THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND FOUNDED 1877 INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER 1886 Patron -H.M. THE KING JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS PART V 1945 Publications Committee 1945-46 F. P. Dunn (Chairman) A. L. Bacharach F. Challenger R. C. Chirnside L. Eynon. Alexander Findlay (President) Osrnan Jones D. Jordan-Lloyd H. Moore and J. H. Quastel. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee H. J. T. ELLINGHAM Secretary. SQUARE, 30 RUSSELL LONDON,W.C.1 October 1945. Proceedings of the Council Council Meeting 19th October 1945.-The Council received with regret the resignation of Sir Robert Robinson from the office of Censor owing to pressure of other work and appointed Mr. Lewis Eynon in his stead until the next Annual General Meeting.The ballroom of the Savoy Hotel has been provisionally reserved for an Anniversary Luncheon of the Institute to be held on 12th March 1946 the day of the Annual General Meeting and a small Committee was appointed I to make the necessary arrangements. It was reported that arrangements had been made with the Chemical Society to avoid duplication in the issue of notices of joint meetings of the Institute and the Society in certain centres outside London. The Council accepted a recommendation by the Leeds Area Section that no Section should submit to Council any proposal involving detachment of territory from another Section without having previously consulted the latter and that the Council before giving consideration to such proposals should ascertain that this had been done.It would be understood however that when a petition for the formation of a new Section was received it would be necessary to go so far as to authorise the petitioners to set up a provisional committee in order that there might be some body in existence to confer with the other Sections concerned. Proposals submitted by the Committee of the Manchester and District Section for amending the Local Rules of the Section were approved. The Council received with pleasure greetings sent by cable from the first combined Conference of the New Zealand Section and the New Zealand Institute of Chemistry held on 28th-3oth August at Palmerston North (see p. 171). The following resolutions passed at a meeting of the Huddersfield Section on 9th October were received:- (a) “That this meeting considers that Section representation on Council should be continued and where necessary extended and that the elected representative should consider it an essential part of his duty to bring to the notice of Council the views of his Section.” (b) “That this meeting views with interest the formation of the Committee on Economic Status and Welfare and urges that an early report be forthcoming on the matters raised at the 1945 Conference of Honorary Secretaries.” The former resolution was referred to the Committee on the Revision of the Charter and By-laws and the latter to the Committee on Economic Status and Welfare.The Council adopted a report of the Emergency Committee recommending in general terms the conditions under which the Institute should accept an application from the British Leather Manufacturers’ Research Association for the temporary use of the laboratory at 30 Russell Square while their own premises were being reconstructed after bomb damage.The report of the Finance and House Committee was received and subject to certain amendments adopted. The Report referred inter alia to an offer by Dr. David Spence to endow a series of lectures to be given under the auspices of the Institute in memory of the late Professor G. G. Henderson; the investment of L2,ooo in 28per cent. National War Bonds 1954-56 during [ 166 1 Thanksgiving Week; remission of subscriptions of members and students in the Forces; life composition fees ; Local Section finances ; various adminis- trative staff and house matters.Dr. Spence’s offer was gratefully accepted and it was agreed that arrange- ments be made for the institution of the Henderson Memorial Lecture on a basis to be discussed with Dr. Spence. The Council approved a recommendation that remission of subscriptions of members and registered students in the Forces be continued in respect of those now in the Forces until the end of the year in which they are de- mobilised or in the case of those who elect to remain with the Forces after the normal period of war service until the end of the year in which they would otherwise have been demobilised; and that the same concession be given until further notice to members and registered students who may subsequently be called up for service in the Forces.Following a request from the Liverpool and North Western Section the Council confirmed its previous ruling (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1944 Part IV p. 136) that the cost of providing light refreshments to Associates who had been elected since the beginning of the war and were being intro- duced for the first time to a Section at a social meeting should be allowed as a charge on Institute funds and decided to extend this ruling to cover the provision of a set meal on the understanding that only the cost or refresh- ments or meals served to the new Associates should be chargeable to the Institute’s funds. The Report of the Benevolent Fund Committee was received and adopted referring inter alia to the receipt of an additional sum of jtT92 14s.from the estate of the late Mr. H. E. Brothers bringing the total sum received under this bequest to l382 14.; receipt of a bequest of l50 from the estate of Mr. E. J. Read who died recently in South Africa; investment of jtT500 in 3 per cent. Defence Bonds during Thanksgiving Week ; recommendations regarding current cases. A Report of the Nominations Examinations and Institutions Committee embodying the recommendations of the Board of Examiners for elections to the Fellowship and the Associateship on the results of the September Examinations was adopted. The Council learned with pleasure of several public Honours that had been bestowed on members of the Institute (see p.I~o),and desires especially to congratulate its distinguished Fellow Dr. Godfrey Rotter on the award of the George Medal. The President referred to a meeting that he had had with the Chief Medical Officer of the Ministry of Health in September on the general question of the role of the chemist in the future Public Health Service of the country. It was reported that following correspondence with the Town Clerk of Walsall the Corporation Gas Committee of that town had decided to rescind their resolution to set up a Chemical Testing Service for the benefit of those manufacturers who were not in a position to employ a chemist. The Council received a resolution passed by the Committee of the Lopdon and South Eastern Counties Section with reference to the recently published “Suggested Clauses for Incorporation in Contracts of Service for Chemists,” (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1945 Part 11 p.82) asking that clause 5 of this document be deleted on the ground that the matter was covered by clauses 4 and 8. In view of a report that other resolutions relating to this document were to be expected from the Manchester and District Section (see p. 170) it was decided to defer consideration for the time being. [ 167 1 A letter was received from a Fellow drawing attention to the fact that in the Annex to the recent White Paper (Cmd. 6679) on the Scientific Civil Service (see p. I73),the Royal Institute of Chemistry does not appear in the list of bodies consulted by the Barlow Committee on Scientific Staff and asking the reason for this omission.It was pointed out that although there had been no direct consultation with any professional body except the Institution of Professional Civil Servants which was recognised as being specially concerned that institution had obtained the views of the Institute on relevant aspects of the matter in accordance with its customary practice when proposals affecting chemists in Government service were under dis- cussion. Consideration of the White Paper was referred to the Committee on Economic Status and Welfare. Replies having been received from the various bodies consulted it is proposed shortly to arrange a Conference to consider the desirability of pre- paring precise definitions of scientific terms in accordance with the recom- mendations of the Special Committee on Terminology (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1945,Part 11 p.59). Further consideration was given to a suggestion for the establishment of a register of rare chemicals and additional enquiries are being made as to the possibility of such a scheme. It was reported that arrangements had been made with the Scientific Film Association whereby copies of the Association’s publications will be sent to the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections of the Institute. The Ninth Report of the Chemical Council was received (see p. 177),and in connection with section 3 of the Report referring to the prospects of a general scientific centre being provided by the Government under the auspices of the Royal Society in which it was understood that the Chemical Society the Society of Chemical Industry and the Faraday Society would be offered a place it was decided to bring to the notice of the Chemical Council the desirability of office accommodation for the Institute being also provided in such a centre so that the services of the three Chartered Bodies might be co-ordinated under one roof.It was not assumed that such office accommodation would be provided without payment of a reasonable rent by the Institute. Reports of meetings of the Chemical Council held on 20th June 18th July and 18th September were received referring ifiter alia to publicity; continuation of facilities for members of the British Association of Chemists to use the Library in 1945-46; constitution of the Council; and action in convening a conference to investigate the possibility of formulating a joint pension scheme for the employees of certain scientific societies.The Council approved recommendations by the Chemical Council relating to conditions under which the Faraday Society should be represented on the Chemical Council and the services of the Faraday Society made available on special terms to persons already participating in the joint subscription arrangements of the three Chartered bodies (see JOURNAL AND PROCEED-INGS Part IV pp. 148-50). Local Sections (The Institute is not responsible for views expressed in papers or in speeches made duving discussions.) Belfast and District.-The first meeting of the session was held on 26th September when the chairman Dr.E. M. Reid gave an address on “Fertilisers” (see Summary on p. 171). The programme of lectures arranged by the committee includes one by Mr. D. Lindsay Keir Vice-Chancellor of Queen’s University Belfast on “The Influence of Science on Civilisation,” which is attracting considerable interest outside the Institute and an excellent attendance of members and visitors is anticipated. The committee is arranging a refresher course in theoretical (physical) chemistry consisting of 12 lectures to be given by different lecturers mainly members of the Section. Mr. W. A. Smith who by his active interest and stimulating criticism has rendered valuable service to the Section has resigned from the committee on accepting an appointment in Great Britain; Mr.S. McConaghy has been co-opted to fill the vacancy. Mr. W. W. W. Jackson has been appointed Recorder Birmingham and Midlands.-On 5th October the Section was honoured by a visit by the President. Professor Findlay took tea with the members and at the meeting which followed he was welcomed by the Chairman of the Section Mr. A. Churchman. In his reply the President expressed his gratification that the war had ended and that members could now meet under less onerous conditions. He referred to various matters of policy which had been under consideration during the war years and expressed the hope that final decisions would soon be taken. The Institute would then be free to carry on and extend its functions in the interest of the profession of chemistry.A discussion took place on “Trends and Objectives in the Profession of Chemistry.” Mr. T. H. Gant asked that in the next salaries questionnaire information should be sought about the number of chemists included in ‘superannuation schemes. The President said that the desirability of including chemists in such schemes was referred to in the recently issued document on Contracts of Service. Means ought to be devised if possible by which superannuation rights could be transferred on change of employ- ment. In discussing the composition of Council Dr. S. R. Carter stressed the importance of the General Member in preserving a balanced judgment. Whilst it was felt that a District Member should not take a parochial view of his duties Dr.H. C. Smith thought he had an obligation to local members to interpret to them the views of Council. In the opinion of Mr. Garfield Thomas there should be a substantial reduction in the number of signatures required to secure the nomination of candidates for election as General Members of Council. Mr. E. J. Bills favoured election of Council on a Regional basis each member voting only for his regional nominees. Mr. E. M. Joiner entered a plea for a shift of emphasis in Institute policy from organisation of the membership to the service of their individual needs. There was considerable demand for the further education of chemists a function which the Institute could fittingly discharge. He suggested the formation of a permanent Development Committee to examine suggestions put forward by members from time to time so that a progressive policy could be assured.Finally the meeting agreed to invite Council to hold the 1947 Annual Meeting in Birmingham. A cordial vote of thanks to the President was proposed by Mr. Garfield Thomas seconded by Mr. J. H. Bennitt and carried by acclamation. The President in reply expressed his high appreciation of the reception which had been given to him. BristoI and South-Western Counties.-Dr. T. Malkin Chairman of the Section presided at a joint meeting with the Chemical Society and the local section of the Society of Chemical Industry held on 4th October in the Chemistry Department of the University of Bristol. A paper on “Chemical Studies on Insecticides” (see summaw on p.172) was presented by Dr. H. Martin of the Long Ashton Research Station and was followed by an excellent discussion. Mr. W. H. Simmons proposed the vote of thanks. 169 3 Cardiff and District.-On 11th October twenty members visited the Ministry of Supply (I.C.I.) Works at Dowlais and greatly enjoyed a tour of the synthetic ammonia and methanol plant conducted by the Works Manager Mr. J. Rigg and his colleagues. Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-A meeting of the Section was held in the North British Station Hotel Edinburgh on 11th October Dr. H. B. Nisbet presiding. Dr. Dorothy Jordan Lloyd Vice-president gave a lecture on “Protein Fibres.” The lecture was very much enjoyed by a large attendance of members and the lively dis- cussion that ensued reflected the great interest the lecture aroused.Huddersfie1d.-A party of members enjoyed a visit to the Huddersfield Corpora- tion Power Station on 28th August. The party had a most interesting and instructive tour round the installation. Leeds Area.-A joint meeting of the Section with the Leeds University Chemical Society was held at the University of Leeds on the 23rd October 1945 Mr. H. M. Mason Chairman of the Section presiding. Dr. G. Roche Lynch lectured to an audience of nearly two hundred on “Some Medico-Legal Experiences.” The lecturer surveyed in his detached and inimitable manner some of the methods scientific and otherwise used in the conduct and detection of murders illustrated by examples from his wide experience.The numberous questions which followed reflected the great interest and appreciation which had been aroused. Before the lecture under the chairmanship of Dr. J. W. Baker President of the University Chemical Society the films “Blood Transfusion” and “The Story of D.D.T.” were shown by courtesy of the Central Film Library. A social interval followed. Liverpool and North-Western.-Continuing the programme of joint meetings organised by the Liverpool Joint Chemistry Committee which comprises the local chairmen and secretaries of the Royal Institute of Chemistry the Chemical Society the Society of Chemical Industry and the British Association of Chemists the first meeting of the 1945-46 session was held in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre the Univer- sity of Liverpool on Friday 14th September at 7.30 p.m.The meeting was arranged by the British Association of Chemists; Mr. V. Biske their local Chairman introduced the President of the Association as the lecturer. Professor R. G. W. Norrish F.R.S. gave an interesting and instructive lecture on ‘I Gaseous Explosions ” which was based on a series of well demonstrated experiments. There was a numerous and enthusiastic audience and many questions were asked at the end of the lecture. A vote of thanks to the lecturer was proposed by Mr. E. T. Williams on behalf of the Society of Chemical Industry and seconded by Mr. G. H. Turner on behalf of the Royal Institute of Chemistry. London and South-Eastern Counties.-At Slough on 11th October Dr.J. M. Walter gave a discourse on “Recent Advances in Plastics” illustrated by lantern slides and a wide variety of interesting exhibits. Mr. H. L. Long made the local arrangements for this very successful meeting. The lecture on “Some Empire Vegetable Drying Oils ” delivered before the Section on 18th April by Mr. G. T. Bray has been published in Chemistry and Industry 1945 293 (22nd September). Manchester and District.-On 13th September the first meeting of the Session was held in the Engineers’ Club Albert Square Manchester with Mr. J. T. Marsh in the chair. The meeting proper was preceded by an informal dinner held in the Engineers’ Club. After certain business proceedings had been dealt with the Chairman opened a discussion on “The Economic Welfare of Chemists with Special Reference to Contracts of Service.” The official speakers were Mr.J. T. Marsh Mr. H. M. Bunbury Barrister- at-Law Dr. W. McG. Morgan Mr. Barrett and Mr. H. Stevenson. There followed an extremely animated discussion in which some twenty of the total attendance of 140-150 took part. The meeting was adjourned and it is proposed that at a subsequent meeting formal resolutions will be submitted for approval before forwarding to the Council. It is hoped that a full account of the proceedings will be published in the next issue of the JOURNAL. On 4th October Associates who had been elected since the beginning of the war were invited to an informal meeting with the Committee at the Engineers’ Club Man- Chester. Some 40 Associates accepted and were welcomed by Mr.J. T. Marsh and the Committee. 1701 Subsequently during the consumption of light refreshments the assembly split UP into a number of discussion groups which raised many points that should be of value both to the new members and to the Committee. The full composition of the Committee for the Session 1946-46 is as follows:- Chairman Mr. J. T. Marsh; Vice-chairman Mr. H. Stevenson; Secretary Dr. D. A. Harper; Assistant Secretary Dr. E. Isaacs; Committee members Mr. S. R. Best Dr. J. 0. Cutter Dr. C. H. Giles Dr. D. W. Hill Dr. A. L. Hock Prof. E. L. Hirst F.R.S. Mr. E. M. Learmonth Mr. J. A. Radley Dr E. H. Rodd and Mr. W. J. Spenser. The following members of Council are ex oficio members of the Committee Dr.A. Coulthard (District Member) Dr. G. N. Burkhardt Sir Robert Pickard F.R.S. and Mr. F. Scholefield. South Wales.-On 12th October members of the Section participated in a joint meeting arranged by the South Wales Section of the Society of Chemical Industry which was held in the Royal Institution of South Wales Swansea Mr. R. B. Southall presiding. Mr. F. Gill Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. lectured on “New Physical Methods in Examining Petroleum Products.” Tees-Side.-Dr. M. Guter has resigned from the office of Hon. Treasurer of the Section in consequence of his removal to Leeds and has been succeeded by Mr. Ralph Parmella. New Zealand.-On 28th-30th August after a break of four years a very successful combined conference was held by the Section and the New Zealand Institute of Chemis- try at Palmerston North.Of some 130 who attended the conference 46 were members of the Section; some had to travel as much as 600 miles to be present. Greetings to the Royal Institute of Chemistry from the whole conference were sent by cable. The Hon. Secretary of the Section Dr. J. K. Dixon reports that the Section appre- ciated the greetings sent to $hem from the Annual Conference of Hon. Secretaries of Local Sections in London 2nd expresses the hope that with peace more personal contacts will be resumed. SUMMARIES OF LECTURES Chemical Fertilisers By E. MAYNEREID, PH.D. B.Sc. A.R.I.C. [Belfast and District Section at Belfast 26th September 1948.1 Northern Ireland is essentially a stock producing country and consequently problems relating to soils fertilisers and crop production have in the past received less attention than matters directly concerning animal nutrition.If however it is borne in mind that more than half of the total food requirements of cattle are supplied directly from grassland it is obvious that increased attention should be given to the soil from which the crops and the animals are raised. The Northern Ireland soils are very deficient in lime and phosphates and strenuous efforts have been made by the Government to induce farmers to remedy the deficiencies. The lime deficiency is in the region of 2,000,000 tons so that even if the peak war-time level of application amounting to 150,000 tons annually was maintained together with the application of fertilisers at present rates the annual loss of lime approximating to 100,000 tons would involve the passing of 40 years before a reasonable soil lime status had been achieved.Actually more than one-third of our soils is seriously short of lime and phosphate and the potash content is low in more than a third of the soils. The three main groups of plant foods phosphatic nitrogenous and potassic each produce certain specific effects on the growing plant but there is also a beneficial correlated action when balanced manuring is achieved. The Ulster farmers cannot compete against the cereal products of the virgin land farmers of Canada and USA. either as to price or quality; therefore they should in the absence of an overriding tariff protection concentrate on a rural economy not directly competitive with these more geographically favoured countries.The building-up of a sound livestock system with the obvious corollary of dairy products entails the application of lime (preferably as ground limestone) farmyard [ 1711 manure and chemical fertilisers. In order particularly to use efficiently phosphatic fertilisers and bearing in mind that 45 per cent. of the pre-war Ulster soils were sour with pH values ranging from 3.5 to 5.6 the widespread application of lime is all- important. Superphosphate the most important of the phosphatic fertilisers does not increase soil acidity this fact having been established at Woburn over a period of 50 years. Dr. Scott Robertson has found by experiment that the returns given by superphosphate on the phosphate starved soils of Northern Ireland were as follows when the yields without phosphate were put at 100:-Turnips 734; potatoes 209; 2nd crop oats 171; 3rd crop hay 118.The principal nitrogenous fertiliser is sulphate of ammonia. Admittedly in careless hands it may give bad results due mainly to irregular distribution but there is little chance of this occurring in farm practice. Being particularly valuable in wet districts for shallow-rooted crops the use of sulphate of ammonia is of obvious importance for the potato and oat crops. Springtime application in Northern Ireland is indicated as the fertiliser is rapidly leached from the soil in contradistinction to the “soluble ” phosphatic and potash fertilisers.During the war the main potash fertiliser was the chloride containing the equivalent of 60 per cent. K,O and it was imported from Spain Palestine and Russia. This grade is likely to remain for it eases the transport difficulties entailed by carrying the larger quantities required of the low grade materials. The origin of the “humus only” campaign is probably mainly psychological- hatred of scientific warfare leading to a generalised distrust of all scientific applications as opposed to the unaided operations of Nature. Strangely enough basic slag a most complicated chemical compound and lime (almost pure calcium carbonate) are exempt from these prejudiced attacks. One of the evils laid at the door of users of chemical fertilisers-the “dust bowl” of the U.S.A.-has recently been refuted by Dr.Crowther who produces statistics to prove that the use of fertilisers in these areas is almost negligible. The trouble as he states is due to too frequent‘ploughing. Recent attacks by ill-informed gardeners in the B.B.C. “In Your Garden” series of talks were resisted and shown to be quite biased and without scientific foundation by Sir John Russell of Rothamsted and Mr. Simmonds of the R.H.S. who put compost farmyard manure and fertilisers very clearly in their proper perspectives in a broadcast on 26th August. The rational policy advocating the complementary use of organic and inorganic fertilisers was fairly stated. A striking example of the use of chemical fertilisers is afforded by Holland which country applied these fertilisers before the war at six times the rate of Great Britain.The standard of health enjoyed by the Dutch is almost a byword in Europe and the death rate in 1937 was 8.7 per 1,000 as compared with 12.0 for England and Wales and 14.3 for Ireland. During the war the existing fertiliser factories in Northern Ireland were unable to meet the full demand for phosphatic plant food and the leeway was made up by imports of American concentrated superphosphate. Steps have been taken to remedy the deficiency in manufacturing capacity. The war has brought home to the small farmer and most Northern Ireland farms are under 50 acres his need of chemical fertilisers to supplement the production of farmyard manure and it is even hoped that the use of chemical fertilisers particularly the phosphatic types will increase during the vitally important immediate post-war years.Chemical Studies on Insecticides By HUBERT MARTIN,D.Sc. A.R.C.S. F.R.I.C. [Bristol and South-Western Counties Section 4th October 19451 To be foolproof an insecticide should be harmless to organisms other than the pests against which it is used. It should be specific in toxicity a requirement which on first sight seems easy to attain for the structure of insects is widely different to that of plants or man. The external skeleton of the insect requires that sense organs and consequently nerves emerge from their cuticular protection at ccrtain points. The feet appendages are particularly nerve-rich and provide sensitive sites for insecticidal action.Apart however from such physiological reasons for specificity of toxic action the chemical reasons merit examination. The questions arising are Is firstly toxicity and secondly specific toxicity dependent on a particular molecular structure ? The toxicity of nicotine 3-( l-rnethyl-2-pyrrollidyl)pyridine, is shared by its isomers anabasine and neonicotine which are respectively the naturally-occurring and synthetic [ 1721 3-(2-piperidyl)pyridine and by nornicotine but analogues with linkage other than in the 3-2 position are of lower toxicity. As the laevo-rotatory forms are the more toxic a three-dimensional distribution is involved in insecticidal action. The structure of the pyrethrins the active. constituents of pyrethrum flowers is still unsettled but related compounds seem to be invariably less potent.Their re-markable speed of action suggests high surface activity evidence of which has lately been obtained by Hurst. Rotenone the highly piscicidal and insecticidal component of the roots of certain tropical leguminous shrubs in particular Derris spp. from Malaya and Lonchocarpus spp. from S. America is of complex structure and analogues are not easily synthesised. The loss of toxicity by oxidation to dehydrorotenone or by etherification of the enolic form indicate that the hydrogens of the central carbon atoms are involved in toxic action. On the analogy of the piscicidal action of courmarins and the insecticidal properties of certain lichen acids Laiiger et al.have suggested that the grouping -CO-c =C-O-combined with suitable fat-soluble components acts as the toxophore of the molecule. This grouping is present in dimedone-aldehyde condensation products but those so far examined are not insecticidal. The systematic search for synthetic insecticides usually proceeds by building from a suspected toxophore e.g. the thiocyanate radical. Rohm and Haas have produced a series of aliphatic thiocyanates the Lethanes which before the war found use for lice control. In the series of n-alkyl thiocyanates the Du Pont investigations revealed a high toxicity peak at the C, member (Lauryl Rhodanate). Examples of a toxicity peak in the homologous series are numerous and are largely explained by factors associated with .the distribution of the toxicant between the external phase in which it is applied and the biophase in which it is effective.Examination of the insecticidal properties of the simpler nitro derivatives of benzene revealed that in general the dinitro- are more toxic than mono- or tri-nitro derivatives. Dinitro-ortho-cresol is now widely used both as an insect ovicide and as a weed-killer but its general poisonous properties are reduced if the methyl group is replaced by the cyclohexyl group giving an insecticide of useful safety to green plant tissue. A like specificity is shown by tetranitrocarbazole recently reported as the effective constituent of certain I.G. insecticides. Among chlorinated compounds Laiiger and collaborators of Geigy A.G. found pp’dichlorphenyl ether a useful toxophore for the development of moth-proofing “dyestuffs” for textile processing.They found the corresponding sulphone especially potent and by substituting for the -SO,-group the likewise strongly electro-negative but fat-soluble -CH.CCl,- group produced D.D.T. a stable compound capable of rendering a surface highly insecticidal to insects in contact with it. The D.D.T. molecule is amenable to simple modification and among its analogues only those compounds susceptible to ready dehydrohalogenation are insecticidal. As the ethylene derivatives produced by this reaction are non-toxic it is suggested that insecticidal activity is associated with HC1 liberation. Substitution of the nuclear chlorine by other groups affects toxicity according to the polar character of the sub-stituent non-polar groups e.g.methyl or methoxy giving toxic compounds. Dehydrohalogenation as a factor in toxicity is further revealed by 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane the insecticidal properties of which have recently been inde- pendently discovered in France and at the I.C.I. Hawthorndale laboratories. The latter investigations revealed the greater potency of the y-isomer (Gammexane) . The Scientific Civil Service A White Paper (Cmd. 6679) issued in September] 1945 on “The Scientific Civil Service’’ begins with the following statement :-“The Government have decided that the Scientific Civil Service is to be re-organised. They are deeply conscious of the contribution made by science towards the winning of the war a contribution which may have altered the whole course of the war and has certainly shortened its duration.They are equally conscious of the contribution which science can make during peace to the efficiency of production, to higher standards of living to improved health and to the means of defence. They are resolved that the conditions of service for scientists working for the Government [ 173 3 shall be such as to attract into the Civil Service scientifically qualified men and women ofhigh calibre and to enable them after entry to make the best use of their abilities in order that scientists in the Government Service may play their full part in the development of the nation’s resources and the promotion of the nation’s well-being.” As a preliminary to the consideration given by the Coalition Government to the reorganisation of the Scientific Civil Service the Treasury set up a small Committee to survey informally the remuneration and conditions of service of scientists in Govern- ment Departments.The Chairman of the Committee was Sir Alan Barlow and the other members were Sir Edward Appleton (Secretary of the D.S.I.R.) Mr. W. F. Lutyens (of Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd.) and Professor E. K. Rideal (Cambridge University). Most of the recommendations in the Report of the Barlow Committee which is printed as an anned to the White Paper have been accepted and are incor- porated in the present Government’s proposals as now set out but the Government have carried their proposals for the reorganisation of the Scientific Service a good deal further than the Committee were able to do.The Government’s proposals fall under three main heads better conditions of service for scientists and in particular conditions under which their own experimental research will be both facilitated and stimulated; improvement of their status and re- muqeration; and centralised recruitment. With regard to conditions of service the Barlow Committee recommended that a Panel should be set up to maintain a uniform standard for promotions and special advancements in the Scientific Service and to improve administrative liaison between the Departments. This general proposal was welcomed by the Government and a Panel will be set up very shortly under the Chairmanship of the Secretary of the D.S.I.K.The functions of the Panel will be rather wider than those suggested by the Committee and will include responsibility for keeping under review the well-being and efficiency of the Government Scientific Service and for making proposals for any changes in the organisation or conditions of service which would promote the well-being or increase the efficiency of the Service. The Government have approved particular1 y a number of recommendations by the Committee designed to eliminate the “isolationist ” tendency to which scientific work in Government Departments is apt to be a victim and propose to ask the new Inter- departmental Scientific Panel to consider how these recommendations can be im- plemented. In particular the Government view sympathetically the recommendation that secrecy restrictions should be as much as possible relaxed and scientific workers in Government Service encouraged both to publish work of their own and to discuss their work with persons outside the Service engaged on similar problems.In order that pension arrangements may not constitute a barrier to interchange of staff with the Universities almost all Scientiflc Officers in the permanent service of the Government will be brought into the Federated Superannuation Scheme for Universities. With regard to status and remuneration it is the Government’s intention to bring the salaries of the most highly-qualified members of the Scientific Service into relation- ship with those of the administrative class; at the recruitment stage they are to be aligned to them.Details of the new scales are set out in the table on p. 176. The Committee recommended that the outstanding scientist should have a reason- able expectation of reaching the Principal Scientific Officer grade in the early thirties and the Government agree that staff complements should be so arranged as to ensure this. Every Scientific Officer of proved ability should reach this grade in a reasonable period. Special provision will be made for recruiting above the normal minimum salary university graduatks with research qualifications and in exceptional cases scientists will be recruited direct to grades above the basic when they possess special qualifications or experience which a Department requires.The Committee also recom- mended that ultimate prospects should be improved and this recommendation also the Government accept. Improvements will be made in the scales or rates attaching to existing higher scientific posts (see table below) and in addition the number of posts above the Principal Scientific Officer level will be increased in order to provide for the promotion of individual research scientists of exceptional quality without necessarily expecting them as was usual before the war to carry administrative responsibilities. Special attention is drawn to the fact that these scales represent a new structure. Although in some cases titles identical with existing titles are used the new grade does not represent the old. Thus at present “Scientific Officers’’ have a scale of L400-680 and “Senior Scientific Officers’’ have a scale of i680-800.Under the new proposals C 174 J the scales attaching to these titles are respectively L276-600 and #60-760. “Scientitic Officer,” however will in future be the basic grade absorbing the old Junior Scientific Officer grade L276-347 as well as Scientific Officers of a few years service; while the new Senior Scientific Officer grade will embrace mainly the equivalent of senior members Of the present Scientific Officer grade. It is emphasised that the arrangements proposed for Scientific Officers will be capable of fulfilment only if the present Assistant Class is strengthened and more fully used much of the work at present done by Scientjfic Officers being devolved on Scientific Assistants.The present Assistant Class does not provide in itself a satisfac-tory career nor one related to the qualifications of many of its existing members and for its own sake as well as for the support which it can and should give to the whole Scientific Service it is to be wholly reorganised. The class will be renamed the “Expen-mental Officer Class.’’ New salary scales will be introduced as set out in the table below. It is intended that this Class shall be partly recruited from boys and girls aged 18-19 of the same type as come into the Executive Class but specialising in scientific subjects. Experimental Officers will also be recruited from University graduates and from persons with experience in industry and engineering since Departments need a variety of types.For these older recruits higher starting salaries will be provided. There is no direct comparison between the new Experimental Officer grades and the existing Assistant grades except at the basic level. There will be provision for promotion from the Experimental Officer Class to.the Scientific Officer Class and the conditions under which promotion will take place is to be considered by the Scientific Panel. Experimental Officers will normally be brought under the Superannuation Acts but consideration is being given to the possibility of continuing the present exceptional provision for the application of the Federated Superannuation Scheme for Universities to such staff in the D.S.I.R. The Government have thought it necessary however as part of the re-organisation whereby the salary scales of the new Scientific Service have been brought deliberately into relationship with those of the Administrative and Executive Classes to make the scales for the former subject to some reduction outside London as already applies to the latter.In order to ensure the maintenance of high standards throughout the Service and for the benefit of candidates who wish to know what careers are open to them it is desirable that central recruitment should be introduced. It is therefore proposed that in future the whole of the Scientific Service shall be recruited centrally through the Civil Service Commission. With this in mind the Commissioners have invited Dr. C. P. Snow C.B.E.to join them on a part-time basis and his name will in due course be submitted to His Majesty for appointment as an additional Commissioner with special responsibility during the reconstruction period for the recruitment of Scientific and Experimental Officers. Part I1 of the White Paper deals with recruitment to the Scientific Service during the reconstruction period. The general principles which are to apply to post-war recruitment to the Civil Service in general have already been stated in Cmd. 6567 and it has now been agreed with the National Staff side that these general principles can best be applied in the scientific field on the following lines and recruitment will be carried out accordingly :-(i) Open competitions for entry to the Scientific Civil Service held centrally under the auspices of the Civil Service Commission should begin to operate as soon as possible.The Commission will in due course publish regulations and invite applications. (ii) Special reconstruction competitions will extend over a period and regulations governing entry will shortly be published. Admission to these competitions will be limited to persons born on or after 2nd August 1916. The competitions will take place on the basis of educational record and experience together with interview and such tests of fitness in the case of Experimental Officers as the Commissioners may prescribe. (iii) Arrangements will be made to afford full opportunity for suitably qualified candidates serving in the Forces to be considered.(iv) It is proposed to make provision for retention in a permanent capacity of specially selected temporary officers who were born before 2nd August 1916 and possess exceptional ability or experience of particular work. Salary Scales All salaries up to L1,500 are subject at present (September 1945) to the war bonus addition of fj60 for men of 21 and over. Except where otherwise shown this bonus if still in general operation will apply to the new scales. The scales shown are those for men. In accordance with normal Civil Service practice scales for women are spmewhat lower. The existing grades include in addition to those named Technical Officer and Chemist grades on similar rates of pay. In future these grades will be merged in the new grades shown below and will not be continued.Present Scales .New Scales Scientific Offlcers (men) Scientific OfRcers (men) London Provincial * Junior Scientific Officer .. L275-L-347 (X fj18) Scientific Officer (two to four 1L275-L500 (x L25-L255-L470 (x fj25-Scientific Officer .. .. L400-L680 (L400 X years probationary). L400 on confirmation L370 on confirmation L18-L454 X i25-of appointment). of appointment). L680 :bar at i580). Senior Scientific Officer .. L68O-LSOO (x L25) Senior Scientific Officer .. L550-L760 (X i25) .. i520-i710 (X i25) Principal Scientific Officer .. i850-,/1,050 ( x L30) Principal Scientific Officer .. ,680O-Ll,lOO ( x i30) .. L750-L1,020 ( x i30) ( x L50) Superintendent .. . . k1,050-L1,250 (X L30) Senior Principal Scientific L1,200-L1,400 (X L50) ~1,100-~1,300 Officer2 n Various grades carrying salaries Deputy Chief Scientific i1,600-fj1,800 ( x L50) L1,50O3-41,7O0 ( X i50) I-’ up to .... . . 41,650 Officer2 aa Chief Scientific Officer2 .. L2,OOO .. . . k1,900 -Various posts at .. . . 41,900 and &2,000 .. Various posts at .. . . L2,250 and L2,500 .. L2,150 an2 i2,400 Two or three posts .. .. L3,OOO 1 Higher starting points for graduates with post-graduate experience in research. 2 These titles do not correspond with any in use at present and may not ultimately be thought appropriate. The posts to which these scales will apply have a wide variety of names Superintendent Chief Superintendent Assistant Director Director and many others. The nomenclature should be simplified and as far as possible made common throughout the Scientific Service.Inclusive of bonus. Assistants (men) Experimental Officers (men) London Provincial * Grade I11 .. .. .. L130-L310 (X L12) Assistant Experimental Officer i150-L350 (XL15-L140-L320 ( x L15-L195 x L18-L350) fj185 x i18-L350) Grade I1 .. .. .. L315-L385 (X L12) Experimental Officer .. 4400-L550 (x fj18) . . L370-L520 (x p) Grade I .. .. . . ;t;400-i515 ( x i18) (exceptionally to L580) Senior Experimental Officer L600-LSOO ( x L25) L570-L720 (X L25) * In certain large centres of population the scales of salary are intermediate betwee? the London and Provincial rates. The Chemical Council NINTH REPORT 1. GENERAL.During 1944 the Council actively continued to consider in what further ways it can advance collaboration and the following resolution was passed :-“That in the opinion of the Chemical Council its constitution does not limit its functions to that of dividing between the Chemical Society and the Society of the Chemical Industry the fund for assisting chemical publications but covers the wider duty of bringing about with the consent of the Councils of the three Chartered Bodies the fullest collaboration between all organisations dealing with chemists and chemistry.” The three Chartered Bodies concurred in the recommendation of the Chemical Council regarding the power of the Council to re-elect a Chairman for a total period not exceeding five consecutive years and the arrangement whereby the body of which the Chairman of the Council was a representative should have the right to fill the vacancy arising from the new provision.An application was received from the Faraday Society for inclusion in the Chemical Council. This has been forwarded to the three Constituent Bodies with the recommen- dation that two members of the Faraday Society should be co-opted. (Action has since been taken in this direction.) The Council has considered possible means of avoiding the present practice of sending out notices in duplicate and triplicate to members of Constituent Bodies resident in local areas. A scheme has been formulated and is at present engaging the attention of the Council and the Constituent Bodies. During 1944 a further appeal for funds for the support of publications and the Library of the Chemical Society was issued.It was sent with the support of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers to the companies and firms that are members of the Association and also to other companies and firms that had not previously subscribed but that depended on the practical application of chemistry and borderland science to their industrial processes. The response was extremely gratifymg and many contributions are being made by annual subscriptions under Deed of Covenant over a period of seven years. The total contributions promised amount to A41,141 16s. 9d. The Council acknowledges with gratitude the encouraging response to the appeal. 2. JOINT SUBSCRIPTION SCHEME.The scheme continues to become more popular as shown by the following figures:- 1942 1943 1944 3-body members .... 1670 1885 2382 2-body members .. .. 460 565 736 During 1944 28 persons were also granted joint student facilities by the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry under the Chemical Council Scheme. The Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry have approved the recommendation of the Council that candidates for Joint Membership should only be required to complete a common application form for Fellowship of the Chemical Society and Membership of the Society of Chemical Industry. (The form has now been prepared.) 3. CENTRALHOUSE. The Chemical Council has pursued its endeavours to find accommodation for the Constituent Bodies and a generous offer from a City Company was thoroughly explored.Shortly afterwards the concept of a general scientific centre provided by the Government under the auspices of the Royal Society was’brought to the notice of the Council. It is understood that the Chemical Society the Society of Chemical Industry and the Faraday Society would be offered a place in such a scientific centre. In connection with both these schemes the data collected last year by the Council has proved of considerable use and the Council is continuing to press for some practical action to be taken in the near future. 4. LIBRARY.Contributions of the Chartered Bodies towards the maintenance of the Library of the Chemical Society during 1943 were calculated on the same basis as for the previous year. The Council decided that the sum of L250 paid by it annually towards the maintenance of the Library should be increased or diminished by the difference between the net maintenance costs of the current year and that of the previous year.The total amount paid by the Chemical Council in 1944 was accordingly L606 8s. 3d. r 1771 Contributions etc. received from sources other than the three Constituent Bodies and the Chemical Council amounted to A330 15s. 3d. viz.:-L s. d. Association of British Chemical Manufacturers . . .. 100 0 0 The Biochemical Society .. .. .. .. .. 21 0 0 The British Association of Chemists .. .. .. 50 0 0 The Faraday Society .. .. .. .. *. .. 26 5 0 The Institute of Brewing .. .. .. .. .. 50 0 0 The Society of Dyers and Colourists ..10 10 0 The Society of Public Analysts and Other Anaiytical Chemists 21 0 0 Fellows .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 300 Miscellaneous Receipts. . .. .. .. .. .. 49 0 3 L330 15 3 P Taking into account these amounts the Chartered Bodies contributed the remainder -as follows:-s. d. The Chemical Society . . .. .. 24 per cent. 291 2 10 The Royal Institute of Chemistry .. 50 , 606 10 11 The Society of Chemical Industry . . 26 , 315 8 0 L1,213 1 9 In July the British Association of Chemists were given the privilege of using the Library of the Chemical Society during a trial period of one year for a token payment of L50. 5. PUBLICATIONS. During 1944 the Council has made grants of L1,OOO to the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry k2,OOO to the Bureau of Chemical and Physiological Abstracts and L466 to the Bureau of Chemical and Physiological Abstracts on account of Abstracts AIII with an additional is0 to the Chemical Society far the publication of summaries to papers in the Journal of the Chemical Society.The Council was asked by the Councils of the three Constituent Bodies to investigate possible ways in which collaboration among themselves and with other chemical bodies might be extended so as to improve and make more effectively available to chemists the various services which these organisations provide. The Council was of opinion that one of the most promising fields for such investiga- tions at present would be that of chemical publications. Through the joint membership subscription arrangements instituted in 1941 and extended in 1944 to cover junior and student members the Chemical Council has been able to go some way towards meeting the desire of many chemists to obtain a varied selection of publications without having to pay the full annual subscriptions of all the separate bodies that publish them.This development has been widely welcomed and the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry have had a notable increase in membership following its operation. The arrangements made so far however have cpvered only the publications of the three bodies except that valuable collaboration with other societies has also been achieved through the Bureau of Chemical and Physiological Abstracts (now the Bureau of Abstracts).The Council considered therefore that the possibility of a wider co-ordination in this field would be in the interests of the bodies concerned and of the chemical com- munity in general ;while appreciating that publishing societies attach great importance to retaining full control over the scientific development of their journals and would not wish detraction from the autonomy in this respect it held that there was a good case for examining the problem fully without commitment to any particular scheme. The Chemical Council therefore called a conference of selected Societies whose publications are largely chemical in character viz. :-The Chemical Society. The Royal Institute of Chemistry The Society of Chemical Industry Bureau of Chemical and Physiological Abstracts The Biochemical Society The Faraday Society The Institute of Brewing The Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists The Society of Dyers and Colourists.c 178 1 The Conference reported that it was generally in favour of greater collaboration over publications of the various chemical bodies and agreed that the dominating consideration should be :-(u) To present the best service which can be envisaged to chemists in general and in specialised lines. (b) To see if it were possible to arrange an extended distribution of publications to chemists interested in work outside their own immediate fields. (c) Technicalities of publishing and indexing. In order to obtain some idea of the scope of possible wider co-ordination in the interests of the chemical community in general the Conference stated that it would welcome consideration and comment by the Constituent Bodies of the Chemical Council and the Societies invited to the Conference to questions which were sent out in a questionnaire.The Conference generally agreed that as a result of the replies to the questionnaire the best course at this stage was to confine itself mainly to the sections on which there was some measure of agreement. This was most evident on the questions of Indexing and Abbreviations. It also agreed that some rationalisation in respect of papers whose scientific content makes them obviously more suitable for publication in a journal other than the one to which they have been submitted is desirable but that any rigid system of directing papers to particular journals should be avoided.It was held that mutual contact between Editorial Boards was the best means of achieving this object and that this method could also be used in matters relating to the exchange of reprints. The Council subsequently forwarded a recommendation that publishing Societies should be asked to establish means of informal contact between Editorial Staffs and foster informal co-oph-ation between Editors to the bodies represented at the Con- ference and also asked the Bureau of Chemical and Physiological Abstracts to co-opt to its Indexing and Abbreviations Committee additional members representing outside interests and to consider machinery for setting up a central Indexing Department and to whom this department should be responsible and to make recommendations.As a result of information obtained from various chemical societies in reply to a questionnaire circulated by the Chemical Council successful action was taken by the Council over the supply of paper for publications. 6. MEMBERSHIP OF THE COUNCIL. The following members of Council have retired :-Dr. H. J. T. Ellingham (The Chemical Society) Professor Alexander Findlay (The Royal Institute of Chemistry) and Dr. J. Vargas Eyre (nominated by the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers) and Dr. A. E. Everest (Association of British Chemical Manufacturers) has resigned. The vacancies thus caused have been filled by Professor Wm.Wardlaw (The Chemical Society) Dr. Dorothy Jordan- Lloyd (The Royal Institute of Chemistry) and Mr. R. Duncalfe and Dr. P. C. C. Isherwood (nominated by the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers). Professor E. K. Rideal has been appointed Chairman in succession to Dr. Leslie H. Lampitt; Mr. F. P. Dunn has been appointed Vice-chairman in place of Professor Alexander Findlay; Sir Robert Pickard continues as Honorary Treasurer and Dr. R. E. Slade as Honorary Secretary. The thanks of the Council have been accorded to the retiring Honorary Officers and to the retiring members of Council for their help. The Council recorded its warm appreciation of the valuable services rendered by Dr. Lampitt as Chairman over a period of six years.[The financial statements for the period ending 31st December 1944 and a list of the contributions promised under the new appeal are attached to the Report as issued by the Chemical Council.] L 179 1 Notes The following awards have been made for bravery after an explosion occurred in an underground bomb store near Burton-on-Trent last November- Dr. Godfrey Rotter C.B. C.B.E. Fellow-the George Medal (G.M.) ; Mr. Sydney Walter Maxted A ssociate-Membership of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (M.B.E.). Major George Vaughton James Fellow has been appointed M.B.E. for services in Italy. Professor I. M. Heilbron D.S.O. F.R.S. Vice-President is one of three new members of the Advisory Council to the Committee of the Privy Council for Scientiiic and Industrial Research.Among those retiring from the Advisory Council is Sir Robert Robinson F.R.S. Fellow who has completed his term of office. Dr. R. P. Linstead F.R.S. has been appointed Director of the Chemical Research Laboratory Teddington under the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. Having been Firth Professor of Chemistry in the University of Sheffield Dr. Linstead was elected in 1939 to a Chair of Chemistry in the University of Harvard U.S.A. and since his return to this country in 1942 has been a Deputy Director of Scientific Research in the Ministry of Supply. Professor E. C. Dodds M.V.O.. F.R.S. Member of Council is visiting Scandinavia to lecture on cancer research. Professor Sir Alfred Egerton Sec.R.S.Fellow is visiting Czecho-Slovakia on behalf of the Royal Society with a view to seeing what help this country can give in rehabilitat- ing science and its study in Czecho-Slovakia. Mr. H. Lewis Fellow has been appointed Deputy Director in the Surplus Stores Division of the Ministry of Supply with responsibility for the disposal of surplus live ammunition. Dr. M. B. Blackler Associate has been released from the Armaments Inspection Department to join the Chemical Industries Branch of the Allied Control Commission for Germany. Mr. T. Benson Gyles Fellow has joined the Control Commission for Germany as Controller Smelting (non-ferrous). He is in the Metallurgy Branch of the Economics Division of the British Element of the Control. Dr. F. Roffey Fellow who has been Controller of Chemical Research and Develop- ment in the Ministry of Supply during the war has been appointed Controller of Re- search and Development in the Distillers Co.Ltd. Mr. A R.Jamieson Fellow has been appointed City Analyst to the Corporation of Glasgow in succession to Mr. Thomas Cockburn Fellow who retired from this post on 30th September. Dr. A. M. Ward Fellow has been appointed Principal of the Sir John Cass Technical Institute with effect from 1st January 1946. Dr. C. Ainsworth Mitchell Fellow retired from the Editorship of The Analyst on 30th September after 25 years’ service in that capacity. He has been succeeded by Mr. J. H. Lane Fellow who has been Assistant Editor since 1936. Dr. N. L. Anfilogoff Fellow has been appointed a Director of Berry Wiggins & Co.Ltd. Mr. J. Stewart Cook Associate has been appointed Organising Secretary of the British Association of Chemists as from the beginning of July. Members in the Far East.-The Officers have been glad to receive news of the following members:-Mr. W. G. Sewell Associate who has been released from intern- ment in Hong Kong and has recently arrived in England; Mr. H. J. Page M.B.E. Fellow who was Director of the Rubber Research Institute in Malaya and is now re- ported safe after internment in Sumatra; Mr. v. H. Wentworth Associate who was also with the Rubber Research Institute and has now returned home after 39 years as a prisoner of war in Singapore; Dr. I. A. Simpson of the Institute for Medical Research Kuala Lumpur who was a Captain in the F.M.S.Volunteer Force and has now returned home; Mr. W. E. Abbott Fellow who expects to come home shortly from Shanghai; Dr. D. J. Frye Associate of Singapore who has recently qrrived in England but expects to return later to his post as chemist to the Department of Chemistry Straits Settle- ments; and Mr. J. F. Clark Fellow who has arrived in Australia from Singapore where he had been in the Municipal Analyst’s Department. [ 1801 Reports have been received of the death of Mr. G. E. Boizot Fellow formerly Of the Department of Chemistry Singapore who died on 27th October 1943 while a prisoner in Thailand ; and Mr. C. J . T. Owen Associate formerly of Raffles College who died in an internment camp. Information concerning other members of the Institute who were in countries over- run by the Japanese is eagerly awaited.The Officers will be glad to receive such news from the members themselves or from anyone who is in touch with them. Correction.-In “The Register,” JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1945 Part Iv p. 159 the degrees of Colin Henry Lea re-elected Fellow should have been given as DSc. (Liv.) Ph.D. (Cantab. and Liv.). Enemy Owned Patents and Patent Applications.-The Chartered Institute Of Patent Agents has recently issued a printed memorandum setting forth its recommenda- tions on these and certain related matters arising from war conditions. D.D.T. Insecticide.-The Ministry of Supply reports that D.D.T. is still wanted in large quantities for the protection of British troops in Europe and Asia from typhus and malaria.Although it has been possible to cancel certain Army contracts for stores containing D.D.T. material so saved has to be diverted to other Service uses. Until the Armies in the field are substantially reduced therefore most of the D.D.T. now being produced in this country will be shipped overseas. For some considerable time however the Ministry of Supply has arranged for the trade to have sample quantities with which to carry out experimental work and to develop prospective markets. Arrangements have now been made for the release of D.D.T. on a small scale for the manufacture of insecticides for general sale but primarily for export. Distribution will be through the normal channels.A Chemical Centenary.-At the Royal Albert Hall on 25th October the Imperial College of Science and Technology celebrated in the presence of the King and Queen the centenary of the foundation of the College of Chemistry. This College was after- wards incorporated with the “Government School of Mines and of Science applied to the Arts,” and the resulting combination subsequently split up to form the Royal College of Science and the Royal School of Mines which with the City and Guilds College were eventually federated to constitute the Imperial College. The College of Chemistry opened in October 1845 and became known as the Royal College of Chemistry in December of that year. It was housed at 299 Oxford Street from 1846 to 1872 and was the first organised school of practical chemistry in England.The Prince Consort who was the first Chairman of its Council was instrumental in bringing over A. W. von Hofmann from Germany as Professor in 1845. Among the many pupils and research assistants of Hofmann who subsequently played a leading part in the development of chemistry and chemical industry in this country may be mentioned :-Sir Frederick Abel Sir William Crookes Sir Edward Frankland (who succeeded to thechair of Chemistry on Hofmann’s retirement in 1865),Warren de la Rue William Odling Frederick Field (who developed copper smelting in Chile) F. V. Pavy (a pioneer in the study of diabetes) Frederick Dyson Perrins (pharmaceutical chemist) Henry Condy (chemical manufacturer) Edward Divers Herbert McLeod Sir William Perkin Sir William Tilden Lord Shuttleworth and H.E. Armstrong. The chemistry department of the Royal College of Science now a constituent college of Imperial College has an unbroken history extending back to the foundation of the College of Chemistry a century ago the succession of its professors being A. W. von Hofmann (1845-65) Sir Edward Frankland (1865-85) Sir Edward Thorpe (1885-94 and 1909-12), Sir William Tilden (1894-1909) H. Brereton Baker (1912-32) J. C. Philip (inorganic and physical chemistry) and Sir Jocelyn Thorpe (organic chemistry) (1932-38) and since 1938 H. V. A. Briscoe (inorganic and physical chemistry) and I. M. Heilbron (organic chemistry) Atomic Energy.-A Stationery Office publication entitled “Statements relating to the Atomic Bomb” issued by H.M.Treasury comprises (A) statements by the Prime Minister and Mr. Churchill issued on 6th August 1945; and (B) a statement issued by the Directorate of Tube Alloys (Department of Scientific and Industrial Research) on 12th August 1945. The Statements under (A) have already been published in the press. That under (B) includes a brief historical survey of scientific investigations beginning with the discovery of radioactivity and leading up to the discovery and characterisation of nuclear fission and an account of British activities and organisation in connexion with the realisation of the atomic bomb. [ 181 1 In January 1939 Professor 0. Hahn and Dr. Strassman in Berlin reported positive chemical evidence to show that one at least of the supposed trans-uranian elements produced by Professor E.Fermi in Rome by bombarding uranium with neutrons was in fact an isotope of barium having an atomic number approximately half that of uranium. Dr. 0. Frisch and Professor Lise Meitner pointed out that this discovery could only mean that the uranium nucleus underwent an entirely different kind of change from that so far studied involving its fission into two parts of roughly equal mass. They pointed out that the fragments of the uranium nucleus would fly apart with great energy and this prediction was given a direct experimental proof by Dr. Frisch in Copenhagen. Confirmation of the reality of the fission process with uranium and of the great energy release which accompanies it was obtained independently by Rofessor Joliot in Paris who shortly afterwards gave in collaboration with Drs.Halban and Kowarski an experimental proof of the additional fact which was expected on theoreti-cal grounds that when the fission of a uranium nucleus takes place several free neutrons are liberated. It was immediately recognised that this discovery afforded an experimental basis for the hope that the useful realisation of the enormous store of atomic energy in matter could be achieved for not only did the fission reaction provide a large amount of energy but the liberation of more than one new neutron by the fission of each uranium nucleus made possible the continuation of the reaction by the development of a chain process when once the initial step had been taken.Such a process could thus be initiated by the application of only a minute fraction of the energy eventually liberated. On the basis of a theory developed by Professor N. Bohr and Professor J. A. Wheeler it was predicted in February 1939 that the common isotope of uranium (U.238) would be expected to undergo fission only when the bombarding neutrons had a high energy but that the rarer isotope (U.235) which constitutes only 0.7 per cent. of uranium would not only show this reaction with high energy neutrons but also would be particularly liable to undergo fission when the energy and therefore the velocity of the bombarding neutrons was very low. This prediction was confirmed experimentally in 1940 by Nier and by Booth Dunning and Grosse in the U.S.A.A different phenomenon is observed when U.238 is bombarded by neutrons of a particular energy value intermediate between that required to cause fission of U.238 and of U.235. Neutrons having this so-called resonance energy are strongly ahsorbed by the U.238 nucleus forming a new nucleus of mass 289 which emits two electrons in successive steps and is thereby converted first to a isotope of an element with atomic number 93 (for which the name “neptunium” has been suggested) and then to one of an element with atomic number 94 provisionally named “plutonium ” (Pu.239). This latter element is of particular interest because on the basis of the Bohr-Wheeler theory it would be expected like U.236 to be capable of undergoing fission with the greatest ease when bombarded by neutrons of very low energy.It may be noted that thorium (Th.232) like U.238 undergoes fission when the bombarding neutrons have a very high energy whilst the very rare protactinium (Pa.231) behaves as regardsfission in a manner intermediate between U.235 and U.238. It was generally accepted that if the nuclear fission of such elements of high atomic number could be caused to proceed as a chain reaction the energy liberated would be millions of times greater than that produced by the combustion of coal or oil. It was realised however that if this chain reaction was to be divergent and self-sustaining certain critical conditions must be satisfied:-(a) the system as a whole must be of such a size that there is not too great a probability that neutrons produced in the fission process will escape from the system and so be unable to take any further part in the chain process; (b) the system must not contain more than a limited amount of material that would absorb neutrons and in this way again remove their chance of contributing to the divergent fission process; (c) if the reaction was not to “run away” it is essential to make use of neutrons of very low energy in the individual steps of the chain process.The neutrons produced when fission occurs have very high energies but this is dissipated as a result of elastic collisions with the nuclei of other atoms that may be present. Professor Joliot in Paris Professor Fermi in the U.S.A. Professor Sir George Thomson in London and others examined the possibilities of using a mixture of uranium and some suitable “slowing-down” medium so arranged that the fast neutrons produced by fission would lose their energy by elastic collisions before initiating further fission in the uranium.Such a slowing-down medium must not have any large probability of capturing a neutron and its atoms should be of as small a mass as possible in order to get the maximum rate of loss of energy in the neutrons through elastic collisions. The I 1821 most suitable materials to fulfil both of these conditions are heavy hydrogen (deuterium) or its compound I‘ heavy water,” helium beryllium and carbon. At the beginning of 1940 Dr. Frisch and Professor Peierls at Birmingham University and Professor Sir James Chadwick at Liverpool University independently called atten- tion to the possibility of using atomic energy as the basis of a military weapon of un-precedented power.It was realised that ordinary uranium would not be suitable for even if a fast chain reaction could be realised with it a very large quantity of metal would be required. On the other hand the isotope U.235 if it could be separated offered great possibilities. It was concluded that the amount required to make a bomb would be between one and one hundred kilogrammes and that the explosion of such a bomb might be equivalent to many thousands of tons of T.N.T. In a block of pure or nearly pure U.235 neutrons will either be absorbed in the mass of metal producing new fissions or they will escape into the outer air and thus be wasted.The proportion of neutrons which escape can be reduced by increasing the size of the block of metal and it follows that if the explosion is possible it will require a certain minimum amount of material. Quantities of U.235 less than this critical size are quite stable and perfectly safe but with larger amounts of material a reaction will develop and multiply itself with enormous rapidity resulting in an explosion of unprecedented violence. Thus all that is necessary to detonate a bomb of U.235 is to bring together two pieces each less than the critical size but which when in contact form an amount exceeding it. As the explosion proceeds the density of the mass decreases and neutrons can escape more easily from it bringing the chain reaction to an end.Hence in order to release an appreciable fraction of the available energy it is necessary that the reaction should develop so rapidly that a substantial part of the material can react before the system has time to fly apart. The neutrons produced in the fission process are fast enough to fulfil this condition but would not be so if they were slowed down by artificial means indicated above. It was estimated that if only one pound of U.235 underwent fission the release of energy would be as much as from 8,000 tons of T.N.T. In April 1940 a committee of scientists under the chairmanship of Professor Sir George Thomson was set up to investigate whether the possibilities of producing atomic bombs during the war and their military effect were sufficient to justify the necessary diversion of effort for this purpose.Various aspects of the problem were examined at Liverpool under Professor Sir James Chadwick and at the Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge under Dr. Feather and Dr. Bretscher and the data obtained were examined by Professor Peierls and others in relation to the critical size of the bomb the mechanics of reaction and the amounts of energy likely to be released. The Committee also considered possible means for separating U.235 from ordinary uranium in the necessary quantities and concluded that a gaseous diffusion method was by far the most promising for large-scale operation. Research on this method of separation under the direction of Dr. F. E. Simon in the Clarendon Laboratory Oxford was aided on the theoretical side by Professor Peierls and his group and on the chemical side by Professor W.N. Haworth and his team in the chemistry department of the University of Birmingham. The findings of the Committee were summarised in a Report dated 15th July 1941 when it was concluded that an atomic bomb depending on the fission of U.235. was feasible that its effect would be comparable with some thousands of tons of T.N.T. and that a method of separating U.235 from ordinary uranium could be realised on a large scale. The Committee also reviewed work which had been done on conditions under which a mixture of uranium and some suitable slowing-down medium might give a chain reaction in which the release of energy was obtained in a controlled way.This work had been carried out in Cambridge by Dr. Halban and Dr. Kowarski who at the time of the fall of France had been sent to this country by Professor Joliot and brought with them 165 litres of heavy water (practically the whole world’s stock of this material) which the French Government had bought from the Norsk Hydro Company just before the invasion of Norway. Strong evidence was produced that in a system composed of uranium oxide (or uranium metal) and heavy water a divergent slow neutron fission chain reaction could be realised if the system were of sufficient size; and this critical size might not require more than a few tons of heavy water. The Committee concluded that this work had great potential interest for power production but that this application was not likely to be developed in time for use in the war.It was recognised however that the slow neutron work had a bearing on the military project for the plutonium which would be produced in such a system could be extracted chemically and might be capable of use in an atom bomb instead of U.235. But in order to produce the quanti- ties of plutonium that would probably be needed for a bomb many tons of uranium and of heavy water would have been necessary and the industrial effort required could not then be spared. [ 183 1 During 1940 and 1941 similar problems were occupying the minds of American scientists and contact with them was maintained partly by transmission of reports and partly by visits of scientists in both directions.The Scientific Advisory Committee of the War Cabinet endorsed the view of Sir George Thomson’s Committee on the importance of the atomic bomb with the result that Mr. Churchill who had been kept informed of the developments by Lord Cherwell asked Sir John Anderson in September 1941 to undertake personal responsibility for the supervision of this project as one of great urgency and secrecy. A consultative Council under the Chairmanship of Sir John Anderson was then set up consisting of the Chairman of the Scientific Advisory Committee of the War Cabinet (Lord Hankey and later Mr. R. A. Butler) the President of the Royal Society (Sir Henry Dale) the Secre- tary of the D.S.I.R. (Sir Edward Appleton) and Lord Cherwell. Direction of the work was entrusted to a new division of the D.S.I.R.which was known for reasons of security as the Directorate of Tube Alloys. Mr. W. A. Akers of Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. was appointed Director with Mr. M. W. Perrin also lent by I.C.I. as his deputy and principal assistant. Mr. Akers was advised by a Technical Committee under his chairmanship consisting originally of Professor Sir James Chadwick Professor Peierls and Drs. Halban Simon and Slade with Mr. I’errin as Secretary later it was joined by Sir Charles Darwin and Professors Cockcroft Oliphant and Feather. Following a visit by an American mission composed of Professors Pegram and Urey to this country and a return visit by Mr. Akers and certain members of his Technical Committee to the U.S.A. arrangements were made for the close co-ordination of the British and American programmes of research and development.In this country various aspects of the work were dealt with by the Metropolitan-Vickers Electrical Co. Ltd. and several divisions of Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. as well as by the British Thomson-Houston Co. and the General Electric Co. Other important parts of the work were conducted in Government establishments and universities. At the beginning of 1943 a Joint British-Canadian research establishment was set up in Montreal to work in close touch with the corresponding American group on slow- neutron research; in the spring of 1944 the Americans joined actively in this project and a site was selected on the Ottawa river for the construction of a pilot scale “pile” using heavy water supplied by the U.S.Government as the slowing-down medium. This joint enterprise in Canada has been described more fully in statements issued by the Canadian Government. Following a visit to the U.S.A. by Sir John Anderson in August 1943 it was decided to move to America a large number of the scientists working on the atomic bomb in England in order that they might join the appropriate American groups. The effect of these transfers and others which were made to the Montreal project was to close down much of the work in this country; the object was to secure the most effective pooling of scientific and technical effort so as to accelerate the actual production of atomic bombs in the U.S.A. Among members of the Institute mentioned in the Government publication as having been actively concerned in research or development work on the liberation of atomic energy are Dr.G. I. Higson Fellow who was Deputy Chairman of the Diffusion Project Committee under Mr. Akers; Dr. R. E. Slade Fellow who was Vice-chairman of the Chemical Research Panel of the “Tube Alloys” Technical Committee; and Dr. H. J. Emelkus Member of Council working at Imperial College London and subsequently on the electro-magnetic plant in the U.S.A. Lecture.-Mr. W. Gordon Carey has kindly consented to give the 28th Streatfeild Memorial Lecture on Friday 16th November at 6 p.m. taking for his subject “Water and Public Health.” The lecture will be given in the Rooms of the Geological Society Burlington House W.l.I 1841 September Examinations 1945 Abstract of the Report of the Board of Examiners September 1945 Examinations were held as under :-For the Associateship in General Chemistry. Entered Passed Examiners Dr. G. M. Bennett and Professor W. Wardlaw. The examination was held in the week commencing Monday 17th September at the Institute and in the Laboratories of the University of London South Kensington and at the Royal Technical College Glasgow ; some theoretical papers being taken in other centres .. .. .. .. 81 54* For the Fellowship. The examinations were held in the week commencing Monday 24th September at the Institute and in the Laboratories of the University of London South Kensington except where otherwise stated.Branch R Physical Chemistry with special reference to Surface Chemistry. Examiner Professor E. K. Rideal. In the Department of Colloid Science The University Cambridge . . .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 1 Branch C Organic Chemistry. Examiner Dr. G. M. Bennett. .. .. .. .. With special reference to Petroleum and Petroleum Products. Examiners Dr. G. M. Bennett and Professor F. H. Garner. In the Department of Oil Engineering and Refining The a. University Birmingham .. .. .. .. 1 Branch E The Chemistry including Microscopy of Food and Drugs and of Water. Examiners Dr. H. E. Cox and Dr. C. H. Hampshire .. 6. Branch G Industrial Chemistry. General Examiner Mr. H. W. Cremer. With special reference to the Manufacture of Rayon. Examiner Mr.F. SchoIefield. In the Dept. of Textile Chemistry College of Technology Manchester .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 I With special reference to the Technology of Natural Rubber. Examiner Dr. J. R. Scott. In the Laboratories of the Research Association of British Rubber Manufacturers . . .. .. .. .. 1 0 With special reference to Oils Fati and Waxes. Examiner Mr. W. H. Simmons . . .. .. .. 2 1 Branch H Gewral Analytical Chemistry. Examiner Mi. H. N. Wilson . . .. .. .. -1 -1 95 62 n E * 2 candidates failed in part only of the examination and 7 candidates satisfied the Examiners in those parts of the examination in which they had previously failed. I185 I The following exercises were given :-Examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry MONDAY 17th SEPTEMBER,1945 10 a.m.to 1 p.m (Answer FIVE questions only. Answer concisely and to the point. Give formulae and equations where possible.) 1. Discuss some of the features of interest in the chemistry of the oxy-acids of nitrogen. 2. The heat evolved during a reaction was once thought to be a direct measure of chemical affinity. Discuss this view and the one which has replaced it. 3. Explain the meaning of the term “atomic weight” and indicate the principles and facts on which the conception and determination of atomic weights depend. 4. Discuss from the points of view of (a)the Phase Rule (b)the Law of Mass Action the equilibrium A + B eC where C is a solid A is a gas and B either a gas or a solid. 5. Select ONE of the following topics for discussion :- (a) The hydrides of the elements; (b) Isomerism in the co-ordination compounds of metallic elements.6. Outline the basic principles underlying the methods of distillation normally employed in the laboratory. The boiling point of a nitrobenzene-water system is 99.2” C. under 1 atmosphere pressure. What will be the proportion by weight of nitrobenzene to water distilling at normal pressure ? (Vapour pressure of water at 99.2” C. = 738.5 mm.) 7. Write an essay on adsorption with special reference to industrial and laboratory practice. 2 to 5 p.m. (Answer FIVE questions only. Answer concisely and to the point. Give formulae and equations where possible.) 1. Write notes on any FOUR of the following:-(a) magnesium; (b)nickel carbonyl; (c) bleaching powder; (d) ceric sulphate; (e) titanous chloride (TiCl,) ; (f)phosphorus pentachloride.2. Give an account of the types of nuclear transformation which occur when (a) protons (b) deuterons are used as projectiles. Discuss the uses of artificial radio- active elements in chemical investigations. 3. Write an essay on the Periodic Law from the standpoint of modern ideas of atomic structure. 4. Describe some form of standard cell and explain the physicochemical reasons for the details of the specification. At 26”C. the standard redox potentials of theelectrodes Pt/Ce+4,Ce3+ and Pt/Fe3+,Fe2+ are 1-45 and 0.76 volts respectively. What inference may be drawn from these data? [(RTIF)In x = 0.059 log x at 25” C.] 6.Discuss resemblances and differences between the elements chromium manga- nese and iron and their compounds. 6. Give a critical account of the methods available for the quantitative determina- 7. Comment on the statement that “The idea of resonance has brought clarity tion of EITHER (a)copper OR (b)manganese. and unity into modem structural chemistry.’’ TUESDAY 18th SEPTEMBER 1946 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Answev FIVE questions only. Answer concisely giving formulac and equations where possible.) 1. Mention SIX general reactions used in organic chemistry by which a new carbon- carbon bond is formed. Give one example of each indicate any essential experimental conditions and explain the range of applicability of the reaction.2. Give ONE example of the use of each of the following oxidising agents :-(a) dilute nitric acid (b) chromic anhydride (c) chromyl chloride (d) neutral or alkaline per- manganate (e) ozone (f) Caro’s acid (g) hydrogen peroxide. [ 1861 3. Give a short account of the stereoisomerism of the oximes and of the Way in which the configurations of the isomerides have been determined. 4. How are phenol and the cresols (a) isolated commercially and (b) prepared from the parent hydrocarbons ? Briefly describe the properties and reactions of these substances. In what respects is their behaviour similar to that of the enolic form of ethyl acetoacetate? 6. Give equations showing TWO methods in each case by which simple aromatic compounds may be converted to (a) diphenyl (b) naphthalene (c) anthracene Or their derivatives.Compare the general behaviour of these three hydrocarbons with that of benzene. 6. State briefly how any FIVE of the following may be prepared from simpler substances :-(a) fl/3-dimethylglutaric acid (b) terpenylic acid (c) p-methyladipic acid (d). isatin (e) nicotinic acid (f) piperonal (g)skatole and in any TWO cases explain bnefly their importance in connection with the chemistry of a natural product. 7. Write a short essay on EITHER polymerisation and macromolecular substances OR the Walden Inversion. 2 to 3.30p.m. Translations from French and German technical literature. WEDNESDA Y 19th SEPTEMBER 1945:10 a.m. to 4.30p.m. 1. The substance (A) is an organic acid:- (a) Determine its equivalent.(Standard alkali is provided.) (b) Find its approximate molecular weight by observations on its effect in depressing the melting point of camphor. (c) Deduce the basicity of (A). [(Al) = adipic acid (A2) = p-toluic acid.] 2. Examine the substance (B) with a view to ascertaining its nature as far as possible and leave specimens of any derivatives you may make. [(Bl) = 2-chloro-4-nitroaniline ; (B2) = 4-chloro-2-nitroaniline;(B3) = 3-nitro-4-aminotoluene.] Lengthy descriptions of practical work are not required. Make concise notes of you?' experiments as they are made and where possible in tabular form. State yourfinal con- clusions clearly. THURSDAY 20th SEPTEMBER 1945:10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m.1. From the cyclohexanone provided prepare specimens of (a)the semicarbazone (b) the dibenzylidene derivative (c) the phenylhydrazone (d) tetrahydrocarbazole. 2. Identify the substance (C). [(Cl) = calcium succinate; (C2) = barium tartrate.] Lengthy descriptions of practical work are not required. Make concise notes of your experiments as they aye made and where possible in tabular form State your final con- clusions clearly. FRIDA Y 21st SEPTEMBER 1945 10 a.m. to 4.30p.m. 1. The substance (D) is a steel containing approximately 4 per cent. of nickel. Determine the nickel gravimetrically and the iron volumetrically and express your results as grams of nickel and grams of iron per 100 grams of substance D. You are provided with approximately decinormal potassium dichromate solution.2. Report on the mixture (E). [(E) = lithium phosphate and cadmium iodide.] These exercises mzcst be completed to-day. SA TURDA Y 22nd SEPTEMBER 1946 10 a.m. to 4.30p.m. 1. Determine the solubility of caIcium hydroxide in boiling water. Express your 2. The sample (F) is witherite. Determine the barium gravimetrically and 3. Identify the salt (G). results as grams of CaO per litre of boiling water. volumetrically and express your results as grams of BaCO per 100grams of witherite. [(Gl) = potassium silicofluoride; (G2) = barium silicofluoride.] [ 187 1 Examinations for the Fellowship Branch B Physical Chemistry with special reference to Surface Chemistry MONDAY 1st OCTOBER,1945 10 a.m.to 1 p.m. (FIVE questions only to be answered.) 1. Assuming the Clausius-Clapeyron equation deduce the relationship between he lowering of the vapour pressure of a solution and the lowering of the freezing point. Calculate the vapour pressure at 20” C. of a sugar solution which freezes at -1.120” C. (V.P. of water at 20” C. = 17-6 mm. Freezing point constant = 1-86 for 1 gm. mol. n 1,000gm. of water.) 2. Under what conditions will a liquid (a)wet a solid surface (b) displace another iquid from a solid ? How would you measure the heat of wetting of a solid and what :xperiments would you perform to elucidate the molecular mechanism ? 3. Describe giving any relevant theory TWO methods for determining the change n heat content (AH) for the reaction- Zn + CuSO (M/10) -+ ZnSO (M/10)+ Cu.4. Write a short essay upon the work of W. H. Carothers in the field of high poly- ners. 5. Outline the more important difficulties encountered in the study of the solid/ iquid interface. Discuss from the standpoint of the interfacial phenomena concerned :-(a) The separation of ores by flotation; (b) Thixotropy. 6. Give an account of recent attempts to calculate the rate of chemical reactions in erms of the separate molecules participating in the reaction. 7. Define the term “thermodynamic dissociation constant” as applied to a weak cid and outline the principal methods available for its accurate determination. 2 to 5 p.m. (FIVE questions only to be answered.) 1. Give an account of the various ways in which the presence of salts may modify he solubility of substances in water.To what extent have these effects been explained heoretically ? 2. Describe the Zaboralory determination of :- (a) The charge on a protein molecule in solution; (b) The constitution of the silver-ammonia complex ion in aqueous solution; (c) The dissociation energy of the iodine molecule. 3. Deduce an expression for the rise of a liquid in a capillary tube. How does the lorosity of a solid affect (a)the rate of ingress of a liquid (b) the vapour pressure of a iquid which is imbibed in the solid ? 4. Give an account of the use of the various modifications of hydrogen for studying aseous reactions catalysed by solid surfaces.5. Discuss the origin of the electrokinetic (zeta) potential and its bearing upon the tability of colloidal systems. 6. Give an account’of the use of band spectra- (a) In the detection and estimation of isotopes; (b) In the study of the “hydrogen bond.” 7. Discuss with examples the various factors which may operate to affect the uantum yield in a photochemical reaction. ‘UESDAY to FRIDAY 2nd to 6th OCTOBER 1945 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. (Any necessary practical details will be provided at the Examination.) 1. Experiments using a Langmuir trough:- (a) Determine the force-area curve of a linear polymer. (b) Determine the surface area/gm. of the Al,O powder provided by studying the adsorption of cetyl alcohol from benzene solution.Determine the adsorption at two temperatures (0’ C. and room temperature) nd hence calculate the heat of adsorption. c 1881 2. Investigate the effect of a neutral salt (NaCI) upon the reaction between the persulphate and iodide ions. Discuss your results in the light of the Bronsted-Bjerrum theory. 3. Investigate the conductivity of aqueous solutions of :-(a) Succinic acid; (b) Sodium di-hexylsulpho-succinate. Discuss your results in terms of the Debye-Huckel-Onsager theory. Branch C Organic Chemistry MONDA Y 24th SEPTEMBER 1945 1 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (THREE questions to be answered.) 1. Review the types of stereoisomerism which have been found in saturated carbon ring compounds including spirocyclic and fused ring systems.2. Give an account of the evidence which has been obtained as to the occurrence of (a) a five-membered ring (b)a six-membered ring among the simple sugars and their derivatives. 3. Describe the developments which have occurred in recent times in our knowledge of the paraffins and olefins and their chemical utilisation. 4. Give briefly the principal methods available for the synthesis of the isoquinoline nucleus and discuss the structure of EITHER papaverine or narcotine. 5. Write a general account of the chemistry of the fats and include in your answer a brief reference to lecithin. 6. Write a short essay on EITHER the basic dyes of the triphenylmethane series OR the phthaleins. 2 to 5 p.m.(THREE questions to be answered.) 1. Discuss the stereochemistry of EITHER 3-covalent sulphur OR 4-covalent nitrogen. 2. Give an account of modern views on the constitution of starch. 3. Describe the methods which have been used for the synthesis of phenanthrene and other more complex polycyclic hydrocarbons. 4. Describe the way in which the formula of cholesterol was ascertained. 5. Discuss the mechanism of EITHER prototropic change OR the bromination of ketonic substances. 6. Give in detail the evidence for the structure of EITHER a-pinene OR pelargonin. TUESDAY and WEDNESDA Y 25th and 26th SEPTEMBER 1945 10 a.m. to 5 9.m. each day. 1. Prepare a pure specimen of the acetyl derivative of the hydroxy-compound (A).Determine the percentage of acetyl in this specimen. Determine the molecular weight of (A). Deduce the number of hydroxyl groups present in the molecule of (A). [(A) = mannitol.] 2. Identify the organic substance in solution (B). 3. Identify the organic substance in solution (C). [(B) = lactose.] [(C) = strychnine hydrochloride.] THURSDAY and FRIDAY 27th and 28th SEPTEMBER 1945 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. (D)is a crude specimen of an organic compound. Purify it and examine it in detail with a view to ascertaining its nature. You are not required to identify it. Leave specimens of the pure substance (D) and of any derivatives you may make in the course of your work. [(D) = P-nitro-8-phenylethyl alcohol.] 2. Separate the mixture (E) of two substances into its components and state the approximate proportions in which they are present.Examine each of the constituent substances identify them and make at least one derivative of each. [ (E) = bromobenzene and cyclohexanone.] [ 1891 Branch C Organic Chemistry with special reference to Petroleum MONDAY 17th SEPTEMBER 1945 10 a.m. to 1 9.m. (seep. 189). 2 to 5 p.m. (SIXquestions ONLY to be attempted.) 1. Describe in full what you consider to be the essential properties of (a)gasoline or (b) lubricating oil intended for use in internal combustion engines showing how these properties relate to performance in practice. 2. Describe one of the catalytic methods of cracking now in use for the preparation of components of high-octane aviation gasoline referring in as much detail as you can to the fundamental principles involved.3. Write an essay on ONE of the following subjects:- (a) The refining of petroleum products by the use of adsorbents; (b) The methods used for the separation and preparation of aromatic hydro- carbons from petroleum ; (c) The manufacture of synthetic chemical compounds from petroleum; (d) Azeotropic distillation and its application to petroleum refining. 4. Discuss the various methods used in the removal of mercaptans from light distillates referring to the particular advantages gained by such treatment. 6. Give a description of the following methods as applied to the manufacture of high octane gasoline :-(1) Polymerisation; (2) Isomerisation ; (3) Alkylation.6. List the various solvent refining processes and describe one of them in some detail including a flow diagram. 7. Write an essay on the physical methods used in determining the particular hydrocarbons present in petroleum fractions and the reasons for the intensive interest taken in such methods at the present time. TUESDAY to FRIDAY 18th to 21st SEPTEMBER 1945 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Estimate the yields and properties of the principal primary products obtainable from the given crude oil. Report as fully as you can a suggested method of refining for this crude. Prepare refined samples of gasoline about 40 per cent. at 100"C. of kerosine and of gas oil. 2. Investigate the properties of the gas oil supplied for suitability as a diesel fuel.3. Determine the viscosity index of the sample of lubricating oil and estimate its viscosity at a temperature of 0"C. Carry out as full an inspection as you can and comment on its suitability for automobile engine lubrication. Branch E The Chemistry including Microscopy of Food and Drugs and of Water MONDAY 24th SEPTEMBER 1945 10 to 11.30 a.m. 1. Describe the methods for the estimation of (a)aneurine and (b) nicotinic acid in foodstuffs using flour as an example. 2. State appropriate limits for the following:- (a) Zinc in edible gelatine. (b) Fluorine in water. (c) Fluorine in acid calcium phosphate. (d) Boric acid in margarine. (e) Lead in curry powder.(f) Copper in canned vegetables. Briefly give reasons for your answers. 3. How would you determine:- (a) Theobromine in cocoa shells. (b) Caffeine in coffee and chicory extract? I 1901 11.30 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. Discuss the therapeutic uses of mercury and its compounds with special reference to Calomel mersalyl ” and mercuric oxycyanide. Describe the symptoms of mercurial poisoning. 2. Give an account of the pharmacologica] actions and therapeutic uses of (a)pitui-tary (posterior lobe) extract (b) neoarsphenamine. Summarise the regulations under which the manufacture and distribution of these drugs are controlled. 3. State briefly the principal actions and uses of (a) phenacetin (b) orthocaine (c) riboflavine (d) nicotinamide (e) ascorbic acid; (f) emetine.4. Give as complete an account as you can of the pharmacology of EITHER caffeine OR morphine. 2 to 6 p.m. 1. Discuss the merits and demerits of :- (a) Chlor-amination of water as compared with chlorination ; (b) Dechlorination of water before pumping into supply. 2. Write an essay on the presentation and interpretation of the results of the analysis of water for public supply purposes. 3. How would you differentiate between the following:- (a)Malt vinegar; (b)Wine vinegar; (c) Cider vinegar; (d)Non-brewed vinegar; (e) Vinegar essence ? 4. Under Regulation 7 oP the Chemical Works Regulations 1922 before any person is allowed to enter without wearing an approved breathing apparatus and life- belt any vessel or place which it is thought may contain a dangerous gas or fume it is necessary that the vessel or place be tested by a responsible person appointed by the occupier who must certify in writing that it is free from dangerous gas or fume- mat tests would you make to ascertain that a factory was free from:- (a) Hydrogen cyanide (b) Sulphur dioxide ? 6.What tests would you apply to specimens of potted meat paste in an opened jar suspected of causing some cases of food poisoning ? TUESDAY 25th SEPTEMBER 1946 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. 1. Examine and report upon the sample of coffee extract (A). 2. Examine and report upon the suitability for drinking purposes of the sample of water which is from a town supply.(The results of certain bacteriological tests will be given to you.) These exercises may be cornfileled to-morrow. Candidates should present clear reports such as they would send to their Principals Or clients. WEDNESDAY 26th SEPTEMBER 1946 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercises. 2. The sample of wine (B) is sold as British Wine Port Type. Is this description 3. Determine the arsenic and lead content of the food colour (C). justifiable ? These exercises may be completed to-mowow. THURSDA Y 27th SEPTEMBER 1946 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercises. 2. Make a complete analysis of the baking powder (D). This exercise may be completed to-morrow. FRIDA Y 28th SEPTEMBER 1945 10 a.m.to 5 P.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercise 2. 2. Examine the samples (E) (F) (G) and. (H) microscopically and by any other 3. Determine the ascorbic acid content of the fruit juice (J) and test it for preserva- tests to identify them as far as possible. tiVet.3. [(J) contained sulphur dioxide.] r 1911 SATURDAY 29th SEPTEMBER 1945 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. (Reports of microscopical examinations should be accompanied by annotated sketches.) 1. Identify by microscopical examination the vegetable powders (A) (B) (C) and (D),and the fibres in the material (E). 2. Identify the poison in the stomach washings. [The washings contained 10 per cent. by volume of Liniment of Aconite Belladonna and Chloroform.] 3.Determine the proportion of urea in the urine (G). Branch G Industrial Chemistry MONDAY 17th SEPTEMBER 1945 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. [Paper taken by all candidates in Branch G.] (Answer Question 1 and any THREE of the other questions.) 1. Give an account of general methods adopted in chemical works for protection against fire with reference to (a)safeguards embodied in the design and layout of plant and (b)the installation of fire-fighting appliances. 2. Describe ONE type of industrial equipment in each case for mixing intimately (a)two Iiquids (b)a liquid with a solid and (c)two solids. Your answer should include reference to typical cases for which the equipment you mention is specially suited. 3. Write notes on TWO of the following subjects -(a) The film concept of heat transfer (b) The significance of the Reynolds member in problems of fluid flow (c) Theories of filtration-their usefulness and limitations in practice.4. Describe illustrating your answer by means of simple sketches the essential features of any TWO of the following units of works equipment:-(a) a rotary vacuum filter (b) a jet condenser (c) a continuous denitrator for spent nitration acids (d) a dialyser for recovering caustic soda from a wood-pulp steeping press. 5. Give an account of EITHER the applications of the steam-carbon reaction in chemical industry OR powdered fuel-its advantages and disadvantages. 6. Write an essay on “The Department of Scientific and Industrial Research-its purpose and achievements.’’ 7.Outline the organisation which you consider suitable in connection with a large industrial works for (a)the receipt of samples for routine analysis (b) the distribution of these samples to the various sections of the laboratory (c) the issue of the results of analysis to the appropriate sections of the plant and (d)the keeping of readily accessible permanent records in connection with the above. Branch G Industrial Chemistry with special reference to Oils Fats and Waxes MONDA Y 24th SEPTEMBER 1945 2 to 5 p.m. (FIVEquestions only to be attempted.) 1. Give an account of the preparation properties and technical uses of mono-glycerides. 2. Show with examples how bromine thiocyanogen potassium permanganate 3. Write a short account of the application of chromatography to the examination 4.Give some account of the natural occurrence manufacture and industrial uses and ozone may be used in investigating the composition of a fatty oil. of oils and fats. of the higher fatty alcohols. 6. Describe methods for bleaching and refining linseed oil and explain how the methud employed affects the subsequent use of the oil. 6. Give three examples of the use of catalysts in the oil and fat industry. Describe briefly the process employed in each case and give some account of the theory of the action. 7. How may dehydrated castor oil be produced? What alterations take place in the constitution and properties of the oil ? 8. A so-called whale oil has a saponification value of 240 and an iodine value of 82 What further tests would you make to ascertain the composition of the oil? c 192 1 TUESDAY to FRIDAY 26th to 28th SEPTEMBER 1946 10 a.m.to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Determine the saponifiable matter in the sample of a Coconut Acid Oil. 2. Identify the substance (A) and prepare a derivative therefrom. [(A) = cetyl alcohol.] 3. Report on the composition of the fatty acids in the sample of reputed Castile soap. 4. Extract the fat from the sample of Cocoa and determine its pnrity. Branch G Industrial Chemistry with special reference to the Manufacture of Rayon MONDAY 1st OCTOBER 1945 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (see p. 192). 2 to 6 p.m. (Not moYe than SIX questions to be attempted.) 1. It is commonly observed that the oxidation of cellulose fibres results in an increase in the fluidity of their solutions.Outline the current theories of the pheno- menon and discuss its significance in the manufacture of rayons. 2. What is the meaning of the term “the ripeness of a viscose solution” ? Discuss the chemical and physico-chemical methods of measuring ripeness and the inter-relations of the two types of method. 3. Artificial protein fibres have been manufactured commercially for some years principally from casein. Discuss the possibilities of utilising other proteins for a similar purpose. 4. Show the relations between the chemical structures of viscose acetate nylon and casein fibres and their dyeing properties. 5. Uses have been found for rayons possessing the property of solubility in water or dilute aqueous solutions.Indicate how these rayons can be produced and how their special qualities can be used. 6. Discuss the evidence that has been brought forward in support of the theory of the presence of micelles or crystallites in regenerated cellulose fibres both in the dry and water-swollen conditions. 7. What fibre-forming substances and under what conditions exhibit rubber-like high elasticity? Outline very briefly the current kinetic theory of their behaviour. 8. Give an account of the problems involved in wet processing and drying of viscose yarn in cake form. 9. Describe the improvements which have been made in the textile qualities of rayon yarns since the beginning of the century. Indicate the changes in process that are responsible for them.10. Write an essay on the evaluation of the cellulosic raw materials used in the manufacture of rayons and outline a scheme for the physical and chemical examination of the cellulosic materials intended for the production of any one type of rayon. TUESDAY to FRIDAY 2nd to 5th OCTOBER 1945 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. (The candidate must attempt Questions 1 to 6 inclusive OR Questions 1 to 4 and Question 7.) 1. Analyse the sample (A) of viscose spinning bath solution. Comment on the 2. Characterise the given rayon yarn sample (B)and suggest the probable manner 3. Identify the cause of the white marks in the sample (C) of rayon satin ribbon composition of the bath. in which it was made.and suggest the probable cause of the marks. 4. Analyse the given fabric sample (D) and suggest possible applications for it. 5. From the sample of trubenised lining (E) and poplin shirting (F)prepare a fabric sandwich such as is used in semi-stiff collars (neglecting making up in the shape of a collar). Measure the adhesion and permeability of the resultant fabric sandwich and comment on the values obtained. 6. Examine the defective fabric sample (C) and determine the stage in manufacture 7. From the sample of viscose solution (H) prepare filaments with the maximum at which the defect could most probably have occurred. and minimum possible degrees of orientation. Adduce experimental evidence to establish the difference in the anisotropy of the two types of filaments.[ 193 1 Branch G Industrial Chemistry with special reference to the Chemistry and Technology of Natural Rubber MONDAY 24th SEPTEMBER 1945 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (see p. 192). 2 to 6 p.m. (FIVEquestions to be answered at least TWO being taken from each of Parts A and B.) PART A 1. Enumerate the principal non-caoutchouc constituents of natural rubber latex and indicate (a) how the amounts present vary according to the source of the latex (b) to what extent they remain present in the various commercial forms of raw rubber (c) what role they play in the processing of latex and of raw rubber to produce manu- factured articles and (d)how they affect the serviceability of these articles.2. Write an account shodng the principal steps that have led up to our present knowledge of the constitution and configuration of the natural rubber (caoutchouc) molecule; your account should include some reference to the contributions made by non-chemical methods. 3. Write an essay on:- EITHER (a) Existing developments and future possibilities in the use of natural rubber as a raw material for chemical processes; OR (b) The behaviour of vulcanised rubber towards liquids with special reference to its technical importance and the theories underlying the phenomena observed. 4. Give an account of the theories that have been advanced to explain the action of EITHER organic accelerators of vulcanisation OR antioxidants for vulcanised rubber.To what extent do these theories appear to you to explain the known facts? PARTI3 1. Trace the development of accelerated ageing tests for vulcanised rubber; describe the essential features of the ageing tests most commonly in use and indicate clearly the factors that limit the ability of accelerated tests to predict exactly the course of natural ageing. 2. Give an account of :-EITHER (a) Recent developments in methods of plasticising natural rubber with a summary of our present knowledge of the mechanism of this process and its dependence on various controlling factors ; OR (b) Recent developments in the production of reinforcing agents other than carbon black with a summary of our present knowledge of the mechanism of reinforcement.3. The following mix formula is suggested for the manufacture of blue moulded hot-water bottles ;describe the purpose of each ingredient and criticise the formula suggesting improvements wherever you think them advisable Parts by weight Smoked sheet . . .. .. .. . . 100.0 Sulphur .. .. MercaptobenzthiazoleDiphen ylguanidine Stearic acid.. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . . . . 2.75 0.6 0.2 0.5 Paraffin wax . . .. .. .. -. 2.0 Pine tar oil .. .. .. .. .. 2.0 Phenyl- p-naphthylamine Lime .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ,. . . 1.0 5.0 Zinc oxide .. .. .. .. .. . . 20.0 China clay . . Prussian Blue .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . . 175.0 5.0 4. Describe briefly the organisation of a controI laboratory for a factory producing rubber-proofed fabrics to be used in making waterproof garments ;indicate clearly what control tests you would apply to incoming raw materials stocks in process and finished products.[ 1941 TUESDAYto FRIDA Y,25th to 28th SEPTEMBER 1945 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. each day. 1. Examine the substance (A) with respect to :-(a) Its efficiency as a peptising agent in the plasticisation of rubber on a roll mill using the parallel-plate (Williams) plastimeter to follow the changes in plasticity; and (b) Its effect on the rate of vukanisation of a mix accelerated with mercapto- benzthiazole using physical properties as criteria of the degree of vulcanisa-tion; comment on any other effects of the substance on the physical proper- ties of the vulcanisates. [(A) = naphthyl-p-mercaptan.] 2.Make an analysis of the vulcanised sample of soling rubber (B); on the basis of your analysis formulate a mix to match the sample as nearly as possible and state the approximate vulcanising conditions for the factory production of moulded soles from this mix. 3. Report on the following samples and state in each case whether you would accept the material as suitable for use in rubber mixes; if you consider them to be unsuitable state your reasons. Sample "C" Kieselguhr; Sample "D " Stearic acid ; Sample "E " Di-phenylguanidine. REPORT Examination for the A ssociateshifi Inorganic and Physical Chemistry. The majority of the candidates were able to attempt the full number of questions they were required to answer on the two papers.The standard of theoretical work was somewhat better than in recent examinations. On the whole Paper I appeared to be more attractive'to the candidates than Paper 11 judging by the results. All the questions on Paper I were generally well done and there were no common faults to which attention should be drawn. The only comment that might be made is that some students were confused about the methods which are available for the determination of atomic weights. In certain cases the methods described at some length were those for molecular weights. In Paper I1 the most difficult question proved to be No. 4 dealing with the standard cells and involving a calculation. Comparatively few candidates gave a good answer to the latter part of the question.Whilst many excellent answers were given by individual candidates to the various questions it was noticeable that too many of the students were not familiar with recent work on such subjects as the constitution of bleaching powder or the structure of PC1,. The old ideas on the constitution of these subjects were still served up without any reference to the newer work. The practical work calls for no special comment beyond the statement that many candidates found the determination of the solubility of calcium hydroxide in boiling water rather perplexing. Organic Chemistry. Theoretical.-The paper proved to be well within the capacity of the better equipped candidates but there were a number whose knowledge was not only inaccurate but on too low a level.In Q. 1 many candidates failed to take a sufficiently general point of view. It was clearly unjustifiable to cite the Wurtz and the Fittig reactions as different general methods of synthesis or the alkylation of malonic and acetoacetic esters as distinct and a number of other pairs could be mentioned. In Q. 4 many candidates were unaware that phenol resembles the enol of acetoacetic ester not only in its solubility in alkali and its ferric chloride reaction but also in its bromination and its coupling with diazonium salts. Q. 6 was well done by many candidates but not so many gave correct methods for the preparation of dimethylglutaric and methyladipic acids. Recent work on the Walden Inversion was often not known or not properly ap- preciated.Practical.-The exercises set proved to be a good test of the candidates' ability. In the determination of the equivalent of an acid accurate work was required and a number of candidates were below standard here. In making the phenylhydrazone of cyclohexanone the omission of sodium acetate with phenylhydrazine hydrochloride in a number of cases led to the production of the tetrahydrocarbazole in one operation. c 196 3 Examination for the Fellowship Branch E. The exercises in the examination of foods were on the whole well done but there was some marked weakness in the identification of small samples. The microscopical work was reasonably well done by most of the candidates. The toxicological exercises which required the detection of the poison in Liniment of Aconite Belladonna and Chloroform was on the whole not well done and revealed a general weakness on the part of the candidates in applying their knowledge of drugs to such problems.The material submitted smelt strongly of camphor and chloroform and yet some of the candidates spent a considerable time in separating them and identifying them by chemical tests. The evident presence of these substances should have been regarded rather as a pointer to be used in applying chemical tests for poisons with which they are likely to be associated. Branch G Industrial Chew istry. In the examinations in this Branch during the last few years it has appeared that some candidates do not sufficiently realise that in addition to competence in their special branch it is necessary for them to acquire familiarity with a wider range of industrial operations and equipment.The requirements are clearly set out in the Regulations and there is therefore no excuse for candidates presenting themselves inadequately prepared for the General Paper. Such is the immature character of some of the answers that it is sometimes difficult to realise that these candidates are seeking to obtain the highest professional qualification in Chemistry which this country has to offer. It can hardly be argued that the necessary information is not available for never before has current technical literature provided such admirable scope for persons to become acquainted with the appliances used in the chemical and allied industries.Even in cases where questions are framed in such a way that common sense and merely a superficial experience of works operations can provide all that is required the response is sometimes most disappointing-in fact one might almost say that this type of question gives rise to the most unsatisfactory answers of all. In the paper set on this occasion for instance the answers to the compulsory question on general methods adopted in chemical works for protection against fire indicated both lack of powers of observation and lack of ability on the part of some of the candidates to think for themselves. PASS LIST Examination an General Chemistry for the Associateship Ballard Cecil Walter Birkbeck College London. *Blades Alan Edward Hull Municipal Technical College.Bolsover Kenneth Salford Royal Technical College. Bradford Eric Andrew Medway Technical College Gillingham and Paisley Technical College. Butt Wilfrid Roger B.Sc. (Lond.) Medway Technical College Gillingham. Cliffe John Owen City of Liverpool Technical College. Coathup Alexander City of Liverpool Technical College. Cowling William Coventry Municipal Technical College. Critchley Stanley Doncaster Technical College. Duell Arthur Albert Rutherford College of Technology Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Elton George Alfred Hugh B.Sc. (Lond.) Battersea Polytechnic London. Embleton James Robert Rutherford College of Technology Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Falconer Robert Thomas B.Sc. (Lond.) Rutherford College of Technology Newcastle- upon-Tyne. Forsyth Gerald Derby Technical College and Battersea Polytechnic London.Goulden Ralph Coventry Municipal Technical College. Hamlin Anthony George B.Sc. (Lond.) Huddersfield Technical College. Hardie Thomas Reid Glasgow Royal Technical College. Harris Tennyson The University of Manchester and Wigan and District Mining and Technical College. Harvey Miss Elsie Nora B.Sc. (Lond.) The Polytechnic Regent Street London. Holdsworth Eric Spencer Leeds College of Technology. Hughes Fred Salford Royal Technical College. Hulme Ralph The University of Oxford. Inshaw John Leslie Birmingham Central Technical College. Ireland Frank Edward The University of I,iverpool College of Technology Manchester and Widnes Technical College. 196 1 Jeff reys Godfrey Vaughan Swansea Technical College and the Birmingham Central Technical College.Jenkins Andrew Glasgow Royal Technical College. Jones Thomas Gwyn University College Cardiff and Bridgend Mining and Technical College. Lees Kenneth Stockport College. London Edward Selwyn Manchester College of Technology. Macdonald James B.Sc. (Glasgow) The University and Royal Technical College, Glasgow. MacGilchrist William Robertson Glasgow Royal Technical College. Manners Edward B.Sc. (Lond.) Northern Polytechnic and Sir John Cass Technical Institute London. Marshall James Herbert Evan B.A. (Cantab.) University of Cambridge and Doncaster Technical College. Monks John Matthew B.Sc. (Liv.) University of Liverpool and City of Liverpool Technical College. Neil Michael Wells South-West Essex Technical College Walthamstow.Newman Maurice Frederick Widnes Municipal Technical College. Page Miss Patricia ilnne Coventry Municipal Technical College. Palmer Frederick Georgeson Stockton Technical College and Rutherford College of Technology Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Palmer Harold John Birmingham Central Technical College. Parker Richard Eric University College Leicester and Loughborough College. Putman John Harold South-West Essex Technical College Walthamstow. Raphael Leon City of Liverpool Technical College. Roughsedge Charles Stockport College. Rutherford William Alexander Hull Municipal Technical College. St. John Dara Derrick Phiroz B.Sc. (Lond.) Birmingham Central Technical College. Seager Edmund Stanley Medway Technical College Gillingham.Thomas Nigel B.Sc. (Wales) University College Cardiff and The Polytechnic Regent Street London. Tomlinson Reginald Harold Birmingham Central Technical College. Turner Mervyn Edward Dennant B.Sc. (London). Turville Arthur Ralph West Ham Municipal Technical College London. Wsdelin Frank Arthur City of Liverpool Technical College. *Walker George William Hull Municipal Technical College. Whittingham Albert Reginald Battersea Polytechnic London and Brighton Technical College. Wilson Royce Robert University College Leicester. * Has not yet complied in full with the conditions of the Regulations for admission to the Associateship. Examination for the Fellowship In Branch B Physical Chemistry * With special reference to Surface Chemistry Edwards Lawrence John B.Sc.(Lond.). In Branch C Organic Chemistry With special reference to Petroleum and Petroleum Products Whincup Sydney. In Branch E The Chemistry including Microscopy of Food and Drugs and of Water Bishop Miss Dorothy Joan Simpson B.Sc. (Lond.). Horsley Thomas Edward Victor B.Sc. (Lond.). Peden Miss Joan Davena B.Sc. (Liv.). In Branch G Industrial Chemistry With special reference to the Manufacture of Rayon Matthews Charles William. With special refevence to Oils Fat and Waxes Bourne Geoffrey John B.Sc. (Lond.). In Branch H General Analytical Chemistry Stock John Thomas B.Sc. (Lond.). [ 197 J Obituary JOHN EVANSdied on 1st July in his 70th year. Born at Aberayron in Cardiganshire he was educated at the local primary school and Grammar School and following apprenticeship to a London pharmacist proceeded to the School of the Pharmaceutical Society where he obtained the Jacob Bell Scholarship.After qualifying as Ph.C. he took a course of pure and applied chemistry at King’s College London. In 1901 he went to Sheffield as assistant to Mr. A. H. Allen and in 1909 was taken into partnership in the firm of A. H. Allen & Partners where he was associated with the late Mr. G. E. Scott-Smith. On the retirement of the latter in 1919 he became sole principal of the firm. At that time he held appoiptments as Public Analyst and Agricultural Analyst for the City of York and for the County of Cardigan- shire. Subsequently he held similar appointments for the Cities of Sheffield and Lincoln the Boroughs of Chesterfield and Scunthorpe and the County Boroughs of Rotherhim Barnsley and Doncaster.He became Gas Examiner for the City of York the County Borough of Rotherham and various districts in Yorkshire. As Water Examiner he was responsible for the analytical and bacteriological control of many public and private undertakings over a wide area. He remained a principal in A. H. Allen & Partners-latterly known alternatively as “John Evans”-until his death. He served for several periods on the Council of the Society of Public Analysts of which he was President in 1934-36 after having been Chairman of the North of England Section of the Society. He was the author of several papers on analytical methods published in The Analyst.He was ‘an Examiner for the Pharmaceutical Society for fourteen years and for the Liverpool Diploma of Public Health from 1937 to 1940. The Honorary Degree of M.Sc. of Sheffield University was conferred on him in 1934. His wide interest in public affairs is shown by his membership of the Royal Commis- sion on National Health Insurance in 1925 and by his appointment as High Sheriff for the County of Cardigan for the year 1926. He was one of the founders of the Sheffield and District Cambrian Society of which he was President from 1915 to 1919 and Treasurer from 1921 to 1938. He became an Associate of the Institute in 1902 and a Fellow in 1905. For four years he was an Examiner for the Fellowship in Branch E and served on the Council for the periods 1923-25 and 1934-37.ARTHUR HATTON BARKER died on 20th August in his 53rd year. Educated at Sir John Deane’s Grammar School Northwich he entered Manchester University in 1910 and obtained the B.Sc. degree of that University with honours in chemistry. From 1914 to 1916 he was engaged in research for the Trench Warfare De- partment at the Royal College of Science under Professor H. B. Baker and was awarded the Diploma of the Imperial College. Having obtained a commission in the R.N.V.R. he was attached to the R.N.A.S. in order to carry out special investigations at the College of Technology Manchester on materials used in aircraft. He was particularly concerned with the design of balloons for war purposes.After demobilisation with the rank of Captain he joined the technical staff of Messrs. Charles Macintosh & Co. which was later merged with the Dunlop Rubber Co. Shortly before the outbreak of the second world war he became technical manager to a special section of the latter company formed to design in conjunction with the Air Ministry an improved type of barrage balloon and to arrange for its mass production. He also played an active part in experimental work undertaken by this section of the company in the development of dinghies and other life-saving equipment. His services were recognised this year by his appointment as M.B.E. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1917. JOHN SANDERSON died on 13th February in his 82nd year. Educated at Chatham House College Ramsgate he received his scientific training at the Birkbeck Institution.In 1881 he was articled to Mr. G. W. Wigner (afterwards Messrs. Wigner & Harland) and was subsequently an assistant in this firm and then principal assistant to ZClr. R. H. Harland. In 1891 he was appointed chemist to Watts Steel and Iron Syndicate of Middlesbrough but shortly afterwards became chemist to B. S. Cohen Pencil Makers. When this firm was turned into a limited company in 1904 he became one of the original directors and on the liquidation of the company in 1917 he was appointed a director of a new company Arthur Johnson Ltd. that was then [ 198 3 formed. In 1920 this firm amalgamated with E. Wolff & Sons also pencil makers to form the Royal Sovereign Pencil Co.Ltd. and he was an active member of this concern until his retirement in 1926. From 1902 until 1926 practically the whole of his efforts were directed to research work in connection with the pencil industry. Among his other interests were swimming in which he engaged to within a year of his death and membership of the Kipling Society. He was elected an Associate in 1888 and a Fellow in 1896. The Institute is indebted to him for many gifts to the library including valuable sets of American periodicals. JAMES ROY TANNER a Registered Student was reported missing while on service with the R.A.F. in November 1944 and has now been presumed killed. Educated at Maesycwmmed Secondary School and Brockley County School he entered Battersea Polytechnic in 1938 as a student of chemistry while holding a post as a research student at the British Coal Utilisation Research Association.He enlisted in 1941 as an Observer in the R.A.F. and subsequently became a Navigator. He held the rank of Pilot-Officer R.A.F.V.R. at the time that he was reported missing. MAJOR CROZIER TOFTS FULLERTON died on 14th September 1944 in his 61st year. Educated at St. Paul’s School London and Ewart Academy Newton Stewart he entered the Royal Technical College Glasgow in 1901 and took a four-year course in metallurgy. He was for a time assistant to Professor A. Campion at Glasgow and afterwards to F W. Harbord. He was later appointed assistant chemist to the East Indian Railway at Jamalpur. He obtained a commission in the Army in 1914 and saw service in Iraq with the 117th Mahrattas being promoted to the rank of Captain in 1915.After the war he was seconded as chemist and metallurgist to the G.I.P. Railway (Indian State Railways) but remained on the Reserve of Officers and attained the rank of Major in 1926. In 1928 he was appointed a technical representative of Arthur Balfour & Co. Ltd. steel manufacturers. He was engaged on business for that firm largely with Government Departments and Railways in this country until August 1939 when he was recalled to the Army and became Second-in-Command of a Battalion of the Queen’s Royal Regiment. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1926 and a Fellow in 1943. Coming Events 194s November 15 THE INSTITUTE (Manchester and District Section) “Chemists 1892- 1944.” Mr.R. B. Pilcher O.B.E. in the Engineers’ Club Albert Square Manchester at 7 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (East Anglian Section) “Protection from Poisons in Industry.’’ Dr. D. Matheson H.M. Chemical Inspector of Factories at the Norwich City College St. George’s Norwich at 7.30 p.m. CHEMICAL SOCIETY(Joint Meeting with the Liverpool and North-Western Section of the Institute) “The Structure of the Boron Hydrides and Related Com- pounds.” Mr. R. P. Bell F.R.S. in the Muspratt Lecture Theatre of the University Liverpool at 5 p.m. 16 THEINSTITUTE 28th Streatfeild Memorial Lecture “Water and Public Health.” Mr. W. Gordon Carey at the Rooms of the Geological Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.l at 6 p.m.CHEMICAL SOCIETY(Manchester) Meeting for the reading of original papers in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of the University Manchester at 6 p.m. CHEMICALSOCIETY(Sheffield) Joint Meeting with the University Chemical Society “Our War against Insect Pests.” Professor I. M. Heilbron D.S.O. F.R.S. in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of the University Sheffield at 5.30 p.m. CHEMICAL SOCIETY (Glasgow) “Polynucleotides and Nucleoproteins.” Professor J. M. Gulland F.R.S. at the Royal Technical College Glasgow at 7.15 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Birmingham and Midlands Section) jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry “Polythene.” Mr. J. C. Swallow at the University Edmund Street Birmingham at 6.30 p.m. [ 199 1 1945 November 16 SOCIETY COLOURISTS(Leicester) “The Future of the Full Fashioned OF DYERS~YD Hosiery Industry discussed by Messrs.A. R. Knight J. A. Beachell A. w. Eley and F. M. Stevenson. Jointly with the Textile Institute and Leicester Textile Society at the College of Art and Technology Leicester at 7 p.m. 17 THEINSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Gunties Section) Dance at The Oak Restaurant Messrs. Slaters 18 Kensington High Street S.W.6 6.15 p.m. to 10.15 p.m. INSTITUTIONCHEMICALENGINEERS OF (North-Western Branch) “Heat-resisting Steels.” Mr. L. F. Keeley in the College of Technology Manchester at 3P.m. 20 INSTITUTION (Scottish Section) “From Old to Modem OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY Methods of Manufacture.” Dr. H. J. Stein at the Chamber of Commerce Edinburgh at 6.30 p.m.21 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) Annual General Meeting in the Lecture Theatre The Pharmaceutical Society 17 Bloomsbury Square W.C.1 at 6 p.m. The President will open the discussion. THEINSTITUTE (Newcastle upon Tyne and N.E. Coast Section) “The Prevention of €’oisoning in Industry.” Mr. S. H. Wilkes M.C. at King’s College. Newcastle upon Tyne at 6.30 p.m. INDUSTRY: SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL First H E. Armstrong Memorial Lecture. Sir Harold Hartley K.C.V.O. M.C. F.R.S. at the Royal Institution Albemarle Street London W.l at 6.15 p.m. SOCIETY OF DYERSAND COLOURISTS(Derby) “X-ray studies in the Structure Of Plastics.” Professor W. T. Astbury F.R.S. at Derby at 7 p.m. 22 CHEMICAL (North Wales) Joint Meeting with University College of North SOCIETY Wales Chemical Society “Colchicine:its Chemistry and some Biological Effects.” Professor J.W. Cook F.R.S. in the Department of Chemistry University College Bangor at 5.30 p.m. 23 CHEMICAL SOCIETY(South Wales) jointly with the Local Sections of the Institute and the Society of Chemical Industry “Colchicine its Chemistry and some Biological Effects.” Professor J. W. Cook F.R.S. at University College, Cardiff at 6.30 p.m. BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS(Derby) Scientific Film at 7.15 p.m. OF BRITISH ASSOCIATION CHEMISTS(St. Helens Section) “Chemical Analysis by X-Rays.” Dr. N. Thorley at the Y.M.C.A. Buildings St. Helens at 7.30 p.m. ANDERSONIAN “Some Recent Developments in the Chemistry CHEMICALSOCIETY of the Polysaccharides.” Professor E.L. Hirst at the Royal Technical College Glasgow at 3.30 p.m. 26 CHEMICALSOCIETY (Leeds Area) Tilden Lecture “Substitution.” Professor E. D. Hughes in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre University Leeds at 6.30 p.m. 27 THEINSTITUTE (Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section) Joint Meeting with the Chemical Society the Society of Chemical Industry and the Edinburgh Uni- versity Chemical Society “The Structure and Chemistry of Metallic Crystals.” Professor G. D. Preston in the Biochemical Lecture Theatre University Teviot Place Edinburgh at 7 p.m. SOCIETY HULLCHEMICALAND ENGINEERING “Microphotography.” Dr. G. W. Stevens at the Regal Room Regal Cinema Ferensway at 7.30 p.m. 28 THEINSTITUTE (Belfast and District Section) “Thirty Years of Chemical Engineer- ing.” Mr.J W. Parkes in the Royal Academical Institution Belfast at 7.30 p.m. 29 THE INSTITUTE (Manchester and District Section) Ladies’ Evening “Chemistry of Cosmetics.” Mr. J. M. Carroll kcture followed by an exhibition of products, in the Engineers’ Club Albert Square Manchester at 7 p.m SOCIETY (Nottingham) “Structural Inorganic Chemistry.” Professor CHEMICAL W. Wardlaw. Joint meeting with University College Physical and Chemical Society in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of University College Nottingham. at 4 p.m. SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Nottingham) “Electronics with special reference to Detection Measurement and Microscopy.” Dr. W. Wilson O.B.E. at Nottingham at 7 p.m.[ 200 1 November OF 30 INSTITUTE FUEL(Scottish Section) “British Fuel Utilisation Policy.” Dr. G. E. Foxwell at the Royal Technical College Glasgow at 5.45 p.m. December 1 THEINSTITUTE (South Wales Section) jointly with the South Wales Branch of the Institute of Physics “Some Industrial Applications of Spectroscopy.” Dr. W. C. Price at University College Swansea. at 3 p.m. 3 SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (London Section) “Jute and the Chemical Industry”-Mr. W. G. Atkins; “The Properties and Uses of Flax”-Dr. A. J. Turner. In the Chemical Society’s Rooms Burlington House Piccadilly London W.I. 4 THE INSTITUTE (Huddersfield Section) jointly with the Society of Dyers and Colourists “Some Aspects of Thermosetting Plastics.” Dr.R. G. Heyes. 5 IRISHCHEMICAL jointly with the Dublin Section of the Institute ASSOCIATION “Biochemistry Yesterday and To-day.’’ Professor W. R. Fearon. 6 CHEMICAL SOCIETY Meeting for the reading of original papers at Burlington House London W.l at 6 p.m. INSTITUTIONCHEMICAL jointly with the Chemical Engineering OF ENGINEERS Group of the S.C.I. The First Robert Horne Memorial Lecture by Mr. Stanley Robson at Bristol. 7 ANDERSONIAN SOCIETY CHEMICAL “Some Principles of Raw Material Development -with Scottish Examples.” Mr. R. H. S. Robertson at the Royal Technical College Glasgow at 3.30 p.m. BRITISH ASSOCIATION jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry OF CHEMISTS and the Society of Dyers and Colorists “Fibreglass-its manufacture and uses.” Mr.A. M. Robertson at the Royal Technical College Glasgow at 7.15 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Birmingham and Midlands Section) Lecture by Professor W. T. Astbury F.R.S. at The University Edmund Street Birmingham at 7 p.m. CHEMICAL SOCIETY(Manchester) “The Principles of Crystal Analysis.” Professor J. M. Robertson F.R.S. Joint meeting with the Institute to be held in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of the University Manchester at 6 p.m. OF 8 INSTITUTIONCHEMICAL ENGINEERS (North-Western Branch) “Planned Maintenance in a Chemical Works.” Mr. F. P. Lett in the College of Technology Manchester at 3 p.m. 11 INSTITUTIONCHEMICAL jointly with the Chemical Engineering OF ENGINEERS Group of the S.C.I. “Chemical Engineering in the Manufacture of Electric Lamps and Radio Valves.” Mr.F. W. Doxey in London at 5.30 p.m. HULL CHEMICAL SOCIETY AND ENGINEERING “Modern Electric Discharge Lamps.” Mr. J. N. Bowtell in the Regal Room Regal Cinema Ferensway at 7.30 p.m. 12 THEINSTITUTE (Newcastle upon Tyne and N.E. Coast Section) “Some Chemical Aspects of Recent Work on Atomic Fission.” Dr. H. J. Emeldus at King’s College Newcastle upon Tyne at 6.30 p.m. 13 THE INSTITUTE (Manchester and District Section) Second Dalton Lecture. Sir Jack Drummond F.R.S. in the Manchester Central Library at 7 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Liverpool and North- Western Section) “Chemistry in Litera- ture.” Mr. B. D. W. Luff at the Municipal Technical College Widnes at 6.30 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (East Midlands Section) “Alchemists in Art and Literature.” Mr.Richard B. Pilcher O.B.E. at the Leicester College of Art and Technology at 7 p.m. SOCIETY OF DYERSAND COLOURISTS (Loughborough) Discussion Evening. Great Central Hotel Loughborough at 7 p.m. OIL AND COLOUR ASSOCIATION CHEMISTS’ (Scottish Section) “Ships Paints with special reference to Anti-Fouling and Anti-Corrosive Compositions.” Mr. E. Melling at St. Enoch Hotel Glasgow at 6.30 p.m. 14 THEINSTITUTE (Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section) “Shale Oil.” Dr. G. H. Smith at the North British Station Hotel Edinburgh at 7.30 p.m. BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS (St. Helens Section) “Technical Education and its Relationship with Industry.” Mr. A. V. Harrison at the Y.M.C.A. Buildings St.Helens at 7.30 p.m. t 201 1 1946 December 15 SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (Yorkshire Section) Joint meeting with the Food Group and the Hull Chemical and Engineering Society “Honey.” Mr. J. Pryce Jones at Leeds. 28 THE INSTITUTE (Tees-side Section) “Recent Developments in Vitamin Chemistry.” Mr. A. L. Bacharach at Stockton-on-Tees. 1946 January 3 THE INSTITUTE (Belfast and District Section) “Christmas Crackers.” Lecture and demonstration on explosives and combustion for school children by Dr. W. Haughton Crowe and Dr. T. C. Shaw in Queen’s University Belfast at 3 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Cardiff and District and South Wales Sections) “Some Chemical Aspects of Recent Work on Atomic Fission.” Dr. H. J. Emelkus in the Mining and Technical Institute Bridgend at 6.15 p.m.OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY 7 SOCIETY (London Section) “Carbon Blacks-their manu-facture and use in Industry.’ Mr. A. Speedy in the Chemical Society’s Rooms Burlington House Piccadilly London W. 1. 8 THE INSTITUTE (Huddersfield Section) “The English Oilfields.” Mr. R. K. Dickie. 11 SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (Birmingham) “Electro-statics in Industry.” Dr. F. J. Llewelyn at the Chamber of Commerce Birmingham at 6.30 p.m. BRITISHASSOCIATIONOF CHEMISTS (St. Helens Section) “Hormones.” Mr. F. Moult at the Y.M.C.A. Buildings St. Helens at 7.30 p.m. INSTITUTIONCHEMICAL (North-Western Branch) First Annual OF ENGINEERS General Meeting “Chemical Engineering Research.’ Dr. C. J. T. Cronshaw at the Town Hall Manchester at 2.30p.m.14 THE INSTITUTE (Leeds Area Section) “Research on Building and its Materials.” Dr. F. M. Lea. 16 THE INSTITUTE (Belfast and District Section) “The Influence of Science on Civilisation.” Mr. D. Lindsay Keir in the Physics Lecture Room of the Royal Academical Institution Belfast at 7.30 p.m. 17 CHEMICAL SOCIETY:Tilden Lecture “Substitution.” Professor E. D. Hughes at Burlington House London W.l at 5 p.m. 18 THE INSTITUTE (Glasgow and West of Scotland Section) “Penicillin.” Mr. A. L. Bacharach. BRITISH ASSOCIATION (St. Helens Section) :Jointly with local branches OF CHEMISTS of the Institute the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry “Molecular Orientation of Fibres.” Mr. J. M. Preston at the University of Liverpool at 7.30 p.m.General Notices Election of District Members of Council.-Fellows and Associates are reminded that for the election of District Members of the Council to take oflice from 12th March 1946 nominations should be receivcd at the offices of the Institute on or before Monday 10th December 1945. The By-laws and Rules governing election of District Members of Council were AND PROCEEDINGS, published in JOURNAL Part V 1943 pp. 198-200. [ 202 1 The Fellows whose names are given below are the present District Members of Council. Those whose names are given in italics will have completed the period of three years’ service on the Council in March 1945 and will retire in accordance with By-law 23. (i) Birmingham and Midlands Thomas Harold Gant A.R.C.S.M.1.Chem.E. (ii) Bristol and South-Western Counties Osman Jones. (iii) East Midlands and South Yorkshire George Frederick Hall M.B.E. B.Sc. (iv) Liverpool and North-West Coast George Brearley B.Sc. (v) London and South-Eastern Counties Harry Baines DSc. (vi) Manchester and District Albert Coulthard B.Sc. Ph.D. (vii) Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast Herbert Newton Wilson. (viii) Yorkshire Arthur Ernest Everest Ph.D. D.Sc. (ix) Edinburgh and East of ScotIand Gilbert Elliot Dodds A.-H.W.C. (x) Aberdeen and North of Scotland James Emrys Bowen BSc. (xi) Glasgow and West of Scotland John William Kerr B.Sc. (xii) Wales and the County of Monmouth Ronald Henry Jones.(xiii) Northern Ireland Mervyn Hector Hall M.Sc. (xiv) Irish Free State John Wilfrid Parkes M.Sc (xv) The Overseas Dominions and elsewhere abroad John Chester Cowap BSc. Examinations 1946.-An examination for the Associateship of the Royal Institute will be held in January and Examinations for the Associateship and Fellowship in April 1946. Arrangements will be notified to candidates whose applications are accepted. Associates who desire to present themselves for examination for the Fellowship in April 1946 should forward their applications for consideration and will be notified of future arrangements in due course. Registered Students Progress Reports.-Registered Students will not be required to forward reports on their progress this year.It is known that many students are serving in the Forces or are working in localities which make attendance at regular courses a matter of difficulty. Students are however reminded that they should do their utmost to comfly with the Regulations and that they should apply for admission to the Associateship by examination or otherwise as soon as qualified to do so. Notice to Associates.-Regulations and forms of application for the Fellowship can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments or are desirous of extending their opportunities is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Libraries.-The Library of the Institute is available to Fellows Associates and Registered Students from 10 a.m.to 6 p.m. on week-days (except Saturdays 10 a.m. to 1 p.m.). The Library of the Chemical Society has again increased the daily hours of opening which were curtailed during the European war and is available for those wishing to consult or borrow books from 10 a.m. to 9 p.m. (except Saturdays: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m). Books may be borrowed from the Science Library Science Museum South Kensington S.W.7 on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Secretary of the Institute. Information regarding facilities afforded to members by Lewis’s Lending Library can also be obtained from the Registrar. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A list of sIides of portraits of great chemists and other scientists throughout the ages can be obtained on application to the Secretary.As the slides are frequently in demand members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize.-Registered Students are informed that the Council will be prepared to consider the award in January 1946 of a Medal and Prize (&lo10s.) for the best essay not exceeding 3000 words contributed by a Registered Student of not more than 22 years of age at the time of forwarding the essay. The essay may deal with any subject having a bearing on chemistry or chemical work r 203I provided that it does not deal with any purely chemical technical or historical subject.The object of the essay is to induce Students to develop a sense of professional public spirit and to devote thought to questions of professional interest and to the position of chemists in the life of the community. Essays will be valued partly for literary style and technique but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein. Each essay must be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the Local Section of the dis- trict in which the competitor resides (see list of Local Sections at the end of the Journal) not later than 31st December 1945 and must be accompanied by a signed declaration that it is the independent work of the contributor. The Committee of each Local Section will be aiked to select from those received not more than three essays considered to be worthy of the award.The selected essays will be referred to Assessors appointed by the Council on whose report the Council will decide whether and to whom an award shall be made. The award will not be made more than once to any individual com- petitor. The Medal and Prize will be presented at the next Annual General Meeting or at a meeting of the Local Section to which the successful competitor is attached. The Newton Chambers Prize Essay Competition 1946.-Papers for the 1945 Newton Chambers Prize should be posted to reach the Hon. Secretary of the South Yorkshire Section not later than 31st December 1945. Details and conditions covering the Award were announced in the JOURNAD Part 111 1945 (p. 99). AND PROCEEDINGS The South Yorkshire Section Committee would appreciate formal notification from those intending to submit papers of their desire to enter for the award in order that arrangements for adjudication may be completed.Communications should be addressed to A. Taylor B.Sc. A.R.I.C. Honorary Secretary South Yorkshire Section R.I.C. c/o Newton Chambers & Co. Ltd. Thorncliffe Works Sheffield. Active Service.-Fellows Associates and Registered Students who are on service with the Navy Army and Air Force are requested to notify thc Institute giving such particulars as may be permissible as to their rank unit etc. Changes of Address.-Fellows Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify ahanges of address are requested to give so far as possible their permment addiesses for registration.All requests for changes in the Register should be addressed to the Registrar and not to the Honorary Secrctaries of Local Sections. In order to facilitate identification Fellows and Associates are asked to give their full initials on communications addressed to the Institute. In the prevailing circumstances Fellows and Associates are also asked not invariably to expect formal acknowledgments of communications addressed to the Institute unless replies are necessary. BENEVOLENTFUND.-Contributions for 1945 may be sent to the Honorary Treasurer 30 Russell Square London W.C.l. Forms for Deeds of Covenant and Forms of Bequest may be obtained from the Secretary. JOINT SUBSCRIPTION ARRANGEMENTS Fellows Associates and Registered Students who wish to participate in the arrange- ments whereby they can acquire on favourable terms membership of the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry with substantial privileges as to pub- AND PROCEEDINGS, lications (see special article JOURNAL 1945 Part IV p.148) can obtain further particulars an'd necessary forms from the Conjoint Chemical Office 9 & 10 Savile Row London W.l. Those who participate in these arrangements will also have as from 1st January 1946 the option of including membership of the Faraday Society among the privileges obtainable on advantageous terms under an extension of the joint subscription arrangements.