THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. Patron -H.M. THE KING. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. PART V: 1940. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, W.C.I.LONDON, October, 1940. Publications Committee, 1940141, A. L. BACHARACH (Chairman), J. J. FOX (President), W. M. AMES, M. BOGOD, R. R. BUTLER, A. COULTHARD, F. P. DUNN, A. E. DUNSTAN, L. EYNON, W. GODDEN, E. GREGORY, A.A. HALL, J. W. HAWLEY, T. P. HILDITCH, H. H. HODGSON, W. HONNEYMAN, R. H. HOPKINS, H. HUNTER, G. KING, P. LEWIS-DALE, G.W. MONIER-WILLIAMS, A.C. MONKHOUSE, H.W. MOSS, J. R. NICHOLLS, T. J. NOLAN, D. W. PARKES, SIR ROBERT PICKARD, I?. M. ROWE, S. B. WATKINS. 295 Editorial. Library of the Chemical Society.-In view of the pro- ceedings of the Special General Meeting of the Institute, held on 4th October (see p. 305),and the resolutions passed thereat, under which the Institute agrees to continue its contribution to the maintenance of the Library of the Chemical Society, Fellows and Associates will be interested in the following abstracts from a report of the Joint Library Committee, on Library Co-operation, (recently received from the Chemical Council). In 19x9, the Council of the Chemical Society offered to allow members of other chemical bodies to use its library in return for voluntary contributions towards the cost of maintenance. This proposal was accepted by the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry and other Societies.Repre-sentation on the Library Committee of the Chemical Society was given to the contributing bodies, and as these were largely concerned with chemical practice, the policy of the Library Committee as to the purchase of books was modified with the object of making the Library more fully representative of all branches of pure and applied chemistry. Although previously books on technical chemistry had been acquired, from 1919 onwards the purchase of such works has been greatly extended; for example, a rough division of books purchased in 1938 showed 84 of major technical interest and 50 of major academic interest.In addition, largely for the convenience of chemists employed in Industry, the Library was kept open, in normal times, until 9 p.m. instead of 6 p.m. from Monday to Friday, and until 5 p.m. instead of I p.m. on Saturday. In 1935 the setting up of the Chemical Council by agreement between the Chemical Society, the Institute and the Society of Chemical Industry afforded an opportunity for closer co-operation between these three bodies in support of a national chemical library. The Chemical Society retained its property in the books, but the management of the library was transferred to a Joint Library Committee, responsible in matters of management to the Chemical Council and consisting of representatives appointed by 296 the Chemical Society, the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry, and the other contributing bodies.The members of all contributing bodies have equal privileges in the use of the library. The management costs, referred to generally as maintenance costs, were by the agreement to be defrayed by the three Chartered Bodies in proportion to their membership, with due allowance for overlap and the contributions of other bodies. The maintenance costs are made up essentially of (a) the salaries and superannuation of the Library Staff, (b) Library postages, telephone, etc., (c) an agreed proportion of overhead charges for maintenance of the premises at Burlington House.All expendi-ture on maintenance is considered by the Joint Library Com- mittee and submitted to the Chemical Council for its approval. The cost of purchase of books, periodicals, binding and furniture is met solely by the Chemical Society. The Joint Library Committee makes recommendations on these matters to the Council of the Chemical Society which authorises the expendi- ture. (It is noteworthy that, so far, the Council of the Chemical Society has never denied the funds necessary for the purchase of all books recommended by the Joint Library Committee.) In addition,the Chemical Society exchanges sets of its publications with sets of chemical publications of other bodies all over the world; these are ultimately presented to the Library and repre- sent a considerable additional contribution from the Chemical Society.Finance.-In 1938, the last year unaffected by war conditions, the cost of maintenance of the Library was j61917 made up of E1622 salaries and superannuation, j630 postages and miscellaneous expenses, E225 proportion of overhead charges and a special item, authorised by the Chemical Council, of E39 for re-binding of books. The Association of British Chemical Manufacturers and several Societies continued to make voluntary contributions towards the maintenance of the Library in return for privileges for their members. These contributions amounted to L232, leaving L1685 to be found by the three main bodies. The Institute of Chemistry provided E718, the Society of Chemical Industry L410, and the Chemical Society E407.* * Owing to the contributions being based on previous year’s expenditure there remained about $150 more to be provided.This was paid by the Chemical Society, the appropriate adjustment being made in the following year. 297 The expenditure on maintenance represents a sum of the order of 2s. per member of the various Societies, and for this sum they enjoy full use of one of the finest chemical libraries in the world. The 780 students of the Institute of Chemistry have equal privileges, although their number is not taken into account when calculating the contribution of the Institute. The Chemical Society in 1938 expended l722 on purchase of books, periodicals (other than those received in exchange) and binding. Use of the Library.-The use of the Library has more than doubled in the twenty years under review.Compared with 1919, for which year the figures are given in brackets, in 1938 there were 8507 (3898) attendances, of these 4803 (3299) were by members of the Chemical Society, but many of them were also members of the Institute of Chemistry and/or the Society of Chemical Industry*; 3704 (599) were by non-members of the Chemical Society, made up of 2709 (229) by members of the Institute of Chemistry, 704 (288) by members of the Society of Chemical Industry and 291 (82)by members of other contributing bodies. The total books borrowed were 5948 (2867), of which 1697 (929) were sent by post; of these 3429 (2549) were borrowed by members of the Chemical Society and 2519 (318) by non-members of the Chemical Society made up of 1930 (161) by members of the Institute of Chemistry, 426 (143) by members of the Society of Chemical Industry and 163 (14) by members of other contributing bodies.Library Staff.-The Library staff in 1919 consisted of Mr. Clifford, Librarian ; Mr. Cummins, Assistant Librarian, and Messrs. Roche and Bird, whilst Miss Le Pla, Indexer to the Society, was employed on part-time duty. In 1938 it consisted of Mr. Clifford, Mr. Cummins, Mr. Bird and Mr. Picton, with part- time assistance from Miss Le Pla as previously. In spite of the greatly increased use of the Library no extra staff has been employed. The Library is not ideally housed for economy of running since two-thirds of it is kept in book-stacks in the basement, down six flights of stairs. The construction of the building makes it not * Similarly, many Fellows and Associates of the Institute and members of other contributing bodies are members of more than one such body, but not of the Chemical Society, and no figures are available showing how these describe themselves in the Attendance Book.298 feasible to erect a lift for passengers or books. In addition, after 6 p.m. the Library Staff has to admit readers at the front door, two stories down. Facilities for clerical work, book dispatching, receiving and indexing, and for telephoning are of the most restricted type owing to the inadequate accommodation at Burlington House.The efficiency of the Library service, in spite of these difficulties, is due in large measure to the organising ability of the Librarian and the extraordinary enthusiasm and loyalty of the staff as a whole. In 1921 the total salaries bill, including war bonus, was lI054. The war bonuses were made permanent in 1923, when the salary cost was l1174 per annum. This included a portion of the wages of the Commissionaire and cleaners. In 1930 a salary scale was introduced, but its operation was suspended owing to the 1931 depression and it became operative only in 1935. In 1926 a pension scheme was introduced, at present a sum equivalent to 10 per cent. of the salary of the members of the staff (in the personal case of Mr.Clifford 15 per cent.) being paid as an endowment policy premium. The salary and wages bill in 1938 was l1538 per annum plus fl175 for superannuation, making a total of fl1713. The corresponding figure for 1935, the year before the Chemical Council agreement came into operation, was LI530. The Library.-At the beginning of 1919 there were in the Library 6564 books and 16,753 bound volumes of periodicals; at the end of 1938 there were 12,801books and 29,871 bound volumes of periodicals. At present the number of additions of bound volumes per annum is over 950. The Library covers every aspect of chemistry and is exceptionally strong in periodicals (as defined by the World List of Scientific Periodicals), the titles under this headingbeing 1022.No fewer than 127 of the important ones are in duplicate and available to borrowers. The rules are so designed as to give borrowers every possible assistance but to prevent selfish ones penalising others. No person is allowed special privileges; the Chairman of the Joint Library Committee is expected to obey the rules as rigidly as the youngest student of the Institute. A photostat service is available and telephone facilities are provided. The Library staff is highly expert and it is universally zfcknowledged, even by those accustomed to the use of libraries, that their aid in finding unusual sources of infor- mation on chemical matters is often invaluable. 299 It might be of interest to users of the Library to outline the procedure by which the Library is kept up-to-date.At every meeting of the Joint Library Committee a list of all the new books on pure and applied chemistry and related topics, British and foreign, published since the last meeting is submitted by the Librarian; many of them are on the table for inspection. Previously some expert has been written to and asked to express an opinion on the value of the book. Each book is then con- sidered individually and its purchase recommended or not. Sometimes the purchase of a book is postponed to discover if it is asked for by some reader. It is not the policy of the Committee to purchase every book and every new edition. Among the considerations which weigh with new books are, not necessarily in this order, (a)the report of the expert, (b) the distinction of the author, (c) the strength of the Library in this section, (d) the demand of readers for this particular type of book; with new editions the popularity of the previous edition and the amount of change are usually considered.The Librarian from his reference cards is able to supply the Committee with such information as it requires on these matters. The majority of the books considered are recommended for purchase. By this procedure the Com- mittee believes that at a reasonable cost it has built up a Chemical Library worthy of the Chemical Profession of Britain. Under normal conditions the Committee meets about six times a year. During the vacations, or in case of urgency, the Chairman acts on behalf of the Committee, reporting any action taken at the next meeting.Complaints and suggestions from users of the Library are considered by the Committee, as also are breaches of the rules. The Fzctzcre.-The outbreak of war has made it impossible to foretell future developments. For some time now there has been no room for expansion of the Library at Burlington House. Room was found last year for the regular additions by storage of certain little used journals available elsewhere in Burlington House, and the removal of certain valuable books to safer quarters as a war precaution has provided some temporary space. From now on, however, the efficiency of the Library must suffer until more accommodation is available.This matter has been engaging the serious attention of the Joint Library Committee and the Council of the Chemical Society for some time, and a number of alternative plans were under consideration ; the crisis 300 of September, 1938, made progress difficult and the present emergency has necessitated their temporary abandonment. The policy of the Joint Library Committee is to provide for British chemists the best possible Library facilities that present circum- stances allow and when better times arrive to press forward with their schemes for adequate accommodation. Finally, the Joint Library Committee wishes to express its great appreciation of the ungrudging financial support of the Chemical Society, the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry, the other contributing Societies and the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers which has made it possible to carry out its work thoroughly and efficiently.Attached to the Report were-Appendix I, giving particulars of the contributions to the upkeep of the Library; Appendix 11, Statistics re use of Library, and Appendix 111, Salaries and Superannuation. The other contributing Societies are-the Biochemical Society, the Faraday Society, the Institute of Brewing, the Society of Dyers and Colourists and the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists. The contributions from the Institute, the Society of Chemical Industry, the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers and the other bodies mentioned above, for the years 1919-1938,inclusive, amounted to &13,24315s.~d., of which the Institute contributed E5276 5s. 5d. The Register of the Institute, 1940.-In concurrence with the wishes of the Press and Censorship Bureau, the new edition of the Register published on 1st September, 1940,does not contain the addresses or particulars of the occupations of the Fellows and Associates. The Council, after careful consideration, decided that the book should be published, in spite of these omissions, for the following reasons : It is the most complete list of qualified British chemists and it was regarded as important that it should be maintained and published. It is due to a new Associate or a new Fellow that his name should appear in the official Register. The book is largely used by Government departments and industrial concerns as well as by members themselves.Provision had been made before the war for the paper and the cost of production. 301 Since publication of the 1938 edition, nearly 2100 changes have been made, apart from changes in address, description of occupation, etc. 179 Fellows and 949 Associates have been elected; 390 Students have been admitted; the names of 85 Fellows have been removed on death or resignation; 278 Associates have become Fellows or have resigned or have had their names removed on account of death or non-payment of subscription; 215 Students have qualified or resigned, or their names have been removed on non-compliance with the regula- tions or on death.Letters for Fellows and Associates can be sent to the Institute for forwarding to their registered addresses. Corrigenda et Addenda.-Since the publication of the Register in September, the following alterations have been notified :-Page 43 Best, Arthur Pickup, add Ph.D. (Lond.). 53 Cameron, John, add Ph.D. (Glas.). 55 Chalk, Leslie James, for dates of election read A. 1927, F. 1939. 81 Garner, Walter, add F.T.I. 99 Hudson, John Herbert, add Ph.D. (Lond.). 108 Add KIRKPATRICK,Herbert Francis William, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C. 121 McIntyre, Robert, add B.Sc. (N.U.I.). 147 Rumens, Murray James, add B.Sc. (Lond.). 158 Strain, Robert Noel Claude, for B.Sc. (Q.U.B.) read M.Sc.(Q.U.B.). 184 Major, Frederick William, delete B.Sc. (Lond.). 302 Proceedings of the Council. Council Meeting, 18th October, 1940.-The Emergency Committee reported on its proceedings since the Council Meeting held on 19th July. The Committee had had under consideration the provisions of the Unemployment Insurance Act, 1940,as affecting members of the Institute earning incomes less than L420 per annum, but was not yet in a position to report on the matter. The Committee also reported formally on the calling of the Special General Meeting held on 4th October, and the Council received a report as to the result of that meeting. A letter was received from Dr. Francis H. Carr, C.B.E., Vice-President, accepting office as a Censor.Letters were received from the Chemical Council-@) reporting on minor alterations made in the proposed Agreement and Scheme of Co-operation and (b) forwarding, for the information of the Council, copies of a report on the working of the Library of the Chemical Society since 1919. The report was referred to the Publications Committee with a view to the publication of particulars of interest to Fellows and Associates of the Institute. A letter was received from the Council of the Chemical Society informing the Council of the Institute that it had unanimously approved the Chemical Council Scheme with a view to its coming into operation on 1st January, 1941,unless a substantial body of Fellows of the Society should express disapproval of the Scheme, and subject to similar action being taken by the other Chartered Chemical Bodies.Letters were also received from Dr. John Weir accepting office as Chairman of the Joint Committee with the Scottish Education Department for National Certificates in Chemistry (Scotland) and from Professor J. W. Cook, F.R.S., agreeing to serve as one of the Institute’s representatives on that Committee. Correspondence was received from the Belfast and District Section Committee and from individual members in Northern Ireland regarding an advertisement inviting applications for the appointment of City Analyst for Belfast. It was urged that a protest should be made against the appointment being offered on tender and because the terms provided for no security of tenure 303 beyond a period of three years, or the period of the present national emergency and six months thereafter.The President and the Chairman of the Appointments Com- mittee had directed that a protest should be addressed to the Town Clerk and the Medical Officer for the City of Belfast and also to the Ministry of Home Affairs of Northern Ireland, but no communication had been received from them beyond formal acknowledgments. The Association of Public Analysts for Scotland raised the question of analysts and consultants being required to pay purchase tax on chemicals and apparatus. The matter is receiving attention. (See p. 304.) A letter was received from the Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section suggesting that the Council should hold meetings at some more central place, such as Leeds, Manchester or York.Notice of the proposal will be placed on the agenda for the next meeting. The Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section also forwarded a letter from a Fellow protesting against the publication and issue of the Register for 1940 without the usual addresses, occupations and other information supplied in normal times. It will be recalled that the Council had been advised by the Press and Censorship Bureau that the Register should not be published with the usual information, but it had been considered desirable to maintain and publish a correct list of the names of Fellows and Associates. Reports from the Standing Committees were received and adopted, and from the Joint Committee of the Board of Educa- tion and the Institute ye National Certificates in Chemistry (Eng- land and Wales) and from the Ministry of Education (Northern Ireland) for National Certificates in Chemistry.The Benevolent Fund Committee noted with satisfaction that the loans repaid during 1940 amounted to E14g 8s. compared with L32 repaid up to the corresponding date (14th October) in the year 1939. Lecture.-On the occasion of the Special General Meeting of the Institute held on Friday, 4th October, Dr. J. H. Quastel, F.R.S., gave a lecture on “The Mechanism of Enzyme Action.” In moving a vote of thanks to the lecturer, the President said that no words from him were needed to emphasise the 304 importance of the lecture or the authority with which the lecturer had spoken.It must be very seldom that a lecture was given to accompaniment of the sort of music that they had been hearing outside,-fortunately without any ill-effects inside. He proposed a very hearty vote of thanks to Dr. Quastel for coming so far to give the lecture and for the extraordinary illuminating and interesting discourse that he had given on what was an extremely difficult field. Fellows and Associates could count themselves fortunate that the Institute had the privilege of publishing the lecture. Many had been looking for a succinct statement of the present position of enzyme action by one who really knew all about it. He (the President) hoped that the Institute might have the privilege of listening to Dr.Quastel again in happier times. The lecture is being prepared for publication and will be issued to the Fellows, Associates and Registered Students of the Institute with this Part of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. Streatfeild Memorial Lecture.-Mr. Sydney J. Johnstone , Streatfeild Memorial Lecturer for 1940,has agreed to give a lecture on the mineral resources of the empire; but, in the prevailing circumstances, it has been decided not to hold a meeting for the delivery of the lecture, but to issue it as a mono-graph, with JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part VI, at the close of the year. Chemicals and Apparatus : Purchase Tax.-In a letter dated 31st October from the Secretaries’ Office, Custom House, the Commissioners of Customs and Excise draw attention to the list of goods, under Class I~(I)(a) in Notice No.78, which are exempt from Purchase Tax when not put up for medicinal, veterinary or toilet use. The Commissioners state that it has been agreed, as regards this list, that provided the substance is not put up with any implication as to medicinal (or toilet) use (e.g. with a statement of its therapeutic use or dosage) it would not be liable to tax. In this connexion, the mere chemical name of the substance (or its synonym) on the label would not render the article liable to tax. Scientific apparatus of a kind unsuitable for domestic use is not liable to the tax. 305 Special General Meeting. A Special General Meeting of the Institute was held at 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1, on Friday, 4th October, 1940, at 2.30 p.m.,-Dr.J. J. Fox, C.B., President, in the Chair. The meeting was called to consider the Agreement and Scheme of Co-operation between the three Chartered Chemical Bodies, proposed by the Chemical Council, and also to hear a lecture by Dr. J. H. Quastel, F.R.S., on “The Mechanism of Enzyme Action.” The PRESIDENT:The notice convening this meeting has been circulated. I understand that one or two members have com- plained that it was put inside their Registers and they did not see it in time. I really do not think that the Institute should incur the extra postage and other expenses of sending notices separately. As Dr. Quastel wants to leave fairly early, I think we might reverse the order of proceedings on the agenda and ask him to give us his discourse at once.Is that the wish of the meeting? (Agreed.) At the conclusion of the lecture, the President moved a hearty vote of thanks to Dr. Quastel, which was carried with acclamation. The meeting then proceeded to consider the formal business. The PRESIDENT:In the August Part of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,the suggested Agreement and new Scheme of Co-operation between the three Chartered Chemical Bodies was published, and at the June meeting of the Honorary Secretaries of the Sections I put before them the desirability of their asking their members seriously to consider what is proposed in this Agreement.I have in some letters before me evidence that people either have not read the Agreement or have read into it matters that it does not contain. We have a number of letters objecting to the proposal and a larger number in favour of it. You will doubtless like to know why we are trying to get this agreement accepted now. There is a reason: it is that the other two Societies have to be ready to send out their forms for sub- scriptions in good time, and, unless this agreement goes through, the Society of Chemical Industry, which is proposing to raise its subscriptions, will not be able to bring the scheme into operation 306 in January, 1941. Unless there is strong objection to this agreement from the members of this Institute, there seems to be no reason why it should not be adopted.The first motion on the agenda is clear. Its purpose is to extend the agreement under which the Institute subscribes to the cost of maintenance of the Library of the Chemical Society for a period of five years beyond the period specified in the agreement signed on the 1st July, 1935, securing, in return, for the Fellows and Associates and Registered Students the continued use of the Library of the Chemical Society. By so doing, the Institute contributes to the maintenance of a valuable asset to British chemists generally, and I do not think that many members will object to the continuance of that agreement, so long as the Institute is able to afford to continue it. I have a letter in front of me in which it is suggested not that we should not continue our contribution to the Library of the Chemical Society, which is the only financial commitment involved and continues our present practice, but that we are acting ultra vires.We have been advised by Counsel that we are not acting zlEtra vires. We therefore propose to continue our contribution to the Chemical Society’s Library as in the past. The second motion is another matter. It relates to the desirability of our helping our friends-the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry-who are associated with us in the work of the Chemical Council. You will recollect that one of the main reasons why the Institute and other bodies subscribe to the maintenance of the Library of the Chemical Society is to release some of the funds which that Society formerly devoted to the maintenance of the Library, for use in another direction. But even with the help derived from the contributions of other bodies to the cost of maintenance of the Library of the Chemical Society its income is not sufficient to enable the Society to meet the cost of its adminis- tration and the increasing costs of its publications.Similarly with regard to the Society of Chemical Industry: funds are needed particularly in connexion with the publication of Abstracts and Transactions. But for the help which has been secured for these Societies by the Chemical Council, they would certainly not have been able to maintain their publications as they have done during the past five years.The funds thus obtained by the Chemical Council have been mainly received from companies and firms which are members 307 of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers. These contributions have been given under deeds of covenant for seven years, expiring at various dates from 1942 to 1g47-most of them in 1g43-so that it becomes necessary that an effort should be made now to secure for the two publishing Societies greater support from the body of chemists as a whole. The Fellows and Associates of the Institute are looked to mainly as the source from which new membership might come and, if I may say so, ought to come. I want this matter to be quite clear. We are not now seeking to spend the Institute’s funds.This is an appeal in particular to the younger members to join the other Societies of their own volition; there is no suggestion other than individual voluntary act ion. The second motion is therefore quite simple, and the meeting is asked to agree to urge the Fellows and Associates to become joint members of the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry and to participate in the proposed scheme of co-operation as defined in the schedule to the suggested agree- ment, Every Fellow and Associate-I want to emphasise this- is free to do as he likes in the matter, but it will be helpful if this meeting agrees to the motions which I now submit. I think it is only right, however, to say that we have received some objections. A Fellow, whom I respect very much, has pointed out to me that, under the scheme, he would not receive all the publica- tions which he has been accustomed to receive as a member of this Institute, the Chemical Society, the Society of Chemical Industry, the Biochemical Society and others, for which he has paid annual subscriptions.That is true. If he co-operates in this scheme he will be 10 units down-xos. down at the present moment- but there is nothing to prevent his continuing to pay his individual subscriptions and getting the publications if he wants them. There is no compulsion on him to stop what he is doing now if he wants to continue. The object of this scheme is to allow chemists to limit the number of publications which they can receive and the cost to them.If any chemist wants to continue to receive all the publications he can continue as at present. That is another misunderstanding which I wish to remove- the idea that there is any compulsion on anybody to accept this scheme. What this scheme does for our Fellows is to give them an opportunity, for five guineas-Associates, for five pounds- 308 of being not only members of this Institute but also members of the other two Societies and thereby helping them and, in return, receiving a proportion of their publications. I hope we shall be able to induce many of our younger members to take advantage of this scheme. The main objection-raised by the Huddersfield Section Com- mittee and Mr.North, of Derby,-has been to holding this meet- ing at the present moment. We have been considering this for a very long time. I put it to the Honorary Secretaries of Sections, as I have said, and asked them to give their members adequate time to discuss the matter, and the reason for bringing it forward at this moment is to enable the other two Societies, who feel that they must rearrange their financial affairs by this scheme (without cost to us), to get on with it and to put it into operation without unnecessary delay. Dr. H. H. Hodgson wrote that, in his opinion, the time is inopportune for launching the Chemical Council scheme, because he is perfectly certain that Associates will not respond now, and he finds this opinion universal in the neighbourhood of Hudders-field. Mr.Webster Moss was against a meeting being held at the present time under the present abnormal conditions, to consider a matter which should be completed only with the most careful deliberation and full consideration of all the members. He says the matter is far too important to be rushed through by a Special General Meeting called at such an early date, and that the pressure being brought to bear on the members in the August JOURNAL is entirely unjustified and almost certain to cause resentment. He suggests that the wording in the JOURNAL (page 244, line I), instead of being “The Institute’s part in the Agreement is to encourage,” should be “The Institute’s part in the Agreement would be to encourage.” I have no objection to that alteration if those words are more acceptable.He regards the last paragraph on page 244 as unwarranted on the ground that it suggests that members are traitors to the profession unless they support the scheme. I strongly protest against such a view. He objects to the very emphatic wording used in the JOURNAL and says that he can find nothing in the Council Minutes indicat- ing that the Council had made such a decision. He also says that all proposals of co-operation between the three chemical Societies should be shelved until more normal conditions return. Mr. Moss has been informed that the other Societies regard 309 the matter as urgent and feel that if the scheme is not im-mediately brought into action the possibility of doing anything practical will be rendered more difficult as time goes on.The Council as a whole appeared to be in favour of going on with the business, and, as the principal agreement in 1935 received a vote of 20 to I, there was very little reason to think that the extension of that agreement would meet with great opposition. I think that the Publications Committee has correctly inter- preted the intentions of the Council. Mr. W. M. Ames strongly disapproved of the proposal to hold the Special Meeting under present conditions. He thought the meeting would not be representative, and that doing the business in such unaccustomed haste would invite suspicion that matters were being rushed. The main reason, however, is that he is opposed to the scheme.He fails to see why the Institute should participate in a scheme which relates to publica- tions. He thinks the question of publications is a matter for the individual, and that if publications are as valuable as is claimed, they should be either self-supporting or State-aided. As no one is being forced into the scheme, this objection does not appear critical to me. I am sanguine enough to hope that our younger members will rise to the occasion and seize the opportunity of associating themselves with other chemical organisations on the advan- tageous terms of the scheme. It is clear to me that chemists of all organisations will have to get together in more peaceful times for their mutual advantage.There are other letters of objection. Dr. Everest raises the objection that the meeting is held when conditions prevent any reasonable chance of the majority of the members being present--particularly those out of London, and suggests that it was not properly convened, because the notice went out with the Register. I do not know if any member present takes the same view and desires to raise the point whether this is a properly authorised and properly held meeting, in which case the matter can be discussed. I have a large number of letters in favour of the proposal. The Committees of the London and South Eastern Counties Section, of the Belfast Section and of the South Wales Section have expressed their approval of the motions.I hold 75 proxies: 74 in favour of the proposals and one against. I move, in accordance with the notice convening the meeting. 310 Professor F. G. DONNAN:I have great pleasure in seconding the resolution. I have been a member of the Institute for nearly thirty years. I have subscribed for a long time to the Societies referred to in the Agreement, and to many others, and I am Vice-chairman of the Chemical Council and a Past-President of the Chemical Society. The President has referred to the question of co-operation. It is co-operation that is needed in Europe to-day; those States which did not want co-operation have been laid flat, and if Englishmen do not want co-operation they will also be laid flat. Co-operation is needed in science as well as in other and wider matters : the fundamental point is co-operation. As the President has very well put it, there is no practical reason why the Institute should not support this scheme.The other bodies give up a great deal of autonomy, and some of them, such as the Society of Chemical Industry, will undergo great financial changes. Nothing of that sort will happen in the case of the Institute. In fact, the Institute (I am speaking as a Fellow) is in a highly privileged positioii. The Associates and Fellows, young and old, are simply asked to help by paying a joint subscription and receiving a certain number of publications. You may say: “Why should we? ” Well, I do not like to use the word “patriotism”; it is rather hackneyed.You may say: “I passed the Institute’s examination and took a first-class honours degree, and then I got a post. There is a very fine library in the large chemical concern by which I am employed, and I can read everything I want to read there; hence I do not require any publications and do not want to pay for them.” If you take that view (and I hope you will not) you will not help the scheme for which the President has so well appealed, because you will say that you personally will not get any advantage from it. If, on the other hand, you feel that you are not only an individual, but a member of a great corporate body, you will be willing to co-operate and help the whole body,-the whole, as every philosopher and scientist will agree, being greater than the part.This matter has been given long and careful thought.The industry has subscribed, as you know, a large sum of money, for it desires the chemists of the country to come together and co-operate. You are not asked to give away any of the funds of the Institute, but you are asked individually to co-operate in the great work of publishing the knowledge acquired by British 311 science. If you do not do so, you will show that you have no regard for the whole, which is greater than all the separate parts. Speaking not as Vice-chairman of the Chemical Council or as Past-President of the Chemical Society, but simply as an old Fellow of the Institute, I appeal to you to join this scheme and thereby help Great Britain and her Dominions to hold higher the flag of British Science.Mr. J. G. A. RHODIN:I came here this afternoon with the express purpose of supporting the suggestion, but the previous speaker has done so in practically the same words as I should have chosen. At the present time, when we are allmore or less devoting our energies to finding out something in the interests of the country, I think we ought to support the other Societies of chemists, who are not perhaps so directly interested in the actual work but are more interested in the results. The Society of Chemical Industry is composed of a vast plurality of chemical manufacturers and others who have chemical manufactures as their main interest. The Chemical Society is more international in character, if I may say so, and more widely known and better known, in a way, all over the world than the Institute of Chem-istry, on account of its publications.Publications in chemistry, as in other branches of science, are what keep the science going forward, so that I think we ought particularly to support the Chemical Society. After that comes the other consideration, namely, the question of what people can afford. We are all asked to make sacrifices now; we have made sacrifices for “Spit- fires” and other things of various descriptions, and we might sacrifice something for what lies behind the whole matter- science, which has been the guidance of human hands and human thought in the past. I think that we ought to support this scheme, so well put forward by our President, to whose arguments I do not think anybody could find any objection. Mr.F. GREEN:I understood you to say that you have about 75 proxy votes in your pocket, and there are about 40 members of the Institute present here this afternoon, making a total of something like 120 all told, which I think represents about z per cent. of the total membership of the Institute. Having regard to that fact, Sir, do you still consider it advisable to go forward with the motion? The PRESIDENT:We cannot expect many people to come here 312 on the present occasion, but every member who is accessible has had an opportunity, even in these times of delays of posts and so on, to record his vote for or against.If he does not choose to do that, he is in exactly the same position as a voter at any municipal or Parliamentary election who does not trouble to exercise his vote; that is to say, he cannot complain if those who do trouble to do so take an action of which he does not approve. That is, to my mind, the complete answer. The annual general meeting of a railway company or other large company is rarely attended by more than about z per cent. of its members; but I do not give that as any excuse for the 98 per cent. of the members who have not attended or sent proxies. Mr. J. H. COOKE:In view of the fact that so very few members have sent in proxies or attended this meeting, and that the ratio of Associates to Fellows indicates a certain amount of apathy or inability or lack of desire to spend the money and take the trouble to qualify for the Fellowship, (I think the figures of membership are approximately 6000 Associates and 2000 Fellows), I am afraid that at the present juncture the response to this appeal is going to be very small.I should like to suggest, Sir, that Professor Donnan be approached and asked to draft some sort of short memorandum on the lines of the most excellent address which he gave us just now, which could be circulated. I think that might to a certain extent open the eyes of the 98 per cent. who have not sent in their proxies or attended this meeting. Mrs. S. M. L. TRITTON:I sliould like to ask a question. If the fees of the other Societies go up, does that mean that the com- pound fee which is suggested, i.e.l5,will go up too? The PRESIDENT:If the value of money alters and goes down-if, for instance, a shilling becomes worth sixpence-then pre-sumably all the Societies, including ourselves, would have to see whether they could get the equivalent of the present sub- scription. Mrs. S. M. L. TRITTON:Yes, that is obvious, I think. That was not the point I meant. You suggested that the Society of Chemical Industry were considering putting up their membership sub- scription. Will that affect our subscription as it stands now? No. Our subscriptions are two guineas for The PRESIDENT: Fellows and a guinea and a half for Associates, and we cannot 313 alter them without the consent of a General Meeting.Under the proposed scheme the subscription for Associates is roo units and for Fellows it is 105 units, and, if members take advantage of this scheme, and the unit, which is now IS., becomes IS. 6d., we should still get only our two guineas and guinea and a half. It is the other Societies who would benefit by that-not we. Mr. J. STEWARTCOOK:I should like to ask a question. I am one of the younger members of the Institute, to whom this appeal is particularly directed. I am going to vote in favour of the scheme and, if it is adopted, I shall take advantage of it. Be-coming a member of the bodies concerned implies something more than paying a subscription and receiving publications, and I should like to know whether, if I take advantage of this scheme, I shall be entitled to all the privileges of membership of the other bodies, such as, for example, the right to attend meetings like this one.The PRESIDENT:Those who take advantage of the scheme will become full members of the other bodies concerned, with the right of attending meetings, becoming members of the Council, and so on. Mr. J. STEWARTCOOK:Will members still have to be proposed and seconded ? The REGISTRAR (Mr. Richard B. Pilcher) :and SECRETARY I expect they will. Mr. J. STEWARTCOOK:I take it that the only alteration is in the subscription? The PRESIDENT:Yes, that is all. Mr. H. A. WILLIAMS: I am heartily in favour of the scheme as a voluntary one, though I would rather object to any idea of compulsion coming in.I am under the impression that, as it is stated in the JOURNAL that the Institute is going to “encourage by every means,” its Fellows and Associates to participate in the scheme, it may develop into compulsion. Can I have an assurance that the Institute will not increase its fees so as to compel people to join the general scheme and that no coercion will be used? The PRESIDENT: The Institute cannot increase its fees without the sanction of a General Meeting specially convened for the purpose, of which every member must have due notice, and it is 314 for the members to see that the subscriptions are not increased if they do not want to increase them. If these had been normal times I should have visited the Sections and put the matter to them.I hope myself that no attempt at compulsion in any shape or form will ever be applied to anyone. Mr. J. STEWARTCOOK:I am not very clear about the question of who decides the value of the unit. The PRESIDENT:At present it is IS. Mr. J. STEWARTCOOK:Who decided that ? The PRESIDENT:That is the actual value of the unit. Mr. J. STEWARTCOOK:Suppose it goes up to IS. 6d.; which body or Committee will decide that it has got to be that? The PRESIDENT:I take it that that would rest with the honor- ary treasurers and finance committees concerned, subject to the approval of the Councils and the provisions of the By-laws. After all, that will affect the cost of the publications of the publishing societies, of which the Institute is not one, and, so long as our subscriptions are not affected we are not concerned in the unit being altered.Also, it does not follow that because a Fellow or an Associate of the Institute joins this scheme for five guineas or L5 he is thereby compelled for ever to do it; he can withdraw if he likes. Mr. J. STEWARTCOOK:I fully understand that, but it does seem to me that there should be some body qualified and authorised to decide this. You have got an agreement which says that certain units have to be paid. Surely some body ought to be in a position to say from time to time what a unit is. A MEMBER: In the footnote on page 247 of the JOURNAL it is stated that any alteration in the value of the unit is to be subject to paragraph 5 of the agreement, which says: “The Councils of the parties hereto shall have power from time to time by agreement amongst themselves to make or modify such rules and regulations as they shall think fit for the better working of the Scheme, but no such powers shall be exercised except in accordance with the respective Charters and By-laws of each of the Constituent Bodies.” Therefore the value of the unit could not be altered except in accordance with the provisions of the Charters and By-laws.Dr. H, A. TEMPANY:Under this scheme any Fellow of the 315 Institute who joins becomes a member of the other two bodies, and is automatically entitled to have a voice in any alteration of the subscription of the members themselves.A MEMBER: I think there is an alteration needed in the second paragraph on page 248 of the JOURNAL. It is stated there that the Institute will deduct 42 units in respect of a Fellow and 31.5 units in respect of an Associate. I think it should state there that that is the actual subscription and not units, because units are not the matter of the Institute of Chemistry in particular. The REGISTRAR: May I answer that? It is rather interesting that that question should be raised. I am the Honorary Secretary of the Chemical Council, and I may say that we had actually shiZZings, but the Chemical Society asked us to make it units for the sake of uniformity. The Institute cannot alter the subscriptions of 42s.and 31s. 6d. for Fellows and Associates respectively without a General Meeting. It was in order to please the Chemical Society, and for no other reason that the word “shillings” was altered to “units ’’ in that paragraph. The MEMBER: I claim that it is incorrect. The REGISTRAR: I agree with you, but I am telling you quite frankly what happened. The MEMBER: Would not it be better to put “shillings”? The REGISTRAR: It means shillings and it is quite definitely shillings so far as the Institute is concerned, and it will not be altered from shillings unless the Institute in General Meeting alters it. Professor DONNAN:Cannot we vote on the matter now? To discuss such little points as using “units” or “shillings” is like fiddling while Rome burns.I personally should like to remain to the end of the meeting, but I cannot wait while such matters are discussed. The PRESIDENT: I think the reply is that the word “shillingsI’ was originally used, as the Registrar points out, and the Chemical Society said: “Why cannot you have units? ” It does not matter at all to us. We cannot take more or less than our 42s. or 31s. 6d., without the consent of a Special General Meeting of the members. It is purely formal. No change in the Professor DONNAN: value of the unit will ever be made without the agreement of the Councils and the members. That is obvious. Surely, after 316 what the President has said, we are not going to waste our time on such matters.Mr. D. M. FREELAND:Professor Donnan has stated that the fact that large corporations and companies had libraries available to their staffs would perhaps act as a deterrent to younger mem- bers of the profession taking advantage of this scheme. If that is so, Mr. President, do you think that a suggestion which might be of value is that a letter should be addressed to the staffs by the corporations or firms, appealing to the younger chemists not to take undue advantage of the facilities offered to them, and expressing the hope that they will come into this scheme? Perhaps the Institute would encourage these concerns to post such a letter up in their libraries. We will take a note of that. I should like The PRESIDENT: to see it done, but all we can hope to do is to awaken the con- sciences of our members to do something, and the suggestion that has just been made is one that I think we should seriously consider.Mr. J. STEWARTCOOK: The deterrent will not be affected one way or another by this scheme. All you are doing is to make it cheaper for people to do the proper thing, and therefore it is a step in the right direction. Mr. F. GREEN: You say that the scheme is voluntary. think what has caused a good deal of misgiving is this statement on page 244 of the JOURNAL: “There is, however,-or there should be-this element of compulsion: that every member should feel morally bound not only to support the scheme at his local Section meeting and elsewhere, but also to participate in it.” I think it would help a good deal, Sir, if you were to make a declaration from the Chair (if you agree, of course,) that so far as the Institute is concerned in the future no distinc- tion whatever would be made between its members who co- operate and its members who do not co-operate.The PRESIDENT:Surely it has never been suggested that the Institute is going to make the slightest difference between one member and another because he is or is not a member of any other body. Dr. G. ROCHE I move that we now proceed to the vote. LYNCH: Mr. J. STEWARTCOOK: I second that. 31 7 The PRESIDENT:It has been moved and seconded that we now proceed to the voting. Is there any amendment? If there is no amendment, I will now move that we proceed to vote on the motions on the agenda. The motion was carried, nem.con. The PRESIDENT:The first motion is as follows:- “(a) That the Institute subscribe to the Suggested Agreement-published in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS of the Institute, Part IV, 1940,pages 245 et seq.-and thereby undertake to co-operate with the Chemical Society, the Society of Chemical Industry and the Chemical Council and to extend the Principal Agreement, under which the Chemical Council was constituted on the first day of July, 1935, for a further period of five years as from 1st July, 1942, and there- after for successive periods of three years, subject to like provisions to those contained in clause (14) of the Principal Agreement; so that it being agreed that the Scheme set out in the Schedule to the Suggested Agreement shall come into operation on 1st January, 1941, the Principal Agreement shall be read and construed for all purposes as if the words twelve years and six months’ were substituted in all places in clause (14) thereof where the word ‘seven’ now appears.’’ The motion was put to the meeting and declared by the President carried nem.con. The PRESIDENT:The second motion is as follows:- “(b) That the Institute agree to urge its Fellows and Associates to become joint members of the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry and to participate in the proposed Scheme of Co-operation as defined in the Schedule to the Suggested Agreement.” I should like to say, in view of the discussion, that if it were possible for me to insert the word “voluntarily,” so that the motion would read: “That the Institute agree to urge its Fellows and Associates to become joint members voluntarily,” and so on, I would do so, in order to meet the objections.The word is not there, but I hope it will be understood. Professor DONNAN: It is obvious that the scheme is a volun- tary one. The PRESIDENT:I want to remove the least suspicion of compulsion. 318 The motions were put to the meeting and declared by the President carried nem. con. The PRESIDENT:That concludes the meeting. I should like, on behalf of the 47 out of 50 members of the Council who have approved this scheme, to express our thanks for what you have done this afternoon.I feel that we have taken an important step in the progress of chemistry in this country. The meeting then terminated. 319 Local Sections. Birmingham and Midlands.-Many Midland chemists will feel personal regret at the passing of Sir Oliver Lodge. Those who studied at Birmingham University while he was Principal remember his endearing disposition and great charm of manner. His public lectures were popular with students and public alike. He had a vein of humour and a simplicity of style which made the profound seem obvious. His broadcast talks were appreciated by listeners generally and, like much of his scientific work, were of pioneer value. At a memorial Service in Birmingham Cathedral the Section was represented by its Chairman, Mr.J. R. Johnson. Bristol and South-Western Counties.-A meeting of the Section was held in the Chemical Department of Bristol University on 3rd October jointly with Local Sections of the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry,-Dr. A. C. Monkhouse in the Chair. Dr. Gwyn Williams gave a lecture on (‘Bye-Products of Industrial Research,” which was followed by a good discussion. East Midlands.-At ajoint meeting of the Section with the Leicester Literary and Philosophical Society held in the main Hall at University College, Leicester, on 3rd October,-Mr. F. C. Bullock in the Chair,-Dr. A. Hickling gave a lecture on ‘(Some Recent Developments in the Theory of Electrolytic Oxidation Processes.” (See p.322.) Glasgow and West of Scotland.-The Annual _General Meeting of the Section was held in the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, on 4th October. Professor W. M. Cumming, Chairman of the Section, presided. The reports of the Honorary Treasurer and Honorary Secre- tary were discussed and adopted. 320 The Secretary reported that, in view of the outbreak of war, the Annual General Meeting had not been held in October, 1939, and the Committee had decided with regret to abandon the programme of lectures arranged for session 1939-40. This latter decision was taken largely because of the doubt as to the ability of the lecturers to travel or to spare the time from their war-work. The reports for session 1938-39 had been sent to all members together with a statement intimating that the Committee had agreed (subject to the members’ approval) to remain in office until a General Meeting could be held.No adverse criticism had been received and the suggestion was taken as approved. The activities of the Section had consisted of participation in four meetings held jointly with the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry. The report also noted that there had been a considerable increase in the membership of the Section and concluded with a statement that the policy of holding joint meetings would be continued in the current session. The Chairman drew attention to the somewhat unconstitu- tional position of the present Office-bearers and Members of Committee. and stated that he had consulted the Registrar and also ascertained the procedure adopted by other Sections under similar conditions.As a result of these inquiries he put the following motion to the meeting: “This General Meeting of the members of the Glasgow and West of Scotland Section of the Institute of Chemistry, held on 4th October, 1940,recommends that (subject to the approval of Council) the present Office- bearers and members of Committee should remain in office until the conclusion of hostilities or until such time as the activities of the Section return to normal, and that they be given power to fill vacancies if such should arise. ” After some discussion the motion was unanimously adopted.The Chemical Council Scheme was discussed. The meeting was almost unanimous in its support of the scheme, one or two members voicing the view that, in so far as it affected those who at present are members of only one of the three societies, the new conditions are not over attractive. All were of the opinion, however, that the scheme represented a decisive step towards the closer co-operation so earnestly wished for. A letter was read from Mr. A. R. Jamieson, the Section representative on the Benevolent Fund Committee, in which he made a strong appeal for greater support for the Fund, an appeal which was warmly commended by the Chairman, who remarked that the establishment of such a Fund had been one of the outstanding acts of the Institute Council.The formal business was followed by some general discussion, during which the hope was expressed that it might be found possible to hold Council and General Meetings outside the London area, not only in war time, but also in normal times. On 14th October, a number of members availed themselves of the invitation of the Chemical Society to attend a meeting in the new Chemistry buildings of the University of Glasgow, when Professor E. C. Dodds, M.V.O., gave a lecture on Synthetic Oestrogens.” Professor Forsyth J. Wilson presided. Leeds Area.-For the Leeds Area Section of the Institute, the local FelIows of the Chemical Society and the Yorkshire Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, a programme of meetings has been arranged, particulars of which will be found under “Coming Events.” (Page 350.) South Yorkshira-Members of the Section and their friends took part in an excursion into Derbyshire during the afternoon of Saturday, 28th September.Tea was taken at the Marquis of Granby Hotel, Bamford, where the party spent an enjoyable afternoon. The Section Committee has met several times this Session and a programme of interesting meetings is being arranged for the 1940-41 Session. 322 Lecture Summary. Some Recent Developments in the Theory of Electrolytic Oxidation Processes Dr. A. Hickling, before the East Midlands Section. The industrial application of electrolytic oxidation has hitherto been hindered by a lack of knowledge of the mechanism of the process and the difficulty of predicting optimum working conditions.Recent investigation of the anodic oxidation of sodium thiosulphate has shown that the process is, in many ways, analogous to the chemical oxidation of thiosulphate by hydrogen peroxide, and that the addition to the electrolyte of catalysts for hydrogen peroxide decomposition greatly reduces the current efficiency of the electrolytic process. On this basis, there has been developed the hydrogen peroxide theory of electro-lytic oxidation which has as its main postulate the primary formation of hydrogen peroxide by the combination of dis-charged hydroxyl radicals. The theory has been successfully applied to more complicated cases of electrolytic oxidation. including the conversion of sulphites to dithionates, the anodic formation of chromates and periodates, and the phenomena attendant on the electrolysis of acetates and acid-ester salts (Kolbe and Brown-Walker reactions). Analytical detection of the hydrogen peroxide at an anode is usually difficult (although it has been achieved in a few instances) and this is attributed to its formation at high concentration in contact with the anodic surface which is usually a good catalyst for its decomposition; hence, under ordinary conditions, it has only a transient existence.By using aqueous electrolytes, however, under reduced pressure with the anode placed a few millimetres above the surface of the solution and a high applied voltage, electrolysis can be carried out without any solid surface being in contact with the anodically formed hydrogen peroxide ; under these conditions the substance is formed and persists in the solution in quantities approximating to those required by Faraday’s laws of electrolysis.323 Examinations. September, 1940. Abstract of the Report of the Board of Examiners. Examinations were held as under:- No. No. For the Associateship in General Chemistry- Entered. Passed. At the Institute, in the Laboratories of the University of London, South Kensington, and at the Royal Technical College,Glasgow. Theoretical papers were also taken at a number of local centres. Theoreticat-Thursday and Friday, 12th and 13th September. .. Practical-Tuesday-Friday, 17th-20th Septem- ber .... .. .. .. .. 61 39* For the Fellow8hip- Branch E. The Chemistry, including Microscopy, of Food and Drugs and of Water: at the Institute and in the Laboratories of the University of London, South Kensington, -Monday-Friday, 23rd-27th September .. 3 2 Branch F. Agricultural Chemistry: at the Seale Hayne Agricultural College, Newton Abbot, Devon,-Monday-Friday, 23rd-27th September . . .. .. .. -1 ot -65 41 * Four candidates failed to satisfy the Examiners in part only of the examination and two candidates were unable to complete the examination owing to illness. Five candidates satisfied the Examiners in those parts of the examination in which they had previously failed. Failed only in the theoretical part of the examination.The following papers and exercises were set :-Examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry. THURSDAY, 12th SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Attempt FIVE questions only. Answer concisely and to the point. Give formulae and equations where possible.) 1. State van der Waals' equation and indicate on a p,v diagram the form of the corresponding is0thermals. Deduce relations ex_pressing the critical constants of a substance in terms of the constants in the equation. 2. Describe with experimental details how you would make ONE of the following determinations-(a) the molecular weight of a pure liquid by depression of the freezing point of benzene; (b) the specific conductance of an aqueous solution of a salt at 25" C.324 3. Explain what is meant by the term “complex ion,” and indicate methods which may be used to show that a metal in a particular salt exists largely as part of a complex anion. Give two examples of the utilisation of complex ion formation in qualitative inorganic analysis. 4. Describe the preparation and properties of FOUR of the following:- (a) barium dithionate; (b) chromyl chloride ; (c) hydrazoic acid; (d) potassiiun mercuri-iodide ; (e) calcium carbide; (f) nitrososulphuric acid. 6. Illustrate by means of diagrams how the freezing point of molten mixtures of two metals, A and B, varies with the proportions of the metals in the mixtures, (a) when the metals form a complete series of solid solutions, (b)when they form a compound A,B but no solid solutions, (c) when they form neither compounds nor solid solutions.Indicate the nature and composition of the solid alloys which separate out from the various molten mixtures. 6. At 15”C. the density of a 50 per cent. (by weight) solution of nitric acid in water is 1.316 g. per c.c., and that of a 30 per cent. (by weight) solution is 1.184 g. per C.C. Calculate the volume of water (density 0.999)which would have to be added to 750 C.C. of the 50 per cent. solution in order to produce a 30 per cent. solution, and the extent of the contraction or expansion that would occur in the process. 7. Give an account of EITHER bismuth and its compounds, OR selenium and its compounds.2 to 5 p.m. (Attempt FOUR questions only. Answer concisely and to the point. Give formulae and equations where possible.) 1. Write a short account of the phenomenon of heterogeneouscatalysis, and discuss modern views regarding its mechanism. Describe two important industrial applications of heterogeneous catalysis. 2. Some elements in the first short period of the periodic system show a closer resemblance in certain of their properties to members of the next group than to those of their own group. Discuss this statement with reference to the properties of lithium, beryllium and boron. 3. Compare the mechanisms by which electricity is transportedthrough metals, gases and electrolytes. What substances are produced at the anode and the cathode when aqueous solutions of the following substances are electrolysed between platinum electrodes :-silver nitrate,ferric chloride, potassium cuprocyanide, nitric acid ? Indicate in each case how these products are formed.4. Explain what is meant by the “order of a chemical reaction,” and outline methods by which it can be determined. An aqueous solution is made up containing an ester and sodium hydroxide in exactly equivalent proportions. Titration of a sample of the reaction mixhe from time to time shows that the alkalinity decreases as follows:-Time (minutes) . . 0 6.95 12.6 30.6 Relative alkalinity . . 1.000 0.705 0-566 0.355 What is the order of the reaction ? 325 6. Give an account of the metallurgy of nickel.6. Write an essay on ONE of the following topics:- (a) chemical aflfinity; (b) adsorption; (c) isotopes. FRIDAY, 13th SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (AttemptFOUR qumth only, in which No. 1must be included. Answer concisely and to the point. Giveformulae and equations where possible.) 1. A neutral compound (A) C,,H,,O,, undergoes hydrolysis to yield an acid (B) C0Hl0O3,and a neutral compound (C) C,H,,.O. On oxidation with permanganate, (B) yields an acid (D) C8H,03,whch when distilled with soda lime yields anisole (phenyl methyl ether). When oxidised with chromic acid (C) yields a neutral compound (E)C,H,,O, which is converted by sodium hypobromite into bromoform and phenylacetic acid. Give the structural formula of (A) and by means of equations indicate how you would synthesise (A).2. By means of equations and short notes indicate how (a)acetoacetic ester may be used in the synthesis of (i) methyl iso-propyl ketone and (ii) sym-diaceto-succinic ester; (b)malonic ester may be used in the synthesis of (i) methylethylacetic acid, (ii) cyc1o-propane-1~3-dicarboxylicacid and (iii) mesoxalic acid. 3. Outline the reactions involved in the industrial preparation of FIVE of the following compounds:-(a) p-nitraniline, (b) carbon tetra- chloride, (c) dioxan, (d) n-butyl alcohol, (e) benzidine, (f)cyclohexanol,(9)saccharine, (h)iso-propyl alcohol. 4. Mention the more important differences between the following:- (a) aldehydes and ketones; (b) amines and amides; (c) primary alcohols and tertiary alcohols; (d) alcohols and phenols; (e) alkyl halides and aryl halides; (f) a-hydroxy acids and y-hydroxyacids.6. Give the evidence, analytical as well as synthetical, on which the structure of ONE of the following compounds is based:-(a) a-terpineol,(b) piperine, (c) papaverine. 6. Write an essay on ONE of the topica:- (a) geometrical isomerism; (b) keto-enol tautomerism ; (c) optical activity associated with the presence of a nitrogen 7. By means of equations and short notes indicate how the following or a sulphur atom in organic compounds. compounds are usually obtained from naphthalene :-(a) a-and P-mphthOlS; (6) a-and P-naphthylamines; (c) phthalic anhydride; (d) anthraquinone; (e) anthranilic acid; 326 (f) 1-hydroxy-4-amino-naphthalene. 2 to 3.30 p.m.Translation from French and German Technical Literature. TUESDAY, 17th SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 4.30p.m. Identify, as completely as time permits, compounds (A) and (B). (A = o-chloronitrobenzene or p-chloronitrobenzene ;B = ethyl phthalate or methyl cinnamate.) WEDNESDAY, 18th SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Characterise, as completely as time allows, the two components of the mixture (C) and state the approximate composition of (C). (C = Benzene and n-butylsalicylate or toluene and salol.) THURSDAY, 19th SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Determine gravimetrically the percentage of potassium in the mixture of potassium chloride and sodium carbonate (D) using the ethyl alcohol-perchlorate method.2. Determine volumetrically the percentage of iron in the sample of iron ore (E)which may not be entirely soluble in hydrochloric acid. (This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) 3. Identify the single substance (F). (F = manganese ferrocyanide or nickel ferrocyanide.) FRIDAY, 20th SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercise 2. 2. Identify the chief constituents of the sample (G), which is a precipitate formed in a water purification process, and report on small amounts or traces of other constituents that may be present. (G = CaCO, with several per cent. of Mg, Al, SiO, and SO,” with traces of FeyPO4”’, Ti, Mn, Na and organic matter.) Examinations for the Fellowship.Branch E: The Chemistry (including Micrcscopy) of Fcod and Drugs,and of Water. MONDAY, 23rd SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 11.30 a.m. (THREE questions onty to be attempted.) 1. Give an account of the optical principles upon which are based 2. Samples having the composition as shown below are submitted any form of refractometer with which you are familiar. to you under the Food and Drugs Act; state whether you consider them to be genuine, giving the reasons for your opinion:- (a) “Lard” containing 4 per cent. of water. (6) “Lard Substitute” containing 15per cent. ofwater. (c) “Dripping” containing 10 per cent. of water.(d) “Cornflour” consisting of rice flour. (e) “Brandy” fortified with “silent spirit.” 3. What methods would you use for the determination of the com- position of a mixture of fats? (Practical details are not required.) State the order in which you would apply them and the information which you would expect to obtain from each. 4. Write a report upon a sample of milk which has been found to give the following results on examination :-Fat .. .. .. . . 3.8 per cent. Solids not fat .. .. * -8.7 9, 19 Ash .. .. 0.81 ,, ,, Chloride (as.NaClj .. .. 0.20 ,, ,, Lactose .. .. .. * * 4.6 99 9, Protein . . .. .. * * 3.2 99 99 F.P. Depression (Hortvet) . . 0.59” C. MONDAY, 23rd SEPTEMBER, 11.30 a.m. to 1 p:m. (THREE questions only to be attempted.) 1.Indicate briefly the pharmacological basis of the therapeutic uses of :-(u) hexamine, (b) cod-liver oil, (c) atropine sulphate, (d)strophanthin. 2. Write an account of the nature and uses of the synthetic local anaesthetics. 3. Describe the toxic effects, due to overdosage or idiosyncrasy,which may follow the administration of the following drugs:-(a) cincho-phen, (b) quinine, (c) potassium iodide, (d) carbon tetrachloride. 4. Give an account of the procedures by which you would detect poisoning by (a)carbon monoxide, (b) belladonna. MONDAY, 23rd SEPTEMBER, 2 to 6 p.m. (FIVE questions only to be attempted.) 1. Write a short essay on the determination and use in food of EITHER 2. What do you understand by (a)Hubl’s solution, (b) the Clerget 3.Give the official specifications under the National Mark scheme 4. Unless suitable precautions are taken errors may arise in the sulphur dioxide OR benzoic acid. formula, (c) Vieth’s ratio, (d) Sikes’ hydrometer, (e) Raoult’s law? for any three foods. following determinations. What are the errors and how may they be prevented ? (a) The Wijs method for iodine value. (b) The Kjeldahl method for total nitrogen. (c) The ReichertiPoIenske method. (d) The determination of the ash of milk. (e) The determination of magnesium by the pyrophosphatemethod. 5. State briefly the present position of the law with regard to the sale of milk. 6. Describe the process of manufacture of EITHER (a)malt vinegar OR (b)a hard cheese.If a legal standard for the article chosen were made, upon what considerations axe you of the opinion that it should be based S TUESDAY, 24th SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Examine as completely as possible and report upon the sample of cheese (A). (A = Genuine Cheddar cheese.) WEDNESDAY, 25th SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Examine and report upon the sample of “dried milk” (B). (B con-tained added lactose and malted milk.) (This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) THURSDAY, 26th SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Complete the examination of the “dried milk.” 2. Examine the hard water (C) and suggest a method for softening on the commercial scale. (C = London tap water and MgSO,.) FRIDAY, 27th SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m.to 5 p.m. Examine and report upon the sample of anunoniated tincture of quinine (D) which has been submitted as of B.F. quality. (D = Quinine hydrochloride, industrial met;hylated spirit; 10 per cent. deficient in ammonia.) SATURDAY, 28th SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Identify the materials (E), (F),(G), (H),(I)and (J)by microscopi- cal examination. Examine specimen (E) for an adulterant. Annotated sketches of the characteristic structures seen should be included in your report. 2. Identify the active ingredients of the compressed tablets (K) and (L), which are submitted for examination in connection with a case of suspected narcotic poisoning :-(E) Cinnamon bark with 25 per cent.Cassia bark. (F) Arrowroot starch. (G) Fennel fruit. (H) Ipecacuanha root. (I) Colocynth. (J) Grey filter paper pulped by grinding with water. (K) Phenobarbitone tablets Gr. 1. (L) Compound aspirin tablets, B.P.C. Branch F: Agricultural Chemistry. .MONDAY, 23rd SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Anszoer FOUR questions.) 1. Criticise the methods of determining the available potash and phosphoric acid in soils. State the approximate amounts of total and available potash in soils of different types. 2. Discuss the degree of toleration of crops for acid soils. Account for the fact that soils with the same hydrogen ion concentration may in practice require different amounts of lime to make them fertile. How is this amount of lime determined? 3.Discuss the functions of potash in plant growth. What crops are most in need of potash? What potash fertilisers are in general use? 329 How are they obtained? As a result of war Conditions from what other sources can supplies be obtained ? 4. Describe as fully as you can how you would carry out a three years’ field experiment on an acid soil to find the effect of lime and phosphate on the yields of turnips followed by barley, followed by hay. 5. Discuss the chemical constitution and physical structure of clay. How does its presence affect the fertility of the soil, and how are any disadvantages overcome ? 6. What changes take place in a heap of farmyard manure during storage? How are losses of nutrients minimised? Discuss its value for fertilising the soil. Calculate the quantities of sulphate of ammonia, sulphate of potash and superphosphate that would contain the same amounts of nitrogen, potash, and phosphoric acid, as 10 tons of farmyard manure.MONDAY, 23rd SEPTEMBER, 2 to 5 p.m. (Answer FOUR questions.) 1. What is an animal calorimeter? Describe its construction and show how it is used to determine the net energy of a feeding stuff. 2. What is a “respiratory chamber”? Describe how it is used to determine the digestibility of a feeding stuff. How are the results obtained used to find the “starch equivalent” of the feeding stuff? What is the relation between “net energy” and “starch equivalent” ? 3. Describe modern methods of ensilage and discuss the chemical changes that take place in the process.Under what conditions is the addition of molasses an advantage? 4. Describe briefly the general structure of the proteins. What changes do they uhdergo; (a) during digestion in the animal, (b) when applied to the soil ? 5. Discuss the functions of enzymes and vitamins in stock feeding. How would you provide a sufficiency of vitamins in the winter rations of dairy cows? 6. The morning’s milk of a herd of dairy cows was found to be low in fat. What steps would you take to overcome this? Discuss the causes of variation in the fat content of milk. How does butter fat differ from other animal fats ? TUESDAY, 24th SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Determine the potash and nitrogen in the fertiliser (A).(This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) WEDNESDAY, 25th SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1, Complete yesterday’s exercise. 2. Determine the hydrogen ion concentration of the soils (B)and (C),and ascertain the amounts of lime required to bring the pH to 6.5. THURSDAY, 26th SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Analyse the foodstuff (D). (Thia exercise may be completed to-morrow.) FRIDAY, 27th SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercise. 2. Determine the ratio CaO/P,O, in the sample of milk (E). 330 EXAMINATION INFOR THE ASSOCIATESHIP GENERALCHEMISTRY. Inorganic and Physical (Theory papers) .-In the morning paper, Question I was reasonably well done by most of the candidates, but many were uncertain as to the form and signifi- cance of the isothermals in the neighbourhood of the critical temperature.Improvement was shown in the description of experimental methods (question 2 in this paper), but adequate detail regarding the determination of the freezing point of a solution was often lacking, the importance of controlling the amount of supercooling being commonly ignored. Most candi- dates were able to draw the thermal diagrams for the alloy systems referred to in question 5. The distinction between solid solution, compound and eutectic was not always completely understood. It was disquieting to find that a considerable proportion of those who attempted the simple calculation of the amount of water required to dilute a nitric acid solution from one concentration to another, worked on an incorrect basis.In the afternoon paper the question on heterogeneous catalysis was generally well answered (question I) and most candidates submitted good essays on isotopes, which was by far the most popular of the subjects offered in question 6. Question z was reasonably well done by many candidates, but a number were in trouble over the properties of beryllium. Few candidates gave really satisfactory answers to the second part of question 3, hardly any realising that, at a platinum cathode, ferric salts may be reduced to ferrous and nitric acid to various products, while potassium cuprocyanide may yield a deposit of metallic copper. Most candidates were able to give a satisfactory account of methods for determining the order of a chemical reaction (question 4), but many hesitated to attack the calculation which merely involved inserting the appropriate data in the equations which they had already deduced.The tendency, previously noticed, to avoid questions involving numerical exercises is rather less marked but is still present. Practical.-The results obtained in the gravimetric exercise were often rather disappointing. This was, no doubt, partly accounted for by war conditions. An improvement was apparent in the volumetric exer-cise, and some good results were obtained. Although some candidates still clung to the use of the external indicator, it was satisfactory to see that the majority used an internal indicator. Far too many candidates made no attempt to read burettes beyond the first decimal place, a regretable feature of the April examination also.Several candidates showed lack of judgement by taking the mean of two widely divergent results. The examination of the product from water purification was satisfactorily performed, but far too many candidates neglected to make confirmatory tests on their group precipitates. Many missed the silica, which was present to the extent of several per cent. The ferrocyanide ion was usually identified correctly, but the metal, Ni or Mn, was often missed or incorrectly reported. The residue left after ignition of the original substance often affords, valuable information in these identifications and should not be neglected.Organic Theory.-There was an unfortunate misprint in the first question of this paper, for the neutral compound (E) benzyl methyl ketone, contains only one atom of oxygen and not three as printed. Five candidates had sufficient insight to detect the misprint and were able to assign the correct structural formula to Compound (A). No candidate failed in the Examination or suffered loss of marks through this error which affected only a part of the question. Bearing in mind the abnormal conditions, the paper as a whole was well done, and the questions received an approximately equal number of answers. The answers to the question asking for the methods of preparation of the Q-and /3-naphthols and naphthylamines were perhaps the least satisfactory of any.A good proportion of answers to question 5 did not contain a satisfactory account of the analytical evidence as opposed to the synthetical evidence; candidates should appreciate that the synthesis of a complex substance cannot be effected until a fairly complete knowledge of its structure has been obtained by various analytical processes. Organic Practical.-Several candidates were clearly ill-prepared and ought not to have entered for the examination. For the most part, all the exercises were performed in a competent manner and the results were generally quite satisfactory. Although not so marked as in some previous examinations, there is still a tendency for candidates to refer to tables of melting points and boiling points at too early a stage in their work.Some candidates would have saved themselves considerable time and labour if they had appreciated that aqueous sodium carbonate will differentiate a phenol from a carboxylic acid. It is again necessary to point out that a few candidates went astray through the non-detection of nitrogen or chlorine in their identifications. Translations.-With one or two exceptions these were done quite well. FORTHE FELLOWSHIP E).(BRANCH The standard reached was reasonably good. The manipula- tive work was well done and the results obtained reached a good standard of accuracy. The successful candidates showed that they had experience in the interpretation of analytical results, although the form of the Reports might have been improved.PASS LIST. Examination in General Chernktry for the Associateship. Adamson, John Ernest, B.Sc. (Lond.), University College, Hull. Barrett, John, B.A. (Cantab.), The University, Cambridge. Baxter, John, College of Technology, Manchester. Briggs, George Edwin, Constantine Technical College, Middlesbrough. Campion, James Douglas, B.Sc. (Wales), University College, Cardiff. Clarke, Arthur David, University College, Leicester. Clasper, Matthew, Royal Technical College, Glasgow. Coppins, Walter Charles, B.Sc. (Lond.), Medway Technical College, Gillingham.Crawford, Robert Auld, Ph.C., Royal Technical College, Glasgow. Evans, Frederick Ernest, B.Pharm. (Lond.), Technical College, Cardiff.Faddy, John, Rutherford Technical College, Newcastle upon Tyne. Faulks, Allan James, B.Pharm. (Lond.), Technical College, Cardiff. Flemons, Garner Frecker, University College, Auckland ;and The Univer- sity, Manchester. Hammond, James, Sir John Cass Technical Institute, London. Harvey, Henry Guy, B.Sc. (Lond.), West Ham Municipal College and Sir John Cass Technical Institute, London. Hopkins, Robert William Brent, The Polytechnic, Regent Street, London. Jenkins, Charles Delme, Ph.C., Technical College, Cardiff; and The Poly- technic, Regent Street, London. Johnson, Norman Sydney, Central Technical College, Birmingham. Jones, Wynford Price, Ph.C., Technical College, Cardiff. Kenny, Andrew Paterson, Royal Technical College, Glasgow ;and Technical College, Paisley.Kenny, George, B.Sc. (Manc.), The University, Manchester. Lokhandvala, Kasamali Kaderali, B.Sc. (Bombay), Chelsea, Polytechnic, London. Lythgoe, Norman Frank, City Technical College, Liverpool. MacDonald, Kenneth, Ph.C., Royal Technical College, Glasgow. Mills, Ernest Charles, College of Technology, Leeds ; Technical College, Doncaster; and Sir John Cass Technical Institute, London. Rhodes, William Kenneth, Technical College, Bradford. 333 Seaman, William Arthur Jack, Sir John Cass Technical Institute, London. Seymour, Donald Edwin, Technical College, Stockport ;and The Univer- sity, Manchester. Simpson, Francis Eustace, College of Technology, Manchester. Smith, Robert Charles Morris, West Ham Municipal College; and South- East Essex Technical College, Dagenham.Stevens, Enoch Philip, B.Pharm. (Lond.), Ph.C., Technical College, Cardiff. Stock, John Thomas, B.Sc. (Lond.), Sir John Cass Technical Institute, London. Talliss, Henry Charles Hinton, Central Technical College, Birmingham. Vance, William John, Ph.C., Royal Technical College, Glasgow. Ward, Alan Horace, B.Sc. (Liv.), The University, Manchester; and The University, Liverpool. Warner, Kenneth Sidney, Sir John Cass Technical Institute, London. Whale, William, Central Technical College, Birmingham. Wright, Stanley, City Technical College, Liverpool. Zatman, Joseph, Royal Technical College, Salford. Examination for th Fellwshirp. In Branch E: The Chernbtry, including Microscopy, of Food and Drugs,and of Water.Kidd, James Donald, M.A., M.Sc. (T.C.D.). Watson, Edward Henry. 334 Science in War.-In order to ensure the continuance of the fullest co-operation of scientific workers with the Government in the national war effort, the Lord President of the Council, after discussion with the Royal Society, has, with the approval of the Prime Minister, appointed a Scientific Advisory Committee with a secretary from the Cabinet Secretariat. The terms of reference of the committee are:- (a) To advise the Lord President on any scientific problem referred to them. (b) To advise Government Departments, when so requested, on the selection of individuals for particular lines of scientific inquiry or for membership of committees on which scientists are required, and (c) To bring to the notice of the Lord President promising new scientific or technical developments which may be of importance to the war effort.The members are:- Lord Hankey, G.C.B., G.C.M.G., G.C.V.O. (chairman). Sir William Bragg, O.M., K.B.E., President of the Royal Society. Dr. E. V. Appleton, F.R.S., Secretary of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. Sir Edward Mellanby, K.C.B., F.R.S., Secretary of the Medical Research Council. Sir Edwin Butler, C.M.G., F.R.S., Secretary of the Agricul- tural Research Council. Professor A. V. Hill, 0.B.E.,M.D.,F.R.S. ,Secretary of the Royal Society. Professor A. C. G. Egerton, F.R.S., Secretary of the Royal Society.International Labour Force : Friendly Aliens.-A request has been received from the International Labour Branch 335 of the Ministry of Labour and National Service for the publica- tion of the following extract from a speech made by Mr. Bevin at a meeting of the Works Management Association held in London on 18th September:- “Another matter on which I need your assistance is in con- nection with our Allies. You know that country after country has been mown down by Hitler, and many of their workpeople, technicians, craftsmen and men of their mercantile marine are in this country, and the Government decided to establish an Inter- national Labour Force. You have already read of the results of General de Gaulle’s activities, of the exploits of the Polish airmen, the Czech airmen, the Norwegian seamen and our Dutch and Belgian friends.These people are fighting and giving their lives in the defence of the great cause-they are not refugees or aliens, they are our equals, and we cannot leave unused their ability, skill and energy. Would Hitler have left them unused in his country had they remained there and not fought against him? He would have used every possible device to exploit their skill. In this Force we have already registered a large number of these international friends. They include chemical, electrical, aeronautical, mechanical, mining and other engineers, industrial chemists and industrial research workers. There is also a number of craftsmen and people with experience of particular trades, and we want to see their services utilised in such a way that they are in fact making their contribution towards the equipment of their own Forces as well as to the common pool.The Department, which is being operated by General Appleyard and Mr. Scott, would welcome assistance from you in the absory- tion of these technical and skilled workers. “It should be clear that this Department only deals with people whom the Ministry of Home Security have certified as being all right. So far as the Government is concerned, our policy has been, from the point of view of social services and other State action, to treat them as equals with ourselves.” Laboratory Equipment.-Under the Import Duties (Ex- emptions) (No.8) Order, 1940,the following classes and descrip- tions of goods are exempted from Import Duties :-Optical glass and optical elements, optical instruments, scientific glass- ware, lamp-blown ware and laboratory porcelain, scientific instruments, certain gauges, and measuring instruments, and 336 vacuum tubes, and parts of certain of those articles specified in the Schedule to the Safeguarding of Industries (Exemptions) No. 13 Order, 1940. A course of lectures on the Chemistry of Food and Drugs is being given at Chelsea Polytechnic on Saturday afternoons from z p.m. to 4 p.m. The course commenced on Saturday, 26th October. It is hoped that it may be possible to arrange for some practical work to be perfonned by students in their own time.Enquiries should be addressed to the Principal of the Poly- technic or to Mr. J. E. Woodhead, Fellow, Chelsea Polytechnic, Manresa Road, London, S.W.3. Society of Chemical Industry.-Communications for the Society of Chemical Industry should be addressed, for the present, to the General Secretary, Society of Chemical Industry, The Royal School of Mines, Prince Consort Road, London, S.W.7. 337 National Certificates in Chemistry. ENGLANDAND WALES Assessom-Dr. J. Kenyon, F.R.S., F.I.C., Professor W. Wardlaw, D.Sc., F.I.C., Professor J. E. Coates, O.B.E., D.Sc., F.I.C. The Council has received the Report of the Joint Committee of the Institute and the Board of Education on the examinations for National Certificates in England and Wales.Copies of the full Report of the Assessors have been sent to all the Colleges concerned and the results have been communicated to the candidates. The following is a brief abstract of the Report. During the present session one school has submitted candi- dates for the first time in the Senior grade and one in the Ad- vanced grade. The number of entries in the Senior grade was 258, of whom 171 passed, compared with 326 in 1939,of whom 196 passed. In the Advanced grade there were 76 candidates, of whom 49 passed. In 1939 there were 88 candidates, of whom 58 passed. Of the 76 candidates, 62 had previously obtained the Ordinary Certificate, and of the 49 successful candidates 40 had previously obtained the Ordinary Certificate.It will be noted that, whereas the number of entries, particu- larly in the Senior grade, shows a distinct diminution, the proportion of passes is higher. The quality of the papers set in the different schools appeared to be quite satisfactory and their standard reasonably uniform; in general, the marking of the scripts was fairly and carefully done. Considering the difficulties of the session, the proportion of satisfactory scripts was very gratifying. Possibly the wider choice of questions this year contributed to this happy result. The desirability should be urged on all candidates of repre- senting definite chemical changes and reactions by formulae and equations. The verbal description of reactions and processes is sometimes ambiguous and not infrequently obscure; assessment would 338 be greatly facilitated if the description were supported by that precision which an equation affords. In the Senior grade, papers under the heading of Chemical Technology were submitted by 15 schools, out of a total of 41.These papers dealt with the following subjects :-fuel technology, bleaching and dyeing, metallurgy, and coke-oven and by-products manufacture. 49 candidates of the total of 258 included some branch of technology in their examination in this grade. In the Advanced grade, papers were submitted in some branch of technology by 13 schools, out of a total of 41. These dealt with bleaching and dyeing, sizing and dyeing machinery, the chemistry of cellulose, and the chemistry of glass manu- facture.Only 8 of the total of 72 candidates entering in this grade took technological papers as part of their examination. For the most part, the answers to the papers were well done and showed sound preparation. Some candidates who received good marks in their technological subjects did not acquit them- selves nearly so well in the non-technological subjects, which probably had not received their due amount of attention. Emphasis should be laid on the possession of a sound knowledge of the general scientific principles underlying technological processes. SCOTLAND A ssessor.-Dr. F. D. Miles, F.I.C. For the Ordinary National Certificates, 17candidates entered and 13 passed, and for the Higher National Certificate 10 can-didates entered and 7 passed.NORTHERNIRELAND The Council has received and approved a Report from the Ministry of Education, Northern Ireland. Five candidates presented themselves and four were awarded the Ordinary Certificate. 339 Obituary. LEWISEDWARD was killed during an air-raid on the night BOLWELL of 17th-18th September, in his 27th year. Educated at Whitgift Middle School, Croydon, he studied chemistry at Battersea Polytechnic and graduated B.Sc. (Lond.) with first class honours in chemistry in 1933. He devoted a year to research on the stereochemistry of diphenyl deriva- tives under Dr. Joseph Kenyon and then obtained an appointment as an assistant chemist with Messrs.W. & R. Jacob & Co., of Liverpool. On 1st November, 1938, he was appointed an Assistant Examiner at H.M. Patent Office, and he held that position at the time of his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1935. ALEXANDERCHARLES CUMMING died at Wirral, Cheshire, on 28th September, in his 61st year. He studied at the University of Melbourne, where he graduated B.Sc. with first class final honours in chemistry,gained the Kernot and Dixon Research Scholarships and an 1851 Ex- hibition Scholarship, subsequently proceeding to D .Sc. He worked for a year with Professor-later Sir-James Walker at University College, Dundee, a year with Professor Abegg in Breslau, and a year with Sir William Ramsay at University College, London.He was for nine years a lecturer in chemistry in the University of Edinburgh and for a year and a half at Birkbeck College, London, until the war of 191618, when he became manager of the Lothian Chemical Co., Ltd., and joint manager of H.M. Factory, Craigleith. In recognition of his services he was appointed an Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire in 1918. In 1921 he moved to Liverpool where he was engaged in the sugar refining industry and was managing director of Messrs. Macfie & Sons and Klarit, Ltd. He was the joint author of Cumming and Kay’s Quantitative Chemi- cal Analysis, author of a textbook on Practical Chemistry for Medical Students and Editor of a series of chemical monographs, and he contributed numerous papers to the Transactions of the Chemical Society, the Faraday Society, the Proceedings of the Society of Chemical Industry of Victoria, and other journals.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1917, and served as a Member of Council from 1919 to 1922. FREDGREEN was killed, as the result of enemy action, on 16th October, in his 50th year. Educated at the Central Secondary School, Sheffield, he studied at the University of Sheffield from 1909 to 1912, and graduated B.Sc. in 1912. After spending a year in the laboratory of Sherard Cowper-Coles, where he was mainly concerned with electrolytic processes, he joined the staff of the Analyst’s Department, Great Northern Railway Co., at Doncaster, and also lectured in the Doncaster Municipal Technical College in mathematics, physics and experimental engineering.At the time of his death he was senior water treatment chemist to the London and North Eastern Railway Co. He attended the Special General Meeting of the Institute on 4th October, and took part in the discussion. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1918. ABBOTTHADFIELDSIRROBERT died at Kenry House, Kingston Hill, on 3rd September, at the age of 81 years. He was educated at the Colleg- iate School, Broomhall Park, near Sheffield, taking chemistry under Dr. W. Baker. His father being in failing health, he was obliged to leave school at the age of 16 and went immediately into his father’s steel works at Attercliffe. He continued his study of chemistry and metallurgy with private practitioners in Sheffield, including A.H. Allen, and while yet under 30 years of age, became managing director of Hadfields Ltd., of which he was Chairman at the time of his death. He also became Chair- man of the Sheffield District Railway and a Director of the Sheffield Gas Company, the Mond Nickel Company and other companies. His name is specially associated with the introduction of manganese steel, silicon steel and other special alloy steels. He was the author of Metallurgy and its In$uence on Modern Progre88,Faraday and his Metallurgical Researches, and of numerous papers and addresses read before the Royal Society, the Institution of Civil Engineers, the Iron and Steel Institute, the Institutions of Electrical and Mechanical- Engineers and other scientific and engineering societies.He was awarded the Bessemer Gold Medal of the Iron and Steel Institute, the George Stephenson and Telford Gold Medals and Premium, and the Howard Quinquennial Prize and Premium of the Institution of Civil Engineers, and received many similar awards from the Soci6t6 d’Encouragement pour 1’Industrie Nationale, and from the American Franklin Institute, and other foreign academies. He was elected F.R.S. in 1909, and received the Honorary Degrees of D.Met. (Sheffield) and D.Sc. (Oxon. and Leeds). He received the honour of knighthood in 1908 and was created a Baronet in 1917. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1916. Information has recently been received that ERIC STANLEYHILLMAN died in California early in the present year, at the age of 46 years.Educated at King Edward VI Grammar School, Retford, he matriculated at the University of London, and in 1911, was registered as a Student of the Institute at University College, Nottingham, where he remained until 1915. He graduated B.Sc. (Lond.), with first class honours in chemistry and during the last war became engaged on the preparation of /3-eucaineat the South Western Polytechnic, Chelsea; he was later transferred to British Dyes, Ltd., at Huddersfield. In 1919 he obtained an appointment with the Asiatic Petroleum Company, and in 1921 was engaged at Suez, Egypt, in the Anglo-Egyptian Oilfields Refinery. In 1924 he joined the staff of the Cia Mexicana de Petroleo, at Minatitlan, and in 1926 was transferred to De Bataafsche de Petroleum, Maatschappij, and proceeded to the Dutch East Indies.In 1932 he returned to London and engaged in research, and two years later took an appointment with the Shell Develop- ment Co., at Emeryville, San Francisco. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1918. FRANCISHENRYNEWEY LANE died at Coventry, on 26th August, in his 55th year. Educated at Portsmouth Grammar School and Plymouth College, he studied chemistry at Birkbeck College, and graduated B.Sc. (Lond.) in 1910. In September of that year he obtained an appointment as assistant analyst in the laboratory of the Admiralty Chemist, then the late Arnold Philip, Fellow, with whom he remained until December, 1915, when he was appointed an assistant research chemist at the Imperial Institute.In 1917 he became a works chemist with the Rover Company, at Coventry, where he also held a lecturership at the Technical Institute. He left the Rover Co. in 1925 and practised in Coventry until 1935, when he joined the staff of Modern Machine Tools, Ltd. From 1938 he was chief metallurgist at Daimler Co.’s Factory until he was obliged to cease work owing to ill-health in October, 1939. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1919. 341 EDWARDWILLIAMLUCASdied suddenly, at Ealing, on 16th September, in his 76th year. Educated at Derby School, he studied for two years at the School of the Pharmaceutical Society, and qualified as a pharmaceuticalchemist.From 1889 to 1893 he was Assistant Government Analyst and, temporarily, Analyst to the Government of Hong Kong. In 1893 he joined the firm of John Bell & Co.-now John Bell, Hills and Lucas, Ltd., -where he became managing director and remained until his retire- ment in 1932. From 1896 to 1900 he was a member of the Board of Examiners of the Pharmaceutical Society. In 1918 he was apphted a Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire for his services, mainly in connexion with the production of gas masks during the war of 1914-18. He was the author of a textbook of Practical Phur- macy and a contributor to Pharmacology and Therapeutics, edited by Hale White. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1903.PERCYGEORGE MANDER died at Leeds Infirmary, on 15th July,in his 59th year. Born at Coventry, he was educated at Bablake School, studied from 1897 to 1900 at Mason College,-later the University,- Birmingham, and during the following year at the Royal College of Science, London, graduating B.Sc. (Lond.), with first class honours in chemistry, and also qualifying as an Associate of the College of Preceptors. In 1901 he was appointed Science Master at Ashby-de-la-Zouche Grammar School, and in 1907 proceeded to a similar appointment at Doncaster, where he remained until his death, except for a period during the Great War. He served in France and held the rank of Chptain in the 4th Duke of Wellington’s West Riding Regiment.He was invalided home after the Battle of Ypres in 1915, but returned, and was subsequently wounded on the Somme in the following year. After a long period in hospital he was posted to the Ministry of Munitions, where he was engaged on research with the late Professor T. M. Lowry. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1921. Ez~aLOBBRHEADdied at Manchester on 19th October, in his 76th year. He obtained his early training in science at the Burslem and Tunstall Schools of Science and Art and attended courses at the Royal School of Mines and the Central Technical College of the City and Guilds of London Institute. In 1881 he became assistant to A. Humboldt Sexton at Burslem, and demonstrator in the evening classes at the Wedgwood Institute.In 1884 he was appointed demonstrator and assistant lecturer, and 2 years later, lecturer, in metallurgy in the Technical School,-now the College of Technology,-Manchester. For over forty years he had sole charge of the day and evening classes of the metallurgical department of the College. He was also one of the first teachers to initiate lectures in chemical engineering. He was awarded the degree of M.Sc. in the University of Manchester, and, in due course, became an assessor and examiner in the Faculty of Technology of the University. He was a member of the original organising committee of the Institute of Metals. He was for three years President of the Association of Teachers in Technical Institutions, and a Member of one of the Advisory Committees of the D.S.I.R.for war appointments. In addition to many papers contributed to Societies, he was the author of several standard toxtbooks on metallurgy, foundry practice and assaying, including Metallurgy (2ndedition, 1924), and The Principles and Practice of Iron Pounding (1910). He waa elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1908. [continued cm page 349. 342 Books and their Contents. The following books have been kindly presented by the authors and publishers, and may be seen in the Library of the Institute:-Analytical Processes: A Physico-Chemical Interpretation. T. B. Smith. 2nd Edition. Pp. viii + 470. (London: Edward Arnold & Co.) 18s. net. Part I. The theoretical foundations of some typical processes: general conceptions; precipitation of barium sulphate ; precipitation of lead sulphate; precipitation of ferric hydroxide ; some problems concerning the ignition of precipitates ;precipitation of silver halides ; separations ; titration of a halide by silver nitrate ; acid-alkali titrations; titration of a cyanide by silver nitrate ; oxidation-reduction titrations ; electro-analysis; recent improvements in a typical gravimetric process.Part 11. A critical examination of some theories employed : supersaturation and crystallisation ; colloidal phenomena ; complex ions ; some facts and hypotheses. Appendixes. Indexes. Boiler House and Power Station Chemistry. Wilfrid Francis. Pp. xii + 204. (London: Edward Arnold & Co.).15s. net. The duties of the chemist in the boiler house and power station; the constitution of pure coal; impurities in coal; properties of commercial coals;efficiency of combustion ;flue gas treatment; raw and conditioned waters; turbine, switch and transformer oils; sampling and analysis of coal; analysis of ash and grit; flue gas analysis; water analysis; analysis for control of flue gas washing; turbine and insulating oils. Appendix.Index. Tables and plates. Chemistry, Life and Civilisation: A Popular Account of Modern Advances in Chemistry. Hubert T. S. Britton. Cheaper Edition (with Supplement). Pp. viii + 266. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 5s. Introduction; matter, energy and chemical combination; more about compounds : acids, bases, salts ; some useful inorganic products and processes; the riddle of the universe: matter, sun, world, life; the atmosphere and the advent of life upon the earth; the chemistry of the human body; the maintenance of the body : respiration and digestion; the human engine: fuelling; vitamins, hormones and anaesthetics ; clothing and paper ; agriculture, fertilisers and the nitrogen industry ; metals and alloys: modern electric furnaces; the generation of power.Index. Supplement :more about vitamins, new drugs, synthetic rubber, artificial wool, etc. Kinetic Theory of Gases, an Introduction to the. Sir James Jeans, O.M., F.R.S. Pp. 312. (Cambridge University Press.) 15s. net. Introduction; a preliminary survey; collisions and Maxwell’s law; the free path in a gas; viscosity; conduction of heat; diffusion; general theory of a gas not in a steady state; general statistical mechanics and thermodynamics; calorimetry and molecular structure; Appendices :-Maxwell’s proof of the law of distribution of velocities; the H-theorem; the normal partition of energy; the law of distribution of co-ordinates.Tables for numerical calculations ; integrals involving exponentials. Indexes of subjects and names. Methane: Its Production and Utilization. J. P. Lawrie. Pp. 66. (London: Chapman and Hall, Ltd.). 6s. net. Naturd occurrence ; commercial production ; estimated quantities ;uses ; compression; liquefaction; containers; by-products (from sewage) ; conclusions; references ; index.Petroleum, Conversion of. Production of Motor Fuels by Thermal and Catalytic Processes. A. N. Sachanen. Pp. 414. (New York: Reinhold Publishing Corporation.) 35s.net. Thermal and catalytic reactions of hydrocarbons ; fundamental factors of cracking; fundamental factors of hydrogenation ; cracking equipment ; cracked gasoline ; treatment of cracked gasolines ;crackeaproducts other then gasoline; author- and subject-index. Petroleum Technology, Annual Reviews of. Vol. 5 (covering 1939). General Editor: F. H. Garner. Pp. x + 458. (Birmingham: The Institute of Petroleum.) 11s. Contributions from over 30 authors. Petroleum geology ; regional exploration and development in the United States ; regional development-all countries other than the U.S.A.; geophysics; drilling; production engineering; production ; transportation and storage; refinery plant and engineering; chemical and physical refining; gasoline, white spirit, and kerosine (light distillates) ; Diesel and gas oils; automobile engines; aero engines; oil engines, special products; asphaltic bitumen and road materials; chemistry and physics of petroleum hydrocarbons ; analysis and testing; motor benzole ; addition agents ; lubricants and lubrication ; pyrolysis, polymerization, alkylation and de-hydrocyclization ;cracking; fuels produced by hydro- genation and synthetic processes ; alternative fuels, low- and medium- temperature carbonization; petroleum literature, 1939; petroleumstatistics; name- and subject-index.Surface Tension and the Spreading of Liquids. R. S. Burdon. Pp. xii + 86. (Cambridge University Press.) 7s. 6d. net. The nature of surface forces; measurement of surface tension; the surface of liquid metals; spreading: general condition; spreading on !he surface of mercury; spreading on water; liquids on the surface of solids. Index. Plates. 344 N.B.-The following book has been missing from the Library for some weeks. Any member who may have borrowed this or any other book without depositing a receipt in the office, and has not yet returned it, is requested to inform the Registrar. Records and Research in Engineering and Industrial Science. By J. Edwin Holmstrom. The British Standards Institution has forwarded the following Specifications which are obtainable from the office of the Institution, 28, Victoria Street, London, S.W.1:-No.598-1940. Methods for the Sampling and Examination of Bituminous Road Mixtures. (3s. 6d. each; 3s. 9d. post free.) No. 889-1940. Flame-Proof Electric Lighting Fittings. (2s. each; post free 2s. 3d.). No. 902-1940. Testing Latex, Raw Rubber and Unvul-canised Compounded Rubber. (3s. 6d. each; 3s. gd. post free.) No. 918-1940. Aluminium Bars Containing Small Propor- tions of Copper and Zinc for General Engineering Purposes. (2s. each; 2s. 3d. post free.) The Institution has issued War Emergency B.S.SS.-No. 909-1940. Vitamins A and D in Oil for Animal Feeding Purposes. No. 910-1940. Controlled Cod Liver Oil Mixture for Animal Feeding Purposes.(2s. od. each; 2s. 3d., post free.) The Tin Research Institute has issued No. 7 of “Tin and its Uses,” October, 1940,including articles on-The Properties of Cold-Reduced Tinplate , Electro-Deposited Tin Coatings, Pro- tective Film on Tinplate, Immersion Tinning of Copper or Brass, Tinned Piston Rings, and Solder for Automobile Bodies. 345 The Register. At the meeting of Council held on 18th October, 1940, I Fellow was re-elected, 11 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 91 new Associates were elected, 4 Associates were re-elected, 28 Students were admitted and I Student was re-admit ted. The Council regrets to record the deaths of 4 Fellows, 5 Associates and one Student. Re-elected Fellow. Taylor, Harold Burfield, M.C., V.D., D.Sc.(Sydney), Department of Public Health, Macquarie Street, Sydney, N.S.W., Australia. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Davidson, Ronald, B.Sc. (Manc.), 579, Nottingharn Road, Chaddesden, Derby. Desikachar, Nadipuram Narasimhachar, B.Sc. (Mysore), M.Sc. (Bombay), c/o Tata Oil Mills Co., Ltd., Tatapuram, P.O., Southern India. Gilson, George Richard, 51, Ormonde Avenue, Beverley High Road, Hull. Green, George Colman, B.Sc. (Birm.), 76, Westerfield Road, Ipswich. Harding, Arthur Jacob Immins, M.Sc. (Birm.), Belmont, Goodes Lane, Syston, Nr. Leicester. Holman, William Ian Maxwell, B.Sc.Agr. (Sydney), Ph.D. (Lond.), D.I.C., c/o The Anchor Chemical Co., Ltd., Clayton, Manchester, 11. Kidd, James Donald, M.A., M.Sc.(T.C.D.), 2, South Row, Blackheath, London, S.E.3. Preston, Richard, M.Sc. (Liv.), Marard, Bath Road, Langley, Slough, Bucks. Waterhouse, Charles Edward, Ph.C., 589, Manchester Road, Denton, Lancs. Watson, Edward Henry, M.P.S., 55, Wiverton Road, London, S.E.26. Woosley, Duncan Pax, B.Sc. (Lond.), St. Merryn, Priest Lane, Brentwood, Essex. New Associates. Adamson, John Ernest, B.Sc. (Lond.), 6, Westfield Road, Anlaby Road, Hull. Arkush, Cyril David, B.Sc. (Glas.), 6, Blairhall Avenue, Glasgow, S.I. Atkinson, Denzil Malcolm, B.Sc. (Lond.), 347, Green Lanes, London, N.4. Barrett, John, B.A. (Cantab.), Bishop’s Stortford Station, Herts. Baxter, John, A.M.C.T., 668, Bolton Road, Darwen, Lancs. Brewer, Philip Ingram, B.Sc.(Lond.), 44, Ivy Road, Stirchley, Birmingham. Briggs, George Edwin, 18, Westmorland Grove, Norton, Stockton-on-Tees. Campion, James Douglas, B.Sc. (Wales), 38, Cyn Coed Road, Cardiff. 346 Clarke, Arthur David, 34a, High Street, Oakham, Rutland. Clasper, Matthew, 59, Sinclair Street, Stevenston, Ayrshire. Cockett, Sydney Russell, B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), Hoo Hall, Mytholmroyd, Yorks., W.R. Cooke, Percy Frederick, B.Sc. (Lond.), 58, Elmwood Drive, Ewell, Surrey. Coppins, Walter Charles, B.Sc. (Lond.), 140, Maidstone Road, Chatham. Cratchley, Leo Gordon, B.Sc. (Lee&), Stratton, Park Road, Stroud, Glos. Crawford, Robert Auld, Ph.C., 88, Petershill Road, Glasgow, N. Cross, Leonard Herbert, B.Sc. (Lond.), Hilbre, Hodge Lane, Hartford, Northwich.Crossley, Frederick Fletcher, B.Sc. (Birm.), Govilon, Deganwy Road, Llandudno. Dean, Raymond Ernest, B.Sc. (Lond.), 14, Parkfield Avenue, Bradford Moor, Bradford. Diamond, Hugh, B.Sc. (Lond.), Lystra, Ribchester Road, Sdesbury, Nr. Blackburn. Emery, William Bryan, B.Sc. (Lond.), 35, Ennismore Avenue, Greenford, Evans, Frederick Ernest, B.Pharm. (Wales), 19, Woodland Terrace. Maesycoed, Pontypridd, Glam. Faddy, John, 15, Portland Terrace, Newcastle-on-Tyne, 2. Farrer, Keith Thomas Henry, M.Sc. (Melbourne), 6, Bruce Street, Box Hill, E.ll, Victoria, Australia. Faulks, Allan James, B.Pharm. (Lond.), Penmark, Western Avenue, Llandaff, Cardif€. Ferry, Norman,B.Sc. (Lond.), 23, Willowcroft Road, Spondon, Nr. Derby.Feuell, Alfred James, B.Sc. (Lond.), 40,Mitchison Road, London, N.l. Flemons, Garner Frecker, 29, Eldon Place, Patricroft, Eccles, Mancheater. Freeborn, Kenneth Albert, B.Sc. (Lond.), 50, Blackbrook Lane, Bickley, Kent. Godfrey, Charles Stadey, B.Sc. (Lond.) 69, Deacon Road, Bitterne, Southamp ton. Gray, John Victor Bromley, B.Sc. (Lond.), The Knoll, Mountain Road, Caerphilly, Glam. Green, John Herbert, B.A. (Cantab.), 23, Highlands Heath, Putney, London, S.W.15. Greenfield, Isidore, B.Sc. (Lond.), 996, Crookston Road, HurIet, Renfrew- shire. Hague, Frank Ellis, M.A. (Cantab.), 4, Ruskin Avenue, Waltham Abbey, Essex. Hammond, James, 57, Venue Street, London, E.14. Harvey, Henry Guy, B.Sc. (Lond.), 29, Court Way,North Acton, London, w.3.Holmes, Frederick, BSc. (Lond.), 43, Allison Avenue, Gillingham, Kent. Jack, Kenneth Henderson, B.Sc. (Dunelm.), 10, Kensington Gardens, Northumberland. Jenkins, Charles Delme, Ph.C., 137, North End Road, London, N.W.11. John, David Hugh Oakley, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 15, Highbury Terrace, London, N.5. Johnson, Norman Sydney, 72~,Portland Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham, 16. Jones, Wynford Price, Ph.C., 25, Chapel Street, Abercanaid, Merthyr TydG1, Glam. Kendall, Charles Edwin, B.Sc. (Lond.), 81, Yarningale Road, King’sHeath, Birmingham, 14. Kenny, Andrew Paterson, 849, Cathcart Road, Glasgow, 5.2. Kenny, George, B.Sc. (Manc.), 20, Chatsworth Avenue, Aintree, Liverpool, 9. Kerr, Albert Edison, B.Sc. (Lond.), 6, Harrin&on Gardens, London, S.W.7.347 Khare, Bhagwan Prasad, B.Sc. (Allahabad), c/o Inspectorate of General Stores, Laboratory Branch, Indian Army Ordnance Corps, Cawnpore, India. Lehmann, Hans Leo, Dr. Phil.Nat. (Heidelberg), 3a, Woodberry Place, St. John’s Road, London, N.15. Leighton, Daniel, A.H.-W.C., 4, Melville Terrace, Newington, Edinburgh. Lockwood, Arthur Ronald, B.Sc. (Birm.), 639, Shirley Road, Hall Green, Birmingham, 28. Lokhandvala, Kasamali Kaderali, B.Sc. (Bombay), 3, West Grove, Roath, Cardiff. Lord, James Walter, M.Sc. (Liv.), 76, Roe Lane, Southport. Lythgoe, Norman Frank, 595, Woodchurch Road, Prenton, Birkenhead. MacDonald, Kenneth, Ph.C., 284, Great Western Road, Glasgow, C.4. Mather, Robert, B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), Pleasant View, Holcombe, Nr.Bury,Lancs. Mills, Ernest Charles, c/o Chief Chemist’s Department, L.N.E. Railway, Stratford, London, E.15. Moors, Derrick Charles William, B.Sc. (Bris.), 24, Monmouth Road, Dorchester. Moss, Arnold Alec Henry, B.Sc. (Leeds), 1, French Barn Lane, Blackley, Manchester, 9. Moss, Charles Clifford, B.Sc. (Q.U.B.), plil.Sc. (Iowa), 5, Randal Park, Belfast, N. Ireland. Northway, Herbert Stuart, B.Sc. (Lond.), at The Rake House, Helsby, Nr. Warrington. Parkinson, Norman, B.Sc. (Manc.), 15, Radeclyffe Street, Clitheroe, Lancs. Phillips, Reginald George Jeffreys, B.Sc. (Liv.), 26, Langdale Road, Bebington, Cheshire. Pope, Gerald, B.Sc. (Reading), 108, New Street, Sutton, St. Helens, Lancs. Ranganathan, Venkataraman, M.A., B.Sc.(Annamalai), Wood Preserva- tion Laboratory, Indian Forest Research Institute, New Forest, Dehra Dun, U.P., India. Rhodes, William Kenneth, 95, Hastings Street, Marshfields, Bradford. Robertson, Stanley Grieve, B.Sc. (Glas.), Slackvullin, Kilmartin, Loch- gilphead, Argyllshire. Robinson, Richard Robert, B.Sc. (Lond.), 125, Preston Road, Brighton, 6. Ross, Walter Charles Joseph, B.Sc. (Lond.), 42, Ripley Gardens, London, S.W.14. Seaman, William Arthur Jack, 204, Broomwood Road, London, S.W.11. Seymour, Donald Edwin, Edmindon, Chester Road, Woodford, Cheshire. Simpson, Francis Eustace, 21, Greenway, Alkrington, Middleton, Lancs. Smith, John Drumaux, B.Sc. (Lond.), 32, King’s Road, Tonbridge, Kent. Smit,h, Robert Charles Morris, 128, Stradbroke Grove, Ilford, Essex.Stevens, Enoch Philip, B.Pharm. (Lond.), Ph.C., Ambersgate, Port Road East, Barry, Glam. Stock, John Thomas, B.Sc. (Lond.), 116, WelEeld Road, London, S.W.16. Subramanian, K. S., Central Revenues Control Laboratory, Agricultural Research Institute, P.O., New Delhi, India. Suddaby, Arthur, B.Sc. (Lond.), 60, Melrose Street, Anlaby Road, Hull. Talliss, Henry Charles Hinton, 50, Byfield Road, Coventry. Thomas, Gordon Denis, B.Sc. (Birm.), Sidcot, Weston Avenue, Quinton, Birmingham, 32. Thompson, Wilfred Robert, B.Sc. (Lond.), 80, Church Hill, London, E.17. Thurman, Peter James, B.Sc. (Lond.), 91, Park Grove, Derby. Uppal, Indar Sain, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Punjab.), c/o Dr. H. L. Uppal, Hydraulic Section, Irrigation Research Institute, Lahore, India.Vance, William John, Ph.C., 688, Tollcross Road, Glasgow, E.2. 348 Ward, Alan Horace, B.Sc. (Liv.), Kents Ford, Kents Bank, Grange-over- Sands, Lanes. Ward, George, B.Sc. (Lond.), 63, Milburn Crescent, Norton-on-Tees, Co. Durham. Warner, Kenneth Sidney, 50, Arundel Avenue, Morden, Surrey. Whale, William, 96, Moor Street, Eftrlsdon, Coventry. Williams, Gerald Douglas, B.Sc. (Lond.), Black Bull Inn, Cliffe, Rochester. Willmott, Ronald Fred, B.Sc. (Lond.), c/o The Distillers Co., Ltd., Vauxhall Yeast Factory, Vauxhall Road, Liverpool, 5. Wilson, Paul Ivan, B.Sc. (Birm.), Colmore Adhesives, Ltd., Team Valley Trading Estate, Gateshead-on-Tyne, 11. Woodward, Dennis Howard, B.Sc. (Lond.), 37, Fairfield Road, Blackheath, Birmingham.Wright, Stanley, 31, Ullswater Street, Liverpool, 5. Re-elected Associates. Kirkpatrick, Kenneth Cyril Garrett, B.Sc. (Lond.), 4a, Kidbrooke Grove, London, S.E.3. Martin, Austin Raymond, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 130, Lambton Road, London, S.W.20. Purdon, Arthur Oscar, B.Sc. (Leeds), at Newtown Farm, Henley-on-Thames. Ward, Stanley Allen, B.Sc. (Lond.), 7, Seaforth Gardens, Stoneleigh, Ewell, Surrey. New Students. Bell, Leonard Gerald Eugene, 51, Highfield Crescent, Southampton. Clapp, John William, 38, Dormer Road, Eastville, Bristol, 5. Flanders, Benjamin Jack, 7, Kashgar Road, London, S.E.18. Green, Tom, 65, Nicolas Road, Chorlton, Manchester, 21. Hards, William Charles Alfred, 36, Princes Road, Brighton, 7.Hay, John, 58, Westholmes Gardens, Musselburgh, Midlothian. Hayes, William Peatman, 149, Ilkeston Road, Nottingham. James, John Charles, 4 1, Woodberry Avenue, North Harrow, Middlesex. Jamieson, Martin, 10, Dryclough Road, Crosland Moor, Huddersfield. Kaye, Maurice Arthur George, 17, Raleigh Road, Stoke, Coventry. King, William Thomas, 13, St. Monance Street, Springburn, Glasgow, N. Knight, George Thomas, c/o Mrs. Bunn, 36, Waterford Road, Norton, Stockton-on-Tees. Moore, Richard, Jun., 28, Upper Quarry Road, Bradley, Huddersfield. Munro, Alexander Stuart McIntosh, 5, Park Terrace, Newcraighall, Musselburgh, Midlothian. Murfitt, Harry Charles, 5, Lydeard Road, London, E.6. Murray, Dudley Charles, 6, St. Peter’s Place, Brighton, 1.Myles, Donald, 48,Canal Bank, Monton, Nr. Manchester. Neil, George Forrester, c/o Allison, 37, Whitehaugh Drive, Paisley. Neil, James, 27, Broomlands Street, Paisley. Page, Albert James, Berene, Church End Avenue, Runwell, Wickford, Essex. Picken, David Yeats McLellan, 2, Northbrook Road, London, S.E.13. Rack, George De Rome, 4, Newlands Avenue, Bowerham, Lancaster. Shadbolt, Lawrence Edward, 83, North View, Pinner, Middlesex. Taylor, Alec, 550, Upper Wortley Road, Thorpe Hesley, Nr. Rotherham. Tivey, David John, Woodside, Willesley Road, Ashby-de-la-Zouche, Leicestershire. Turner, Claude, 343, Lower Broughton Road, Salford, 7. Tweedie, Frederic, 247, Westrow Drive, Barking, Essex. Willis, Raymond Albert, 27, Allhallows Road, Easton, Bristol, 5.Re-admit ted Student . Browne, Kenneth Samuel, 13, Quantock Avenue, Bridgwater. 349 DEATHS. Fellows. Alexander Charles Cumming, O.B.E., D.Sc. (Melbourne). Sir Robert Abbott Hadfield, Bart., Hon.D.Met. (Sheffield), Hon.I).Sc. (Oxon. and Leeds), F.R.S. Edward William Lucas, C.B.E. Ezra Lobb Rhead, M.Sc. (Manc.). Associates. Lewis Edward Bolwell, B.Sc. (Lond.). Fred Green, B.Sc. (Sheffield). Eric Stanley Hillman, B.Sc. (Lond.). Francis Henry Newey Lane, B.Sc. (Lond.). Percy George &lander, B.Sc. (Lond.). Registered Student. Cyril Horace Purser Owen. CHANGE OF NARIE. Mrs. Helen Trevenen Cohn (nke Cole), Associate, to Mrs. Helen Trevenen CoNwAY,-by Deed Poll. Obituary-wntinued from page 341.CYRIL HORACE PURSEROWEN,a Registered Student, was killed by a bomb, on 10th July, in his 22nd year. He was educated at Dartford Grammar and Sidcup County Schools and continued training at Queen Mary College, East London, and Woolwich Polytechnic. At the time of his death he had been in Government employ for three years, and had gained the Senior National Certificate in Chemistry and Physics. 350 Coming Events. 1940 Novelmber 9 THE CHEMICALSOCIETY:Joint Meeting with the University College of Swansea Chemical Society :“Fluorine : Some Recent Develop- ments in the Chemistry of the Element and its Derivatives.” Dr. H. J. Emelbus, in the Chemistry Lecture Room, University College, Swansea, at 3 p.m. 11 INSTITOTEOF CHEMISTRY (Leeds Area Section): Annual General Meeting.“Vitamins and Cell Life.” Mr. A. L. Bacharach, in the General Lecture Theatre, The University, Leeds, at 7.15 p.m. 14 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (East Midlands Section): “Stereo-chemistry and Valency Group.” Professor N. V. Sidgwick,C.B.E., F.R.S., at the Welbeck Hotel, Nottingham, at 6.45 p.m. SOCIETY : “AntisepticsTHE PHARMACEUTICAL OF GREAT BRITAIN in War-time Surgery.” ProfessorA. Fleming, at 17, BloomsburySquare, London, W.C.1, at 2.30 p.m. 15 THECHEMICALSOCIETY:“The Structure of Proteins.” Dr. W. T. Astbury, at the Royal Technical College, Glmgow, at 7 p.m. 20 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (Dublin Section) :Annual General Meet- ing, in University College, Upper Merrion Street, Dublin, at 4.15 for 4.30 p.m.22 THE CHEMICALSOCIETY:“The Philosophy of Science.” Professor F. G. Donnan, C.B.E., F.R.S., at the Art School Theatre, King’s College, Newcastle upon Tyne, at 6 p.m. 23 THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY: Joint Meeting with the UniversityCollege of Swansea Chemical Society and the Local Section of the Institute of Chemistry. “Some Aspects of Surface Action.” Professor E. K. Rideal, M.B.E., F.R.S., in the Chemistry Lecture Room, University College, Swansea, at 6.30 p.m. 25 THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY: “The Chemical Exploration of the Stratosphere.” Professor F. A. Paneth, in the ChemistryLecture Theatre, University College, Dundee, at 4.30 p.m. 26 THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY: Joint Meeting with the EdinburghUniversity Chemical Society, the Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry: “The Chemical Exploration of the Stratosphere.” Professor F.A. Paneth, at Heriot-Watt College, at 6.30 p.m. OFINSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section):“High Explosives-A.R.P. and the Ordinary Citizen.” Dr. W. G. Hiscock, at the North British Station Hotel, Edinburgh, at 7.30 p.m. 28 THECHEMICALSOCIETY:Joint Meeting with the University CollegePhysical and Chemical Society. “Bivalent Hydrogen : Some New Aspects of Tautomerism.” Dr. L. Hunter, at University College, University Park, Nottingham, at 3.30 p.m. 351 December 9 SOCIETY (Yorkshire Section) : Members’OF CHEMICAXINDUSTRY Meeting. 11 INSTITTJTEOF CHEMISTRY (Dublin Section): “Jam.” Mr.W. V. Graths, in the Chemical Department, Trinity College, Dublin, ah 8 p.m. OF20 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section): Annual General Meeting, at the North British Station Hotel, Edinburgh, at 7 p.m. “Wartime Problems of a Public Analyst. ” Mr. W.A. Alexander, at the North British Station Hotel, at 7.30 p.m. 1941 January 13 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Leeds Area Section) : “The Duties and Liabilities of the Chemist at Common Law.” Mr. H. M. Bunbury. OF27 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section): “Nucleic Acids.” Professor J. Masson Gulland, at the North British Sta.tion Hotel, Edinburgh, at 7.15 p.m. February 10 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Leeds Area Section). “The Chemistry of Soil Fertility.” Professor N.M. Comber. OF24 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section): “Some Problems in Macro-Molecular Chemistry.” Professor H. W. Melville, at the North British Station Hotel, Edinburgh, at 7.15 p.m. March 3 THE INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY: Annual General Meeting: 11 CHEMICALSOCIETY(Leeds Area Local Section) :Joint Meeting with the Leeds University Chemical Society : Discussion on “Some Aspects of Adsorption.” Opened by R. M. Barrer and R. S. Bradley. Mag13 THE CHEMICALSOCIETY (Leeds Area Local Section): Eighth Liversidge Lecture : “Complex Formation.” Professor N. V. Sidgwick, C.B.E., F.R.S. 352 General Notices. Examinations.-It is hoped to arrange Examinations for the Associateship and Fellowship in April, 1941,but it will be realised that in war time it is not easy to notify, so far in advance as usual, the exact times and places at which they will be held.Intending candidates are therefore asked to complete and return forms of application for admission to the Examinations as early as possible. Candidates whose applications have been accepted will be given full information at the earliest moment, and may then forward their entry forms and pay the required fees. Associates who desire to present themselves for Examination for the Fellowship are also asked to forward their applications for consideration by the Council, and not to wait for a notification in the JOURNAL of the exact times and places of the Examinations. In order to facilitate identification, Fellows and Associates are asked to give their full initials on communications addressed to the Institute.In the prevailing circumstances, Fellows and Associates are also asked not invariably to expect formal acknowledgments of communications addressed to the Institute unless replies are necessary. Active Service.-Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who are on active service with the Navy, Army and Air Force are requested to notify the Registrar of the Institute, giving such particulars as may be permissible, as to their rank, unit, etc. Election of District Members of Council.-Fellows and Associates are reminded that, for the election of District Members of the Council, to take office from 3rd March, 1941, nominations should be received at the offices of the Institute on or before Monday, 9th December, 1940.353 I. In accordance with By-law 30 (I), the Districts were defined by the Institute in General Meeting held on 7th March, 1921, amended on 1st March, 1923, on 1st March, 1935, and March, 1937:-Birmingham and Midlands, including the Counties of Hereford, Salop, Stafford, Worcester, Warwick, Rutland and Northampton. Bristol and South-Western Counties, including the Counties of Gloucester, Wilts, Dorset, Somerset, Devon and Cornwall. East Midlands and South Yorkshire, including the Counties of Derby, Nottingham and Leicester, and the Lindsey Division of Lincoln; and that portion of Southern Yorkshire, including the towns of Doncaster, Rotherham, Sheffield, and district immediately contiguous thereto which have been allotted to the South Yorkshire Section; together with the Parts of Holland and the Kesteven Division of Lincoln.Liverpool and North-West Coast, including the Counties of Flint, Westmorland and Cumberland, and so much of the Counties of Chester and Lancaster as lies to the west of the line drawn through the centre of the postal district of Wigan and Warrington; the towns of Wigan and Warrington and all towns on the line, of which the greater portion of the postal district lies to the west of the line. The Isle of Man. London and South-Eastern Counties, including the Counties of Middlesex, Kent, Sussex, Surrey, Berks, Oxford, Buckingham, Hertford, Essex, Bedford, Cambridge, Suffolk, Norfolk, Hunting- don, Hants, with the Isle of Wight and the Channel Islands.Manchester and District, including so much of the Counties of Lancaster and Chester as lies to the east of the line drawn through the postal districts of Wigan and Warrington as aforesaid. Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North-East Coast, including the Counties of Northumberland and Durham. Yorkshire, except those portions of Southern Yorkshire referred to in (iii) above. Edinburgh and East of Scotland, including the Counties of Perth, Fife, Kinross, Clackmannan, Stirling, Linlithgow, Edinburgh, Haddington, Berwick, Peebles, Selkirk and Roxburgh. Aberdeen and North of Scotland, including the Counties of Caithness, Sutherland, Ross and Cromarty, Nairn, Elgin, Banff, Aberdeen, Inverness, Kincardine, and Angus (Forfar).Glasgow and West of Scotland, including the Counties of Argyll, Dumbarton, Renfrew, Lanark, Ayr, Wigtown, Kirkcudbright and Dumfries. Wales, excluding the County of Flint, see (iv),and the County of Monmout h . Northern Ireland, as defined by the Government of Ireland Act, 1920, and subsequent enactments relating thereto. Irish Free State, as defined in the Government of Ireland Act, 1920, and subsequent enactments relating thereto. The Commonwealth of Australia, the Dominion of Canada, the Dominion of New Zealand, the Union of South Africa, the Empire of India, the Crown Colonies cmd elsewhere abroad. 354 The Council have adopted the following Rules for the election of District Members of Council.11. (1) Any five Members whose registered addresses are within any one District, as defined and adopted by the Institute in General Meeting, may nominate one eligible Fellow as a candidate for election as a District Member of Council for that District, but no member shall nominate more than one such Fellow; except that the Committee of any Local Section constituted in accordance with By-Law 04 2(a)may, as such, nominate one candidate for such election, or if there be more than one Local Section in a District the Committees of all the Local Sections in that District shall sit jointly for the purpose of nominating one Candidate for such election. (2) Any nomination made under these Rules shall be delivered to the Secretary at the Offices of the Institute on or before the second Xonday in December in the year preceding the date of election, and shall be in the following form :-“We, the undersigned, Members of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland, do hereby certify that A.B., of (registered address) , a Fellow of this Institute, is, in our estimation, a fit and proper person to be a District Member of the Council of the Institute, and we do hereby nominate him as a candidate for election as a District Member of Council.” (3) Any such nomination may consist of several documents in like form, each signed by one or more Members.Nominations for District XV should be received not later than 31st August.111. (1) On or before the fifth day of January in any year, the Council shall cause to be sent to every Member in each district in the manner prescribed by By-Law 81, a balloting list containing the names of the candidates nominated for election as District Members of Council for such District, and the balloting list shall indicate which, if any of the candidates has been nominated by the Committee or Committees of the Local Section or Sections in the respective District; except that in the case of District XV this rille shall read as if “September” (in the year previous) were substituted for “January.” (2) Each Member desirous of voting- (a) Shall record his vote for a District Member of the Council by making a cross against the name of the candidate for whose election he desires to vote, but no Member shall vote for more than one such candidate. (b) Shall deliver or transmit his balloting list in a sealed envelope bearing on the outside the signature of the Member, addressed to the Secretary, at the office of the Institute, so that it be received not later than by the first post on the third Monday in January in the year for which the election is being held.IV. (1) The envelopes containing the balloting list shall, on the Thursday next after the third Monday in January in the year in which the election is held, be opened by two Scrutineers, neither Members of the Council, nor candidates nominated for election as District Members of the Council, who shall be nominated by the Council in December of the year preceding the election at a meeting convened specially for that purpose.(2) The balloting list of any member who on the Thursday next after the third Monday in January is in arrear with any subscription or other sum payable by him to the Institute under the By-Laws shall be disallowed. 355 (3) The Scrutineers shall present their Report to the Council at a meeting, on the Friday next after the third Monday in January, specially convened for that purpose. (4) The Candidate receiving the greatest number of votes in each District respectively shall be elected and, in any case of an equality of votes, the Council shall decide the matter by ballot. (5) If at any time after the balloting lists have been sent to members, and before the dissolution of the Annual General Meeting, any candidate who would otherwise have been elected has died or has with- drawn his nomination or has in any way become ineligible for Membership of the Council, then the candidate having the next greatest number of votes shall be elected, or if there be no such candidate, the vacancy shall be 611ed as provided in Rule V.(6) The election of District Members of Council shall be notified to members when they are served with the balloting list for the election of General Members of Council at the Annual General Meeting. V. After the first election any vacancy among the District Members of the Council occurring between the Annual General Meetings, owing to death, resignation, removal or otherwise, shall be filled by the election by the Committee of the Local Section in the respective District of one eligible Fellow; or if there be more than one Local Section in the District the Committees of all the Sections therein shall hold a joint meeting for the purpose of such election.Notice convening a meeting for this purpose shall be sent by the Secretary of the Institute to all the members of the Committee or Committees of the Section or Sections concerned at least fourteen days before the date of the meeting. If there be no Local Section within a District, a casual vacancy shall be filled by the election by the Council of one eligible Fellow from the Fellows resident in that District. If there be a casual vacancy in the case of the District Member of Council for District (XV),such vacancy shall be filled by the Council by the election of one eligible Fellow.The Fellows whose names are given below are the present Members of Council for the Districts indicated. Those whose names are given in italics will have completed the period of three years' service on the Council, and will retire in accordance with By-law 43'n-Birmingham and Midlands : Deric WiZEiam Parkes, M.C., B.A., B.Sc. Bristol and South-Western Counties : Allan Cuthbertson Monk- house, B.Sc., Ph.D. East Midlands and South Yorkshire: Edwin Gregory, M.Sc., Ph.D. Liverpool and North-West Coast :Raymond Renard Butler, M.Sc. London and South-Eastern Counties : Mark Bogod, A.R.C.S.Manchester and District :Joseph Henry Lester, M.Sc., F.T.I. Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast :Archibald Alexander Hall, M.Sc., Ph.D. Yorkshire: Henry Webster Moss, A.R.C.Sc.1. Edinburgh and East of Scotland: William Melville Ames, M.A., BSc. Aberdeen and North of Scotland: William Godden, B.Sc., A.R.C.S, (xi) Glasgow and West of Scotland: John William Hawley, B.Sc. (xii) Wales and the Country of Monmouth: Sidney Bevan Watkins, M.Sc., A.M.1.Chem.E. (xiii) Northern Ireland :William Honneyman, B.Sc., Ph.D. (xiv) Irish Free State: Thomas Joseph Nolan, B.A., D.Sc. (xv) The Overseas Dominions and elsewhere abroad : Norman Lindsay Sheldon, C.I.E., Ph.D. Beilby Memorial Awards.-Out of the interest derived from the invested capital of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, at intervals to be determined by the administrators representing the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry, and the Institute of Metals, awards are made to British investiga- tors in science to mark appreciation of records of distinguished work.Preference is given to investigations relating to the special interests of Sir George Beilby, including problems connected with fuel economy, chemical engineering and metallurgy, and awards are made, not on the result of any competition, but in recognition of continuous work of exceptional merit, bearing evidence of distinct advancement in science and practice. In general, awards are not applicable to workers of established repute but are granted as an encouragement to younger men who have done original independent work of exceptional merit over a period of years.The administrators of the Fund-the Presidents, Honorary Treasurers, and Secretaries of the three participating institutions, -will be glad to have their attention drawn to outstanding work of the nature indicated, not later than 10th November, 1940. All communications on this subject should be addressed to the Convener, Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, W.C.I. The Meldola Medal (the gift of the Society of Maccabaeans) is normally awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise and is brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st December prior to the award.The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work. The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person. The next award will be decided in January, 1941. The Council will be glad to have attention directed, before 31st December, 1940, to work of the character indicated. Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize for Registered Students.-A medal and prize (LIO 10s.) for the best essay, not exceeding 3000 words, may be awarded in January, 1941,and presented at the next Annual General Meeting, or at a meeting of the Local Section to which the successful competitor is attached. Entries are limited to registered students who are less than 22 years of age at the time of forwarding the essays.The object of the essay is to induce Registered Students to develop a sense of professional public spirit and to devote thought to questions of professional interest and to the position of chemists in the life of the community-the essay to be on a subject of professional rather than technical or purely chemical importance. Having due regard to the objects stated above, Registered Students are informed that the Council is prepared to consider an essay on any subject which has a bearing on chemistry or chemical work, provided that it does not deal with any purely chemical, technical, or historical subject. Each essay must be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the Local Section of the district in which the competitor resides (see list of Local Sections at the end of the JOURNAL) on or before the 31st December, 1940,and must be accompanied by a signed declaration that it is the independent work of the competitor. Essays will be valued partly for literary style and technique, but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein.The Committee of each Local Section will be asked to select, from those received, not more than three essays considered to be worthy of the award. The essays selected by the Local Sections will be referred to assessors appointed by the Council. On the report of the assessors the Council will decide whether, and to whom, an award shall be made.The award will not be made more than once to any individual competitor. Notices to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. 358 The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held.The Library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. Under the Deed of Agreement between the Chemical Society, the Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry, dated July, 1935,the comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is available for the use of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books. Owing to the war, the Library cannot now be available during the usual hours. It will be open from 10a.m. to 5 p.m. from Monday to Friday, but for the present will re-main closed on Saturdays. Members and Students of the Insti- tute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books.The Institute has entered into an arrangement with The Science Library, Science Museum, South Kensington, S.W.7, whereby books may be borrowed on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary of the Institute. In addition to its comprehensive sets of literature on cognate subjects, which are not available in specialised libraries, this Library contains an exceptionally extensive collection of works on chemistry. Nine thousand scientific and technical periodicals are received regularly in the Library. All publications added to the Library are recorded in its Weekly Bibliography of Pure and Applied Science, which has a wide circulation among research workers and institutions. Boots’ Booklovers Library.-Under the arrangements made on behalf of Fellows and Associates of the Institute, subscriptions to Boots’ Booklovers Library expire on 1st March.The subscriptions rates are 6s. 6d. for Class B, and 16s. 6d. for Class A. Application forms can be obtained from the Registrar of the Institute. Further information is obtainable from the Head Librarian, Boots’ Booklovers Library, Stamford Street, London, S.E.I. Lewis’s Lending Library.-Any Fellow or Associate who is not already acquainted with this Library of scientific and technical books may obtain a copy of the Prospectus from the Registrar of the Institute. 359 Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers (IS. zd. each) for binding the JOURNAL in annual volumes, are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required.Arrangements may be made with Messrs A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19, Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSon the following terms: buckram cover, IS. 2d.; binding, 2s. gd.; postage and packing, gd.; in all, 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who are giving lectures. Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As the slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration.All requests for changes in the Register should be addressed to the Registrar, and not to the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. Copies of “The Profession of Chemistry” (Fourth Edition, 1938) will be supplied gratis to any Fellow, Associate or Regis- tered Student who has not yet received one, on application to the Registrar. The business of the Institute has been carried on almost without interruption at its headquarters since the outbreak of war. All correspondence should nornzaZZy be addressed to 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.I ;but should Members, Registered Students or other correspondents find difficulty in communicating with the Institute, urgent enquiries may be addressed to the Registrar, at 9, Westbury Road, Woodside Park, Finchley, London, N.12. Telephone number: Hillside 1859. 360 “NEVER IN THE FIELD OF HUMAN CONFLICT WAS SO MUCH OWED BY SO MANY TO SO FEW” The Prime Minister YOU CAN BACK UP OUR AIRMEN by buying NATIONAL WAR BONDS SAVINGS CERTIFICATES DEFENCE BONDS or by depositing in the POST OFFICE or TRUSTEE SAVINGS BANKS Issued by The National Savings Committee, London