THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND FOUNDED 1877 INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885 Patron H.M. THE KING JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS PART IV: 1943 Publications Committee, 1943-44 F. P. Dunn (Chairman),A. L. Bacharach, H. Baines, F. Challenger, J. W. Cook, L. Eynon, Alexander Findlay (President), J. J. Fox, D. Jordan-Lloyd,H. Moore and Garfield Thomas. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary 30, RUSSELLSQUARE,LONDON,W.C.1 Aw.ust, I943 Proceedings of the Council Council Meeting, 18th June, 1943.The President mentioned that many messages of congratulation had been received on His Majesty's Command to change the title of the Institute to the Royal Institute of Chemistry, and that the Emergency Committee had been called to consider the preparation of a petition for a Supplemental Charter to give effect to this change.The Council received from the Chemical Council proposals for the extension, to Registered Students and Junior Members of the Institute, of the Conjoint Subscription Scheme, under which privileges can be acquired in respect of attendance at meetings and the supply of publications. The proposals were approved in principle.The Council appointed Mr. Vernon Harbord, Associate, as representative of the Institute on the Technical Committee of the British Standards Institu- tion, CEB/I. Cement, in place of his father, the late Mr. F. W. Harbord, C.B.E., Fellow. Modifications of Section Rules suggested by the Cardiff and the London and South-Eastern Counties Sections were submitted and approved.A letter from the Royal Society raised questions on a report from the International Relations Committee on the Organisation of International Scientific Co-operation after the war. The Institute was invited to expressits views, but the Council, on being informed that the Council of the Chemical Society had suggested that the British National Committee (on which the Institute is represented by Professor Cook) should be called to discuss the matter, concurred in that proposal. The congratulations of the Council were accorded to Mr. Charles Stanley Robinson, Fellow, on his appointment as a Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire.Reports were received from the Standing Committees. The Benevolent Fund Committee reported that three new cases were under consideration. The Policy Committee reported the receipt of letters from Belfast, Dublin, Manchester and Tees-Side favouring the proposals for the further co-operation of chemists, and of a letter from the Huddersfield Section to the effect that it was not at present satisfied that federation of Chartered Chemical Bodies was desirable and requesting the assurance of the Council that no action would be taken in the matter without the considered agree- ment of the Local Sections. The Committee decided to refer these letters, with as much relevant information as possible, to the Chemical Council, to be brought to the notice of the Special Committee of the Chemical Council dealing with the matter.The Committee expressed the view that if the Institute could find a suitable designation for persons who had obtained a B.Sc. Pass degree or had passed a University Intermediate Science Examina- tion or obtained National Certificates in Chemistry or, possibly, passed an Intermediate Examination conducted by the Institute, then the Institute should have some regard to their interests, register them, secure for them privileges, such as attendance at meetings and the supply of publications, and encourage them to qualify for the Associateship. On the subject of Refresher Courses, the Committee recommended that, if in any Section an adequate number of members felt the need €or such courses in any particular subject, 1341 they should ask the Section Committee to approach the authorities of universities or colleges in the district with a view to the provision of such courses.The suggestion was referred to the Conference of Honorary Secre- taries of Local Sections. Arising from the question whether Associates should in future be eligible for service on the Council, the Committee had considered the present classi- fication of members and the Regulations for admission of Associates to the Fellowship. The Committee thought that many Associates were chemists of established position and that it was highly desirable to ascertain why they did not proceed to the Fellowship.While there was no intention of lowering the standard for admission to the Fellowship, the Committee believed that there were undoubtedly many Associates qualified for Fellowship under the existing Regulations, and it was proposed that a questionnaire be issued to Associates of over seven years’ standing to ascertain for what reasons they had not sought election to the higher grade. The Council agreed. (See p. 160.) At the suggestion of the Huddersfield Section, the Policy Committee asked the Finance and House Committee to express its views on possible means of evolving a more permanent method of supporting the Benevolent Fund and setting it on a basis more in keeping with the dignity of the profession. Council Meeting, 23rd July, 1943.-The Council was advised by the Solicitors of the Institute that an Extraordinary General Meeting should be held to pass a Resolution approving and adopting the petition for a Supple- mental Charter for the word “Royal” to be included in the title of the Institute, in compliance with the Command of His Majesty the King, and for the initials indicating Fellowship and Associateship to be modified accordingly.Arrangements for the meeting will be announced in due course. Dr. Joseph Kenyon, F.R.S., and Mr. R. L. Collett, Assistant Secretary, were appointed as representatives to attend a Conference convened by the Committee of the Board of Education on the Training of Technical Teachers, to confer inter alia on the relation of the National Certificates Courses and Examinations to the supply and qualifications of technical teachers.The Council received a Report of the Conference held on zIst June, whereat the Chemistry Education Advisory Board was constituted, to consider all aspects of education in chemistry. The Conference was convened by the Council and was attended by representatives of other Bodies, including the Chemical Society, the Society of Chemical Industry, the Science Masters’ Association, the Association of University Teachers, and Dr. F. A. Mason representing the Board ot Education. The Advisory Board was constituted of members appointed as individuals and not as representativesof any of the participating Bodies, and was empowered to co-opt other members and to appoint Committees or Panels to deal with various aspects of the terms of reference.It was agreed, for the present, that a representa- tive of the Board of Education be invited to attend meetings, that meetings be held at the Royal Institute, and that the Assistant Secretary of the Institute act as Secretary to the Board and its Committees. The Board will not be concerned with the education of the public with regard to chemistry and the activities of chemists. For the present, the membership of the Board is as follows:-Professor A. Findlay (Chairman), Professor H. V. A. Briscoe, Mr. R. R. Butler, Professor J. W. Cook, Mr. E. G. Couzens, [ 135 1 Mr. H. W. Cremer, Dr. W. Cullen, Dr. A. E. Dunstan, Dr. F. Fairbrother, Mr. G. Fowles, Mr. D. L.Hammick, Dr. L. A. Jordan, Dr. A. J. Kieran, Mr. A. McCulloch, Dr. H. B. Nisbet, Mr. J. A. Oriel, Professor E. K. Rideal, Dr. E. A. Rudge, Dr. R. E. Slade, Mr. R. W. Stott, Dr. A. M. Ward, and Professor W. Wardlaw. (In response to the invitation of the Board, the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers has since nominated Mr. W. F. Lutyens and Mr. H. V. Potter tc serve on the Board.) In response to a request from the Institute of Export, the Council nominated the Registrar to address that Institute on the policy andwork of the Royal Institute and the activities of its members in the sphere of world trade. The Council received with regret the resignation of Dr. J. A. Lovern, as District Member of Council for Aberdeen and the North of Scotland, on his proceeding abroad.Reports were received from the Standing Committees. In submitting the Report of the Benevolent Fund Committee, the Honorary Treasurer mentioned that the widow of an Associate with three children, who had been helped over a number of years to the extent of nearly Q,ooo, was now, with the aid of her children, able to dispense with further assistance from the Fund and that the widow of another Associate, having re-married, no longer required an allowance, also, that the Worshipful Com- pany of Drapers, who had on several previous occasions co operated in the good work of the Committee, had kindly decided to make from the Thomas Corney Trust generous provision for the education of the daughter of a deceased Fellow.The Committee decided to contribute flso to the London Orphan School (Reed’s School). Six children of members of the Institute have been educated, and four are still being educated, at that School. The Publicity Committee reported on the consideration of the proceedings of the Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections, so far as it dealt with publicity. The Honorary Secretaries will be reminded periodically of the desirability of keeping the suggestions of the Conference before members of the Sections. The Council also received a Report, from the Joint Committee of the Royal Institute and the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists, on correspondence with the Ministry of Health regarding the activities of the Emergency Public Health Laboratories.The Joint Com- mittee advised that the Ministry should be urged to ensure that, in justice to chemists from whom practice had- been diverted to those Laboratories, their Directors be instructed to see that such work be restored to the original practitioners. The Ministry had indicated that new health services were under consideration, and suggested that it was doubtful whether the position of chemists in that connexion could be usefully discussed at the present time. The Joint Committee felt, however, that it would be directly helpful and would avoid future difficulties if representatives of the Royal Institute and of the Society could be brought into collaboration with the Ministry in good time. The Joint Committee desired to emphasise most strongly the impera- tive necessity for co-ordinating the chemical and bacteriological examinations and for insuring that chemists should be co-ordinated with, and not sub- ordinate to, medical men in relation to this Service.The Council approved of the recommendation that a letter be addressed to the Ministry accordingly. In considering the Report of the Eleventh Conference of HonorarySecretaries of Local Sections, the Council was in general agreement with the proposals and suggestions submitted. In particular, the Council agreed r 1361 with the suggestions under paragraph 3 that there was no objection to Local Sections holding meetings with Bodies with trade union interests provided that they were held for the discussion of matters of scientific interest and not for political propaganda; that Streatfeild and Gluckstein lectures might be repeated in provincial centres; that greater publicity should be given to chemistry and the work of chemists on the lines indicated in-paragraph 8, and that further endeavours be made to secure additional support for the Benevolent Fund, in accordance with the proposals discussed under para- graph 10,especially that each Local Section should hold a social function at least once a year for the benefit of the fund, and that the Journal should contain mention of some particular cases,-how they had been dealt with and how they were progressing.The Council received the Report of the Joint Committee of the Institute and the Scottish Education Department re National Certificates in Chemistry (Scotland). Notice of motion having been given by Mr.Bacharach, the Council debated the advisability of making provision for the Institute to include persons earning their living by chemistry who had obtained a pass degree or had passed a University Intermediate Science Examination or an Inter- mediate Examination conducted by the Institute or had obtained National Certificates in Chemistry. After prolonged discussion, a vote was taken and showed a small majority against the motion. Local Sections (The Institute is not responsible for the views expressed in papers read or in speechesdelivered during discussions.) East Midlands.-Mr. J. Ratcliffe has resigned from the position of Honorary Secretary on taking up a new appointment with the South-East Essex Technical College, Dagenham.Huddorsfie1d.-A meeting was held on 18th May in Field’s Caf6, at which the proposals for Federation or Unification of Chartered Bodies outlined in a letter published in Chemistry and Industry, 13th February, 1943, were discussed. Mr. D. Hanson was in the Chair and the principal speakers were Dr. H. Hunter (Chairman, Manchester and District Section) and Dr. A. E. Everest. The following resolution was carried unanimously and the Secretary was instructed to forward it to headquarters. “That the Huddersfield Section is not at present satisfied that the Federation of the Chartered Chemical bodies is desirable and urgently requests the assurance of Council that no action will be taken in this respect without the considered agreement of the Local Section.” Works Visit.-On 29th June a party of members visited Huddersfield Corporation Sewage Disposal Works for a tour of the installations under the guidance of Dr.H. H. Goldthorpe (Manager) and Dr. J. Nixon (Chemist). South Wales.-The Twenty-fifth Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 28th May at the Mackworth Hotel, Swansea, Mr. R. H. Jones presiding. The Annual Report and Financial Statement from the Committee were received and adopted. The following Members of the Committee were elected for the ensuing session: Prof. J. E. Coates, Dr. F. Heathcoat, Messrs. J. W. Adye, T. Hedley Barry, J. Christie and R.H. Jones. Mr. E. E. Ayling was re-elected Honorary Secretary and PlIessrs. G. Made1 and C. R. N. Strouts were re-elected Honorary Auditors. A discussion on the Eenevolent Fund was initiated by the reading of a letter from the Registrar giving some details of the Fund, and the Committee was requested to consider proposals for the furthering of interest in the Fund among the members of the Section. Rfr. E. E. Ayling, Member of Council, then spoke on policy questions, particularly those in which the Section was specially interested, summarising the present view on the Constitution of the Council, a possible third grade of membership, co-operation and publicity. 137 1 In the discussion, special emphasis was laid on the desirability of maintaining the present standard of admission to the Associateship and Fellowship and of attaining the maximum possible co-operation with other Chemical Bodies.Tees-Side.-At a scientific meeting held in Spark’s CafB, Stockton-on-Tees, on 19th June, Dr. G. Roche Lynch, O.B.E., spoke under the title “Some Medico-Legal Memories” to a very full audience representative of the chemists, doctors, police officers, and lawyers in the area. Dr. G. I. Higson presided. SUMMARIES OF LECTURES The Spectrschemical Analysis of Segregates By LT. J. CONVEY,M.Sc., PH.D., R.C.N.V.R. [South Yorkshire Section, 27th March, 1943.1 Emission spectro-analysis is essentially a study of luminous atoms, sometimes as sparks, arcs, flames, etc. The characteristic spark streams emitted by the grinding of steels enables the Spark Tester to classify visually different types of steel.A spectro- graph increases the accuracy of the test and eliminates almost completely the human element from the method. The errors in spectrochemistry may be tabled as errors in (1) microphotometer, (2) photographic plate, (3) source, (4) sample heterogeneity (Kaiser, Z. tech. Physik., 1936, 17, 227). The author’s study of errors confirms Kaiser’s, that the major error in the spectrochemical analysis of steel is attributable to sample heterogeneity, commonly called segregation. In routine steel analysis, this error is avoided by superimposing six exposures from different parts of the sample (Barker, J. Iron and Steel Inst., 1939, p.211). The effects of segregation can be examined by positioning the centres of the segregates immediately below the point of an upper graphite electrode and sparking. Tests are also made in positions clear of the segregates. The sparked areas are usually irregular, with a crater diameter of approximately 1 mm. and depth 0.025 mm. Early experi- ments indicated that, if the method was to be applied to segregates smaller than 1mm. diameter, the technique employed for routine analysis would have to be modified to reduce the sparked area of the test sample. A silver nipple-pointed electrode, angle 36”, height 1.5 mm. (Barker, Convey, and Oldfield, J. Iron and Steel Inst., No. 11, 1941, p. 183) was designed, and further diminution of the sparked area was producedby a reduction of the analysis spark gap from 2 mm. to 0.38 nim.This method produces a regularly shaped sparked area of crater diameter 0.4 mm. and depth 0-018 mm. The weight of metal involved in a test iis approximately 5 x g. In addition a complete analysis for Ni, Cr, Mo, Si, Mn and V is obtained from one 15-second exposure by using a Kodak B10 photographic plate and reducing the distance between the source and the spectrographic slit from 40 cm. to 10 cm. Examination shows the source to consist of a main central discharge which forms a crater, surrounded by a faint secondary discharge which produces a halo zone around the main crater. In order to examine the contribution of this secondary discharge to the spectrogram, tests were made on an inset bar of Ni.Cr.Mo- steel set in the centre of a piece of mild steel which did not contain more than a trace of NiSCr-Mo.The tests were made in such positions that the resulting halo overlapped the alloy steel by various amounts. The results showed that not more than faint traces of the alloying elements appeared until the edge of the crater was at the actual junction of the two metals. This established that emission from the halo does not influence the results of the tests. An examination of a number of segregates occurring in large forgings of Ni.Cr.Mo. and nickel vanadium steels has been made. Most of the segregates were roughly circular in cross section, having a diameter of approximately 1 mm. to 2 mm. and since their length was considerably greater, longitudinal sections were prepared for examination. After etching with Oberhoffer’s reagent a number of separate tests were made on the segregate and on the normal metal in positions well removed from the segregates.The macro-structure of the specimens and the size of the craters formed during the exposure relative to the width of the segregates were studied. Higher average percentage content values were obtained for all elements on the segregates compared with respective values for the matrix of the steel. Evidence in favour of the reproducibility of the results was obtained by the analysis of two well worked Ni.Cr.Mo- steel bars of small cross section. This confirmed that the wider differences experienced with forgings between the results on the normal metal and those on segregates are due to differences in actual composition.A careful esamination of the results of the analysis of segregate composition showed a variation in element content to exist within a single segregate. An attempt was made to determine this graduation in composition across a segregate by a careful linear location of the actual points tested. Although the results were good, it proved to be a difficult task to obtain a regular spacing of the spots tested, so it was necessary to develop a technique whereby a continuous record of the variation in content across a segregate could be made. A method was devised by which the sample could be guided under a stationary upper electrode while the photographic plate, on which the spectro- gram is recorded, moved downwards across the camera aperture of the spectrograph.Spectrograms were obtained on which the spectral lines vary in density over their length according to local changes in the composition of the specimen along the path of the spark. By means of Meccano parts a system of transmission was designed and built. The speeds of transmission were adjusted to give spectrograms of similar density to those obtained with the spot technique. Tests were made on the previously mentioned NiCr-Mo- steel bars of small section. The results were homogeneous and similar to those obtained by the previous spot method. Traverses of the order of 7 mm. in length were made across various segregates in different types of steel, and calibrated against standard steels.Such exposures produced spectrograms whereon the spectral lines were 5.4 cm. long. The clean defini- tion and uniformity of the spectral lines throughout their lengths is a good proof of the continuity and smooth motion of the mechanical functioning of the traverse system. The effect of sparking on the steel samples results in a crater which is very uniform in width (0.4mm.) and depth (0.02 mm.) throughout its length. A traverse of the pre- viously mentioned inset steel bar was made and results gave a steep content gradient at the junction of the mild and alloy steel bars. The effect of the etching reagent, Oberhoffer’s solution, on the result was found to be negligible.A series of experiments showed that the above technique had to be altered in order to obtain a quantitive analysis of the steels for carbon. The choice of available carbon spectral lines is limited to C I11 229643 A. Favourable emission of this carbon line required a higher steady state potential of the analysis spark gap. This was produced by blowing a very dry, small blast of air across the spark gap (air pressure 0.5 in. of water).Pre-cooling of the test sample and Feussner spark units were also tried, but aban- doned in favour of the results obtained with the air blast and simple condensed spark unit. Under these new conditions the crater width was observed to be 0.64 mm. The method was then standardised and tested by traversing the homogeneous steel bars, inset bars and segregates.Results were identical with those obtained with the spot and traverse techniques without air blast. Examples were tested and variations in macro-structure were found to agree with the content curves obtained by means of a traverse on the sample. The segregate analysis gave higher average values for all elements on the segregates than on the normal metal, the greatest percentage increase occurring for Mn, Mo and V. Carbon showed a slight decrease in content across the segregate in Ni.Cr-Mo.alloy steel. Experiments to study the sensitivity of the method were then made. The maximum length of traverse which was examined was 2.2 crns. This was obtained by three successive traverses of 7 minutes’ duration and recorded on three Kodak 1310 plates.This procedure was tested on the well worked bars and two segregated steels. Graphicalrepresentation of the results indicated no break in the continuity of the observations due to the use of three separate plates.It seems possible to traverse an extensive amount of the sample provided the photographic plates maintain a high reproducibility from plate to plate. The sensitivity of the technique with respect to the smallest segregate traverse was then studied. A special wedge-shaped inset alloy steel bar in a mild steel block was prepared and traversed at different positions at right angles to its axis. Dimensions of wedge traversed varied from 0.015 cms. to 0.28 crns. in width. From the constants of the technique, namely, crater size, speed of traverse and plate fall, the theoretical content curves were determined for various traverses.The theoretically calculated results and the observed results were compared in tabular and graphical form. The agreement was very good and proved the accuracy of the method. From this semi-empirical theory and the knowledge of the probable errors of the method one should obtain very accurate measurements of the content variations in many metallurgical micrographical investigations of steel. Several examples of traverses of various samples were studied in detail where macro prints of the sample traversed were represented with the content curves shown on the same scale. That is, a direct relationship between structure and content was given.[ 139 1 Certain precautions must be observed, siicli as the clean state of silver electrode tips, careful alignment, rigid processing of the plates, dry air for the blast, and the study and photographing of the sample before and after sparking. Carbon determination is very critical. Microchemical checks of a few of the larger segregates were made and found to agree with the spectrographic results. This investigation will be published later in detail in conjunction with Mr. Barker and 1Llr. J. H. Oldfield. Fliiorescence By E. J. BOWEN,F.R.S. [Tees-Side Section, 8th May, 1943.1 The property of re-emission after exposure of substances to light depends upon the absence of “quenching ” mechanisms (internal energy rearrangements within the molecule or suitable collisions with other molecules) which convert electronic energy into heat.The classes of substances which may show fluorescent properties, are aromatic ring structures (including many dyes), uranyl, cerium and manganese ions in glasses, and certain inorganic crystals. The organic compounds are commonlyfluorescent only in solution, except at low temperatures where the effectiveness of quenching processes is reduced. The quenching process in the solid state arises from the tendency of aromatic rings to lie almost parallel in the crystal so that electronic energy passes from ring to ring and emission is delayed until it is prevented by a favour-able vibrational configuration where “potential energy surfaces cross ” and energy is degraded to heat.At high concentrations in solution the excitation energy is similarly lost and fluorescence quenched by the aggregation of dyestuff molecules. The use of fluorescence for characterising organic substances needs care because of the possibility of the luminous effects arising from mere traces of impurities. The greenish fluorescence of many glasses is due to a small amount of manganese ion replacing silicon in the glass structure: in glass where the manganese exists as interstitial cations the fluorescence is a feeble orange or red. The inorganic luminophors fall into two classes. Uranyl salts and platinocyanides have molecules which resist quenching processes when excited by light, and fluoresce when pure, particularly in the solid state.The larger class comprises materials owing their luminescence to “activators.” Zinc sulphide containing 1 part in 10,000of copper typifies the “sulphide” phosphors. Light is believed to be absorbed by zinc atoms left behind in the crystal after some sulphur has been driven off by the necessary heat- treatment, and from these centres mobile electrons are liberated which move about freely through the crystal lattice. Each residual positively charged zinc atom regains an electron from a neighbouring zinc atom in the lattice, and the “positive charge” thus wandering about finds its way to a copper atom and is fixed there. The mobile electron ultimately “falls in” to the charged copper atom and in so doing causes the emission of the characteristic green fluorescence of the material. Deiects in the crystal lattice caused by suitable heat-treatment may temporarily ‘‘trap ” some of the mobile electrons and greatly delay their return to the positively charged centres.From these “traps ” they are liberated by thermal energy or by infra-red light, producing the phenomenon of phosphorescence. The phosphors of longest duration are those of alkaline earth sulphides activated by traces of bismuth. Zinc-cadmium sulphidesactivated with copper are used to add red to the high pressure mercury arc to secure its electrical advantages while correcting its unpleasant colour. They thereby convert otherwise wasted ultra-violet light into useful visible light.An even more extensive use is made of zinc silicate preparations activated with manganese, and of magnesium tungstate, which are stable enough to be placed actually in the discharge tubes of low pressure lamps containing mercury or argon. Their behaviour is similar to the sulphide except that they are excited only by the shorter ultra-violet radiations. In the fluorescence of the ruby no mobile electrons are produced. The chromic ions giving the red colour to the A1,03 lattice absorb light and re-emit again at a longer wave- length in a peculiarly simple manner. The cause of the fluorescence of some diamonds and fluor-spars however is unknown, and many phenomena shown by luminescent substances, such as the emission of different spectral bands at different temperatures and of different life-times, the quenching effect of traces of iron, etc., still challenge the efforts of physicists to interpret them.Some Recent Advances in Immunochemistry By W. T. J. MORGAN,D.Sc., F.I.C. [London and South-Eastern Counties Section, 16th June, 1943.1 Although methods for protecting men and animals against certain infectious diseases have been known for many years it is only within the last decade that the nature of the substances that induce this resistance have been at all clearly defined and their com- position and structure expressed in terms of the fundamental sciences, chemistry and physics.At first it w-as believed that the strict specificity of bacterial antigens-the substances that induce the formation of the immune bodies protecting against infection with the homologous micro-organism-depended largely on the chemical and physical differences that existed between the bacterial proteins of the different kinds of organisms.This view was abandoned when it was shown that filtrates from virulent bacterial cultures contained a soluble specific polysaccharide substance and were free from intact protein. The specific polysaccharides which were found to be responsible for the characteristic specificity of each organism were, however, shown to be devoid of antigenicity or at most to show this property only weakly. The results of these researches on the specific polysaccharide components of the whole bacterial antigen were of the greatest im- portance because later studies, which developed as a direct result of this work, formed the basis of our present knowledge of antigenic structure.Until quite recently no attempts to separate the somatic antigens from the bacterial cell had been successful, but within the last 10 years several methods for the isolation of fully active bacterial antigens have been elaborated. The earliest practical method to accomplish this was introduced by Boivin who extracted bacteria at 0" with 0-2N trichloroacetic acid (pH 1.0-2.0). The extract was free from intact protein and was powerfully antigenic. At about the same time, and quite independently, Raistrick and Topley found that by the action of trypsin on certain bacteria it was possible to bring the antigenic complex into solution. The digestion was carried out at pH 8.2-8.5 for several days at 37".Methods of isolation that depend on extraction of the bacteria with cold anhydrous organic solvents, such as diethyleneglycol, in which native proteins and many bacterial somatic substances are insoluble, have also been successfully em- ployed to isolate these important biological complexes. It is certain that as our know- ledge of the nature of the bacterial somatic antigens grows we shall find very different types of chemical structures associated with bacterial and tissue antigenic complexes. We already know, however, that certain groups of bacteria possess antigens that are built up from similar types of molecules arranged together as polymolecular aggregates.As an example of this similarity in structure the "0" somatic antigens of Bact. typhosumand Bad. dysenteria (Shiga) may be mentioned. Each antigen is built up of a poly- saccharide, specific for the organism and responsible for its characteristic serological reactions, and a polypeptide-like component (most probably a conjugated protein). Other camponents of the native antigenic complex such as phospholipin, also occur, and it is possible that further unidentified substances are present. In certain instances, however, it has been shown that of all the components present in the native antigenic complex only two, the polysaccharide and protein, are essential for the manifestation of antigenicity. It seems probable, therefore, that a bacterial antigen as it exists in the intact bacterial cell is not a simple compound of rigid chemical composition but consists of a labile molecular aggregate possessing an essential component-such as a poly-saccharide-of definite chemical structure and of fixed composition which determines the strict specificity of the antigen, together with other loosely botlnd constituents which endow the essential component with antigenic properties.Only part of these physically associated molecules are necessary for the manifestation of the specific antigenic proper- ties and certain of these constituents can be dissociated from the labile complex during the isolation and purification of the antigen without producing more than a moderate reduction in the antigenic capacity of the active material.More thorough physical disaggregation of the polymolecular complex into single types of molecules will lead to complete loss of the antigenicity that will give rise to the homologous immune body. Considerable support for this conception of antigenic structure was obtained when it was observed that the isolated and undegraded specific polysaccharide component of the antigen could be re-combined with the conjugated protein component, under almost physiological conditions, to form an antigenic complex that would give rise to antibodies sFecific for the polysaccharide component of the newly formed complex. Neither component showed any specific antigenic properties when tested alone. Furthermore,it has been found that the non-antigenic, specific polysaccharide of one organism will form an antigenic complex when combined with the conjugated protein component c 142 derived from the corresponding somatic antigen of another organism that belongs to an entirely different bacterial species.The nature of the bonds that hold the different type of molecules together as a polymolecular aggregate is unknown. Future work will certainly decide whether the association of the various component molecules is due to “salt-like linkages,” hydrogen bonds, van der Waals forces, or to some as yet unknown mechanism. It can only be stated at the present time that the forces concerned give rise to an aggregqte with sufficient stability to make it behave as an independent molecular species.Further evidence in support-of these ideas on antigenic structure is derived from the success with which certain non-antigenic polysaccharides of both vegetable and animal origin have been converted to full antigens by combination with the reactive bacterial conjugated protein mentioned above. The artificial antigensagain give rise to the immune body that reacts specifically with the polysaccharide com- ponent used to build the antigenic complex. Antibodies against the polysaccharides, agar-agar, cherry gum and gum acacia have been described, and more recently immune sera capable of specifically agglutinating human A red blood cells, but not those of groups B and 0, have been prepared by combining a naturally occurring but non-antigenic polysaccharide complex that possesses blood group A specificity, with a bacterial somatic conjugated protein.It is believed that these powerful anti-A sera will be useful in routine blood group determinations and will prove to be of value in the technique of differential agglutination. It is clear that bacterial and tissue antigens that are largely polysaccharide in nature belong to a class of substances that are characterised as “large molecules.” They display unusual properties and it will be necessary to develop new methods for handling them and new chemical conceptions to explain their nature and function. We are now beginning to see light in this field, which was formerly very obscure. Essential Oils By S.B. TALLANTYRE,B.Sc., F.I.C. [Birmingham and Midlands Section, 21st July, 1943.1 Apart from what might at present be called “frivolous” manufactures, such as cosmetics and perfumery, essential oils are used as flavouring agents in foods and beverages, as disinfectants, in medicine, and in various industries. They have been considered of sufficient importance in war-time to warrant Government control. Since the Middle Ages, and more particularly in modern times, essential oils have been isolated in their natural freshness. In the main, three methods are available- distillation, expression, and extraction. Steam distillation is the most widely used method, and clove and peppermint oils, for example, are obtained in this way. Steam distilled oils do not always have the exact odour of the plant from which they have been distilled, as there is sometimes a loss of the higher-boiling odorous constituents.Oils contained in the fruit peels, e.g., oranges, lemons, grapefruit (so-called “citrus fruits”), can be obtained by hand or machine pressing, but the latter is not so efficient in giving the highest grade oil, the use of water causing solution losses. In the sponge process the rinds are pressed against a sponge which absorbs the oil until saturated. Expressed oils usually contain a little non-volatile matter. Extraction methods are used for the more delicate products--e.g., floral perfumes, where the amount of oil is small. Both volatile and non-volatile solvents may be used. Repeated usages of refined lard-a typical non-volatile solvent-give a high concentra- tion of aroma which is then extracted by alcohol to give so-called “ottos,” “floressences,” etc. Essential oils occur in the most varied parts of the plant anatomy, usually in special glands or cavities.In conifers (the pines, for example), the oil is widespread; in roses it is confined to the flower. The amount present is, as a rule, small, for although cloves may give up to 16 per cent., jasmine flowers only give about 0.02 per cent., and tea 0.005 per cent. These usually small yields, involving much labour, make most essential oils expen- sive. For rose flowers, 3,500 to 4,000 lbs. are needed to produce 1lb. of oil. Analysis of essential oils presents many difficulties.Adulterants can usually be detected by a combination of chemical; physical, odour, and flavour tests. The addition of cheaper oils and the deterioration which occurs on prolonged keeping (oxidation, etc.) are not always so easily noticed, however. Essential oils are best stored in a dark cool place in glass, enamel lined, tinned copper, or aluminium containers. Report of the Eleventh Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections 19th June, 1943, at 10 a.m. Pyesent.-Professor Alex. Findlay, President, in the Chair; Mr. J. C. White, Hon. Treasurer; Mr. A. L. Bacharach, Chairman of the Publicity Committee; Mr. H. G. A. Anderson, vice Mr. J. G. Duncan (Glasgow and West of Scotland); Mr. E. E. Ayling (South Wales); Mr.H. E. Blayden (Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast); Dr. J. W. Corran (East Anglia); Mr. G. Elliot Dodds (Edinburgh and East of Scotland); Dr. D. P. Evans (Cardiff and District); Dr. E. H. Goodyear (Huddersfield); Dr. AT. H. Hall, vice Mr. C. S. McDowell (Belfast and District) ; Dr. D. A. Harper (Manchester and District) ;Mr. F. P. Hornby (Bristol and South-Western) ;Mr. E. M. Joiner (Birmingham and Midlands); Mr. E. Q. Laws (London and South-Eastern Counties); Dr. A. G. G. Leonard (Dublin) ; Mr. G. Parkin (South Yorkshire) ; Mr. J. Ratcliffe (East Midlands) ; Mr. H. Weatherall (Liverpool and North-Western) : Mr. W. A. Wightman (Leeds Area) ; Dr. F. R. Williams (Tees-Side) ; the Registrar and the Assistant Secretary. The Honorary Secretaries were welcomed by the President, who expressed his appreciation of their services and of their interest in the Institute. Letters regretting absence were received from Mr.J, G. Duncan (Glasgow and West of Scotland), Mr. C. S. McDowell (Belfast and District), and Mr. W. M. Todd (Aberdeen and North of Scotland). The Honorary Secretary of Tees-Side expressed his pleasure on being present to represent a Local Section formed since the last Conference and conveyed the good wishes of the Tees-Side members to the other Sections. 1. On matters arising from the Conference held in 1942, the Conference was infot-med-(a) That the Ministry of Supply had reported in 1942 that it was impracticable to arrange employment for lecturers during vacations, because too much time of the technical staff was occupied in training newcomers; however, in various parts of the country, undergraduates had since been given opportunities of rendering useful services; (b) that the Publicity Committee had been active, and a statement from the Committee would be submitted to the Conference; (c) that many enquiries with reference to coupons and protective clothing for chemists had been dealt with by the Assistant Secretary ; (d) that the Executive Officers had regularly attended to correspondence relating to Gas Identification Officers, and the Institute had supplied 2,500 copies of Dr.Ferguson’s paper, which had been distributed by the Home Office to A.R.P. authorities; (P) that the President would make a statement on the proceedings of the Policy Com- mittee; (f)that the further co-operation of Chemical Bodies was receiving the attention of a Committee of the Chemical Council; (f) that proposals relating to the Constitution of the Council were receiving the consideration of the Policy Committee; and (12) that AND PROCEEDINGS,Remuneration Statistics had been reported in JOURNAL Part VI, 1942.2. VACATIONEMPLOYMENT.-FrOm the information given by the President and several Honorary Secretaries, and received from the Imperial College of Science and Technology, it appeared that, as reported above, in certain parts of the country at least, vacation employment could be found for students. 3. JOINT MEETINGSWITH OTHER BODIES.-It was generally agreed that the Local Sections should determine their own policy regarding joint meetings.Local Sections and representatives of the three Chartered Bodies were not coincident in all centres. The Chemical Council had been asked to consider the possibility of co-ordinating such centres. A schedule had been prepared which showed that Sections or centres had been established for all three Bodies at Birmingham, Bristol, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Liverpool, London, Manchester and South Wales (Swansea) ;but they were not co-existent in other places. There was no objection to holding meetings with Bodies with trade union interests provided that they were held for the discussion of matters of scientific interest, the exhibition of films, etc., and not for political propaganda, with which the Institute is not concerned.4. ABATEMENTOF INCOME TAXON SUBSCRIPTIONS. ETC.-It was explained that in the past the Commissioners of Inland Revenue had advised a deputation from the Institute and other Bodies that a professional man in independent practice could charge his membership subscription to expenses, provided the Inspector of Taxes was satisfied that his subscription was wholly, necessarily and exclusively incurred in the performance [ 1431 of his profession, and abatement might be obtained in respect of journals, books, overalls, etc. A public analyst, whether in independent practice or whole-time service, was required to have passed the Examination of the Institute in the Chemistry (and Micro- scopy) of Focd and Drugs.His claim to abatement of tax on his subscription to the Institute was sound because his membership, with the holding of the appropriate certificate, was a condition precedent to his appointment, required by Regulation of the Ministry of Health. An employer could. legitimately make an allowance to a chemist for expenses “wholly, necessarily and exclusively incurred,” and no tax should be payable on such allowance provided that it was expended accordingly.* On any question in doubt it was advisable for the taxpayer to discuss the matter frankly with the Inspector. 5. COUPONSFOR OVERALLS.-h Honorary Secretary suggested that teachers who worked with untrained personnel, that is, with inexperienced students, were subject to greater danger of damage to clothing than chemists who worked with qualified assistants.The Assistant Secretary, who had been in constant touch with the Board of Trade in the matter, said that, so far as he was aware, this point had not yet been made. Teachers who could show that they were engaged for a minimum of twenty-two hours per week on laboratory work’other than teaching were entitled to claim the additional ten coupons, but the Institute must bear in mind the acute shortage of textile materials and not ask for concessions unless they were really essential. The Board of Trade had been very reasonable in dealing with difficulties. The Assistant Secretary would continue to give attention to all enquiries received on the subject. 6. OCCUPATIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF MEMBERS.-It was suggested that, when the time was favourable, information should be obtained regarding the numbers of members engaged in various branches of the profession.The question arose whether teachers of chemistry in schools should be included in the return, since science masters sometimes did not regard themselves professionally as chemists. An estimation had already been made of the employment of members of the Institute which gave the results-approxi- mately 75 per cent. in industry, 15 per cent. in teaching and 10 per cent. in Government or municipal employ. 7. REFRESHER AND LECTURESCOURSES ON RECENTADVANCESIN CHEMISTRY.-A suggestion was made that courses of lectures in chemical engineering should be provided for Associates preparing for the examination for the Fellowship in Industrial Chemistry; possibly lecturers might be found to visit various centres and give courses extending over a few days.Reference was also made to the lectures on recent advances in various branches of chemistry provided by the London and South-Eastern Counties Section. These lectures had been well attended and were much appreciated. It was suggested that they might be collated and published in book form. The provision of refresher courses had been considered by the Policy Committee, and it was felt that where sufficient chemists were keenly interested in any subject they should ask the Section Committee to approach the authorities of universities or colleges with a view to the provision of such courses.The principals of technical colleges were invariably anxious to assist in supplying such needs; but it was occasionally found that when it was proposed to provide a special course in any centre only a very few chemists were desirous of taking it. An Honorary Secretary suggested that the Streatfeild and Gluckstein Lectures given before the Institute might occasionally be given or repeated in a provincial centre. 8. PuBLIcITY.--In a memorandum on Publicity prepared by the Publicity Com- mittee, circulated with the notice of the Conference, the Committee had expressed the view approved by the Council that means should be found to improve and extend publicity for the Institute within the chemical profession. The Committee sought the views of the Conference on the steps that it was taking, which included the issue of notices of arrangements for the Institute’s Examinations and the provision of leaflets, briefly explaining the aims and objects of the Institute, to be displayed in chemical laboratories.It was understood that the Chemical Council had in preparation a small brochure in which would be embodied the leaflet of the Royal Institute, and similar leaflets relating to the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry, together with references to the Chemical Council itself, and a statement on its co-opera- tion scheme. *Note.-In answer to a question by Sir H. G. Williams in the House of Commons on 1st July Sir Kingsley Wood, the Charcellor of the Exchequer, said:--“A slbscription paid by an emploier on behalf df an employee to a scientific institution the activities of which directly affected the employer’s business and the duties of the employee, would be regarded as an expense deductible in the computation of the employer’s trading proiits for purposes of taxation.” [ 144 1 The Committee suggested that means should be found, through the Local Sections, of getting in touch, through members of college staffs, with newly graduated chemists in their respective districts and with college chemical societies, in order to bring before them the importance of professional solidarity.The Committee had also considered the method of reporting meetings held under the auspices of the Institute and its Local Sections, having due regard to the Press Censorship and the laws of libel.In presenting the memorandum from the Publicity Committee, Rlr. Bacharach incidentally directed attention to the desirability of the reports of lectures sent in to the Institute being made to conform with the decision of the Publications Committee, that such reports should be summaries of what the lecturers had said, and not reports containing such remarks as-“The lecturer then discussed . . . ” or “Illustrations were then given. . . .” Mr. Bacharach added that there was an apparent demand for lectures on recent advances in various branches of chemistry, and this was endorsed by several members of the Conference. Mr. Bacharach also informed the Conference that the Chemical Council had lately decided, with the approval in principle of the Councils of the three Chartered Bodies, to extend to students and junior members the facilities and privileges of its co-operation scheme.The Conference agreed that the main source of recruitment to the Institute was through the staffs of the universities and colleges who should be conscious of the importance of pressing upon students the value of professional solidarity. The desir- ability of contact between the Institute and science teachers in schools was emphasised, and reference was made to the opportunities afforded members of giving short addresses to Rotary Clubs and similar bodies, thereby indicating the value of the services that can be rendered by chemists to industry and commerce.Some understanding of the place of chemists in the community had arisen from the existence of the Gas Identification Officers. During the discussion it was mentioned that the Committee of the London and South-Eastern Counties Section had given much consideration to the matter and had appointed Honorary Recorders to supply summaries of their lectures, not onIy to THE JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSofthe Royal Institute, but to the technical press and other appropriate journals, varying with the type of lecture. It was held to be safer to supply summaries prepared by chemists who understood the subjects, rather than to leave them to lay reporters, and often advisable to obtain the summary before the lecture was delivered; but some Secretaries had found that this was not always easy to obtain.Much depended on contact with the editors of provincial newspapers. Chemists should receive credit for their work and not have cause to complain that other professions claimed to have made advances in knowledge and practice to which they were not entitled. Many advances in medicine, for example, were entirely due to professional chemists. The memorandum from the Publicity Committee was favourably received. CERTIFICATES9. NATIONAL IN CHEMISTRY.-The meeting devoted some time to the consideration of the value of National Certificates in relation to the Associateship of the Institute. The schemes of training and examination for National Certificates were not uniform. The examinations were conducted internally, subject to a measure of control by the Assessors of the Institute.Candidates were not required to have passed approved preliminary examinations or to have taken courses in all the subjects required by the Regulations of the Institute. For a candidate working in industry during the day and attending evening classes, there was frequently a prospect of seven years’ work before he could hope to take the Examination for the Associateship. It appeared that the Institutions of Mechanical and Electrical Engineers had been able to make greater concessions to such candidates than the Royal Institute had done, but the courses for certificates in engineering had to be taken at certain colleges and in certain subjects.Where the syllabuses for students in chemistry were suitablyarranged, with consideration for the future of the candidates, they eventually became eligible for admission to the Examination for the Associateship of the Institute, provided that they were able to produce satisfactory evidence of general education. (At this stage the President commented on the endeavour of the Policy Committee to find means whereby those who had taken National Certificates in Chemistry and Examinations of similar standard could be registered by the Institute and encouraged to qualify for the Associateship.) (See 13.) 10. BENEVOLENTFUND.-It was suggested by some Honorary Secretaries that more prominence could be given to the Deeds of Covenant covering annual subscriptions to the Benevolent Fund for seven years less Income Tax; also that the form to be completed in connexion with the co-operation scheme should provide a space for [ 1451 inserting a subscription to the Benevolent Fund of the Institute.(This had already been arranged with the Conjoint Chemical Office.) The suggestion was repeated that if every member would subscribe, say, Ss., or such specified sum as would make the fund adequate, the Benevolent Fund Committee would have no difficulty in meeting all appeals.The Honorary Treasurer said that the present income represented about 3s. 6d. per head, which did not enable the Committee to be generous : if it were doubled it would not be too much. He would like to see a general contribution of 6s.to 7s. 6d., but not to deter those who wished to give more from doing so. His Committee had under consideration several suggestions for increasing the Fund ;the result obtained from the issue of circulars was not sufficient. Something in the nature of a personal approach was necessary, and he felt that the Sections could do much in that direction. It was a delicate matter to press for subscriptions, because it was not right or proper to enquire into the private affairs of members; but Local Sections could arouse interest by giving information on cases which had been assisted. Almoners, if they happened to be in London when the Benevolent Fund Committee was sitting, would be welcomed to its meetings and they would be supplied, from time to time, with reports of its proceedings.The Huddersfield Local Section had discussed the possibility of a per capita contribu-tion from the general account of the Institute, in order to ensure a regular income for the Fund. If that were done it would be necessary to raise the annual subscription. The voluntary basis of the Fund would disappear, and members would assume that they had a right to participate. It was definitely a fund for helping widows and children, granting loans to the unemployed, those in ill-health or needing temporary help in connexion with removal from one appointment to another. At present the Committee was free to make grants to Orphan Schools where children of deceased members were educated. Lately there had been reduced calls for help, but it was feared that the appeals would be much increased after the war.The Committee was always glad to receive suggestions, and if almoners would attend the meetings of the Committee they would see that the funds were well applied and not wasted. The members of the Conference wanted to see the Fund in a better position. An alteration in the Charter was not insuperable, but the Honorary Treasurer had given reasons for maintaining the Fund on its present basis. It was suggested that sometimes application for help was not made because the Fund was a charity; also that even if a contribution were made from the general funds of the Institute this would not prevent members from making further contribution if they were in a position to do so.On the other hand, the Honorary Treasurer suggested that most members were insured or participated in some scheme whereby their dependents were provided for. An Honorary Secretary said that he had found difficulty in collecting even 2s. 6d. from some members ;perhaps they overlooked the matter, because it was a small amount or from sheer forgetfulness. Generally, it was felt that there was no need to press members who attended meetings, because they were usually interested in the Institute and all its activities, including the Fund. Means might be found to ensure that the less active members did not overlook the Fund. The suggestion was also advanced that each Local Section should hold a social function at least once a year for the benefit of the Fund, a dance or whist drive; and another that each copy of the Journal should contain mention of some particular case,-how it had been dealt with and how it was progressing.The attention of the almoners should be directed to the discussion, with suggestions for securing further support. 11. GRANTSTO SECTIONS.-A discussion arose with regard to grants to Sections which have usually been paid in moieties, the balance in hand being deducted. An Honorary Secretary suggested that they should be paid annually in full in January, and only funds in hand in excess of L50 should be refunded at the end of the year. It was not intended that Sections should accumulate funds, but grants were made on receipt of accounts duly audited.Another Honorary Secretary suggested that the grants should be based on the activities of the Section. However, it was obvious that where 20 Sections were to be considered there must be a limit. The majority of the honorary secretaries said that their committees were satisfied with the existing arrangements;they could adjust their programmes according to the funds available. The Honorary Treasurer said that the Finance and House Committee was always ready to give special consideration to requests for funds in excess of the usual grants for legitimate expenses on particular occasions, and he hoped that they would not be deterred from making such appeals, which should be made in advance,-i.e. before any liability was incurred. Attention was called to the circumstance that in several Sections where joint meet- ings with other Societies were held, there was considerable duplication of notices, and it was proposed that the names of members of the other societies should be supplied to r 1461 the institute in order to avoid sending two or more notices to any one member; or when a meeting was held under the auspices of either of the other societies, the envelopes addressed to the members of the society concerned should be sent to the Institute, with the same object.It was generally agreed to be desirable that the areas covered by the Sections of the Chartered Bodies should coincide. 12. FEDERATIONAND CO-OPERATION.-The opinion was voiced that every member should have full opportunity of considering and debating the proposals contained in the letter on further co-operation between chemists, which had been published earlier in the year in Chemistry and Indu~try.In one Section there was a feeling that the members had not enough information to discuss the subject properly, and it was felt that other Sections might have reached decisions without all the facts available. Reference was made to the difference in functions and disparity in the number of members of the Chartered Bodies, 2nd it was suggested that representation on the Chemical Council was not in proportion to the membership of those Bodies. On the other hand, the Honorary Secretaries regarded the matter as one of the most important that had arisen in connexion with chemistry for many years, and one that demanded urgent attention.They expressed the hope that the Chemical Council would soon report upon the matter and that the Local Sections would have an opportunity of expressing their opinions on the report to that Council. They were most desirous that the professional standing and integrity of chemists should be preserved. The President said that he deprecated the use of the words “federation, unification and amalgamation” in this connexion, and would prefer to use, for the present, the word “co-operation. I’ A Sub-committee of the Chemical Council had the matter under consideration; but it was one which had been in the minds of chemists for many years and could not be settled hastily. He felt sure that the Sub-committee would not delay its report longer than necessary, and then the agreement of all three Bodies would have to be obtained.The view was expressed that the Local Sections should be asked for their opinions, and the President said that before any such reference could be made to the Sections it might be advisable that the Chemical Council should give the matter further considera- tion. He was anxious that co-operation should be extended, and expressed the hope that, whatever was done, everything good in the present constitution of the three Bodies would be preserved. 13. POST-WARPoLIcY.-From one Local Section a message was received expressing the hope that the chemical profession would hold a prominent place in post-war activi-- ties, and that the Institute would have a vigorous representation on any scheme of planning. On this, the President referred to the activities of the Joint Council of Professional Scientists, on which the Institute, with the Institute of Physics, was strongly represented.It was already in touch with departments concerned with the subject. Further consideration was given to the constitution of the Institute, particularly the registration of those who earned their living by chemistry but had not attained full qualification. The President referred to the suggestion of the Policy Committee to register those who had secured pass degrees or passed University Intermediate Science Examination, or Examinations for National Certificates, and intended to qualify for Associateship of the Institute.He also referred to the proposal that Associates should be eligible to serve on the Council, and informed the Conference that the Council had decided to send a questionnaire to Associates of seven years’ standing in order to ascertain, if possible, why they had not proceeded to the Fellowship. It was certain that many were qualified for Fellowship by reason of their work and their attainments. The Council was anxious to hear from the Associates themselves why they did not apply for election to the higher grade. The changes recommended by the Policy Committee, if adopted, would involve general meetings to change the By-laws, and the subsequent approval of the Privy Council. The Conference adjourned for luncheon at 12.30 and resumed its sitting in the afternoon until 4.30 p.m.A cordial vote of thanks was passed to the President for presiding, and also to the Honorary Treasurer and Mr.Bacharach for their attendance. [ 147 1 The Chemical COU~C~~ Under Deed of Agreement between The Chemical Society, The Institute of Chemistry and The Society of Chemical Industry, 1st July, 1935. (Extended on 1st July, 1940, to 30th June, 1947.) SEVENTH REPORT (Submitted to the Council of the Royal Institute, 21st May, 1943.) Since the publication, in March, 1942, of the Sixth Annual Report, Mr. F. P. Dunn, as a representative of the Chemical Society, Dr. J. J. Fox and Dr. H. A. Tempany, as representatives of the Institute of Chemistry, have each completed three years’ service on the Council, and Dr.W. H. Mills, Xlr. A. L. Bacharach and Professor Alexander Findlay, respectively, have been appointed to the vacancies thus caused. Mr. C. S. Garland has been appointed a representative of the Society of Chemical Industry to fill the vacancy arising from the retirement of Dr. R. T. Colgate. Dr. F. H. Carr and Dr. J. Vargas Eyre, having also completed three years’ service as representatives of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers, the vacancies thus caused have been filled by the nomination of Dr. A. E. Everest and Mr. J. Davidson Pratt. The thanks of the Council have been accorded to the retiring members for their help. With the consent of the Councils of the Chartered Bodies, their Honorary Treasurers have been co-opted to the Council.The Council of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers has also been invited to nominate a fourth representative, and Dr. R. E. Slade has been co-opted in that capacity. In recording the activities of the Council during the 15 months ended 31st December, 1942, it is interesting to remember that it owes its origin to the spontaneous desire of leading chemists to achieve a measure of collaboration between the various chemical societies and organisations, for it was under the aegis of the Federal Council (representing some 15 societies) that a conference was held in December, 1934, out of which developed the Provisional Chemical Council. The original members of the Provisional Chemical Council, under the chairmanship of Mr.Davidson Pratt, were enthusiasts, and t‘ne initial scheme they evolved was too ambitious, and, it may perhaps be said, too revolutionary at that time to be accepted by the Councils of the three Chartered Bodies, who sponsored the movement. However, an agreement, in principle, was reached in July,1935, and the Chemical Council came into being, but long-drawn-out negotiations were necessary before any of the ideas could be implemented; although a few practical steps towards collaboration were taken, it was not until 1940 that all three bodies agreed on the first tentative move forward towards a real measure of collaboration, namely, the Joint- Subscription Scheme, in which about 1,670 are co-operating as “three-body” members, and 460 as “two-body” members. The present Council is far from satisfied with the rate of progress, although much solid success has been achieved, the founding of the Conjoint Chemical Office being one very definite piece of evidence of a desire of the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry, and to a lesser extent the Insti- tute of Chemistry, i.e., in so far as conjoint subscriptions are concerned, to have the business side of their activities handled by the same staff.The opening of the Conjoint Chemical Office during the past year has not only simplified the collection of subscriptions, but has resulted in an improvement in the method of distribution of the publications of the Chemical Society and Society of Chemical Industry.In this connexion, the Chemical Council would like to record its appreciation of the manner in which the Councils of these two Societies have aided the formation of the Conjoint Office. It has been a welcome demonstration of the spirit of collaboration in an age when giving lip service to the idea of collaboration is generally so far as organisations will go, although, if they were broadminded enough to realise it, there is little to lose and much to gain. The business of the Council, therefore, except in respect of Deeds of Covenant outstanding at 31st December, 1942, has been trans- ferred to the Conjoint Chemical Office, 6, Burlington Gardens, London, W.1, and Mr. H. J. Morris, with the consent of the Chemical Society, has been appointed Acting Secretary of the Chemical Council to take over from Mr.Richard B. Pilcher, Hon. Secretary 1935-1942, as soon as the transfer can conveniently be effected. The staff of the Conjoint Chemical Office has all been seconded by the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry, and therefore no extra expense has been entailed by the new method of dealing with this side of the activities of the two publish- ing societies. Of the specified objects of the Chemical Council, that of aiding publications has been regarded as the most pressing. It mas with great regret that at the beginning of the [ 1.281 War it was found impossible to continue to develop the centralisation of purchasing paper and contracting for printing for the collaborating bodies.During the period now under review, 1st October, 1941, to 31st December, 1942, the Chemical Council has made grants of i1,OOO to the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry, and L312 to the Bureau of Chemical and Physiological Abstracts, with an additional A30 to the Chemical Society for the publication of summaries to the papers in the Journal of that Society. This has been for current expenses, but the Chemical Council, recognising the importance of providing a reserve for post-war publications, has aided the two publishing societies in this by contributing L2,250 (Bonds) to each of their reserve funds. It is possibly dangerous to draw analogies between the trend of publications during the present War and that of 1918.There are, however, obvious significant similarities. For example, the number of pages published in the Journal of the Chemical Society had reached a maximum in 1914 (2,909), but during the War the number gradually fell, and by 1919 it had reached a minimum (1,519). By 1922 the previous maximum had been passed. In 1938, the number of pages had again reached a maximum of 2,120 (a figure, however, which is not strictly comparable with that for 1922, owing to the change in the size of page), while to-day it has fallen to roughly one-third (758). Abstracts A and Abstracts B follow the same trend. Provision therefore must be made as far as possible for a rapid expansion after cessation of hostilities. During 1942 the publications of the Bureau of Chemical and Physiological Abstracts cost some f114,000, of which L6,OOO was recoverable through outside sales and advertisements, but the sponsoring bodies were called upon to provide &3,000.With a threefold expansion possible in a period of three years after the war, the burden on the Societies will be an insupportable one. It is hoped that the sub-committee of the Chemical Council, appointed to explore the possibility of recruitment of the ranks of the Societies, will report in the near future. During those rather long-drawn-out negotiations which took place between the accept- ance by the Councils of the idea of collaboration in 1935 and their agreement in 1938, the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry agreed to refrain from specific attempts to attract members by advertisement of any kind.Any such attempts to attract members must obviously be made by the Chemical Council on behalf of both bodies. The Institute of Chemistry is in an entirely different category for, in that its membership is a qualification, the young student would almost certainly wish to join that organisation. This explains why the Institute of Chemistry is sure to continue to increase in numbers. There is no such reason why the publishing societies should so increase; in fact the more industry becomes centralised and the greater the appreciation of the use of chemistry by industrial concerns, the less may be the necessity for the individual to be concerned with the efforts of the publishing societies.In effect, it would appear that the onus of maintaining scientific publications is passing from the individual to industry. The Council is empowered to co-opt as members of the Council representatives of other bodies, but only with the separate and collective consent of the respective Councils of the three Chartered Bodies. During the year under review much time has been spent by the Council on this question, for members recognise very keenly the necessity of extending the co-operative scheme. The Council has already been approached in a semi-official manner by two other organisations and is prepared to discuss with any chemical body the means by which that body can enter the scheme of co-operation. The Chemical Council has a very particular responsibility in respect of the Library belonging to the Chemical Society and has continued to receive reports from the Joint Library Committee ; in this connexion it places on record its sincere appreciation of the services of the late Mr.F. W. Clifford, whose death it deplores. Contributions of the Chartered Bodies towards the maintenance of the Library during 1941 were calculated on the same basis as for the year 1940. After taking into account donations received from other sources and L250 contributed by the Council under Section 7 of the Constitution, the Chartered Bodies contributed the remainder as follows :-Zt; s. d. Institute of. Chemistry 50 per cent. = 718 11 8 Society of Chemical Industry 26 ,, = 373 13 3 3,Chemical Society 24 = 344 18 5 .f11437 3 4 The Council acknowledges with gratitude the regular payment of contributions under Deeds of Covenant. [ i,k9 j (The Financial Statements for the period ended 31st December, 1942,were attached). In conclusion, the Council records its regret that Mr. Richard B. Pilcher has retired from the position of Honorary Secretary. The Council recognises the enthusiasm with which he helped the formation of the Council and expresses its warmest thanks for his unfailing interest in its work. The Council recognises that his help and advice have always been willingly and unsparingly given in the furtherance of a project which is a fitting corollary to his many years of labour for chemists and for the profession of chemistry. LESLIEH.LAMPITT, 14th April, 1943. Chairman. Notes Canadian Chemists.-Referring to the note on page 124 of JOURNAL AND PRO-CEEDINGS, Part 111, 1943,it is now reported in Canadian Chemistry and Process In-dustries, May, 1943, that-“An Act to provide for collective bargaining passed its third and final reading in the Ontario Legislature April 13th and is now in force. Even though the measure went through so rapidly that the groups concerned had little time to study the measure or to obtain fully the views of their members, the Canadian Institute of Chemistry was pleased to learn that its recommendation was embodied in Section 5 of the Bill as finally passed, namely : ‘A provision in a collective bargaining agreement requiring all or any specified employee of an employer to be members of a specified collective bargaining agency certified pursuant to the provisions of this Act shall not be deemed to be in conflict with or in contravention of any of the provisions of this Act, but no such provisions shall apply to a member of a learned or scientific pro- fession.’ This last clause retains for the professional chemist or chemical engineer independence of action, and makes it impossible to force him to join any closed shop agreement.” The Place of Scientists in the Community.-The following letter appeared in the Press in June :-SIR, Most scientists find themselves in agreement with the pleas which are now being made that the scientific effort, so effective in the war, shall not be allowed to cease when peace returns, but shall be applied to the serious problems which will arise during reconstruction, and after.It is certain that if, in this small island with its limited material resources, we are to maintain our existing population with its present standard of living, scientific and technological research will be required on a scale not yet envisaged. Many responsible scientists, however, view with concern exaggerationswhich often accompany reasonable claims. From time to time, statements are made by individuals or by organisations, professing to speak for Science, that if some fraction of the national income were allocated to scientific research, and if men of science were given a position of authority in the affairs of the State, the community would find itself in what is usually described as “an age of plenty.” It is unfortunate that such exag- gerations should be disseminated when schemes for future reorganisation are being discussed.To mislead the community as to its available resources can only foster illusions and bring disappointments which may be disastrous both for it and for Science. While we may hope that the improvement in our material comforts, which has marked the past fifty years, will be continued by further applications of scientific methods, the fruits of research sometimes ripen slowly and our material resources during the post-war period cannot be vastly greater than those we now possess. Because of the time-lag in the application of research, it is important that immediate preparation be made for reconstruction.The claim that the scientist, as scientist, is entitled to some position of exceptional authority in deciding the policies of governments, is one which cannot and should not be accepted in a democratic community. Social problems are too complex to be solved by any one type of mind. The man of science can give valuable assistance in solving problems facing a society by searching out the facts and, on the basis of the facts, suggesting remedies. He could profitably be consulted more frequently than has been the case. When, however, his advice has been given, his duty as a scientist is at an end. No social problem can be solved solely by the methods of Science; not only material [ 150 1 but other values are involved, and it is for the community, of which the scientist is A member, to weigh the different factors and make a decision.A scientific and soul- less Technocracy would be the worst form of despotism. Yours faithfully, ROBERTH. PICKARD, Chairman, Joint Council of Professional Scientists. ALEXANDERFINDLAY, President, The Royal Institute of Chemistry. W. L. BRAGG, President, The Imtitute of Physics. Science in Parliament.-On 16th March and 1st April, debates were held in the House of Commons on the need for research and technical development in the Colonies. Professor A. V. Hill said that it was hard to rouse interest in the sixty million inhabitants of the Colonial Empire.If higher education was to be promoted in the Colonies help would be required from the universities of this country and perhaps of the Dominions, for training teachers and research workers for post-graduate and professional training, for visits by teachers and research workers and for external examiners and inspectors. An improved standard of living depended largely on wider and more confident application of research to the problems of colonial industry, agriculture, products and resources. The recently established Colonial Products Research Council should be of the greatest assist- ance in finding new uses for the special products,-for example, in the West Indies, of cane sugar,-while agricultural research should aim at controlling biological dangers of pests and diseases which affect crops.Fisheries research, research in meanography, meteorology and soil erosion, research on the industrial utilisation of raw materials, better geological information as to mineral resources and water suppiies, the investigation and control of insect vectors of diseases in plants and animals, all would tend to make the Colonies more self-supporting and advance their prosperity. A good start had been made by the grant of 4500,000 per annum for research through the Colonial Research Committee, but it represented only 2d. per annum per inhabitant. He thought there would be a demand for several times as much in the future. He read a paragraph from the Report of the British Commonwealth Scientific Committee of the Royal Society:- “The scientific problems provided by the war in connexion with technical devices and weapons, supply, medicine, public health, agriculture, food, communications, etc., brought scientists from all parts of the British Commonwealth into close collaboration.The efficient organisation of this work necessitated the presence in London of scientific representatives of the various Dominions, and the opportunity was taken of institutingsome kind of informal meeting ground for the consideration of general problems. The general object was to ensure scientific co-operation in the technical emergency problems of the immediate post-war period and to ensure that the most should be made of our common scientific resources in the future after the war”-and this is the chief point- “for improving both scientific knowledge itself and the life of the people of the Common- wealth.” The Colonial Secretary, in reply, said that his Education Advisory Committee was in touch with the Research Committee and was engaged on the very problem of “the whole set-up of higher education,’’ and in particular university education, after the war.During the debate on 15th April, Squadron Leader P. TV. Donner said that the soil of Grenada had been compared with that of Java. There was balata, arrowroot, nutmeg, turtle, salt and lime juice, several of which could be either further produced or processed in the West Indies. He suggested that arrowroot might be made in the West Indies and cloves and other spices produced.Why should not the gum of the sapodilla tree be developed and exported as chewing gum ? A market might be found for it in Canada, in Newfoundland and South America. \Thy should not the West Indies produce liqueurs as had been done in South Africa ? U’hy should they not manufacture cocoa products? The bauxite of British Guiana might leave that Colony in the form of aluminium articles. Locally-made church furnishings of cedar and satinwood might be supplied for the ecclesiastical world. What had been done in the Dutch and American islands and colonies could be duplicated in the British colonies. Why should there not be grape fruit bottling factories and bay-rum produced as a valuable export? Fish canning possibilities in the Bahamas might be explored.Sir John Graham Kerr referred to the work of the Imperial College oi TropicalAgriculture, Trinidad, as a great centre of research into most of the varied aspects of agriculture and forestry, dealing with such matters as had been mentioned. L 151 j Mr. C. E. G. C. Emmott said that thc standards of life of the West Indies were largely dependent upon one crop. We should examine with great care the possible new uses of sugar. Science might show the way to obtain from sugar, products of the highest in- dustrial importance. The Colonial Products Research Council was embarking on the investigation of new uses of sugar. He asked whether it was proposed to manufacture food yeast in Jamaica, and the Colonial Secretary, in reply, indicated that it was intended to do so.On 20th April, Sir Percy Hurd asked the Minister of Fuel and Power whether he had made enquiries into the working of large-scale plants in the Donetz Basin and else- where in Russia for the gasification of coal underground. In reply, Major Lloyd George said that enquiries had been made but the information had not been received. Replyingto a further question, Major Lloyd George said that he believed a small experiment in gasification of coal underground was in progress in Scotland, and promised to let Sir Percy Hurd have the particulars so soon as they could be obtained. On 12th May, Mr. Will Thorne asked the Lord President of the Council whether he could give any information as to the test of drying English fruit carried out by the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research in the Ditton Laboratory, near Maidstone.Sir John Anderson said that preliminary experiments had been carried out on apples, pears and plums and the results so far obtained from the examination of the dried products after six months’ storage were encouraging. On 14th May, in reply to a question by Major A. M. Lyons as to steps being taken in the interests of economy to collect and reclaim residual and waste oils, Major Lloyd George said that the collection and reclamation of used lubricating oils was co-ordinated by the Lubricating Oil Pool and the Petroleum Board. A number of refineries for the treatment of used oil were in operation, but where large quantities of lubricating oil of a particular quality were used it was more economical for consumers to filter their own used oil for re-use.Waste oil was used for the manufacture of greases and low grade lubricants. On 25th May, in reply to a question of Mr. Clement Davies regarding the restricted supplies of bitumen available, Major Lloyd George, Minister of Fuel and Power, said that in order to reduce the consumption of imported oil, it was the policy of his Ministry to secure the fullest possible use of coal-tar products, in place of bitumen, both for manufacturing processes and for roads and runways. The quantity of bitumen used for road construction was relatively small compared with that of fluxed pitch, and care was taken to ensure that bitumen was not used for such work, if fluxed pitch could be used with satisfactory results.Later, in August, in reply to a question by Mr. James Sexton, Major Lloyd George said that, during the war, the use of home-produced liquid fuel had been developed on a considerable scale, by the substitution of creosite-pitch mixture for imported fuel oil. Research work on oil-from-coal processes was being continued at the Fuel Research Station. Professor Frederic Horace Garner, Fellow, has been appointed an Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire. Mr. Joseph Lloyd, F.I.R.I., Associate, has been appointed a Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire. Dr. Edward Frankland Armstrong, F.R.S., Membev of Council, was elected President of the Royal Society of Arts at the Annual Meeting of the Society held on 30th June.Dr. Wilson Charles Geoffrey Baldwin, Associate, Mr. William Sallows and Mr. Frank H. Wheeler have been awarded the Edward Medal for prompt action in extinguishing a dangerous outbreak of fire, by which were averted serious consequences after an explosion had caused great damage in a nitrating house. Sir Gerald Snowden Butler, C.I.E., has been appointed Additional D.G.M.P. (Armaments Production) in India. Dr. Archibald Barclay Crawford, Associate, has been appointed Inspector of Factories, Lanarkshire District. Professor Cecil Henry Desch, F.R.S., Fellow, Scientific Adviser to the Iron and Steel Council, has received the Honorary Degree of LL.D.from the University of Glasgow. Dr. W. E. de B. Diamond, Associate, who has been Assistant Secretary of the Institution of Gas Engineers, has been appointed General Manager of the British Plastics Federation. [ 152 J Professor H. S. Raper, C.B.E., V.R.S., Fellow, is to receive the honorary degree of LL.D., and Mr. E. V. Evans, O.B.E., Fellow, the honorary degree of D.Sc., from the University of Leeds, in October. Dr. Bernard Alfred Southgate, Fellow, has been appointed Acting Director of Water Pollution, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, to fill the vacancy caused by the appointment of Dr. A. Parker, Fellow, to be Director of Fuel Research. Mr. J. C. W. Stead, Associate, who has been Production Manager with Cooper, McDougall & Robertson, Ltd., has been appointed Manager of the Wellcome Chemical Works at Dartford as from 1st October.For the encouragement of proficiency in analytical chemistry the Council of Leeds University has approved regulations for the award of the Lowson Scholarship endowed by a gift of L2,OOO from Rlr. William Lowson, FeZZuw, senior lecturer in analytical chemistry in the University. The Council of the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists proposes to institute groups within the constitution of the Society, dealing with special subjects and branches of analytical chemistry. Negotiations are already in progress with the Microchemical Club with a view to that Body becoming a Microchemical Group of the Society.The Council wishes to encourage the formation of other groups, and proposals to this end will be submitted in the near future to a special meeting of the Society. The Minister of Supply announces the issue of the Control of TALC AND PYRO-PHYLLITE (No. 1) Order, 1943, to take effect from the 19th July, 1943. The Order makes it necessary, except for quantities not exceeding 7-lbs., to obtain licences for the disposal and acquisition of talc or french chalk, steatite, soapstone and pyrophyllite. Enquiries should be addressed to the Chrome Ore, Magnesite and Wolfram Control, Broadway Court, Broadway, Westminster, London, S.W.1. (Telephone : Abbey 2734). Books and their Contents The following books have been kindly presented to the Library of the Institute by the authors and publishers.Dictionary of Organic Compounds: The Constitution and Physical and Chemical Properties of the Principal Carbon Compounds and their Derivatives, together with the relevant literature references. Vol I : New, Revised and Enlarged Edition. Abietic Acid-Dypnone. Edited by I. M. Heilbron, D.S.O., and H. M. Bunbury. With Assistant Editors, Authors, Assistant Authors and Readers. Pp. xvi + 1072. (Lon-don: Eyre and Spottiswoode (Publishers), Ltd.) L6 6s. net. Volume I has been re-written and considerably augmented. Spot-Tests for the Identification of Certain Metallic Coatings and of Certain Metals in Bulk. B. S. Evans, M.C., M.B.E., and D. G. Higgs. Pp. ii + 24. (Cambridge: W.Heffer & Sons Ltd., for Society of Public -4nalysts and Other Analytical Chemists.) 3s. 6d. net. Identification of single metals: apparatus: technique; tables of tests; use of the tables ; key table ; summary ; references. Starch and its Derivatives. J. A. Radley. Second Edition (Revised). Being Volume XI of a series of monographs on Applied Chemistry, under the Editorship of E. Howard Tripp. Pp. xii + 558. (London: Chapman and Hall, Ltd.) 1943. 36s. Part I, Structure and reactions of starch: historical; the r81e of starch in the plant; the structure of starch from chemical evidence; some physical properties of starch; the swelling and gelatinisation of starch: the r61e of the minor constituents of starch; the retrogradation of starch; starch and the hydrogen bond; the reaction of starch with iodine; ethers and esters of starch.Part 11, The manufacture of starch and starch products : root starches : cereal starches ; the oxidation of starch : glucose and maltose ;ethyl alcohol and acetone ;dextrin and British gums ; modified starches. Part 111, The industrial applications of starch and starch products : adhesives from starch and dextrin; the foodstuff industry; the paper industry; the textile industry; miscellaneous uses of starches and dextrins; utilisation of the by-products of starch manufacture; antiseptic agents and preservatives. Part IV, c 153 1 The examination and analysis of starch arid its products : general examination of starches; the determination of starch; the analysis of dextrin.Part V, Amylasesand their action on starch: General features and nomenclature of the amylases; preparation of enzymes used in the starch industry; the action of fl amylase on starch ;the action of a amylases on starch ; the action of mixtures of a and ,fl amylaseson starch ; the kinetics of amylase action ; methods of determining the activity of amylase preparations, Appendix, The photo-micrographs. Subject, and author-index. Bulletin of the Imperial Institute. Vol. XLI, No. 1. January-March, 1943, has been published as a separate number commemorating the Jubilee of the Imperial Institute and contains a record of progress relating to agricultural, mineral and other industries with special reference to the utilisation of raw materials of the Dominions, India and the Colonies.Pp, viii + 76. (London: Imperial Institute.) 2s. 6d. net. The Mond Nickel Company Ltd., has kindly forwarded to the Library of the Institute “The Nickel Bulletin,” Volume 15, 1942. “Endeavour.” No. 7 of Volume I1 of “Endcavour,” dated July, 1943, kindly presented by Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., contains inter alin an article by Dr. J. €3. Quastel, F.R.S., on “Enzymes and their Mode of Action.” The Wrought Light Alloys Development Association has published Infor- mation Bulletin, No. &Heat Treatment of the Wrought Aluminium Alloys, Part 11: Equipment. The British Standards Institution has issued B.S. 1124-1943 : Household Paint for Exterior Use; War Emergency B.S. 381C-1943: Colours for Ready Mixed Paints; War Emergency B.S.1122--1943: Painting of New Public Service Vehicles in War- Time; P.D. 116, Amendment to B.S. 771-1938: Synthetic Resin Moulding Materials and Moulding. Obituary JOHN CHARLESBURNHAM,who died at Broadstone, Dorset, on 28th June, in his 77th year, studied at Owens College, Manchester, from 1885-89. In 1888 he graduated BSc. (Vict.), in the first class, and was elected an Associate of the College in the same year. In 1889 he became an Assistant Chemist under Kellner at Woolwich Arsenal, and while holding that position also acted for some years as Assistant Chemist to the Special Committee on Explosives, under the Chairmanship of Sir Frederick Abel. In 1894 he proceeded to India, where he was for five years chemist in charge of an experi- mental cordite factory at Kirkke, before he was appointed manager at the Government, of India Explosives Factory, Nilgiris.His advice was sought by the Government on many occasions, and his services were recognised by the award of the C.S.I. In 1915 he was loaned to the Ministry of Munitions and became Director of the Board of Management and Superintendent at H.M. Factory, Gretna, which post he held until 1921. In the following year he was appointed General Works Manager of British Dyestuffs Corporation, Manchester, and retired in 1924. In 1920 he was appointed C.B.E. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1893. KENNETHDUXBURYdied in Madras, on 29th January, 1943, in his 50th year. Born at Holmfirth, Yorkshire, he was educated at Almondbury Grammar School and the Technical College, Huddersfield.He graduated B.Sc. (Lond.) and was an assistant chemist in the Technical Research Department to the British Dyestuffs Corporation . from 1915 to 1920. From 1920 to 1924 he was an assistant chemist to Messrs. Binny & Co., Madras, and in 1925 became Chief Chemist to the Natal Tanning Extract Co., Ltd., at Pietermaritzburg, South Africa, but returned to Madras in 1939. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1929. CHARLES died at St. John’s, London, S.E., on 15th June, in his 76th HENRYFIELD year. Born at Bletchley, Bucks., he studied during 1885 and 1886 under Clowes at University College, Nottingham. From 1886-88 he attended a Government School in Munich, Bavaria, but also devoted several months to gaining experience in brewing laboratories at Leipzig and Vienna, and at the Bohemian Brewers’ Institute, Prague.Returning in 1888 he worked for a few months with Graham at University College, 154 1 London, and then resumed his training under Clowes until 1890, while holding an appointment as analyst to the Nottingham Brewery Co. Later he devoted himself to private practice, specialising in brewing, malting, distilling and yeast manufacture. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1892. EDWARDJONESdied at New Malden on 21st July, at the age of 84 years. In 1878 he became assistant of Customs and Excise, serving at first in the outdoor service and, from 1881, in the Government Laboratory.After graduating B.Sc. (London), he was appointed, in 1889, to the permanent staff, and in due course was promoted to the rank of Superintending Chemist, retiring in 1920. Much of his work was associated with brewing and beer, and he received special recognition for investigations in connexion with the revision of Original Gravity of Beer Tables, completed in 1910. This work involved experimental brewings in the laboratory with examination of the wort to trace the progressive loss of gravity due to the formation of alcohol, and subsequent large scale tests in breweries. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888. DAVID MCCANDLISH died in July at Kirn, Argyllshire, at the age of 68 years. Born at Leeds, he was educated at Leeds Modern and Technical Schools and Yorkshire College.He was engaged for six years in the laboratory of Thomas Fairley, Fellow, City Analyst, and was for over 30 years head chemist and brewer at Joshua Tetley & Sons, Ltd., in the same city, retiring in 1930. He was the brother of Professor Douglas McCandlish, Head of the Leather Technology Department in the University of Leeds. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1918. WILLIAMARTHURHARRISONNAYLORdied at Beeston, Nottingham, on 30th May, in his 90th year. Educated at Glenfield House School, Doncaster, he was originally trained in pharmacy and studied at the School of the Pharmaceutical Society, gaining the silver medal for chemistry and physics and the bronze medal for practical chemistry.He became private assistant to John Moss, whom he succeeded as chemist and director of the laboratory of Messrs. Corbyn, Stacey & Co. In 1882 he joined Hearon Squire & Francis, Ltd., and continued as a director after that company was incorporated, in 1908, in British Drug Houses until his retirement in 1921. He was for some years a member of the Board of Examiners of the Pharmaceutical Society; from 1886 to 1901 he acted as General Secretary for the British Pharmaceutical Conference, of which he was President in 1905 and 1906. He contributed many papers to the British Pharma- ceutical Conference, to the Pharmaceutical Journal and other journals, and participated in editing the Pharmaceutical Formulary.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1887. FRANK RENWICKFORSTER died at Gidea Park, Essex, on 14th August, in his 67th year. Educated at the City of London School, he studied at the City and Guilds Central Technical College from 1893 to 1896, in which year he gained the Diploma of the College, A.C.G.I. He was awarded a Leathersellers’ Research Fellowship, and during the next two years worked with H. E. Armstrong on the terpenes, the results being published in the Proceedings of the Royal Society and the Journal of the Chemical Society. In 1898 he was appointed research chemist to Messrs. Ilford, Ltd., and four years later chief chemist with control of all technical processes of that company. During a brief inter- lude in the United States in 1922-1925 he directed the Redpath Laboratory of the Du Font Film Manufacturing Corporation at Parlin, New Jersey.He was the author of numerous original researches in photography, the first appearing in the Reports of the Congress of Applied Chemistry, London, 1907, the next at the Brussels Congress in 1910, and the majority of the remainder in the Journal of the Royal Photographic Society, of which Society he was Trail1 Taylor Lecturer and Medallist in 1916, Hurter and Driffield Memorial Lecturer in 1936, and was later (1927-1929) President. He was largelyresponsible for the creation of the Society‘s Scientific and Technical Group. He was co-inventor with the late Mr. B. V. Storr of processes for the concentration by colloidal precipitation of dilute photographic emulsions, and in recent times he brought into being “Multigrade” and “Kryptoscreen.” In 1930 he was elected a Fellow of the City and Guilds of London Institute, and in 1938 was awarded the ~Peligot Medal of the Socikti: FranGaise de Photographie. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1918.WILLIAMROBERTSONInformation has lately been received that ARTHUR was killed during the Japanese invasion of Burma. Born at Dublin in 1905, he was educated at the city High School and Trinity College, graduating B.A. with first class honours in experimental science in 1927, and as B.Sc. in 1928, but after being engaged for a further year on research, he entered the Indian Civil Service as a Subdivisional Officer. In [ 1551 1934 he was appointed a Subdivisional Magistrate; in 1936, a Deputy Commissioner, District Magistrate, Post Officer and Customs Collector; and in 1938, Deputy Com- missioner.He had intended to return home to resume chemistry after the war. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1937. CHARLESHAROLD SAYER died at Hatfield Heath, Herts, on 16th August, in his 67th year. Educated at Ipswich School, he studied under H. E. Armstrong at the City and Guilds of London Central Technical College from 1893 to 1897. He assisted the professor in research on derivatives of naphthalene and gained the Associateship of the College in the Division of Chemistry. From 1897 to 1903 he was attached to the staff of the analytical department of Burroughs, Wellcome &Co., at Dartford.From 1903-1905 he was chemist and assistant manager to N.S. Electric Storage Co. In 1905 he returned to Burroughs, Wellcome &Co. as technical assistant to the works manager. Until 1916 he was chemist and maintenance engineer with Vickers Ltd. at Dartford. In 1921 he obtained an appointment under the Medical Research Council, at Mount Vernon Institute, where he occupied an administrative position until his retirement in 1937. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1921. ALBERT TAYLOR died at Stockport in August, 1942, in his 58th year. Educated at Stockport Municipal Secondary School, and the Pupil Teachers’ Centre, he studied at the University of Manchester, and graduated with first-class honours in chemistry.From 1910-13 he was Science Master at the Grammar School, Earl’s Colne; from 1913-15 Chemistry Master at the Grammar School, Pontefract, and lecturer at the evening classes at the Technical School in the same town. In 1915 he joined the staff of the Clayton Aniline Co., Ltd. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1920. Coming Events Sept.11-12 INSTITUTE ADMINISTRATIONOF PUBLIC :Conference on the Administration of the Health Services, at County Hall, Westminster Bridge, London, S.E. 1. 15 BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS:Joint Meeting with Liverpool and North- Western Section of the Institute. “Problems affecting the Unity of Chemists.” Dr. A. E. Dunstan, at Reece’s, Parker Street, Liverpool, at 6.30 p.m.18-1 9 EIGHTEENTHCONFERENCEOF THE SPECIAL LIBRARIES AND INFORMATION BUREAUX(ASLIB), at the Royal Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.2, 10.30 a.m. 23 SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(London Section) :“Post-War Building :the :. Chemist’s Contribution.” Dr. E. F. Armstrong, F.R.S., at No. 1, Grosvenor Place, London, S.W.1, at 5 p.m. 28 THEINSTITUTE(Huddersfield Section) :Joint Meeting with the Local Section of the Society of Dyers and Colourists Local Section. “Modern Laundering.” Mr. F. Courtney Harwood. At Field’s Cafe, Huddersfield. OF30 INSTITUTE FUEL:“The Rational Preparation of Coal.” Dr. R. Lessing.At the Institution of Electrical Engineers, Victoria Embankment, London, W.C.2, at 5.30 p.m. Oct. OF14 INSTITUTEFUEL: Dr..E. S. Grumell, C.B.E., Melchett Lecture; Dr. E. W. Smith, C.B.E., Presidential Address. At the Connaught Rooms, Great Queen Street, London, W.C.2, at 2.30 p.m. OF18 INSTITUTEFUEL(North-Eastern Section): “The Need for Industrial and Scientific Co-operation.” Mr. J. G. Bennett. At the Central Station Hotel, Newcastle upon Tyne, at 5.30 p.m. Nov. 9 THE INSTITUTE(Huddersfield Section): Dr. L. H. Lsmpitt. At Field’s Cafe, Huddersfield. 10-1 1 BRITISHCOAL UTILISATION ASSOCIATIONRESEARCH :Conference on Problems in the Utilisation of small Coals. At the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Storey’s Gate, London, S.W. 1, at 2.30 p.m. [1561 The Register Since the publication of Part I11 of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,6 new Fellows have been admitted, 31 Associates have been admitted to the Fellowship, 81 new Associates have been elected, 3 Associates have been re-elected, and 23 new Students have been admitted.The Council regrets to record the deaths of 6 Fellows and 4 Associates. Allen, Leslie Alfred, M.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.).Bulmer, Reginald. Dreyfus, Henry, Ph.D. (Bade). Holmes, Norman Limon. New Fellows (Reading), Pollitt, Alan Ashton, M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.) . Suckling, Ernest Victor, M.B., B.S. (Lond.), M.R.C.S. (Eng.), L.R.C.P. (Lond.), D.P.H. Associates elected to the Fellowship Allen, Frank Laurence, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.),Allister, Charles Fulton, BSc. (Lond.), A.H.-W.C. Ballard, William Edward. Bean, Cecil Morris, BSc., Ph.D. (Lond.). Blayden, Herbert Edward, B.Sc.(Lond.). Blow, Claude Montague, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.).Calvert, John Thornton, M.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), M.S. (Mass.). Clayton, Herbert Roy, BSc. (Manc.). Davis, John Edward. Denston, Tom Clifford, B.Pharm. (Lond.), Ph.C. Garner, Walter, M.Sc. (Leeds). Goss, Frank Robert, Ph.D., D.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C. Harrison, Charles Frederick Reed, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Birm.), Hunter, John Bell, A.H.-W.C. Javes, Archie Ronald, B.Sc. (Lond.). Kelly, Hugh Edward. Miller, Samuel Aaron, M.Sc., B.Sc. (Oxon.), Ph.D. (Leeds). Mitchell, Thomas James, Ph.D. (Glas.), A.R.T.C. Moss, William Henry, B.Sc. (Manc.). Norwood, Arthur Frederick Bernard, R.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.M. Pyke, Magnus,B.Sc. (McGill) ,Ph.D. (Lond.).Ramage, George Rowntree, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Dunelm).,Rule, Tom Edgar, A.M.1.Chem.E. Sampson, Philip Thomas, BSc. (Lond.). Scorah, Leslie Vivian Donald, MSc. (Sheffield). Shennan, Robert John, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.).Somers, Arthur Joseph, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. Spilman, George Herbert. Stanier, Harold, B.A. (Cantab.). Wilkin, George Angus Cameron, B.Sc. (N.U.I.), A.R.C.Sc.1. Wylic, Andrew Robertson, A.H.-W.C. New Associates Bailey, Ronald, BSc. (Lond.). Barker, Leslie, B.Sc. (Leeds). Blanco, John Rodriguez, B.Sc. (Lond.) . Bloomfield, Kenneth Vincent, B.Sc. (Lond.). Bolton, William, M.Sc. (Dunelm). Bridge, Allan Clare, BSc. (Liv.). Brigg, Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., Dip.Ed. (Oxon.). Butler, Ernest. Carpenter, William George David.Chaplin, Stanley, B.Sc. (Lond.). Chapman, William Bernard. Corbell, Harry Ernest, B.A. (Cantab.). Curlet, Alexander Shearer, B.Sc. (Glas.),A.R.T.C. Edgcombe, Leslie Johns, B.Sc. (Lond.).Evans, Alfred Alexander, B.Sc. (Lond.). Fastier, Frederick Noel, M.Sc. (N.Z.). Fletcher, Norman, B.Sc. (Dunelm). Foley, Finbarr Michael, B.Sc. (N.U.I.) Gollin, Alban William James, B.Sc. (Lond.).Gough, Cyril Maynard, B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.).Gray, William Archer, B.Sc. (Lond.). Greenwood, Ernest Leslie. Gregson, Harry, B.Sc. (Lond.). Hall, George Edwin, B.Sc. (Leeds). Hatfull, Ronald Stanley. Hayes, John Wilfred Ellis, B.Sc. (Lond.). Heddle, W'illiam James, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Edin.).Hill, Henry, B.Sc. (Q.U.B.). Holt, Arthur, B.Sc.(Lond.). Hooper, Patrick Joseph, MSc. (N.U.I.). Howie, John Alexander MacGregor, B.Sc. (Glas.), A. R.T. C. Hutt, Ronald, B.Sc. (Lond.). Jamrack, William Douglas, B.Sc. (Manc.) . Jayaraman, Narayanaswamy, D. Sc. (Madras). [ 1,571 Jenkins, Douglas Morgan, B.Sc. (Wales). Kaye, Maurice Arthur George. Kench, James Edward, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Bris.) . King, Harold Campbell, B.Sc. (Lond.). Laithwaite, Horace, M.Sc. (Sheffield). Leslie, Ronald. Lewis, Frank Basil, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), D.I.C. Lloyd, Douglas Mathon Gent, B.Sc. (Bris.).Manson, Miss Margaret Mimie, B.Sc. (Aberd.).Marvin, Denys Nicol. McKee, James Hunter, B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.).Mercer, Donald, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Liv.). Mills, Eric Oliver, BSc. (Lond.). Morgan, David Cecil, B.Sc.(Wales). Neal, Ronald Stephen, B.Sc. (Lond.). Nisbet, Alexander, B.Sc. (Glas.) . O’Driscoll, William George, B.A. (T.C.D.) . Oglethorpe, Charles Christopher, B.Sc. (Lond.).Pike, Gordon Arthur William, BSc. (Lond.) , A. R.C.S. Plesch, Peter Hariolf, B.A. (Cantab.). Preston, Laurence Neville, B.Sc. (Dunelm). Quennell, Miss Kathleen, B.Sc. (Lond.). Rankin, Irvine Giles, B.Sc. (Lond.). Ritchie, Patrick Dunbar, BSc., Ph.D. (St. Andrews). Roberts, Fred, B.Sc. (Leeds). Saharia, Gobind Swaruop, B.Sc. (Agra), MSc., Ph.D. (Aligarh).Savage, William Kerr. Scaife, Charles William, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.),Smith, Arthur Ernest Wilder, BSc., Ph.D. (Reading). Spivey, Arthur Marshall, B.Sc. (Leeds). Stewart, William Gray, B.Sc.(Glas.). Strachan, Mark Noel, B.Sc. (Lond.),A.R.C.S. Stuffins, Charles Bennett. Tanner, Miss Elsie May, B.Sc. (Lond.). Thomas, William, B.Sc., M.B., B.S. (Lond.), M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P. Tomkinson, Frederic Eric, M.A., B.Sc. (Liv.) . Tunnah, George William, B.A. (Oxon.). Vincent, Donald, B.Sc. (Leeds). Walker, John Geoffrey. Watson, Hubert Richard, B.Sc. (Leeds). Watson, Walter, B.Sc. (Manc.). West, Peter John, B.A. (Oxon.).Wilkinson, John Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.). Williams, Harry Leverne, B.A., M.Sc. (W. Ontario), Ph.D. (McGill). Williamson, Arthur Rayner, B.Sc. (Lond.). Wood, Reginald. Woolman, Aubrey Maurice, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C. Re-elected Associates Hunt, Leslie Bernard, M.Sc., Ph.D. Scott, Stuart Paynter, B.A.(Cape Town). (Lond.), A.R.C.S. Sparkes, William Henry, B.Sc. (Wales). New Students Ashworth, John. Lewis, Edward Joseph. Blaxill, Derrick Ernest. Marshall, Robert Pattison. Butt, Leonard Thomas. McCann, Owen Francis. Cochrane, Alfred Lorraine. Minshall, Eric. Dare, Denis William. Norris, Alan Hedley. Davies, Isidore. Strickland, John Douglas Hipwell. Durrant, Hector Marshall. Sumner, Kenneth Granville. Haigh, Norman. Turner, Leonard. Hollis, Frank. Whitaker, William. Jefferson, Frank. Whitworth, Thomas Alan. Latter, Ralph William. Williams, Hugh Thomas. Lawrie, James. CHANGE OF NAME Miss Marion Nesbitt Sloan to Mrs. Marion Nesbitt Congreve,-on her marriage. John Charles Burnham, C.S.I., B.Sc. (Vict.). Charles Henry Field.Edward Jones, BSc. (Lond.). DEATHS Fellows C.B.E. David McCandlish. William Arthur Harrison Naylor, Ph.C. Frank Forster Renwick, F.C.G.I. Associates Kenneth Duxbury, BSc. (Lond.). Harold Charles Sayer, A.C.G.I. Arthur William Robertson, B.A., B.Sc. Albert Taylor, B.Sc. (Vict.). (T.C.D.). [ 1581 General Notices Examinations, 1944.-An Examination for the Associateship of the Royal Institute will be held in January, and Examinations for the Associateship and Fellowship in April, 1944. Candidates who wish to present themselves in January should complete their applications so that they be received at the Institute not later than Monday, 8th November, 1943. Arrangements will be notified to candidates whose applications are accepted.Associates who desire to present themselves for examination for the Fellowship in April, 1944, should forward their applications for consideration, and will be notified of future arrangements in due course. Active Service.-Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who are on active service with the Navy, Army and Air Force are requested to notify the Registrar of the Institute, giving such particulars as may be permissible, as to their rank, unit, etc. Notice to Associates.-Regulations and forms of application for the Fellowship can be obtained from the Registrar. Libraries.-The Library of the Institute is available to Fellows, Associates and Registered Students from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. on weekdays (except Saturdays: 10 a.m.to 1 p.m.); the Library of the Chemical Society is available for those wishing to consult or borrow books from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. (except Saturdays: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m.). Books may be borrowed from the Science Library, Science Museum, South Kensington, S.W.7, on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary of the Institute. Information regarding facilities afforded to members by Boots Booklovers’ Library and by Lewis’ Lending Library can also be obtained from the Registrar. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As the slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their require- ments at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used.Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize.-Registered Students are informed that the Council will be prepared to consider the award, in January 1944, of a Medal and Prize (L10 10s.) for the best essay not exceeding 3000 words contributed by a Registered Student of not more than 22 years of age at the time of forwarding the essay. The essay may deal with any subject having a bearing on chemistry or chemical work provided that it does not deal with any purely chemical, technical or historical subject. The object of the essay is to induce Students to develop a sense of professional public spirit and to devote thought to questions of professional interest and to the position of chemists in the life of the community. Essays will be valued partly for literary style and technique, but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein. Each essay must be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the Local Section of the dis- trict in which the competitor resides (see list of Local Sections at the end of the Journal)not later than 31st December, 1943, and must be accompanied by a signed declaration that it is the independent work of the contributor. The Committee of each Local Section will be asked to select from those received not more than three essays considered to be worthy of the award. The selected essays will be referred to Assessors appointed by the Council, on whose report the Council will decide whether and to whom an award shall be made.The award will not be made more than once to any individual competitor. The Medal and Prize will be presented at the next Annual General Meeting or at a meeting of the Local Section to which the successful competitor is attached.Lectures.-Dr. Dorothy Jordan Lloyd’s lecture on “Leather” will be issued with this Part of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. Professor J. W. Cook, F.R.S., Member of Council, has kindly consented to give a lecture before the Institute on “Chemistry and Cancer” in November. Further particulars will be announced in due course. Dr. P. A. Houseman, Fellow, who has been for many years engaged in industry in New Jersey, U.S.A., has kindly consented to prepare a Streatfeild Memorial Lecture on the subject “Licorice: Putting a Weed to Work.” As Dr. Houseman will be unable to deliver the lecture personally, arrangements will be made for it to be read on his behalf.Particulars will bc notified in due course. r 159 1 Fellowship Examination in Water Supply and Treatment.-The Council has decided to add to the examinations for the Fellowship a new Branch,.namely, I-Water Supply and the Treatment of Sewage and Trade Effluents, for which the syllabus is as follows:- Topographical consideration of sources of water supplies; chemical and physical examination of water, sewage and trade effluents : biology, including bacteriology, microbiology and microscopy of water, sewage and trade effluents : elementary know- ledge of the causation and prevention of waterborne diseases, including those due to bacterial infection, plumbism, fluorosis, etc.Water treatment processes,-filtration, chlorination, softening-for drinking and domestic purposes, for industrial and boiler feed water, corrosion of pipes, etc. Acquaintance with the layout of reservoirs, distributing systems, works for purification treatment of water, sewage and trade effluents, swimming pools, etc.; general knowledge of the law relating to water and sewage; the economics of water treatment. Candidates will be expected to produce evidence that they have received adequate training and have acquired sufficient experience covering the whole syllabus, but the papers will contain alternative questions and the Examiners will bear in mind the experience of each candidate in assessing his knowledge of the more specialised parts of the syllabus. Associateship and Fellowship.-In July, by direction of the Council, aleaflet was issued to Associates of at least seven years’ standing, stating that the Council had had under consideration the desirability of making provision for the election of Associates as Members of Council, a question on which opinions were by no means unanimous.Many held that only chemists of standing and experience who had attained the Fellow- ship should be eligible to manage the affairs of the Institute, that Fellows were as keenly alive to the interests of the Associates as the latter were themselves, and that all members alike were entitled to bring matters to the Council. The question arose why so many Associates had not proceeded to the Fellowship and thus rendered themselves eligible for election to the Council.The Fellowship confers prestige on those who are in control of staffs of chemists and of laboratories and works, and statistics show that the average Fellow receives remuneration, age for age, in excess of the average Associate, an excess which increases in the higher range of ages.The Regulations require an Associate who desires to apply for the Fellowship either to pass an examination in his own branch of work or to produce evidence- (a) That he has carried out original research of sufficient merit; (b) That he has devised processes or inventions of sufficient merit; (c) That, having been engaged in important analytical, industrial, consulting, or other work of a general or specialised character, he is, in the opinion of the Council, possessed of sufficient knowledge and ability. It was thought that many Associates might not realise that the Council, in accordance with its interpretation of the Regulations, gives credit for professional success and promotion. The Council requested the Associates concerned to state on an enclosed pre-paid postcard, to which no signature was required, why they had not applied for Fellowship and to return the card to the Registrar. It was desired to ascertain whether the Associate was not prepared to sit an exami- nation, or felt that he was not able to produce the evidence of qualification required by the Regulations, or was not prepared to pay the prescribed fees (Entrance Fee A5 Ss., Assessment Fee i3 3s. plus Annual Subscription increase of 10s. 6d.) or for any other reason. ‘(The Entrance Fee for Associates is now i3 3s. in all cases, and the non- returnable fee payable by a candidate applying for the Fellowship without Examination is L5 5s.) The replies, which are very varied, are being collated and a report thereon will be published in due course. The Royal Institute and Post-War Reconstruction.--In view of the con-sideration being given to problems of post-war reconstruction and the obviously important part which chemists can take in promoting the interests and welfare of the community, steps have been taken to remind the appropriate Departments of State of the organisation of the Institute, as representing a body of trained and competent professional chemists available for the service of the country, its industry and com- merce, and available to Government Departments in accordance with the provisions of its Royal Charter for advice and opinion on matters relating to the profession of chemistry. [ 1601