AbstractIn comparison with the research done on phobias in non‐retarded individuals, there is a paucity of research in the treatment of phobias in persons with mental retardation. In this study, contact desensitization was evaluated as a treatment for two individuals who have mental retardation and an intense fear of dogs. Following base‐line assessment using a behavioral avoidance test (BAT) measuring actual approach behavior, treatment was implemented in a multiple base‐line across subjects design. Contact desensitization resulted in the elimination of avoidance behavior in both subjects during the BAT. Measures of generalization in an outdoor setting, and maintenance during a two‐month follow‐up, showed that the clients continued to be free of avoidance behavior. The implications for further application and research are