus. Mundill Derrick Arthur.Nall William Russell. Oliver Roy Edward. Orbaum Jack Hyman. Page Miss Patricia Anne. Peissel Barry Arnold. Richardson John. Riley Peter Bernard. Smith Ronald Gregson. Stuart Lawrence Murray. Sturgeon Bennett. Topper Harry Hyman BSc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. Towers Peter. Truesdale Thomas. Walker John. Watson Kenneth. Wellington Charles Walter. Wells Charles Thomas. Williamson William Fraser. Wright Donald Gooch. DEATHS Fellows Richard Greenhalgh BSc. (Manc.) . Charles Edwin Corfield BSc. (Lond.). Henry George Harrison M.A. (Cantab.). Albert Lucas Entwistle. Frederick Henry Newington M.B.E. Sir Martin Onslow Forster D.Sc. (Lond.) Archibald Walker M.A. (Oxon.) D.L. Ph.D. (Wurzburg) F.R.S. Roland Cecil Wild.Associates Walter Eric James M.P.S. Frank Oates O.B.E. (Civil) M.B.E. (Mil.) B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.S.M. [ 131 J General Notices Active Service.-Fellows Associates and Registered Students who are on active service with the Navy Army and Air Force as well as Recipients of Honours and Awards are requested to notify the Institute giving such particulars as may be permissible as to their rank unit etc. Notices to Associates.-Associates who desire to qualify for the Fellowship can obtain copies of the Regulations and forms of application from the Registrar. AppointmentsRegister.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are availabIe for appointments or are desirous of extending their opportunities is kept at the offices of the Institute.For full information inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Libraries.-The Library of the Institute is available to Fellows Associates and Registered Students from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. on week-days (except Saturdays 10 a.m. to 1 p.m.). The Library of the Chemical Society has recently increased the daily hours of opening which were curtailed during the European war and is available for those wishing to consult or borrow books from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. (except Saturdays 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.). Books may be borrowed from the Science Library Science Museum South Kensington. S.W.7 on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Secretary of the Institute. Information regarding facilities afforded to members by Lewis’s Lending Library can also be obtained from the Registrar.Boots’ Booklovers Library.-Fellows and Associates who subscribe to Boots’ Booklovers Library can obtain forms of application from the Registrar. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers (Is. 7d. each) for binding the JOURNAL in annual volumes are requested to notify the Secretary of their requirements indicating the years for which the covers are required. In present circumstances there may be some delay in supplying covers. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-Enquiries should be addressed to the Secretary. As the slides are frequently in demand members are requested to notify their require- ments at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes ofAddress.-Fellows Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give so far as possible their +evmunent addresses for registration.All requests for changes in the Register should be addressed to the Registrar and not to the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. In order to facilitate Identification Fellows and Associates are asked to give their full initials on communications addressed to the Institute. In the prevailing circumstances Fellows and Associates are also asked not invariably to expect formal acknowledgments of communications addressed to the Institute unless replies are necessary. BENEVOLENTFUND.-Contributions for 1945maybe sentto the Honorary Treasurer 30,Russell Square London W.C.l. Forms for Deeds of Covenant and Forms [of! Bequest may be obtained from the Secretary.JOINT SUBSCRIPTION SCHEME Fellows and Associates and Registered Students who wish to participate in the scheme under which they can acquire for a reduced subscription membership of the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry and substantial privileges as to publications can obtain particulars from the Conjoint Chemical Office 6 Burlington Gardens Piccadilly London W. 1. I 1323

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/RG9456900093

出版商:RSC    

年代:1945

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND FOUNDED 1877 INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER 1885 Patron -H.M. THE KING JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS PART IV 1945 Publications Committee 1945-46 F. P. Dunn (Chairman),A. L. Bacharach F. Challenger R. C. Chirnside L. Eynon, Alexander Findlay (President) Osman Jones D. Jordan-Lloyd H. Moore and J. H. Quastel Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee H. J. T.ELLINGHAM Secretary. 30 RUSSELLSQUARE W.C.x LONDON August 1945. Proceedings of the Council Council Meeting 15th June 1945.-The Council received resolutions passed at a meeting of the Cape Section in February in connexion with the questionnaire and recorded its appreciation of the interest which the Section had taken in these matters.In order to facilitate the conduct of business it was agreed that except in very exceptional circumstances at least two weeks’ notice should be given of meetings of Special Committees. The Council adopted a recommendation of the Committee on Revision of Charter and By-laws that application should be made in due course for the grant of a new Charter instead of making the revision of the existing Charter the subject of a Supplemental Charter. The Report of the Finance and House Committee referred inter alia to staff matters; finances of Sections (referred to the Annual Conference of Honorary Secretaries) ; actions arising in connexion with the prospective de-requisitioning of the basement of 30 Russell Square by the Holborn Borough Council; and the possibility of adapting the existing meeting room to provide urgently needed office accommodation.The Report was received and adopted. Reports of the Nominations Examinations and Institutions Committee on 25th May 7th and 15th June were adopted and the recommendations for admission to Studentship and to Examination and for election to the Associateship and Fellowship were approved. Congratulations were sent to members and to a registered student on whom public honours had recently been conferred (see p. 151). It was reported that representatives of the Institute and the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists had met the Chief Medical Officer of the Ministry of Health on 1st June and discussed proposals under consideration for the establishment of a Public Health Laboratory Service on a national basis as part of the post-war health services.A memorandum was being prepared by the Joint Committee of the Institute and the Society on “The Role of the Chemist in Public Health Services.’’ Consideration was given to arrangements for enabling members and Registered Students who hold positions of a temporary character or who are serving in the Forces to obtain permanent appointments as soon as they are released or demobilised. A scheme for facilitating such re-employment was approved (see JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1945,Part 111 p. 98). Reports of the Publications and Library Committee (23rd May and 13th June) were received and adopted. These reports referred inter alia to lectures accepted for publication ; arrangements for the Streatfeild Memorial Lecture 1945,recommending That Mr.W. Gordon Carey be invited to give the lecture (an invitation which has since been accepted); preparation of JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part 111; the desirability of providing members with more information on proceedings of Council as soon as conditions permit either by extending the reports or by including in the Journal special articles on questions of major interest; the setting up of C 1341 a Special Committee to prepare detailed proposals as to the selection of books and periodicals to be kept in the Institute's library and as to the disposal of unwanted volumes; and policy with regard to development of the Journal.A suggestion from the Belfast and District Section that the names and addresses of all students graduating in British universities with chemistry as a main subject be published from time to time in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, as soon as circumstances permit was referred to the Publica- tions and Library Committee. In response to an invitation previously reported (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1945 Part 111 p. 97) representatives of the Ministry of Education attended part of the meeting of the Council and explained the views of the Ministry on the inclusion of technological subjects in courses for the Ordinary National Certificate in Chemistry and answered questions arising from these explanations. With reference to an invitation to appoint representatives to serve on a new Advisory Commit tee in Science of the Municipal Technical College Blackburn it was agreed that the College be supplied with the names of several members who might be prepared to serve leaving it to the College to invite one of them.Council Meeting 20th July 1945.-The Council had before it the Report of the Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections (Confer- ence Report) and considered the various matters raised (see p. 138) in relation to other reports and communications on these subjects. With regard to the basis of proposed changes in the By-laws referring to the constitution of the Council'and the method of nomination and election of Members of Council (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1945 Part I pp.39-40) the Council noted objections that had been put forward (Conference Report para. 10,and subsequent communications from several Sections) to the scheme for replacing District Members of Council by members elected on a regional basis as part of the plan to reduce the size of the Council. It was reported that these objections were being carefully considered by the Committee on Revision of the Charter and By-laws and that full account would be taken of them in preparing recommendations for submission to the Council in due course. Proposed changes in the Rules of the South Yorkshire Section (involving an alteration of its name to the Sheffield and North Midlands Section) and of the Dublin Section were approved subject to arrangements being made between the former and the Leeds Area Section with regard to a modification of the boundary of the Section area.A petition with supporting documents received from members residing or employed in the Hull area asking permission to form a Local Section of the Institute in that area was accepted subject to agreement being reached with neighbouring Sections regarding the boundaries of the area of the proposed new Section and to approval of Rules to be drawn up for its conduct. The thanks of the Council were expressed to W. Heffer & Sons Ltd. for looking after and maintaining a duplicate register of the Institute in Cam- bridge during the war. It was agreed that arrangements be made if possible for holding an [135 1 Institute Luncheon to which official guests would be invited on the day of the Annual General Meeting (nth March 1946).The Report of the Finance and House Committee referred inter alia to staff pensions; Local Section finances (Conference Report para. 8);the scale of life composition fees; the Institute’s share in the cost of maintenance of the Library of the Chemical Society for 1944;increases in the sums for which the property of the Institute is insured; and proposals for conversion of the meeting room into offices. The Report was received and adopted and in response to an enquiry from the Manchester and District Section it was agreed that the cost of providing light refreshments to new Associates who had joined the Section since the beginning of the war and were being intro- duced to the Section at a social meeting should be allowed as a charge on Institute funds.It was reported that a declaration of trust in connexion with a prize provided by Messrs. Newton Chambers & Co. Ltd. (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1945 Part 111 p. 99) had been duly signed and sealed on behalf of the Company. The Report of the Benevolent Fund Committee dealing with routine financial matters and a review of current cases and of two new cases was received and adopted. The Committee reported receipt of l240 on account of a sum due under the Will of the late H. E. Brothers Fellow. Reports of the Nominations Examinations and Institutions Committee of 15th June 12th July and 20th July were received and adopted. Points raised in para.4 and 5 of the Conference Report (pp. 139-140) were noted and suggestions put forward therein together with a request from the Bristol and South-Western Counties Section that further consideration be given to the possibility of the Institute setting up a legal advice service for its members were referred to the Committee on Economic Status and Welfare. It was reported that forms in connexion with the Directory of Consultants were being returned satisfactorily and that a similar form had been issued by the Institution of Chemical Engineers to its members. The completion and despatch of the memorandum to the Minister of Health (see Report of Council Meeting 15th June above) was reported. On questions relating to the technical education and status of laboratory technicians referred to in the Conference Report para.3 and in correspond- ence with the Institute of Physics and the London and South-Eastern Counties Section it was agreed to await further developments. The Council received observations made by the Board of the Institute of Physics on a draft document prepared by the Joint Council of Professional Scientists on the provision of scientific advice and assistance to industry and agreed to a suggestion by the Board to refer back the draft for recon- sideration of certain specified sections. Recommendations of the Assessors for the award of National Certificates (Northern Ireland and National Certificates (Scotland) were approved. Following consideration of the statement of the views of the Ministry of Education (England and Wales) on the inclusion of technological subjects in courses for the Ordinary National Certificate in Chemistry (see Report of Council Meeting 15th June above) the Council re-affirmed its previous decision (Report of Council Meeting 23rd March JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1945,Part 11 p.58) that the inclusion of such subjects at this stage was c 136 1 unsatisfactory and that no schemes including technological courses would be approved by the Institute’s representatives in future. Consideration of the resolution in the Conference Report para. I that the Council be asked to explore the possibility of re-establishing an Inter- mediate Examination for the Associateship was deferred to a later meeting. The Council received letters of appreciation from a number of members who had attended the course on Colloid Science held at Cambridge under the auspices of the Birmingham and Midlands Section and expressed its thanks to Mr.Joiner for the valuable service that he had rendered to the Institute in organising this course. In a letter signed by 32 members it was suggested that the Institute should arrange similar courses at various centres in the future and specific proposals were received from members as to subjects on which courses were desired. The Council recognising the importance of promoting the development of this field of work decided to set up a Special Committee to examine the whole question of the organisation of such courses. A suggestion by the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists that the Institute should give serious consideration to the possi- bility of encouraging by means of its examinations the study of micro- chemical methods was referred to the Board of Examiners.After considering replies from certain cognate bodies to an invitation to join with the Institute in a conference to consider a scheme for drawing up precise definitions of scientific terms (cJ Report of Council Meeting 23rd March JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1945 Part 11 p. 59) it was decided to call a meeting of representatives of the bodies concerned to examine the practicability of the scheme and ways and means of putting it into effect. Dr. G. Roche Lynch was reappointed a member of the Poisons Board for a further period of three years with effect from 1st November 1945 and Mr.G. W. Hewson was nominated as a representative on a Technical Committee of the British Standards Institution dealing with the Sampling and Analysis of Flue Gases. Reports of meetings of the Chemical Council on 18th April and 20th June were received referring inter alia to the co-option of two representatives of the Faraday Society as members of the Chemical Council; approval by the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry of a recommendation that there should be a common application form for candidates for election to the two Societies who wish to participate in the joint subscription scheme; agreement that the schedule of prices of publications under the joint subscription scheme should be the same in 1945 as in 1944; that the three Constituent Bodies be asked to contribute to the maintenance of the Chemical Society’s Library for 1944 on the same basis as for 1943; and a suggestion that a general review of the work of the Chemical Council since its formation be published.Communications were received from the Association of Technologists of the River Plate offering facilities for communication with technicians in the Argentine ; and from the East African Association of Engineers notifying the formation of this body at the request of Corporate Members of various engineering and cognate institutions resident in East Africa including the Royal Institute of Chemistry. Other matters referred to in the Conference Report were noted.Report of the Thirteenth Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections 16th June 1945 at 10 a.m. Present.-Professor Alexander Findlay President in the Chair ; Mr. A. I,. Bacharach Vice-president; Mr. J. C. White Hon. Treasurer; Mr. D. W. Menzies (Aberdeen and North of Scotland) Mr. C. S. McDowell (Belfast and District); Mr. E. M. Joiner (Birmingham and Midlands) ;Mr. F. P. Hornby (Bristol and South-Western) ; Mr. H. F. Adams (Cardiff and District); Dr. A. G. G. Leonard (Dublin and District); Dr. J. W. Corran (East Anglia); Dr. C. Whitworth (East Midlands); Mr. G. Elliot Dodds (Edin- burgh and East of Scotland) ; Mr. H. G. A. Anderson (Glasgow and West of Scotland) ; Dr. E. H. Goodyear (Huddersfield); Mr.W. A. Wightman (Leeds Area); Mr. H. Weatherall (Liverpool and North-Western) ; Mr. S. G. E. Stevens (London and South- Eastern); Dr. D. A. Harper (Manchester and District); Mr. H. E. Blayden (Newcastle and North-East Coast); Mr. E. E. Ayling (South Wales); Mr. A. Taylor (South York- shire) ; Dr. F. R. Williams (Tees-side) the Secretary and the Registrar. Mr. W. G. D. Wright (Assistant Secretary Glasgow and West of Scotland) also attended. The Honorary Secretaries were welcomed by the President and introduced to the Conference by their names and the Sections that they represented. Dr. Ellingham and Mr. Collett were presented in their respective capacities of Secretary and Registrar. The President pointed out that this was the first Annual Conference since the retirement of Mr.Pilcher from the Office of Registrar and Secretary. Although Mr. Pilcher would not take part in the work of the Conference he had accepted an invitation to attend the luncheon and would be happy to meet the Honorary Secretaries during that part of the proceedings. EDUCATIONAL MATTERS WELFARE OF STUDENTS 1. The first subject to be considered was the status of National Certificates in Chemistry. Attention was drawn to the fact that in a Government Order relating to deferment of service Higher National Certificates in Engineering were grouped with the A.R.I.C. as qualifications but no reference was made to the Higher National Certificate in Chemistry. It was understood however that this grouping was due merely to all qualifications other than degrees being included in the same paragraph of the Order and did not imply any comparison of standards between the Higher National Certificate in Engineering and the A.R.I.C.The omission of any reference to National Certificates in Chemistry was reasonable in that these Certificates as such were not recognised as steps leading to the A.R.I.C. The Ordinary National Certificate in Chemistry did not have a uniform significance as there was an option of including in it a technological subject and thus of omitting some part of the instruction in the fundamentals of chemistry. The considered view of the Chemistry Education Advisory Board was that the Ordinary National Certificate in Chemistry should cover only fundamental science and might then be followed by two distinct Higher Certificates one in pure the other in applied chemistry.The Ordinary National Certificate in Chemistry and the Higher National Certificate in Pure Chemistry might then be acceptable to the Institute as successive steps towards the A.R.I.C. This suggestion had been taken up with the Education Authorities but the Ministry of Education (England and Wales) had expressed the desire to retain the option of including in the Ordinary National Certificate in Chemistry a technological subject with a view to providing also for candidates who were unlikely to proceed to a professional qualification. The matter was still under discussion with the Ministry. The following were among the views expressed at the Conference :-(a) Students who decided so take a technological subject at the Ordinary National Certificate stage were not only cutting themselves off from the prospect of proceeding to a professional qualification but were liable to Iack the background of fundamental knowledge of chemistry and essential ancillary subjects that was required even in technological applications.Many students realised this danger of working to a dead end and confined their studies to pure science at this stage; they appreciated that the balance of technological training was generally better obtained in industry itself (b) Because the National Certificates in Chemistry were not recognised as definite steps towards the A.R.I.C. the student was expected to decide at an early stage whether he should aim at a professional qualification or not.Some felt afterwards that their [ 1381 choice often made unwittingly had been wrong but then found that it was difficult to rectify their mistake. The need to make such a decision at that early stage was very undesirable. (c) It would be unfortunate if the Institute withdrew its support from the National Certificate scheme for this would remove a useful bridge by which students who had to work in evening classes were enabled to attain to a professional qualification. More-over so long as the Certificates were scheduled as being in “Chemistry,” the Institute must have a direct interest in their nature and scope. On the other hand if agreement could not be reached with the Ministry whereby the National Certificates became acceptable as definite steps towards the A.R.I.C.some other step should be established for there was a real need that the student proceeding to the A.R.I.C. by six years of study should be enabled to have his progress assessed at an intermediate stage. A resolution moved by Mr. Elliot Dodds and seconded by Dr. Corran- “That the Council be asked to explore the possibility of re-establishing an Intermediate Examination for the Associateship ’’ was carried by 13 votes to 2. 2. The possibility of catering more effectively for the interests and needs of students was raised by the London and South-Eastern Counties Section. From incomplete replies so far received to a questionnaire issued by that Section to its Students it appeared that there was a demand for lectures informal talks debates and social functions-in that order; it was understood that over 70 per cent.of the registered Students in the area were not attached to any College Chemical Society. It was pointed out that conditions differed greatly in other Sections; in many the number of students was too small to make the introduction of special arrangements worth while particularly as a majority of these students were at Colleges or technical schools where most of their needs were duly covered. Nevertheless various arrangements had been made from time to time in several Sections to interest students National Certificate holders and other young people in the work of the Institute by holding special lectures sometimes jointly with College Societies; by inviting senior school boys and girls to attend certain lectures or other meetings.It was recalled however that even in London an attempt to run a Students’ Association did not meet with lasting success ; works visits and social events were well supported but as regards lectures it was found that full-time students were mostly satisfied by the facilities available in their own institutions while evening students had not the time to spare. It was agreed that in order that Local Sections might be able to consider the general problem of welfare of students and other young people it would be helpful if the Hoa. Secretaries could be provided regularly with up-to-date lists of the names and addresses of Registered Students in their areas. A suggestion that lists of students graduating at British Universities should be published at appropriate times was not practicable at present but would be borne in mind for the future.It was also agreed that when conditions permitted Hon. Secretaries should be furnished with fresh sets of index cards of members in their areas every two or three years. 3. With reference to the possibility of making provision for the better technical education of laboratory assistants and their certification in respect of general and special branches of laboratory arts and practices it was reported that when this matter was raised recently the Council had recognised its importance in relation to scientific progress and industrial development but had inclined to the view that apart from ensuring that there were adequate facilities for enabling the exceptional laboratory technician to proceed to a professional qualification it was better to leave to laboratory technicians themselves the important task of establishing standards of qualification within their own field covering laboratories in all branches of science.The Council had indicated that it would look with favour on the formation of an association of technicians in science laboratories that would aim at raising standards of work of laboratory technicians and thus secure for them a recognised status; and that the Council would be prepared to give advice and guidance to such an association if it were formed. ECONOMIC WELFAREAND STATUSOF MEMBERS 4. The Conference welcomed the statement on Economic Welfare of Members AND PROCEEDINGS, that had appeared in JOURNAL 1945 Part 11 pp.80-81 but expressed concern as to how the general principles set forth in the report might be applied in practice. It was pointed out that the report was necessarily in the nature of a preliminary survey and it would be for the newly constituted Committee on Economic Status and Welfare to consider in detail how effect could best be given to the general proposals. C 139 1 With regard to the remuneration of members it was explained that the Executive Officers frequently gave advice to employers on salary ranges appropriate to particular classes of work at a given time but that the value attached to this advice was largely dependent on its being given in confidence and impartially; it was often not possible to discover how far such advice was followed in particular instances although the general effect over a period of time was certainly considerable.Again it was known that the publication from time to time of salary statistics had had an important influence in raising the general economic status of the profession but it was not possible to claim publicly that the salaries of any specified group of chemists had been raised thereby even where there was good reason to believe this to be true. In fact it was very difficult to publish any evidence of improvements in the remuneration or conditions of service of individual members or groups of members resulting from the activities of the Institute in this field without some risk of undermining confidence or weakening the influence which the Institute was able to exert in such matters.This influence was already considerable and the Institute was now in a strong position to secure still wider recognition from Government departments and industrial firms as the body concerned with the professional interests of chemists. The Committee on Economic Status and Welfare could certainly consider all practicable means for keeping members informed as to what the Institute was doing in these matters. It was hoped when conditions permitted to give more information in the Journal on the implications of Government Orders relating to conditions of employment as well as to other matters. 5. Reference was again made to the possibility of the Institute operating an unemployment and health insurancc scheme.This was admitted to be a difficult question; many members were already covered through their employers and the incidence of State Insurance would be a complicating factor. It appeared therefore that there could be no question of imposing a compulsory scheme although a voluntary scheme rnight be considered. In this connexion it was realised that the Benevolent Fund was sometimes used to assist members who were in difficulties through sickness or temporary unemployment but it was considered that such a system savoured of charity. The general question of how far and under what conditions the Institute might be able to provide sickness and unemployment benefits would be considered carefully by the Committee on Economic Status and Welfare.The attention of the Committee on the Revision of the Charter and By-laws had already been drawn to the desirability of ensuring that the Institute should be in a position to do all that a Chartered body could legitimately do in this direction. In reply to an enquiry as to steps that might be taken to secure the establishment in industry of superannuation schemes such as would permit transfer to or from employ- ment of similar or different types without loss of benefits it was stated that attention had been drawn to the desirability of such schemes in the recently issued document on "Suggested Clauses for Incorporation in Contracts of Service for Chemists " (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1945 Part 11 p.82). Further moves in this direction would have to come from industry itself but the Institute would use its influence in support wherever possible. AND PROCEDURELOCAL SECTIONS ORGANISATION OF 6. With regard to the problem of avoiding duplication in the issue of notices of meetings held jointly with the other two Chartered Bodies the Chemical Council had suggested that those two bodies should draw up lists of their members who desired to receive notices of meetings in certain specified centres; and that the Institute should delete from these lists the names of persons who were members of the Institute and return them to the bodies concerned. The Institute would then continue to issue notices of such joint meetings to its members in the relevant Sections whilst the other two bodies would need to notify only those of their members whose names had not been deleted from their respective lists.This procedure which admittedly would go only part of the way to removing existing difficulties was probably all that could be done at present without imposing notable additional burdens on the staffs of the three bodies. 7. A suggestion that it might be desirable further to co-ordinate the Rules of Local Sections without limiting however the inclusion of certain special rules to meet local needs was not considered likely to confer sufficient benefits to warrant the undertaking of the task at the present time. It was agreed however that the Secretary should examine the existing sets of Rules with a view to discovering the scope for further codification and any advantages that might result therefrom.An assurance was given that in view of this decision applications for approval by Council of certain proposed changes of Rules previously submitted by two Sections would now be referred back to Council. L 140 1 8. The question of whether Local Sections desired any change in the basis of allocation of their annual grants as for example by providing that a Section should receive a certain annual sum irrespective of the number of members plus a per capita grant was answered in the negative. It was agreed however that it would be an advantage to standardise the form in which the annual statements of accounts were drawn up by the Sections and if practicable to arrange for the financial years of all Sections to end on the same date preferably 31st December so as to coincide with the financial year of the Institute itself.This latter proposal would be referred to the Section Committees. 9. It was agreed that in the event of a Section desiring to hold a meeting in the area of another Section the Hon. Secretary of the former should first seek the approval of the other Section concerned and keep the latter informed of all the arrangements being made. AND ELECTION CONSTITUTION OF COUNCIL 10. Considerable discussion took place on the proposed alterations in the By-laws relating to the constitution of the Council (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1945 Part I pp. 39-40). Some doubt was expressed as to whether the Council as at present constituted was in fact too large and there were widespread misgivings with regard to the provision for only fourteen Regional Members of Council.A strong plea was put forward for increasing the proportion of District (Regional) Members to General Members of Council beyond that proposed in the new draft By-laws on the following grounds District Members know personally most of the Fellows and Associates in the smaller Sections and in any event have specialised knowledge of local affairs and interests and are thus qualified to represent those interests on the Council and to act as intermediaries through which opinions of the Sections may be brought directly to the notice of the Council; in so far as experience has shown that a Member for a District including two Sections finds it difficult adequately to represent those Sections in that he cannot be expected always to attend the meetings of their Committees such representation would become still more difficult if not impossible if the boundaries of Regions were extended to cover more than two Sections or were redrawn so as not to be conterminous with Section boundaries ;adequate representation of areas outside London is of special import- ance because the interests of London are always well represented by Vice-presidents and General Members of Council and in any event London Members can readily keep in close touch with headquarters.Reference was made to resolutions already submitted to Council by the South Wales and the Cardiff and District Sections regarding the desira- bility of retaining Wales and the County of Monmouth (but excluding the County of Flint) as a unit (JOURNAL 1945 Part 111).There was some support AND PROCEEDINGS for the view that no change should be made in the present system unless it were such as to provide each Section with its own member of Council even if this meant a further drastic reduction in the number of General Members of Council. Against these views it was pointed out by the President that the proposed changes in the By-laws already provided for a very considerable reduction in the number of General Members of Council with very little change in the number of District (Regional) members; moreover provision was made for varying from time to time the proportion of the classes of members.Some importance attached to the principle that the number of Regional Members should not be determined by the number of Sections; Sections were mainly concerned with the arrangements of meetings and other events in important centres and it was desired to encourage the formation of new Sections in any centres where a demand arose ; Regions were designed however purely for electoral purposes and it seemed reasonable therefore that their number should not necessarily increase as new Sections were formed for this would result in an unlimited enlargement of the Council. It was maintained also that a Regional Member was not elected as a repre-sentative of a special body of Fellows and Associates but as an ordinary Member of the Council.Legislative questions which had bulked largely in the business of the Council recently were not expected to continue to predominate after the Charter and By-laws had been revised and in any event such questions were not settled by the Council but by a General Meeting. Apart from these legislative questions the main work of the Council was administrative and the need therefore was for men of wide administrative experience both as Regional Members and as General Members; the regional basis of election merely ensured that such members of Council were secured from various parts of the country. This did not mean that great importance was not attached to the views of the Sections; but Section Committees could always bring their views directly to the notice of the Council and if opportunity for further consultation was thought necessary the Council would be prepared to consider the possibility of arranging more frequent Conferences of Hon.Secretaries. [ 141 j It was agreed that the points of view put forward in this discussion be referred to the Sections for further consideration. 11. The Conference endorsed the resolution previously submitted to Council by the South Wales Section that for the better guidance of members a much fuller description be circulated of each candidate for election to the Council and suggested that “previous service on the Council and Committees of the Institute” be added to the particulars quoted in the resolution. GENERALPOLICY RELATIONS EXTERNAL 12.In reply to a question as to what progress had been made towards the unification of chemical bodies since the publication of an open letter signed by a number of chemists it was stated that although actual unification might be no nearer much had been done in the more practical and perhaps more desirable direction of co-operation (see p. 148). The extension of the Chemical Council’s joint subscription scheme to junior members and students should have far-reaching effects as it enabled the young chemist to become attached to the three Chartered Bodies and to enjoy a selection of their services in return for a single subscription that should be well within his means. Other steps had been taken to co-ordinate chemical publications and to secure the co-operation of other bodies in the work of the Chemical Council.13. The possibility was again raised of being able to reserve the title “Chemist” for members of our profession as distinct from pharmacists but it was agreed that this should not be considered further at the present time. 14. On the question of publicity it was reported that several Sections had appointed Recorders to prepare reports of meetings for the press. It was suggested that Sections might detail members to act as liaison officers with University staffs and graduates. Copies of the Chemical Council’s brochure and of the publicity leaflet of the Institute were available for distribution. In order to facilitate exchange of ideas on publicity it was proposed that Honorary Secretaries should send to the Secretary information on their present and projected activities in this field.There was scope for stimulating more interest in Institute affairs and meetings. Postal ballots taken by the Institute generally yielded disappointingly small returns 15. The Conference received a statement by the Chairman of the Publications Committee on conditions under which publications should be issued by the Institute. It was suggested that if copies of papers which were presented at Section meetings but could not be published in full were available they might be deposited at the Institute for reference. It was agreed that authors should always see summaries of their papers before such summaries were published in the Journal. Attention was drawn to facilities provided by the Scientific Film Association and the Secretary undertook to circulate information on those facilities.16. Reference was made to the need for scientific apparatus in the rehabilitation of laboratories in the liberated countries of Europe. Enquiries were being made as to organisations through which spare apparatus might be sent. 17. Hon. Secretaries were reminded that copies of past Examination Papers could be supplied. There did not seem to be any point in including passages set for translation at the Institute’s Examinations. 18. It was agreed to recommend that the practice of presenting Certificates at Section Meetings be resumed as soon as possible. It would be necessary to ask each Member if he wished to receive his Certificate at such a meeting or by post.The Conference adjourned for lunch at 12.30 p.m. and resumed its sitting in the afternoon until 4 p.m. The President thanked the Honorary Secretaries for their attendance. Votes of thanks were accorded to the President for presiding and also to the Executive Officers. Fraternal greetings were sent to the Honorary Secretaries of Sections overseas. [ 1421 Local Sections (The Institute is not responsible for views expressed in papers or in speeches read durzng discussions.) Birmingham and Midlands.-This year the programme for Midland Chemists’ Day was more ambitious than usual and the Annual Luncheon at the Botanical Gardens Edgbaston on 26th May was followed by a Garden Party and a Dance. About 190 people attended the Luncheon ; the principal guests included Alderman W.S. Lewis Chairman of the Birmingham Public Works Committee; Sir Peter Innes Chief Education Officer for Birmingham; Professor W. N. Haworth F.R.S. President of the Chemical Society; and Professor E. K. Rideal F.R.S. President of the Society of Chemical Industry. In welcoming the guests and proposing the toast of “The City of Birmingham,” the Chairman Mr. Garfield Thomas referred to the variety of Birmingham’s industries and to the fight waged against disease in the city hospitals. Coupled with the need for more houses for the people was the need for a Technical House in the Civic Centre of Birmingham. The various branches of science were becoming more inter-dependent and the enthusiasm for a common meeting-room was growing.Alderman W. S. Lewis referring to slum-clearance schemes and housing projects said the aim must be to make Birmingham the best city in the world. He thought industrial prosperity demanded facilities for research and getting together and he would like to see a science institute in the Civic Centre. It could be justified. The toast of “The Profession of Chemistry-Pure and Applied” was proposed by Sir Peter Innes who suggested that the need for a Technical House might be met sooner if facilities were provided in the new technical college to be built in Birmingham. He thought the demand for scientific workers in industry would increase and that there should be increased opportunities for research and refresher courses.He congratulated Birmingham chemists on their enterprise in arranging refresher courses. Professor W. N. Haworth in replying said that the universities would be only too glad to supply the needs of young scientists in industry and those of teachers who wished to know what was the state of fundamental research at the present time. He thought there should be no division among chemists and that one society should represent the science of chemistry. As President of the Chemical Society he had set enquiries afoot to see how fusion could be brought about. Professor E. K. Rideal in responding remarked that there was an opinion among many public men and widely held in the Civil Service that science should always be on tap but never on top. It did not follow however that because a man was an eminent scientist he was a good administrator; yet in fact many scientists were capable administrators.More than 500 chemists and their friends attended the Garden Party and among those who enjoyed the various amusements provided were nearly 100 children. A demonstration of bee-keeping methods provided a very popular feature as did the novelty amusements devised by chemists of Bakelite Ltd. Finally for those who could stay the course (about 250 did) there was a Dance in the evening. By general agreement a good party not unworthy of Victory Year! East Anglian Section.-The following have been appointed to fill casual vacancies on the Committee until the next General Meeting Dr. Frank Briers of Norwich; Mr. G.H. Whyatt of Ipswich. London and South-Eastern Counties.-In the Lecture Theatre of the Pharma- ceutical Society on 18th April Mr. G. T. Bray delivered a lecture entitled “Some Empire Vegetable Drying Oils,” which was illustrated by lantern slides and exhibits. A lively discussion ensued. At the Chemical Society Burlington House W.l on 16th May Dr. E. C. Barton- Wright delivered a lecture entitled ‘‘The Theory and Practice of the Microbiological Assay of the Vitamin-B Complex selected Amino-acids and Potassium ” before a large and deeply interested audience. Part of the lecture has been published in The Analyst 1945 50 283. Parties of members enjoyed a visit to the Building Research Station Garston near Watford on 20th June and a visit to Rothamsted Experimental Station Harpenden on 18th July.c 143 1 Note The lecture given on 21st March by Professor H. T. S. Brittoii at a joint meeting of the Section and the London and Home Counties Section of the Institute of Physics on “The Mechanism of Electrode Measurements” will form the basis of an article to be published shortly in the Journal of Scient@c Instruments. Manchester and District Section.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 17th May 1945 in the Engineers’ Club Albert Square Manchester with Mr. H. Stevenson in the Chair. The meeting proper was preceded by an informal dinner held at the Engineers’ Club. Following the Secretary’s report and the re-election of Dr. Harper as Secretary and of Messrs. Probert and Gray as Auditors the following members were elected to fill vacancies on the Committee Prof.E. L. Hirst Dr. E H. Rodd Mr. J. A. Radley Dr. J. 0. Cutter Dr. D. W. Hill and Dr. A. L. Hock. The Chairman then opened a discussion on “The Function of a Local Section.” He briefly outlined the history of the Manchester and District Section. Whilst in his view it was the privilege and duty of the Council to direct affairs from Headquarters Sectional members should have opportunities for expressing their views upon specific questions and he considered that Manchester had been prominent in forwarding their views to the Council. A Local Section should also take an active part in the public life of its neighbourhood and he recommended that lectures of a more general public appeal should be given.The first Dalton lecture had received a good deal of notice in the local press. The Chairman expressed the hope that when the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society were drawing up plans for a new home it should be possible for other scientific and cultural societies to co-operate so that a building capable of housing all the societies could be erected. Refresher courses should more frequently be a part of a Section’s programme and he hoped that with the improving times it would be possible to reintroduce some pre-war items such as the Annual Dinner-Dance Summer Outing etc. The Joint Syllabus for all the Scientific and Learned Societies of the Manchester area which was published from 1929 to 1939 should be revived as soon as possible.Dr. Radley emphasised the importance of a “good press,” and a number of members suggested the appointment of a publicity officer. Dr. Boon thought the two main functions of a Local Section were (a)to increase social intercourse among the members and (b) to promote the professional status of the members in relation to the life of the city as a whole. He welcomed the idea of a Central Scientific House but hoped that it would combine normal club facilities for all connected with science or industry and instanced the general nature of the Chemists’ Club in New York. Mr. Greenwood and Mr. Best stressed the importance of making new and younger members feel more at home and suggested the introduction of lectures and meetings which would arouse and maintain the interest of such members.Dr. W. McG. Morgan considered efforts should be made to make the public realise more fully the importance of science and said that the daily press was always ready to take notice of opinions expressed by technical workers on such problems as health housing etc. Both he and Mr. Hopwood expressed the view that preprints either in full or abstract form should be available before lectures and meetings as they would stimulate more fruitful discussions. The Secretary Dr. Harper explained some of the difficulties in war-time of arrang- ing full programmes of lectures and meetings of general interest. The Joint Committee of Secretaries had been re-established during last year and much closer collaboration should now be possible.Dr. Learmonth deplored the general apathy prevalent among the members particularly the younger ones and thought this might be due to the feeling that there was inadequate contact between members and Headquarters. The Chairman said that the local members of Council were always prepared to forward the views of members to Headquarters. Dr. Coulthard welcomed the ideal of a Central House and the reintroduction of an Annual Dinner-Dance and considered the pre-war custom of inviting newly elected Associates to meet the Committee at an informal dinner should be re-introduced. Mr. Marsh said that it was of some importance to consider the economic status of members. The remuneration and status of chemists were very definitely fitting subjects for Council to consider and it was peculiarly the function of a Local Section to go into such matters.The Clauses in the Contract of Service should certainly be discussed and reviewed. In connection with social activities he suggested a Ladies’ Evening at which papers of general interest to women could be read. Mr. Carroll drew attention to the advertisements appearing in the Manchester Guardian in which appointments of chemists were proposed at low salaries. [ 1441 The Chairman referred to a questionnaire which was shortly being issued by the Committee and from which it was hoped a thoroughly representative crosssection of local opinions could be obtained. A number of speakers welcomed the idea of a Central House for the local societies and also the introduction of refresher courses.The Chairman repeated that the Com- mittee were always ready to study the opinions of any members and said that the points raised during the discussion would be carefully considered. A joint meeting with the Microchemical Group of the Society of Public Analysts was held on the 25th May at the Grand Hotel. A visit to the Department of Applied Chemistry Manchester College of Technology was followed by tea and then three papers on Micro-analysis were read. At the first committee meeting of the session on 14th June Mr. J. T. Marsh was unanimously elected Chairman for the year 1945-1946. Cape of Good Hope Section.-A joint meeting of the Section and the Cape Chemical and Technological Society was held in the Department of Chemistry Univer- sity of Cape Town Rondebosch on the 11th of May.Dr. A. H. Spong chairman of the Section presided and opened a discussion on “The Political Duties of the Scientist.” On the 25th May members of the Section attended a meeting arranged by the Western Province Section of the South African Chemical Institute. Mr. H. J. Koch was in the chair. A lecture entitled “Some Topical Themes in Organic Chemistry” was delivered by Dr. W. S. Rapson. The speaker dealt with two aspects only namely modern work on the autoxidation of olefines and the mechanism of substitution on saturated carbon atoms. A joint meeting of the Cape Chemical and Technological Society the Cape Section of the Royal Institute of Chemistry and the Western Province Section of the South African Chemical Institute was held in the Department of Chemistry University of Cape Town on 8th June Mr.F. E. A. Leibbrandt presiding. Dr. R. H. Stoy of the Royal Observatory Cape Town gave an exceedingly interesting lecture on “Astrono- mical Chemistry.” Cambridge Summer School Colloid Science Course The Committee of the Birmingham and Midlands Section of the Royal Institute of Chemistry by arrangement with the Department of Colloid Science in the University of Cambridge organised a post-graduate Course in Colloid Science. The Course was held in Cambridge during the week commencing Saturday 23rd June and repeated in the following week; in all 200 members attended. The Course consisted of 17 lectures and 12 hours’ laboratory work together with a tour of the Colloid Science Research Laboratories and demonstrations of special experiments and apparatus.In addition parties visited the Low Temperature Research Station the Cavendish Laboratory and the Works of Messrs. Chivers & Son Ltd. at Histon. Members of the first Course attended an Institute Section Meeting on Saturday evening 23rd June and were warmly welcomed by the President of the Royal Institute of Chemistry (Professor Alexander Findlay). A lecture entitled “Foods as Colloid Systems” was delivered by Dr. William Clayton. On Sunday many members of the Course led by the President attended Evensong in King’s College Chapel. Following the service a tea party was held at King’s. The opening lecture of the Course was delivered by Professor E.K. Rideal and the panel of lecturers included Dr. A. E. Alexander Dr. G. S. Adair Dr. 1).D. Eley Dr. F. Eirich Dr. E. M. Frith Dr. J. H. Schulman Dr. R. R. Smith Dr. G. B. B. M. Sutherland Dr. P. Johnson and Dr. M. F. Perutz. Members of the second Course also attended an Institute Section Meeting on Saturday evening 30th June and were welcomed by the President of the Society of Chemical Industry (Professor E. K. Rideal). A lecture entitled “Colloids in Theory and in Practice” was delivered by Dr. E. H. Callow. The tea party was held at Selwyn College. [ 145 1 During the week opportunities were afforded for the discussion of problems of special interest and members of the Course were not slow to take advantage of these facilities for adding to their fundamental knowledge.Industrial problems were ventilated to the mutual advantage of the industrialist and the research worker. The Course though strenuous was much appreciated and the attendance was fully maintained throughout. The patient teaching of the demonstrators in practical work won general approval and the standard of lecturing throughout the Course was very high. The research workers who demonstrated to no less than 24 groups during the Course also deserve recognition. Finally the Committee of the Birmingham and Midlands Section desire to express their warmest thanks to Professor E. K. Rideal for his inspiring leadership to Dr. A. E. Alexander who bore the heat and burden of the day (lecturing demonstrating and arranging accommodation) to the panel of lecturers and demonstrators to the laboratory steward Mr.Fred Smith (lanternist etc.) and all who in any way contributed to the success of this venture. Note Two copies of the printed notes of the Colloid Science Course have been presented to the Library of the Institute. One of these will be retained for reference while the other will be available for loan to members. SUMMARY OF LECTURE The Biochemistry of Iodine By C. R. HARINGTON, M.A. Ph.D. F.R.S. Director of the National Institute for Medical Research Hampstead. [East Midlands Section at Leicester 18th January 1945.1 Iodine was discovered in 1813 as a direct result of the difficulty experienced by the French in obtaining supplies of saltpetre needed for the manufacture of gunpowder in the later stages of the Napoleonic wars.Saltpetre was manufactured by treatment with potash of the calcium nitrate produced in nitre beds; substitution of seaweed ash for wood ash as a source of potash led to corrosion of the vats and a search for the noxious agent revealed the presence of a new substance which formed a violet coloured vapour when heated. This substance was brought to the attention of Gay-Lussac who established its elementary character and named it iodine. Six years later the new element was again isolated this time from the common sponge. In 1820 the Geneva physician Coindet experimented with the use of iodine in the treatment of simple goitre and immediately established its value as a therapeutic agent in this disease.The reason for the striking rapidity with which the therapeutic application of iodine was made is to be sought in the history of the studies of endemic goitre which had continued for many centuries. The main feature of the distribution of the disease is its prevalence in inland and usually mountainous regions; this peculiarity had led to many speculations as to environmental factors which might be responsible for its occurrence; the consensus of opinion was that an abnormality of the water was the most likely cause of goitre. Arising from this notion favourable results had been reported from the administration of sea-water to goitrous individuals and more significant still was the persistence from the earliest times of recommendations by medical writers of the ash of sponge as a remedy for the disease.It seems to have been the association of these ideas which led Coindet to make his inspired guess that the new element iodine itself derived from marine organisms might be the active principle of the sea-water and sponge ash remedies. The implications of this idea were not pursued by Coindet possibly because the iodine treatment of goitre which was at first so successful fell into disrepute owing to misiise serious toxic effects being obtained through overdosage. The matter was taken up however about 1850 by Chatin who basing his work on the definite supposition that deficiency of iodine might be the cause of goitre made an extensive survey of the iodine contents of the waters of different districts in relation to the incidence of goitre.Looking back now on Chatin’s work with the knowledge of the great mass of observa-tions which have been made in more recent years by such workers as McClendon in America and von Fellenberg in Switzerland it seems that he was completely successful [ 146 1 in establishing the fact which is now well known that a water supply deficient in iodine necessarily involves the occurrence of goitre. At the time however his ideas were not accepted even after careful examination by a special Commission appointed by the French Academy. It is interesting to reflect that the reason for this scepticism was probably the unfamiliarity of the notion that a disease could be caused by a dietary deficiency as opposed to an actively poisonous agent.About 20 years after Chatin’s work another line of evidence connecting the thyroid gland with iodine began to develop with the demonstration that the thyroid gland was an essential organ. This fact was recognised only when it was discovered in Switzerland that total extirpation of the gland resulted in the group of symptoms namely thickening of the skin loss of hair and failure of mental activity which characterise the disease now known as myxoedema; almost simultaneously it was found in this country that the same group of symptoms arose as the result of atrophy of the thyroid. These observa- tions led directly to the theory that the gland exercised its function by imparting an essential principle to the blood and to the proof of this theory by the relief of the symptoms of myxoedema which could be effected by administration of the substance of the gland.In the light of the past history of the study of goitre it was but a short step to the assumption that iodine itself might be associated with the active principle of the thyroid and a fundamental advance was made by Baumann in 1895 when he demonstrated not only that iodine was a constituent of the gland but that it bore a definite relationship to the physiological activity of the latter. A further demonstration of the significance of iodine with respect to thyroid activity was provided by the work of Marine who showed that in simple goitre the degree of pathological enlargement of the gland was inversely proportional to the concentration of iodine which it contained.The explanation of this observation which was not apparent at the time when it was made is to be found in the balanced relationship between the thyroid and anterior pituitary glands; the normal state of activity of the thyroid is maintained by the thyrotrophic hormone of the anterior pituitary the output of which is itself regdated by the amount of circulating thyroid hormone; when iodine is deficient the amount of thyroid hormone falls off and the output of thyrotrophic hormone increases the result being an enlarged and overactive thyroid containing little iodine. Ever since Baumann’s discovery of the direct association of iodine with the active principle of the thyroid attempts had been made to isolate a pure iodine-containing compound from the gland; success was first achieved by Kendall in 1914 who isolated the compound which he named thyroxine and which is responsible for the physiological activity of the thyroid.Later work by Harington improved the method of isolation and made it possible to determine by degradation and ultimately by synthesis that thyroxine is a tetra-iodo derivative of the p-hydroxyphenyl ether of tyrosine I I I I Since the proof of the constitution of thyroxine much work by many different methods has been directed to the problem of its biosynthesis and the explanation of this process is now almost complete. It is clear that thyroxine is formed from tyrosine through 3 5-di-iodotyrosine by oxidative coupling of two molecules of the latter.This process can be followed in the animal body with the aid of radio-active iodine and the direct oxidation of di-iodotyrosine to thyroxine has recently been effected in the laboratory. Oxidising agents which are able to bring this reaction about are hydrogen peroxide and iodine itself. The observation that iodine is effective is of special interest in relation to the process which probably occurs in the body and the following sequence of events may now be postulated. Iodine taken in the food is absorbed as iodide; by the action of oxidising systems in the body tissues free iodine will be liberated which will have two functions (a) to iodinate tyrosine and (b) to oxidise some of the resulting di-iodo- tyrosine to thyroxine. It may be supposed that this is a general reaction in body tissues and there is indeed evidence that extrathyroidal formation of thyroxine can occur ; it is therefore probable that the special function of the thyroid is to concentrate iodine which it does with great efficiency so that under normal conditions it is almost entirely in this gIand that the process of synthesis of thyroxine and its subsequent storage take place.Joint Subscription Arrangements for the Three Chartered Chemical Bodies In a period which now extends over more than a century chemists have been active in founding and developing a considerable number of societies and institutions to provide the various services required for the promotion of their expanding scientific technological professional and general interests.With the rapid growth of the im- portance of chemistry in practically every phase of the life of the community new and continuously changing relations between the various branches of science and their applications have emerged and the interests of individual chemists have become so varied and complex that they can rarely be covered by the services provided by any one of the existing chemical bodies. The result is that most chemists have felt the need for joining several societies and institutions but many especially those who did not require all the services provided by a number of such bodies were deterred from going as far as they would like in this direction by the expense of several full annual subscriptions. Some societies providing facilities that have a direct appeal to only a somewhat limited number of specialists though of great importance to the progress of chemistry as a whole have thus been unable to derive an adequate income from subscriptions.One obvious remedy for this state of affairs would be to amalgamate all the bodies concerned with chemistry into one large organisation and several attempts have been made to bring about such unification but so far without success. Each body takes a just pride in its own work and fears that incorporation in a larger organisation might limit the free development of its specialised activities. Moreover most of the estab- lished chemical bodies have grown into substantial entities each with its own individual character and traditions and many of their supporters are unwilling to see them sub- merged in what might become an amorphous and unwieldy federation out of personal touch with the varied interests and aspirations of its members.Whatever might be the possibilities of some measure of federation in the future it had long been realised that much could be done by co-operation between existing chemical bodies to mitigate the difficulties referred to above and one of the most im- portant steps in this direction was that taken by the three Chartered Chemical Bodies- the Chemical Society the Royal Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry-in adopting the Joint Membership Subscription Scheme put forward by the Chemical Council. Under the provisions of this arrangement which came into effect on 1st Tanuary 1941 a member of all three bodies (or of the Chemical Society and the Society’ of Chemical Industry only) is enabled to obtain by payment of a single annual subscription all the general privileges pertaining to his grade of membership in each body and to receive publications up to a specified limiting value but freely chosen from the schedule of all those issued by the three bodies furthermore additional publications can be purchased at reduced prices.This arrangement was widely welcomed for it enables the average chemist to obtain a range of the services that he actually needs selected freely from those provided by several independent bodies in return for a single payment that is substantially less than the sum of the separate subscriptions to the bodies concerned.Moreover the chemist thus achieves the satisfaction of knowing that he is paying his fair share towards the cost of maintaining and developing not only the services that he himself needs but also those required by the chemical community as a whole. When this joint subscription arrangement was introduced it was realised that it afforded only a partial solution of the problem; the scheme needed to be extended both by the provision of special terms for junior members and for students as well as by securing the co-operation of other chemical bodies. The former of these requirements was met Ly the revised Joint Membership-Subscription Arrangements subsequently adopted by the three Chartered Bodies on the recommendation of the Chemical Council and brought into effect on 1st January 1944.Progress in the Iatter direction has proved more difficult especially under war conditions but a beginning has been made [ 1481 by the admission of the Faraday Society to the Chemical Council with a view to devising a scheme whereby chemists participating in the existing joint subscription arrangements may be able to obtain the services provided by that Society on advantageous terms. A Fellow Associate or Registered Student of the Royal Institute of Chemistry who desires to obtain the advantages of the Joint Membership-Subscription Arrange- ments should obtain from The Conjoint Chemical Ofice 9 and 10 Savile Row,London W.l forms of application for Fellowship of the Chemical Society and membership of the Society of Chemical Industry (if he does not already belong to both of those bodies) and the subscription form; he should then complete these forms and return them with the appropriate remittance (see below) to the Conjoint Chemical Office.It should be noted however that he will not be accorded the privileges of Fellowship of the Chemical Society or membership of the Society of Chemical Industry until he has been duly elected by these two bodies. For full participation in the arrangements the joint subscription (joint senior- membership-subscription) is L5 5s. Od. for a Fellow of the Institute and &5 for an Associate or a Registered Student. For this the subscriber obtains in addition to the privileges and services pertaining to his grade in the Institute all the privileges and services due to a Fellow of the Chemical Society and a member of the Society of Chemical Industry except that the publications of these two Societies that he receives without extra charge are limited to the value of 70 units selected from the Schedule (see below) ; he may however purchase any number of additional publications at the scheduled prices to members-which are considerably lower than those charged to non-members..While this joint senior-membership-subscription can be taken up by Fellows Associates or Registered Students at any age it is open to Associates or Registered Students who have not reached the age of 25 on 1st January in a given year to pay in respect of that year if they prefer a joint junior-membership-subscription which for an Associate is k3 5s.and for a Registered Student L2 5s. For this the subscriber receives the same general privileges and services as one who pays the joint senior- membership-subscription except that his selection of the publications of the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry is limited to the value of 35 units without extra charge and the additional publications which he may purchase at the scheduled prices to members must not exceed 60 units. Finally a Registered Student of the Institute who has not reached the age of 22 on 1st January in a given year may acquire in respect of that year what are described as “joint student facilities” in the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry on payment of kl.This covers all his privileges as a Registered Student of the Institute and gives him the right to attend meetings of the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry (but without power to vote) to use the Chemical Society’s Library to receive the Annual Reports (Pure Chemistry) and the Annual Reports (Applied Chemistry) and such Proceedings and notices of the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry as the respective Councils may decide; he may also purchase reprints of Chemical Society lectures (but no other additional publications) at scheduled prices. It is too early yet to assess the popularity of these joint subscription arrangements especially as they have been introduced during abnormal war-time conditions and owing to paper restrictions comparatively little publicity has been given to the revised arrangements introduced in 1944.It is known however that whereas before the arrangements were made only about 500 persons belonged to all three of the Chartered Bodies there are now over 2500 chemists paying the joint senior- or junior-membership- subscriptions in addition to any who may still subscribe separately to the three bodies. Although 2500 is not large in relation to the number of qualified chemists in the country the support so far given to the scheme may be regarded as encouraging in the circum- stances. Also there is an increasing number of Registered Students of the Institute who have obtained joint student facilities in the two publishing societies.It is in the interest of the chemical community as a whole that every chemist should participate to the fullest extent in these joint membership subscription arrangements from the earliest stages of his career. The charges are small in relation to the privileges and facilities provided and only if chemists contribute on this scale to the general funds of the principal chemical bodies will the subscription incomes of these bodies be large enough to ensure that the essential services required by the chemical community will remain wholly under the control of chemists and be maintained and progressively developed in their best interests. The development of a complex scheme of this kind during the war period has entailed considerable difficulties of administration both in the Conjoint Chemical Office and the officeof the Institute.In the Conjoint Office in particular it has been necessary to build up an entirely new administrative system with a limited staff aided by inexperienced [ 149 I temporary assistants. It is recognised that the new machinery has not always operated as smoothly as is desired but it is hoped that those who have suffered as a result of these imperfections will be patient for a little longer so that the new arrangements may be given a fair chance to become established and to operate with the efficiency which members of the Chartered Bodies have learned to expect from the individual organisations. Publications of the three Chartered Chemical Bodies Schedule of Prices to Members (The current value of a unit is one shilling) Units Journal of th’e Chemical Society .... .. .. A I (General Physical and Inorganic Chemistry) A I1 (Organic Chemistry) . . .. .. .. .. Abstracts “A” (Pure Chemistry) :* .. A I11 (Physiology and Biochemistry including Anatomy) Abstracts “A” Index .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 24.0 15-5 15.5 23.0 10.5 Annual Reports of the Chemical Society ‘(Pure‘ Chemistry) Chemical Society Lecture Reprints .. .. .. Transactions of the Society of Chemical Industry .. Chemistry and Industry .. .. .. .. .. B I (General and Inorganic Chemistry) .. .. B I1 (Organic Chemistry) .. .. .. .. B I11 (Agriculture Food Sanitation etc.) .. Abstracts “B” (Applied Chemistry) :* Abstracts “B” Index .. .. .. .. .. ,... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5.5 5.0 8.5 18.0 14.5 12.0 10.5 6.5 Abstracts “C” (Analysis and Apparatus)t .. .. .. Royal Institute of Chemistry Lectures .. .. .. .. Annual Reports of the Society of Chemical Industry (Applied Chemistry) .. .. .. .. 5.0 11.5 5.0 Institute Lectures and Monographs.-The lecture on “Cement and Concrete ” delivered before the Institute by Dr. F. M. Lea O.B.E. on 19th December 1944 and the first Dalton Memorial Lecture on “Chemistry and Clothing” given before the Man- Chester and District Section of the Institute by Dr. D. A. Clibbens on 21st December 1944 have now been published and are being issued with this Part of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. The following lectures and monographs are ready for publication and it is hoped to issue them with Part V of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS :-“ Industrial Non-Ferrous Alloys,” by Dr.Harold Moore C.B.E. ; “Microchemistry and its Applications,” by Mr. Ronald Belcher; “Soil Metabolism,” by Dr. J. H. Quastel F.R.S. Mr. G. S. W. Marlow has kindly agreed to revise his “Notes on Contracts of Service” published by the Institute in 1925. The issue of an up-to-date commentary on this subject will be valuable in connection with the interpretation of clauses such as were included in the recently published “Suggested Clauses for Incorporation in Contracts of Service for Chemists” (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1945 Part 11 p. 82). The Twenty-Eighth Streatfeild Memorial Lecture on “Water and Public Health ” will be delivered by Mr.W. Gordon Carey in London on 16th Kovember 1945. *All Sub-sections of Abstracts printed on one side of the #a#m cmly are available to members at an extra cost of 3 units for each Sub-section per annum. f Abstracts “C” (Analysts and Apparatus) published quarterly is free to members who take other Sections of the Abstracts. Free of charge to Fellows Associates and Registered Students of the Institute. Notes Mr. James Harnaman Associate has been appointed a Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire-M.B.E.,-and has been made a Director of B. Laporte Ltd. Dr. T. S. Wheeler Fellow is resigning his post as State Chemist Eire on appointment to the Chair of Chemistry at University College Dublin. Dr. D. H. Hey Member of Council has been appointed to a Chair of Chemistry in the University of London tenable at King’s College.Professor R. W. Whytlaw-Gray F.R.S. Fellow is retiring in September 1946 from the Chair of Chemistry and the administrative headship of the Chemistry Departments of the University of Leeds which he has held since 1933. Professor H. Krall Fellow a member of the Indian Advisory Committee of the Institute has retired from the Chair of Chemistry at Agra and is returning to England after 32 years in India. The dignity of “Emeritus Professor” has been conferred by the University of the Punjab on Sir Shanti Bhatnagar O.B.E. F.R.S. Fellow and on Dr. H. B. Dunnicliff C.I.E. Fellow. Mr. C. S. Garland Fellow has been elected a Fellow of the Imperial College.Dr. E. W. Smith C.B.E. FelZow has been re-elected President of the Institute of Fuel for the year commencing next October. Dr. R. Child Fellow has been President of the Chemical Society of Ceylon 1944-45. Dr. W. T. Griffiths Fellow who has been for many years head of the Research and Development Department of the Mond Nickel Co. Ltd. has been appointed Chairman of that Company and its subsidiaries. Mr. J. Davidson Pratt O.B.E. Fellow previously General Manager and Secretary of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers whose return from Government service was recently announced has been appointed Director and Secretary of the Association. Mr. A. J. Holden Fellow who during the last five years has been an Assistant Manager has been appointed a joint Manager of the Association.Professor I;.L. Warren Associate has been seconded by the Natal University College to act as Government adviser on industrial chemical research for 12 months. Mr. James Crookes Associate has been awarded the Fellowship of the Educational Institute of Scotland (F.E.I.S.). Dr. Archibald Clow Associate has been awarded the Blackwell Prize (of which the University of Aberdeen is trustee) for a thesis on “Scotland’s Contributim to Industrial Development through the Application of Chemical Science since the Seventeenth Century; and (with Mrs. Clow) the Senior Hume Brown Prize in Scottish History by the University zf Edinburgh in recognition of the merit of their book “The Chemical Revolution. Lieut. J. T. Young R.A.O.C.Associate has returned to England after having been a prisoner of war since 1941. While at Oflag VII B he was concerned with the organisa- tion of a study group and took charge of a refresher course in pharmaceutical chemistry at Christmas time 1944. He passed in the written paper for the B.Sc. Special Honours degree in Chemistry while a prisoner. I.C.I. Research Fellowships for India.-Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. London has offered to the National Institute of Sciences of India fifty fellowships for the encouragement of Indian research in chemistry physics and biology. The fellow- ships are to be held at Indian Universities and will extend over the next seven years. The value is estimated at 336,000 rupees (equivalent to L25,OOO). Iron and Steel Industry Research.-In connexion with the post-war recon-struction of the Iron and Steel Industry a new research organisation-the British Iron and Steel Research Association-has been set up.The industry is to set aside for this purpose fj250,OOO per annum which together with a grant from the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research and other sources of revenue will mean a total of L400,OOO per annum to be handled by the Research Association. The industry will continue to spend extensive sums on research and development in its own laboratories and works. The headquarters of the new research association will be in London. [ 151 1 Gas Industry Research.-The Directors of the Gas Light and Coke Company have decided to broaden the basis of their research programme and to arrange for improved co-ordination of effort within the Company.To this end they have appointed a Con-troller of Research responsible for the activities of Watson House as well as of the Fulham Research Laboratory. Science in Parliament.-In reply to a question by Sir J. Mellor on 16th May regarding the nuisance caused by flies which breed in the sewage filter beds of the Birmingham Tame and Rea District Drainage Board Mr. Willink Minister of Health stated The most recent report from the Drainage Board received a little over a week ago is to the effect that the flies are not more numerous than in recent years though their emergence appears to have been accelerated by an early spell of abnormally warm weather. A group of experts in this field of research was formed under the auspices of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research in 1943 and they have since con- ducted or directed extensive experiments and observations both at the Drainage Board’s Works at Minworth and at a number of other sewage disposal works.A mass of detailed information has been collected on the distribution and life history of flies in percolating filters and on their reaction to variations in a number of factors such as the composition and temperature of the settled sewage and the alternation of the periods of operation and rest of the filters. On the basis of the information collected more detailed investi- gation is now in progress. This includes attempts to control the emergence of flies by the use of a number of chemical substances including newly developed compounds; alterations in the construction and method of operation of filters e.g.the replacement of large stones on the surface of the filters by a layer of small stones; and the continuous application of sewage instead of the more common method of intermittent application. The effect of treating the sewage at a greatly increased rate in percolating filters is also under investigation. In addition to this research work the best known measures are applied by the Drainage Board from time to time on a practical scale to alleviate the conditions complained of. These include treatment of the sewage by gas liquor by salt and by a number of chemicals and at the present time a large scale application of bleaching powder and creosote and an attempt to trap the flies by mechanical means.The problem is a very difficult one largely because the larvae of the flies constitute an important element in the efficient operation of the filters. Control must therefore be restricted to the emergence of the adult flies without destroying the biological life within the filters. Post-graduate and Specidised Courses.-Particulars of the following courses have been received :-Organic Chemistry A course of 38 post-graduate lectures dealing with eight main topics given by Mr. E. A. Braude Dr. A. H. Cook Dr. M. P. Balfe Dr. W. Davey, Mr. F. A. Robinson Dr. E. R. H. Jones and Dr. L. N. Owen at Acton Technical College on Fridays at 7.30 p.m. from 14th September 1945 to 14th June 1946.For con- venience in registration the course has been divided into three Sections (14th September to 30th November; 7th December to 15th March; 22nd March to 14th June) which can be taken separately. Particulars and registration forms may be obtained from The Principal Acton Technical College High Street Acton W.3. Viscosity and Plasticity A course of three post-graduate lectures under the auspices of the London Section of the Oil and Colour Chemists’ Association by Professor E. N. de C. Andrade F.R.S. at the Royal Institution Albemarle Street London W.1 on llth 18th and 25th October 1945 at 6.30 p.m. Particulars and tickets of admission may be obtained from Mr. D. E. Roe Hon. Secretary London Section Oil and Colour Chemists’ Association c/o Atlas Preservative Co.Ltd. Fraser Road Erith Kent. Special Libraries and Information Bureaux It is proposed to organise under the auspices of the London County Council a professional course for staffs engaged in this field of work at the Fulham Commercial Institute on Mondays from 5.30 to 7.30 p.m. during the coming Winter Session beginning on 10th September. Further information and enrolment forms may be obtained from The Principal Fulham Commercial Insti- tute Childerley Street Fulham Palace Road S.W.6. [ 1621 Obituary WILLIAM BARR died on 15th August in his 26th year. Educated at Camphill Secondary School Paisley he proceeded to the University of Glasgow in 1938 where he obtained the B.Sc. degree with honours in chemistry in 1942 sharing the Mackay Smith Prize for the most distinguished student in the final honours examination in chemistry.In 1942-1943 he held the Fleming Scholarship. He was then appointed to the staff of the I.C.I. (Dyestuffs Division) Ltd. but was assigned as research assistant to Professor J. W. Cook and continued to work in the University of Glasgow. He was occupied in this work until August 1944 when he was obliged to give it up through ill health. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1942. ERNEST ARTHUR died on 3rd June in his 62nd year. WILLIAM CHARLWOOD Educated at Croydon Borough Secondary School he entered King’s College London in 1912 where he obtained the B.Sc. degree with honours in 1916. From 1915-1918 he was engaged as an analytical chemist in the High Explosives Department of the Ministry of Munitions and subsequently on work with Professor P.H. Kirkaldy at King’s College. In 1920 he received an appointment with the British Drug Houses Ltd. where he was concerned in the manufacture of organic chemicals and in research work until the time of his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1917. CHRISTOPHERCLAYTON SIRGEORGE died on 28th July at the age of 76. Educated at Harrow he proceeded to University College Liverpool and thence in 1890 to Heidelberg where he obtained the Ph.D. degree four years later. From 1894 to 1896 he was engaged on research work in physiological chemistry at University College Liverpool and then entered upon the association with the United Alkali Co.at Widnes which continued for the rest of his active life. Beginning as a research chemist he was elected to the Board in 1907 and after the merging of the interests of the Company in Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. he became a Director of the latter organisation. In 1929-1930 he visited Canada Japan China and India on behalf of the Company. His wide industrial interests were evidenced by his chairmanship of the Liverpool Gas Co. and his membership of the Board of Trade Advisory Council. Though not deeply interested in party politics his sense of public duty induced him to comply with his friends’ insistence that he should stand for Parliament. He sat for the Widnes Division of Lancashire from 1922 to 1929 a seat that he captured from the late Mr.Arthur Henderson and subsequently represented the Wirral Division of Cheshire from 1931 to 1935. As a Member of Parliament he brought his influence to bear in many matters affecting the public interest and was actively concerned in insuring that new legislation was framed so as to further the legitimate aspirations of chemists in regard to their status and conditions of service to the community. The value of his public services was recognised by his appointment as C.B.E. in 1919 and by the Knighthood conferred upon him in 1933. He was a devoted churchman a noted shot and a keen naturalist and bird lover. He served as a Justice of the Peace. Elected to the Associateship in 1890 he became a Fellow in 1902 and a Member of Council in 1927.During the ensuing 12 years he played an important part in the affairs of the Institute being a Vice-president in the periods 1929-1930 and 1933-1936 and holding the office of President from 1930 to 1933. He also served as a Censor for a period of eight years beginning in 1930. WILLIAMROBERT was killed on active service in air operations over CUTHBERTSON Germany in his 31st year. Educated at Hale School Perth Western Australia he entered the University of Western Australia in 1932 graduating as B.Sc. in 1935. After spending a year as junior analyst and assistant coal inspector to the Western Australian Government Railways (1936-37) he came to England and joined the staff of the Wool Industries Research Association in 1938 receiving an appointment as junior scientific officer in 1940.During this period he was concerned largely with investigations on the chemical reactivity of the sulphur contained in wool keratin with special reference to the action of alkalies on wool and was awarded the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees of the University of Leeds. In 1941 he volunteered for the R.A.F. which he joined in 1942. He held the rank of Flying Officer at the time of his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1944. [ 1531 WILLIAM GREGORY died on 23rd June in his 46th year. GEORGE DOUGHTY He was educated at Derby School and from 1928 to the date of his death held an appointment with the London Midland and Scottish Railway Company initially in the Carriage and Wagon Department and later as assistant chemist in the Research Department.He obtained the Higher National Certificate in Chemistry in 1944 and was a Registered Student in course of training for the Associateship of the Institute at Derby Technical College at the time of his death. ALBERT LUCASENTWISTLE died on 28th April in his 68th year. He received his training at Owens College (later the University) Manchester and in the laboratory of the late T. J. Hutchinson Public Analyst for Bury. After two years as chemist and assayer to Sulphides Reduction Ltd. at Llanelly and a short period in private practice he was appointed chemist to the North of Ireland Paper Mill. His main work began however in 1908 when he was appointed assistant assayer to the Royal Canadian Mint at Ottawa where he subsequently became chief chemist and assayer.He passed the Examination for the Associateship of the Institute in 1899 and was elected a Fellow in 1902. The Rev. Father ERNEST CORMAC HOBEN died on 16th July at Christchurch New Zealand in his 40th year. He was educated at the Boys’ High School and St. Bede’s College Christchurch. Proceeding to the Greenmeadows Seminary he was ordained to the priesthood in 1929 and then became junior science master at St. Patrick’s College Wellington. From 1931-1936 he was senior science master at St. Patrick’s College while taking courses at Victoria University College Wellington where he graduated as B.Sc. in 1933 and was awarded the degree of M.Sc. for research work on the induction period of certain reactions.He subsequently held teaching appointments at St. Patrick’s College Silverstream and St. Bede’s College Christchurch and was at the latter institution at the time of his death. He was elected Associate of the Institute in 1937. WALTERERICJAMES died on 7th June at the age of 42 He served his apprenticeship with Messrs. Wooton and Webb of Luton and qualified as a pharmacist from Chelsea Polytechnic in 1925. Following a period in the Dis- pensary at St. Bartholomew’s Hospital he was for 8 years with Messrs. Parke Davis & Co. From 1935 to the date of his death he was a senior member of the staff of Messrs. Glaxo Laboratories Ltd. He was President of the Wembley Branch of the Pharma- ceutical Society and his interest in pharmacognosy and the potential applications of the vegetable materia medica was reflected in his Fellowship of the Linnean Society.He contributed frequently to pharmaceutical publications and Fis lectures to various organisations throughout the country were very popular. He became an Associate of the Institute by examination in 1944. GABRIEL ERNEST JONES died on 14th July in his 63rd year. He was educated at Liverpool College and subsequently at University College Liverpool where he obtained the BSc. degree with honours in chemistry in 1902. In that year he was appointed an assistant analyst to Professor J. Campbell Brown County Analyst for Lancaster and to Mr. W. Collingwood Williams Public Analyst for the City of Liverpool. From 1912 until the time of his death he held appointments in the City Analyst’s Laboratories of the Liverpool Corporation and had been for some years Deputy City Analyst.From 1909-1939 he acted as lecturer in public health chemistry at the University of Liverpool He was elected an Associate in 1904 and a Fellow in 1907. He had been much concerned with the organisation of Institute affairs in the Liverpool and North-Western Section of which he had been Chairman. GEORGE MADEL died on 5th August in his 75th year. Born in Swansea he received his early education at St. Helen’s School and at the secondary school proceeding to the Technical College Swansea where he received his scientific training. In 1886 he entered the service of Messrs. Vivian & Sons copper refiners and chemical manufacturers where he became assistant manager in 1904 and works manager in 1912 a position that he held until his retirement in 1935 after nearly 50 years’ service with the Company.From 1914 to 1919 he held the rank of Captain in in the 4th Volunteer Battalion of the Welch Regiment. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1926 and took an active part in the affairs of the South Wales Section of which he had been Chairman. c 1541 ALEXANDERKENNETH MILLER died in Manchester on 19th June in his 90th year. Entering the Royal School of Mines in 1876 he studied chemistry under Edward Frankland and from 1878 to 1880 acted as research assistant to Sir Norman Lockyer. He spent the next 29 years at Wiirzburg where he was engaged in research work under Wislicenus and was awarded the Ph.D.degree. On his return to England he became assistant to H. E. Armstrong and in 1884 was appointed senior demonstrator in the chemistry department of the Central Institution of the City and Guilds of London Institute (later the City and Guilds College) which opened in South Kensington in that year. During this period he carried out a number of investigations in collaboration with Arms&ong. After a short time as manager and chemist at a branch of F. Bayer & Co. in Glasgow he worked with Sir Edward Thorpe in an investigation of the colouring matter of alder bark. He was then appointed as chemist to Messrs. Chester’s Brewery Ltd. at Ardwick Manchester where after a visit to Copenhagen to study yeast culture he introduced in collaboration with C.F. Hyde the use of Hansen’s yeast. There-after he began to practise as a brewer’s consultant in Manchester. Later he joined forces with Dr. Hiepe and carried on a practice under the style of Hiepe and Miller. This partnership was eventually dissolved but Miller continued the practice alone until his retirement in 1934 when it was taken over by the late H. Lloyd Hind. He published a number of papers on organic chemistry and later on problems arising in the brewing industry. One of his hobbies was the collection of clocks musical boxes and various types of clockwork mechanism. He had been a Fellow of the Institute since 1887. FRANK OATES died in London on 10th June in his 56th year shortly after his return from Tanganyika pending retirement.He was educated at Epsom College and from 1908 to 1912 at Battersea Poly-technic where he obtained the B.Sc. degree. After six months at the Beckton Works of the Gas Light and Coke Co. as an analytical chemist he entered the Royal School of Mines but on the outbreak of war enlisted in the Grenadier Guards. In 1915-1916 he saw service in France and Flanders with the Special Brigade R.E. Returning to France as a Trench Mortar Subaltern he was wounded in the battle of the Somme and was transferred temporarily to the Chemical Warfare Department of the Ministry of Munitions for research work on war gases. Mentioned in despatches in 1919 he was appointed an M.B.E. (Military Division). Returning to the Royal School of Mines he obtained the A.R.S.M.in mining geology in 1921 and was then appointed personal assistant to the late Sir Albert Kitson on the Geological Survey of the Gold Coast of which he acted as Director in 1929. Transferred to the Tanganyika Geological Survey Department as chemist and petrologist he was appointed Senior Assistant Geologist in 1931 and Geologist in 1935. In 1940 he went to Dar-es-Salaam as acting Chief Inspector of Mines but returned to Dodoma Tanganyika at the end of that year as Officer-in-charge of Lands and Mines. He was promoted chief geologist in 1943 and was appointed an O.B.E. (Civil Division) in 1945. He was the author of several papers on matters connected with his scientific work among them being “The Limestone Deposits of Tanganyika Territory,” 1933.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1920 and was a Member of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy. ARTHUREDWIN RICKINSON died at Middlesbrough on the 22nd June at the age of 43. He was educated at Sir William Turner’s School Redcar and in 1919 became a pupil with Messrs. Pattinson and Stead,. Public Analysts and Consulting Chemists Middlesbrough. He remained with them in the capacity of assistant chemist subse- quently becoming chief assistant and eventually head chemist the position that he retained to the time of his death. He was a student at the Constantine Technical College Middlesbrough where he obtained the BSc. (London) degree with honours in chemistry in 1937. For a short period after graduation he acted as assistant lecturer in chemistry at the evening classes at that college.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1937. IDRIS died on 21st July in his 50th year. CHEER ROBERTS He received his general education at the John Bright County School Llandudno and in 1913 entered the University College of North Wales Bangor. In 1915 he joined the Special Brigade of the Royal Engineers and two years later received a commission in the Welch Regiment. Returning to University College Bangor in 1918 he obtained the BSc. degree with honours in chemistry two years later and was assistant lecturer at the college from 1920 to 1923. He was awarded the M.Sc. degree in 1924 for his [ 1551 research work on Iodination. During the next four years he was assistant master at a secondary school in Colwyn Bay.In 1929 he received an appointment with I.C.I. (Fertilizer and Synthetic Products) Ltd. at Billingham where he was concerned as Plant Manager in the manufacture of Ammonium Sulphate and carried out research work on related topics including fireproofing. He also acted as Editor of the Technical Bulletin of the Branch. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1920. ANDREW Ross a Registered Student was killed while on military duty in his 19th year. Educated at the High School Kirkcaldy from 1939 to 1945 he then entered the service of Barry Ostlere and Shepherd Ltd. while studying for the National Certificate in Chemistry at the Heriot-Watt College. In March 1945 he was posted to the 30th Training Battalion at Cameron Barracks Inverness and at the time of his death was undergoing a course which he hoped would enable him to proceed to an Officer Cadet Training Unit.BERTRAM ERIC SCOTT a Registered Student was reported in June as presumed killed in action after having been missing since June 1944 when he was in his 24th year. Educated at Ilford County High School he began in 1938 to study at the West Ham Municipal College with a view to qualifying for the Associateship and in the following year became a student at Birkbeck College. In 1941 he entered the R.A.F.V.R. and began training as a pilot. At the time of his presumed death he held the rank of Flight Lieu tenant. JAMES WATSONSIMdied on 19th September 1944 in his 32nd year. Educated at Allen Glen’s School Glasgow he proceeded to the Royal Technical College where he took the BSc.degree in chemistry in 1939. Two years later he became assistant in the Technical Department of the Ioco Rubber Co. In 1933 he was appointed an assistant chemist in the Department of the Government Chemist in London and in 1942 proceeded to Bristol to take charge of the Branch Laboratory in that City. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1942. JOHN STAFFORD died in January 1944 in his 44th year. Educated at Bolton School he proceeded in 1920 to the University of Manchester where he graduated B.Sc. with honours in chemistry in 1923. He spent the following year in research work under D. H. Bangham the results of which were published in a paper entitled “Activated Graphite as a Sorbent of Oxygen,” on which he was awarded the degree of M.Sc.In 1924 he took over the practice of R. P. Douglas and had since been an analytical and consulting chemist specialising in metallurgical work largely on behalf of foundries and engineering firms. He was subsequently appointed Gas Examiner to several local authorities. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1924. ARCHIBALD WALKERdied on 10th June at Newark Castle in his 87th year. He was educated at Loretto School and at Trinity College Oxford where he studied chemistry under Odling Vernon Harcourt and H. B. Dixon and obtained the B.A. degree with honours in chemistry in 1880. He proceeded later to the M.A. In 1881 he began a life-long association with the Distillery industry and directed chemical work at three distilleries-Vauxhall Distillery Liverpool Lock Katrine Distillery Glasgow and Limerick Distillery Limerick-in the management of which he became a partner.He was personally engaged in original investigations connected with saccharification and fermentation and made important contributions to the development of the yeast industry. His distilleries were amalgamated in 1902 with Distillers Co. Ltd. and he was a Director of that Company for the ensuing 32 years. He was a man with particularly wide interests and activities. In the early eighties he played Rugby football for Scotland. In 1886 he became a Director of the Royal Maternity and Women’s Hospital Glasgow of which he was Chairman from 1924 to 1936.From 1911 to 1941 he was a Director of the Clydesdale Bank Ltd. of which he was Deputy Chairman for 17 years. He became Hon. Lieut.-Colonel of the First Volunteer Battalion of the Royal Scottish Fusiliers in 1917 and was Vice-chairman of the Ayrshire Territorial Army Association from 1922 to 1938 and a Deputy Lieutenant of the County of Ayr. He had also been a Member of the Royal Company of Archers a Director of the Glasgow Merchant House a Governor of Victoria Infirmary Glasgow and a Director of the Glasgow and South-Western Railway Company. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888. Books and their Contents Collected Papers on Metallurgical Analysis by the Spectrograph. Edited by D. M. Smith. Pp. xii + 162. 58 Figs. (London British Non-Ferrous Metals Research Association).21s. net. Processing and calibration of the photographic plate; analysis of aluminium and aluminium alloys ; analysis of lead and lead alloys ; analysis of zinc alloys ; analysis of copper alloys; analysis of platinum. Subject index. Semi-Micro Quantitative Organic Analysis. R. Belcher and A. L. Godbert. Pp. viii + 168. (London New York and Toronto Longmans Green & Co. Ltd.). 10s. 6d. net. Introduction the balance and methods of weighing; general apparatus ;filtration. Determination of the elements moisture ash and metals ; carbon and hydrogen ; nitrogen ; sulphur ; halogens; phosphorus ; arsenic. Determination of Groups carboxyl group; methoxyl group ; acetyl group. Physico-chemical determinations densities of liquids ; melting-points and boiling-points; molecular weights.Ap-pendix I purification of small amounts of material; Appendix I1 preparation arid standardisation of volumetric solutions. Index. Qualitative Chemical Analysis including Semimicro Qualitative Analysis A Text-Book of. Third Edition. Arthur I. Vogel. Pp. xii + 578. (London New York and Toronto Longmans Green & Co. Ltd.). 12s. 6d. The theoretical basis of qualitative analysis; analytical operations ; reactions of -the metal ions or cations; reactions of the acid radicals or anions; systematic qualitative analysis of inorganic substances ;modification of the systematic analysis when organic acids silicates borates fluorides and phosphates are present ; reactions of some of the rarer elements ; systematic qualitative analysis of inorganic substances for elementary students ; semimicro qualitative analysis.Index. Scientific Soci&ies in the United States. Ralph S. Bates. Pp. viii -t 246. (New York John Wiley & Sons Inc. and London Chapman & Hall Ltd.). $3.50. Scientific societies in Eighteenth Century America; national growth 1800-1865 ; triumph of specialization 1866-1918 ; American scientific societies and world science 1919-1944 ; increase and diffusion of knowledge. Bibliography. Index. The Wear and Care of Clothing. J. Guilfoyle Williams. Pp. 176. (London: George Newnes Ltd.). 7s. 6d. Endeavour. Vol. IV No. 15 (July 1945) contains an Editorial on “Science and Reconstruction” and articles on “Surface Chemistry in Relation to Biology,” by Professor E.K. Rideal M.B.E. F.R.S.; “Sir Robert John Kane,” by Professor T. S. Wheeler; “Teniers’ Alchemists,” by Professor John Read F.R.S. ; “A Modern Inter- pretation of the Doctrine of Valency by Dr. W. G. Palmer; and “Dissociation in Salt Solutions,” by Professor C. W. Davies. Colloid Science Course Notes. See special report on p. 146. Coming Events 1945 Sept. 7 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL Food Group Summer Meeting by the kind INDUSTRY invitation of Messrs. Roche Products Ltd. to their factories at Welwyn Garden City Herts. at 11 a.m. 9 THE ROYAL PHOTOGRAPHIC SOCIETY:Northern Conference. Addresses on “The Production of a Film,” “The Objective Use of Colour,” and “The Film in Re- search,” at the Odeon Cinema Newcastle upon Tyne at 10 a.m.Members of the Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast Section of the Institute are invited to attend. [ 157 1 1946 Sept. OF “The Chemistry of the Rubber to Brass 10 INSTITUTIONRUBBERINDUSTRY Bond.” Mr. W. D. Rae in the Court Room Caxton Hall Caxton Street London S.W.l at 6.30 p.m. 12 INSTITUTE OF METALS,Autumn Meeting. Business meeting (at 10 a.m.) followed by the presentation and discussion of original papers at the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Storey’s Gate London S.W. 1. 13 THE INSTITUTE (Manchester and District Section) “The Economic Welfare of Chemists with special reference to Contracts of Service.” Discussion to be opened by Mr. J. T. Marsh (Chairman of the Section) Mr.H. Stevenson (Vice- Chairman) Mr. H. M. Bunbury and Dr. W. McG. Morgan in the Engineers Club Albert Square Manchester at 7 p.m. preceded by an informal dinner at 6 p.m. 14 THEINSTITUTE (Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast Section) jointly with the Microchemical Section of the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists and the Society of Chemical Industry (Newcastle Section) Symposium of papers on Microchemistry in the Lecture Theatre King’s College Newcastle upon Tyne at 6.30 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Liverpool and North-Western Section)-joint meeting with the British Association of Chemists “Gaseous Explosions.” Professor R. G. W. Norrish F.R.S. in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre University of Liverpool at 7.30 p.m. 19 THEINSTITUTE (Dublin Section) General Meeting to discuss co-operation with the Irish Chemical Association in the holding of meetings.In the Chemistry Department Trinity College Dublin at 7.30 p.m. PHYSICAL SOCIETY,Colour Group “Methods for Investigating Colour Discriipina- tion in Insects.” Lecture with colour films and demonstrations by DF. Dora R. Ilse in the Small Physics Lecture Theatre Imperial College Imperial Institute Road London S.W.7 at 3.30 p.m. 21 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETYOF LEATHERTRADES’CHEMISTS The Second Procter Memorial Lecture. “The Contribution of the Analytical Chemist to the Problem of Protein Structure.” Professor A. C. Chibnall F.R.S. in the Lecture Theatre of the New Chemistry Buildings Leeds University at 2 p.m. BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS(St.Helens Section) “Research in the Post- War World.” Dr. Harry Moore at the Y.M.C.A. Buildings St. Helens at 7.30 p.m. SOCIETY 27-28 FARADAY General Discussion on “Oxidation,” at University College Gower Street W.C.l beginning at 11 a.m. on 27th September. 28 THE INSTITUTE (Belfast and District Section) “Chemical Fertilisers.” Dr. E. Mayne Reid in the Physics Lecture Room of the Royal Academical Institution at 7.30 p.m. preceded by an informal tea in “Thompson’s,” Donegall Place at 6 p.m. Oct. 4 THE INSTITUTE (Manchester and District Section) “The Organisation of the American Chemical Societies. ” CHEMICAL SOCIETY:“Recent Work on Corrosion and Oxidation Reactions.” Dr. U. R. Evans at Burlington House Piccadilly London W.l at 5 p.m.10 THEINSTITUTE (Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast Section) and SOCIETY OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (Newcastle Section) “The Choice of Photographic Material for Scientific Purposes.” Dr. H. Baines in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre King’s College Newcastle upon Tyne at 7 p.m. 11 THEINSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) “Recent Advances in Plastics.” Dr. J. M. Walter at the Public Library William;Street Slough at 7 p.m. 12 BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS (St. Helens Section) “Chromatography.” Mr. H. Pritchard at the Y.M.C.A. Buildings St. Helens at 7.30 p.m. OF 17 INSTITUTEFUEL:The Melchett Lecture. Professor C. H. Lander C.B.E. Melchett Medallist for 1945 will deal with the importance of team work in the acquisition of knowledge as contrasted with individual research.In the Hall of the Royal Geographical Society South Kensington at 6 p.m. Members of all technical institutions interested in the subject are invited; no tickets of admission required. [ 168 1 1945 CCt. 19 INSTITUTION OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERS, INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS AND THE CHEMICAL GROUPOF THE SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL One-day Joint ENGINEERING INDUSTRY Conference on “Instruments for the Automatic Controlling and Recording of Chemical and Other Processes” (postponed in September last) in the Royal Institution London. The purpose of the Conference is to promote the inter- change of knowledge and experience between physicists and chemical engineers. The Conference will be open to all interested without charge whether members of the organising bodies or not.20 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) Discussion on “The Publicity of Science with special reference to Chemistry,” at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Keppel Street London W.C.l at 2.30 p.m. 24 THE INSTITUTE (Dublin Section) “Estimation of Vitamins.” Mr. W. J. Stringer. 25 THE INSTITUTE (Belfast and District Section) ‘‘Recent Developments in the Organisation and Activities of the Royal Institute of Chemistry.” Mr. G. Elliot Dodds (Edinburgh). An informal talk to be followed by discussion in the Physics Lecture Room of the Royal Academical Institution at 7.30 p.m., preceded by an informal tea in “Thompson’s,’’ Donegall Place at 6 p.m.26 THEINSTITUTE (Glasgow and West of Scotland Section) Annual General Meeting. Speaker Sir Robert Pickard F.R.S. Past President. BRITISH ASSOCIATION (St. Helens Section) “From Lab. to Full Scale OF CHEMISTS Production.” Mr. A. Rees- Jones at the Y.M.C.A. Buildings St. Helens at 7.30 p.m. 29 THEINSTITUTE (Manchester and District Section)-joint meeting with the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry “Chemical Publications,” Mr. E. P. Dunn Vice-President,in the Engineers’ Club Albert Square Manchester at 7 p.m. Nov. 1 CHEMICAL Meeting for the reading of original papers. At Burlington SOCIETY House Piccadilly London W. 1 at 5 p.m. 2 THE INSTITUTE (Glasgow and West of Scotland Section) Discussion on “The Training of a Chemist,” led by Dr.H. B. Nisbet Edinburgh. OF 9 BRITISH ASSOCIATION CHEMISTS(St. Helens Section) “Chemical Analysis by X-Rays.” Dr. N. Thornley at the Y.M.C.A. Buildings St. Helens at 7.30 p.m. 15 THE INSTITUTE (Manchester and District Section) “Chemists 1892-1944.” Mr. R. B. Pilcher O.B.E. 16 THE INSTITUTE Streatfeild Memorial Lecture “Water and Public Health.” Mr. W. Gordon Carey. Provisionally arranged to take place at the Rooms of the Geological Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W. 1 at 6 p.m. 17 THEINSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties) Dance at The Oak Restaur- ant Messrs. Slaters 18 Kensington High Street 6.15 p.m. to 10.15 p.m. 21 The INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) Annual General Meeting.The Register New Fellows Beeston Alan WiImot M.Sc. Ph.D. Robertson John Douglas Ph.D. D.Sc. (Liv.). M.D. (St. Andrews) D.P.H. Campbell George Alexander M.Sc. Thomas Evan Griffith MSc. (Wales). (Leeds). Walmesley Robert Alan B.Sc. (Lond.). Packer John M.Sc. (Melbourne) D.I.C. Young Roland Stansfield MSc. (Alberta) Purcell Ronald Herbert B.Sc. Ph.D. Ph.D. (Cornell). (Lond.) A.R.C.S. D.I.C. Re-elected Fellow Lea Colin Henry B.Sc. (Liv.) Ph.D. (Cantab. and Liv.). [ 1591 Associates elected to the Fellowship Albert Adrien BSc. (Sydney) Ph.D. (Lond.) . Atkinson Reginald Graham B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. D.I.C. Banks Reginald Joseph Henry B.Sc. (Lond.) . Bell David James M.,4. (Cantab.) R.Sc. (Glas.) Ph.D.(St. Andrcws). Bone Austin Roy M.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. D.I.C. Brcar Arthur B.Sc. (Lond.). Brown Cedric John B.Sc. Ph.D. (Birm.). Brown Thomas Frederick. Challis William. Churchouse Archibald Henry M.Sc. (Lond.) A.M.1.Chem.E. Collins John Henry B.Sc. (Liv.). Dalley Richard Arthur. Doble Stanley Mannford. Elliott Gordon Henry B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. D.I.C. Emmott Geoffrey Herbert. Evans John Nigel Illingworth B.Sc. (Lond.). Flemons Garner Frecker. Gilbert Wilfred. Glass Harold Marks M.Sc. Ph.D. (Dunelm). Gokhale Anant Gundo M.A. B.Sc. (Bombay). Goodyear Edward Hague B.Sc. (Dunelm) Ph.D. (Birm.). Harrison Ernest B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.). Hiles Jack M.Sc. (Sheffield). Hill Alfred Grenville. Hollis Charles Edward B.Sc.(Lond.). Israelstam Samuel Sholm MSc. (Wit-watersrand). Iyer Venkatrayar Gopalani B.A. (Madras). Kekwick Leslie Oliver B.Sc. (Lond.). Kelly Francis Charles B.Sc. Ph.D. (Aberd.). Leigh Eric B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.). Leigh Thomas B.Sc. (Lond.). Maltby John Gwilliam B.Sc. (Lond.). McIlroy Robert Joseph M.Sc. (N.Z.), Ph.D. (Birm.). Millidge Alfred Frank B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.) D.I.C. Newnes John Edward. Niyogi Bibhuti Bhusan B.Sc. (Calcutta). Ottway Denis Silvester B.Sc. (Lond.). Palmer Herbert John. Pattle Horace Leonard B.Sc. (Lond.). Peacop James Thomas. Pike Richard Edwin BSc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. Pitts Frank M.A. (Cantab.). Pritchard Gordon James B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.) . Pye Charles Rossall B.Sc. (Lond.).Rankine John B.Sc. (Lond.). Rao Aragula Nagaraja B.Sc. (Mysore) M.Sc. (Calcutta) Dr.Ing. (Berlin). Shoppee Charles William D.Phi1. (Bade) Ph.D. D.Sc. (Lond.). Speight George Edward B.Sc. (Lond.) A.Met. (Sheffield). Spooner Cyril Edward M.Sc.Tech. (Sheffield). Steinmann Henry Albert. Stoddart Eric Maurice B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.) Ph.D. (Dunelm). Stuart Ian Balfour B.Sc. (Edin.) D.I.C. Turner Kenneth M.Sc. Ph.D. (Sheffield). Unstead- Joss Leslie Gordon Lovett BSc. (Lond.). Ure John B.Sc.Tech. (Edin.). Weston Bernard Allan B.Sc. (Lond.), A.M.1.Chem.E. Wild Frank M.A. Ph.D. (Cantab.). Willcocks Reginald Gerald Wallace B.Sc. (Lond.). Wilson Thomas Norman Gold. New Associates Arnold Peter William B.Sc. (Wales). Bailey Donald B.A.(Cantab.). Bibby William Eric B.Sc. (Lond.). Birchall Harold Thomas. Bishop Peter Chamard B.Sc. (Lond.). Blick Richard Thomas John M.Sc. (N.Z.). Bonar Alastair Renwick B.Sc. (Lond.). Bourne John B.Sc. (Birm.). Boyle Archibald Raymond BSc. Ph.D. (Birm.). Bridge Charles Gordon B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.). Brooks Joseph Henry Brown Joseph Thornton. Butt Leonard Thomas B.Sc. (Lond.). Butterworth Basil B.Sc. (Lond.). Caldwell Charles Collingwood B.Sc. (Lond.). Chapman Joseph Edward B.Sc. (Lond.). Christie Edwin Watson B.Sc. Ph.D. (St. Andrews). Cooper Foster B.Sc. (Dunelm). Critchley Thomas Arthur. Crowley Denis M.Sc. (N.U.I.). Dale William Frederick Henry B.Sc. (Birm.). Das Gupta Debabrata M.Sc. (Benares). Dean Fred B.Sc.(Manc.). Denham Sidney Carton M.Sc. (N.Z.). Dickinson Denis Ridgwell B.Sc. (Lond.). Donaldson Hector Alexander M.A. B.Sc. (Aberd.). Douglas Bryce B.Sc. (Glas.). Duncan John B.Sc. (Glas.) A.R.T.C. Dunn George B.Sc. (Glas.). Dyke Arthur John A.R.C.S. Edwards Edward George BSc. Ph.D. (Lond.). [ 1601 Ellis William Joseph. England Brian Daysh MSc. (N.Z.). Evans Herbert Lloyd. Everett Frederick Percy. Falkner Cecil William MSc. (Lond.). Farquhar Hugh McNair B.Sc. (Glas.). Feather Richard Campbell M.A. (Oxon.) BSc. (Lond.) A.M.1.Chem.E. Fensom David Strathern B.A.Sc. (Toronto). Ferguson John McNeill BSc. (Glas.) . Flavel Tony William Barlow B.Sc. (Lond.). Fleming Miss Margaret Kerr B.Sc. (Glas.) .Forder Bernard Arterton BSc. (Lond.) Ph.C. M.P.S. Fore Harold BSc. (Liv.). Fowler Kenneth Sydney BSc. (Reading). Gallagher James Edward Gerard B.Sc. (N.U.I.).. Gell William Henry BSc. (Liv.). Ghose Amiya Kumar B.Sc. (Calcutta), MSc. (Lucknow) Dr.Ing. (Dresden). Gibson David Shaw B.Sc. (Glas.). Gilmore Joseph BSc. Ph.D. (Edin.). Gilpin William Cecil B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.) . Griffiths John Richard M.Sc. (Wales). Gullen James Colin. Gupta Ajoy MSc. (Benares). Hagerty Robert Paterson B.Sc. Ph.D. (Bris.). Hall Frederick John Harland William Gordon. Henley Eric Semon BSc. (Bris.). Higgons Dennis John BSc. A.R.C.S. Homewood Melville Ian B.Sc. (Mel-bourne). Howarth Alan Thomas B.Sc. (Manc.) Ingle Norman Palliser M.A.(Cantab.) BSc. (S.A.). Jenkins Eric Neil B.Sc. (Wales). Jobling Alan B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. Jones Arthur David BSc. Ph.D. (Lond.). Jones Frederick Noah Victor BSc. (Lond.). Jones Islvn. Keansley John Charles BSc. (Lond.). Krishnan Raghavachari BSc. (Madras) MSc. (Benares). Lant Richard BSc. (Manc.). Lay James Owen. Lewis Gilbert John BSc. (Wales). Lilly Eugene Lawrence B.Sc. (Glas.). Linford William Ernest. Loveridge Brian Arthur A.B. (Harvard). Lowe Arthur George. Mabbitt Leonard Arthur B.Sc. (Lond.). Mair James B.Sc. (Glas.). Manel Bhasker Mangesh. Manning Leslie Alfred B.Sc. (Lond.). Marsden Cyril l3.S~. (Leeds). Mathur Manohar Lal M.Sc. (Agra). Matthews John Bryant B.Sc. Ph.D. (Liv.). McConaghy Stewart B.Sc.B.Agric. (Q.U.B.). McLean William Roderick B.Sc. (Lond.). Mehendale Vishnu Laxman MSc. (Bom- bay). Minshall Eric. Muir Miss Isabella Helen Mary B.A. (Oxon.). Mukherjee Gouri Kanta M.Sc. (Calcutta). Mukherjee Shyama Pada MSc. (Patna). Mullan John BSc. Ph.D. (Edin.). Murphy Patrick BSc. (Lond.). Naqvi Muhammad Amjad BSc. (Luck- now) MSc. (Bombay). Nicholson Jack BSc. (Manc.). Parvin Kenneth B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. Penny David Sheldon. Platts Colin Victor BSc. (Sheffield). Raeside James Dickie MSc. (N.Z.). Ramage John B.Sc. (Glas.). Ransom James Charles Cyril BSc. (Leeds). Reade Joseph Henry MSc. Dip.Ed. (Liv.). Reid William Russell B.Sc. (Edin.). Ridge Mayhew John MSc. (Melbourne). Robb Ronald B.Sc. (Edin.) A.R.T.C.Robertson Alan BSc. (Lond.). Robson Norman Siddle BSc. (Dunelm). Ross Douglas Mackintosh BSc. (Glas.). Roy Arunendra Narayan BSc. (Agra), MSc. (Benares). Sayer Frederick George BSc. (Lond.). Seavell Albert John BSc. (Liv.). Shah Bindingnavale BSc. Ph.D. (Bom- bay)-Sharma Ram Datt BSc. (Agra) MSc. (Allahabad). Shepherd David Mitchell BSc. (St. Andrews). Simpson Walter Eric B.Sc. (Lond.). Skelly James Douglas B.Sc. (Lond.). Skinner Basil Garnet BSc. (Lond.). Smales Geoffrey Irving. Smith Frederick Francis Percival B.A. (Cantab.) BSc. (Lond.) Ph.D.(Cantab.). Smith Thomas Sidney B.Sc. (Lond.). Soul David Child BSc. (Lond.). Stevenson John Russell BSc. (Lond.). Subramania Iyer Tharakad M.A. (Madras). Tharmalingam Ponniah B.Sc.(Lond.) . Thomas Alec William BSc. (Lond.). Turner Henry Dicken BSc. (Sheffield). Vij ayaraghavan Kailad Vaidianathier MSc. (Madras). Walls Desmond Peter MSc. (N.U.I.). Watson Charles Vincent BSc. (Lond.). Watson Miss Joyce M.Sc. (N.Z.). White Ernest Eric. Whiteley Ronald B.Sc. (Lond.). Wilde Thomas Haslop B.A. (Cantab.). Wilde William Kenneth B.Sc. (Wales). Williams James Frederick B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. Williams William Owen Montague M.Sc. (Wales). Re-elected Associate Ashton Herbert William BSc. Ph.D. (Lond.). New Students Adams Ronald Alfred Charles. Aldridge Miss Joy Pamela. Allen Norman Kenneth. Beaver Stanley. Bee Harold Moritz. Bernstein Alexander. Blackburn John Robert. Buttle Joseph Walter.Caddock Brian David. Calderwood John Alexander. Carr Wallace. Casson Frank David. Chidley Edward Henry Anton. Clark Edward Raymond. Cox John Edgar. Cresswell Dennis Frederick. Crocliett Ronald Herbert. Davenport John Houghton. Downie Thomas Cochrane. Dunnett Peter Sidney. Durham Raymond Wilson. Fursey Roy Albert Evan. Gilhooley Robert Aloysius. Hair Norman Buckley. Harris Tennyson. Harrison Aubrey Geoffrey. Harvey Alan Harry. Hastings Edward Kenneth. Jackson Peter Albert. Jones Clifford Leslie. Jukes Alan William. Kenyon Norman. Kirliman Joseph. Lawson George. Lee Harold Norman. Lewis Richard Keith. Loneragan Ronald James. Lord Jeffrey. Lundy Harry. Marsh Charles Arnold.McGinn Colin James Patrick. Meadows George Swithin. RIunson Robert George M.Sc. (Bris.). Nelson Alfred George. Nutt Kenneth Charles. O’ConnelI Gerald. Owen Arthur Desmond. Plant Derek. Rhodes Miss Phyllis Downton. Shapland John Dee. Shireby Derrick. Southey Raymond Frederick. Stacey Patrick. Sykes Alfred John. Turner Alan. Walker Eric Henry. Wilton Douglas Walter. Wray John Clifford. Young Roy William George. DEATHS Fellows Sir George Christopher Clayton C.B.E. George Madel. Ph.D. (Heidelberg) Alexander Kenneth Miller Ph.D. (Wiirz-John Evans MA. (Sheff.). burg). ErnestGabriel Jones M.Sc .(Vict. and Liv.) . John Sanderson. Charles Frederick Juritz M.A. D.Sc. John Henry Stansbie B.Sc. (Lond.). (Cape of Good Hope) D.Sc.(Adelaide). Associates William Barr BSc. (Glas.). Frank Milner Leighton B.A. (Cantab.), Ernest William Arthur Charlwood BSc. BSc. (Lond.) F.C.I.P.A. (Lond.). Arthur Edwin Rickinson B.Sc. (Lond.). F/O. William Robert Cuthbertson B.Sc. Idris Cheer Roberts MSc. (Wales). (W. Australia) M.Sc. Ph.D. (Leeds). James Watson Sim B.Sc. (Lond.). The Rev. Father Ernest Cormac Hoben John Stafford M.Sc. (Manc.). M.Sc. (N.Z.). Registered Students William George Gregory Doughty. Flt. Lieut. Bertram Eric Scott. Andrew Ross. [ 162 J General Notices Examinations 1946.-An Examination for the Associateship of the Institute will be held in the week commencing 14th January 1946. Candidates who wish to present themselves on this occasion should forward their applications as soon as possible and they must be received at the Institute not later than Monday 12th November 1945 which will also be the last date of entry for all candidates for this examination.Examinations for the Associateship and for the FelIowship will be held in April 1946. Further details will be notified at .a later date. Active Service.-Fellows Associates and Registered Students who are on active service with the Navy Army and Air Force as well as recipients of Honours and Awards are requested to notify the Institute giving such particulars as may be perdssible as to their rank unit etc. Notices to Associates.-Associates who desire to qualify for the Fellowship can obtain copies of the Regulations and forms of application from the Registrar.Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments or are desirous of extending their opportunities is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Libraries.-The Library of the Institute is available to Fellows Associates and Registered Students from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. on week-days (except Saturdays 10 a.m. to 1p.m.). The Library of the Chemical Society has recently increased the daily hours of opening which were curtailed during the European war and is available for those wishing to consult or borrow books from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. (except Saturdays 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.). Books may be borrowed from the Science Library Science Museum South Kensington S.W.7 on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Secretary of the Institute.Information regarding facilities afforded to members by Lewis’s Lending Library can also be obtained from the Registrar. Boots’ Booklovers Library.-Fellows and Associates who subscribe to Boots’ Booklovers Library can obtain forms of application from the Registrar. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers (1s. 7d. each) for binding the JOURNAL in annual volumes are requested to notify the Secretary of their requirements indicating the years (1944 or earlier) for which the covers are required. In present circumstances there may be some delay in supplying covers. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-Enquiries should be addressed to the Secretary.As the slides are frequently in demand members are requested to notify their require- ments at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize.-Registered Students are informed that the Council will be prepared to consider the award in January 1946 of a Medal and Prize (3tJ10 10s.) for the best essay not exceeding 3000 words contributed by a Registered Student of not more than 22 years of age at the time of forwarding the essay. The essay may deal with any subject having a bearing on chemistry or chemical work provided that it does not deal with any purely chemical technical or historical subject. The object of the essay is to induce Students to develop a sense of professional public spirit and to devote thought to questions of professional interest and to the position of chemists in the life of the community.Essays will be valued partly for literary style and technique but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein. Each essay must be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the Local Section in the area of which the competitor resides (see list of Local Sections at the end of the Journal) not later than 31st December 1946 and must be accompanied by a signed declaration that it is the independent work of the contributor. The Committee of each LocaI Section will be asked to select from those received not more than three essays considered [ 1631 to be worthy of the award. The selected essays will be referred to Assessors appointed by the Council on whose report the Council will decide whether and to whom an award shall be made.The award will not be made more than once to any individual competitor The Medal and Prize will be presented at the next Annual General Meeting or at a meeting of the Local Section to which the successful competitor is attached. Changes of Address.-Fellows Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give so far as possible their permanent addresses for registration. All requests for changes in the Register should be addressed to the Registrar and not to the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. In order to facilitate identification Fellows and Associates are asked to give their full initials on communications addressed to the Institute.In the prevailing circumstances Fellows and Associates are also asked not invariably to expect formal acknowledgments of communications addressed to the Institute unless replies are necessary. BENEVOLENT FUND.-Contributions for 1945 may be sent to the Honorary Treasurer 30,Russell Square London W.C.l. Forms for Deeds of Covenant and Forms of Bequest may be obtained from the Secretary. JOINT SUBSCRIPTION SCHEME Fellows and Associates and Registered Students who wish to participate in the scheme under which they can acquire for a reduced subscription membership of the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry and substantial privileges as to publications can obtain particulars from the Conjoint Chemical Office 9 and 10 Savile Row London W.l.(See special article on p. 148.)

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/RG9456900133

出版商:RSC    

年代:1945

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND FOUNDED 1877 INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER 1886 Patron -H.M. THE KING JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS PART V 1945 Publications Committee 1945-46 F. P. Dunn (Chairman) A. L. Bacharach F. Challenger R. C. Chirnside L. Eynon. Alexander Findlay (President) Osrnan Jones D. Jordan-Lloyd H. Moore and J. H. Quastel. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee H. J. T. ELLINGHAM Secretary. SQUARE, 30 RUSSELL LONDON,W.C.1 October 1945. Proceedings of the Council Council Meeting 19th October 1945.-The Council received with regret the resignation of Sir Robert Robinson from the office of Censor owing to pressure of other work and appointed Mr. Lewis Eynon in his stead until the next Annual General Meeting.The ballroom of the Savoy Hotel has been provisionally reserved for an Anniversary Luncheon of the Institute to be held on 12th March 1946 the day of the Annual General Meeting and a small Committee was appointed I to make the necessary arrangements. It was reported that arrangements had been made with the Chemical Society to avoid duplication in the issue of notices of joint meetings of the Institute and the Society in certain centres outside London. The Council accepted a recommendation by the Leeds Area Section that no Section should submit to Council any proposal involving detachment of territory from another Section without having previously consulted the latter and that the Council before giving consideration to such proposals should ascertain that this had been done.It would be understood however that when a petition for the formation of a new Section was received it would be necessary to go so far as to authorise the petitioners to set up a provisional committee in order that there might be some body in existence to confer with the other Sections concerned. Proposals submitted by the Committee of the Manchester and District Section for amending the Local Rules of the Section were approved. The Council received with pleasure greetings sent by cable from the first combined Conference of the New Zealand Section and the New Zealand Institute of Chemistry held on 28th-3oth August at Palmerston North (see p. 171). The following resolutions passed at a meeting of the Huddersfield Section on 9th October were received:- (a) “That this meeting considers that Section representation on Council should be continued and where necessary extended and that the elected representative should consider it an essential part of his duty to bring to the notice of Council the views of his Section.” (b) “That this meeting views with interest the formation of the Committee on Economic Status and Welfare and urges that an early report be forthcoming on the matters raised at the 1945 Conference of Honorary Secretaries.” The former resolution was referred to the Committee on the Revision of the Charter and By-laws and the latter to the Committee on Economic Status and Welfare.The Council adopted a report of the Emergency Committee recommending in general terms the conditions under which the Institute should accept an application from the British Leather Manufacturers’ Research Association for the temporary use of the laboratory at 30 Russell Square while their own premises were being reconstructed after bomb damage.The report of the Finance and House Committee was received and subject to certain amendments adopted. The Report referred inter alia to an offer by Dr. David Spence to endow a series of lectures to be given under the auspices of the Institute in memory of the late Professor G. G. Henderson; the investment of L2,ooo in 28per cent. National War Bonds 1954-56 during [ 166 1 Thanksgiving Week; remission of subscriptions of members and students in the Forces; life composition fees ; Local Section finances ; various adminis- trative staff and house matters.Dr. Spence’s offer was gratefully accepted and it was agreed that arrange- ments be made for the institution of the Henderson Memorial Lecture on a basis to be discussed with Dr. Spence. The Council approved a recommendation that remission of subscriptions of members and registered students in the Forces be continued in respect of those now in the Forces until the end of the year in which they are de- mobilised or in the case of those who elect to remain with the Forces after the normal period of war service until the end of the year in which they would otherwise have been demobilised; and that the same concession be given until further notice to members and registered students who may subsequently be called up for service in the Forces.Following a request from the Liverpool and North Western Section the Council confirmed its previous ruling (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1944 Part IV p. 136) that the cost of providing light refreshments to Associates who had been elected since the beginning of the war and were being intro- duced for the first time to a Section at a social meeting should be allowed as a charge on Institute funds and decided to extend this ruling to cover the provision of a set meal on the understanding that only the cost or refresh- ments or meals served to the new Associates should be chargeable to the Institute’s funds. The Report of the Benevolent Fund Committee was received and adopted referring inter alia to the receipt of an additional sum of jtT92 14s.from the estate of the late Mr. H. E. Brothers bringing the total sum received under this bequest to l382 14.; receipt of a bequest of l50 from the estate of Mr. E. J. Read who died recently in South Africa; investment of jtT500 in 3 per cent. Defence Bonds during Thanksgiving Week ; recommendations regarding current cases. A Report of the Nominations Examinations and Institutions Committee embodying the recommendations of the Board of Examiners for elections to the Fellowship and the Associateship on the results of the September Examinations was adopted. The Council learned with pleasure of several public Honours that had been bestowed on members of the Institute (see p.I~o),and desires especially to congratulate its distinguished Fellow Dr. Godfrey Rotter on the award of the George Medal. The President referred to a meeting that he had had with the Chief Medical Officer of the Ministry of Health in September on the general question of the role of the chemist in the future Public Health Service of the country. It was reported that following correspondence with the Town Clerk of Walsall the Corporation Gas Committee of that town had decided to rescind their resolution to set up a Chemical Testing Service for the benefit of those manufacturers who were not in a position to employ a chemist. The Council received a resolution passed by the Committee of the Lopdon and South Eastern Counties Section with reference to the recently published “Suggested Clauses for Incorporation in Contracts of Service for Chemists,” (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1945 Part 11 p.82) asking that clause 5 of this document be deleted on the ground that the matter was covered by clauses 4 and 8. In view of a report that other resolutions relating to this document were to be expected from the Manchester and District Section (see p. 170) it was decided to defer consideration for the time being. [ 167 1 A letter was received from a Fellow drawing attention to the fact that in the Annex to the recent White Paper (Cmd. 6679) on the Scientific Civil Service (see p. I73),the Royal Institute of Chemistry does not appear in the list of bodies consulted by the Barlow Committee on Scientific Staff and asking the reason for this omission.It was pointed out that although there had been no direct consultation with any professional body except the Institution of Professional Civil Servants which was recognised as being specially concerned that institution had obtained the views of the Institute on relevant aspects of the matter in accordance with its customary practice when proposals affecting chemists in Government service were under dis- cussion. Consideration of the White Paper was referred to the Committee on Economic Status and Welfare. Replies having been received from the various bodies consulted it is proposed shortly to arrange a Conference to consider the desirability of pre- paring precise definitions of scientific terms in accordance with the recom- mendations of the Special Committee on Terminology (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1945,Part 11 p.59). Further consideration was given to a suggestion for the establishment of a register of rare chemicals and additional enquiries are being made as to the possibility of such a scheme. It was reported that arrangements had been made with the Scientific Film Association whereby copies of the Association’s publications will be sent to the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections of the Institute. The Ninth Report of the Chemical Council was received (see p. 177),and in connection with section 3 of the Report referring to the prospects of a general scientific centre being provided by the Government under the auspices of the Royal Society in which it was understood that the Chemical Society the Society of Chemical Industry and the Faraday Society would be offered a place it was decided to bring to the notice of the Chemical Council the desirability of office accommodation for the Institute being also provided in such a centre so that the services of the three Chartered Bodies might be co-ordinated under one roof.It was not assumed that such office accommodation would be provided without payment of a reasonable rent by the Institute. Reports of meetings of the Chemical Council held on 20th June 18th July and 18th September were received referring ifiter alia to publicity; continuation of facilities for members of the British Association of Chemists to use the Library in 1945-46; constitution of the Council; and action in convening a conference to investigate the possibility of formulating a joint pension scheme for the employees of certain scientific societies.The Council approved recommendations by the Chemical Council relating to conditions under which the Faraday Society should be represented on the Chemical Council and the services of the Faraday Society made available on special terms to persons already participating in the joint subscription arrangements of the three Chartered bodies (see JOURNAL AND PROCEED-INGS Part IV pp. 148-50). Local Sections (The Institute is not responsible for views expressed in papers or in speeches made duving discussions.) Belfast and District.-The first meeting of the session was held on 26th September when the chairman Dr.E. M. Reid gave an address on “Fertilisers” (see Summary on p. 171). The programme of lectures arranged by the committee includes one by Mr. D. Lindsay Keir Vice-Chancellor of Queen’s University Belfast on “The Influence of Science on Civilisation,” which is attracting considerable interest outside the Institute and an excellent attendance of members and visitors is anticipated. The committee is arranging a refresher course in theoretical (physical) chemistry consisting of 12 lectures to be given by different lecturers mainly members of the Section. Mr. W. A. Smith who by his active interest and stimulating criticism has rendered valuable service to the Section has resigned from the committee on accepting an appointment in Great Britain; Mr.S. McConaghy has been co-opted to fill the vacancy. Mr. W. W. W. Jackson has been appointed Recorder Birmingham and Midlands.-On 5th October the Section was honoured by a visit by the President. Professor Findlay took tea with the members and at the meeting which followed he was welcomed by the Chairman of the Section Mr. A. Churchman. In his reply the President expressed his gratification that the war had ended and that members could now meet under less onerous conditions. He referred to various matters of policy which had been under consideration during the war years and expressed the hope that final decisions would soon be taken. The Institute would then be free to carry on and extend its functions in the interest of the profession of chemistry.A discussion took place on “Trends and Objectives in the Profession of Chemistry.” Mr. T. H. Gant asked that in the next salaries questionnaire information should be sought about the number of chemists included in ‘superannuation schemes. The President said that the desirability of including chemists in such schemes was referred to in the recently issued document on Contracts of Service. Means ought to be devised if possible by which superannuation rights could be transferred on change of employ- ment. In discussing the composition of Council Dr. S. R. Carter stressed the importance of the General Member in preserving a balanced judgment. Whilst it was felt that a District Member should not take a parochial view of his duties Dr.H. C. Smith thought he had an obligation to local members to interpret to them the views of Council. In the opinion of Mr. Garfield Thomas there should be a substantial reduction in the number of signatures required to secure the nomination of candidates for election as General Members of Council. Mr. E. J. Bills favoured election of Council on a Regional basis each member voting only for his regional nominees. Mr. E. M. Joiner entered a plea for a shift of emphasis in Institute policy from organisation of the membership to the service of their individual needs. There was considerable demand for the further education of chemists a function which the Institute could fittingly discharge. He suggested the formation of a permanent Development Committee to examine suggestions put forward by members from time to time so that a progressive policy could be assured.Finally the meeting agreed to invite Council to hold the 1947 Annual Meeting in Birmingham. A cordial vote of thanks to the President was proposed by Mr. Garfield Thomas seconded by Mr. J. H. Bennitt and carried by acclamation. The President in reply expressed his high appreciation of the reception which had been given to him. BristoI and South-Western Counties.-Dr. T. Malkin Chairman of the Section presided at a joint meeting with the Chemical Society and the local section of the Society of Chemical Industry held on 4th October in the Chemistry Department of the University of Bristol. A paper on “Chemical Studies on Insecticides” (see summaw on p.172) was presented by Dr. H. Martin of the Long Ashton Research Station and was followed by an excellent discussion. Mr. W. H. Simmons proposed the vote of thanks. 169 3 Cardiff and District.-On 11th October twenty members visited the Ministry of Supply (I.C.I.) Works at Dowlais and greatly enjoyed a tour of the synthetic ammonia and methanol plant conducted by the Works Manager Mr. J. Rigg and his colleagues. Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-A meeting of the Section was held in the North British Station Hotel Edinburgh on 11th October Dr. H. B. Nisbet presiding. Dr. Dorothy Jordan Lloyd Vice-president gave a lecture on “Protein Fibres.” The lecture was very much enjoyed by a large attendance of members and the lively dis- cussion that ensued reflected the great interest the lecture aroused.Huddersfie1d.-A party of members enjoyed a visit to the Huddersfield Corpora- tion Power Station on 28th August. The party had a most interesting and instructive tour round the installation. Leeds Area.-A joint meeting of the Section with the Leeds University Chemical Society was held at the University of Leeds on the 23rd October 1945 Mr. H. M. Mason Chairman of the Section presiding. Dr. G. Roche Lynch lectured to an audience of nearly two hundred on “Some Medico-Legal Experiences.” The lecturer surveyed in his detached and inimitable manner some of the methods scientific and otherwise used in the conduct and detection of murders illustrated by examples from his wide experience.The numberous questions which followed reflected the great interest and appreciation which had been aroused. Before the lecture under the chairmanship of Dr. J. W. Baker President of the University Chemical Society the films “Blood Transfusion” and “The Story of D.D.T.” were shown by courtesy of the Central Film Library. A social interval followed. Liverpool and North-Western.-Continuing the programme of joint meetings organised by the Liverpool Joint Chemistry Committee which comprises the local chairmen and secretaries of the Royal Institute of Chemistry the Chemical Society the Society of Chemical Industry and the British Association of Chemists the first meeting of the 1945-46 session was held in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre the Univer- sity of Liverpool on Friday 14th September at 7.30 p.m.The meeting was arranged by the British Association of Chemists; Mr. V. Biske their local Chairman introduced the President of the Association as the lecturer. Professor R. G. W. Norrish F.R.S. gave an interesting and instructive lecture on ‘I Gaseous Explosions ” which was based on a series of well demonstrated experiments. There was a numerous and enthusiastic audience and many questions were asked at the end of the lecture. A vote of thanks to the lecturer was proposed by Mr. E. T. Williams on behalf of the Society of Chemical Industry and seconded by Mr. G. H. Turner on behalf of the Royal Institute of Chemistry. London and South-Eastern Counties.-At Slough on 11th October Dr.J. M. Walter gave a discourse on “Recent Advances in Plastics” illustrated by lantern slides and a wide variety of interesting exhibits. Mr. H. L. Long made the local arrangements for this very successful meeting. The lecture on “Some Empire Vegetable Drying Oils ” delivered before the Section on 18th April by Mr. G. T. Bray has been published in Chemistry and Industry 1945 293 (22nd September). Manchester and District.-On 13th September the first meeting of the Session was held in the Engineers’ Club Albert Square Manchester with Mr. J. T. Marsh in the chair. The meeting proper was preceded by an informal dinner held in the Engineers’ Club. After certain business proceedings had been dealt with the Chairman opened a discussion on “The Economic Welfare of Chemists with Special Reference to Contracts of Service.” The official speakers were Mr.J. T. Marsh Mr. H. M. Bunbury Barrister- at-Law Dr. W. McG. Morgan Mr. Barrett and Mr. H. Stevenson. There followed an extremely animated discussion in which some twenty of the total attendance of 140-150 took part. The meeting was adjourned and it is proposed that at a subsequent meeting formal resolutions will be submitted for approval before forwarding to the Council. It is hoped that a full account of the proceedings will be published in the next issue of the JOURNAL. On 4th October Associates who had been elected since the beginning of the war were invited to an informal meeting with the Committee at the Engineers’ Club Man- Chester. Some 40 Associates accepted and were welcomed by Mr.J. T. Marsh and the Committee. 1701 Subsequently during the consumption of light refreshments the assembly split UP into a number of discussion groups which raised many points that should be of value both to the new members and to the Committee. The full composition of the Committee for the Session 1946-46 is as follows:- Chairman Mr. J. T. Marsh; Vice-chairman Mr. H. Stevenson; Secretary Dr. D. A. Harper; Assistant Secretary Dr. E. Isaacs; Committee members Mr. S. R. Best Dr. J. 0. Cutter Dr. C. H. Giles Dr. D. W. Hill Dr. A. L. Hock Prof. E. L. Hirst F.R.S. Mr. E. M. Learmonth Mr. J. A. Radley Dr E. H. Rodd and Mr. W. J. Spenser. The following members of Council are ex oficio members of the Committee Dr.A. Coulthard (District Member) Dr. G. N. Burkhardt Sir Robert Pickard F.R.S. and Mr. F. Scholefield. South Wales.-On 12th October members of the Section participated in a joint meeting arranged by the South Wales Section of the Society of Chemical Industry which was held in the Royal Institution of South Wales Swansea Mr. R. B. Southall presiding. Mr. F. Gill Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. lectured on “New Physical Methods in Examining Petroleum Products.” Tees-Side.-Dr. M. Guter has resigned from the office of Hon. Treasurer of the Section in consequence of his removal to Leeds and has been succeeded by Mr. Ralph Parmella. New Zealand.-On 28th-30th August after a break of four years a very successful combined conference was held by the Section and the New Zealand Institute of Chemis- try at Palmerston North.Of some 130 who attended the conference 46 were members of the Section; some had to travel as much as 600 miles to be present. Greetings to the Royal Institute of Chemistry from the whole conference were sent by cable. The Hon. Secretary of the Section Dr. J. K. Dixon reports that the Section appre- ciated the greetings sent to $hem from the Annual Conference of Hon. Secretaries of Local Sections in London 2nd expresses the hope that with peace more personal contacts will be resumed. SUMMARIES OF LECTURES Chemical Fertilisers By E. MAYNEREID, PH.D. B.Sc. A.R.I.C. [Belfast and District Section at Belfast 26th September 1948.1 Northern Ireland is essentially a stock producing country and consequently problems relating to soils fertilisers and crop production have in the past received less attention than matters directly concerning animal nutrition.If however it is borne in mind that more than half of the total food requirements of cattle are supplied directly from grassland it is obvious that increased attention should be given to the soil from which the crops and the animals are raised. The Northern Ireland soils are very deficient in lime and phosphates and strenuous efforts have been made by the Government to induce farmers to remedy the deficiencies. The lime deficiency is in the region of 2,000,000 tons so that even if the peak war-time level of application amounting to 150,000 tons annually was maintained together with the application of fertilisers at present rates the annual loss of lime approximating to 100,000 tons would involve the passing of 40 years before a reasonable soil lime status had been achieved.Actually more than one-third of our soils is seriously short of lime and phosphate and the potash content is low in more than a third of the soils. The three main groups of plant foods phosphatic nitrogenous and potassic each produce certain specific effects on the growing plant but there is also a beneficial correlated action when balanced manuring is achieved. The Ulster farmers cannot compete against the cereal products of the virgin land farmers of Canada and USA. either as to price or quality; therefore they should in the absence of an overriding tariff protection concentrate on a rural economy not directly competitive with these more geographically favoured countries.The building-up of a sound livestock system with the obvious corollary of dairy products entails the application of lime (preferably as ground limestone) farmyard [ 1711 manure and chemical fertilisers. In order particularly to use efficiently phosphatic fertilisers and bearing in mind that 45 per cent. of the pre-war Ulster soils were sour with pH values ranging from 3.5 to 5.6 the widespread application of lime is all- important. Superphosphate the most important of the phosphatic fertilisers does not increase soil acidity this fact having been established at Woburn over a period of 50 years. Dr. Scott Robertson has found by experiment that the returns given by superphosphate on the phosphate starved soils of Northern Ireland were as follows when the yields without phosphate were put at 100:-Turnips 734; potatoes 209; 2nd crop oats 171; 3rd crop hay 118.The principal nitrogenous fertiliser is sulphate of ammonia. Admittedly in careless hands it may give bad results due mainly to irregular distribution but there is little chance of this occurring in farm practice. Being particularly valuable in wet districts for shallow-rooted crops the use of sulphate of ammonia is of obvious importance for the potato and oat crops. Springtime application in Northern Ireland is indicated as the fertiliser is rapidly leached from the soil in contradistinction to the “soluble ” phosphatic and potash fertilisers.During the war the main potash fertiliser was the chloride containing the equivalent of 60 per cent. K,O and it was imported from Spain Palestine and Russia. This grade is likely to remain for it eases the transport difficulties entailed by carrying the larger quantities required of the low grade materials. The origin of the “humus only” campaign is probably mainly psychological- hatred of scientific warfare leading to a generalised distrust of all scientific applications as opposed to the unaided operations of Nature. Strangely enough basic slag a most complicated chemical compound and lime (almost pure calcium carbonate) are exempt from these prejudiced attacks. One of the evils laid at the door of users of chemical fertilisers-the “dust bowl” of the U.S.A.-has recently been refuted by Dr.Crowther who produces statistics to prove that the use of fertilisers in these areas is almost negligible. The trouble as he states is due to too frequent‘ploughing. Recent attacks by ill-informed gardeners in the B.B.C. “In Your Garden” series of talks were resisted and shown to be quite biased and without scientific foundation by Sir John Russell of Rothamsted and Mr. Simmonds of the R.H.S. who put compost farmyard manure and fertilisers very clearly in their proper perspectives in a broadcast on 26th August. The rational policy advocating the complementary use of organic and inorganic fertilisers was fairly stated. A striking example of the use of chemical fertilisers is afforded by Holland which country applied these fertilisers before the war at six times the rate of Great Britain.The standard of health enjoyed by the Dutch is almost a byword in Europe and the death rate in 1937 was 8.7 per 1,000 as compared with 12.0 for England and Wales and 14.3 for Ireland. During the war the existing fertiliser factories in Northern Ireland were unable to meet the full demand for phosphatic plant food and the leeway was made up by imports of American concentrated superphosphate. Steps have been taken to remedy the deficiency in manufacturing capacity. The war has brought home to the small farmer and most Northern Ireland farms are under 50 acres his need of chemical fertilisers to supplement the production of farmyard manure and it is even hoped that the use of chemical fertilisers particularly the phosphatic types will increase during the vitally important immediate post-war years.Chemical Studies on Insecticides By HUBERT MARTIN,D.Sc. A.R.C.S. F.R.I.C. [Bristol and South-Western Counties Section 4th October 19451 To be foolproof an insecticide should be harmless to organisms other than the pests against which it is used. It should be specific in toxicity a requirement which on first sight seems easy to attain for the structure of insects is widely different to that of plants or man. The external skeleton of the insect requires that sense organs and consequently nerves emerge from their cuticular protection at ccrtain points. The feet appendages are particularly nerve-rich and provide sensitive sites for insecticidal action.Apart however from such physiological reasons for specificity of toxic action the chemical reasons merit examination. The questions arising are Is firstly toxicity and secondly specific toxicity dependent on a particular molecular structure ? The toxicity of nicotine 3-( l-rnethyl-2-pyrrollidyl)pyridine, is shared by its isomers anabasine and neonicotine which are respectively the naturally-occurring and synthetic [ 1721 3-(2-piperidyl)pyridine and by nornicotine but analogues with linkage other than in the 3-2 position are of lower toxicity. As the laevo-rotatory forms are the more toxic a three-dimensional distribution is involved in insecticidal action. The structure of the pyrethrins the active. constituents of pyrethrum flowers is still unsettled but related compounds seem to be invariably less potent.Their re-markable speed of action suggests high surface activity evidence of which has lately been obtained by Hurst. Rotenone the highly piscicidal and insecticidal component of the roots of certain tropical leguminous shrubs in particular Derris spp. from Malaya and Lonchocarpus spp. from S. America is of complex structure and analogues are not easily synthesised. The loss of toxicity by oxidation to dehydrorotenone or by etherification of the enolic form indicate that the hydrogens of the central carbon atoms are involved in toxic action. On the analogy of the piscicidal action of courmarins and the insecticidal properties of certain lichen acids Laiiger et al.have suggested that the grouping -CO-c =C-O-combined with suitable fat-soluble components acts as the toxophore of the molecule. This grouping is present in dimedone-aldehyde condensation products but those so far examined are not insecticidal. The systematic search for synthetic insecticides usually proceeds by building from a suspected toxophore e.g. the thiocyanate radical. Rohm and Haas have produced a series of aliphatic thiocyanates the Lethanes which before the war found use for lice control. In the series of n-alkyl thiocyanates the Du Pont investigations revealed a high toxicity peak at the C, member (Lauryl Rhodanate). Examples of a toxicity peak in the homologous series are numerous and are largely explained by factors associated with .the distribution of the toxicant between the external phase in which it is applied and the biophase in which it is effective.Examination of the insecticidal properties of the simpler nitro derivatives of benzene revealed that in general the dinitro- are more toxic than mono- or tri-nitro derivatives. Dinitro-ortho-cresol is now widely used both as an insect ovicide and as a weed-killer but its general poisonous properties are reduced if the methyl group is replaced by the cyclohexyl group giving an insecticide of useful safety to green plant tissue. A like specificity is shown by tetranitrocarbazole recently reported as the effective constituent of certain I.G. insecticides. Among chlorinated compounds Laiiger and collaborators of Geigy A.G. found pp’dichlorphenyl ether a useful toxophore for the development of moth-proofing “dyestuffs” for textile processing.They found the corresponding sulphone especially potent and by substituting for the -SO,-group the likewise strongly electro-negative but fat-soluble -CH.CCl,- group produced D.D.T. a stable compound capable of rendering a surface highly insecticidal to insects in contact with it. The D.D.T. molecule is amenable to simple modification and among its analogues only those compounds susceptible to ready dehydrohalogenation are insecticidal. As the ethylene derivatives produced by this reaction are non-toxic it is suggested that insecticidal activity is associated with HC1 liberation. Substitution of the nuclear chlorine by other groups affects toxicity according to the polar character of the sub-stituent non-polar groups e.g.methyl or methoxy giving toxic compounds. Dehydrohalogenation as a factor in toxicity is further revealed by 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane the insecticidal properties of which have recently been inde- pendently discovered in France and at the I.C.I. Hawthorndale laboratories. The latter investigations revealed the greater potency of the y-isomer (Gammexane) . The Scientific Civil Service A White Paper (Cmd. 6679) issued in September] 1945 on “The Scientific Civil Service’’ begins with the following statement :-“The Government have decided that the Scientific Civil Service is to be re-organised. They are deeply conscious of the contribution made by science towards the winning of the war a contribution which may have altered the whole course of the war and has certainly shortened its duration.They are equally conscious of the contribution which science can make during peace to the efficiency of production, to higher standards of living to improved health and to the means of defence. They are resolved that the conditions of service for scientists working for the Government [ 173 3 shall be such as to attract into the Civil Service scientifically qualified men and women ofhigh calibre and to enable them after entry to make the best use of their abilities in order that scientists in the Government Service may play their full part in the development of the nation’s resources and the promotion of the nation’s well-being.” As a preliminary to the consideration given by the Coalition Government to the reorganisation of the Scientific Civil Service the Treasury set up a small Committee to survey informally the remuneration and conditions of service of scientists in Govern- ment Departments.The Chairman of the Committee was Sir Alan Barlow and the other members were Sir Edward Appleton (Secretary of the D.S.I.R.) Mr. W. F. Lutyens (of Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd.) and Professor E. K. Rideal (Cambridge University). Most of the recommendations in the Report of the Barlow Committee which is printed as an anned to the White Paper have been accepted and are incor- porated in the present Government’s proposals as now set out but the Government have carried their proposals for the reorganisation of the Scientific Service a good deal further than the Committee were able to do.The Government’s proposals fall under three main heads better conditions of service for scientists and in particular conditions under which their own experimental research will be both facilitated and stimulated; improvement of their status and re- muqeration; and centralised recruitment. With regard to conditions of service the Barlow Committee recommended that a Panel should be set up to maintain a uniform standard for promotions and special advancements in the Scientific Service and to improve administrative liaison between the Departments. This general proposal was welcomed by the Government and a Panel will be set up very shortly under the Chairmanship of the Secretary of the D.S.I.K.The functions of the Panel will be rather wider than those suggested by the Committee and will include responsibility for keeping under review the well-being and efficiency of the Government Scientific Service and for making proposals for any changes in the organisation or conditions of service which would promote the well-being or increase the efficiency of the Service. The Government have approved particular1 y a number of recommendations by the Committee designed to eliminate the “isolationist ” tendency to which scientific work in Government Departments is apt to be a victim and propose to ask the new Inter- departmental Scientific Panel to consider how these recommendations can be im- plemented. In particular the Government view sympathetically the recommendation that secrecy restrictions should be as much as possible relaxed and scientific workers in Government Service encouraged both to publish work of their own and to discuss their work with persons outside the Service engaged on similar problems.In order that pension arrangements may not constitute a barrier to interchange of staff with the Universities almost all Scientiflc Officers in the permanent service of the Government will be brought into the Federated Superannuation Scheme for Universities. With regard to status and remuneration it is the Government’s intention to bring the salaries of the most highly-qualified members of the Scientific Service into relation- ship with those of the administrative class; at the recruitment stage they are to be aligned to them.Details of the new scales are set out in the table on p. 176. The Committee recommended that the outstanding scientist should have a reason- able expectation of reaching the Principal Scientific Officer grade in the early thirties and the Government agree that staff complements should be so arranged as to ensure this. Every Scientific Officer of proved ability should reach this grade in a reasonable period. Special provision will be made for recruiting above the normal minimum salary university graduatks with research qualifications and in exceptional cases scientists will be recruited direct to grades above the basic when they possess special qualifications or experience which a Department requires.The Committee also recom- mended that ultimate prospects should be improved and this recommendation also the Government accept. Improvements will be made in the scales or rates attaching to existing higher scientific posts (see table below) and in addition the number of posts above the Principal Scientific Officer level will be increased in order to provide for the promotion of individual research scientists of exceptional quality without necessarily expecting them as was usual before the war to carry administrative responsibilities. Special attention is drawn to the fact that these scales represent a new structure. Although in some cases titles identical with existing titles are used the new grade does not represent the old. Thus at present “Scientific Officers’’ have a scale of L400-680 and “Senior Scientific Officers’’ have a scale of i680-800.Under the new proposals C 174 J the scales attaching to these titles are respectively L276-600 and #60-760. “Scientitic Officer,” however will in future be the basic grade absorbing the old Junior Scientific Officer grade L276-347 as well as Scientific Officers of a few years service; while the new Senior Scientific Officer grade will embrace mainly the equivalent of senior members Of the present Scientific Officer grade. It is emphasised that the arrangements proposed for Scientific Officers will be capable of fulfilment only if the present Assistant Class is strengthened and more fully used much of the work at present done by Scientjfic Officers being devolved on Scientific Assistants.The present Assistant Class does not provide in itself a satisfac-tory career nor one related to the qualifications of many of its existing members and for its own sake as well as for the support which it can and should give to the whole Scientific Service it is to be wholly reorganised. The class will be renamed the “Expen-mental Officer Class.’’ New salary scales will be introduced as set out in the table below. It is intended that this Class shall be partly recruited from boys and girls aged 18-19 of the same type as come into the Executive Class but specialising in scientific subjects. Experimental Officers will also be recruited from University graduates and from persons with experience in industry and engineering since Departments need a variety of types.For these older recruits higher starting salaries will be provided. There is no direct comparison between the new Experimental Officer grades and the existing Assistant grades except at the basic level. There will be provision for promotion from the Experimental Officer Class to.the Scientific Officer Class and the conditions under which promotion will take place is to be considered by the Scientific Panel. Experimental Officers will normally be brought under the Superannuation Acts but consideration is being given to the possibility of continuing the present exceptional provision for the application of the Federated Superannuation Scheme for Universities to such staff in the D.S.I.R. The Government have thought it necessary however as part of the re-organisation whereby the salary scales of the new Scientific Service have been brought deliberately into relationship with those of the Administrative and Executive Classes to make the scales for the former subject to some reduction outside London as already applies to the latter.In order to ensure the maintenance of high standards throughout the Service and for the benefit of candidates who wish to know what careers are open to them it is desirable that central recruitment should be introduced. It is therefore proposed that in future the whole of the Scientific Service shall be recruited centrally through the Civil Service Commission. With this in mind the Commissioners have invited Dr. C. P. Snow C.B.E.to join them on a part-time basis and his name will in due course be submitted to His Majesty for appointment as an additional Commissioner with special responsibility during the reconstruction period for the recruitment of Scientific and Experimental Officers. Part I1 of the White Paper deals with recruitment to the Scientific Service during the reconstruction period. The general principles which are to apply to post-war recruitment to the Civil Service in general have already been stated in Cmd. 6567 and it has now been agreed with the National Staff side that these general principles can best be applied in the scientific field on the following lines and recruitment will be carried out accordingly :-(i) Open competitions for entry to the Scientific Civil Service held centrally under the auspices of the Civil Service Commission should begin to operate as soon as possible.The Commission will in due course publish regulations and invite applications. (ii) Special reconstruction competitions will extend over a period and regulations governing entry will shortly be published. Admission to these competitions will be limited to persons born on or after 2nd August 1916. The competitions will take place on the basis of educational record and experience together with interview and such tests of fitness in the case of Experimental Officers as the Commissioners may prescribe. (iii) Arrangements will be made to afford full opportunity for suitably qualified candidates serving in the Forces to be considered.(iv) It is proposed to make provision for retention in a permanent capacity of specially selected temporary officers who were born before 2nd August 1916 and possess exceptional ability or experience of particular work. Salary Scales All salaries up to L1,500 are subject at present (September 1945) to the war bonus addition of fj60 for men of 21 and over. Except where otherwise shown this bonus if still in general operation will apply to the new scales. The scales shown are those for men. In accordance with normal Civil Service practice scales for women are spmewhat lower. The existing grades include in addition to those named Technical Officer and Chemist grades on similar rates of pay. In future these grades will be merged in the new grades shown below and will not be continued.Present Scales .New Scales Scientific Offlcers (men) Scientific OfRcers (men) London Provincial * Junior Scientific Officer .. L275-L-347 (X fj18) Scientific Officer (two to four 1L275-L500 (x L25-L255-L470 (x fj25-Scientific Officer .. .. L400-L680 (L400 X years probationary). L400 on confirmation L370 on confirmation L18-L454 X i25-of appointment). of appointment). L680 :bar at i580). Senior Scientific Officer .. L68O-LSOO (x L25) Senior Scientific Officer .. L550-L760 (X i25) .. i520-i710 (X i25) Principal Scientific Officer .. i850-,/1,050 ( x L30) Principal Scientific Officer .. ,680O-Ll,lOO ( x i30) .. L750-L1,020 ( x i30) ( x L50) Superintendent .. . . k1,050-L1,250 (X L30) Senior Principal Scientific L1,200-L1,400 (X L50) ~1,100-~1,300 Officer2 n Various grades carrying salaries Deputy Chief Scientific i1,600-fj1,800 ( x L50) L1,50O3-41,7O0 ( X i50) I-’ up to .... . . 41,650 Officer2 aa Chief Scientific Officer2 .. L2,OOO .. . . k1,900 -Various posts at .. . . 41,900 and &2,000 .. Various posts at .. . . L2,250 and L2,500 .. L2,150 an2 i2,400 Two or three posts .. .. L3,OOO 1 Higher starting points for graduates with post-graduate experience in research. 2 These titles do not correspond with any in use at present and may not ultimately be thought appropriate. The posts to which these scales will apply have a wide variety of names Superintendent Chief Superintendent Assistant Director Director and many others. The nomenclature should be simplified and as far as possible made common throughout the Scientific Service.Inclusive of bonus. Assistants (men) Experimental Officers (men) London Provincial * Grade I11 .. .. .. L130-L310 (X L12) Assistant Experimental Officer i150-L350 (XL15-L140-L320 ( x L15-L195 x L18-L350) fj185 x i18-L350) Grade I1 .. .. .. L315-L385 (X L12) Experimental Officer .. 4400-L550 (x fj18) . . L370-L520 (x p) Grade I .. .. . . ;t;400-i515 ( x i18) (exceptionally to L580) Senior Experimental Officer L600-LSOO ( x L25) L570-L720 (X L25) * In certain large centres of population the scales of salary are intermediate betwee? the London and Provincial rates. The Chemical Council NINTH REPORT 1. GENERAL.During 1944 the Council actively continued to consider in what further ways it can advance collaboration and the following resolution was passed :-“That in the opinion of the Chemical Council its constitution does not limit its functions to that of dividing between the Chemical Society and the Society of the Chemical Industry the fund for assisting chemical publications but covers the wider duty of bringing about with the consent of the Councils of the three Chartered Bodies the fullest collaboration between all organisations dealing with chemists and chemistry.” The three Chartered Bodies concurred in the recommendation of the Chemical Council regarding the power of the Council to re-elect a Chairman for a total period not exceeding five consecutive years and the arrangement whereby the body of which the Chairman of the Council was a representative should have the right to fill the vacancy arising from the new provision.An application was received from the Faraday Society for inclusion in the Chemical Council. This has been forwarded to the three Constituent Bodies with the recommen- dation that two members of the Faraday Society should be co-opted. (Action has since been taken in this direction.) The Council has considered possible means of avoiding the present practice of sending out notices in duplicate and triplicate to members of Constituent Bodies resident in local areas. A scheme has been formulated and is at present engaging the attention of the Council and the Constituent Bodies. During 1944 a further appeal for funds for the support of publications and the Library of the Chemical Society was issued.It was sent with the support of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers to the companies and firms that are members of the Association and also to other companies and firms that had not previously subscribed but that depended on the practical application of chemistry and borderland science to their industrial processes. The response was extremely gratifymg and many contributions are being made by annual subscriptions under Deed of Covenant over a period of seven years. The total contributions promised amount to A41,141 16s. 9d. The Council acknowledges with gratitude the encouraging response to the appeal. 2. JOINT SUBSCRIPTION SCHEME.The scheme continues to become more popular as shown by the following figures:- 1942 1943 1944 3-body members .... 1670 1885 2382 2-body members .. .. 460 565 736 During 1944 28 persons were also granted joint student facilities by the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry under the Chemical Council Scheme. The Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry have approved the recommendation of the Council that candidates for Joint Membership should only be required to complete a common application form for Fellowship of the Chemical Society and Membership of the Society of Chemical Industry. (The form has now been prepared.) 3. CENTRALHOUSE. The Chemical Council has pursued its endeavours to find accommodation for the Constituent Bodies and a generous offer from a City Company was thoroughly explored.Shortly afterwards the concept of a general scientific centre provided by the Government under the auspices of the Royal Society was’brought to the notice of the Council. It is understood that the Chemical Society the Society of Chemical Industry and the Faraday Society would be offered a place in such a scientific centre. In connection with both these schemes the data collected last year by the Council has proved of considerable use and the Council is continuing to press for some practical action to be taken in the near future. 4. LIBRARY.Contributions of the Chartered Bodies towards the maintenance of the Library of the Chemical Society during 1943 were calculated on the same basis as for the previous year. The Council decided that the sum of L250 paid by it annually towards the maintenance of the Library should be increased or diminished by the difference between the net maintenance costs of the current year and that of the previous year.The total amount paid by the Chemical Council in 1944 was accordingly L606 8s. 3d. r 1771 Contributions etc. received from sources other than the three Constituent Bodies and the Chemical Council amounted to A330 15s. 3d. viz.:-L s. d. Association of British Chemical Manufacturers . . .. 100 0 0 The Biochemical Society .. .. .. .. .. 21 0 0 The British Association of Chemists .. .. .. 50 0 0 The Faraday Society .. .. .. .. *. .. 26 5 0 The Institute of Brewing .. .. .. .. .. 50 0 0 The Society of Dyers and Colourists ..10 10 0 The Society of Public Analysts and Other Anaiytical Chemists 21 0 0 Fellows .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 300 Miscellaneous Receipts. . .. .. .. .. .. 49 0 3 L330 15 3 P Taking into account these amounts the Chartered Bodies contributed the remainder -as follows:-s. d. The Chemical Society . . .. .. 24 per cent. 291 2 10 The Royal Institute of Chemistry .. 50 , 606 10 11 The Society of Chemical Industry . . 26 , 315 8 0 L1,213 1 9 In July the British Association of Chemists were given the privilege of using the Library of the Chemical Society during a trial period of one year for a token payment of L50. 5. PUBLICATIONS. During 1944 the Council has made grants of L1,OOO to the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry k2,OOO to the Bureau of Chemical and Physiological Abstracts and L466 to the Bureau of Chemical and Physiological Abstracts on account of Abstracts AIII with an additional is0 to the Chemical Society far the publication of summaries to papers in the Journal of the Chemical Society.The Council was asked by the Councils of the three Constituent Bodies to investigate possible ways in which collaboration among themselves and with other chemical bodies might be extended so as to improve and make more effectively available to chemists the various services which these organisations provide. The Council was of opinion that one of the most promising fields for such investiga- tions at present would be that of chemical publications. Through the joint membership subscription arrangements instituted in 1941 and extended in 1944 to cover junior and student members the Chemical Council has been able to go some way towards meeting the desire of many chemists to obtain a varied selection of publications without having to pay the full annual subscriptions of all the separate bodies that publish them.This development has been widely welcomed and the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry have had a notable increase in membership following its operation. The arrangements made so far however have cpvered only the publications of the three bodies except that valuable collaboration with other societies has also been achieved through the Bureau of Chemical and Physiological Abstracts (now the Bureau of Abstracts).The Council considered therefore that the possibility of a wider co-ordination in this field would be in the interests of the bodies concerned and of the chemical com- munity in general ;while appreciating that publishing societies attach great importance to retaining full control over the scientific development of their journals and would not wish detraction from the autonomy in this respect it held that there was a good case for examining the problem fully without commitment to any particular scheme. The Chemical Council therefore called a conference of selected Societies whose publications are largely chemical in character viz. :-The Chemical Society. The Royal Institute of Chemistry The Society of Chemical Industry Bureau of Chemical and Physiological Abstracts The Biochemical Society The Faraday Society The Institute of Brewing The Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists The Society of Dyers and Colourists.c 178 1 The Conference reported that it was generally in favour of greater collaboration over publications of the various chemical bodies and agreed that the dominating consideration should be :-(u) To present the best service which can be envisaged to chemists in general and in specialised lines. (b) To see if it were possible to arrange an extended distribution of publications to chemists interested in work outside their own immediate fields. (c) Technicalities of publishing and indexing. In order to obtain some idea of the scope of possible wider co-ordination in the interests of the chemical community in general the Conference stated that it would welcome consideration and comment by the Constituent Bodies of the Chemical Council and the Societies invited to the Conference to questions which were sent out in a questionnaire.The Conference generally agreed that as a result of the replies to the questionnaire the best course at this stage was to confine itself mainly to the sections on which there was some measure of agreement. This was most evident on the questions of Indexing and Abbreviations. It also agreed that some rationalisation in respect of papers whose scientific content makes them obviously more suitable for publication in a journal other than the one to which they have been submitted is desirable but that any rigid system of directing papers to particular journals should be avoided.It was held that mutual contact between Editorial Boards was the best means of achieving this object and that this method could also be used in matters relating to the exchange of reprints. The Council subsequently forwarded a recommendation that publishing Societies should be asked to establish means of informal contact between Editorial Staffs and foster informal co-oph-ation between Editors to the bodies represented at the Con- ference and also asked the Bureau of Chemical and Physiological Abstracts to co-opt to its Indexing and Abbreviations Committee additional members representing outside interests and to consider machinery for setting up a central Indexing Department and to whom this department should be responsible and to make recommendations.As a result of information obtained from various chemical societies in reply to a questionnaire circulated by the Chemical Council successful action was taken by the Council over the supply of paper for publications. 6. MEMBERSHIP OF THE COUNCIL. The following members of Council have retired :-Dr. H. J. T. Ellingham (The Chemical Society) Professor Alexander Findlay (The Royal Institute of Chemistry) and Dr. J. Vargas Eyre (nominated by the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers) and Dr. A. E. Everest (Association of British Chemical Manufacturers) has resigned. The vacancies thus caused have been filled by Professor Wm.Wardlaw (The Chemical Society) Dr. Dorothy Jordan- Lloyd (The Royal Institute of Chemistry) and Mr. R. Duncalfe and Dr. P. C. C. Isherwood (nominated by the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers). Professor E. K. Rideal has been appointed Chairman in succession to Dr. Leslie H. Lampitt; Mr. F. P. Dunn has been appointed Vice-chairman in place of Professor Alexander Findlay; Sir Robert Pickard continues as Honorary Treasurer and Dr. R. E. Slade as Honorary Secretary. The thanks of the Council have been accorded to the retiring Honorary Officers and to the retiring members of Council for their help. The Council recorded its warm appreciation of the valuable services rendered by Dr. Lampitt as Chairman over a period of six years.[The financial statements for the period ending 31st December 1944 and a list of the contributions promised under the new appeal are attached to the Report as issued by the Chemical Council.] L 179 1 Notes The following awards have been made for bravery after an explosion occurred in an underground bomb store near Burton-on-Trent last November- Dr. Godfrey Rotter C.B. C.B.E. Fellow-the George Medal (G.M.) ; Mr. Sydney Walter Maxted A ssociate-Membership of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (M.B.E.). Major George Vaughton James Fellow has been appointed M.B.E. for services in Italy. Professor I. M. Heilbron D.S.O. F.R.S. Vice-President is one of three new members of the Advisory Council to the Committee of the Privy Council for Scientiiic and Industrial Research.Among those retiring from the Advisory Council is Sir Robert Robinson F.R.S. Fellow who has completed his term of office. Dr. R. P. Linstead F.R.S. has been appointed Director of the Chemical Research Laboratory Teddington under the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. Having been Firth Professor of Chemistry in the University of Sheffield Dr. Linstead was elected in 1939 to a Chair of Chemistry in the University of Harvard U.S.A. and since his return to this country in 1942 has been a Deputy Director of Scientific Research in the Ministry of Supply. Professor E. C. Dodds M.V.O.. F.R.S. Member of Council is visiting Scandinavia to lecture on cancer research. Professor Sir Alfred Egerton Sec.R.S.Fellow is visiting Czecho-Slovakia on behalf of the Royal Society with a view to seeing what help this country can give in rehabilitat- ing science and its study in Czecho-Slovakia. Mr. H. Lewis Fellow has been appointed Deputy Director in the Surplus Stores Division of the Ministry of Supply with responsibility for the disposal of surplus live ammunition. Dr. M. B. Blackler Associate has been released from the Armaments Inspection Department to join the Chemical Industries Branch of the Allied Control Commission for Germany. Mr. T. Benson Gyles Fellow has joined the Control Commission for Germany as Controller Smelting (non-ferrous). He is in the Metallurgy Branch of the Economics Division of the British Element of the Control. Dr. F. Roffey Fellow who has been Controller of Chemical Research and Develop- ment in the Ministry of Supply during the war has been appointed Controller of Re- search and Development in the Distillers Co.Ltd. Mr. A R.Jamieson Fellow has been appointed City Analyst to the Corporation of Glasgow in succession to Mr. Thomas Cockburn Fellow who retired from this post on 30th September. Dr. A. M. Ward Fellow has been appointed Principal of the Sir John Cass Technical Institute with effect from 1st January 1946. Dr. C. Ainsworth Mitchell Fellow retired from the Editorship of The Analyst on 30th September after 25 years’ service in that capacity. He has been succeeded by Mr. J. H. Lane Fellow who has been Assistant Editor since 1936. Dr. N. L. Anfilogoff Fellow has been appointed a Director of Berry Wiggins & Co.Ltd. Mr. J. Stewart Cook Associate has been appointed Organising Secretary of the British Association of Chemists as from the beginning of July. Members in the Far East.-The Officers have been glad to receive news of the following members:-Mr. W. G. Sewell Associate who has been released from intern- ment in Hong Kong and has recently arrived in England; Mr. H. J. Page M.B.E. Fellow who was Director of the Rubber Research Institute in Malaya and is now re- ported safe after internment in Sumatra; Mr. v. H. Wentworth Associate who was also with the Rubber Research Institute and has now returned home after 39 years as a prisoner of war in Singapore; Dr. I. A. Simpson of the Institute for Medical Research Kuala Lumpur who was a Captain in the F.M.S.Volunteer Force and has now returned home; Mr. W. E. Abbott Fellow who expects to come home shortly from Shanghai; Dr. D. J. Frye Associate of Singapore who has recently qrrived in England but expects to return later to his post as chemist to the Department of Chemistry Straits Settle- ments; and Mr. J. F. Clark Fellow who has arrived in Australia from Singapore where he had been in the Municipal Analyst’s Department. [ 1801 Reports have been received of the death of Mr. G. E. Boizot Fellow formerly Of the Department of Chemistry Singapore who died on 27th October 1943 while a prisoner in Thailand ; and Mr. C. J . T. Owen Associate formerly of Raffles College who died in an internment camp. Information concerning other members of the Institute who were in countries over- run by the Japanese is eagerly awaited.The Officers will be glad to receive such news from the members themselves or from anyone who is in touch with them. Correction.-In “The Register,” JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1945 Part Iv p. 159 the degrees of Colin Henry Lea re-elected Fellow should have been given as DSc. (Liv.) Ph.D. (Cantab. and Liv.). Enemy Owned Patents and Patent Applications.-The Chartered Institute Of Patent Agents has recently issued a printed memorandum setting forth its recommenda- tions on these and certain related matters arising from war conditions. D.D.T. Insecticide.-The Ministry of Supply reports that D.D.T. is still wanted in large quantities for the protection of British troops in Europe and Asia from typhus and malaria.Although it has been possible to cancel certain Army contracts for stores containing D.D.T. material so saved has to be diverted to other Service uses. Until the Armies in the field are substantially reduced therefore most of the D.D.T. now being produced in this country will be shipped overseas. For some considerable time however the Ministry of Supply has arranged for the trade to have sample quantities with which to carry out experimental work and to develop prospective markets. Arrangements have now been made for the release of D.D.T. on a small scale for the manufacture of insecticides for general sale but primarily for export. Distribution will be through the normal channels.A Chemical Centenary.-At the Royal Albert Hall on 25th October the Imperial College of Science and Technology celebrated in the presence of the King and Queen the centenary of the foundation of the College of Chemistry. This College was after- wards incorporated with the “Government School of Mines and of Science applied to the Arts,” and the resulting combination subsequently split up to form the Royal College of Science and the Royal School of Mines which with the City and Guilds College were eventually federated to constitute the Imperial College. The College of Chemistry opened in October 1845 and became known as the Royal College of Chemistry in December of that year. It was housed at 299 Oxford Street from 1846 to 1872 and was the first organised school of practical chemistry in England.The Prince Consort who was the first Chairman of its Council was instrumental in bringing over A. W. von Hofmann from Germany as Professor in 1845. Among the many pupils and research assistants of Hofmann who subsequently played a leading part in the development of chemistry and chemical industry in this country may be mentioned :-Sir Frederick Abel Sir William Crookes Sir Edward Frankland (who succeeded to thechair of Chemistry on Hofmann’s retirement in 1865),Warren de la Rue William Odling Frederick Field (who developed copper smelting in Chile) F. V. Pavy (a pioneer in the study of diabetes) Frederick Dyson Perrins (pharmaceutical chemist) Henry Condy (chemical manufacturer) Edward Divers Herbert McLeod Sir William Perkin Sir William Tilden Lord Shuttleworth and H.E. Armstrong. The chemistry department of the Royal College of Science now a constituent college of Imperial College has an unbroken history extending back to the foundation of the College of Chemistry a century ago the succession of its professors being A. W. von Hofmann (1845-65) Sir Edward Frankland (1865-85) Sir Edward Thorpe (1885-94 and 1909-12), Sir William Tilden (1894-1909) H. Brereton Baker (1912-32) J. C. Philip (inorganic and physical chemistry) and Sir Jocelyn Thorpe (organic chemistry) (1932-38) and since 1938 H. V. A. Briscoe (inorganic and physical chemistry) and I. M. Heilbron (organic chemistry) Atomic Energy.-A Stationery Office publication entitled “Statements relating to the Atomic Bomb” issued by H.M.Treasury comprises (A) statements by the Prime Minister and Mr. Churchill issued on 6th August 1945; and (B) a statement issued by the Directorate of Tube Alloys (Department of Scientific and Industrial Research) on 12th August 1945. The Statements under (A) have already been published in the press. That under (B) includes a brief historical survey of scientific investigations beginning with the discovery of radioactivity and leading up to the discovery and characterisation of nuclear fission and an account of British activities and organisation in connexion with the realisation of the atomic bomb. [ 181 1 In January 1939 Professor 0. Hahn and Dr. Strassman in Berlin reported positive chemical evidence to show that one at least of the supposed trans-uranian elements produced by Professor E.Fermi in Rome by bombarding uranium with neutrons was in fact an isotope of barium having an atomic number approximately half that of uranium. Dr. 0. Frisch and Professor Lise Meitner pointed out that this discovery could only mean that the uranium nucleus underwent an entirely different kind of change from that so far studied involving its fission into two parts of roughly equal mass. They pointed out that the fragments of the uranium nucleus would fly apart with great energy and this prediction was given a direct experimental proof by Dr. Frisch in Copenhagen. Confirmation of the reality of the fission process with uranium and of the great energy release which accompanies it was obtained independently by Rofessor Joliot in Paris who shortly afterwards gave in collaboration with Drs.Halban and Kowarski an experimental proof of the additional fact which was expected on theoreti-cal grounds that when the fission of a uranium nucleus takes place several free neutrons are liberated. It was immediately recognised that this discovery afforded an experimental basis for the hope that the useful realisation of the enormous store of atomic energy in matter could be achieved for not only did the fission reaction provide a large amount of energy but the liberation of more than one new neutron by the fission of each uranium nucleus made possible the continuation of the reaction by the development of a chain process when once the initial step had been taken.Such a process could thus be initiated by the application of only a minute fraction of the energy eventually liberated. On the basis of a theory developed by Professor N. Bohr and Professor J. A. Wheeler it was predicted in February 1939 that the common isotope of uranium (U.238) would be expected to undergo fission only when the bombarding neutrons had a high energy but that the rarer isotope (U.235) which constitutes only 0.7 per cent. of uranium would not only show this reaction with high energy neutrons but also would be particularly liable to undergo fission when the energy and therefore the velocity of the bombarding neutrons was very low. This prediction was confirmed experimentally in 1940 by Nier and by Booth Dunning and Grosse in the U.S.A.A different phenomenon is observed when U.238 is bombarded by neutrons of a particular energy value intermediate between that required to cause fission of U.238 and of U.235. Neutrons having this so-called resonance energy are strongly ahsorbed by the U.238 nucleus forming a new nucleus of mass 289 which emits two electrons in successive steps and is thereby converted first to a isotope of an element with atomic number 93 (for which the name “neptunium” has been suggested) and then to one of an element with atomic number 94 provisionally named “plutonium ” (Pu.239). This latter element is of particular interest because on the basis of the Bohr-Wheeler theory it would be expected like U.236 to be capable of undergoing fission with the greatest ease when bombarded by neutrons of very low energy.It may be noted that thorium (Th.232) like U.238 undergoes fission when the bombarding neutrons have a very high energy whilst the very rare protactinium (Pa.231) behaves as regardsfission in a manner intermediate between U.235 and U.238. It was generally accepted that if the nuclear fission of such elements of high atomic number could be caused to proceed as a chain reaction the energy liberated would be millions of times greater than that produced by the combustion of coal or oil. It was realised however that if this chain reaction was to be divergent and self-sustaining certain critical conditions must be satisfied:-(a) the system as a whole must be of such a size that there is not too great a probability that neutrons produced in the fission process will escape from the system and so be unable to take any further part in the chain process; (b) the system must not contain more than a limited amount of material that would absorb neutrons and in this way again remove their chance of contributing to the divergent fission process; (c) if the reaction was not to “run away” it is essential to make use of neutrons of very low energy in the individual steps of the chain process.The neutrons produced when fission occurs have very high energies but this is dissipated as a result of elastic collisions with the nuclei of other atoms that may be present. Professor Joliot in Paris Professor Fermi in the U.S.A. Professor Sir George Thomson in London and others examined the possibilities of using a mixture of uranium and some suitable “slowing-down” medium so arranged that the fast neutrons produced by fission would lose their energy by elastic collisions before initiating further fission in the uranium.Such a slowing-down medium must not have any large probability of capturing a neutron and its atoms should be of as small a mass as possible in order to get the maximum rate of loss of energy in the neutrons through elastic collisions. The I 1821 most suitable materials to fulfil both of these conditions are heavy hydrogen (deuterium) or its compound I‘ heavy water,” helium beryllium and carbon. At the beginning of 1940 Dr. Frisch and Professor Peierls at Birmingham University and Professor Sir James Chadwick at Liverpool University independently called atten- tion to the possibility of using atomic energy as the basis of a military weapon of un-precedented power.It was realised that ordinary uranium would not be suitable for even if a fast chain reaction could be realised with it a very large quantity of metal would be required. On the other hand the isotope U.235 if it could be separated offered great possibilities. It was concluded that the amount required to make a bomb would be between one and one hundred kilogrammes and that the explosion of such a bomb might be equivalent to many thousands of tons of T.N.T. In a block of pure or nearly pure U.235 neutrons will either be absorbed in the mass of metal producing new fissions or they will escape into the outer air and thus be wasted.The proportion of neutrons which escape can be reduced by increasing the size of the block of metal and it follows that if the explosion is possible it will require a certain minimum amount of material. Quantities of U.235 less than this critical size are quite stable and perfectly safe but with larger amounts of material a reaction will develop and multiply itself with enormous rapidity resulting in an explosion of unprecedented violence. Thus all that is necessary to detonate a bomb of U.235 is to bring together two pieces each less than the critical size but which when in contact form an amount exceeding it. As the explosion proceeds the density of the mass decreases and neutrons can escape more easily from it bringing the chain reaction to an end.Hence in order to release an appreciable fraction of the available energy it is necessary that the reaction should develop so rapidly that a substantial part of the material can react before the system has time to fly apart. The neutrons produced in the fission process are fast enough to fulfil this condition but would not be so if they were slowed down by artificial means indicated above. It was estimated that if only one pound of U.235 underwent fission the release of energy would be as much as from 8,000 tons of T.N.T. In April 1940 a committee of scientists under the chairmanship of Professor Sir George Thomson was set up to investigate whether the possibilities of producing atomic bombs during the war and their military effect were sufficient to justify the necessary diversion of effort for this purpose.Various aspects of the problem were examined at Liverpool under Professor Sir James Chadwick and at the Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge under Dr. Feather and Dr. Bretscher and the data obtained were examined by Professor Peierls and others in relation to the critical size of the bomb the mechanics of reaction and the amounts of energy likely to be released. The Committee also considered possible means for separating U.235 from ordinary uranium in the necessary quantities and concluded that a gaseous diffusion method was by far the most promising for large-scale operation. Research on this method of separation under the direction of Dr. F. E. Simon in the Clarendon Laboratory Oxford was aided on the theoretical side by Professor Peierls and his group and on the chemical side by Professor W.N. Haworth and his team in the chemistry department of the University of Birmingham. The findings of the Committee were summarised in a Report dated 15th July 1941 when it was concluded that an atomic bomb depending on the fission of U.235. was feasible that its effect would be comparable with some thousands of tons of T.N.T. and that a method of separating U.235 from ordinary uranium could be realised on a large scale. The Committee also reviewed work which had been done on conditions under which a mixture of uranium and some suitable slowing-down medium might give a chain reaction in which the release of energy was obtained in a controlled way.This work had been carried out in Cambridge by Dr. Halban and Dr. Kowarski who at the time of the fall of France had been sent to this country by Professor Joliot and brought with them 165 litres of heavy water (practically the whole world’s stock of this material) which the French Government had bought from the Norsk Hydro Company just before the invasion of Norway. Strong evidence was produced that in a system composed of uranium oxide (or uranium metal) and heavy water a divergent slow neutron fission chain reaction could be realised if the system were of sufficient size; and this critical size might not require more than a few tons of heavy water. The Committee concluded that this work had great potential interest for power production but that this application was not likely to be developed in time for use in the war.It was recognised however that the slow neutron work had a bearing on the military project for the plutonium which would be produced in such a system could be extracted chemically and might be capable of use in an atom bomb instead of U.235. But in order to produce the quanti- ties of plutonium that would probably be needed for a bomb many tons of uranium and of heavy water would have been necessary and the industrial effort required could not then be spared. [ 183 1 During 1940 and 1941 similar problems were occupying the minds of American scientists and contact with them was maintained partly by transmission of reports and partly by visits of scientists in both directions.The Scientific Advisory Committee of the War Cabinet endorsed the view of Sir George Thomson’s Committee on the importance of the atomic bomb with the result that Mr. Churchill who had been kept informed of the developments by Lord Cherwell asked Sir John Anderson in September 1941 to undertake personal responsibility for the supervision of this project as one of great urgency and secrecy. A consultative Council under the Chairmanship of Sir John Anderson was then set up consisting of the Chairman of the Scientific Advisory Committee of the War Cabinet (Lord Hankey and later Mr. R. A. Butler) the President of the Royal Society (Sir Henry Dale) the Secre- tary of the D.S.I.R. (Sir Edward Appleton) and Lord Cherwell. Direction of the work was entrusted to a new division of the D.S.I.R.which was known for reasons of security as the Directorate of Tube Alloys. Mr. W. A. Akers of Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. was appointed Director with Mr. M. W. Perrin also lent by I.C.I. as his deputy and principal assistant. Mr. Akers was advised by a Technical Committee under his chairmanship consisting originally of Professor Sir James Chadwick Professor Peierls and Drs. Halban Simon and Slade with Mr. I’errin as Secretary later it was joined by Sir Charles Darwin and Professors Cockcroft Oliphant and Feather. Following a visit by an American mission composed of Professors Pegram and Urey to this country and a return visit by Mr. Akers and certain members of his Technical Committee to the U.S.A. arrangements were made for the close co-ordination of the British and American programmes of research and development.In this country various aspects of the work were dealt with by the Metropolitan-Vickers Electrical Co. Ltd. and several divisions of Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. as well as by the British Thomson-Houston Co. and the General Electric Co. Other important parts of the work were conducted in Government establishments and universities. At the beginning of 1943 a Joint British-Canadian research establishment was set up in Montreal to work in close touch with the corresponding American group on slow- neutron research; in the spring of 1944 the Americans joined actively in this project and a site was selected on the Ottawa river for the construction of a pilot scale “pile” using heavy water supplied by the U.S.Government as the slowing-down medium. This joint enterprise in Canada has been described more fully in statements issued by the Canadian Government. Following a visit to the U.S.A. by Sir John Anderson in August 1943 it was decided to move to America a large number of the scientists working on the atomic bomb in England in order that they might join the appropriate American groups. The effect of these transfers and others which were made to the Montreal project was to close down much of the work in this country; the object was to secure the most effective pooling of scientific and technical effort so as to accelerate the actual production of atomic bombs in the U.S.A. Among members of the Institute mentioned in the Government publication as having been actively concerned in research or development work on the liberation of atomic energy are Dr.G. I. Higson Fellow who was Deputy Chairman of the Diffusion Project Committee under Mr. Akers; Dr. R. E. Slade Fellow who was Vice-chairman of the Chemical Research Panel of the “Tube Alloys” Technical Committee; and Dr. H. J. Emelkus Member of Council working at Imperial College London and subsequently on the electro-magnetic plant in the U.S.A. Lecture.-Mr. W. Gordon Carey has kindly consented to give the 28th Streatfeild Memorial Lecture on Friday 16th November at 6 p.m. taking for his subject “Water and Public Health.” The lecture will be given in the Rooms of the Geological Society Burlington House W.l.I 1841 September Examinations 1945 Abstract of the Report of the Board of Examiners September 1945 Examinations were held as under :-For the Associateship in General Chemistry. Entered Passed Examiners Dr. G. M. Bennett and Professor W. Wardlaw. The examination was held in the week commencing Monday 17th September at the Institute and in the Laboratories of the University of London South Kensington and at the Royal Technical College Glasgow ; some theoretical papers being taken in other centres .. .. .. .. 81 54* For the Fellowship. The examinations were held in the week commencing Monday 24th September at the Institute and in the Laboratories of the University of London South Kensington except where otherwise stated.Branch R Physical Chemistry with special reference to Surface Chemistry. Examiner Professor E. K. Rideal. In the Department of Colloid Science The University Cambridge . . .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 1 Branch C Organic Chemistry. Examiner Dr. G. M. Bennett. .. .. .. .. With special reference to Petroleum and Petroleum Products. Examiners Dr. G. M. Bennett and Professor F. H. Garner. In the Department of Oil Engineering and Refining The a. University Birmingham .. .. .. .. 1 Branch E The Chemistry including Microscopy of Food and Drugs and of Water. Examiners Dr. H. E. Cox and Dr. C. H. Hampshire .. 6. Branch G Industrial Chemistry. General Examiner Mr. H. W. Cremer. With special reference to the Manufacture of Rayon. Examiner Mr.F. SchoIefield. In the Dept. of Textile Chemistry College of Technology Manchester .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 I With special reference to the Technology of Natural Rubber. Examiner Dr. J. R. Scott. In the Laboratories of the Research Association of British Rubber Manufacturers . . .. .. .. .. 1 0 With special reference to Oils Fati and Waxes. Examiner Mr. W. H. Simmons . . .. .. .. 2 1 Branch H Gewral Analytical Chemistry. Examiner Mi. H. N. Wilson . . .. .. .. -1 -1 95 62 n E * 2 candidates failed in part only of the examination and 7 candidates satisfied the Examiners in those parts of the examination in which they had previously failed. I185 I The following exercises were given :-Examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry MONDAY 17th SEPTEMBER,1945 10 a.m.to 1 p.m (Answer FIVE questions only. Answer concisely and to the point. Give formulae and equations where possible.) 1. Discuss some of the features of interest in the chemistry of the oxy-acids of nitrogen. 2. The heat evolved during a reaction was once thought to be a direct measure of chemical affinity. Discuss this view and the one which has replaced it. 3. Explain the meaning of the term “atomic weight” and indicate the principles and facts on which the conception and determination of atomic weights depend. 4. Discuss from the points of view of (a)the Phase Rule (b)the Law of Mass Action the equilibrium A + B eC where C is a solid A is a gas and B either a gas or a solid. 5. Select ONE of the following topics for discussion :- (a) The hydrides of the elements; (b) Isomerism in the co-ordination compounds of metallic elements.6. Outline the basic principles underlying the methods of distillation normally employed in the laboratory. The boiling point of a nitrobenzene-water system is 99.2” C. under 1 atmosphere pressure. What will be the proportion by weight of nitrobenzene to water distilling at normal pressure ? (Vapour pressure of water at 99.2” C. = 738.5 mm.) 7. Write an essay on adsorption with special reference to industrial and laboratory practice. 2 to 5 p.m. (Answer FIVE questions only. Answer concisely and to the point. Give formulae and equations where possible.) 1. Write notes on any FOUR of the following:-(a) magnesium; (b)nickel carbonyl; (c) bleaching powder; (d) ceric sulphate; (e) titanous chloride (TiCl,) ; (f)phosphorus pentachloride.2. Give an account of the types of nuclear transformation which occur when (a) protons (b) deuterons are used as projectiles. Discuss the uses of artificial radio- active elements in chemical investigations. 3. Write an essay on the Periodic Law from the standpoint of modern ideas of atomic structure. 4. Describe some form of standard cell and explain the physicochemical reasons for the details of the specification. At 26”C. the standard redox potentials of theelectrodes Pt/Ce+4,Ce3+ and Pt/Fe3+,Fe2+ are 1-45 and 0.76 volts respectively. What inference may be drawn from these data? [(RTIF)In x = 0.059 log x at 25” C.] 6.Discuss resemblances and differences between the elements chromium manga- nese and iron and their compounds. 6. Give a critical account of the methods available for the quantitative determina- 7. Comment on the statement that “The idea of resonance has brought clarity tion of EITHER (a)copper OR (b)manganese. and unity into modem structural chemistry.’’ TUESDAY 18th SEPTEMBER 1946 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Answev FIVE questions only. Answer concisely giving formulac and equations where possible.) 1. Mention SIX general reactions used in organic chemistry by which a new carbon- carbon bond is formed. Give one example of each indicate any essential experimental conditions and explain the range of applicability of the reaction.2. Give ONE example of the use of each of the following oxidising agents :-(a) dilute nitric acid (b) chromic anhydride (c) chromyl chloride (d) neutral or alkaline per- manganate (e) ozone (f) Caro’s acid (g) hydrogen peroxide. [ 1861 3. Give a short account of the stereoisomerism of the oximes and of the Way in which the configurations of the isomerides have been determined. 4. How are phenol and the cresols (a) isolated commercially and (b) prepared from the parent hydrocarbons ? Briefly describe the properties and reactions of these substances. In what respects is their behaviour similar to that of the enolic form of ethyl acetoacetate? 6. Give equations showing TWO methods in each case by which simple aromatic compounds may be converted to (a) diphenyl (b) naphthalene (c) anthracene Or their derivatives.Compare the general behaviour of these three hydrocarbons with that of benzene. 6. State briefly how any FIVE of the following may be prepared from simpler substances :-(a) fl/3-dimethylglutaric acid (b) terpenylic acid (c) p-methyladipic acid (d). isatin (e) nicotinic acid (f) piperonal (g)skatole and in any TWO cases explain bnefly their importance in connection with the chemistry of a natural product. 7. Write a short essay on EITHER polymerisation and macromolecular substances OR the Walden Inversion. 2 to 3.30p.m. Translations from French and German technical literature. WEDNESDA Y 19th SEPTEMBER 1945:10 a.m. to 4.30p.m. 1. The substance (A) is an organic acid:- (a) Determine its equivalent.(Standard alkali is provided.) (b) Find its approximate molecular weight by observations on its effect in depressing the melting point of camphor. (c) Deduce the basicity of (A). [(Al) = adipic acid (A2) = p-toluic acid.] 2. Examine the substance (B) with a view to ascertaining its nature as far as possible and leave specimens of any derivatives you may make. [(Bl) = 2-chloro-4-nitroaniline ; (B2) = 4-chloro-2-nitroaniline;(B3) = 3-nitro-4-aminotoluene.] Lengthy descriptions of practical work are not required. Make concise notes of you?' experiments as they are made and where possible in tabular form. State yourfinal con- clusions clearly. THURSDAY 20th SEPTEMBER 1945:10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m.1. From the cyclohexanone provided prepare specimens of (a)the semicarbazone (b) the dibenzylidene derivative (c) the phenylhydrazone (d) tetrahydrocarbazole. 2. Identify the substance (C). [(Cl) = calcium succinate; (C2) = barium tartrate.] Lengthy descriptions of practical work are not required. Make concise notes of your experiments as they aye made and where possible in tabular form State your final con- clusions clearly. FRIDA Y 21st SEPTEMBER 1945 10 a.m. to 4.30p.m. 1. The substance (D) is a steel containing approximately 4 per cent. of nickel. Determine the nickel gravimetrically and the iron volumetrically and express your results as grams of nickel and grams of iron per 100 grams of substance D. You are provided with approximately decinormal potassium dichromate solution.2. Report on the mixture (E). [(E) = lithium phosphate and cadmium iodide.] These exercises mzcst be completed to-day. SA TURDA Y 22nd SEPTEMBER 1946 10 a.m. to 4.30p.m. 1. Determine the solubility of caIcium hydroxide in boiling water. Express your 2. The sample (F) is witherite. Determine the barium gravimetrically and 3. Identify the salt (G). results as grams of CaO per litre of boiling water. volumetrically and express your results as grams of BaCO per 100grams of witherite. [(Gl) = potassium silicofluoride; (G2) = barium silicofluoride.] [ 187 1 Examinations for the Fellowship Branch B Physical Chemistry with special reference to Surface Chemistry MONDAY 1st OCTOBER,1945 10 a.m.to 1 p.m. (FIVE questions only to be answered.) 1. Assuming the Clausius-Clapeyron equation deduce the relationship between he lowering of the vapour pressure of a solution and the lowering of the freezing point. Calculate the vapour pressure at 20” C. of a sugar solution which freezes at -1.120” C. (V.P. of water at 20” C. = 17-6 mm. Freezing point constant = 1-86 for 1 gm. mol. n 1,000gm. of water.) 2. Under what conditions will a liquid (a)wet a solid surface (b) displace another iquid from a solid ? How would you measure the heat of wetting of a solid and what :xperiments would you perform to elucidate the molecular mechanism ? 3. Describe giving any relevant theory TWO methods for determining the change n heat content (AH) for the reaction- Zn + CuSO (M/10) -+ ZnSO (M/10)+ Cu.4. Write a short essay upon the work of W. H. Carothers in the field of high poly- ners. 5. Outline the more important difficulties encountered in the study of the solid/ iquid interface. Discuss from the standpoint of the interfacial phenomena concerned :-(a) The separation of ores by flotation; (b) Thixotropy. 6. Give an account of recent attempts to calculate the rate of chemical reactions in erms of the separate molecules participating in the reaction. 7. Define the term “thermodynamic dissociation constant” as applied to a weak cid and outline the principal methods available for its accurate determination. 2 to 5 p.m. (FIVE questions only to be answered.) 1. Give an account of the various ways in which the presence of salts may modify he solubility of substances in water.To what extent have these effects been explained heoretically ? 2. Describe the Zaboralory determination of :- (a) The charge on a protein molecule in solution; (b) The constitution of the silver-ammonia complex ion in aqueous solution; (c) The dissociation energy of the iodine molecule. 3. Deduce an expression for the rise of a liquid in a capillary tube. How does the lorosity of a solid affect (a)the rate of ingress of a liquid (b) the vapour pressure of a iquid which is imbibed in the solid ? 4. Give an account of the use of the various modifications of hydrogen for studying aseous reactions catalysed by solid surfaces.5. Discuss the origin of the electrokinetic (zeta) potential and its bearing upon the tability of colloidal systems. 6. Give an account’of the use of band spectra- (a) In the detection and estimation of isotopes; (b) In the study of the “hydrogen bond.” 7. Discuss with examples the various factors which may operate to affect the uantum yield in a photochemical reaction. ‘UESDAY to FRIDAY 2nd to 6th OCTOBER 1945 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. (Any necessary practical details will be provided at the Examination.) 1. Experiments using a Langmuir trough:- (a) Determine the force-area curve of a linear polymer. (b) Determine the surface area/gm. of the Al,O powder provided by studying the adsorption of cetyl alcohol from benzene solution.Determine the adsorption at two temperatures (0’ C. and room temperature) nd hence calculate the heat of adsorption. c 1881 2. Investigate the effect of a neutral salt (NaCI) upon the reaction between the persulphate and iodide ions. Discuss your results in the light of the Bronsted-Bjerrum theory. 3. Investigate the conductivity of aqueous solutions of :-(a) Succinic acid; (b) Sodium di-hexylsulpho-succinate. Discuss your results in terms of the Debye-Huckel-Onsager theory. Branch C Organic Chemistry MONDA Y 24th SEPTEMBER 1945 1 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (THREE questions to be answered.) 1. Review the types of stereoisomerism which have been found in saturated carbon ring compounds including spirocyclic and fused ring systems.2. Give an account of the evidence which has been obtained as to the occurrence of (a) a five-membered ring (b)a six-membered ring among the simple sugars and their derivatives. 3. Describe the developments which have occurred in recent times in our knowledge of the paraffins and olefins and their chemical utilisation. 4. Give briefly the principal methods available for the synthesis of the isoquinoline nucleus and discuss the structure of EITHER papaverine or narcotine. 5. Write a general account of the chemistry of the fats and include in your answer a brief reference to lecithin. 6. Write a short essay on EITHER the basic dyes of the triphenylmethane series OR the phthaleins. 2 to 5 p.m.(THREE questions to be answered.) 1. Discuss the stereochemistry of EITHER 3-covalent sulphur OR 4-covalent nitrogen. 2. Give an account of modern views on the constitution of starch. 3. Describe the methods which have been used for the synthesis of phenanthrene and other more complex polycyclic hydrocarbons. 4. Describe the way in which the formula of cholesterol was ascertained. 5. Discuss the mechanism of EITHER prototropic change OR the bromination of ketonic substances. 6. Give in detail the evidence for the structure of EITHER a-pinene OR pelargonin. TUESDAY and WEDNESDA Y 25th and 26th SEPTEMBER 1945 10 a.m. to 5 9.m. each day. 1. Prepare a pure specimen of the acetyl derivative of the hydroxy-compound (A).Determine the percentage of acetyl in this specimen. Determine the molecular weight of (A). Deduce the number of hydroxyl groups present in the molecule of (A). [(A) = mannitol.] 2. Identify the organic substance in solution (B). 3. Identify the organic substance in solution (C). [(B) = lactose.] [(C) = strychnine hydrochloride.] THURSDAY and FRIDAY 27th and 28th SEPTEMBER 1945 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. (D)is a crude specimen of an organic compound. Purify it and examine it in detail with a view to ascertaining its nature. You are not required to identify it. Leave specimens of the pure substance (D) and of any derivatives you may make in the course of your work. [(D) = P-nitro-8-phenylethyl alcohol.] 2. Separate the mixture (E) of two substances into its components and state the approximate proportions in which they are present.Examine each of the constituent substances identify them and make at least one derivative of each. [ (E) = bromobenzene and cyclohexanone.] [ 1891 Branch C Organic Chemistry with special reference to Petroleum MONDAY 17th SEPTEMBER 1945 10 a.m. to 1 9.m. (seep. 189). 2 to 5 p.m. (SIXquestions ONLY to be attempted.) 1. Describe in full what you consider to be the essential properties of (a)gasoline or (b) lubricating oil intended for use in internal combustion engines showing how these properties relate to performance in practice. 2. Describe one of the catalytic methods of cracking now in use for the preparation of components of high-octane aviation gasoline referring in as much detail as you can to the fundamental principles involved.3. Write an essay on ONE of the following subjects:- (a) The refining of petroleum products by the use of adsorbents; (b) The methods used for the separation and preparation of aromatic hydro- carbons from petroleum ; (c) The manufacture of synthetic chemical compounds from petroleum; (d) Azeotropic distillation and its application to petroleum refining. 4. Discuss the various methods used in the removal of mercaptans from light distillates referring to the particular advantages gained by such treatment. 6. Give a description of the following methods as applied to the manufacture of high octane gasoline :-(1) Polymerisation; (2) Isomerisation ; (3) Alkylation.6. List the various solvent refining processes and describe one of them in some detail including a flow diagram. 7. Write an essay on the physical methods used in determining the particular hydrocarbons present in petroleum fractions and the reasons for the intensive interest taken in such methods at the present time. TUESDAY to FRIDAY 18th to 21st SEPTEMBER 1945 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Estimate the yields and properties of the principal primary products obtainable from the given crude oil. Report as fully as you can a suggested method of refining for this crude. Prepare refined samples of gasoline about 40 per cent. at 100"C. of kerosine and of gas oil. 2. Investigate the properties of the gas oil supplied for suitability as a diesel fuel.3. Determine the viscosity index of the sample of lubricating oil and estimate its viscosity at a temperature of 0"C. Carry out as full an inspection as you can and comment on its suitability for automobile engine lubrication. Branch E The Chemistry including Microscopy of Food and Drugs and of Water MONDAY 24th SEPTEMBER 1945 10 to 11.30 a.m. 1. Describe the methods for the estimation of (a)aneurine and (b) nicotinic acid in foodstuffs using flour as an example. 2. State appropriate limits for the following:- (a) Zinc in edible gelatine. (b) Fluorine in water. (c) Fluorine in acid calcium phosphate. (d) Boric acid in margarine. (e) Lead in curry powder.(f) Copper in canned vegetables. Briefly give reasons for your answers. 3. How would you determine:- (a) Theobromine in cocoa shells. (b) Caffeine in coffee and chicory extract? I 1901 11.30 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. Discuss the therapeutic uses of mercury and its compounds with special reference to Calomel mersalyl ” and mercuric oxycyanide. Describe the symptoms of mercurial poisoning. 2. Give an account of the pharmacologica] actions and therapeutic uses of (a)pitui-tary (posterior lobe) extract (b) neoarsphenamine. Summarise the regulations under which the manufacture and distribution of these drugs are controlled. 3. State briefly the principal actions and uses of (a) phenacetin (b) orthocaine (c) riboflavine (d) nicotinamide (e) ascorbic acid; (f) emetine.4. Give as complete an account as you can of the pharmacology of EITHER caffeine OR morphine. 2 to 6 p.m. 1. Discuss the merits and demerits of :- (a) Chlor-amination of water as compared with chlorination ; (b) Dechlorination of water before pumping into supply. 2. Write an essay on the presentation and interpretation of the results of the analysis of water for public supply purposes. 3. How would you differentiate between the following:- (a)Malt vinegar; (b)Wine vinegar; (c) Cider vinegar; (d)Non-brewed vinegar; (e) Vinegar essence ? 4. Under Regulation 7 oP the Chemical Works Regulations 1922 before any person is allowed to enter without wearing an approved breathing apparatus and life- belt any vessel or place which it is thought may contain a dangerous gas or fume it is necessary that the vessel or place be tested by a responsible person appointed by the occupier who must certify in writing that it is free from dangerous gas or fume- mat tests would you make to ascertain that a factory was free from:- (a) Hydrogen cyanide (b) Sulphur dioxide ? 6.What tests would you apply to specimens of potted meat paste in an opened jar suspected of causing some cases of food poisoning ? TUESDAY 25th SEPTEMBER 1946 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. 1. Examine and report upon the sample of coffee extract (A). 2. Examine and report upon the suitability for drinking purposes of the sample of water which is from a town supply.(The results of certain bacteriological tests will be given to you.) These exercises may be cornfileled to-morrow. Candidates should present clear reports such as they would send to their Principals Or clients. WEDNESDAY 26th SEPTEMBER 1946 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercises. 2. The sample of wine (B) is sold as British Wine Port Type. Is this description 3. Determine the arsenic and lead content of the food colour (C). justifiable ? These exercises may be completed to-mowow. THURSDA Y 27th SEPTEMBER 1946 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercises. 2. Make a complete analysis of the baking powder (D). This exercise may be completed to-morrow. FRIDA Y 28th SEPTEMBER 1945 10 a.m.to 5 P.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercise 2. 2. Examine the samples (E) (F) (G) and. (H) microscopically and by any other 3. Determine the ascorbic acid content of the fruit juice (J) and test it for preserva- tests to identify them as far as possible. tiVet.3. [(J) contained sulphur dioxide.] r 1911 SATURDAY 29th SEPTEMBER 1945 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. (Reports of microscopical examinations should be accompanied by annotated sketches.) 1. Identify by microscopical examination the vegetable powders (A) (B) (C) and (D),and the fibres in the material (E). 2. Identify the poison in the stomach washings. [The washings contained 10 per cent. by volume of Liniment of Aconite Belladonna and Chloroform.] 3.Determine the proportion of urea in the urine (G). Branch G Industrial Chemistry MONDAY 17th SEPTEMBER 1945 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. [Paper taken by all candidates in Branch G.] (Answer Question 1 and any THREE of the other questions.) 1. Give an account of general methods adopted in chemical works for protection against fire with reference to (a)safeguards embodied in the design and layout of plant and (b)the installation of fire-fighting appliances. 2. Describe ONE type of industrial equipment in each case for mixing intimately (a)two Iiquids (b)a liquid with a solid and (c)two solids. Your answer should include reference to typical cases for which the equipment you mention is specially suited. 3. Write notes on TWO of the following subjects -(a) The film concept of heat transfer (b) The significance of the Reynolds member in problems of fluid flow (c) Theories of filtration-their usefulness and limitations in practice.4. Describe illustrating your answer by means of simple sketches the essential features of any TWO of the following units of works equipment:-(a) a rotary vacuum filter (b) a jet condenser (c) a continuous denitrator for spent nitration acids (d) a dialyser for recovering caustic soda from a wood-pulp steeping press. 5. Give an account of EITHER the applications of the steam-carbon reaction in chemical industry OR powdered fuel-its advantages and disadvantages. 6. Write an essay on “The Department of Scientific and Industrial Research-its purpose and achievements.’’ 7.Outline the organisation which you consider suitable in connection with a large industrial works for (a)the receipt of samples for routine analysis (b) the distribution of these samples to the various sections of the laboratory (c) the issue of the results of analysis to the appropriate sections of the plant and (d)the keeping of readily accessible permanent records in connection with the above. Branch G Industrial Chemistry with special reference to Oils Fats and Waxes MONDA Y 24th SEPTEMBER 1945 2 to 5 p.m. (FIVEquestions only to be attempted.) 1. Give an account of the preparation properties and technical uses of mono-glycerides. 2. Show with examples how bromine thiocyanogen potassium permanganate 3. Write a short account of the application of chromatography to the examination 4.Give some account of the natural occurrence manufacture and industrial uses and ozone may be used in investigating the composition of a fatty oil. of oils and fats. of the higher fatty alcohols. 6. Describe methods for bleaching and refining linseed oil and explain how the methud employed affects the subsequent use of the oil. 6. Give three examples of the use of catalysts in the oil and fat industry. Describe briefly the process employed in each case and give some account of the theory of the action. 7. How may dehydrated castor oil be produced? What alterations take place in the constitution and properties of the oil ? 8. A so-called whale oil has a saponification value of 240 and an iodine value of 82 What further tests would you make to ascertain the composition of the oil? c 192 1 TUESDAY to FRIDAY 26th to 28th SEPTEMBER 1946 10 a.m.to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Determine the saponifiable matter in the sample of a Coconut Acid Oil. 2. Identify the substance (A) and prepare a derivative therefrom. [(A) = cetyl alcohol.] 3. Report on the composition of the fatty acids in the sample of reputed Castile soap. 4. Extract the fat from the sample of Cocoa and determine its pnrity. Branch G Industrial Chemistry with special reference to the Manufacture of Rayon MONDAY 1st OCTOBER 1945 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (see p. 192). 2 to 6 p.m. (Not moYe than SIX questions to be attempted.) 1. It is commonly observed that the oxidation of cellulose fibres results in an increase in the fluidity of their solutions.Outline the current theories of the pheno- menon and discuss its significance in the manufacture of rayons. 2. What is the meaning of the term “the ripeness of a viscose solution” ? Discuss the chemical and physico-chemical methods of measuring ripeness and the inter-relations of the two types of method. 3. Artificial protein fibres have been manufactured commercially for some years principally from casein. Discuss the possibilities of utilising other proteins for a similar purpose. 4. Show the relations between the chemical structures of viscose acetate nylon and casein fibres and their dyeing properties. 5. Uses have been found for rayons possessing the property of solubility in water or dilute aqueous solutions.Indicate how these rayons can be produced and how their special qualities can be used. 6. Discuss the evidence that has been brought forward in support of the theory of the presence of micelles or crystallites in regenerated cellulose fibres both in the dry and water-swollen conditions. 7. What fibre-forming substances and under what conditions exhibit rubber-like high elasticity? Outline very briefly the current kinetic theory of their behaviour. 8. Give an account of the problems involved in wet processing and drying of viscose yarn in cake form. 9. Describe the improvements which have been made in the textile qualities of rayon yarns since the beginning of the century. Indicate the changes in process that are responsible for them.10. Write an essay on the evaluation of the cellulosic raw materials used in the manufacture of rayons and outline a scheme for the physical and chemical examination of the cellulosic materials intended for the production of any one type of rayon. TUESDAY to FRIDAY 2nd to 5th OCTOBER 1945 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. (The candidate must attempt Questions 1 to 6 inclusive OR Questions 1 to 4 and Question 7.) 1. Analyse the sample (A) of viscose spinning bath solution. Comment on the 2. Characterise the given rayon yarn sample (B)and suggest the probable manner 3. Identify the cause of the white marks in the sample (C) of rayon satin ribbon composition of the bath. in which it was made.and suggest the probable cause of the marks. 4. Analyse the given fabric sample (D) and suggest possible applications for it. 5. From the sample of trubenised lining (E) and poplin shirting (F)prepare a fabric sandwich such as is used in semi-stiff collars (neglecting making up in the shape of a collar). Measure the adhesion and permeability of the resultant fabric sandwich and comment on the values obtained. 6. Examine the defective fabric sample (C) and determine the stage in manufacture 7. From the sample of viscose solution (H) prepare filaments with the maximum at which the defect could most probably have occurred. and minimum possible degrees of orientation. Adduce experimental evidence to establish the difference in the anisotropy of the two types of filaments.[ 193 1 Branch G Industrial Chemistry with special reference to the Chemistry and Technology of Natural Rubber MONDAY 24th SEPTEMBER 1945 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (see p. 192). 2 to 6 p.m. (FIVEquestions to be answered at least TWO being taken from each of Parts A and B.) PART A 1. Enumerate the principal non-caoutchouc constituents of natural rubber latex and indicate (a) how the amounts present vary according to the source of the latex (b) to what extent they remain present in the various commercial forms of raw rubber (c) what role they play in the processing of latex and of raw rubber to produce manu- factured articles and (d)how they affect the serviceability of these articles.2. Write an account shodng the principal steps that have led up to our present knowledge of the constitution and configuration of the natural rubber (caoutchouc) molecule; your account should include some reference to the contributions made by non-chemical methods. 3. Write an essay on:- EITHER (a) Existing developments and future possibilities in the use of natural rubber as a raw material for chemical processes; OR (b) The behaviour of vulcanised rubber towards liquids with special reference to its technical importance and the theories underlying the phenomena observed. 4. Give an account of the theories that have been advanced to explain the action of EITHER organic accelerators of vulcanisation OR antioxidants for vulcanised rubber.To what extent do these theories appear to you to explain the known facts? PARTI3 1. Trace the development of accelerated ageing tests for vulcanised rubber; describe the essential features of the ageing tests most commonly in use and indicate clearly the factors that limit the ability of accelerated tests to predict exactly the course of natural ageing. 2. Give an account of :-EITHER (a) Recent developments in methods of plasticising natural rubber with a summary of our present knowledge of the mechanism of this process and its dependence on various controlling factors ; OR (b) Recent developments in the production of reinforcing agents other than carbon black with a summary of our present knowledge of the mechanism of reinforcement.3. The following mix formula is suggested for the manufacture of blue moulded hot-water bottles ;describe the purpose of each ingredient and criticise the formula suggesting improvements wherever you think them advisable Parts by weight Smoked sheet . . .. .. .. . . 100.0 Sulphur .. .. MercaptobenzthiazoleDiphen ylguanidine Stearic acid.. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . . . . 2.75 0.6 0.2 0.5 Paraffin wax . . .. .. .. -. 2.0 Pine tar oil .. .. .. .. .. 2.0 Phenyl- p-naphthylamine Lime .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ,. . . 1.0 5.0 Zinc oxide .. .. .. .. .. . . 20.0 China clay . . Prussian Blue .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . . 175.0 5.0 4. Describe briefly the organisation of a controI laboratory for a factory producing rubber-proofed fabrics to be used in making waterproof garments ;indicate clearly what control tests you would apply to incoming raw materials stocks in process and finished products.[ 1941 TUESDAYto FRIDA Y,25th to 28th SEPTEMBER 1945 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. each day. 1. Examine the substance (A) with respect to :-(a) Its efficiency as a peptising agent in the plasticisation of rubber on a roll mill using the parallel-plate (Williams) plastimeter to follow the changes in plasticity; and (b) Its effect on the rate of vukanisation of a mix accelerated with mercapto- benzthiazole using physical properties as criteria of the degree of vulcanisa-tion; comment on any other effects of the substance on the physical proper- ties of the vulcanisates. [(A) = naphthyl-p-mercaptan.] 2.Make an analysis of the vulcanised sample of soling rubber (B); on the basis of your analysis formulate a mix to match the sample as nearly as possible and state the approximate vulcanising conditions for the factory production of moulded soles from this mix. 3. Report on the following samples and state in each case whether you would accept the material as suitable for use in rubber mixes; if you consider them to be unsuitable state your reasons. Sample "C" Kieselguhr; Sample "D " Stearic acid ; Sample "E " Di-phenylguanidine. REPORT Examination for the A ssociateshifi Inorganic and Physical Chemistry. The majority of the candidates were able to attempt the full number of questions they were required to answer on the two papers.The standard of theoretical work was somewhat better than in recent examinations. On the whole Paper I appeared to be more attractive'to the candidates than Paper 11 judging by the results. All the questions on Paper I were generally well done and there were no common faults to which attention should be drawn. The only comment that might be made is that some students were confused about the methods which are available for the determination of atomic weights. In certain cases the methods described at some length were those for molecular weights. In Paper I1 the most difficult question proved to be No. 4 dealing with the standard cells and involving a calculation. Comparatively few candidates gave a good answer to the latter part of the question.Whilst many excellent answers were given by individual candidates to the various questions it was noticeable that too many of the students were not familiar with recent work on such subjects as the constitution of bleaching powder or the structure of PC1,. The old ideas on the constitution of these subjects were still served up without any reference to the newer work. The practical work calls for no special comment beyond the statement that many candidates found the determination of the solubility of calcium hydroxide in boiling water rather perplexing. Organic Chemistry. Theoretical.-The paper proved to be well within the capacity of the better equipped candidates but there were a number whose knowledge was not only inaccurate but on too low a level.In Q. 1 many candidates failed to take a sufficiently general point of view. It was clearly unjustifiable to cite the Wurtz and the Fittig reactions as different general methods of synthesis or the alkylation of malonic and acetoacetic esters as distinct and a number of other pairs could be mentioned. In Q. 4 many candidates were unaware that phenol resembles the enol of acetoacetic ester not only in its solubility in alkali and its ferric chloride reaction but also in its bromination and its coupling with diazonium salts. Q. 6 was well done by many candidates but not so many gave correct methods for the preparation of dimethylglutaric and methyladipic acids. Recent work on the Walden Inversion was often not known or not properly ap- preciated.Practical.-The exercises set proved to be a good test of the candidates' ability. In the determination of the equivalent of an acid accurate work was required and a number of candidates were below standard here. In making the phenylhydrazone of cyclohexanone the omission of sodium acetate with phenylhydrazine hydrochloride in a number of cases led to the production of the tetrahydrocarbazole in one operation. c 196 3 Examination for the Fellowship Branch E. The exercises in the examination of foods were on the whole well done but there was some marked weakness in the identification of small samples. The microscopical work was reasonably well done by most of the candidates. The toxicological exercises which required the detection of the poison in Liniment of Aconite Belladonna and Chloroform was on the whole not well done and revealed a general weakness on the part of the candidates in applying their knowledge of drugs to such problems.The material submitted smelt strongly of camphor and chloroform and yet some of the candidates spent a considerable time in separating them and identifying them by chemical tests. The evident presence of these substances should have been regarded rather as a pointer to be used in applying chemical tests for poisons with which they are likely to be associated. Branch G Industrial Chew istry. In the examinations in this Branch during the last few years it has appeared that some candidates do not sufficiently realise that in addition to competence in their special branch it is necessary for them to acquire familiarity with a wider range of industrial operations and equipment.The requirements are clearly set out in the Regulations and there is therefore no excuse for candidates presenting themselves inadequately prepared for the General Paper. Such is the immature character of some of the answers that it is sometimes difficult to realise that these candidates are seeking to obtain the highest professional qualification in Chemistry which this country has to offer. It can hardly be argued that the necessary information is not available for never before has current technical literature provided such admirable scope for persons to become acquainted with the appliances used in the chemical and allied industries.Even in cases where questions are framed in such a way that common sense and merely a superficial experience of works operations can provide all that is required the response is sometimes most disappointing-in fact one might almost say that this type of question gives rise to the most unsatisfactory answers of all. In the paper set on this occasion for instance the answers to the compulsory question on general methods adopted in chemical works for protection against fire indicated both lack of powers of observation and lack of ability on the part of some of the candidates to think for themselves. PASS LIST Examination an General Chemistry for the Associateship Ballard Cecil Walter Birkbeck College London. *Blades Alan Edward Hull Municipal Technical College.Bolsover Kenneth Salford Royal Technical College. Bradford Eric Andrew Medway Technical College Gillingham and Paisley Technical College. Butt Wilfrid Roger B.Sc. (Lond.) Medway Technical College Gillingham. Cliffe John Owen City of Liverpool Technical College. Coathup Alexander City of Liverpool Technical College. Cowling William Coventry Municipal Technical College. Critchley Stanley Doncaster Technical College. Duell Arthur Albert Rutherford College of Technology Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Elton George Alfred Hugh B.Sc. (Lond.) Battersea Polytechnic London. Embleton James Robert Rutherford College of Technology Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Falconer Robert Thomas B.Sc. (Lond.) Rutherford College of Technology Newcastle- upon-Tyne. Forsyth Gerald Derby Technical College and Battersea Polytechnic London.Goulden Ralph Coventry Municipal Technical College. Hamlin Anthony George B.Sc. (Lond.) Huddersfield Technical College. Hardie Thomas Reid Glasgow Royal Technical College. Harris Tennyson The University of Manchester and Wigan and District Mining and Technical College. Harvey Miss Elsie Nora B.Sc. (Lond.) The Polytechnic Regent Street London. Holdsworth Eric Spencer Leeds College of Technology. Hughes Fred Salford Royal Technical College. Hulme Ralph The University of Oxford. Inshaw John Leslie Birmingham Central Technical College. Ireland Frank Edward The University of I,iverpool College of Technology Manchester and Widnes Technical College. 196 1 Jeff reys Godfrey Vaughan Swansea Technical College and the Birmingham Central Technical College.Jenkins Andrew Glasgow Royal Technical College. Jones Thomas Gwyn University College Cardiff and Bridgend Mining and Technical College. Lees Kenneth Stockport College. London Edward Selwyn Manchester College of Technology. Macdonald James B.Sc. (Glasgow) The University and Royal Technical College, Glasgow. MacGilchrist William Robertson Glasgow Royal Technical College. Manners Edward B.Sc. (Lond.) Northern Polytechnic and Sir John Cass Technical Institute London. Marshall James Herbert Evan B.A. (Cantab.) University of Cambridge and Doncaster Technical College. Monks John Matthew B.Sc. (Liv.) University of Liverpool and City of Liverpool Technical College. Neil Michael Wells South-West Essex Technical College Walthamstow.Newman Maurice Frederick Widnes Municipal Technical College. Page Miss Patricia ilnne Coventry Municipal Technical College. Palmer Frederick Georgeson Stockton Technical College and Rutherford College of Technology Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Palmer Harold John Birmingham Central Technical College. Parker Richard Eric University College Leicester and Loughborough College. Putman John Harold South-West Essex Technical College Walthamstow. Raphael Leon City of Liverpool Technical College. Roughsedge Charles Stockport College. Rutherford William Alexander Hull Municipal Technical College. St. John Dara Derrick Phiroz B.Sc. (Lond.) Birmingham Central Technical College. Seager Edmund Stanley Medway Technical College Gillingham.Thomas Nigel B.Sc. (Wales) University College Cardiff and The Polytechnic Regent Street London. Tomlinson Reginald Harold Birmingham Central Technical College. Turner Mervyn Edward Dennant B.Sc. (London). Turville Arthur Ralph West Ham Municipal Technical College London. Wsdelin Frank Arthur City of Liverpool Technical College. *Walker George William Hull Municipal Technical College. Whittingham Albert Reginald Battersea Polytechnic London and Brighton Technical College. Wilson Royce Robert University College Leicester. * Has not yet complied in full with the conditions of the Regulations for admission to the Associateship. Examination for the Fellowship In Branch B Physical Chemistry * With special reference to Surface Chemistry Edwards Lawrence John B.Sc.(Lond.). In Branch C Organic Chemistry With special reference to Petroleum and Petroleum Products Whincup Sydney. In Branch E The Chemistry including Microscopy of Food and Drugs and of Water Bishop Miss Dorothy Joan Simpson B.Sc. (Lond.). Horsley Thomas Edward Victor B.Sc. (Lond.). Peden Miss Joan Davena B.Sc. (Liv.). In Branch G Industrial Chemistry With special reference to the Manufacture of Rayon Matthews Charles William. With special refevence to Oils Fat and Waxes Bourne Geoffrey John B.Sc. (Lond.). In Branch H General Analytical Chemistry Stock John Thomas B.Sc. (Lond.). [ 197 J Obituary JOHN EVANSdied on 1st July in his 70th year. Born at Aberayron in Cardiganshire he was educated at the local primary school and Grammar School and following apprenticeship to a London pharmacist proceeded to the School of the Pharmaceutical Society where he obtained the Jacob Bell Scholarship.After qualifying as Ph.C. he took a course of pure and applied chemistry at King’s College London. In 1901 he went to Sheffield as assistant to Mr. A. H. Allen and in 1909 was taken into partnership in the firm of A. H. Allen & Partners where he was associated with the late Mr. G. E. Scott-Smith. On the retirement of the latter in 1919 he became sole principal of the firm. At that time he held appoiptments as Public Analyst and Agricultural Analyst for the City of York and for the County of Cardigan- shire. Subsequently he held similar appointments for the Cities of Sheffield and Lincoln the Boroughs of Chesterfield and Scunthorpe and the County Boroughs of Rotherhim Barnsley and Doncaster.He became Gas Examiner for the City of York the County Borough of Rotherham and various districts in Yorkshire. As Water Examiner he was responsible for the analytical and bacteriological control of many public and private undertakings over a wide area. He remained a principal in A. H. Allen & Partners-latterly known alternatively as “John Evans”-until his death. He served for several periods on the Council of the Society of Public Analysts of which he was President in 1934-36 after having been Chairman of the North of England Section of the Society. He was the author of several papers on analytical methods published in The Analyst.He was ‘an Examiner for the Pharmaceutical Society for fourteen years and for the Liverpool Diploma of Public Health from 1937 to 1940. The Honorary Degree of M.Sc. of Sheffield University was conferred on him in 1934. His wide interest in public affairs is shown by his membership of the Royal Commis- sion on National Health Insurance in 1925 and by his appointment as High Sheriff for the County of Cardigan for the year 1926. He was one of the founders of the Sheffield and District Cambrian Society of which he was President from 1915 to 1919 and Treasurer from 1921 to 1938. He became an Associate of the Institute in 1902 and a Fellow in 1905. For four years he was an Examiner for the Fellowship in Branch E and served on the Council for the periods 1923-25 and 1934-37.ARTHUR HATTON BARKER died on 20th August in his 53rd year. Educated at Sir John Deane’s Grammar School Northwich he entered Manchester University in 1910 and obtained the B.Sc. degree of that University with honours in chemistry. From 1914 to 1916 he was engaged in research for the Trench Warfare De- partment at the Royal College of Science under Professor H. B. Baker and was awarded the Diploma of the Imperial College. Having obtained a commission in the R.N.V.R. he was attached to the R.N.A.S. in order to carry out special investigations at the College of Technology Manchester on materials used in aircraft. He was particularly concerned with the design of balloons for war purposes.After demobilisation with the rank of Captain he joined the technical staff of Messrs. Charles Macintosh & Co. which was later merged with the Dunlop Rubber Co. Shortly before the outbreak of the second world war he became technical manager to a special section of the latter company formed to design in conjunction with the Air Ministry an improved type of barrage balloon and to arrange for its mass production. He also played an active part in experimental work undertaken by this section of the company in the development of dinghies and other life-saving equipment. His services were recognised this year by his appointment as M.B.E. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1917. JOHN SANDERSON died on 13th February in his 82nd year. Educated at Chatham House College Ramsgate he received his scientific training at the Birkbeck Institution.In 1881 he was articled to Mr. G. W. Wigner (afterwards Messrs. Wigner & Harland) and was subsequently an assistant in this firm and then principal assistant to ZClr. R. H. Harland. In 1891 he was appointed chemist to Watts Steel and Iron Syndicate of Middlesbrough but shortly afterwards became chemist to B. S. Cohen Pencil Makers. When this firm was turned into a limited company in 1904 he became one of the original directors and on the liquidation of the company in 1917 he was appointed a director of a new company Arthur Johnson Ltd. that was then [ 198 3 formed. In 1920 this firm amalgamated with E. Wolff & Sons also pencil makers to form the Royal Sovereign Pencil Co.Ltd. and he was an active member of this concern until his retirement in 1926. From 1902 until 1926 practically the whole of his efforts were directed to research work in connection with the pencil industry. Among his other interests were swimming in which he engaged to within a year of his death and membership of the Kipling Society. He was elected an Associate in 1888 and a Fellow in 1896. The Institute is indebted to him for many gifts to the library including valuable sets of American periodicals. JAMES ROY TANNER a Registered Student was reported missing while on service with the R.A.F. in November 1944 and has now been presumed killed. Educated at Maesycwmmed Secondary School and Brockley County School he entered Battersea Polytechnic in 1938 as a student of chemistry while holding a post as a research student at the British Coal Utilisation Research Association.He enlisted in 1941 as an Observer in the R.A.F. and subsequently became a Navigator. He held the rank of Pilot-Officer R.A.F.V.R. at the time that he was reported missing. MAJOR CROZIER TOFTS FULLERTON died on 14th September 1944 in his 61st year. Educated at St. Paul’s School London and Ewart Academy Newton Stewart he entered the Royal Technical College Glasgow in 1901 and took a four-year course in metallurgy. He was for a time assistant to Professor A. Campion at Glasgow and afterwards to F W. Harbord. He was later appointed assistant chemist to the East Indian Railway at Jamalpur. He obtained a commission in the Army in 1914 and saw service in Iraq with the 117th Mahrattas being promoted to the rank of Captain in 1915.After the war he was seconded as chemist and metallurgist to the G.I.P. Railway (Indian State Railways) but remained on the Reserve of Officers and attained the rank of Major in 1926. In 1928 he was appointed a technical representative of Arthur Balfour & Co. Ltd. steel manufacturers. He was engaged on business for that firm largely with Government Departments and Railways in this country until August 1939 when he was recalled to the Army and became Second-in-Command of a Battalion of the Queen’s Royal Regiment. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1926 and a Fellow in 1943. Coming Events 194s November 15 THE INSTITUTE (Manchester and District Section) “Chemists 1892- 1944.” Mr.R. B. Pilcher O.B.E. in the Engineers’ Club Albert Square Manchester at 7 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (East Anglian Section) “Protection from Poisons in Industry.’’ Dr. D. Matheson H.M. Chemical Inspector of Factories at the Norwich City College St. George’s Norwich at 7.30 p.m. CHEMICAL SOCIETY(Joint Meeting with the Liverpool and North-Western Section of the Institute) “The Structure of the Boron Hydrides and Related Com- pounds.” Mr. R. P. Bell F.R.S. in the Muspratt Lecture Theatre of the University Liverpool at 5 p.m. 16 THEINSTITUTE 28th Streatfeild Memorial Lecture “Water and Public Health.” Mr. W. Gordon Carey at the Rooms of the Geological Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.l at 6 p.m.CHEMICAL SOCIETY(Manchester) Meeting for the reading of original papers in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of the University Manchester at 6 p.m. CHEMICALSOCIETY(Sheffield) Joint Meeting with the University Chemical Society “Our War against Insect Pests.” Professor I. M. Heilbron D.S.O. F.R.S. in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of the University Sheffield at 5.30 p.m. CHEMICAL SOCIETY (Glasgow) “Polynucleotides and Nucleoproteins.” Professor J. M. Gulland F.R.S. at the Royal Technical College Glasgow at 7.15 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Birmingham and Midlands Section) jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry “Polythene.” Mr. J. C. Swallow at the University Edmund Street Birmingham at 6.30 p.m. [ 199 1 1945 November 16 SOCIETY COLOURISTS(Leicester) “The Future of the Full Fashioned OF DYERS~YD Hosiery Industry discussed by Messrs.A. R. Knight J. A. Beachell A. w. Eley and F. M. Stevenson. Jointly with the Textile Institute and Leicester Textile Society at the College of Art and Technology Leicester at 7 p.m. 17 THEINSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Gunties Section) Dance at The Oak Restaurant Messrs. Slaters 18 Kensington High Street S.W.6 6.15 p.m. to 10.15 p.m. INSTITUTIONCHEMICALENGINEERS OF (North-Western Branch) “Heat-resisting Steels.” Mr. L. F. Keeley in the College of Technology Manchester at 3P.m. 20 INSTITUTION (Scottish Section) “From Old to Modem OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY Methods of Manufacture.” Dr. H. J. Stein at the Chamber of Commerce Edinburgh at 6.30 p.m.21 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) Annual General Meeting in the Lecture Theatre The Pharmaceutical Society 17 Bloomsbury Square W.C.1 at 6 p.m. The President will open the discussion. THEINSTITUTE (Newcastle upon Tyne and N.E. Coast Section) “The Prevention of €’oisoning in Industry.” Mr. S. H. Wilkes M.C. at King’s College. Newcastle upon Tyne at 6.30 p.m. INDUSTRY: SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL First H E. Armstrong Memorial Lecture. Sir Harold Hartley K.C.V.O. M.C. F.R.S. at the Royal Institution Albemarle Street London W.l at 6.15 p.m. SOCIETY OF DYERSAND COLOURISTS(Derby) “X-ray studies in the Structure Of Plastics.” Professor W. T. Astbury F.R.S. at Derby at 7 p.m. 22 CHEMICAL (North Wales) Joint Meeting with University College of North SOCIETY Wales Chemical Society “Colchicine:its Chemistry and some Biological Effects.” Professor J.W. Cook F.R.S. in the Department of Chemistry University College Bangor at 5.30 p.m. 23 CHEMICAL SOCIETY(South Wales) jointly with the Local Sections of the Institute and the Society of Chemical Industry “Colchicine its Chemistry and some Biological Effects.” Professor J. W. Cook F.R.S. at University College, Cardiff at 6.30 p.m. BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS(Derby) Scientific Film at 7.15 p.m. OF BRITISH ASSOCIATION CHEMISTS(St. Helens Section) “Chemical Analysis by X-Rays.” Dr. N. Thorley at the Y.M.C.A. Buildings St. Helens at 7.30 p.m. ANDERSONIAN “Some Recent Developments in the Chemistry CHEMICALSOCIETY of the Polysaccharides.” Professor E.L. Hirst at the Royal Technical College Glasgow at 3.30 p.m. 26 CHEMICALSOCIETY (Leeds Area) Tilden Lecture “Substitution.” Professor E. D. Hughes in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre University Leeds at 6.30 p.m. 27 THEINSTITUTE (Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section) Joint Meeting with the Chemical Society the Society of Chemical Industry and the Edinburgh Uni- versity Chemical Society “The Structure and Chemistry of Metallic Crystals.” Professor G. D. Preston in the Biochemical Lecture Theatre University Teviot Place Edinburgh at 7 p.m. SOCIETY HULLCHEMICALAND ENGINEERING “Microphotography.” Dr. G. W. Stevens at the Regal Room Regal Cinema Ferensway at 7.30 p.m. 28 THEINSTITUTE (Belfast and District Section) “Thirty Years of Chemical Engineer- ing.” Mr.J W. Parkes in the Royal Academical Institution Belfast at 7.30 p.m. 29 THE INSTITUTE (Manchester and District Section) Ladies’ Evening “Chemistry of Cosmetics.” Mr. J. M. Carroll kcture followed by an exhibition of products, in the Engineers’ Club Albert Square Manchester at 7 p.m SOCIETY (Nottingham) “Structural Inorganic Chemistry.” Professor CHEMICAL W. Wardlaw. Joint meeting with University College Physical and Chemical Society in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of University College Nottingham. at 4 p.m. SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Nottingham) “Electronics with special reference to Detection Measurement and Microscopy.” Dr. W. Wilson O.B.E. at Nottingham at 7 p.m.[ 200 1 November OF 30 INSTITUTE FUEL(Scottish Section) “British Fuel Utilisation Policy.” Dr. G. E. Foxwell at the Royal Technical College Glasgow at 5.45 p.m. December 1 THEINSTITUTE (South Wales Section) jointly with the South Wales Branch of the Institute of Physics “Some Industrial Applications of Spectroscopy.” Dr. W. C. Price at University College Swansea. at 3 p.m. 3 SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (London Section) “Jute and the Chemical Industry”-Mr. W. G. Atkins; “The Properties and Uses of Flax”-Dr. A. J. Turner. In the Chemical Society’s Rooms Burlington House Piccadilly London W.I. 4 THE INSTITUTE (Huddersfield Section) jointly with the Society of Dyers and Colourists “Some Aspects of Thermosetting Plastics.” Dr.R. G. Heyes. 5 IRISHCHEMICAL jointly with the Dublin Section of the Institute ASSOCIATION “Biochemistry Yesterday and To-day.’’ Professor W. R. Fearon. 6 CHEMICAL SOCIETY Meeting for the reading of original papers at Burlington House London W.l at 6 p.m. INSTITUTIONCHEMICAL jointly with the Chemical Engineering OF ENGINEERS Group of the S.C.I. The First Robert Horne Memorial Lecture by Mr. Stanley Robson at Bristol. 7 ANDERSONIAN SOCIETY CHEMICAL “Some Principles of Raw Material Development -with Scottish Examples.” Mr. R. H. S. Robertson at the Royal Technical College Glasgow at 3.30 p.m. BRITISH ASSOCIATION jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry OF CHEMISTS and the Society of Dyers and Colorists “Fibreglass-its manufacture and uses.” Mr.A. M. Robertson at the Royal Technical College Glasgow at 7.15 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Birmingham and Midlands Section) Lecture by Professor W. T. Astbury F.R.S. at The University Edmund Street Birmingham at 7 p.m. CHEMICAL SOCIETY(Manchester) “The Principles of Crystal Analysis.” Professor J. M. Robertson F.R.S. Joint meeting with the Institute to be held in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of the University Manchester at 6 p.m. OF 8 INSTITUTIONCHEMICAL ENGINEERS (North-Western Branch) “Planned Maintenance in a Chemical Works.” Mr. F. P. Lett in the College of Technology Manchester at 3 p.m. 11 INSTITUTIONCHEMICAL jointly with the Chemical Engineering OF ENGINEERS Group of the S.C.I. “Chemical Engineering in the Manufacture of Electric Lamps and Radio Valves.” Mr.F. W. Doxey in London at 5.30 p.m. HULL CHEMICAL SOCIETY AND ENGINEERING “Modern Electric Discharge Lamps.” Mr. J. N. Bowtell in the Regal Room Regal Cinema Ferensway at 7.30 p.m. 12 THEINSTITUTE (Newcastle upon Tyne and N.E. Coast Section) “Some Chemical Aspects of Recent Work on Atomic Fission.” Dr. H. J. Emeldus at King’s College Newcastle upon Tyne at 6.30 p.m. 13 THE INSTITUTE (Manchester and District Section) Second Dalton Lecture. Sir Jack Drummond F.R.S. in the Manchester Central Library at 7 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Liverpool and North- Western Section) “Chemistry in Litera- ture.” Mr. B. D. W. Luff at the Municipal Technical College Widnes at 6.30 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (East Midlands Section) “Alchemists in Art and Literature.” Mr.Richard B. Pilcher O.B.E. at the Leicester College of Art and Technology at 7 p.m. SOCIETY OF DYERSAND COLOURISTS (Loughborough) Discussion Evening. Great Central Hotel Loughborough at 7 p.m. OIL AND COLOUR ASSOCIATION CHEMISTS’ (Scottish Section) “Ships Paints with special reference to Anti-Fouling and Anti-Corrosive Compositions.” Mr. E. Melling at St. Enoch Hotel Glasgow at 6.30 p.m. 14 THEINSTITUTE (Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section) “Shale Oil.” Dr. G. H. Smith at the North British Station Hotel Edinburgh at 7.30 p.m. BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS (St. Helens Section) “Technical Education and its Relationship with Industry.” Mr. A. V. Harrison at the Y.M.C.A. Buildings St.Helens at 7.30 p.m. t 201 1 1946 December 15 SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (Yorkshire Section) Joint meeting with the Food Group and the Hull Chemical and Engineering Society “Honey.” Mr. J. Pryce Jones at Leeds. 28 THE INSTITUTE (Tees-side Section) “Recent Developments in Vitamin Chemistry.” Mr. A. L. Bacharach at Stockton-on-Tees. 1946 January 3 THE INSTITUTE (Belfast and District Section) “Christmas Crackers.” Lecture and demonstration on explosives and combustion for school children by Dr. W. Haughton Crowe and Dr. T. C. Shaw in Queen’s University Belfast at 3 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Cardiff and District and South Wales Sections) “Some Chemical Aspects of Recent Work on Atomic Fission.” Dr. H. J. Emelkus in the Mining and Technical Institute Bridgend at 6.15 p.m.OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY 7 SOCIETY (London Section) “Carbon Blacks-their manu-facture and use in Industry.’ Mr. A. Speedy in the Chemical Society’s Rooms Burlington House Piccadilly London W. 1. 8 THE INSTITUTE (Huddersfield Section) “The English Oilfields.” Mr. R. K. Dickie. 11 SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (Birmingham) “Electro-statics in Industry.” Dr. F. J. Llewelyn at the Chamber of Commerce Birmingham at 6.30 p.m. BRITISHASSOCIATIONOF CHEMISTS (St. Helens Section) “Hormones.” Mr. F. Moult at the Y.M.C.A. Buildings St. Helens at 7.30 p.m. INSTITUTIONCHEMICAL (North-Western Branch) First Annual OF ENGINEERS General Meeting “Chemical Engineering Research.’ Dr. C. J. T. Cronshaw at the Town Hall Manchester at 2.30p.m.14 THE INSTITUTE (Leeds Area Section) “Research on Building and its Materials.” Dr. F. M. Lea. 16 THE INSTITUTE (Belfast and District Section) “The Influence of Science on Civilisation.” Mr. D. Lindsay Keir in the Physics Lecture Room of the Royal Academical Institution Belfast at 7.30 p.m. 17 CHEMICAL SOCIETY:Tilden Lecture “Substitution.” Professor E. D. Hughes at Burlington House London W.l at 5 p.m. 18 THE INSTITUTE (Glasgow and West of Scotland Section) “Penicillin.” Mr. A. L. Bacharach. BRITISH ASSOCIATION (St. Helens Section) :Jointly with local branches OF CHEMISTS of the Institute the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry “Molecular Orientation of Fibres.” Mr. J. M. Preston at the University of Liverpool at 7.30 p.m.General Notices Election of District Members of Council.-Fellows and Associates are reminded that for the election of District Members of the Council to take oflice from 12th March 1946 nominations should be receivcd at the offices of the Institute on or before Monday 10th December 1945. The By-laws and Rules governing election of District Members of Council were AND PROCEEDINGS, published in JOURNAL Part V 1943 pp. 198-200. [ 202 1 The Fellows whose names are given below are the present District Members of Council. Those whose names are given in italics will have completed the period of three years’ service on the Council in March 1945 and will retire in accordance with By-law 23. (i) Birmingham and Midlands Thomas Harold Gant A.R.C.S.M.1.Chem.E. (ii) Bristol and South-Western Counties Osman Jones. (iii) East Midlands and South Yorkshire George Frederick Hall M.B.E. B.Sc. (iv) Liverpool and North-West Coast George Brearley B.Sc. (v) London and South-Eastern Counties Harry Baines DSc. (vi) Manchester and District Albert Coulthard B.Sc. Ph.D. (vii) Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast Herbert Newton Wilson. (viii) Yorkshire Arthur Ernest Everest Ph.D. D.Sc. (ix) Edinburgh and East of ScotIand Gilbert Elliot Dodds A.-H.W.C. (x) Aberdeen and North of Scotland James Emrys Bowen BSc. (xi) Glasgow and West of Scotland John William Kerr B.Sc. (xii) Wales and the County of Monmouth Ronald Henry Jones.(xiii) Northern Ireland Mervyn Hector Hall M.Sc. (xiv) Irish Free State John Wilfrid Parkes M.Sc (xv) The Overseas Dominions and elsewhere abroad John Chester Cowap BSc. Examinations 1946.-An examination for the Associateship of the Royal Institute will be held in January and Examinations for the Associateship and Fellowship in April 1946. Arrangements will be notified to candidates whose applications are accepted. Associates who desire to present themselves for examination for the Fellowship in April 1946 should forward their applications for consideration and will be notified of future arrangements in due course. Registered Students Progress Reports.-Registered Students will not be required to forward reports on their progress this year.It is known that many students are serving in the Forces or are working in localities which make attendance at regular courses a matter of difficulty. Students are however reminded that they should do their utmost to comfly with the Regulations and that they should apply for admission to the Associateship by examination or otherwise as soon as qualified to do so. Notice to Associates.-Regulations and forms of application for the Fellowship can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments or are desirous of extending their opportunities is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Libraries.-The Library of the Institute is available to Fellows Associates and Registered Students from 10 a.m.to 6 p.m. on week-days (except Saturdays 10 a.m. to 1 p.m.). The Library of the Chemical Society has again increased the daily hours of opening which were curtailed during the European war and is available for those wishing to consult or borrow books from 10 a.m. to 9 p.m. (except Saturdays: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m). Books may be borrowed from the Science Library Science Museum South Kensington S.W.7 on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Secretary of the Institute. Information regarding facilities afforded to members by Lewis’s Lending Library can also be obtained from the Registrar. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A list of sIides of portraits of great chemists and other scientists throughout the ages can be obtained on application to the Secretary.As the slides are frequently in demand members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize.-Registered Students are informed that the Council will be prepared to consider the award in January 1946 of a Medal and Prize (&lo10s.) for the best essay not exceeding 3000 words contributed by a Registered Student of not more than 22 years of age at the time of forwarding the essay. The essay may deal with any subject having a bearing on chemistry or chemical work r 203I provided that it does not deal with any purely chemical technical or historical subject.The object of the essay is to induce Students to develop a sense of professional public spirit and to devote thought to questions of professional interest and to the position of chemists in the life of the community. Essays will be valued partly for literary style and technique but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein. Each essay must be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the Local Section of the dis- trict in which the competitor resides (see list of Local Sections at the end of the Journal) not later than 31st December 1945 and must be accompanied by a signed declaration that it is the independent work of the contributor. The Committee of each Local Section will be aiked to select from those received not more than three essays considered to be worthy of the award.The selected essays will be referred to Assessors appointed by the Council on whose report the Council will decide whether and to whom an award shall be made. The award will not be made more than once to any individual com- petitor. The Medal and Prize will be presented at the next Annual General Meeting or at a meeting of the Local Section to which the successful competitor is attached. The Newton Chambers Prize Essay Competition 1946.-Papers for the 1945 Newton Chambers Prize should be posted to reach the Hon. Secretary of the South Yorkshire Section not later than 31st December 1945. Details and conditions covering the Award were announced in the JOURNAD Part 111 1945 (p. 99). AND PROCEEDINGS The South Yorkshire Section Committee would appreciate formal notification from those intending to submit papers of their desire to enter for the award in order that arrangements for adjudication may be completed.Communications should be addressed to A. Taylor B.Sc. A.R.I.C. Honorary Secretary South Yorkshire Section R.I.C. c/o Newton Chambers & Co. Ltd. Thorncliffe Works Sheffield. Active Service.-Fellows Associates and Registered Students who are on service with the Navy Army and Air Force are requested to notify thc Institute giving such particulars as may be permissible as to their rank unit etc. Changes of Address.-Fellows Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify ahanges of address are requested to give so far as possible their permment addiesses for registration.All requests for changes in the Register should be addressed to the Registrar and not to the Honorary Secrctaries of Local Sections. In order to facilitate identification Fellows and Associates are asked to give their full initials on communications addressed to the Institute. In the prevailing circumstances Fellows and Associates are also asked not invariably to expect formal acknowledgments of communications addressed to the Institute unless replies are necessary. BENEVOLENTFUND.-Contributions for 1945 may be sent to the Honorary Treasurer 30 Russell Square London W.C.l. Forms for Deeds of Covenant and Forms of Bequest may be obtained from the Secretary. JOINT SUBSCRIPTION ARRANGEMENTS Fellows Associates and Registered Students who wish to participate in the arrange- ments whereby they can acquire on favourable terms membership of the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry with substantial privileges as to pub- AND PROCEEDINGS, lications (see special article JOURNAL 1945 Part IV p.148) can obtain further particulars an'd necessary forms from the Conjoint Chemical Office 9 & 10 Savile Row London W.l. Those who participate in these arrangements will also have as from 1st January 1946 the option of including membership of the Faraday Society among the privileges obtainable on advantageous terms under an extension of the joint subscription arrangements.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/RG9456900165

出版商:RSC    

年代:1945

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND FOUNDED 1877 INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER,1885 Patron -H.M. THE KING JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS PART VI 1945 Publications Committee 1945-46 F. P. Dunn (Chairman) A. L. Bacharach F. Challenger R. C. Chirnside L. Eynon, Alexander Findlay (President) Osman Jones D. Jordan-Lloyd H. Moore and J. H. Quastel. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee H. J. T.ELLINGHAM Secretary. 30 RUSSELLSQUARE W.C.1 LONDON December 1945. Proceedings of the Council Council Meeting 16th November 1945.-The Council congratulated Dr. D. H. Hey on his appointment to a Chair of Chemistry in the University of London tenable at King’s College. Dr. Cullen accepted the invitation of the Council to convey the greetings of the Institute to members and friends overseas during his impending visit to South Africa.With a view to saving time at Council Meetings it was agreed that reports of Committees and Conferences circulated in advance of a Council Meeting be in general not read in full at the meeting of Council. It was learnt with satisfaction that Mr. Lewis Eynon had accepted appointment as a Censor until the next Annual General Meeting in place of Sir Robert Robinson (cf. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1945 Part V page 166). The following resolutions and comments from Local Sections were received and referred to the Committee on Revision of Charter and By-laws :-(a) Resolution by the Committee of the Liverpool and North-Western Section “This Committee agrees in principle with points I to 6 inclusive regarding reconstitution of the Council.” (b) Opinion of the Committee of the South Wales Section that District or Regional Members should serve as links between the Council and the members who elect them; that a Regional Member should be elected as a representative of a special body of Fellows and Associates; that there should be no change in the present system of district membership unless it be to increase the number of District Members for example to 18 with corresponding reduction in the number of General Members ; and confirming a resolution previously adopted at the Annual General Meeting of the Section-‘‘That in the form of district or regional representation agreed upon under the proposed changes in the By-laws Wales and the County of Monmouth (but excluding the County of Flint) should remain as a single electing unit and retain a representative on the Council.” (c) Resolution by the Annual General Meeting of the Leeds Area Section “This Section considers that the system of direct repre- sentation of Sections upon the Council should be retained and where necessary extended.” An interim report was received from the Anniversary Luncheon Com- mittee reporting preliminary steps taken in connexion with the Luncheon to be held at the Savoy Hotel on 12th March 1946 preceding the Annual General Meeting of the Institute.Provisional arrangements proposed by the Committee were approved. A resolution was received from the New Zealand Section asking that in future steps be taken to ensure that replies to questionnaires from members in New Zealand are included in the statement of results.The Council expressed its appreciation of the interest of overseas members in matters dealt with by questionnaires and has assured the New Zealand Section that in future every endeavour will be made to allow sufficient time for the inclusion of their replies. [ 206 3 A proposal by the Liverpool and North-Western Section to amend the Local Rule referring to the Chairmanship and Vice-chairmanship of the Section was approved. The Report of the Finance and House Committee (12th November) was received and subject to minor amendments adopted. The report referred inter aZia to the statement of accounts; possible treatment of the Benevolent Fund as a separate entity for holding investments in Government securities for which there was an upper limit to the holdings of an individual person or organisation ; removal of members for non-payment of subscrip- tions; life composition fees; Local Section finances; and staff matters.The Council confirmed its adoption of the proposal made at the Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1945 Part IV page 141 para. 8) that it was desirable for the financial years of all Sections to end on 31st December so as to coincide with that of the Institute. Proposals put forward by several Sections to change their Local Rules so as to provide for their financial years to end on 31st December were approved and the hope was expressed that other Sections would see their way to making corresponding changes in their Local Rules where necessary.The Report of the Benevolent Fund Committee was received and adopted referring inter alia to the provision of an alternative type of Deed of Covenant under which a subscriber would undertake to pay annually for seven years a fixed net sum to the Fund irrespective of any changes that might take place in the standard rate of Income Tax leaving to the subscriber a free choice in the use of this new type of Deed or of the existing type under which he undertakes to pay annually for seven years such sums as will provide the Fund with a fixed gross annual income; the form of the appeal to be made to members for support to the Benevolent Fund; and a report that Sir Martin Forster had bequeathed a sum of Lzoo free of duty, to the Fund.Reports of meetings of the Nominations Examinations and Institutions Committee held on 18th and 19th October and 15th November were received and adopted and candidates recommended €or election and re- election to the Associateship and to the Fellowship were duly elected to their respective grades. Arising from a Report of the Committee on Economic Status and Welfare the Council decided that in response to a request made at the Annual Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections as wide publicity as possible should be given to members of the Institute on the general character of the work done by the Committee and by the Officers in advising individual members; but that detailed particulars should not be given except where somenmatter of general principle affecting large groups of members might be involved.It was agreed that the Institute should not retain the services of a solicitor to give free legal advice to members but approval was given to a suggestion by the Committee that the practice hitherto adopted by the Officers of mentioning the name of a solicitor known to have special experience in special fields of work should be continued in appropriate cases. On the basis of reports of consideration given by the Committee on Economic Status and Welfare the Joint Council of Professional Scientists and the Board of the Institute of Physics to the provisions of the White Paper (Cmd.6679) on the Scientific Civil Service it was agreed that a letter be written to Sir Edward Appleton as Chairman-designate of the r 207 I proposed Inter-Departmental Panel offering the assistance of the Institute if he should desire to consult representatives of the Institute or would like them to give evidence at any meetings of the Panel. The Council received and approved a revised memorandum prepared by the Joint Council of Professional Scientists on principles of a suggested code of practice in respect of consulting work carried out by academic scientists and authorised the publication of this document as an expression of the opinion of the Council of the Institute on these matters (see page 226).It will be understood that this code of practice is not intended to be mandatory in any way for the extent to which any class of employed scientist may participate in outside work is ultimately a matter for his employer to decide. It is hoped however that it will come to be recognised as the carefully considered opinion of the professional bodies concerned as to what is fair and proper. The suggestion that provision should be made by setting up a special Sub-committee or otherwise for obtaining the collective views of members who are in practice as independent consultants with regard to matters affecting conditions of practice was referred to the Committee on Economic Status and Welfare. Subject to minor amendments the Report of the Publications and Library Committee (24th October) was adopted referring inter aZia to lectures ;preparation of JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part V ;re-organisation of the Institute’s Library; and modifications in the set-up of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS.In view of facilities available to Members and Regis- tered Students in the use of the Chemical Society’s Library the Council approved proposals for re-organising the Institute’s Library on special lines designed to serve the professional interests of Fellows and Associates and to meet the needs of Students and Associates preparing for Institute examinations. Full particulars are to be made known to Members and Students as soon as the programme of re-organisation can be put into effect.A Report of the newly-constituted Scientific Courses Committee was received and a recommendation that in future such courses should be organised centrally by the Institute with the advice and assistance of Local Sections as regards details was adopted. Consideration of subjects of forthcoming Courses to be arranged under the new scheme was deferred to a later meeting of the Council. Arising from a report of further correspondence with the Ministry of Education (England and Wales) with regard to the status and scope of ordinary National Certificates in Chemistry (cf. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1945,Part IV p. 136) it was agreed that the President should seek an interview with the Minister in order to discuss the position. In the mean- time it was decided to defer consideration of a proposal to re-establish an Intermediate Examination for the Associateship.A question concerning the publication in “Chemistry and Industry,’’ of summaries of lectures delivered at joint meetings of the three Chartered Bodies was referred to the Publications and Library Committee. Following receipt of an invitation from the British Association of Chemists for the Institute to participate in a conference on matters concerned with the training and status of laboratory technicians it was agreed to summon a meeting of the Joint Consultative Committee of the Institute and the Association to examine the proposal. Reports of meetings of the Chemical Council held on 19th September and 17th October were received referring inter &a to the Faraday Society c 208 1 and the joint subscription arrangements and to publicity.The Council learnt with satisfaction that the extension of the joint subscription arrange- ments to enable persons participating in these arrangements to obtain also the privileges of membership of the Faraday Society would be put into effect as from 1st January 1946 (cf JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1945 Part V page 204). The Council appointed Professor D. H. Hey in place of the late Dr. J. F. Tocher as representative of the Institute on the Advisory Committee set up under the Therapeutic Substances Act 1925. Reports were received of recent visits to the Institute made by the Chairman of the South Australian Section of the Australian Institute of Chemistry and by the President of the New Zealand Institute of Chemistry and of correspondence with an Associate in Tasmania regarding means for promoting closer co-operation between the Institute and Institutes of Chemistry in the Dominions.A suggestion for ensuring closer contact between the offices of the respective Institutes was approved and it was agreed that every opportunity should be taken to enable members of Dominion Institutes of Chemistry visiting this country to be put into touch with officers of the Royal Institute of Chemistry and of its Local Sections. A report of the meeting of Council due to take place on 2Ist December 1945 will be printed in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1946 Part I. Local Sections (The Institute is not responsible for views expressed in papers or in speeches made durzng discussions.) Aberdeen and North of Scotland.-The first meeting of the session took place on 26th October Mr.J. E. Bowen presiding. Dr. R. B. Strathdee Chairman of the Section gave an address on “The Cyanine Dyes (see summary on p. 222). Discussion tollowed and a vote of thanks to the lecturer was proposed by Mr. J. E. Ritchie. The Section met at Marischal College Aberdeen on 30th November under the Chairmanship of Dr. R. B. Strathdee to hear Dr. Robert Roger of University College Dundee give an address entitled “Chemical Contour.” In a talk rich in apt and humorous illustrations Dr. Roger surveyed the relation of the chemist to his social environment particularly in its educational aspect.The nature of the subject and the stimulating manner of presentation were equally responsible for the lively discussion which followed. Bristol and South-Western Counties.-A meeting of the Section was held on 1st November in the Chemistry Department of the University of Bristol jointly with the Chemical Society the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry and the Food Group of the latter body. Mr. S. Robson Chairman of the Bristol Section of the Society of Chemical Industry presided and a paper on “The Preservation of Potatoes for Human Consumption” was given by Mr. Theodore Rendle. Following the discus- sion a vote of thanks to the lecturer was proposed by Professor T. Wallace. Cardiff and District.-On 26th October at a joint meeting arranged by the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry in Cardiff Dr.B. P. Dudding delivered a lecture on “Statistical Methods and Industrial Efficiency.” Considerable interest was shown in the possible applications of these methods. In Newport on 7th November Dr. E. A. Coulson and Mr. J. Idris Jones lectured on “Research on Coal Tar” (see summary on p. 223). Mr. W. D. Williams the Chairman of the Section for the 1945-46 Session was introduced by the retiring Chairman Mr. P. V. Lloyd. r 209 1 Professor J. W. Cook F.R.S. lectured on “Colchicine-Its Chemistry and Some Biological Effects” on 23rd November at University College Cardiff (see summary on p. 225). This meeting and the one at Newport were held jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry and the Chemical Society.East Ang1ia.-At the Norwich Cit; College on 16th November the Section resumed its meetings after its enforced wartime inactivity when Dr. Donald Matheson H.M. Inspector of Factories Engineering and Chemical Branch delivered a lecture illustrated with lantern slides on “Protection from Poisons in Industry.” East Midlands.-On 20th September Professor I. M. Heilbron D.S.O. F.R.S. Vice-president opened the session with a lecture on “D.D.T.” This meeting held in the Welbeck Hotel Nottingham was well attended and reminded us of pre-war meetings. The October meeting was held at Derby and was addressed by Mr. Wilson on “The Work of the Railway Chemist.” The November Meeting was addressed by Dr. Wayne who took as his subject “Some Applications of Chemistry to Medicine.” This meeting took place in Nottingham and considering the foggy weather was well attended.The Committee have held two meetings and have discussed means available for bringing the lectures to the notice of a larger number of people. They have decided to commence the meetings at 7.15 p.m. in future instead of 7 p.m. They would also like to return as soon as possible to the earlier custom of welcoming new Associates and presenting the certificates at the first convenient meeting after their election. Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-During November two meetings of the Section were held. On 8th November Dr. I. A. Preece lectured to a’large audience which included many members of the Scottish Sections of the Institute of Brewing and the Incorporated Brewers’ Guild on “Some Aspects of Brewing Research.” A synopsis of Dr.Preece’s lecture will be found in Chemistry and Industry of 24th November p. 364. On 27th November P,rofessor G. D. Preston lectured on “The Structure and Chemistry of Metallic Crystals. Glasgow and West of Scotland.-A joint meeting of Chemical Societies was held in the Royal Technical College Glasgow on 5th October presided over by Mr. J. W. Skilling Chairman Glasgow Section Society of Chemical Industry. Professor H. W. Melville F.R.S. of Aberdeen University lectured on “The Structure and Synthesis of Vinyl Plastics.” On 12th October members attended by invitation a meeting of the Scottish Section Society of Dyers and Colourists held in the Royal Technical College Glasgow.Mr. J. Muir Chairman of the Section presided. A lecture entitled “Molecular Relations between Wool and the Plastics.” was given by Professor W. T. Astbury F.K.S. The Annual General Meeting of the Section took place in the Ca’doro Restaurant Glasgow on 26th October with Mr. J. W. Hawley (Dumfries) in the chair. Dr. J. McLean Hon. Treasurer submitted the Section’s Accounts and when the matter of the ’ per capita grant raised by Dr. F. R. Storrie had been referred to the Committee the Report was accepted on the motion of Mr. J. W. Skilling seconded by Dr. F. Rumford. The Hon. Secretary’s Report referred to the various joint meetings held during the Session 1944-45 and to the much appreciated visit of the President Professor Alexander Findlay and to his address on “Professional Matters,” which followed the Annual General Meeting.Reference was also made to Mr. J. Haslam’s refresher lecture on “Analytical Chemistry in an Industrial Laboratory.” Mr. J. W. Kerr was thanked for his work as District Member of Council. The number of members in the Section is about 480,with some 50 student members. The adoption of the Report was moved by Dr. J. C. Eaton seconded by Dr. G. D. Muir. Mr. A. R. Jamieson City Analyst Glasgow and Vice-chairman of the Section reported on the work of the Benevolent Fund and asked for continued support. Election of Office-Bearers Nominations had been received for the following Chairman Mr. J. W. Hawley; Vice-chairman Mr. A. R. Jamieson; Hon.Treasurer Dr. J. McLean; Hon. Secretary Mr. H. G. A. Anderson; Committee Dr. J. C. Eaton Mr. S. M. Boden. The Chairman thanked the retiring members of Committee Mr. J. R. M. Duncan and Mr. A. N. Harrow also Mr. A. R. Jamieson the Section’s Almoner and Dr. T. S. Stevens Hon. Auditor. Following the business members were privileged to hear an address from Sir Robert H. Pickard F.R.S. Past-President on “Professional Affairs.” Many interesting points were raised and a good discussion followed. The vote of thanks to our guest moved by Mr. J. W. Kerr was warmly acclaimed. l210 1 On 2nd November a joint meeting of the three Chartered Chemical Bodies preside d over by Mr. J. W. Hawley was held in the Royal Technical College Glasgow. The meeting arranged by the Glasgow Section Royal Institute of Chemistry took the form of a discussion on “The Training of a Chemist.” It was led by Dr.Hugh B. Nisbet of Heriot Watt College Edinburgh supported by Professor J. W. Cook F.R.S. Professor W. M. Cumming and Dr. J. W. McDavid. The discussion which followed the addresses was sustained by Dr. G. D. Muir Dr. D. Traill Dr. J. McLean Dr. F. R. Storrie and Mr. J. W. Kerr. It was an especial pleasure to have with us Dr. W. Cullen London and to hear his views. A hearty vote of thanks was accorded to Dr. H. B. Nisbet on the motion of Dr. D. Traill. A joint meeting of the three Chartered Chemical Bodies arranged by the Chemical Society was held in the Royal Technical College Glasgow on 16th November Professor J.M. Robertson F.R.S. occupying the chair. Professor J. M. Gulland F.R.S. lectured on “Polynucleotides and Nucleoproteins,” and the vote of thanks proposed by Pro- fessor J. w. Cook F.R.S. was enthusiastically carried. Huddersfie1d.-At a meeting on 9th October under the Chairmanship of Mr. T. A. Simmons a discussion was held on (1) The proposed changes in the By-laws concerning the Constitution of the Council and method of nomination and election of Members of Council and (2) The Economic Welfare of members. The discussion was opened by Dr. A. E. Everest and representatives of the Leeds Section were also present. Dr. Everest briefly indicated the way in which the present constitution of Council had been arrived at. He did not agree with the opinion of the Special Committee that Council was too large and he did not think that the business of the Institute could be carried on with a Council of the proposed size.If this were agreed the question then arose as to whether Council had too many Sectional representatives and whether these representatives should really represent the Districts or Sections concerned. In the discussion which followed several speakers were of the opinion that Council was not too large particularly when the number of Committees was taken into consideration. There was considerable perturbation at the suggestion that District Members should be replaced by Regional Members as it was considered that such a system would be detri- mental to the well being of the Institute as a whole. Whilst the function of District Members as representatives of Districts and Sections had not been defined the existence of this direct avenue of approach to Council had in fact been accepted by individual members by Sections and by the District Members themselves.The opinion of the meeting was crystallised in a resolution proposed by Mr. R. J. S. Thompson and seconded by Mr. H. S. Peacocke “That this meeting considers that Section representation should be continued and where necessary extended and that the elected representative should consider it an essential part of his duty to bring to the notice of Council the views of his Section.” This resolution was passed unanimously and the Secretary was instructed to forward it for submission to Council. A discussion on the Economic Welfare of Members followed.A number of speakers were of the opinion that the Institute was losing the interest of some of its members and failing to attract potential members because of the lack of concrete evidence of the interest of the Institute in economic matters. It was pointed out that the Institute did in fact take a considerable interest in such matters and had in many cases taken effective action. It had not been the policy of the Institute however to publish details of such cases so that there was some difficulty in giving definite answers to prospective members. It was suggested that Council would have to consider whether the interest of members would be served by the formation of an unemployment and health insurance scheme.It was believed that a scheme could be evolved which would work and would be economically sound. It was pointed out that any such proposal would have to be considered in conjunction with possible Government schemes and an Institute scheme might be redundant. The question of the formation of a legal assist- ance scheme was also raised and one speaker considered that there was a need for a scheme on the lines of that run by the British Association of Chemists. It was pointed out that the Institute preferred to achieve results indirectly by legal advice or other means and had been successful in many cases in bringing about a conclusion satisfactory to its members without direct legal action. The following resolution was proposed by Mr. White and seconded by Dr.Connor and carried unanimously “That this meeting views with interest the formation of the Committee on Economic Status and Welfare and urges that an early report be forthcoming on the matters raised at the 1945 Conference of Honorary Secretaries.” [ 211 J At a meeting of the Section held on 6th November in Field’s Cafk under the Chair- manship of Mr. T. A. Simmons Mr. C. Whalley deputising for Mr. E. J. Vaughan gave a lecture on “The Application of Absorptiometric Methods to Microanalysis.” The lecture was illustrated by lantern slides and by examples of the special types of appara- tus used and was followed by a good discussion. Leeds Area.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at the University of Leeds on 5th November.The Chairman Mr. H. M. Mason welcomed the President Professor Alexander Findlay who was paying his third visit to the Section during his term of office. He also welcomed Mr. G. Brearley District Member of Council for Liverpool and the North-West,‘ and the representatives of the Huddersfield Section who were present by invitation. A hearty vote of thanks was accorded to Mr. G. J. Denbigh for his valuable and untiring service as District Member of Council during the three years ended in March last. The Hon. Secretary in presenting the report recalled that the Section had con-tinued to function throughout the whole period of the war in spite of the difficulties of black-out and transport and he thanked the members of the Section whose loyalty and co-operation had made this possible.It was hoped that in twelve months’ time the facilities for social functions would again be normal so that the jubilee of the Section might then be celebrated in a fitting manner. The report and financial statement were adopted. Dr. H. Burton Mr. A. C. Francis Mr. C. H. Manley and Dr. P. D. Ritchie were elected to the Committee and Messrs. J. T. Thompson and A. Woodmansey were re- elected as Hon. Auditors. The following resolution was moved by the Hon. Secretary on behalf of the Com- mittee and seconded by Mr. G. J. Denbigh:-“That this Section considers that the system of direct representation of Sections upon the Council should be retained and where necessary extended.” The Committee had discussed the proposed changes in the By-Laws in the light of what the President had told the Section twelve months ago and the discussion which had taken place at the Conference of Hon.Secretaries. It was strongly felt that the principle of direct representation of Sections upon the Council was vital to the well-being of the Institute and that however sympathetic the Council might be in consideration of resolutions sent up through other channels nothing could adequately take the place of the feeling of the ordinary member that his views would be voiced directly by someone who was sent to the Council for that purpose. The idea that the Council was mainly an administrative body charged with the duty of carrying out policy laid down by the Annual General Meeting was not acceptable because it was felt that in practice the Council was the place where all matters pertaining to the welfare of the Institute were fully thrashed out.There was disagreement with the view that the Council was too large and in any case if this were an evil at all it was a lesser evil than the abolition of the direct link between the member and the Council which seemed to be envisaged in the proposals. At present nine District Members of Council repre- sented one Section each and five represented two Sections; it was realised that it would not be reasonable in all circumstances to expect every Section to have its own District Member but it was very important that the principle of representation by Sections should be retained and that there should be provision for its increase as the growth of Sections warranted.Dr. E. H. Goodyear said that the Huddersfield Section were in full agreement with this view and had sent a resolution to Council on the same lines. Mr. Brearley spoke from experience of the practical difficulties attending representation of members scattered over a wide area. The President said that the original proposals for regions to be regarded purely as electoral districts and not necessarily conterminous with Section boundaries was likely to be abandoned and it would then be correct to substitute the word “District” for the word “Regional” in the draft By-Laws. He also pointed out that there was provision for the increase in the number of district repre- sentatives at any time by resolution of the Annual General Meeting and it was con- sidered that this provision might very well be exercised as and when the number of Sections increased.The resolution was carried by a majority a number of members abstaining. Dr. Consden moved and Mr. Middlebrook seconded that :-“In view of the decisions of Council on the 23rd July 1943 and 20th April 1945 concerning collaboration between Sections of the Royal Institute of Chemistry and other bodies such as the Association of Scientific Workers and the British Association of Chemists this Annual General Meeting considers that the Leeds Section should undertake joint scientific activities with the Leeds Branch of the Association of Scientific Workers where these activities are of interest to the members of both organisations.” The promoters of the resolution referred to the decisions of Council whereby local Sections were permitted to hold joint r 212 1 meetings with bodies such as the A.Sc.W.provided that these were confined to purely scientific matters. They pointed out that the A.Sc.W. had the support of many eminent scientists in activities which dealt with the social relations of science such as the pro- motion of scientific films and conferences on scientific education and considered that scientists should not hold too rigidly to their attitude of being scientists only. They desired collaboration with the Institute in those matters which were equally of interest to both bodies. The Hon. Secretary said that this proposal had been carefully considered by the Committee on two occasions.He pointed out that it would involve a reversal of the policy which had been deliberately pur‘sued locally by the three Chartered Bodies of not holding joint meetings as such. It had always been thc practice for each society to arrange its own meetings to suit the requirements and convenience of its own members and then to invite the members of the other organisa- tions to attend and it was felt that this system by ensuring that the interests of the members of the society concerned received first consideration was preferable to a system of joint meetings which always involved compromise. There were practical difficulties in the way of extending invitations of this character to organisations which were not exclusively chemical and since it was the policy of the A.Sc.W.to recommend their members to join the professional organisations appropriate to the various sciences it was felt that all local A.Sc.W. chemists would as members of one of the three Char- tered Bodies receive invitations to our meetings in any case. The President pointed out that it was impossible for the Institute to ally itself in any way with organisations which had avowed political objectives. Other speakers suggested that the system of invitation if practicable would adequately meet the A.Sc. W.’s request and that there was no need to press for joint meetings. The resolution was defeated by a large majority. Professor Challenger raised the question of the official responsibility of the Institute for refresher courses which were now under consideration by a special committee.The President said that while the immediate question was whether the Institute should organise full-time courses lasting for about a week which would appeal to large numbers of chemists from various parts of the country there was no reason why Local Sections should not organise evening courses for one or two hours a week extending over a period, such as was already done by the Yorkshire County Advisory Committee for Chemistry. The meeting was interested in the proposals and welcomed the consideration of the subject by the Council. Mr. Trefor Davies drew attention to the disabilities which some members suffered in connection with superannuation and insurance schemes in their employment. The existence of such schemes was not universal among business firms and it was not usually possible for a member who changed his employment to carry with him the superannua- tion benefits which had accumulated under the scheme of his previous firm.He wished to ask that the Welfare Committee should examine these matters carefully and report to the Council as to whether some more unified scheme was practicable. The President undertook that this should be done. A hearty vote of thanks to the President for the interest which he had showed in the Section by visiting it three times during his term of office was moved by Mr. Denbigh and carried with acclamation. Liverpool and North-Western.-The second joint meeting of the Session was held in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre University of Liverpool on 4th October at 7.30 p.m.Mr. G. Brearley was in the Chair and dispatched the business rapidly. In memory of Mr. E. Gabriel Jones the audience stood for a few seconds. Alterations to the Section Rules 4 and 14 recommended by the Committee were proposed seconded and carried; in due course the alterations will be submitted to the Council for approval. The retiring Chairman introduced the new one Mr. P. N. Williams who delivered the Chairman’s Address “The Chemist as a Soldier-a Story of the Special Brigade R.E.” (see summary p. 219). Mr. T. E. Fore on behalf of members of the Special Brigade proposed and Mr. G. W. Beaumont Past-Chairman of the Section seconded a vote of thanks to the Chairman. On 19th October 1945 many members accepted the invitation of the Liverpool Section of the Society of Chemical Industry to hear the Hurter Memorial Lecture “Photography in Colour,” by Dr.H. Baines President of the Royal Photographic Society and Deputy-Director of Research Kodak Ltd. The lecture was illustrated by many examples and the subject-matter was divided into two sections one dealing with the additive processes and the other with the subtractive processes of which the latter were shown to be superior. [ 213 ] Londcn and South-Eastern Counties.-“The Publicity of Science,” with par- ticular reference to Chemistry was the subject of a Discussion held on Saturday after- noon 20th October at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. The contributions which the press exhibitions films and broadcasting are making and could make and the part which scientists should play were discussed.In his vote of thanks to the speakers which was suitably acclaimed Mr. A. L. Bacharach reminded the audience that the public had to pay for science and therein lay the necessity for pub- licising it. A report of the discussion appears as a special article on p. 216. A very successful Social Dance was held on the evening of Saturday 17th November at The Oak Restaurant 18 Kensington High Street W.8. All tickets were sold well before the event and the profits amounting to about i30 will be handed to the Benevolent Fund. The Annual General Meeting was held in the Lecture Theatre of the Pharmaceutical Society on 21st November.Officers and Committee were elected as follows :-Chairman G. L. Riddell; Vice-Chairmen A. L. Bacharach and S. G. E. Stevens; Hon. Secretary J. G. A. Griffiths; Hon. Treasurer J. Stewart Cook; Members F. H. Banfield S. H. Biggs J. H. Bowes L. C. Chadwick D. &I. Freeland E. A. W. Hebdon C. W. Herd F. C. Hymas J. Lawrence W. J. Mansell F.B.Marmoy T. McLachlan J. L. Pinder J. W. Price S.Stevens S. M. Tritton B. E. Waye H. C. S. de Whalley. The District Member of Council H. Baines was re-elected subject to the concurrence of the East Anglian Section. The Honorary Auditors P. L. Bilham and C. L. Claremont were re-elected with acclamation. Following the business meeting the President opened a discussion on “The Con- stitution of the Council.” He said that at present the Council consisted of 50 members including the President six Vice-presidents 27 General Members and 15 District Members.The Iatter number was not fixed and could be altered by a General Meeting. In the new proposals (see JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1945 Part I p. 40),the term “Regional Member” had caused some apprehension but it was meant to be synonymous with District Member. The latter were not and had never been representatives of the Districts which elect them or of the Sections; their functions were identical with those of General Members. Sub-division of larger Sections was envisaged in the future. It was proposed that members of Council should remain in office for three years without re-election; one-third would retire in rotation every year and the total number should therefore be a multiple of three.The general discussion that followed revealed general approval of the proposals. The following are among the points made by one or more speakers. There might be only two Vice-presidents the senior of whom would automatically become the next President. The present method of electing Officers might be abandoned in favour of election either by the Council or by the members who in the latter event should have the right of making nominations. The number of signatures required for a nomination to Council might be reduced to six but there would then be a danger of having too many candidates for a few vacancies. There were arguments for and against Council’s nominees being indicated by asterisks but there was a general plea for much fuller information concerning candidates for Council.Local differences in industries facilities for further education etc. justified district representation and the proposed increase in the ratio of District to General Members would improve contact with private members. A Member of Council might be appointed to look after the interests of Registered Students. On the basis of the ratio of members in London to the total membership London was if anything under-represented on the Council. The President replied in detail to questions raised in the discussion. Regarding nominations by the Council he pointed out that this enabled the Council to ensure that all branches of Chemistry were represented. The suggestion of reducing the number of members of Council originated in the Council itself.If as an alternative to reducing the size of the Council a larger part of its work were dealt with by Committees the Council would tend to become a rubber stamp. The meeting concluded with a very hearty vote of thanks to the President for stating the issues so clearly and for answering members’ questions. Manchester and District.-A joint meeting with the Society of Chemical Industry and the Chemical Society was held on 29th October at the Engineers’ Club Manchester. Mr. J. T. Marsh was Chairman and Mr. F. P. Dunn Vice-president and Chairman of the Publications and Library Committee of the Institute gave a paper on “Publications of the Three Chartered Bodies.” A most interesting discussion ensued in which the [ 214 1 following took part :-Dr.Lampitt Chairman of the Bureau of Abstracts Mr. Bird Assistant Editor of the Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists Dr. Ward Dr. Withers and Messrs. J. S. Evans Silvester and Brightman. Some 140-160 members gathered at the Engineers’ Club on 15th November to hear Mr. R. B. Pilcher O.B.E. who was making a welcome return visit to Manchester. As is now customary the meeting proper was preceded by an informal dinner Mr. Pilcher gave a most enjoyable talk on “Chemists 1892-1944.” A vote of thanks was proposed by Dr. C. J. T. Cronshaw. South Wales.-On 1st December a joint meeting of the Section with the South Wales Branch of the Institute of Physics was held at University College Swansea Dr.J. H. Shaxby presiding. Dr. W. C. Price Meldola Medallist gave an interesting and instructive lecture on “Some Industrial Applications of Spectroscopy” to an appreciative audience of about 80 members and visitors. Tees-side Section.-On Saturday afternoon 27th October Professor F. Challenger, of the University of Leeds addressed a large meeting of the Section at Norton Hall Norton-on-Tees (by kind permission of the Directors of I.C.I. (Billingham)) on “Recent Investigations on Biological MethyIation.” The lecture was followed by a keen dis- cussion. Following the resignation of Mr. Rutter as a member of the Committee of the Section Dr. A. R. Martin has been elected to fill the casual vacancy thus caused. On 28th November Mr. A. L. Bacharach Vice-president delivered a very interesting illustrated lecture on “Recent Developments in Vitamin Chemistry” at the William Newton School Norton-on-Tees to a large attendance of members and guests.An animated discussion followed. New Zealand.-The joint Annual Conference of the Section and the New Zealand Institute of Chemistry held at Palmerston North on 28th-30th August (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part V p. 171) had an extensive programme including symposia on “Physical Methods,” “Soil Plant and Animal Relationships,” “Fluorine,” and “Industrial Processes.” Many of the papers had specific reference to conditions and developments in New Zealand e.g. “Molybdenum Deficiency in a Wellington Soil,” by E. B. Davies; “Fluorine Survey of New Zealand Soils,’:,by G.D. Gemmell; “Fluorine Survey of New Zealand Waters,” by G. Chamberlain; Chemical Engineering in New Zealand,” by S. R. Siemon ; “Possibilities of Manufacturing Glucose in New Zealand,” by W. L. M. Dearsley. Other papers were of a more general character and covered various aspects of such subjects as breadmaking fattening of pigs contamination of butter and fruit and vegetable dehydration. The Section held its own business meeting in the afternoon of 28th August and in the evening the Chairman of the Section Dr. H. E. Annett gave his address entitled “Sidelights on the Development of Agricultural Science.” In this address Dr. Annett surveyed the development of agricultural science in England discussed the methods used in the investigation of several interesting problems with which he had been concerned in India and referred to agricultural developments in New Zealand in the light of his later experience as a practical farmer.Dr. J. C. Andrews President of the New Zealand Institute of Chemistry who is now in England gave his address entitled “Food and Food Technology,” in the evening of 29th August. Anniversary Luncheon and Annual General Meeting of the Institute 1946.-Arrangements are being made to hold an Anniversary Luncheon of the Institute at the Savoy Hotel Strand London W.C.2 immediately before the Annual General Meeting on Tuesday 12th March 1946. Further particulars will be announced later. The Publicity of Science With particular reference to Chemistry Report of discussion held by the London and S.E.Counties Section of the Royal Institute of Chemistry on 20th October 1945 Science and the Press 0. J. R. HOWARTH, O.B.E. D.Sc. Secretary British Association for the Advancement of Science. There is an increasing public interest in science for which neither science nor the press is as yet making adequate provision. The problem of doing so reveals several difficulties and raises various questions of method. It is probably fair to say that education has not caught up with the interests of the people. The languages of the sciences are unfamiliar and scientists do not always realise this. Among scientists gifted exponents to the lay public are uncommon; among journalists those of scientific training sufficient to fit them as scientific correspondents are as yet not numerous.There are several possible methods not mutually exclusive of improving press news of science. It can be done (with the assent of editors) by qualified writers either free- lance or as scientific representatives of particular newspapers or agencies. As for agencies there are the great general news agencies ; but apart from these the question has often been discussed whether there is room in this country for a scientific news service such as exists in America. The American Science News Service is a strong and efficient organisation. The field for syndicated news in America is wide it has been asserted whether justifiably or not that in this country it is not wide enough to sustain a separate science news agency.However this may be it seems that the time is oppor- tune for a practical review of the whole question. How should this be initiated? Probably initiation does not lie with science but if from the side of the press there should come a strongly-backed request for help in the provision of authoritative scientific news this ought not to find science unresponsive. Exhibitions 0. F. BROWN, M.A. B.Sc. Chief Information Officer Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. Exhibitions provide the most satisfying form of publicity media. It is essential for the scientist and the display artist to work with full mutual understanding. The presentation of an exhibition develops a man’s confidence and as self-confidence is essential to the successful research worker the participation in producing exhibits could be justified for this reason alone.A good exhibit must attract attention hold interest and leave a lasting impression; these desiderata apply to the complete exhibit or its component parts. The exhibition stand should be designed to suit the exhibit and not the exhibit to suit the stand. It should be dignified in line and colour scheme. As the exhibits tell the story in a scientific exhibition the stand should help them to do it without being the object of prime attention. The style in arrangement should suggest a Bond Street shop window rather than a bargain basement. Nothing is more depres- sing than a row of specimen bottles often with bad labels which serves too often for a chemical exhibit.Rather place the specimens on a velvet throne and light them attractively in order that the world may know that here is something unusual that is worth attention. Movement always provides an added attraction and it can be in- troduced effectively into unlikely exhibits. During the Glasgow Exhibition the engineering data for a range of steels were portrayed by simple working models which illustrated the forces steel has to withstand-bending fatigue impact wear-and under each model were the charted data of the property with an appropriate colour scheme for their presentation. Demonstrations are a sure means of exciting interest but they tend to be messy and suffer from discontinuity. Short loops of film about 150 feet running continuously for 3 to 4 minutes may well be used to illustrate laboratory processes instead of the more expensive demonstrations.Films are shown by back projection on to ground glass screens. Dioramas are always attractive but are unduly expensive for short term exhibitions for which good artistic large cut-out photographs serve admirably. Devices for the L 216 1 fading of one object into another by suitable arrangements of lighting and reflectors have great possibilities for illustrating the changes which a substance undergoes. It may well pay the larger display firms to employ a few physicists or chemists to adapt physical and chemical phenomena for display equipment. Interest is always aroused if the visitor to an exhibition is allowed to do something for himself by pressing a button or turning a handle.By such means the visitor can give himself a “lecturette,” but this must not be long or involved if he is to leave with a lasting impression. Exhibitions serve to make new contacts and it is essential therefore that the demonstrator should know his job and possess the right personality. An informal Society or Group for people interested in publicity for science might be formed to learn from each other’s mistakes and successes. Films GEORGEA. JoNEs,M.A.,A.R.I.C. F.R.P.S. Scientific Film Association. The average boy who leaves school at 14 has by the age of 25 or 30,if he is a regular cinema-goer spent more time in a cinema than he did at school. He has experienced through his most impressionable years the regular impact of a medium far more power- ful than the spoken word alone-a medium which can present matter with a force and directness which can be staggering; one which uses the combined effects of motion colour and sound and which can use the special methods of demonstration provided by animated diagrams cartoons and other devices.Yet on the whole this boy has not been informed on any point of science. His mental picture of the scientist is probably of a mysterious figure akin to the Medicine Man of Africa who lives a secluded life among “chemicals,” glassware and sparking electrodes evidently “making magic.” He does not connect this in any way with the clothes he wears the food he eats or any of the other facts of his daily life which depend so much on science.So the powers and the dangers of this publicity medium are at once apparent. That the need for information on science in the form of films is appreciated by some part of the general public is evident from the formation of scientific film societies throughout the country. In 1938 there were two of these-London and Aberdeen. Now there are very many in all parts of Britain some small informal groups some restricted to par- ticular factories or organisations some open societies recruiting members from the public. Many of these last have memberships’running intohundreds and still growing fast. Unfortunately most of the films availablk have been designed primarily for training propaganda or advertising purposes. It is fortunate that many of the so-called docu- mentary and instructional films have in fact dealt with the relation between science and our daily lives.The instructional films have treated this factually while the documentaries have been more concerned with interpretation. Many of the latter though in no way designed as scientific publicity have exhibited a true scientific out- look in their treatment. Nevertheless there is still a very real need for interpretive films which explain the meaning and methods of science to the community at large. There are therefore two tasks awaiting the film-maker first to replace the un- scientific and pseudo-scientific films by new ones based on a true scientific outlook; secondly to produce new films dealing not only with scientific technology but also with the essentials and meaning of science and its effect upon the modern world.Some films already do this; those in which chemistry are concerned include “D.D.T.,” “How Gas is Made,” “Oil from the Earth,” “Enough to Eat,” “Malaria,” “Conquest of a Germ,” “Distillation,” “It comes from Coal,” and many others. One additional point should not be ignored. When films of this type are made they will no doubt be of value to scientists themselves just as much as to the rest. It is too easily forgotten that science is not a type of learning so much as a way of thought. We need interpretive films to bring home to scientists themselves the wider part they play-that they are not only experts in certain technical subjects but also specialists in the logical detached examination of facts and the making of deductions from those facts.The place of films in the publicity of science will not have been filled until it is recognised by scientists and non-scientists alike that scientific method can and must be applied to matters far outside those covered in the science text-books as they now stand. Broadcasting VINCENTALFORD Acting Assistant Director of Talks B.B.C. In common with other media of publicity broadcasting shares the power to interpret the expert to the less expert. It was well called “The globe-spredd net of speeded intercourse,” by Robert Bridges in The Testament of Beauty for its characteristic is I 217 1 instantaneous nation-wide coverage. It has the unique advantage of bringing the thoughts words and personality of distinguished men and women into the home of the listener.The B.B.C. accepts the responsibility of presenting science to the citizen and in so doing of ensuring the highest standards of accuracy. Apart from the news function of reporting scientific progress science is projected into the radio programme by “features” and talks. Feature technique calls for the employment of script writers to dramatise aspects of science actors to impersonate scientists and for music and effects to heighten the dramatic impression. By contrast a broadcast talk is the unadorned spoken word of the speaker or those participating in a discussion. The feature programme has a wider appeal than the straight talk and herein is the justifica- tion for the efforts it demands.The producer of a feature theme seeks the advice of a consultant who makes out a reading list and is usually very helpful in turning out laboratory and library to assist the )reduction. The draft script is discussed by pro- ducer and adviser in detail so there should be no excuse for inaccuracies. No considera-tion of dramatisation sensationalism or mere entertainment should deflect the producer from his aim. The advantage of such treatment is to bring the past tense of scientific history into the present tense of the playlet. But features and talks are complementary for whilst the former have a wide audience the latter are better for explaining points. Speakers for talks should be selected for their ability to take infinite pains to interpret their subject in a language that at once rouses interest and remains intelligible.It is the job of the producer to size up the speaker and to assess the ability of the audience to comprehend his talk. Experience shows that it is easier to ensure good broadcasts on physics or biology than on chemistry. Chemistry pre-supposes the knowledge of a basic vocabulary which is not learned in the elementary schools and which cannot be taken for granted. It may be considered that the ration of science in the Talks Pro- grammes is not enough but in the congested Home Service schedules science has to compete with politics sociology so-called service talks art and much else in a quota above the extent of which the listener will not devote attention. There has been difficulty in disarming the scientist’s fear of publicity and it is often a burden for a busy research worker to turn his mind to the presentation of material for a non-learned audience.There is evidence fortunately that this position is altering judging by the help the B.B.C. has received from those it has approached for talks pro- grammes. Schools must not be excluded in this consideration of talks. Over a period of years an efficient stream of science broadcasts for schools has been flowing to combine with the teachers to assist them to build up an appreciation of science in the next generation. At present two broadcast projects merit consideration-Science Magazine, on the Home Service every fortnight and Science Notebook in the short wave overseas service.Contributors to the discussion which followed included members of the scientific and technical press and individuals directly concerned with films and broadcasting. The following were among the views expressed :-Scientists were to be blamed in part for unsatisfactory reports on scientific matters in the Press because of their dislike of publicity and their attitude to those who tried to make such matters easier for the layman to understand. Scientists who could write well should be encouraged to do so. Some good advice was given to scientists in Dr. Kenneth Mellanby’s recent book Human Guinea Pigs when he suggested that they should give interviews to journalists and take the reporter into their confidence; but it was unwise to make extensive statements by telephone.To censor scientific news was impracticable because a vacuum was created which tended to fill with unreliable information; the instance of penicillin was a case in point. The “pipe-line” connecting the scientific world and the Press was too narrow and despite the “atomic bomb” news no fundamental change of heart in Fleet Street seemed to have occurred. Apart from the scientific language barrier the level of education of the science writer presented a problem as also did the fact that information had to pass through several stages of digestion before it was published in the lay Press; there was little evidence that news- paper editors realised the existence of a great public interest in scientific matters. The Press should retain the services of a man with a good general knowledge of the sciences as a scientific editor-one who knew where and to whom to go for checking news arising in any branch of scientific work; he should be able to rely on the professional and learned societies for aid.The Press should consider the desirability of ceasing to ridicule the scientist as a venerable absent-minded figure of fun. In exhibitions charted data were of limited value; the visitor should have pamphlets to carry away for future reference. The 1951 Exhibition already mooted should he supported by the professional institutes of the sciences. c 218 1 Historical and biographical films of sciences and scientists should be encouraged. The disadvantage was the cost roughly Ll,200 for a sound film running ten minutes.Most of the scientific films were sponsored by industry which could not be expected to pay for films about scientists or dealing with the fundamentals of the sciences however desirable they were in the general interest. The Ministry of Education together with the learned and professional scientific bodies could assist in these productions. The opinion was expressed that broadcasting provided the best means of the day for publicising science. The success of “Science Magazine” depended upon the scientists who wrote the scripts; in these scripts one idea at a time should be transmitted in a concise manner. It would be an improvement if advance details of “Science Magazine” were published. Discussion groups for scientific broadcasts should be encouraged in local areas by the Sectional Committees of professional organisations.Questions put to the B.B.C. were did they have an advisory panel of scientists; and had liaison been created with scientific societies ? SUMMARIES OF LECTURES The Chemist as a Soldier-A Story of the Special Brigade R.E. By P. N. \VILLIAMS ?oI.Sc. F.K.I.C. [Liverpool and North-Western Section Chairman’s Address 4th October 1945.1 During the 1914-1918 war a large number of chemists served in the Special Brigade Royal Engineers. The Brigade was formed at Helfaut near St. Omer in the summer of 1915 and many of the young chemists who had joined to carry out work in a chemical laboratory were surprised to find themselves carrying 120-lb. cylinders of chlorine in trenches and fixing on pipes to the cylinders to discharge gas against the Germans.The first action of the Brigade and the first discharge of poison gas by the British Army took place prior to the infantry assault at the Battle of Loos. Five thousand cylinders of chlorine were placed in emplacements fixed under or against the parapet of the front line trench. The gas was discharged through an iron pipe 8-10 ft. long, thrown over the top of the trench and connected by a flexible copper or rigid iron pipe to the cylinder. The attack was only partially successful owing to the variability of the direction and low velocity of the wind. Each cylinder took two minutes to empty and by having about 20 cylinders every 25 yards and turning on one or two of each group at a time it was possible to send a continuous cloud of gas across to the enemy for 40 minutes.The connections also proved leaky and these were greatly improved by the use of rubber hose in place of the flexible pipe and later by having four cylinders connected through a manifold to one parapet pipe. Immediately prior to the Battle of the Somme chlorine which had been the only gas available in quantity was replaced by a mixture of chlorine and phosgene which was far more lethal so much so that even some of the Brigade fell victims to the delayed action after inhaling the gas from slight leaks. A unique attack was that made at Monchy au Bois in July 1916 with a mixture of hydrogen sulphide and carbon disulphide the latter being added to increase the density and keep the gas wave near the ground.The mixture had to be stored in cylinders at three times the pressure of chlorine and this higher pressure led to some of the connections bursting. Hydrogen sulphide had a very lethal action. Our own casualties who received slight doses became delirious those who received more severe doses became comatose and the fatal casualties heavily cyanosed. Records show that the Germans suffered particularly heavily from this attack. Later during the war gas was discharged electrically from cylinders stacked in railway waggons shunted to positions immediately behind our temporarily evacuated lines. A most important development was the discharge of gas in bombs fired from a steel tube closed at one end. This device was due to Major Livens and was known as the Livens projector.About twenty of these bombs could be fired by propellant charges connected to an electric exploder. When 2,000-3,000 were fired simultaneously into a small area the suddenness and the high concentration of gas prevented the use of adequate protective measures by the enemy. Other sections of r 2191 the Brigadc discharged gas and smoke bombs from trench mortars and a few attacks were also made with liquid fire. Besides the gases mentioned sulphur chloride chloro- picrin and ethyl iodoacetate were also used. In 1918 the Brigade helped as infantry to stem the German advance. A number of the original chemist members of the Brigade had returned to this country in 1916 and 1917 to assist in munitions production and research.During the war 768 operations \\-ere carried out by the Brigade which suffered over 5,000 casualties and its members received 557 decorations. Probably the Brigade inflicted not less than 200,000 casualties on the Germans. It might be thought that with effective masks gas would be an ineffective weapon but under war conditions it is impossible to maintain masks in an efficient condition and to ensure that they are always used satisfactorily. The British gas offensive weapon was easily the most efficient of those of all the combatants and its record in the 1914-1918 war was probably a deterrent to the use of gas by the enemy in the war which has just concluded. The improved recognition of the importance of chemists in industry brought about by societies like our own led to chemists being mainly engaged on the home front in the recent war but there is no doubt that if called upon our younger members would have upheld the record of those who were members of the Special Brigade.Protein Fibres By DOROTHY M.A. D.Sc. F.R.I.C. JORDAN-LLOYD [Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section at Edinburgh 11th October 1945.1 H I Proteins are natural polymers. The repeating unit in the polymer is ('4-N-dRk but R may be a hydrogen atom or a side chain projecting up to 11A. Moreover, R may be polar or non-polar. Long polymeric molecules if free from constraining forces will not in general be in the fully extended position but will assume a crumpled and irregular disposition with an overall length considerably less than the extended length.The average configuration will be the one giving maximum entropy. The average overall length of the crumpled polymer will depend on the number of atoms directly linked to make the chain the angle of rotation of the valency bonds connecting the atoms and the presence of polar groups. Fibres are solid bodies which have considerable length and very little breadth Although it is generally taken for granted that in fibres the long polymeric molecules lie in an extended configuration parallel to the fibre axis this is not always so. For instance in nylon the molecules in the molten polymer are lying in any and every possible configuration with an average form giving maximum entropy and in the extruded filament they are also considerably disorientated as shown by the fact that these filaments give a disorientated crystalline X-ray diagram and swell if at all to almost the same proportion in length and in diameter.Only after stretching the filament does the X-ray diagram indicate alignment of extended polymeric molecules parallel to the fibre axis and in these stretched fibres swelling in the radial direction is always considerably greater than in the axial direction. The long polymeric molecules of fibres only stay in the fully extended or any other regular configuration by forming cross bonds with each other; there is then a balance of forces. The kinetic energy of the individual atoms forming the long chain or back- bone tends to change regular order to disorder with loss of overall length; the energy of the lateral bonds tends to hold backbone to backbone at certain fixed positions.As long as the latter are greater than the former the fully-extended configuration will persist but if the former become greater than the latter the lateral cross-bonds will break and the fully-extended (or regularly folded) backbones will crumple until maximum entropy is reached. In nylon where the molecule consists of short straight hydrocarbon chains alternating with peptide links the only possible lateral link is a direct backbone link from the carbonyl group of one peptide link to the imino group of an adjacent one. This link is a co-ordinate or in more fashionable parlance a hydrogen bond. The protein polymers are more complex in pattern than the nylon polymer; the peptide links are separated from each other only by a single carbon atom but as mentioned above this carries a projecting side chain which may be non-polar or polar in character.Long non-polar side chains will fend off the protein backbones from each other and prevent the formation of the direct backbone carbimino lateral link in their vicinity; polar r 2201 side chains may form lateral links with each other. The following types of lateral link are possible in protein fibres (1) the direct carbimino backbone link (co-ordinate link or hydrogen bond); (2) a salt link through acidic and basic side chains (electro- valent link); (3) a hydroxyl-hydroxyl link through the side chains of the residue of serine or hydroxyproline (hydrogen bond) ; (4) an amido-hydroxyl link through the side chains of the residues of glutamine and asparagine (hydrogen bond) and a side chain with a hydroxyl group; (5) a disulphide link (covalent link); (6) a peptide link formed by condensation across a salt link (covalent link) ; (7) possibly an ether link formed by condensation of two hydroxyls.The three last are strong links much more resistant than the others. A fibre may have one two or more types of lateral link holding the structure in ordered form. Regarding fibres therefore as three-dimensional grids it is not surprising to find that they can be penetrated by liquids with molecules small enough to slip through the pores. These inter-penetrating liquids especially if they associate with any specific grouping in the fibre molecule bring about swelling.If this association is accompanied by the displacement of a lateral bond one of two things may happen. If only one type of lateral bond is present in the fibre solution will occur; if more than one is present but only one is broken by the solvent the fibre will show marked radial swelling (up to five or six times the initial diameter) with marked axial contraction. In this condition the fibre has the rubber-like properties of stretch and recoil. Nylon has only one type of cross-bond which is broken by formic acid thioglycollic acid lactic acid and meta-cresol. All these reagents dissolve nylon but not silk. Silk has mainly short non-polar side chains which allow of direct backbone linkage but also a con- siderable number of hydroxyl groups due to the side chains from serine residues.These form lateral bonds of the hydroxyl-hydroxyl type or possibly the ether type which are resistant to formic acid. Hence in formic acid silk shows axial contraction and the development of rubber-like properties. The hydroxyl-hydroxyl link which is characteristic of cellulose is broken by cuprammonium and this also dissolves silk fibres. The chemical constitution of collagen shows that these fibres which normally carry more than half their weight as water must have a much more open grid structure than nylon or silk on account of the length of their side chains and that the principal lateral link must be the electrovalent salt link between acidic and basic side chains.The electrovalent link is affected by hydrogen ions and by the dielectric properties of the medium and becomes weaker with rising temperature. Liquid organic acids with pK about 3-4 and formamide (with its very high dielectric constant) therefore make collagen pass into the axially contracted form at low temperatures; liquid organic acids with pK about 4-5 and glycerol (with its low dielectric constant) induce the same change at high temperatures. Water with high dielectric constant causes axial shrinkage and rubber-like properties at 60”; methyl and ethyl alcohols with low di- electric constants do not do so even on boiling. Collagen fibres are held by another type of cross-link however probably the amido-hydroxyl cross-link which is broken by liquid organic acids on raising the temperature.Reticulin fibres which are also “wet” fibres and exist like a sheath round the collagen fibres show axial shrinkage and rubber-like properties under much the same conditions as collagen though to a less extent. They are not dissolved under conditions which dissolve collagen. They appear however to have much the same chemical composition; hence it is suggested that the stable cross-bond undoubtedly present is a peptide link derived from a fraction of the salt links. Elastin also a “wet” fibre shows rubber-like properties under all conditions if pene- trated by a solvent and dry elastin fibres swell in all three dimensions. The chemical constitution shows that it must be almost free from polar side chains but that it has a high proportion of long non-polar side chains which will fend off adjacent backbones and prevent the formation of the direct backbone link.Hence the backbones of the elastin molecules must lie normally in a crumpled and disordered configuration and show extension and recoil if they are stretched and released. Unlike rubber however the elastin molecule is not self-lubricating and with the removal of water or other solvent from the fibre the polarity of the peptide groups down to the backbone will cause the structure to “seize,” with a consequent loss of rubber-like properties. Protein fibres have a high tensile strength; in the animal body they may be required to give strength without stretch (as in tendons) or strength with elastic stretch (as in ligaments).By penetrating the grid of the fibre with a reagent sufficiently small to pass through the pores and open one type of cross-bond leaving another intact the fibre may be made to pass from the non-extensible to the rubber-like condition. By penetrating with a reagent which opens all types of cross-bond the fibre may be made to dissolve. By penetrating with a reagent which builds new and stronger cross-bonds (as in tanning) the stability of protein fibres against water temperature etc. may be greatly increased. c 221 1 The Estimation of some of the Vitamins of the B Group By W. J. STRINGER, B.Sc. F.K.I.C. [Dublin and District Section 24th October 1945.1 Macro-biological methods employing the feeding of animals require a technique and resources unlikely to be within the reach of the ordinary analyst.Chemical physico-chemical and micro-biological methods are available however for the most important members of the vitamin B group. Among colorimetric methods that of Prebluda and McCollum as modified by Melnick and Field (1939) for the estimation of thiamine (vitamin 131) employs the red colour of the azo compound formed by coupling thiamine with diazotised p-amino- acetophenone. The evaluation of the colour may be made by means of the red glasses of the Lovibond tintometer or by the Hilger absorptiometer. Nicotinic acid may be estimated by the Konig cyanogen bromide method using the Hilger absorptio- meter to evaluate the colour.A fluorimetric method is also available for the estimation of thiamine. In the well-known thiochrome method the fluorescence is evaluated by visual observation or by the Hilger fluorimeter employing quinine sulphate or more conveniently fluorspar as a permanent standard. Riboflavin may be estimated similarly using fluorescein or uranium glass as the standard of fluorescence. Riboflavin and nicotinic acid may be estimated by micro-biological methods using LactobaciZlus helveticus and Lactobacillus plantarum. These organisms respond quanti- tatively to added doses of the vitamins when grown in a synthetic medium which contains all necessary growth factors except the vitamin in question. A hypodermic syringe is found convenient for inoculating the culture tubes.The response is measured by the lactic acid produced in the medium after incubation for 72 hours the acid being determined accurately and rapidly in the original culture tube by titration with N/10 NaOH using the quinhydrone electrode system. By the use of the above-mentioned organisms several amino-acids and six vitamins of the B group-riboflavin nicotinic acid pantothenic acid biotin folk acid and pyridoxine-can be estimated using an appropriate medium. The Cyanine Dyes By K. B. STRATHUEE, M.A. B.Sc. Ph.D. F.R.I.C. [Aberdeen and North of Scotland Section at Aberdeen 26th October 1945.1 In the early days of photography the difference which existed between the light sensitiveness of the retina and that of the silver halide of the photographic emulsion made impossible the truthful representation in monochrome of a visual picture.The normal sensitivity of pure silver bromide lies in the ultra-violet and blue region of the spectrum from about 3800A to 4900A. The addition of about 5 per cent. silver iodide extends sensitivity to about 5200A. In the early seventies of last century I‘ Wortley overcoated ” the photographic emulsion with materials which would filter out the blue component of daylight and absorb the halogen liberated in the photo- chemical reaction. In 1873 Vogel modified this technique by using aurine which simultaneously absorbed yellow light and the liberated halogens. Other dyestuffs were later used with varying success and based on this process Edwards put on the market orthochromatic plates.In 1903 Miethe examined as photo-sensitisers cyanine discovered in 1856 by Greville Williams and isocyanine prepared in 1883 by Spalteholz and by Hoogewerff and van Dorp. The former proved unsatisfactory but isocyanine exerted a sensitising effect evenly distributed over the whole spectrum from ultra-violet to orange. In 1905 Konig prepared pinacyanol a still more effective sensitiser. These cyanine dyes yielded intensely coloured solutions but the colour was too fugitive for normal dyeing purposes. As sensitisers however they were most valuable; their action was due to their absorption of light uniformly over the band and their ability to pass on the energy thus gained to the silver halides reducing them as if they themselves had absorbed the light.Prior to 1914 Germany had a complete monopoly of the production of these panchromatic sensitisers and on the outbreak of war in 1914 Pope and Mills at Cambridge began a thorough investigation into the whole series of cyaninc dyes. L 222 3 Isocyanine had been originally prepared by the action of alkali on a mixture of the alkyl halides of quinoline and quinaldine. Mills and Wishart prepared the dimethyl isocyanine acetate as beiqg the simplest and most soluble derivative and oxidised the product with potassium permanganate in ice-cold aqueous solution. From the reaction products they isolated in good yield l-methyl-2-quinolone and after acidifying with hydrochloric acid the methyl chloride of cinchoninic acid (11) proving theisocyanine molecule to have the constitution (I) Iys 52-Me (1) CH L,+<x (11) H008."N -I Me Mills and Hamer tackled the constitution of pinacyanol a carbocyanine originally prepared by the action of alkali on a hot alcoholic solution of a mixture of quinoline and quinaldine alkyl halides in presence of formaldehyde. Fischer had previously proved that quinoline took no part in the reaction. Using the process of oxidation degradation Mills and Hamer proved pinacyanol to have the formula (111) An examination of the formulae of isocyanine and pinacyanol revealed the presence in the cyanine dyes of a tervalent nitrogen atom in one quinolyl nucleus and a quinque-valent nitrogen atom in the other quinolyl nucleus linked by a conjugated chain of alternate double and single bonds.The dyes are accordingly classified as follows :-Cyanine Dyes. Linkage. Carbocyanine Dye:. Pseudoc yanines 2 :2' Pinac yanol Isoc yanines 2 4' Dic yanines Cy anines 4 :4' Kryptocyanines Justification of this classification was obtained by the preparation of types previously unknown. The resemblance of the bases of the benzothiazole series to quinoiine and quinaldine led to the preparation of thiocyanine and carbothiocyanine dyes analogous to the quinoline series. Since the elucidation of the cyanine structure new methods of preparation have been perfected and a wide variety of new dyestuffs symmetrical and unsymmekical has been prepared. In 1924 Miss Hamer produced a new type of cyanine-an BZO-cyanine-in which a nitrogen atom was incorporated into the conjugated chain.Since then other azocyanines have been synthesised some of which possess desensitismg properties. Kendall has suggested as an empirical rule that when the nitrogen atom in the chain is separated from the nitrogen atoms of the heterocyclic nuclei by an odd number of carbon atoms the compound will be a photosensitiser but when separated by an even number it will be a desensitiser. Research on Coal Tar By E. A. COULSON,M.A. D.Phil. MSc. and J. IDRIS JONES M.Sc. F.R.I.C. of the Chemical Research Laboratory D.S.I.R. Teddington Middlesex. [Cardiff and District Section jointly with the South Wales Section of the Society of Chemical Industry and the Chemical Society at Newport 7th November 1945.1 Tar distillation on a large scale was first practised around 1850 when the require- ments of creosote for pickling railway sleepers shot up by leaps and bounds during the great railway building booms.At the present time the number of chemical products produced from raw materials furnished by the tar distilling industry for an ever-growing range of application in the manufacture of dyestuffs synthetic resins and plastics pharmaceuticals agricultural and horticultural products rubber chemicals etc. is astonishingly great. The substances of widest and most varied use are those which [ 223 j are easiest to isolate and which have long been commercially available and it is difficult to resist the conclusion that chemical ingenuity put to work on the more inaccessible compounds which have so far found few applications would,not fail in the end to find fresh and equally valuable outlets.Yet to this day the bulk of tar necessarily produced as a by-product by the two great branches of the coal carbonisation industry is disposed of in the form of cheap crude fractions for such purposes as road-making and wood preser- vation as fuels or as raw material to be hydrogenated into motor spirit. Of about 2,000,000 tons of tar produced in this country in 1944 40 per cent. was a by-product of coke manufacture the rest (apart from 2-3 per cent.) was a by-product from gas works of which perhaps a third came from horizontal retorts. In addition to the above just over 100,000,000 gallons of crude benzole were scrubbed from carbonisation gases.There are well-defined differences between tars from these various sources and also between the corresponding crude benzoles; they originate from differences in the nature of the coals and in the temperature and other conditions of carbonisation. There is a continuous gradation between the two extremes-low-temperature tar on the one hand and tar made in high-temperature horizontal gas retorts on the other. The most obvious variable characteristics are tar and pitch yields naphthalene and tar acid contents. Less noticeable but no less significant is the variation in specific gravity of the tars which gives some indication of the relative abundance of aromatic. paraffinic naphthenic and unsaturated hydrocarbons in the neutral oils. The promi- nence of paraffins in low-temperature neutral oils is especially noteworthy.True low-temperature tars once thought to contain no significant amounts of the typical aromatic tar constituents were shown by the researches inaugurated by the late Sir Gilbert Morgan at Teddington to contain benzene toluene the xylenes phenol naphthalene and hydrocarbons of the anthracene type and although naphthalene amounted to only 0.15 per cent. of the tar the phenol content 0.65 per cent. was equal to that of a typical high-temperature tar. Some high-temperature tar constituents were well represented by their methyl homologues-methylnaphthalenes and methyl-anthracenes for example and others by reduced derivatives such as the mono- di- and tri-methyl cyclohexanes.A tar chemical occurring only to the extent of 0.1 per cent. overall in 2,000,000 tons of tar represents 2,000 tons of raw material which is large considered as an intermediate for a dye or a pharmaceutical product and quite sizeable for the growing plastics industry but when dispersed among 50 or more producers even this amount soon begins to seem not worth the effort of extraction. Quite clearly the application of fresh techniques to the working up of tar and the extraction therefrom of valuable chemicals is at present under a serious handicap. The characterisation of tar constituents often presents great difficulties. Some constitcents are present in extremely small proportions. Others while plentiful enough have congeners so similar in physical and chemical properties as to have defied separation therefrom until separation and analytical techniques were greatly improved.The difficulty in obtaining really pure individuals from tar can be illustrated with almost any tar constituent. The association of thiophen with benzene is the classical example. No-me who has examined a tar distiller's crude or finished products with say a column equivalent to 50 or more theoretical plates can doubt that better fractionation is one of the keys to cheaper and more complete separations of tar constituents. To show the value of good fractionation and the usefulness of the artifice of azeotropic fractional distillation a few examples of what has recently been done with some intractable problems of separation may be considered.The separation of benzene and cyclohexane differing in boiling-point by only 0.55" can be effected by azeotropic distillation with methyl alcohol using a 50 to 100 plate column. The azeotropes boil respectively at 58.34" and 54.2". Toluene and paraffins of closely associated boiling-point can be equally well separated using acetonitrile as entrainer. Lately the method has been proposed for the recovery of nitration-grade toluene from vertical retort crude benzoles in which it occurs with considerable pro- portions of non-aromatic materials of similar boiling-points. Again cx-and ,%methyl naphthalenes which boil at 148-9"and 146.4" at 56 mm. can be separated in any desired degree of purity by straight fractional distillation if a column with sufficient theoretical plates is used.The separation of pure monomeric styrene from light solvent naphtha fractions in which it occurs to the extent of 7-8 per cent. in association with the three xylenes has been effected by one of the authors in two operations with a 36-plate column using methyl cellosolve as the azeotrope former. Engel has described a similar separation of indene 98 per cent. pure from heavy naphtha using phenol pyridine and glycol derivatives as entrainers. In the field of the tar bases recent work by the authors has shown that pure 2 :6-lutidine p-picoline and y-picoline can be separated c 224 1 from commercial " /3-picoline " fractions using the maximum boiling-point azeotropes formed with the lower fatty acids to facilitate the separation.Using a suitable hydro- carbon which forms minimum boiling-point azeotropes with the fatty acid entrainer it is possible to isolate the three bases in a free state by a continuous distillation process the hydrocarbon and fatty acid circulating but not leaving the system. The study of the different characteristics of various tars of the methods of separating and purifying constituents of the chemical and physico-chemical properties of the hundreds of main and subsidiary components of tar is not easy but modern science has provided the tools for the job-such investigational and analytical methods as fractional distillation at high efficiency molecular distillation the use of azeotrope- formers solvent extraction chromatographic analysis and infra-red and ultra-violet absorption spectrography.Only by taking full advantage of modern methods can coal-tar fractions and finished products be more fully evaluated in terms of pure constituents and better indications for their further treatment and working-up be obtained. Colchicine Its Chemistry and Some Biological Effects By J. W. COOK,DSc. F.R.I.C. F.R.S. [Cardiff and District Section jointly with the South Wales Section of the Society of Chemical Industry and the Chemical Society at Cardiff 23rd November 1945.1 Extracts of Colclzicum autumnale (meadow saffron) have been used since the 16th century perhaps earlier for the treatment of acute gout. The active principle is the alkaloid colchicine and the mechanism of its action is quite unknown.During recent years this alkaloid has acquired great importance on account of its remarkable biological properties. It is known as a mitotic poison and has the unique property of bringing cell-division to an abrupt halt at metaphase. In vitro colchicine has been found active as a mitotic poison at dilutions of 1 in 100 millions. After some hours a considerable proportion of the cells of growing tissues under the influence of colchicine are found to be in a state of arrested mitosis. This provides an index of the rate of growth and the technique has been used to study the rate of growth of tumour tissue and also the effects of hormones which have a selective growth-promoting action on specific cells e.g. the sex hormones. Earlier claims that colchicine may be of value in cancer- therapy have not been sustained by more detailed investigations.It does arrest the growth of malignant tumours but the action is not specific to cancer tissue and the doses which are necessary to inhibit growth lie very close to the lethal dose of this very poisonous alkaloid. In plant cells colchicine produces polyploidy (multiplication of the number of chromosomes in the cell nucleus). This is a consequence of its action on cell division and has been used in plant breeding for the production of new and improved varieties. The chemistry of colchicine first studied by Zeisel and later by Windaus has recently been the subject of renewed investigation (Barton Cohen Cook,Loudon and collaborators). The structure assigned by Windaus has been found to require revision and the constitution of a transformation product deaminocolchinol methyl ether has been definitely established.This is a tetramethoxydibenzcycloheptatriene in which two aromatic rings are condensed with a central seven-membered ring. This latter ring may also be present in colchicine; it is probably present in colchinol methyl ether the synthesis of which is being attempted. The recent suggestion of Dewar that a second of the three rings of colchicine is seven-membered receives some support trom Reichstein's oxidation of colchicine by periodic acid to a monocarboxylic acid in which two oxygen atoms have been taken up. To Windaus's conversion of deaminocolchinol methyl ether into 9-methylphenanthrene a counterpart has been found in the formation of the same hydrocarbon from a synthetic aminodibenzcycloheptadiene (Cook Dickson and Loudon).c 2.25 1 Consulting Work by Scientists Principles of a suggested Code of Practice in respect of Consulting work carried out by Academic Scientists. The Council of the Royal Institute of Chemistry and the Board of the Institute of Physics accepted the suggestion recently made in several reports and articles that the professional institutes in consultation with the Universities and Technical Colleges should take the initiative in laying down the principles of a code of practice for con- sulting work by scientists which shall be applicable particularly to members of the staffs of Universities and Technical Colleges. This work was undertaken by the Joint Council of Professional Scientists which is peculiarly qualified for the task as it consists of six representatives of each of the above-mentioned professional institutes together with a few leading scientists whose subjects are not yet cavered by a professional organisation.The Council of the Royal Institute of Chemistry at its meeting on 16th November 1945 (see p. 208) and the Board of the Institute of Physics at its meeting on 8th November 1945 approved the following Report prepared by the Joint Council. ’rHE REPORT OF THE JOINT COUNCIL OF PROFESSIONAL SCIENTISTS 1. The Joint Council of Professional Scientists suggests that the acceptance of outside consulting work by academic scientists should be guided by the following principles :-The work should be of an investigatory character only; save in very exceptional circumstances routine testing should not be undertaken.When research work is carried out in an academic institution in connexion with consulting work the scientific results of such work should normally be published subject to an agreed delay to allow the firm paying for the work to have priority in the application of the results and subject to collaboration with the firm being duly acknowledged. No agreement should be made with a firm which would restrict an academic scientist’s services to any one firm except in respect of the specific problems considered. When a fee is paid the remuneration of those who have shared in the work should be decided on the merits and circumstances of each case having regard to the conditions (if any) laid down by the governing body of the academic institution concerned.If there is a possibility of patents arising from the academic scientists’ work the arrangements to be made with the sponsors of the work should be considered in the light of the normal practice of that body. The application of some of these principles might have to be modified with reference to research or development work undertaken for Government Departments. 2. From the general obligations of whole-time academic posts it seems right that some control over such paid outside work as regards (a)suitability of the work (b)non-interference with performance of teaching and research duties and (c) suitable payment for use of the institution’s equipment should be exercised by the employing institution (University University College or Technical College) normally acting through the chief academic official (Vice-Chancellor Provost Rector or Principal) in accordance with the principles laid down by the body to which he is directly responsible.Such control need not be irksome or derogatory to members of the staff as their approach would normally be made through the Head of the Department to the chief academic official whose opinion regarding the proposed acceptance of outside work should be easily ascertainable. The decision on each case should be reported to the body repre- senting the employing authority to which if necessary the member of staff would also have direct approach.3. The Joint Council sets forth below the reasons why and the occasions when in its view consulting and similar work should be carried out by academic scientists. [ 226 J (a) It is in the natioiial interest that industry shall be ablc to obtain the best and most up-to-date scientific advice. Therefore any scientist who is able and willing to provide such advice or assistance should not be unreasonably restrained from doing so. (b) Often the scientists employed by a firm or by a research association to which it is affiliated are unable to meet all demands; in the smaller firms these resources may be wholly inadequate In these circumstances some external help is needed. It may come from other firms or research associations from inde- pendent consultants from government establishments or from members of the staffs of Universities and Technical Colleges.(c) The services which an industrial firm may require can range from the routine testing of materials to long-term investigations of an essentially academic nature their purpose from settling a specific scientific question to developing a complete new process to the stage of full industrial operation; the scope of the work involved from a single piece of advice given in a few minutes to experimental work occupying months or years. It is difficult to make any satisfactory classification of these requirements and it is therefore possible to state only general principles as in 3 1 above; it is recognised that in the interpretation of these principles a good deal of latitude must be allowed.(d) Recent enquiries made by the Royal Institute of Chemistry have shown that a very wide range of advice or assistance can now be obtained from independent consultants in chemistry and chemical engineering ; many have specialised knowledge and experience in particular fields or in relation to particular branches of industry and have at their command special apparatus and equipment for particular kinds of experimental work including research and development work. This is not yet the case however in other branches of science except perhaps those special sections of engineering which may be regarded as applied physics. (e) The extent to which individual members of the staffs of Universities and Technical Colleges should engage in consulting work for industry is governed at least in part by considerations other than purely business ones.Universities and Technical Colleges receive substantial grants from public funds; and it is therefore undesirable that members of their staffs should compete directly with independent practitioners except in fields where it can be shown that the latter are unable to satisfy the needs of industry. Again scientists who are members of the staffs of Universities and Technical Colleges have as their primary functions their teaching duties and (at least by implication) the advancement of their science by the prosecution of research; and it is clear that any consulting work that they undertake should not be such as to interfere with the proper discharge of these primary duties.Finally it should be realised that academic scientists as such are not necessarily experienced in the actual operation of industrial processes and therefore they cannot be expected in general to give advice or assistance that goes beyond the terms of the specific scientific problem that is put to them; if as happens too fre- quently a problem is put to them in an incomplete or even incorrect form their answer is likely to be correspondingly incomplete or inapplicable. In this respect the advice or assistance of an independent consultant with wide experience of the particular type of enquiry or of the industry concerned may be of greater value inasmuch as he may be able in the course of con-sultation to elicit information as to the real questions involved and their implications and thus help to formulate the problem more completely and correctly.(f) On the other hand it is generally accepted that the knowledge of industrial and other modern applications of science which the academic scientist can gain by engaging in some outside work may be of considerable benefit to his teaching and research in fundamental science. Many academic scientists by virtue of their knowledge and experience in specialised fields have important contributions to make to industrial development which could not be provided from other sources. Again Universities and Technical Colleges often possess special apparatus and equipment which is not otherwise available and it is in the public interest that its use should be made available to industry particularly to local industry.r 227 3 Notes Mr. Richard Arthur Samuel Bywater G.C. Fellow has been awarded the George Medal-G.M.-and thus joins the very small and distinguished company of those who hold both the G.C. and the G.M. Major Walter Hyde Hills Associate has been appointed a Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire-M.B.E. Sir Robert Robinson F.R.S. Fellow was elected President of the Royal Society at its 283rd Anniversary Meeting on 30th November. Professor E. K. Rideal F.R.S. Fellow Professor of Colloid Science in the University of Cambridge has been appointed by the Managers of the Royal Institution as Fullerian Professor of Chemistry in the Royal Institution and Director of the Davy Faraday Research Laboratory on the retirement of Sir Henry Dale O.M.F.R.S. in 1946. Dr. Harold Moore C.B.E. Fellow is the first President of the newly constituted Institution of Metallurgists (see p. 229). Dr. A. E. Dunstan Fellow has been elected an Honorary Fellow of the Institute of Petroleum in recognition of his services as Editor of the Journal during the past 25 years. Dr. D. M. Newitt M.C. F.R.S. Associate has been appointed to the Courtauld Chair of Chemical Engineering tenable at the Imperial College of Science and Technology from 1st October last. He was appointed Reader in Chemical Technology at the college in 1937 and since 1941 has been Director of Scientific Research of the Inter- Services Research Bureau.Dr. Frank Stuart Spring Fellow Senior Lecturer in Organic Chemistry at the University of Manchester has been appointed to the Chair of Chemistry at the Royal Technical College Glasgow and expects to take up his new duties early in the New Year. Dr. William T. Griffiths Fellow who recently became Chairman of the Mond Nickel Co. Ltd. has been appointed Vice-president and Director of the International Nickel Co. of Canada Ltd. He has been responsible for the research activities of the nickel industry for many years. Mr. A. J. G. Smout J.P. Associate has been released by the Ministry of Supply from his war-time dutiqs as Director General of Ammunition Production. He is resuming his membership of the Board of Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd.and will be responsible for the Metals Division of the company. He has recently joined the Board of Murex Ltd. Mr. H. E. Monk Fellow Public Analyst for Worcestershire has been appointed Kent County Analyst. Dr. John Reid Campbell Fellow Scientific Officer on the staff of the Fuel Research Division of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research has been appointed Lecturer in Fuels at the Royal Technical College Glasgow in succession to Dr. G. S. Cruickshanks Fellow retired. Dr. Alexander Boyd Stewart Fellow Deputy Director of the Macaulay Institute for Soil Research Craigiebuckler Aberdeen has been granted leave of absence by the Council of the Institute to visit India to advise the Government of India about the organisation and conduct of research and field experimentation upon problems of soil fertility and crop production.Dr. W. T. H. Williamson Fellow formerly Chief Chemist to the Egyptian Ministry of Agriculture has been lent to the British Council to accompany a Department of Overseas Trade mission to Egypt. Mr. W. R. Jewell Fellow Director of the Victorian State Laboratories has been elected President of the Australian Chemical Institute. Members Released from Captivity.-Since the last report on members in the Far East (JOURNAL 1945 Part V pp. 180-1) the Officers have been AND PROCEEDINGS glad to welcome several who have arrived safely back in England. Among those who have called at the Office of the Institute are Dr. I. A. Simpson (referred to in the previous report); Mr.V. C. Branson Fellow John Redman Associate and D. G. Glen Allen Associate from Hong Kong ; hlr. Morris Jamieson A ssociale Government [ 2281 Analyst Straits Settlements; and Mr. A. W. Burtt Fellow of the Department of Chemistry Straits Settlements. The last two were interned in Singapore; so also were Mr. A. C Brooks Associate of the Department of Chemistry Straits Settlements who is now believed to be in Australia; Dr. F. E. Byron Fezlow of the Institute of Medical Research KuaIa Lumpur ; Dr. T. A. Buckley Fellow of the Agricultural Department Kuala Lumpur who wrote recently from Sheffield; and Mr. R. E. Willgress Fellow Municipal Analyst and Public Analyst Singapore Town. Mr. H. J. Page M.B.E. Fellow Director of the Rubber Research Institute of Malaya returned to England in November.Mr. W. H. Wentworth Associate of the Rubber Research Institute was a prisoner of war in Singapore for three and a half years; he wrote recently from Essex. Mr. A. Jackson who had been a prisoner of war in the Dutch Indies was last heard of in hospital in Singapore after release. Dr. S. G. Willimott Associate of the Institute of Medical Research Kuala Lumpur served in the R.N.V.R. and is believed to be safe after having been a prisoner of war in the Dutch Indies. Mr. A. Littlewood Associate wrote recently from Guernsey after having been out of touch since the German occupation of the Channel Isles. Mr. C. P. Money Fellow States Official Analyst Jersey called at the Institute recently.British National Committee €orChemistry.-Professor I. M. Heilbron D.S.O. F.R.S. Vice-president and Dr. L. H. Lampitt Fellow Chairman and Honorary Secre- tary respectively of the British National Committee for Chemistry recently visited Paris at the invitation of the French Government. One of the objects of the visit was to discuss the revival of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry of which Dr. Lampitt is Honorary Treasurer. It will be remembered that Paris was the head- quarters of this body which has played an increasingly valuable r61e in international science. Institution of Metallurgists.-At a meeting held in London on 28th November it was announced that a professional institution for metallurgists had been formed under the Presidency of Dr.Harold Moore C.B.E. who for many years was director of metallurgical research at the Armament Research Department Woolwich and later director of research for the British Non-Ferrous Metals Research Association. Dr. Moore said that while metallurgy was one of the oldest of the arts it was one of the youngest of the sciences. Metallurgists were well served with learned and technical societies but there was no organisation that could represent their common interests express their corporate views or give the hallmark of a recognised professional qualifica- tion in metallurgy. For a long time there had been a widespread desire for a new organisation admitting only qualified metallurgists and having functions supplementary to but independent of those of the existing metallurgical institutes and societies.The Institution of Metallurgists had therefore been incorporated with the active help of the Iron and Steel Institute and the Institute of Metals. The provisional council had already drafted regulations for admission by examination and otherwise to three grades Fellows (F.I.M.) Associates (A.I.M.) and Licentiates (L.I.M.). “It is the intention,” said Dr. Moore “that the Institution by setting high standards of competence shall serve the public interest and make an important contribution to industrial efficiency. Possession of the Institution’s qualifications will be evidence of capacity to undertake responsible work as a metallurgist.” The subscription rates are ,/3 3s. Od. for Fellows L2 2s.Od. for Associates and L1 5s. Od. for Licentiates with reciprocal reduction for joint members with the Iron and Steel Institute and the Institute of Metals to L2 12s. 6d. Ll 11s. 6d. and L1 1s. Od. respectively. No entrance fee will be charged for the time being. Effective liaison of the new institution with the Iron and Steel Institute and the Institute of Metals is provided by the joint use of 4 Grosvenor Gardens as headquarters and the services of Mr. K. Headlam-Morley as Secretary. Obituary FRANCIS WILLAM ASTON died at Cambridge on 20th November at the age of G8 years. He was educated at Malvern College and proceeded to Mason College where he was Forster Research Scholar and Birmingham University as University Research Scholar.He then worked for a time as a research chemist in a brewery. In 1909 he became assistant lecturer in physics at Birmingham University but in the following year went to the Cavendish Laboratory Cambridge where he worked under J. J. Thomson and obtained the B.A. research degree in 1912 and the Clerk-Maxwell Studentship in the following.year. He was awarded the D.Sc. (Birmingham) in 1914. From 1914 to 1919 he served as technical assistant at the Royal Aircraft Establishment Farnborough. On returning to Cambridge in 1919 he built a new positive ray apparatus capable of measur- ing atomic masses corect to one part in a thousand and during the ensuing years carried out his remarkable work on the mass spectra of the elements and on the deter- mination of the relative abundance of the isotopes of particular elements.In 1920 he received the Mackenzie Davidson Medal of the Rontgen Society; and in 1922 the Hughes Medal of the Royal Society (of which he had been elected a Fellow in 1921), and the Nobel Prize for Chemistry. He received degrees from many universities including an Honorary LL.D. (Birmingham) in 1923 and the Sc.D (Cambridge) in 1924. In 1935 he was President of Section A of the British Association. He received the Royal Medal of the Royal Society in 1938. He published numerous papers on electrical discharges in gases mass-spectra, isotopes and other physical and chemical subjects as well as a book on “Isotopes” in 1922 and on “Mass-spectra and Isotopes” in 1923. Among his personal interests was music and he was a keen violoncello player.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1902 and a Fellow in 1923. ROBERT WILLIAM BARNETT died on 29th September in his 86th year. Educated at King’s Hospital Osmantown Dublin he entered the firm of Courtney Stephens & Bailey Engineers in 1875 serving for five years in the drawing office and workshops. Thereafter he was appointed an improver with Messrs. David Rollo & Sons before entering upon a three-year course in chemistry at the Royal College of Science for Ireland. In 1887 he was appointed Analyst under Professor J. Campbell Brown Public Analyst for Liverpool and subsequently became Superintendent and Manager of the Sewage Precipitation Works of the Sheffield Corporation. In 1893 he took up an appointment as Assistant Superintendent at the Crosness Outfall Works of the London Main Drainage System under the London County Council and until his retirement in 1925 he remained in the service of the L.C.C.in connection with the London Main Drainage System; from 1897 as District Superintendent for the South-East of London and subsequently as District Superintendent for both South-East and South-West London. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1887. CHARLESFREDERICK JURITZ died in South Africa on 15th May 1945 in his 82nd year. Educated at the South African College School he studied chemistry at the South African College Cape Town under Professor P. D. Halm in the period 1878 to 1886 graduating B.A. (Cape) in 1885 and subsequently M.A.In 1886 he was elected a Fellow of the University of the Cape of Good Hope. During the following three years he was engaged in research on Colonial fodder plants and woods. In 1891 he assumed the control of the Government Analytical Laboratory a position which he held until his retirement in 1926. He was an examiner in chemistry and mathematics to the Univer- sity of the Cape of Good Hope from 1892 to 1896; Secretary of Section B of the British Association in 1905; and Secretary of the Cape Chemical Society in 1906. He was the author of a book on Inorganic Qualitative Analysis in 1890 and pub- lished a number of papers and reports on such subjects as chemical composition of soils pharmacology in South Africa and the need for organised chemical research in Cape Colony as well as the Annual Reports of the Government Analytical Laboratory during the period when the laboratory was under his direction.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1906 and served for a period as Honorary Secretary of the Cape Section. At the time of his death he was Honorary Correspond- ing Secretary of the Institute for the Cape Province of the Union of South Africa. [ 230] THOMAS HENRY NORRIS died at Hatfield on 3rd October at the age of 84. Starting in 1874 as Lecture and Laboratory Assistant to Professor H. E. Armstrong at the London Institution he studied chemistry in the evenings at the Charterhouse schools of science in 1878-80 and passed the examinations then held by the Science and Art Department. He accompanied Armstrong when the latter‘was appointed to the Chair of Chemistry at the Finsbury Technical College of the City and Guilds of London Institute at the opening of that institution in 1879 and remained there as Lecture Assistant to Armstrong and his successors until the College was closed in 1926.He was largely concerned with analytical work and photography; later he became a Gas Examiner. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1892 and a Fellow in 1897. JAMES FOWLER died on 8th November at the age of 81. TOCHER Educated at Mason College Birmingham he proceeded to University College London and thence to the University of Aberdeen. In 1886 he went into practice at Peterhead specialising in agricultural chemical analysis and the analysis of foods and he published a number of papers embodying the results of pharmaceutical research.Later his practice was established in Aberdeen and maintained there until his death. For many years he was County Analyst and Official Agricultural Analyst for Aberdeen and other northern Scottish Counties and from 1942 he was consulting chemist to the Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland. In the period 1911-1941 he was lecturer in Statistics in the University of Aberdeen where he obtained the degree of D.Sc. He also served as a member of the Consultative Council (Medical and Allied Services) Scottish Department of Health and had been a member of various Inter-departmental Com- mittees. He was examiner in Statistics to the University of London from 1916 to 1919 and to the University of Leeds from 1929 to 1931.He had also served as an examiner for National Diplomas (Agriculture and Dairying). His interests were very wide. Not only did he publish many papers on chemical statistical and allied subjects in various scientific journals but also a number of books and monographs including “What is Probable Error ? ” “A Study of the Variations in the Composition of Milk,” “Modern Milk Problems,” “Anthropometric Survey of Inmates of Asylums in Scotland,” “A Study of the Chief Physical Characters of Soldiers of Scottish Nationality,” “Pigmentation Survey of School-children in Scotland,” “An Anthropological Study of the Scots and Germans,” as well as the “Book of Buchan” and “The Scottish People.” His great service to the advancement of knowledge in many fields was recognised a few years ago by the award of the Honorary degree of LL.D.by the University of Aberdeen. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1889 and became a Fellow in 1893. He served on the Council from 1924 to 1927 and at the time of his death was a repre- sentative of the Institute on the Advisory Committee of the Ministry of Health under the Therapeutic Substances Act. Books and their Contents Chemistry A New Introduction to. H. K. Heys. Pp. 410. With illustrations and diagrams. (London G. G. Harrap & Co. Ltd.) 6s. 6d. Brief history of chemistry; combustion in air; gases of the air elements compounds and mixtures ; burning of fuels; water; atoms molecules and chemical equations; hydrogen ;acids salts and alkalies; calcium compounds; carbon dioxide and hard water; carbon and carbon monoxide; common salt and its products; compounds of nitrogen; sulphur and hydrogen sulphide; oxides and acids of sulphur; coal and petroleum ; phosphorus and silicon; metals and their compounds ; electrolysis; chemical laws and calculations ; organic chemistry.Answers to numerical questions ; index; table of principal elements. University Education and Business. Report by a Committee appointed by the Cambridge University Appointments Board together with a summary and analysis of evidence collected for the Committee. Pp. viii 1-78. (Cambridge University Press.) 2s. 6d. Report. Summary and analysis of the evidence :-information derived from College Tutors ; information from employers’ letters; information from graduates’ letters.Tables ; appendices. c 231 I The Svedberg. 18841944. Pp. 728. (Upsala Rlniqvist & Wiksells Boktryckeri Ab.) Scientific papers on chemical subjects contributed by various authors to mark the sixtieth birthday of The Svedberg. Frontiers in Chemistry. Volume 111. Advances in Nuclear Chemistry and Theoretical Organic Chemistry. By various authors edited by R. E. Burk and 0. Grummitt. Pp. 162 38 illustrations. (Interscience Publishers Inc. New York N.Y.). $3.50. Isotopes and their applications in biochemistry; applications of isotopes in catalytic reactions at surfaces ; techniques in nuclear physics; resonance and organic chem- istry; the hydrogen bond and its significance to chemistry.Subject index. Frontiers in Chemistry. Volume IV. Major Instruments of Science and their Applications to Chemistry. By various authors edited by R. E. Burk and 0.Grummitt. Pp. 152 115 illustrations. (Interscience Publishers Inc. New York N.Y.). $3.50. Electron diffraction and the examination of surfaces; the electron microscope and its applications ; X-ray diffraction and its applications ; chemical spectroscopy ; application of absorption spectra to chemical problems ; the infra-red spectro-meter and its application. Subject index. Cellulose The Chemistry of. Emil Heuser. Pp. iv 1-660. (New York John Wiley & Sons Inc. ;London Chapman & Hall 1,td.). $7.50. Morphology of the fibre and composition of the cell walls; reactions of cellulose with water; reaction of cellulose with aqueous alkalies ;reactions of cellulose with organic bases ammonia and concentrated salt solutions ;action of cuprammonium hydroxide on cellulose; cellulose esters; cellulose xanthates ; cellulose ethers ; the oxidation of cellulose; the decomposition of cellulose by acids; the thermal decomposition of cellulose ; the decomposition of cellulose by biological processes ;the chain structure of cellulose; the molecular weight of cellulose.iluthor and subject indexes. Endeavour.-Vol. IV No. 16 (October 1945) contains an Editorial on “The Chemical Control of Pests” and articles on “The Measurement of Time,” by Sir Harold Spencer Jones F.R.S. ; “History of the Cavendish Laboratory,” by Dr.Alexander Wood; “The Flight of Flying Fishes,” by Dr. G. S. Carter ‘‘Artificial Coat Coloration and the Growth of Hair,” by Drs. Alexander Haddow and K. M. Rudall; “Specific Poisons,” by Dr. R. E. Slade M.C.; and “Recent Applications of Chemical Spectro- scopy,’’ by Dr. H. W. Thompson. The Register New Fellows Smith James Andrew Buchan Ph.D. Tattersall Harold James B.Sc. Ph.D. (Birm.) D.Sc. (Lond.). (St. Andrews). Associates elected to the Fellowship Addingley Charles Gordon B.Sc. Ph.D. Dunn John Short B.Sc. (Lond. and (Leeds). Reading). Bagg Douglas Gordon B.Sc. (Lond.) Dunworth Sidney Williani B.Sc.Tech. M.1.Chem.E. (Manc.). Bishop Albert Edward B.Sc. (Lond.). Eaton Edward Foster. Bottomley George Henry M.Sc. (Manc.). Edgar Sydney Hugh M.Sc.Ph.L). Bowden Kenneth B.Sc. (Lond.). (Birm.). Buckley Gerard Dunstan. Edwards Lawrence John B.Sc. (Lond.). Burn Robert Davidson M.Sc. (Dunelm). Field William Edwin John B.Sc. (Lond.). Crerar Percy Robertson B.Sc. (Lond.). Glynn Harry Ephraim 13.S~. (Lond.). Davey Walter Cecil M.Sc. (Birm.) Ph.D. Hartley Kenneth Townend M.A. l3.S~. (Lond.) F.I.R.I. (Oxon.). Downing Leonard Alfred A.C.G.F.C. Hockin Ixslie Ernest B.Sc. P11.D. (Bris.). Drewitt James Gordon Napier B.A. Horsley Thomas Edward Victor B.Sc. (Oxon.). (Lond.) . Drummond William B.Sc. (Win.). Hunter Edward B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.). [ 232 I Kilby Bernard Ashford M.A. Ph.D. (Cantab.). 12ennox John Gordon A.H.-W.C. Lord James Walter M.Sc. (Liv.). Lovett Thomas Whittaker. Martin David Christie 13.Sc.Ph.D. (Edin .) . Matthews Charles William. Mitchell Reginald Gordon F.Inst.Pet. Pearson Leslie. Pedelty William Hopper M.Sc. (Liv.) Ph.D. Peden Miss Joan Davena B.Sc. (Liv.). Roscoe William Hilton M.Sc. (Vict.). Ross Walter Charles Joseph B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.) D.I.C. Rowland Samuel John B.Sc. Ph.U. (Reading). Samuel Johnny Oswald MSc. (Wales). Shroff Hasmukhlal Bhagvandas B.Sc. Tech. (Manc.). Smith George Stanley B.Sc. (Lond.). Stock John Thomas B.Sc. (Lond.). V7aller Arthur William. Walsh George KSc. (Leeds). Webster Charles Thomas. Wells William Herbert B.Sc. (Lond.). Weston Arnold M.Sc. (Lond.). Whincup Sydney. Wilson Cecil Leeburn M.Sc. (Q.U.B.), Ph.D. (Glasgow). Wright James Matson B.Sc.Ph.D. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. D.I.C. New Associates Allen Charles Dudley B.A. B.Sc. (T.C.D.). Aller Basil Vivian B.Sc. (Lond.). Anderson Keith B.Sc. (Sydney). Atkinson John Reginald B.Sc. Ph.D. (Dunelm). Bailey John Leggett B.Sc. (Lond.). Ballard Cecil Walter. Bangert Norman Roy B.Sc. (Lond.). Baxter William Gordon B.Sc. (Aberd.). Bentley Robert Brian B.Sc. (Manc.). Bhattacharya Abani Kumar D.Sc. (Alla- habad). Bradford Eric Andrew. Bradford Leslie B.Sc. Ph.D. (Leeds). Butt Wilfrid Roger B.Sc. (Lond.). Calder Allan Balfour B.Sc. (St. Andrews). Carpenter Albert Stanley B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.) . Chaudhari Purushottam Vasudeo RSc. (Bom bay). Chicken Eric. Clennett George. Cliffe John Owen. Coathup Alexander.Colville John Foggan B.Sc. (Dunelm). Constantine Miss Stella. Cooper Morris George B.Sc. (Lond.). Critchley Stanley. De Nagendra Kumar D.Sc. (Dacca). Dibhen Harold Edwyn B.Sc. (Lond.). Downing Eric B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.). Drewry George O.B.E. B.Sc. (Birm.). Duell Arthur Albert. Duncan James B.Sc. (Glas.). Edwards Robert Joseph B.A. (Cantab.). Embleton James Robert. Emery Anthony Roland B.Sc. (Lond.). Falconer Robert Thomas B.Sc. (Lond.). Forsyth Gerald. Grant James Ker BSc. (Edin.). Gray Douglas James Skirving M.Sc. (S.A.). Gray Peter Edward B.Sc. (Lond.). Greenhalgh Norman B.Sc. (Lond.). Grimshaw Rex William B.Sc. (Leeds). Haines Arthur Frank B.Sc. (Lond.). Hall Thomas Albert B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. Hamlin Anthony George B.Sc.(Lond.). Hardie Thomas Reid. Harries Vernon John B.Sc. (Wales). Harris Tennyson. Harvey Miss Elsie Nora B.Sc. (Lond.). Hobbs Alan Keith A.A.C.I. A.I.M.M. Holbrow Gordon Leonard BSc. (Lond.). Holdsworth Eric Spencer. Holmes Kenneth Edwin B.Sc. (Lond.). Hughes Fred. Inshaw John Leslie. Ireland Frank Edward. Jagger Leonard Gordon. Jefireys Godfrey Vaughan. Jenkins Andrew. Johnson Frank Pace B.Sc. (Lond.). Jones Thomas Gwyn. Karunakar Paul David B.Sc. (Iowa) ;\I.%.(N.J.). Kempton William John Horrell. Knight Alexander Harrow B.Sc. (St. Andrews). Langridge Dennis Granville B.Sc. (Lond.). Lewy Fritz Julius Ph.D. (Breslau). London Edward Selwyn. Long Ronald B.Sc. (Leeds). Macdonald James B.Sc.(Glas.). MacGilchrist William Robertson. Manners Edward B.Sc. (Lond.). ayant Jyotendra B.Sc. (Bom-Mehta, bay) k.S.(Mass.). Mellers Eric Vernon. Monks John Matthew B.Sc. (Liv.). Mouat Harold Anderson. Rluir Adam Cairns B.Sc. (Glas.). Newman Maurice Frederick. Koble Dennis Alexander John B..4. (Oxon.) . Page Miss Patricia Anne. Palmer Frederick Georgeson. Palmer Harold John. Parkinson John Harry M.Sc. (Lond.). Planer George Victor M.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. i 233 3 Poole John Bescoby B.A. (Oxon.). Pride Ralph Robert Alexander B.Sc. (St. Andrews). Putman John Harold. Quayle Alan B.Sc. (Manc.). Ramacharlu I’u ttayarthy Tirumala B. A. (Madras) M.Sc. (Uenares). Raphael Leon. Reid Frank Herbert B.Sc.(Lond.). Reid Sidney George B.Sc. (St. Andrews). Reynolds Edward Henry B.A. B.Sc. (Oxon.), Robinson Neil Ferguson B.Sc. (Glas.). Rutherford William Alexander. Rutishauser Leslie Frederick B.Sc. (Glas.). St. John Dara Derrik Phiroz B.Sc. (Lond.). Sankaran Dhalapathisamudram Kulathu BSc. (Annarnalai). Sastri Mylapore Venkatarama Chellappa M.Sc. (Rangoon). Seager Edmund Stanley. Simpson Kenneth B.Sc. (Lond.). Smith Sydney Gordon B.Sc. (Lond.). Spencer William. Stewart Robert Charles McKellar B.Sc. (N.Z.). Stone John Ernest B.Sc. (Lond.). Stoneman John Philip B.Sc. (1-011d.j. Stringer John Thornas. Sukhtankar Ihvarkanath Kanikrisha XSc. (Bombay). Sueeten John Langhorne M.A. (Cantab.), B.Sc. (Lond.). Thirunavukkarasu Thambyaiah B.Sc.(Lond.). Thomas Xigel B.Sc. (Wales). Tomlinson Reginald Harold. Tootlll I’ercy. Turville Arthur Ralph. Wadelin Frank Arthur. \Yakelin Ibul Oasland B.Sc. (Lond.). \Vatson Gordon R.Sc. (Lond.). Weerasinha Sem ton Algernon llias I3.s~. (Ceylon). Whittingham Albert Reginald. \$7illixms David Criffith B.Sc. (\Vales). Woollatt Edgar B.Sc. (Lond.) A.M.I.Chem.E. &-elected Associates Black James Walter B.Sc. (Lond.). Levesley Alfred Stoyal RII.Sc. (Lond.). Cavanagh John Charles B.Sc. (W.A.). MacLagan Noel Francis B.Sc. (Lond.). Coomber Denys Irvine B.Sc. (Lond.). Park James Ritchie M.Sc. (Lond.). Griffiths Albert Edward A.H.-W.C. Rowc Geoffrey Keene M.Sc. Ph.D. Hughes Hubert Ivor B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.) A.R.C.S.(Wales). New Students Abrahart John Edward. Barbour William Arthur Shute B.Sc. (Lond.). Barry Peter James Seymour. Bell Leonard Harland. Cashmore Gordon Ernest. Charlton James Ronald. Chetwynd Richard. Clark Arthur Wellesley Stewart. Comber Vincent Albert. Cook Charles Donald. Cooke Ronald Bernard. Craven Philip Conrad. Dawson Peter Hugh Vernon. Ellison Hubert Ernest. Featherstone Arthur Andrew Valentine. Foster Roy Rlarshall. Fraser Ian Colin. Freeland Ambrose. Gerrard Alan. Gilmore George Strachan. Goldberg Jack. Grant Alexander Ranald. Greenstreet Cyril Henry. Harrison James Tolson. Hart Everard Peter. Hartridge Leonard Sidney George. Heather Francis Richard. Hilton William George. Hurd Reginald.Jenkins Henry Austen. Kelham Derek Koy. Kirby Norman. Larn John David. Livesley William Gordon. Louis Kenneth Montague. Lyle David Fraser. Moss Kenneth. Norris Brian Thompson. Reed Miss Kathleen Myra Dailau. Robson John Norman. Singleton Alan. Southworth Thomas Brian. Statham John Eric. Steger Sidney. Stepto Gerald Gordon Cyril. Sunderland Miss Olivia Marianna Alsoon. Temperley Donald James Herbert. Tindale Leslie. Tyas Peter Herbert. Urwin John. Westwood George Ernest. Wilson John Peter. r 234 1 DEATHS Fellows Edward Frankland Armstrong Ph.D. Rev. Arthur James Cooper M.A. LL.D. (Berlin) LL.D. (St. Andrews) DSc. (T.C.D.) B.Sc. (Lond.). (Lond.) F.C.G.I. M.I.Chem.E. F.R.S. Watson Crossley A.R.C.Sc.1.Francis William Aston M.A. Sc.D. Herbert Ingle BSc. (Leeds). (Cantab.) D.Sc. Hon. LL.D. (Birm.) Alfred Lucas O.B.E. Hon. DSc. (Dub. and Benares) Hon. Thomas Henry Norris. Ph.D. (Freiburg) Hon. D.L. (Calcutta) Edwin James Read B.A. (Cantab.). F.R.S. Nobel Laureate. Frederick Edward Read B.Sc. B.Pharm. Robert William Barnett. (Lond.) Ph.C. George Edward Boizot BSc. (Birm.). James McLean Taylor. Herbert Thomas Butcher A.R.S.M. James Fowler Tocher D.Sc. LL.D. William John Atkinson Butterfield M.A. (Aberd.). (Oxon.) M.Inst.Gas E. Associates William Murray Crone BSc. (Glas.). CharlesThomas JamesOwen B.Sc. (Bris.). Biraj Mohan Gupta M.Sc. (Allahabad) Robert Frederick Smith B.Sc. (Lond.), Ph.D. (Lond.) D.I.C. A.M.1.Chem.E. Geoffrey Lord M.Sc.(Leeds). John Boris Taylor M.Sc. (Manc.). Coming Events 1946 January 7 SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (London Section) “Carbon Blacks-their manu-facture and use in Industry.” Mr. A. Speedy in the Chemical Society’s Rooms Burlington House Piccadilly London W. 1. 8 THE INSTITUTE (Huddersfield Section) “The English Oilfields.” Mr. R. K. Dickie in Fields’ Cafe Huddersfield at 7.30 p.m. 10 THE INSTITUTE (East Midlands Section) “Penicillin.” Dr. J. B’. M. Coppock in the Derby School of Art Green Lane at 7.15 p.m. OF CHEMICAL (Birmingham Section) “Electro-statics in In- 11 SOCIETY INDUSTRY dustry.” Dr. F. J. LleweIyn at the Chamber of Commerce Birmingham at 6.30 p.m. BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS(St. Helens Section) “Hormones.” Mr.F. Moult at the Y.M.C.A. Buildings St. Helens at 7.30 p.m. OF ENGINEERS INSTITUTIONCHEMICAL (North-Western Branch) First Annual General Meeting “Chemical Engineering Research.” Dr. C. J. T. Cronshaw. 14 THE INSTITUTE (Leeds Area Section) “Research on Building and its Materials.” Dr. F. M. Lea in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre University of Leeds at 6.30 p.m. 16 THE INSTITUTE (Belfast and District Section) “The Influence of Science on Civil- isation.” Mr. D. Lindsay Keir in the Royal Academical Institution Belfast at 7.30 p.m. THEINSTITUTE (L.ondon and South-Eastern Counties Section) Joint Meeting with the London Branches of the Association of Scientific Workers and the British Association of Chemists. Discussion on “The Present and Future Roles of the Technical Press,” at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Keppel Street W.C.1 at 6.30 p.m. 17 THEINSTITUTE (South Wales Section) Jointly with the Swansea Branch of the Association of Scientific Workers “Protection against Industrial Poisons,” Mr. S. H. Wilkes M.C. at the Royal Institution of South Wales Swansea at 7 p.m. CHEMICAL Tilden Lecture “Substitution.” Professor E. D. Hughes at SOCIETY Burlington House London W.l at 5 p.m. I 235 1 946 January 17 SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (Road and Building Materials Group) “The Presentation of British Standards.” Mr. P. Good C.B.E. at Gas Industry House 1 Grosvenor Place London S.W. 1 at 6 p.m. 18 THE INSTITUTE (East Anglia Section) Meeting at the Norwich City College at 7.30 p.m.THEINSTITUTE (Glasgow and West of Scotland) “Penicillin.” Mr. A. L. Bacharach at the Royal Technical College Glasgow C.1 at 7.15 p.m. BRITISH ASSOCIATION (St. Helens Section) Jointly with local branches OF CHEMISTS of the Institute the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry “Molecular Orientation of Fibres.” Mr. J. RI. Preston at the University of Liverpool at 7.30 p.m. SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY NORTH LINCOLNSHIRE AND TECHNICAL “Feed-Water Treat- ment.” Symposium by members of the Society in the Technical School Cole Street Scunthorpe at 7.30 p.m. OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY 22 SOCIETY (Agriculture Group) “Innovations in Plant Feeding R1ethods”-Professor R. H. Stoughton “Method for the Direct Nutrition of Plants” Dr.W. G. Templeman “Sand Culture Automatic Surface Applica- tion of Nutrients”; Mr. C. R. Thompson at 2.30 p.m. AND ENGINEERING HULLCHEXICAL SOCIETY:“Factory Planning at Home and Abroad.” Mr. T. G. Leggott in the Regal Room Regal Cinema Ferensway at 7.30 p.m. 23 THEINSTITUTE (Dublin and District Section) “Detergents.” Mr. T. W. Breaden at University College Dublin at 7.30 p.m. 24 THE INSTITUTE (Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section) Joint Meeting with Society of Chemical Industry Local Section and Food Group “Science and Food.” Dr. L. H. Lampitt in the North Eritish Station Hotel Edinburgh at 7.30 p.m. CHEMICAL (Tildcn Lecture) Joint meeting n.ith the Manchester Section of SOCIETY the Institute “Some Recent Developments in the Chemistry of Free Radicals.” Dr.W. A. Waters in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of the University of Man-Chester at 6 p.m. OF 25 BRITISH ASSOOCIATION CHEMISTS(St. Helens Section) “Chemistry of Clays.” Mr. C. Jones at the Y.M.C.A. Buildings at St. Helens at 7.30 p.m. 28 CHEMICAL “The Separation of Isotopes and Thermal Diffusion.” Professor SOCIETY J. Kendall F.R.S. in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre University College Swansea at 6 p.m. February THE-INSTITUTE (Birmingham and Midlands Section) “Penicillin.” Sir Howard Florey F.R.S. at the University Edmund Street Birmingham at 7 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (South Wales Section) “Technics of Tins.” Dr. R. T. Colgate in the Royal Institution of South Wales Swansea at 6.30 p.m.SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Manchester Section) Meeting for the reading of short papers. At the Engineers’ Club Manchester at 6.30 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(London Section and Food Group) “The Treatment of Water for Food Manufacturing Purposes.” Messrs. G. Carter F. Howard E. C. R. Spooner E. L. Holmes and Dr. E. I. Akeroyd in the Rooms of the Chemical Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W. 1. THE INSTITUTE (Huddersfield Section) “Statistics and the Chemist.” Dr. A. G. Lipscomb. AND ENGINEERING ‘‘Civil Engineering in Municipal HULLCHEMICAL SOCIETY Practice.” Mr. W. Morris in the Regal Room Regal Cinema Ferensway at 7.30 p.m. OF BRITISH ASSOCIATION CHEMISTS(Birmingham Section) “Insect Pests and the Food Chemist.” Mr.R. V. Wadsworth at the Chamber of Commerce Birm- ingham at 6.30 p.m. IRISHCHEMICAL AssocIaTIoN Ryan Memorial Lecture. I’rofessor T. Dillon at University College Dublin at 7.30 p.m. I236 1 1946 February 7 CHEMICAL SOCIETY:Meeting for the reading of original papers at Burlington House Piccadilly London W.l at 5 p.m. 8 THEINSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) Joint meeting with the East Anglia Section of the Institute and Cambridge University Chemical Society “The Organisation of Chemists.” Professor Alexander Findlay in the Main Lecture Room University Chemical Laboratory Pembroke Street Cam- bridge at 8.30 p.”. CHEMICAL Joint meeting with the South Yorkshire Section of the Institute SOCIETY and the University of Sheffield Chemical Society “Light Absorption from a Chemical Standpoint.” Mr.E. J. Bowen F.R.S. in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of the University of Sheffield at 5.30 p.m. BRITISH ASSOCIATION (St. Helens Section) “Chemistry and Cancer.” OF CHEMISTS Dr. J. Abrams at the Y.M.C.A. Buildings St. Helens at 7.30 p.m. 11 THE INSTITUTE (Leeds Area Section) “Problems of Unnitratable Products in Benzol and Toluol.” Dr. A. E. Everest. 12 CHEMICAL SOCIETY (Pedler Lecture) “Synthesis in the Study of Nucleotides.” Professor A. R. Todd F.R.S. in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre University of Birmingham at 4 p.m. 13 SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (London Section Food Group and Plastics Group) :Jubilee Memorial Lecture “Science and Packaging.” Dr.G. L. Rifddell at the Royal Institution Albemarle Street London W.l. INSTITUTE :Presidential Address by Professor F. H. Garner O.B.E. OF PETROLEUM 14 THE INSTITUTE (East Midlands Section) “Tracer Atoms.” Dr. F. Fairbrother at Loughborough College at 7.15 p.m. 16 THE INSTITUTE (Birmingham and Midlands Section) Joint meeting with the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institute of Physics Lecture by Professor W. T. Astbury F.R.S. CHEMICAL SOCIETY:Tilden Lecture and official meeting of the Society ‘‘Some Recent Developments in the Chemistry of Free Radicals.” Dr. W. A. Waters in Glasgow at 5.30 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (Birmingham Section) at the Chamber of Com- INDUSTRY merce Birmingham at 6.30 p.m. SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY NORTH LINCOLSNHIRE AND TECHNICAL “Modern Methods of Chemical Analysis.” Mr.G. E. Speight in the Technical School Cole Street Scunthorpe at 7.30 p.m. 16 INSTITUTION CHEMICALENGINEERS OF (North-Western Branch) “Thermo-dynamics as applied to Chemical Engineering.” Mr. E. Woollatt in the College of Technology Manchester at 3 p.m. 19 THE INSTITUTE (Belfast and District Section) “Natural and Man-made Fibres.” Dr. A. J. Turner in the Royal Academical Institution Belfast at 7.30 p.m. HULL CHEMICAL SOCIETY AND ENGINEERING “High Frequency Heating.” Mr. R. M. Gavin in the Regal Room Regal Cinema Ferensway at 7.30 p.m. 20 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) “Chemical Affinity Data and their Industrial Applications.” Dr.H. J. T. Ellingham in the Lecture Theatre Pharmaceutical Society 17 Bloomsbury Square London W.C. 1 at 6.0 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (Food Group Microbiological Panel) “Some Aspects of Disinfection.” Dr. S. E. Jacobs in London. 21 CHEMICAL Joint meeting with Local Sections of the Institute and other SOCIETY Societies in Liverpool “The Chemical Investigation of some new Therapeutic Agents.” Dr. F. E. King in the Muspratt Lecture Theatre of the University of Liverpool at 5 p.m. CHEMICAL SOCIETY:Joint meeting with the University College of North Wales Chemical Society “The Structure of Boron Hydrides and Similar Compounds.” Mr. R. P. Bell F.R.S. in the Dept. of Chemistry University College Bangor at 5.30 p.m. [ 237 1 1946 February 21 SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Road and Building Materials Group) “The Structure of Clay in Relation to Road Construction.” Mr.J. F. T. Blott at Gas Industry House 1 Grosvenor Place London S.W.1 at 6 p.m. 22 THEINSTITUTE (Cardiff and District Section) Jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry and the Chemical Society “New Investigations in Soil Biochemistry.” Dr. J. H. Quastel F.R.S. at University College Cathays Park Cardiff at 6.45 p.m. THEINSTITUTE (Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section) Joint meeting with the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical IIndustry “Some Problems in Polysaccharide Chemistry.” Professor E. L. Hirst F.R.S. in the North British Station Hotel Edinburgh lat 7.30 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (South Yorkshire Section) Joint meeting with the Sheffield Metallurgical Association “Non-Ferrous Metals,” at 198 West Street Sheffield at 7.30 p.m.BRITISHA;:SOCIATION OF CHEMISTS (St. Helens Section) “Chemistry of Coloured Glasses. Mr. H. Cole at the Y.M.C.A. Buildings St. Helens at 7.30 p.m. 26 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (Agriculture Group) Application of Physico-INDUSTRY Chemical Methods to Soil and Crop Studies at 2.30 p.m. 27 THEINSTITUTE (Birmingham and Midlands Section) Meeting at Wolverhampton . THEINSTITUTE (Manchester and District Section) Joint meeting with the Society of Chemical Industry and the Chemical Society “What Industry expects from the Chemist,” Dr. C. J. T. Cronshaw at the Engineers’ Club Albert Square Manchester at 7 p.m.March 1 CHEMICAL SOCIETY:Meeting for the reading of original papers in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre King’s College Newcastle-on-Tyne. OF CHEMICAL (Manchester Section and Road and Building SOCIETY INDUSTRY Materials Group) “Asbestos Cement and the Building Industry.” Dr. J. 0. Cutter. INDUSTRY 4 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (London Section) “The Rare Earths.” Dr. J. Newton Friend at the Chemical Society’s Rooms Burlington House Piccadilly London W.l. 5 THE INSTITUTE (Huddersfield Section) Annual General Meeting. CHEMICAL Joint meeting with the Leeds University Chemical Society : SOCIETY Display of Scientific Films at 5 p.m. ;followed by Lecture at 6.30 p.m. on “Crystal Analysis as a Clue to Chemical Problems,” by Dr. Kathleen Lonsdale F.R.S.in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of the University of Leeds. HULL CHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING “Aspects of the Commercial Utilisa- SOCIETY tion of Electricity.” Mr. D. Bellamy O.B.E. in the Regal Room Regal Cinema Ferensway at 7.30 p.m. 6 BRITISH ASSOCIATION (Birmingham Section) Scientific Films in the OF CHEMISTS Co-operative Hall High Street Birmingham at 6.30 p.m. 7 THEINSTITUTE (Liverpool and North-Western Section) “Benzene Hexachloride as an Insecticide.” Dr. L. J. Burrage at the Municipal Technical College Widnes at 6.30 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (South Wales Section) Joint meeting with the University College Swansea Chemical Society “Microchemical Methods.” Dr. L. Ellis at Uni- versity College Swansea at 6 p.m. SOCIETY CHEMICAL Pedler Lecture “Synthesis in the Study of Nucleotides.” Professor A.R. Todd F.R.S. at Burlington House Piccadilly London W.l at 5 p.m. 8 CHEMICAL SOCIETY Joint Meeting with the South Yorkshire Section of the Institute and the University Chemical Society. “Some Aspects of the Chemistry of hlono- and Di-sulphide Links.” Professor F. Challenger in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of the University of Sheffield at 6.30 p.m. r 238 1 1946 March 8 SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (Birmingham Section) Jubilee Memorial Lecture “Science and Packaging,” Dr. G. L. liiddell in Birmingham. 9 THE INSTITUTE (Liverpool and North-Western Section) “Glass Technology.” Dr. H. Moore at the Mining and Technical College Wigan at 3 p.m. 12 The Institute.Annual General Meeting preceded by the Anniversary Luncheon at the Savoy Hotel Strand W.C.2. OF CHEMICAL (Yorkshire Section) Annual General Meeting. SOCIETY INDUSTRY “Benzene Hexachloride its Chemical and Insecticidal Properties.” Dr. L. J . Burrage in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre University of Leeds. 13 THEINSTITUTE (Cardiff and District Section) Jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry and the Chemical Society “Some Modern Trends in the Chemical and Allied Industries.” Mr. H. W. Cremer at the Technical College Newport at 6.45 p.m. INSTITUTE PETROLEUM OF “The Development of Fluid Catalytic Cracking.” Dr. J. F. Walter. 14 THE INSTITUTE (East Midlands Section) “Human Guinea Pigs.” Professor Krebs at Nottingham at 7.15 p.m.CHEMICAL SOCIETY:Meeting for the reading of original papers in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of the University Manchester at 6 p.m. 15 NORTH SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY: LINCOLNSHIRE AND TECHNICAL 1st Annual Meeting and Film Show in the Technical School Cole Street Scunthorpe at 7.30 p.m. 16 INSTITUTION ENGINEERS OF CHEMICAL (North-Western Branch) “Design Erection and Operation of Pilot Plant,” Messrs. C. Buck T. Hayes and R. R. Williams in The College of Technology Manchester at 3 p.m. 19 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (Agriculture Group) “Insecticides Chemical INDUSTRY Constitution and Toxicity.” Dr. H. Martin at 2.30 p.m. HULL CHEMICAL SOCIETY AND ENGINEERING “Luminescence and Fluorescence.” Professor F. G. Tryhorn in the Regal Room Regal Cinema Ferensway at 7.30 p.m.20 THEINSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) Joint meeting with the London Branch Institute of Physics in the Lecture Theatre Royal Institu- tion Albemarle Street W.1 at 2.30 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Dublin and District Section) “Recent Contributions to the Chemistry of Vitamins.” Mr. A. L. Bacharach at University College Dublin at 7.30 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (Food Group Microbiological and Nutrition Panels) “Amino Acids and the Metabolism of the Cell.” Dr. W. E. Gaunt in Londpn. 21 THE INSTITUTE (Belfast and District Section) Annual General Meeting. SOCIETY OF CHEMICAL (Road and Building hlaterials Group) “Bitu-INDUSTRY minous Protective Paints and Compounds.” Messrs. J. W. Craggs and R. Fraser at Gas Industry House 1 Grosvenor Gardens London S.W.l at 6 p.m.22 THEINSTITUTE (Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section) Joint meeting with the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry “Trace Elements in Agriculture.” Dr. W. G. Ogg. in the North British Station Hotel Edinburgh at 7.30 p.m. 27 THE INSTITUTE (Birmingham and Midlands Section) Annual General Meeting. THEINSTITUTE (Dublin and District Section) Annual General Meeting at Trinity College Dublin. OF PETROLEUM INSTITUTE First Cadman Memorial Lecture Sir William Fraser C.B.E. [ 239 1 General Notices The Annual General Meeting of the Institute will be held on Tuesday 12th March 1946 after the Anniversary Luncheon. Nomination of General Members of Council.-Attention is directed to the By- laws relating to the nominations of General Members of Council:- By-law 26.-(1) Any twenty Members not being Members of the Council may nominate one eligible Fellow as a candidate for election as a General Member of the Council but no Member shall nominate more than one such Fellow.(2) Any nomination made under this By-law shall be delivered to the Secretary six weeks at least before the Annual General Meeting and shall be in the following form :-“We the undersigned Members of the Royal Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland do hereby certify that A.B. of (registered address) a Fellow of this Institute is in our estimation a fit and proper person to be a General Member of the Council of the Institute and we do hereby nominate him as a Candidate for election as a General Member of the Council.(3) Any such nomination may consist of several documents in like form each signed by one or more Members. (The name of every candidate nominated in accordance with By-law 26 will be included in the Balloting List.) By-law 24.-(2) No person who has been elected as a District Member of the Council for any year of Office shall be eligible for election as a General Member of the Council for that year of Office and if such person is elected as President Vice-president or Treasurer for that year of Office he shall vacate his Office as a District Member of the Council and the vacancy shall be filled up as on a casual vacancy. Professor Alexander Findlay will retire from the office of President having com- pleted three years’ service in that capacity.The following will have served for three years as Vice-presidents and will therefore be ineligible for re-election to that office Mr. F. P. Dunn Professor I. M. Heilbron Dr. D. Jordan-Lloyd and Professor W. H. Roberts. The General Members of Council who retire at the next Annual General Meeting on 12th March 1946 in accordance with the By-laws and are ineligible as such for re-election are as follows :-George Norman Burkhardt M.Sc. Ph.D. George Roger Clemo D.Phil. D.Sc. F.R.S. John William Corran B.Sc. Ph.D. George Dring M.A. B.Sc. Lewis Eynon BSc. Robert Downs Haworth Ph.D. DSc. F.R.S. Frederick Measham Lea O.B.E. D.Sc. Harold Moore C.B.E. Ph.D. D.Sc.F.1nst.P. Alfred John Prince M.Sc. M.1.Chem.E. Nominations for the new Council must be delivered at the Institute before 2.15 p.m. on 29th January 1946. District Members of Council.-The District Members of Council will be as follows:-Birmingham and Midlands Thomas Harold Gant A.R.C.S. M.1.Chem.E. Bristol and South-Western Counties Frank Edwin Needs. East Midlands and South Yorkshire Ernest James Vaughan M.Sc. A.R.C.S. D.I.C. Liverpool and North-West Coast Leslie Victor Cocks. London and South-Eastern Counties and East Anglia Harry Baines D.Sc. [ 240 1 (vi) Manchester and District Albert Coulthard B.Sc. Ph.U. (vii) Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast (including Tees Side) William Gordon Carey. (viii) Yorkshire (including Leeds Area and Huddersfield) Arthur Ernest Everest Ph.D.D.Sc. Edinburgh and East of Scotland Hugh Bryan Nisbet Ph.D. D.Sc. iI.H.-\V.C. Aberdeen and North of Scotland James Emrys Bowen B.Sc. Ph.C. Glasgow and West of Scotland John William Icerr B.Sc. Wales and the County of Monmouth Ronald Henry Jones. Northern Ireland Mervyn Hector Hall M.Sc. Irish Free State John Wilfrid Parkes RI.Sc. The Overseas Dominions and elsewhere abroad John Chester Cowap RSc. Examinations 1946.-Examinstions will be held in April 1046 as under For the Associateship in the week commencing 1st April. For the Fellowship in the week commencing 8th April. Applications must be received not later than Monday 28th January. Last date for entry Monday 15th February.Associates desiring to present themselves for Examination for the Fellowship in Branch G-Industrial Chemistry or for any examination involving a special field of work should submit their applications as early as possible and not later than Monday, 14th January. Chemical Engineering Course 1946.-In response to many requests the Com- mittee of the Birmingham and Midlands Section of the Royal Institute of Chemistry has decided to repeat the Chemical Engineering Course given in 1944 provided the demand justifies it. The Course will be given in Birmingham from Saturday 6th April to Saturday 13th April 1946 and will be organised on a residential basis although some places will also be available to non-residents. Lectures laboratory tours and probably works visits will be included; social amenities will be provided as far as time permits.The lectures will be given by Mr. E. Woollatt B.Sc. A.M.I.Chem.E. and his notes will be printed in book form for the benefit of those taking the Course. The Fee for the Course will be nine pounds. This will include board and Iodging tuition and a copy of the notes. The non-resident fee will be three pounds ten shillings. Application (indicating resident or non-resident) to join the Course should be made in writing to E. M. Joiner 15 Halton Road Sutton Coldfield to reach him not later than 31st January 1946. No money should be sent until the applicant has been offered a place. Appropriate directions and further information will then be available. In the event of the applications exceeding the vacancies preference will be given to members of the Royal Institute of Chemistry.Registered Students' Progress Reports.-Registered Students will not be required tQforward reports on their progress this year. It is known that many students are serving in the Forces or are working in localities which make attendance at regular courses a matter of difficulty. Students are however reminded that they should do their utmost to comply with the Regulations and that they should apply for admission to the Associateship by examination or otherwise as soon as qualified to do so. Notice to Associates.-Regulations and forms of application for the Fellowship can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments or are desirous of extending their opportunities is kept at the offices of the Institute.For full information inquiries should be addressed to the Hegistrar. Libraries.-The Library of the Institute is available to Fellow Associates and Registered Students from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. on week-days (except Saturdays 10 a.m. to 1 p.m.). The Library of the Chemical Society has recently increased the daily hours r 241 1 of opening which were curtailed during the European war and is available for those wishing to consult or borrow books from 10 a.m. to 9 p.m. (except Saturdays 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.) Books may be borrowed from the Science Library Science Museum South Kensington S.W.7 on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Secretary of the Institute.Information regarding facilities afforded to members by Lewis’s Lending Library can also be obtained from the Registrar. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A list of slides of portraits of great chemists and other scientists throughout the ages can be obtained on application to the Secretary. As the slides are frequently in demand members are requested to notify their require- ments at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Active Service.-Fellows Associates and Registered Students who are on service with the Navy Army and Air Force are requested to notify the Institute giving particulars as to their rank unit etc. Changes of Address.-Fellows Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give so far as possible their permanent addresses for registration.All requests for changes in the Register should be addressed to the Registrar and not to the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. In order to facilitate identification Fellows and Associates are asked to give their full initials on communications addressed to the Institute. In the prevailing circumstances Fellows and Associates are also asked not invariably to expect formal acknowledgments of communications addressed to the Institute unless replies are necessary. BENEVOLENTFUND.-Contributions for 1946 may be sent to the Honorary Treasurer 30 Russell Square London W.C.l. Forms for Deeds of Covenant and Forms of Bequest may be obtained from the Secretary JOINT SUBSCRIPTION ARRANGEMENTS Fellows Associates and Registered Students who wish to participate in the arrange- ments whereby they can acquire on favourable terms membership of the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry with substantial privileges as to pub- lications (see special article JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1945 Part IV p.148) can obtain further particulars and necessary forms from the Conjoint Chemical Office 9 and 10 Savile Row London W.l. Those who participate in these arrangements will also have as from 1st January 1946 the option of including membership of the Faraday Society among the privileges obtainable on advantageous terms under an extension of the joint subscription arrangements.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/RG9456900205

出版商:RSC    

年代:1945

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

Index 1945 Accounts 14 59 Annual General Meeting 59 Appointments Committee 55 96 Appointments Higher Report of Com-mittee on 41 Association of British Chemical Manu-facturers 82 Association of Scientific Workers 95 208 Association of Technologists of the River Plate 137 Atomic Energy 181 Auditors 13 Bank Charges 96 Benevolent Fund 6 20 26 94 96 136 137 207 Books and their Contents 46 88 108 157 231 British Association of Chemists 95 208 British Broadcasting Corporation 25 British Leather Manufacturers Research Association 166 British National Committee for Chemistry 229 British Standards Institution 86 Broadcasting 217 Censors 56 166 206 Charter and By-Laws Committee on Revision of 95 134 135 166 206 Chemical Council 59 95 97 137 168 208 Chemical Council Annual Report 168 177 Chemical Engineering Course 94 Chemical Institute of Canada 42 Chemicals Rare proposed Register of 59 168 Colloid Science Course 137 145 Coming Events 46 88 128 157 199 235 Committees Constitution of 4 55 94 Consultants Directory of 57 58 96 98 136 Consulting Work by Scientists Code of Practice 97 208 226 Contracts of Service 57 58 82 96 167 Council Membership and Nomination of 26 54 202 Council Proceedings of 25 57 94 134 166 206 Council Proposed Changes in Constitution 39 95 135 141 166 206 211 212 214 Council Report of 2 60 Council Service on limited to Fellows 25 Courses Scientific 57 94 137 145,152 208 U.D.T.Insecticide 181 Deaths 50 91 131 162 235 Department of Scientific and Industrial Research 68 124 East African Association of Engineers 137 Economic Status and Welfare Committee on 58 81 94 97 139 166 168 207 Emergency Committee 11 55 166 Employment Post-War 98 Examinations 9 37 109 Examination Intermediate suggested re- establishment 139 208 Examiners Board of 56 Exhibitions 216 Faraday Society 95 137 168 209 Films 217 Finance and House Committee 5 26 57 94 95 134 136 166 207 Frankland Sir Edward Medal and Prize 163 203 Gas Industry Research 152 Gluckstein Memorial Lecture 24 Government Committees Representation on 97 Harrison Memorial Prize 42 Headmasters’ Employment Committee 56 Headmasters Incorporated Association of 58 Henderson Memorial Lecture Offer to Endow 166 Honours 85 124 151 167 180 Hull Petition for formation of Local Section 135 Imperial College Centenary 181 Income Tax 58 India I.C.I.Research Fellowships for 151 Industrial Welfare Application of Chemis-try to 99 Institute of Physics 96 Institution of Chemical Engineers 136 Institution of Metallurgists 86 229 Investments 18 22 Iron and Steel Industry Research 151 Isle of Man Scientific Society 42 Joint Council of Professional Scientists 25 97 208 Joint Subscription Arrangements 148 204 Laboratory Tenancy of 166 Laboratory Technicians 25 136 139 208 Lectures 91 150 184 Lectures Summaries of :-Analytical Chemistry in an Industrial Laboratory 75 A “Simple ” Reversible Reaction 105 Canning Industries Scientific Control in 78 Chemical Industry Thirty Years of 34 [ 243 3 Chemotherapy of Bacterial Infection 77 Coal Inorganic Constituents of.107 Coal Tar Research on 223 Colchicine its Chemistry and somt Biological Effects 225 Condensation Reactions Mechanism of 107 Cyanine Dyes 22i Diffraction Methods in Modern Struc- tural Chemistry 76 Fertilisers Chemical 17 1 Insecticides Chemical Studies on 172 Iodine Biochemistry of 146 Ion Exchangers Applied to Water Treatment 34 Moulds and Animals as Methylating Agents 105 Protein Fibres 220 Research Co-operative 29 River Polution Prevention Progress in 74 Rodents and Household Pests Control of 32 Rubber Chemicals Influence on Syn-thetic Rubber 79 Seaweed Recent Investigations on the Chemistry of 35 Sulphur Dioxide Retrospect and Pros- pect 28 The Chemist as a Soldier-A Story of the Special Brigade R.E.219 The Compleat Analyst 36 Vitamins of the B-Group Estimation of 222 Wetting Agents Development and In- dustrial Applications of 105 Wool Investigations of Chemical and Physical Properties 77 Legal Advice 136 207 Legal and Parliamentary Committee 55 Libraries 52 92 132 163 203 Library Institute Re-organisation 97 135 Local Section Petition for Formation of 135 166 Local Sections Activities 7 26 70 100 143 169 209 Local Sections Hon.Secretaries Annual Conference of 138 Local Sections Membership 73 Local Sections Officers Travelling Ex-penses 96 Local Sections Rules Changes of 135 166 207 Luncheon Anniversary 1946,136,166,206 Meetings Notices of Joint 140 Members in the Forces Remission of Sub-scriptions 167 Members Released from Captivity 180,228 Membership Suggested Third Grade of 25 57 Microchemical Methods 137 Ministry of Education 58 97 135 208 Ministry of Health 58 94 96 125 134 167 Ministry of Information 59 Ministry of Supply 181 National Certificates 12 58 97 135 136 138 208 Newton Chambers Prize Essay 99 136 204 New Zealand Appointments in 81 Kominations Examinations and Institu- tionsCommittees 9 58 94 96 134 136 167 207 Notes 41 85 124 151 180 228 Notices General 51 91 132 163 202 240 Obituary 43 86 126 163 198 230 Parliamentary and Scientific Committee 6 56 Parliament Science in 124 152 Patents Committee 55 Patents Enemy Owned 181 Pilcher Richard B.Retirement of 67 Poisons Board 4 137 Press Science and the 216 Publications and Library Committee 10 25 57 94 95 97 134 Public Health Service 125 134 167 Publicity 25 142 Publicity of Science Conference on 216 Register The 48 89 129 159 232 Remuneration of Members 140 Representatives on other Bodies 55 Roll of the Institute 2 Royal College of Chemistry 181 Salaries of Chemists 140 Scientific Achievements Publicity for 125 Scientific Civil Service 168 173 207 Scientific Film Association 168 Scientific Instruments Industry 125 Scientific Terms Definitions of 25 59 137 168 Scrutineers Report of 65 Secretaries Hon.Corresponding 58 104 Sewage Filter Beds 152 Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists 58 94 95 96 134 137 Spence Dr. D. endowment of Lecture 166 jtreatfeild Memorial Lecture 24 184 Students Welfare of 139 Superannuation 52 140 reachers’ Salaries 26 57 rerminology 25 59 137 168 Nater Research 125 Nater Drinking from Salt Water 125 Nelfare of Members 57 80 139 207 211 PRINTED BY W. HEPFER h SONS LTD. CAMBRIDGE. ENOLAND

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/RG9456900243

出版商:RSC    

年代:1945

数据来源: RSC