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THE EDUCATION AND TRAINING OF CHEMISTS REPORT OF THE CHEMISTRY EDUCATION ADVISORY BOARD Published by THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY, 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, LONDON, w.c.1. January, 1944 Chemistry Education Advisory Board A. Findlay, M.A., D.Sc., F.I.C., Emeritus Professor of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen ; President, Royal Institute of Chemistry(Chairman).H. V. A. Briscoe, D.Sc., F.I.C., Professor of Inorganic Chemistry, Imperial College of Science and Technology, London. R. R. Butler, MSc., F.I.C., Principal, City Technical College, Liver- pool.J. W. Cook, D.Sc., F.I.C., F.R.S., Regius Professor of Chemistry,University of Glasgow.. E. H. Coulson, M.Sc., A.R.C.S., County High School, Braintree, Essex. E. G. Couzens, B.Sc., A.R.C.S., B.X.Plastics, Ltd.. H. W. Cremer, M.Sc., M.I.Chem.E., F.I.C., Sir Alexander Gibb and Partners. Wm. Cullen, LL.D., M.I.Chem.E.*, F.I.C., Chairman of Council, Society of Chemical Industry. A. E. Dunstan, D.Sc., M.I.Chem.E., F.I.C., Chief Chemist, Anglo Iranian Oil Co. F. Fairbrother, DSc., Reader in' Inorganic Chemistry, University of Manchest er . G. Fowles, M.Sc., A.I.C., Senior Science Master, Latymer UpperSchool; Chairman, Science Masters' Association. D. L. Hammick, M.A., Tutor, Oriel College, Oxford. L. A. Jordan, D.Sc., M.I.Chem.E., F.I.C., Director, Research Association of British Paint, Colour and Varnish Manufacturers. A. J. Kieran, Ph.D., F.I.C., Messrs. Lever Bros. W. F. Lutyens, B.A., Director, Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd.A. McCulloch, M.Sc., A.I.C., Lecturer, College of Technology, Man- Chester. H. B. Nisbet, D.Sc., Ph.D., F.I.C., Lecturer, Heriot-Watt College,Edinburgh.J. A. Oriel, M.C., M.A., B.Sc., M.I.Chem.E., F.I.C., General Manager, Shell Refining and Marketing Co., Ltd. Chief Chemist, Asiatic Petroleum Co., Ltd. H. V. Potter, B.Sc., M.I.Chem.E., F.I.C., Director, Bakelite, Ltd. E. K. Rideal, M.B.E., F.I.C., F.R.S., Professor of Colloid Science, University of Cambridge. E. A. Rudge, Ph.D., F.I.C., Head of the Department of Science, West Ham Municipal Technical College. R. E. Slade, D.Sc., M.I.Chem.E., F.I.C., Research Manager, Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd. R. W. Stott, M.A., Senior Science Master, Rugby School. A.M. Ward, D.Sc., F.I.C., Principal, Technical College, Guildford. Wm. Wardlaw, DSc., F.I.C., Professor of Chemistry, Birkbeck College.R. Leslie Collett, M.A., F.I.C., Assistant Secretary, Royal Institute of Chemistry (Secretary). Report of the Chemistry Education Advisory Board I. The publication of the Government White Paper entitled “Edu- cational Reconstruction,’’ and the issue of several reports by Government Committees, by professional institutions and by other bodies, have led to a great increase in public interest in educational subjects. 2. In June, 1943, a Conference was called by the Royal Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland, which was attended by represen- tatives of the following organisations :-Association of University Teachers.Chemical Society. Royal Institute of Chemistry. Science Masters’ Association. Society of Chemical Industry. 3. At this Conference a CHEMISTRYEDuCilTIoN ADVISORYBOARD was set up to consider all aspects of education in chemistry; two nominees of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers being later co-opted as members of the Board to represent employers. CHEMISTRYIN SCHOOLS. A. Up to the age of 15 (or 16). 4. The Chemistry Education Advisory Board welcomes the expression of opinion by the Norwood Committee that a study of Natural Science should find a place in the education of all pupils. Provided such study is made effective, even the pupil who may later adopt chemistry as a career, need, at this period, be taught no more science than is regarded as desirable as part of a sound and well-balanced general education.For such a pupil, an increase of “factual” scientific knowledge is less important than the development of intelligence, integrity of character, adaptability and the desire for more knowledge. 5. So far as the methods of instruction in Natural Science are con- cerned, the Board agrees generally with the views expressed in the Report of the Norwood Committee (p. 108). While, however, it may be that “General Science” forms the most suitable method of approach in the early stages of the study of Natural Science (and on this point we express no strong opinion), we recognise, as does the Norwood Committee, that success in arousing the interest of a pupil in the phenomena of nature and of creating the right attitude to scientific enquiry, depends very largely on the teacher.It is of importance, therefore, that a considerable degree of freedom should be given to the teacher to adapt his instruction according to the circumstances of his pupils, his own interests and his surroundings. 6. Whatever method or methods of instruction in Natural Science may be adopted, the aim of such instruction must be not so much to impart a knowledge of facts (although a firm basis of factual knowledge is essential), as to give a training in scientific method and to inculcate the spirit of science. One must seek to stimulate the desire to know as well as to train the faculty of observation, the ability to measure accurately and the power to co-ordinate and reason from the results of observation and experiment.Provision, therefore, must be made for observation in the field and for experimental work in the laboratory. 7. At not too late a stage in his course, the pupil should be made acquainted with the classification of the sciences or the grouping together of the facts, laws and theories relating to different aspects of the external world. He will thus be led, quite naturally, towards the more specialised study of those different branches of science which he may undertake in later years at school or elsewhere. 8. The White Paper envisages the existence of three types of secon- dary school-Grammar, Modern and Technical-which need not, however, be institutions separate and apart; and the suggestion is made that at the age of 11 + and again at the age of 13+, pupils should, after an assessment of their individual aptitudes and examination of their school, records, etc., be allocated to one of the three types of secondary school for their further education.Facilities, we are glad to note, will be provided for transfer to a different type of education, if the original choice proves to have been unsuitable. 9. As a Chemistry Education Advisory Board we are concerned with the education and training of the future chemist and we feel it necessary to point out the danger which exists of serious misdirection into a par-ticular type of school not only through a wrong assessment of aptitudes or ability, but through insufficient knowIe'ctge and appreciation of pro- fessional requirements and of the educational needs of the practising chemist.Recruitment for the higher branches of the chemical profession, not only on the academic but also on the industrial side, is mainly through the Universities and Higher Technical Colleges, and it is therefore of importance that all those who give promise of rising to the higher grades of the profession should enter one of the schools, the curricula of which lead naturally' to a University or Higher Technical College. 10. The education and training of those pupils who will leave school at the minimum school leaving age in order to enter industry will be dealt with later, but it may be accepted that for them a practical type of instruction will generally be the most appropriate.In such an environment, it may be, their particular ability will find its best realisation. If, however, industry is to gain the better educated and more intelligent recruits of which it will so greatly stand in need, a broad general and scientific education must be given. Moreover, since ability may find its best realisation only after many years, the instruction must be of such a kind as will enable suitable pupils to pass naturally to more advanced work and to gain the highest qualification, pro-fessional or industrial, of which they are capable. (See also para. 38.) 11. Internal and External Examinations at Age 15 (16).-The Norwood.Committee envisages that eventually the present School Certificate examination, conducted by external authorities, will disappear and be replaced by a purely internal certificate granted by the authorities of the school and based on their estimate of the pupil's ability and on 4 his school record. The arguments in favour of and against the external school certificate examination have been fully reviewed in the Report of the Norwood Committee, and we do not regard it as within our province to discuss the matter here at length. In our opinion, the acceptance of an internal certificate by a professionally qualifying body, such as the Royal Institute of Chemistry, will doubtless depend on the precautions taken to safeguard, and the success of such precautions in safeguarding, the standard of the certificate.12. At the minimum school leaving age many pupils, whether they have gained the proposed School Certificate or not, will leave school and will enter industry; but it is not necessarily advisaole that they should do so. They should rather be encouraged, if they show sufficient ability, to remain at school until they reach the age of 18. The best opportunities will thereby be given to them of reaching the higher ranks of the profession as soon as possible. The further education and training of those who leave school at the minimum school leaving age is considered in paras. 28-40 of this report. B. Post-School CertiJicate Years. 13. With the passing of the School Certificate stage, the intellectual interests of the pupils will become more clearly developed, and pupils will divide themselves into those whose main intellectual interests are literary and non-scientific, and those who desire to take up the special study of science.(a) Non-scientijc pupils.14. Even if instruction in science takes its place in the education of all pupils up to the age of 15 or 16, it should not end there, but should be continued also in the later years at school. It is, in our opinion, a matter of great importance, not only for our future industrial prosperity, but also for the material welfare of the people, that those, more especially, who will afterwards become leaders in industry and commerce, civil servants and administrators, should become more fully imbued with the spirit of science and should gain both a fuller appreciation of the scientific method and a greater understanding of the power of scientific knowledge and research.The kind of instruction in Natural Science, including chemistry, to be given to those whose main interests are not scientific, will depend to some extent on the kind of instruction given in the pre- school certificate years, and also on the outlook and general interests of the teacher. The course should have as one of its main purposes the appreciation of the values and uses of science, and should not be over- burdened with detail. To make such courses of instruction successful will certainly not be easy, and much will depend not only on the science master, but also on the sympathetic support of the Headmaster and on his conviction of the importance of such instruction.15. Since the time available for such instruction must necessarily be restricted, and since the field of instruction is very extensive, we desire to record the opinion that for those pupils who are studying Natural Science as a part of general culture rather than as a part of technical training, practical work in the laboratory need not be required. We are convinced that it is possible to lay a very valuable basis of scientific culture and to inculcate the spirit of science without the pupil himself 5 engaging in experimental work; and it has to be borne in mind that the time consumed in practical work, if insisted on, may lead, in the case of the pupils under consideration, to the abandonment of instruction in Natural Science altogether .16. It may be pointed out that the courses of instruction in Natural Science designed, more especially, for pupils of humanistic studies, in which ideas, appreciation and understanding rather than information are predominant, could also, with advantage, form part of the instruction given to the pupils specialising in Natural Science. The demands made on the time of the teacher in the preparation for such courses and for their experimental illustration will be great, and adequate allowance for this must be made. (b) Pu$ils specialising in Science. 17. In the case of pupils who desire to specialise in Natural Science, the greater part of the school time must necessarily be devoted to instruction in science, and emphasis will also be laid on particular branches of science.In all such courses it is our view that less importance should be attached to the learning of facts and more to the development of the powers of observation and of inductive and deductive reasoning. By such courses a pupil will be better prepared either for continuing his studies at a university, or for entering industry. We strongly support, moreover, the many criticisms which have, during many years, been put forward, of the too narrow and too intensive specialisation in science in the post-school certificate courses. In our opinion, some means must be found for giving to students of chemistry, as of other branches of science, a wider basis of general culture on which to build their intellectual life.Not only should the scope of instruction in Natural Science itself be widened by the inclusion of both physical and biological science, but, as has been recommended by the Board of Education, at least one-third of the school time should be allotted to the study of English, languages, history or other subjects of general culture. 18. In the case of English, attention should be paid to literature rather than to language, and emphasis should be laid on cultivating the power of lucid expression. Teachers of science, also, should ensure that this matter is not neglected during the periods devoted to instruction in science, for example, by prescribing essays on scientific subjects.19. It may be emphasised here that for those who intend to become professionally qualified chemists, ability to translate intelligently from French and German is of importance and is required for the qualification of the Royal Institute of Chemistry. SCHOLARSHIPSUNIVERSITY AND BURSARIES. 20. It has long been recognised that the unduly rigid and intensive specialisation in the post-school certificate years has mainly been brought about by the requirements of the University Scholarship examinations in England and Wales. We support wholeheartedly the views expressed by the Nonvood Committee (p. 111) regarding the urgent need for a remodelling of these scholarship examinations.If, as we have recom- mended, the whole basis of the education-general and special-of the science pupil is to be broadened, the requirements of the scholarship 6 examinations must similarly be broadened. Moreover, unless the scholar- ship examination is to take into account and give credit for not only the special scientific ability but also the general education of the candidate, the efforts to lay a broader foundation of general culture which will fit the specialist in science, with wide outlook and sound judgment, to take his place more effectively in industry and in the life of the community, willbe largely defeated. Merely to include subjects of general culture in the school curriculum without giving due weight to them in the scholar- ship examination, would not prove effective.21. We would point out that, in the ancient Universities of Scotland, the requirements of their entrance bursary examinations have been conceived on the broader basis which is here recommended. It is recog- nised that the educational conditions in England are different from those in Scotland, but we believe that the Scottish system of awarding bursaries at entrance to the Universities might, with any necessary modifications, be advantageously extended to the Universities of England and Wales. THE HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE. 22. The requirements of the Higher School Certificate examination and the acceptance of a pass in this examination as exempting from attendance on the first year’s course at most of the Universities in England,must also bear part of the responsibility for the undue specialisation in the post-school certificate years at school.If the broader scheme of education for science pupils, with a necessarily somewhat lower standard of attain- ment in individual subjects, is to be adopted, the requirements of the Higher School Certificate must be correspondingly modified ; and, as recommended in the case of the university scholarship examinations, the non-scientific subjects must not only be included in the curriculum of the science specialist, but must be given their due weight in the examin- ation. We are of opinion, also, that exemption from attendance on the first year’s course at the University is undesirable.The conditions and methods of study at a University are different from those at school. The first year’s courses should be regarded as and should be planned so as to form an integral part of the university course in science for the Bachelor’s degree, and they cannot be dispensed with without damage to the intellectual development of the student. We therefore recommend that the first year’s course should be taken by all university students of chemistry. In order to ensure continuity of study and to avoid undesirable overlapping of work, we would recommend that there should be more frequent and effective consultation between school and university teachers. CHEMISTRYIN THE UNIVERSITIES. 23. While reading for a university degree, the intending chemist should continue to educate himself on broad lines. The University or Technical College should not be regarded merely as a classroom and laboratory.The student of chemistry should have time not only to read and think about his specialist studies, but also to mix with men studying other subjects than his own and thereby broaden his general intellectual interests and enlarge his outlook. Time-table requirements, therefore, which are especially onerous in the case of students of science should 7 be adjusted so as to make possible participation in the general intel- lectual, social and recreational life of the University or CoUege. 24. For the award of an ordinary or pass degree (B.A. or B.Sc.) in science, full time attendance at a University for a period of three years (or, in special cases, an equivalent period of part-time attendance) should be regarded as necessary, and attendance on the first year’s course should, as was recommended above, be compulsory.The student who desires to specialise in chemistry should, besides pursuing the study of chemistry during all three years, include in his university curriculum the study of at least two other branches of science. In some Universities, at the present time, students of physical science are required to include a biological science in their curriculum of study. Such a curriculum, in which four branches of science are studied, is well adapted to fit the graduate for the teaching of science in schools.25. For an Honours degree in chemistry, a minimum period of four years of full-time study should be required. 26. In some cases, a student, instead of pursuing an Honours course in pure chemistry, may desire to pursue an Honours course in some branch of applied chemistry. In all cases, such study should follow on a course in pure science up to at least pass degree standard. 27. Honours graduates of sufficient promise should, in general,devote one or more years to training in research. For those who intend to adopt an academic or research career, such training is essential. (See also para. 43.) THEEDUCATION OF INDUSTRIALAND TRAINING CHEMISTSAND CHEMICAL ABOVE THE MINIMUM SCHOOLTECHNICIANS LEAVINGAGE. 28. The Chemistry Education Advisory Board believes that it is of importance to emphasise that industry requires and can make use of, for administration, research, laboratory and process operations, etc., not only one type but many types of chemists, chemical assistants and chemical technicians, whose education and training may vary greatly and proceed along diverse lines.Thus, those who are engaged in chemical industry and in other industries in which at least some background of chemical education is needed or desirable, may be divided broadly into the following groups :-PROFESSIONALGRADES. I. Directors of Chemical Works ; Works or Departmental Managers ; Directors of Research. 11. Research Chemists ; Assistant Managers. 111. Assistant Research and Analytical Chemists.NON-PROFESSIONALGRADES. IV. A. (i) Senior Chemical Assistants. (ii) Junior Chemical Assistants (mainly engaged in junioranalytical posts). B. Chemical Technicians employed in a wide range of industries such as the Dyeing, Bleaching, Printing, Leather Manu- facture, Coke Oven, Food and Metallurgical Industries. 8 C. Chemical Works Operatives, e.g. process workers employed in actual chemical works. 29. Opportunity and suitable educational facilities should be pro- vided to enable a worker beginning his career in any one of the lower grades to pass to a higher grade and to attain the highest qualification and professional position to which he may aspire and for which he shows himself fitted. It has, however, to be recognised as a fact that, within each group, there is a certain “intellectual ceiling” or level of capability above which many are unable to rise.PART-TIME UP TO THE AGE OF IS.EDUCATION 30. It must be accepted that, for one reason or another, many pupils who desire to adopt chemistry as a career will leave school at the minimum leaving age of 15 (or 16),to take up work in chemical lab- oratories or in works. The Chemistry Education Advisory Board welcomes, therefore, the statement in the White Paper that it is the intention of the Government that there shall be compulsory part-time education up to the age of 18 at “young people’s colleges.” The nature of this educa- tion, whether general or vocational, or partly general and partly vocational, is of importance.Since in some, perhaps in many cases, employers may desire that their chemical assistants should, as soon as possible, engage in studies more directly connected with their daily work, it may happen that some of these will later find themselves debarred from professional advancement, owing to deficiencies in their general or scientific education. To avoid this, the special requirements of young chemists should, at the minimum school leaving age,be reviewed and care taken in assessing their abilities and in giving guidance with regard to their further education and training. Those who give such guidance should have a knowledge not only of the require- ments of and the existing conditions in industry, but also of the regu- lations governing the entrance, as full-time students, into the Universities or entrance on courses leading to an External Degree of the University of London.They should also be familiar with the requirements of the professionally qualifying body, the Royal Institute of Chemistry. 31. Advisory Committees.-While the giving of vocational and educational guidance is part of the duty of the teacher or headmaster, we recommend that, in the larger centres, advisory committees be set up consisting of representatives of the Schools, of Universities and/or Technical Colleges, of chemists in industry and of the‘ Royal Institute of Chemistry. Such committees could give valuable assistance in assessing the aptitudes of and in giving guidance regarding further education and training to pupils about to leave school and to enter industry.32. The Advisory Committees should also be available for assessing the qualifications and ability of part-time students above the minimum school leaving age and for giving guidance regarding the nature of the educational course, general and/or vocational, which they should follow. Power also might be given to the Advisory Committees to recommend suitable part-time students for the award of scholarships or bursaries to enable them to continue their education at a University or Technical College. The Advisory Committees, further, would be in a position to 9 offer valuable advice on the provision of part-time teachers, especially of technical subjects, and regarding the syllabuses of technical courses.33. Chemical Technicians and Chemical Works Operatives. Besides those who are entirely or mainly engaged in carrying out chemical opera- tions and who may properly aspire to some recognised status as chemists, there are, in many industries, young employees and skilled or semi-skilled craftsmen for the satisfactory carrying out of whose work a know-ledge of chemistry and of chemical technique is essential, but for whom a high standasd of academic attainment in the science is neither called for nor expected. These groups of workers are distinct from those described above as Chemical Assistants. Only in exceptional cases will such workers aspire to any grade of professional status. 34. For the part-time education of such workers various colleges throughout the country provide courses designed to prepare junior employees for work in connection with particular industries.A number of firms, also, have drawn up schemes of instruction which they regard as specially suitable for their own particular industry, and “works schools ” have in some cases been established in which this special instruction is given. For entry on such courses, whether given in “works schools,” or in technical institutions, school certificate standard of general education is rarely required. Although, in the first, and often in the second year of these part-time courses, chemistry, physics and mathematics are taught, imtruction in the later years is mainly confined to technological subjects bearing directly on particular industries.35. For the groups of workers under consideration, that is for chemical technicians and works operatives in industries in which no high standard of scientific knowledge is required, such courses of instruct- ion may be of great value. For such workers good opportunities exist to rise to positions as foremen and departmental supervisors of process work; and if they later develop administrative ability they may reach more responsible positions as works managers. While the nature and extent of chemical or other scientific knowledge which should be possessed by technicians and operatives varies considerably in different industries, it is of great importance for the future prosperity of our industries that the standard of education, general, scientific and technical, of all workers in industry should be raised, and this, indeed, is one of the main reasons for raising the minimum school leaving age and for the introduction of compulsory part-time education up to the age of 18.We would therefore urge very strongly that ,whether the part-time courses are given in “works schools,” approved for this purpose by the Board of Education, or are given in central technical institutions, those who attend these courses, and especially those who, in the words of the White Paper, are “anxious to equip themselves more fully to advance in life” and who may aspire to rise to posts of managerial responsibility, should be encouraged to work for such nationally recognised certificates as the National Certificates in Chemistry and/or the Certificates of the City and Guilds of London Institute. Clearly, the courses of instruction provided must be such as will enable them to do so.36. Although the more specialised vocational or technologicalcourses referred to in the preceding paragraphs are of value for the 10 training of technicians and operatives in a particular industry and, more especially, in industries in which only a limited knowledge of chemistry or other science is required, the purpose for which these courses are designed should be borne in mind by those who have the responsibility of guiding the education and training of the younger industrial workers who may have to leave school at the minimum school leaving age, The position also should be made clear to the younger workers themselves, more especially to those in the predominantly chem- ical industries.(See para. 37.) 37. Chemical Assistants. Besides the group of chemical technicians and operatives, there is another important group of junior workers who may be referred to as chemical assistants. These are engaged in carrying out chemical operations of an essential, even if often of a routine character. Many of these junior workers definitely desire to adopt a chemical career and will naturally aspire to attaining some recognised grade of chemist. The abler ones will look forward to reaching pro- fessional status. For such workers a higher standard of general and scientific knowledge is required than for those who have been classed as technicians and operatives, and facilities must be offered to them to fit them for promotion to higher posts on the chemical side of industry and to attain professional status.For such workers the more purely technological courses, designed for chemical technicians and operatives in various industries, are not adequate. In not a few cases in the past, younger workers in chemical and allied industries, who had been directed into such courses, have later, to their great disappointment, found themselves debarred from advancement towards professionalstatus owing to deficiencies in their general or scientific education. 38. The Chemistry Education Advisory Board is strongly of opinion that pupils who leave school at the minimum school leaving age and enter industry or chemical laboratories as chemical assistants, should, during the years of compulsory part-time education, seize the opportunity of laying a firm foundation of chemistry and physics, the sciences on which their industry is based and without a knowledge of which they cannot qualify for advancement to more senior chemical posts.It is recom- mended, therefore, that they should pursue courses of study leading to National Certificates in Chemistry or, if the standard of matriculation has been reached, to the Intermediate Science examination of London University. Encouragement to pursue such study would, we believe, be given if the National Certificate were recognised as a qualification for advancement to more senior chemical posts and were made a definite step towards obtaining professional status through the examinations of the Royal Institute of Chemistry.We are of opinion that the courses for the Ordinary National Certificate should be purely scientific and not tech- nological, and we are convinced that such training in science would be in the best interests both of industry and of the chemical assistants.. 39. After passing the examination for the Ordinary National Cert- ificate, chemical assistants would naturally pass on to the more advanced part-time courses leading to the Higher National Certificate; and in order that due account shall be taken of different aptitudes and aspirations, we would recommend that there should be two Higher National Certifi- cates, one in pure chemistry and one in technological chemistry.The 11 course for the Higher National Certificate in pure chemistry would cover more advanced work in inorganic, organic and physical chemistry than is required for the Ordinary National Certificate, and the award of this certificate would, along with the further necessary training, qualify for admission to the examination for the Associateship of the Royal Institute, provided the candidate had attained the necessary standard of preliminary education. By encouraging chemical assistants to study for National Certificates, industry would gain more intelligent and more highly qualified workers, and the workers themselves, having laid a broader basis of fundamental scientific knowledge, would be able to apply that knowledge to the understanding of the technical processes of different industries and so fit themselves for a wider range of activities and for posts in different industries.40. For the Higher Certificate in Technological Chemistry the syllabuses might be related to those leading to the full Technological Certificates of the City and Guilds of London Institute. This Certificate would not lead directly towards professional status in chemistry, but would be suitable for those who aspired to higher technical or super- visory posts in various industries. OF CHEMISTS GRADE.THETRAINING IN THE PROFESSIONAL 41.The term “professional” is employed here to connote a quali- fication in general education and chemical knowledge and training represented by the Associateship of the Royal Institute of Chemistry, or by a good honours degree of a University. 42. In general, those who aspire to, and have the ability to attain the professional grade of chemists would, after receiving a good secondary school education, proceed to a university or higher technical college to read for an Honours degree (B.A. or BSc. or equivalent qualification}. As has already been recommended (para. 25), this course should extend over a minimum period of four years and should be broadly based. As in the case of Honours Courses in the Universities (see para. 26) the first three years of study in the Higher Technical Colleges should be devoted m:iinly to pure science subjects, and only in the fourth year should any large part of the student’s time be devoted to technological subjects. During his undergraduate years, a student of chemistry should be encouraged to visit as many industrial works as possible, in order that he may get some insight into the large scale applications of chemistry and the conversion of a laboratory, into an industrial, process.In the case of the student of chemistry who intends, at the end of his course of training, to enter industry, it is very desirable that he should spend part of his long vacations in works, so as to gain some experience of works practice. The provision of such vacation courses depends on the possibility of making suitable arrangements with manu- facturing firms; but such courses were made available by certain firms before the war and were found to have the advantage of enabling the undergraduate to gain some practical experience and to decide whether the industrial life really appealed to him.They also gave an opportunity to the employer of selecting suitable men for posts at the end of their course of training. It is very desirable that facilities for attending such vacation courses should be greatly extended. 12 43. At the end of his honours course, the young graduate may at once seek for employment in a works, especially if his interests and abilities fit him for the production side of industry; but if he has the desire to obtain a post as a research worker, and shows the qualities necessary for success in research, it will be advisable for him to spend one or more years in receiving training in research either in a University or HigherTechnical College.44. It has already been pointed out how a young chemist who has had to enter industry direct from school should be able to proceed by way of the National Certificates to the Associateship of the Royal Institute of Chemistry and so attain professional status (para. 39). 45. We desire to point out here that if national standards in industry are to be improved, the need to harness scientific knowledge to the pro- motion of greater and more varied industrial productivity is imperative,and we would emphasise the importance of the fuller development of Graduate Schools of Technological Study on lines such as those followed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.The establishment of such schools of post-graduate study, either as separate institutions or in association with one or more of the Technical Collegds already in existence, adequately staffed and equipped and with research pro-grammes wisely co-ordinated, could do much to influence and improve the future of industry. By surveying and indicating new uses for our natural resources, material help also could be given towards a solution of the problem of unemployment. 46. In concluding this section of our report, we desire to bring to the attention of those engaged in directing industry how greatly they can help in putting into force the various recommendations which have been made in the preceding pages.Thus, industry can give valuable help by actively participating in the work of the advisory committees (para. 31);impressing on their chemical assistants the desirability of pursuing systematic courses of study and encouraging them to do so byimproved status and increased remuneration on the successful completion of such courses ; co-operating with the authorities of Technical Colleges in selecting chemical assistants ; provision of financial help to deserving assistants to enable them to proceed to full-time day classes in order to complete their studies for professional recognition ; provisioa of vacation courses for undergraduates ; provision of Industrial Fellowships for post-graduate study and research ; interchange between members of industrial and Technical College staffs.AND TRAININGTHE SUPPLY OF TEACHERS. The success with which effect is rriven to the recommendations made in the preceding pages willdependuvery largely on the quality of the teachers of science. If our future citizens are to become imbued 13 with the spirit of science, if they are to gain an effective knowledge of its achievements and an appreciation of its values and uses, and if the education of the future workers in the fields of science is to be built on a broader foundation, the teachers must not only possessthe necessary knowledge but must also be men and women of generous training and wide cultural outlook.They must, in the words of the White Paper, “be educated men and women of responsibility whose training has introduced them to a full life.” We would venture the remark that the only effective method of obtaining an adequate supply of teachers of the desired character and calibre is to make the conditions of service sufficiently attractive. 48. Since a committee, known as the McNair Committee, has been set up by the Board of Education to investigate the questions of the supply and training of teachers, we do not propose to enter on a discussion of the general problem here. A few remarks, however, may be made regarding the teachers in the chemistry departments, more especially of the technical colleges.49. FuZZ-time Teachers.-The Chemistry Departments of Technical Colleges have to make provision, not only for courses in pure chemistry, in preparation for recognised qualifications in that science, but also for teaching a large number of technological subjects. In the past, teachers in technical colleges have been recruited mainly from those who have received full-time training in technical colleges, or from University grad- uates. In technical colleges it is desirable that the teachers should have had some industrial experience, but it is not easy to obtain suitable teachers with this additional qualification, because the remuneration and prospects of a good chemist who enters industry are usuallygreater than those which he can hope for in the teaching profession.It is true that some men who have been engaged in industry return to teaching in technical colleges because they feel a definite vocation for this work, and it is certain that these constitute by far the best members of the staffs of the colleges. It seems true, however, that many of the teachers, particularly in some of the smaller technical colleges, are men who, after a not too successful period in industry, have returned to teaching in times of industrial depression. 50. The work in Technical Colleges usually entails long hours, both day and evening, and the scales of payment, though comparable with those offered in industry in the lower age groups, give onlyin rare cases, prospect of rising to anything approaching the maxima possible in industry.Industrial experience, also, is rewarded only by very small additions to the normal Burnham scale. Moreover, the social status or prestige of the teacher in a technical college does not seem to be as high as that attaching to an analogous post in a university and, probably most important of all, the opportunities for enhanced prestige through the prosecution and publication of research are often almost entirely lacking. 51. In a subject such as chemistry there is no way in which a teacher can keep the spirit of his teaching alive better than by engaging in research. It is of the greatest importance, therefore, that his normal teaching duties should be such as to allow him freedom to carry out 14 research and to preserve the mental energy necessary for him to keep himself abreast of recent developments in his science.It is highly desirable that all education authorities should, within reasonable limits, allow time spent on research to count as teaching hours. 52. Part-time Teachers.-In most technical colleges a supply of part-time teachers is drawn from chemists engaged in industry in the neighbourhood of the College. The remuneration offered to such teachers is usually so low that it attracts only those men whose salaries in industry are also low. Occasionally, men in good positions will engage in part- time teaching, out of a sense of public duty and to help their own juniors and those engaged in other laboratories, but it is clear that for satisfactory teaching, particularly of technical subjects, it is desirable that men with wide knowledge and experience should be attracted to this work. 53.The Board would welcome any contribution industry could make towards bringing teachers more closely in touch with industry. Research workers in fundamental science should be encouraged to mix more with research workers in applied science and with men engaged in the control of industrial processes. 54. The Board would also favour any system of interchange between research workers and teachers in universities and the staffs of industrial and Government establishments, although it is realised that the diffi-culties, particularly with regard to secret processes, etc., are substantial. The Board would, in any case, advocate greater interchange between different scientific departments of Government service. 55. It is recommended that the Chemistry Education Advisory Board should be kept in being to act as a central advisory body which might be consulted by industrialists, examining bodies and education authorities. It would gladly offer its assistance, also, in connection with the further training of men demobilised from the fighting forces and other national services. 15 Printed in Gveat Britain at the Wmks of W. HEFFER & SONS LTD., CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG94367BA001

出版商:RSC    

年代:1943

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND FOUNDED 1877 INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER,1885 Patron H.M. THE KING JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS PART 11: 1943 Issucci under the supervision of the Publications Committee RICH-ARD B. I’ILCHER, Registrar and Secwtaity 30, RCSSBLLSQUARE,Losuox, FY.C.1 April, I943 Publications Committee, 1943-44 F. P. Dunn (Chairman),' L. Eynori, Alexander Findlay (Presin'cizt),J. J. Fox, A. L. Bacharach, H. Baines, F. C.hallenger, J. W.Ccjoli,D. Jordan-Lloyd, H. Moore and Garfield Thomas. In order to facilitate identification, Fellows and Associates are asked to give their full initials on comxqunicatiorrs addressed to the Institute. In the prevailing circumstances, they are also asked not invariably to expect formal 2cknoT;r-ledgments of communications addressed to ;he Institute, unless replies are necessary.Correspondence should mrmnlZy be addressed to 30, Russell Square,London, W.C.1; b!it should Members, Registered Students or other correspondents find difficulty in communicating with the Institute, urgent enquiries may he ad&-essed to the Registrar, at 9, Westbur:,. Road, Woodside Park, Finc?ilcy, London, N. 12. Telephone number : Hillside 1859.a APPOINTMENTS REGISTER A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appoint- ments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are reminded to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists.Institute of Chemistry Benevolent Fund Founded in 1920 as a memQrial to Fellows, Associates and Students who died in the service of their country, 1914-18. Fellows and Associates, including Annual Subscribers, who have not yet forwarded their contributions for 1943,are reminded that they maybe sent to the Honorary Treasurer, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1. Forms for Deeds of Covenant and Form's of Bequest may be obtained from the Registrar. Co-operation Fellows and Associates who wish to participate in the scheme under which they can acquire, for a reduced subscription, joint membership of the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry and substantial privileges as to publications, can obtain particulars from the Conjoint Chemical Office, 6, Burlington Gardens, Piccadilly, London, W.I. Officers and Members of Council, 1943-44 PRESIDENT: ALEXANDER FINDLAY, M.A., PH.D.,DSc.VICE-PRESIDENTS : FREDERICK PERCY DUNN, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. JOHN JACOB FOX, C.B., O.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S. IAN MORRIS HEILBRON, D.S.O., D.Sc., F.R.S. DOROTHY JORDAN-LLOYD, M.A., D.Sc. LESLIE HERBERT LAMPITT, D.Sc., M.I.CHEM.E. WILLIAM HENRY ROBERTS, M.Sc. HON. TREASURER: JOHN CHRISTISON WHITE, M.C., O.B.E., A.K.C. MEMBERS OF COUNCIL: ROBERT WILLIAM ANCRUM : Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast. JOHN ANDREWS, B.Sc.: Irish Free State. EDWARD FRANKLAND ARMSTRONG, D.Sc., LL.D., F.R.S.: London. ERNEST EDWARD AYLING, M.Sc., A.K.C. : Swansea. ALFRED LOUIS BACHARACH, M.A. : London. .HARRY BAINES, D.Sc. : London. GEORGE NORMAN BURKHA4RDT, MSc., PH.D. : Manchester. SYDNEY RAYMOND CARTER, D.Sc. : Birmingham.FREDERICK CHALLENGER, PH.D., D.Sc. : Leeds. GEORGE ROGER CLEMO, D.PHIL., D.Sc., F.R.S. : Newcastle upon Tyne.LESLIE VICTOR COCKS : Liverpool and North- West Coast. JAMES WILFRED COOK, PH.D., D.Sc., F.R.S. : GZusgow and West of Scotland. JOHN WILLIAM CORRAN, B.Sc., PH.D. : Norwich. NICHOLAS MICHAEL CULLINANE, D.Sc.: Wales and the County of Monmouth. WILLIAM CULLEN, LL.D., M.I.CHEM.E. : London. GEORGE JAMES DENBIGH, M.Sc.: Yorkshire. DONALD ALFORD DERRETT-SMITH, B.Sc., A.C.G.F.C. : Northern Ireland. GILBERT ELLIOT DODDS, A.H.-W.C.: Edinburgh and East of Scotland. GEORGE DRING, M.A., B.Sc. : Birmingham.NORMAN EVERS, B.Sc. : London. LEWIS EYNON, B.Sc. : London. JAMES BRIERLEY FIRTH, D.Sc., M.I.CHEM.E. : Preston. DAVID MICHAEL FREELAND : London and South-Eastern Counties. GEORGE FREDERICK HALL, M.B.E., B.Sc. :East Midlands and South Yorkshire. ROBERT DOWNS HAWORTH, PH.D., D.Sc. : Shefield. EDMUND LANGLEY HIRST, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S. : Bristol. HERBERT HENRY HODGSON, M.A., B.Sc., PH.D. : Huddersfield. EDWIN BURNHOPE HUGHES, D.Sc. : London. SYDNEY JAMES JOHNSTONE, O.B.E., B.Sc. : London. OSMAN JONES : Bristol and South- Western Counties. LOUIS ARNOLD JORDAN, DSc., A.R.C.S.: London. JAMES GRIEVE KING, PH.D., D.Sc. : London. FREDERICK MEASHAM LEA, D.Sc.: London. JOHY ARNOLD LOVERN, PH.D., D.Sc.: Aberdeen and North of Scotland. FREDERICK GEORGE MANN, Sc.D. : Cambridge.JAMES IRVINE ORME MASSON, M.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S.: Shefield. HAROLD MOORE, C.B.E., PH.D., D.Sc., F.INsT.P.: London. ALFRED JOHN PRINCE, M.Sc., M.I.CHEM.E. : Billingham.HAROLD STEVENSON: Manchester and District. GARFIELD THOMAS, M.Sc. : Birmingham and Midlands. FORSYTH JAMES WILSON, PH.D., D.Sc. : Glasgow. A vacancy for a District Member of Council for the Overseas Dominionsand elsewhere Abroad to be filled by the Council. c 63 1 DATES OF COUNCIL 'MEETINGS : I'RIDAYS, ~GTHAPRIL "1ST MAY 1 8 ~ JUNE 23 JULY~ 22ND OCTOBER 1 9 NOVEMBER,~ ~ ~~ 1 ~~ ~~7 DECEMBER, 1943: 21ST JANUkRY, 4th and 1 8 FEBRUAR?, 1944.~~ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING : MONDAY, 15 MARCH, 1944. CENSORS : 1943-44 THE PRESIDENT Ex OPPICIO JOHN JACOB FdX C B 0 B'E DSc F.R.S. GERALD ROCHE iYNCH. 0.B.s.. M.S.. B.S. SIR ROBERT PICKARD DSC F'RS ' SIR ROBERT ROBIN SO^. M.A'., D.SC:, F.R.S. COMMITTEES : 1943-44 Chairman* EMERGENCY COMMITTEE : THEPRESIDENT,* THE VICE-PRESIDENTS, AND THE HONORARY TREASURER. FINANCE AND HOUSE COMMITTEE : THEPRESIDENT, WITH N. EVERS, L. EYNON, J. J. FOX, H. H. HODGSON, S. J. JOHNSTONE,L. A. JORDAN, D. JORDAN-LLOYD, L. H. LAMPITT AND J. C. WHITE.* LEGAL AND PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEE : THEPRESIDENT,* WITH E. F. ARMSTRONG, A. L. BACHARACH, W. CULLEN, F. P. DU". J. B. FIRTH, I. M. HEILBRON, J. G. KING, L. H. LAMPITT, H. MOORE AND W. H. ROBERTS.NOMINATIONS, EXAMINATIONS AND INSTITUTIONSCOMMITTEE : THEPRESIDENT*; I. M. HEILBRON (VICE-CHAIRMAN) ; THE COUNCIL IN COMMITTEE. PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE : THEPRESIDENT, WITH A. L. BACHARACH, H. BAINES, F. CHALLENGER, J. W. COOK, F. P. DU",* L. EYNON, D. JORDAN-LLOYD, H. MOORE AND G. THOMAS. SPECIAL COMMITTEES :1943-44 APPOINTMENTS COMMITTEE : THEPRESIDENT WITH H BAINES J W COOK G DRING N EVERS R D HAWORTH E. L. HIRST, L. A.' JORDAN, D. JOKDAN:LLOYI~,*'J. G. KI'NG, F. G. MA"; J. R. NICH~LLS, w. H. ROBERTS, R. E. SLADE, H. A. TEMPANY AND W. WARDLAW. BENEVOLENT FUND COMMITTEE : THEPRESIDENT, WITH J. C. WHITE (HoN. TREASURER),* THEFINANCE AND HOUSE COMMITTEE, E. M. HAWKINS AND G. RUDD THOMPSON. PEDLER FUND COMMITTEE (proceedings suspended).POLICY COMMITTEE : THEPRESIDENT,. WITH E. E. AYLING, F. CHALLENGER, J. W. COOK, J. W. CORRAN, G. E. DODDS, N. EVERS, J. J. FOX, D. M. FREELAND, I. M. HEILBRON, E. M. JOINER, SIR ROBERT PICKARD AND J. C. WHITE. PUBLICITY COMMITTEE : A. L. BACHARACH,* WITH H. BAINES, J. W. CORRAN, W. CULLEN, G. E. DODDS, t.EYNON. S. J. JOHNSTONE, J. G. KING, E. Q. LAWS AND A. J. PRINCE. SUPPLEMENTAL CHARTER COMMITTEE (proceedings suspended). TECHNICAL EDUCATION AND INDUSTRY : H. V. A BRISCOE * WITH R R BUTLER W CULLEN T J DRAKELEY J KENYON A. J. KIERAN, J. G.'KING, H.'MOORE, H. U;. MOSS, H. B. ISB BET, E. A. RUDGE AND R. E. SLADE. NATIONAL CERTIFICATES IN CHEMISTRY REPRESENTATIVES OF THE INSTITUTE ON THE JOINT COMMITTEE WITH (a) THE BOARD OF EDUCATION (ENGLAND AND WALES): THEPRESIDENT, WITH F.CHALLENGER, L. EYNON, L. A. JORDAN AND F. G. MANN. (b) THE SCOTTISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT : THEPRESIDENT, WITH R. BRUCE, J. W. COOK, W. M. CUMMING, G. E. DODDS, P. F. GORDON, 1;. D. MILES, J. WEIR* AND F. J. WILSON. (c) THE MINISTRY OF EDUCATION (NORTHERN IRELAND) ; THEPRESIDENT, WITH D. A. DERRETT-SMITH. REPRESENTATIVE ON THE POISONS BOARD (PHARMACY AND POISONS ACT, 1933) : G. ROCHE LYNCH. REPRESENTATIVES ON THE CHEMICAL COUNCIL : A. L. BACHARACH, A. E. DUNSTAN, A. FINDLAY AND J. C. WHITE. REPRESENTATIVES ON THE JOINT LIBRARY COMMITTEE : A. L. BACHARACH, H. V. A. BRISCOE, H. W. CREMER AND E. VANSTONE. r 641 JOINT COMMITTEE OF THE INSTITUTE AND THE SOCIETY OF PUBLIC ANALYSTS AND OTHER ANALYTICAL CHEMISTS--RE MINISTRY OF HEALTH Institute: THE PRESIDENT, WITH E.B. ANDERSON, A. L. BACHARACH, F. H. CARR,' E. HINKS G. ROCHE LYNCH AND W. H. ROBERTS. Soczety of Public Analysts: S. E. MELLING (PRESIDENT), F. W. F. ARNAUD, H. E. Cox AND E. v. SUCKLING. REPRESENTATIVES ON THE JOINT COUNCIL OF PROFESSIONAL SCIENTISTS ; A. FINDLAY, J. J. FOX, G. ROCHE LYNCH, H. MOORE, SIR ROBERT PICKARD" AND THE REGISTRAR. REPRESENTATIVES ON THE PARLIAMENTARY AND SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE : THEPRESIDENT, WITH A. L. BACHARACH AND THE REGISTRAR. * Chairman BOARD OF EXAMINERS FOR THE ASSOCIATESHIP~ND FELLOWSHIP, 1943-44 Chairman : THE PRESIDENT. Representatives ofthe Nominations Examinations and Institdions Committee :J. J. FOX, R. D. HAWORTH, E.B. HUGHES, AND F. G. MANN. Examiners for the Associateship : JOSEPH KENYON, DSc. (LoND.), F.R.S., WILLIAM WARDLAW DSc. (DUNELM). Examiners for the Fellowship : Branch A.-INORGANIC CHEMISTRY: WILLIAM WARDLAW, DSc. (DUNELM). Branch B.-PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY: RONALD GEORGE WREYFORD NORRISH, Sc.D. (CANTAB.), F.R.S. Branch C.-ORGANIC CHEMISTRY: JOSEPH KENYON, D.Sc. (LoND.), F.R.S. Branch D.-BIOCHEMISTRY: HAROLD RAISTRICK, B.A., Sc.D. (CANTAB.), D.Sc. (LEEDS), F.R.S. Branch E.-CHEMISTRY (including MicroscoGy) of Food and Drugs, and of Water: HENRY EDWARD COX D Sc. (LOND) THERAPEUTICS PHARMACOLOGY AND MICROSCOPY: CHA~LES HERBERT HAMPSHIRE,' M.B., B.s., B.S~(LoND.), M.R.c.s.,L. R.C. P. Branch F.-AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY: ERNEST VANSTONE, DSc. (BIRM.).Branch G.-INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY (General Chemical Technology): HERBERT WILLIAM CREMER, M.Sc. (LoND.). Examiners in the special sections of Branch G will be appointed as required. Branch H.-GENERAL ANALYTICAL H. N. WILSON. CHEMISTRY: bxaminers for Oral Examinations :H. V. A. BRISCOE, DSc (LoND.), J. R. NICHOLLS, DSc. (LoND.). HON. AUDITORS, 1943-44 : CLAUDE LEOPOLD CLAREMONT, BSc. (LoND.), AND JOHN GAIUS ASHWELL GRIFFITHS, B.A., PH.D. (CANTAB.). AUDITORS, 1943-44 : MESSRS.J. Y. FINLAY, PEARSON & CO., Chartered Accountants. SOLICITORS : MESSRS. MARKBY, STEWART 8: WADESONS, 5, Bishopsgate, London, E.C.2. BANKERS : THE WESTMINSTER BANK, LTD., Bloomsbury Branch, 214, High Holborn, London, W.C.l. REGISTRAR AND SECRETARY : RICHARD BERTRAM PILCHER, O.B.E., Chartered Sccretary.ASSISTANT SECRETARY: RONALD LESLIE COLLETT, M.A. (CANTAB.),F.I.C. Proceedings of the Council Council Meeting, 19th February, 1943.-Professor Alexander Findlay was appointed as a representative of the Institute on the Chemical Council, in the place of Dr. J. J. Fox, who had completed his term of office in that capacity. Mr. F. Courtney Harwood was appointed to represent the Institute on a Committee set up in the Mechanical Section of the British Standards Institution to establish standard methods for the sampling and analysis of boiler waters. A letter was received from Dr. J. Vargas Eyre, Fellow, directing attention to a manifesto signed by over 150 chemists, which had been published in Chemistry and Industry and other journals.The manifesto referred to the services already rendered to chemistry and chemists by the Chemical Society, the Society of Chemical Industry, the Institute, the Bureau of Chemical Abstracts, and the Chemical Council, and the belief was expressed that the results so far achieved were no cause for complacency and that there was yet a long way to gobefore chemists attained the unity necessary to enable them to take their fitting place in advancing the good of the community. It was suggested that the majority of chemists desired their profession to be united in purpose and in organisation, and that a Federal Body should te formed to deal with publications, scientific meetings , libraries, qualification and registration, publicity, social security and legal interests, and social functions. The signatories envisaged a common secretariat , a central house and close co-operation in all centres, between all bodies concerned, and called upon the Councils of the three Chartered Bodies to ask the Chemical Council for an immediate report as to how to expedite the action advocated and to advise whether the agreement constituting the Chemical Council could be amended and extended to enable that Council to function with greater effect as a central organisation for co-ordinating all the services now performed for chemistry and for chemists by various bodies.In the event of the Chemical Council being found to be so constituted as to make impossible its adequate remodelling, it was desired to take immediate steps to set up some new Federal Body with a constitution suited to the purpose in view.The manifesto concluded with an expression of confidence that the overwhelming majority of chemists realised the necessity for putting their house in order and that the present time afforded them a golden opportunity of remodelling their organisation to meet the needs of the future. After discussion, it was resolved “that the Chemical Council be asked to report on the possibility of extending its activities in order to co-ordinate the services now performed for chemistry and chemists by various separate organisations, distinguishing such extensions between those which (a) are possible under the present agreement between the three Chartered Bodies; (b) require a further agreement; and (c) are repugnant to the Charter of the Institute of Chemistry.” The Finance and House Committee reported on the basis on which grants are made to Local Sections, recommending that when a Section is desirous of holding a special meeting or celebration, the Finance and c 66 1 House Committee should be consulted in advance in order that the neces- sary expenditure may be authorised. Reports were received from the Publications Committee and the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee.The Council confirmed the appointment of the Board of Examiners, and reappointed the Honorary Corresponding Secretaries and the Executive Officers for the ensuing year.The President expressed the thanks of the Council to the retiring Members for their services. Council Meeting, 26th March,1943.-The President welcomed the new Members of Council. Correspondence was submitted from the British Standards Institution thanking the Institute for a contribution to the funds and submitting for information and opinions Draft Specifica- tions (a)for methods for the polarographic and spectrographic determina- tion of the impurities in high purity zinc and zinc alloys for die castings, and (b) for titanium white for paints, which received attention. The Council concurred in the suggestion that representation on the Chemical Council should date from 1st January in each year instead of 1st October.A report was received, from the Joint Committee of the Institute and the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists, recom- mending the establishment of a special examination for the Fellowship in the subjects of water and water supplies, sewage and sewage disposal. . The Ministry of Labour and National Service invited representatives of the Institute to a Conference on Industrial Health to be held in London from gth-~~th April.A letter was received from a Fellow pressing for further consideration of the suggestion to create a third grade of membership with a title such as “Junior Associate,” a subject on which the Policy Committee (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part V, p. 193)formed the opinion that the creation of such a grade was not practicable, although it seemed desirable that some form of association with the Institute-not implying membership- should be provided between Studentship and Associateship for persons possessing certain qualifications, a suggestion which is being further considered. A resolution was received from the Huddersfield Section urging that the Charter be modified to allow for the provision of grants from the general account of the Institute to the Benevolent Fund, a matter for consideration when the Charter is under revision; and a resolution from the Committee of the London and South Eastern Counties Section to the effect that it was glad that the Council had taken action on the letter appearing in the ’issue of Chemistry and Industry, dated 13th February, signed by 150 chemists, and trusting that all necessary steps would be taken to bring the matter to fruition with the minimum of delay.A report was received from the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee recommending the election of new members and accepting applications from candidates for examinations ; also recom- mending the recognition of the Chesterfield Technical College. The Council agreed to accept “physics with radio” as complying with the Institute’s requirements in respect of compulsory physics, or as an optional subject. [ 67 1 The Committees and their Chairmen for 1943-1944 were appointed and the dates of Council Meetings were fixed. Streatfeild Memorial Lecture.-hfr. Russell G.Pelly’s lecture entitled “Some Notes on Water Treatment ” is being published with this Part of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. Sixty-Fifth Annual General Meeting MONDAY, 1st MARCH, 1943 The Sixty-fifth Annual General Meeting of the Institute was held at 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1, on Monday, 1st March, 1943,at 3 p.m.,-Dr. J. J. Fox, President, in the Chair. MINUTES The Notice convening the Meeting and the Minutes of the previous Annual General Meeting were taken as read. The Minutes were signed. ANNUALACCOUNTS The PRESIDENTcalled upon the Honorary Treasurer to present the Annual Accounts. Mr. JOHN C. WHITE (Hon. Treasurer): “As the accounts have been published, and as there is a reference to the finances in the Report of the Council, I do not propose to say anything in amplification of what has been published, but I shall be pleased to answer any questions.” The PRESIDENT: “If there are no questions in connexion with the Accounts I will ask the Treasurer to move their receipt and adoption.” Mr.JOHN C. WHITE (Hon. Treasurer): “I have pleasure in moving the receipt and adoption of the accounts, as published.” Dr. F. H. CARR, in seconding the motion: “I wish it were also my duty to propose a vote of thanks to the Treasurer-though I hope someone else will do so-because, having worked with him for some years, I have come to the conclusion that we are most fortunate in our Treasurer. second the adoption of the Accounts, and ask you to accord a vote of thanks to the Auditors, Mr.C. L. Claremont and Dr. J. G. A. Griffiths, and to the professional Auditors, Messrs. J. Y. Finlay, Pearson & Co., for their services.” The motion was carried unanimously. Mr. C. L. CLAREMONT:“In these days it is difficult to get the auditing done in time for the Annual Meeting, and I would suggest that, if these difficulties are likely to arise ip future, either the Annual Meeting should be postponed so that the auditing can be done with a reasonable margin of time or, alternatively, that the Accounts should be taken on some future occasion. The accountant who usually does the work was called up, so that his principals were in some difficulty, and the time available for the audit so far as the Honorary Auditors were concerned was rather less than usual; yet the audit was completed in time for the Finance Committee.” Dr.GRIFFITHS: “I should like to support Mr. ClareInont’s remarks. The auditors are required to produce their Report five weeks before [ 68 1 the Annual General Meeting, which allowed them only three weeks from the 1st of January. The By-laws allow the Annual General Meeting to take place as late as 15th March. That would give the auditors another fortnight in which to do their work. I would go even further and suggest, for consideration later by those who may be concerned with the revision of the By-laws, that the Accounts be closed at some date in the autumn, so that the office staff would be able to deal with the audit before Christ- mas, and not in January when the heavy work of receipting subscriptions is at the peak.” The PRESIDENT:“That is a suggestion which will be noted.” REPORTOF THE COUNCIL The PRESIDENT, in moving the receipt and adoption of the Report of the Council: “I propose to make a few comments on the work of the year and on matters of general interest.“The Institute has been prepared at all times to assist in the war effort and has dealt with a number of matters arising in that connexion. The members themselves have continued to render valuable service to the State. “During the past year we have lost, by death, several notable chemists. George Gerald Henderson was one of the most successful teachers of chemistry of our day.Many of his students have passed into our yro-fession, and among them there are many well-known men who had a real affection for him and readily acknowledge the debt of gratitude which they owe him. The Institute pays him tribute for his wise guidance during his period of Presidency from 1924-27, and also for his devotion to its interests in many capacities. “John Norman Collie, a man of most charming personality, is dear to the memory of many of his old students of University College, London. He was distinguished not only as a teacher of organic chemistry but as a fearless mountaineer and as a collector of Oriental art treasures. “Other teachers whose loss we deplore are: George Senter, Principal of the Birkbeck College; Charles Robert Darling, of the Royal Military Academy and Finsbury Technical College ; Alfred Greeves, of Wands- worth; Ernest Brooks Naylor, of Wigan, and Reece Henry Vallance, of the Central Technical College, Birmingham.“Both Henderson and Collie were over 80 years of age; we have lost five other remarkable octogenarians during the year: A. C. Abraham, of Liverpool; John Hargreaves, a founder of the Society of Chemical Industry; F. W. Harbord, whose name is so closely associated with the metallurgy of iron and steel; Walter Odling, a brewing chemist, cousin of our Past President, William Odling, and William Selby Simpson, a pioneer in the dyestuffs industry, and one for whom we shall always have grateful remembrance because he left -@,ooo to the Benevolent Fund.“Among industrial chemists of note who have passed away are Frank Sturdy Sinnatt, whom I knew very well, and Charles Smart Roy, an old friend of mine. Among my own colleagues in Government service are David Allan Gracey, John Lilburne, Francis Henry George Tate and Thomas John Underhill, and among other friends, Sydney Andrew Mann, biochemist, and Francis William Clarke, an able chemical engineer, who lost his life through enemy action at sea. r 69 1 “Since the publication of the Report, the membership Roll has been increased by those who were successful in the January Examinations, and by those admitted in February; thus the total to-day stands at over 8,250 Fellows and Associates, and the remarkable number of over 950 Students.“Although chernists are fully employed and are engaged in such large numbers, many have joined the armed forces or have gone into other occupations for the time being, so that it is unavoidable that some have temporarily lost touch with the Institute, but we hope that we may hear from them soon, and also from those in the Far East about whose safety we have some anxiety. “We have found it desirable to join with the Institute of Physics in forming a Joint Council with representatives of other sciences to watch the common interests of professional scientists and to give expression to their opinion as occasion arises. The Joint Council has already had under consideration the problem of the position of scientists after the war and is in touch with the appropriate authorities in that connexion. For some time to come the Joint Council will have very useful work to do both for scientists and for the country.“The Honorary Treasurer has submitted the Accounts, and I feel that our cordial thanks and gratitude are due to him, and to his Committee, for their administration of the general finances and of the Benevolent Fund. We are pleased that it has been possible to create a reserve for the Benevolent Fund, but we must do our best to increase it until it is in such a sound position that it will be able to meet the possibly increased demands of the future. In spite of the Beveridge Report there may be a great deal to do at the end of the war in helping people over temporary difficulties.I would appeal to my fellow members of the Institute who have not yet contributed to the Fund to do what they can to help- through their Local Sections if that is more convenient. “The record of proceedings of the Sections is highly commendable. The Committees and Honorary Secretaries deserve our gratitude for all they have done for the Institute in their respective centres. This is no mere matter of form but something about which I feel very strongly. I have enjoyed my visits to the Local Sections and have appreciated the kindness and courtesy which has been extended to me. I cannot speak too highly of their enthusiasm and activity. “The Report shows that the responsible work falling on the Nomina- tions, Examinations and Institutions Committee continues to be heavy, and the work of its Sub-committee, under the chairmanship of Professor Briscoe, has also been as heavy as in previous years.The Publications Committee, under the able chairmanship of Mr. F. P. Dunn, has not only continued the production of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,but is also to be congratulated on the monographs issued under its direction. The lectures of Mr. E. J. Vaughan, Dr. W. H. Hatfield and Dr. A. E. Dunstan are not only fine pieces of work in themselves, for which we are deeply grateful to the authors, but they have also been remarkably well produced. The publication of these lectures has been much appreciated, not only by members of the Institute, but also by other organisations. “Our Special Committees have been concerned with matters which have been discussed in the Institute and among chemists generally in [ 70 1 recent times. We have had free and friendly discussions, both at head- quarters and in the Local Sections, on the policy of the Institute, and have received comments and questions.“At the end of three years’ close acquaintance with the work of the Institute I can say that it does for its members as much as, or even more than, any other chartered professional body. The student is advised as to his training; the new Associate is given recognition in his profession, and very often is introduced to his first appointment. He has the opportunity of attending many meetings and lectures, not only of the Institute, but of other bodies; he has the advantage of contact with other chemists and of forming valuable friendships.He is also afforded library facilities and receives the publications of the Institute. The fees and subscriptions are as low as, or even lower than, those for membership of any other professional body. The new member looks to the Institute for information and advice and, in case of difficulty, for counsel. The Institute’s JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGScontains records of the meetings of the Council, reports received from Local Sections, summaries of lectures given before Sections, examination papers-which are of interest to students and teachers-notes on matters of professional interest, notices of coming events and much other information.“Recently we obtained and published remuneration statistics in order that members might see the present position regarding chemists. The returns show a steady improvement since we first obtained them in 1921. These statistics enable members to ascertain whether their positions compare favourably with the majority of those in the same age in various grades. Given due consideration, these figures should be useful to members and to employers, and they are the only figures pub- lished which give anything approaching reliable information on the whole matter. We are greatly indebted to those who kindly supplied informa- tion; as it was received from nearly 5,400members, these statistics were fairly representative of the present remuneration of our members.“I have found the office of President of the Institute stimulating indeed, and a spur to further effort. But it is an office which imposes on the occupant a certain restraint on frank speech. I hope that in the freer atmosphere of Vice-Presidency I shall have a little more liberty in that direction and, therefore, being about to relinquish the Chair, propose to allow myself a little latitude. “On several occasions I have been asked what the Institute does for its members apart from conferring on them the distinction of membership. I say emphatically that that is only one aspect of the matter, and that it is just as important to know what the members of the Institute, as such, are doing for the general interests of chemistry and chemists.should like to repeat a statement made by Professor Henderson in his Presidential Address in 1927, because it states the position so clearly. He said: ‘I have been amazed at the number and variety of subjects dealt with in the correspondence, and also with the careful way in which inquiries of all kinds have been answered. Within my knowledgeenquiries have related to books and journals, Government papers and reports, the purchase and disposal of apparatus and instruments, con- tracts of service and partnership, professional fees, income tax, laboratory accommodation, hotel and boarding house accommodation, historical subjects, the loan of lantern slides, photographs and prints, conditioiis of [ 71 I life and professional prospects in various industries and in various parts of the Empire and elsewhere abroad; introductions to fellow members and other persons; licences for stills, and for the recovery of spirits; the names of specialists in various branches of work and in different parts of the country; the interpretation of various Acts of Parliament, and patents.Among enquiries which one would hardly have expected to receive, have been requests that the Registrar should act as a reference for tenancies, insurance and fidelity guarantees, should recommend medical consultants and dentists, schools, hotels and boarding houses and should obtain tickets for the Zoo! ’ All those enquiries come to the Institute to-day-with the possible exception of obtaining tickets for the Zoo ! “The executive officers, with a depleted staff, are even busier to-day because they have to deal with numerous enquiries which do not arise in peace-time.They are also in close contact with Government departments. “We have been told that the Institute concerns itself mainly with, for instance, the interests of public analysts and consultants, or academic interests, or employers’ and employees’ interests and so forth. These divergent statements show in themselves that the Institute has at heart the interests of all its members and not a particular section of members only. Some of the misconceptions arise from the fact that while the Institute makes generally known the action it has taken in matters of public interest, it cannot give particulars of the far more numerous occasions on which it deals with the private concerns of individual members, or has carried on some rather delicate discussions with public authorities. I hope that this policy will continue despite the apparent prestige ’ which might accrue from seeking publicity regarding action in individual cases.Not many qualified chemists would be induced to join the Institute by this kind of notoriety. At all events, this is my view; and it must not be forgotten that the Institute is making a fair contribu- tion to the joint efforts of the three chartered chemical bodies, though I hope that even more will be done in that direction in the future. “The Institute, of course, is academic in the sense that it is an educa- tional body-there are over 900 students-and I, personally, am glad that that is so.But it has extended its functions far beyond this, and, incidentally, that is the reason why the Commissioners of Inland Revenue have ruled that dividends on the Institute’s investments must be subject to tax from which charities are exempt. The range of the Institute’s interests is demonstrated by the membership of the Council for 1942-43. It is composed of 25 chemists from industry, 13 professors and teachers, 10 chemists who are or have been officially employed and z consultants. I hope that what I have said will dispose of any further suggestion that the Institute is one-sided. “The constitution of the Council, however, must not be confused with the policy of the Institute, although there are some matters which relate to both.For example, there have been some discussions recently as to whether Associates should be eligible for service on the Council. I, personally, sympathise with the proposal. To the member who fulfils his obligation as a-member of the Council, the office is by no means a sinecure, but it must also be remembered that membership of the Council and Censorship are the only privileges, if they may be so described, which are reserved to Fellowship. Yet both Fellows and Associates are members, and perhaps means could be provided, if not for I721 actual representation by Associates, at least for representation of Local Sections by both Fellows and Associates who could attend meetings of Council with opportunities for expressing their views and those of their Sections.“There are several different viewpoints regarding the proposal that Associates should be eligible for the Council, and I should like to mention a few of them. There is the question of whether those who are elected to the Council should have equal voting power in the Council on matters such as applications for election to Fellowship. Again, there is the question whether an Associate who is a candidate for election to the Council should be required to have been an Associate for a certain mini- mum period, say, five, ten or fifteen years. It has frequently been suggested that an Associate who is eligible to serve on the Council should himself be eligible for Fellowship.On that point the question has been raised whether an Associate, who while a member of Council, applies for election to Fellowship and is elected, should cease to be a member of Council. All these matters are of some importance. Some assert that the admission fee prevents many Associate members from proceeding to Fellowship. I do not think that this obtains now, and I hope to see the number of Fellows steadily increase. “At present any member can submit, personally or through any member of Council, any representation he may wish to make with the assurance that he will get a fair hearing, but I am in favour of the proposal that Associates should be eligible for the Council being considered further. It is a matter of great regret to me that some chemists of the highest standing remain outside the Institute.In many instances, in my view, this arises from the rather unfortunate nature of our forms of application for admission. Speaking as a Fellow, I feel that it should not be difficult to find for these distinguished chemists a method of admission that indicates how cordially we would welcome them. “On the question of policy may I remind you of the aims of the Institute: (I) To promote the education and training of professional chemists ; to hold examinations and grant certificates of competency; to organise and register chemists who are competent within the meaning of the Charter and Regulations. (2) To render every possible assistance to the Government, to industry and to cpmmerce by encouraging the employment of chemists and the utilisation of chemical talent in affairs affecting public welfare.(3) To do all that is possible within the terms of the Constitution to advance the prestige and interests of the profession of chemistry. (4) To be ready to co-operate with other bodies in furthering the interests of chemistry and chemists, and to participate in discussions concerning the profession. “The Council has power also to apply the Institute’s funds to extend and improve the library, to give prizes and found professorships, lecture- ships and scholarships, to print and publish any reports, documents or papers of any kind, to establish and conduct classes for instruction in chemistry and allied sciences, and otherwise to promote the objects of the Institute.Therefore, it seems to me that the Institute has the power to do almost anything in the interests of chemistry and chemists. Within its powers, it could do a great deal more than it is doing at present. It could, for instance, promote more publicity for the chemist and for his services to industry and to the country. The public may become I73 1 tired of hearing about scientists and may say that the present state of affairs is due to scientists. Perhaps there is not sufficient general publicity for new chemical discoveries; indeed, it has been suggested that industry unduly restricts the publication of recent discoveries in applied chemistry. The Institute might well encourage refresher courses.Could not the University staffs be induced to take more, and closer, interest in the organisation of the Institute on the ground that it is the Chartered body which is representative of the profession for which their students are being trained? I hope you will realise from these remarks that the Council believes itself to be representative of a professional body and has been considering these matters. Could we not-perhaps in closer association with our younger members-do rather more to encourage individuality and self- reliance in those who are to take our places in the future? And could we not do something to bring to the fore those who are fit to lead, as both scientists and men of affairs? That surely should be one of the objects of the Joint Council of Professional Scientists as well as of the professional inst i t Utes themselves.The Institute does not seek to interfere with other organisations, nor does it desire in any way to influence its members to refrain from joining any organisation which they consider is devoted to their particular science or profession. I feel sure that every Fellow and Associate wishes the Institute to maintain its position and standard as a professionalqualifying body, qnd that those who support the Institute and its work are acting in the interests not only of the profession, but of the country and the Empire. “Co-operation has been offered under the scheme formulated by the Chemical Council, which provides definite advantages besides joint member- ship of the Chemical Society, the Institute, and the Society of Chemical Industry, and approximately 1,650 members are already participating in the scheme.This number does not include those who were alreadymembers of all three bodies and who retain their privileges as such, but, in spite of that number, I am rather disappointed that more Fellows and Associates have not joined in the scheme. The number has remained almost stationary since its inception in January, 1941. Some have not completed their applications for membership of the Societies; some have withdrawn after one year and have been replaced only by an equal number. The privileges of joint membership and the special facilities for the supply of publications should make the scheme attractive.Unless more chemists participate in the scheme, a great deal more work will have to be done to effect any form of closer federation. “The Chemical Council has been successful in raising substantial funds, but it is restricted, by its Constitution, to the administration of those funds for specific purposes, namely, publications and, the chemical library. It is regarded as a charity in respect of taxation and therefore cannot act outside these functions. “The Conjoint Chemical Office is getting into proper working order, and if all those wishing to come into the scheme of co-operation would take a certain amount of care in the preparation of the forms supplied, there should be no difficulty regarding its smooth working.The supply of journals of the Societies must necessarily be controlled by prompt payment; but the relation of a professional qualifying body to its c 74 1 individual members is a rather more personal matter. They renew their certificates by paying their subscriptions ; their vote is invalidated unless they have done so; but they are not liable to lose their membership or their privileges unless they are twelve months in arrear, or transgress the By-laws relating to professional conduct. These are matters between the Council and individual members. “Such points also arise in considering the scheme of federation and amalgamation. If the Institute is brought into such a scheme, the diffi- culty will have to be overcome that the professional Institute must preserve its professional character although its Charter may permit it to embark on wider activities.Any changes we make should, I submit, be in the interests, or at least not contrary to, the interests of our members, and that I feel sure can be achieved by closer association. “While preparing notes for to-day, having reviewed the matters with which I have so far dealt, I subscribed to a manifesto which has been published in the technical press and which has been received by the Councils of the three Chartered bodies. The Councils have been called upon to ask the Chemical Council for a report on how to expedite the formation of a federal body to represent chemists and chemistry, and also to advise the three Chartered bodies whether the Agreement which constitutes the Chemical Council can be amended and extended to enable that Council to function with greater effect as a central organisa- tion for co-ordinating the services now performed by various bodies for chemists and chemistry.If the Chemical Council be not so constituted, then the signatories desire that immediate steps be taken to set up a federal body for the purpose in view. I have tried to visualise such a new federal body. I assume that it would include all the societies devoted to pure and applied chemistry, with possibly a section devoted to adminis- tration, management and commercial interests, and a qualifying registering professional body-which naturally suggests the inclusion of the Institute.I must deal with the position of the Institute in this matter because I appreciate that there are strong feelings of independence and marked loyalties for the maintenance of such independence in the various chemical bodies. “As representing the section concerned with the registration of professional qualified chemists, we have to realise at the outset that there can be no compulsion to join the Institute, or indeed any other society; there can be no lowering of the standard for admission to the Fellowship or Associateship. It will be necessary for each person who wishes to be included in those sections to abide by the decision of the Council in the future, as in the past, as to whether he should be admitted as a Fellow or an Associate, or admitted to an examination, or required to fulfil some other condition.Subject to that proviso, I am naturally in full agreement with the request for investigation of the proposals outlined in the manifesto which I signed. It willrest with the Institute as a whole to accept, or not, any scheme put forward by the Chemical Council. “Before I close, I should like to say how proud I have been to have held the office of President of the Institute, and how grateful I am to those who have worked with me during the past three years. I shall retain many happy memories of those three years, particularly of my visits to Local Sections. [ 75 1 “I should like to take this opportunity of expressing my thanks to our Past President, Sir Robert Pickard, who has been in regular attendance at our meetings and who has been a tower of strength to us.He has been ready at all times to give us the benefit of his advice and wide experience. Among other Vice-presidents and members of Council who retire from office to-day and deserve our thanks are Professor Briscoe and Dr. Nicholls, who have scarcely missed a meeting of our sub-committee for oral examinations. Professor Findlay, in spite of long and tedious railway journeys, has regularly attended and given us the benefit of his counsel. Dr. Roche Lynch has frequently presided over the Nominations, Examinations, and Institutions Committee, and has given excellent service on other committees, and Dr. Tempany has been most helpful as Chairman of the Appointments Committee.“Of other. members, four have been deservedly nominated for election as Vice-presidents, and their services will thus still be available. They are, Mr. Dunn, Chairman of the Publications Committee, Professor Heilbron, Miss D. Jordan-Lloyd and Professor Roberts. Of the remainder of those who retire from the Council it would be invidious to mention any particular names because we have been so well served by all of them; but I should like particularly to mention the District Members of Council who have rendered very great service in bringing forward the views of the various sections. “I have pleasure in moving that the Report of the Council for the year 1942-43 be received and adopted.” Dr. F.G. MANN,in seconding: “There is just one point which I should like to raise. The President, in his Address, gave a short summary, not only of the activities of the Institute during the past year, but also of the very great progress which it has made. That activity and progress would have been remarkable even in a peace-time year, but in war-time they are even more remarkable having regard to restrictions. I feel, however, that the President has omitted one point-a point which all members of Council must have appreciated during the year-namely, that the extent of the progress made by the Institute has depended on the industry, vigour and ability with which the President himself has carried out his duties. It is remarkable that a person such as Dr. Fox, occupying a very important position, should be able in war-time to undertake this immense burden of additional work.The Institute has been extraordinarily fortunate in having such a President. Furthermore, Dr. Fox’s Address is of peculiar value at the present time, not only because it contains his considered opinion on many subjects, but also because it is the first occasion on which he has felt able to express himself freely. It would be of great value if this Address could be published, and therefore I not only second that the Report be received and adopted but also move that Dr. Fox be requested to allow it to be printed in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS.” (Applause.)The PRESIDENT:“I should like to thank Dr.Mann for his kind remarks though I must confess that I do not recognise the picture of myself being quite so overwhelmed with work as he suggested.” Mr. McD. MACKEY: “There is just one point I should like to bring forward. I have had some correspondence with Mr. Pilcher on the question of publicity. In the Provinces it is surprising how little the public knows about the Institute, and when I say the public I include a [ 76 1 great many manufacturers. I have now retired, but I carried on a consultant’s practice in Leeds for about 50 years. When I started there there were comparatively few manufacturers employing chemists. I had had three appointments in industry before I started my own practice,and I was the only chemist employed in each instance.Now manu- facturing concerns employ a number of chemists, with the consequence that it is much more difficult to start a consulting practice. I feel that we do not do enough towards informing the public that members of the Institute exist and have passed certain examinations. Practisingmembers are not so much interested in advancing the theory of chemistry as in ministering to the public and giving them the advantage of what is known in chemistry and showing them how that knowledge can be applied to their needs. I think we should do more to bring our profession in touch with the public, and, as our President has said, we should do more to make them men of affairs, that is to say, men who are not simply laboratory workers.I should like to see the profession in a much stronger position than it is.” Dr. WILLIAM CULLEN: “I should like to express, on behalf of my fellow members of the Institute, our sincere thanks to the President for the tremendous work which he has done during the past three years, and to add that we all have a great feeling of affection for him.” The Report was adopted. REPORTOF THE SCRUTINEERS The REGISTRAR read the following Report of the Scrutineers : The number of valid voting papers received for the election of Officers was 1368. The following were elected :-President : A. Findlay. Vice-presidents: F. P. Dunn, J. J. Fox, I. M. Heilbron, D. Jordan-Lloyd, L. H. Lampitt, W. H. Roberts. Honorary Treasurer : J. C. White. The number of valid votes cast for General Members of Council was 1364.The following were elected :-A. L. Bacharach, William Cullen, Frederick Challenger, R. D. Haworth, E. F. Armstrong, H. Baines, J. B. Firth, H. H. Hodgson, E. L. Hirst, F. J. Wilson, J. G. King, Norman Evers, J. W. Corran, E. B. Hughes, Harold Moore, J. I. 0. Masson, 6.. R. Clemo, L. A. Jordan, S. J. Johnstone, F. G. Mann, George Dring, A. J. Prince, E. E. Ayling, S. R. Carter, L. Eynon, E. M. Lea, G. N. Burkhardt. The number of valid voting papers received for the election of Censors was 1279. The following were elected:-J. J. Fox, G. Roche Lynch, Sir Robert Robinson, Sir Robert Pickard. The following voting papers were disallowed :-131 from Fellows and Associates whose subscriptions were in arrear; 2 unsigned ; 5 received after the closeof the poll: 6 others irregular.The total number of papers received was 1506. The PRESIDENT:“You have heard the results of the ballot and it is now my duty to declare those members whose names have been read, duly elected to their respective offices.” On the motion of Mr. MACKEY,seconded by Mrs. TRITTON, a vote of thanks was unaminously accorded to the Scrutineers. AUDITORS Mr. C. L. Claremont and Dr. J. G. A. Grifi-iths were reappointed Honorary Auditors, and accepted office. On the proposition of the HON. TREASURER,seconded by Mr. A. L. BACHARACH,Messrs. J. Y. Finlay, Pearson & Co., Chartered Accountants, were re-appointed Auditors at a fee of fifty guineas. c 77 J RETIRING OFFICERS AND MEMBERS OF COIJNCIL Mr.BACHARACH: “I wish to propose a vote of thanks to the officers and members of Council who cease to serve after this meeting. It is customary to refer to the large amount of work done by members of Council but it is not quite so customary to insist upon the fact that it is really enjoyable. Not only does one form new friendships, but one learns a great deal. Therefore I feel sure that those who will not be with us during the coming twelve months are also suffering from mixed feelings, just as I, in moving this vote of thanks, partly envy them and partly commiserate with them. “I should like to refer once more to the very considerable loss the Council has suffered this year through the simultaneous retirement of four Vice-presidents.Fortunately, one vacancy will be filled by the retiring President. Our thanks to Professor Findlay for his services on the Council are coupled with the certain knowledge that he is about to face successfully one of the most difficult tasks in the world, namely, that of succeeding Dr. Fox. I should like to say a word, too, about Dr. Roche Lynch. I shall always have recollections of him as a kind of St. Peter of the Institute of Chemistry. Fortunately he has a large body of minor saints present in the form of the Nominations, Examinations and Institu- tions Committee, but he has stood guard for some years over the golden gates through which there passes continually a gratifying number of candidates. With Dr.Roche Lynch in the chair, with his firmness and tact, only those who should have passed through the golden gates have done so. The President has already referred to Professor Briscoe’s services. He has been prevented from attending many Council meetings, but as Chairman of the Sub-committee for oral examinations his services have been invaluable. I have very great pleasure in moving a hearty vote of thanks to those officers and members of the Council who now cease to hold office.” Mr. GEORGE DRING: “I have very great pleasure in seconding this vote of thanks. Membership of the various bodies governing the activi- ties of the Institute involves heavy work ior those who undertake it. They have considerable responsibilities, responsibilities to the members of the Institute, to the whole body of the chemical profession, and to the general body of the public who come into touch with chemical matters.It is with a very great feeling of gratitude, therefore, that we thank every one-the President, Vice-presidents, Officers and members of the Council, and particularly those who put in hard work on the Committees.” The motion was carried with acclamation. INDUCTIONTHE NEW PRESIDENTOF The PRESIDENT:“It is now my pleasure-and it is a sincere pleasure -to ask Professor Alexander Findlay to take my place. I do so in full confidence that the guidance of the affairs of the Institute will be in safe hands. Professor Findlay had a distinguished career as a student at Aberdeen, Leipzig and London, and as a teacher at Birmingham and Aberystwyth, before he became Professor of Chemistry in the University of Aberdeen, which position he still holds; but I would emphasize rather his services to the Institute; for since 1915 he has been a very active member of the Council for four complete periods of three years each, and for one year as a T’ice-President, and this notwithstanding the fact that throughout that time he has had to travel long distances. He 1781 previously acted for four years as Examiner in Physical Chemistry for the Associateship, and his published papers and books are well known.I am sure you will accord him a hearty welcome, and that the Council and all Fellows and Associates will support him to the utmost in his endeavours on behalf of the profession and the Institute.” Dr.Fox then vacated the Chaiy, which was taken, amid applause, by the new President, Professor A. Findlay. The PRESIDENT:“I wish in the first place to offer my very warm thanks to Dr. Fox for the far too kind words which he used in inducting me into the Chair. I wish also to thank the Fellows and Associates of the Institute very warmly for the great honour which they have done me in electing me to this high ofice. I appreciate greatly this mark of your confidence and trust and, standing as I do, just at the threshold of my period of office, there is little that I can do but express the hope that I may be found not altogether unworthy of the trust which you are now reposing in me.I realise that it is impossible for me to fulfil satis- factorily the duties and responsibilities of this office and at the same time carry on my work as a Professor in Aberdeen, and I have therefore decided that I shall take the earliest opportunity of asking the University authorities in Aberdeen to release me from my duties there, and to allow me to retire from my Chair at the end of this academic year. I hope,therefore, that by next winter I may be able to take up residence some- where in this area, and so be able to devote myself with greater freedom and time and energy to the promotion of the welfare of the Institute and of the profession of chemistry. I accordingly make the promise that I shall make every endeavour to do all that is within my power to further the aims and objects of the Institute.” The proceedings then terminated. Local Sections (The Instit&e is not responsible for the views expressed in papers read or in speeches delivered during discussions).Belfast and District.-A meeting of the Section was held in the Physics Lecture Room of the Royal Academical Institution on 5th March, when Dr. A. G. G. Leonard read a paper entitled “Atmospheric Pol- lution”. A summary will be published in Part 111. Birmingham and Midlands.-At a meeting held on 17th February, a lecture entitled “Blood” was delivered by Mr. Garfield Thomas. Dr. W. H. Cant, of the Ministry of Health Regional Plasma Labora- tories, was present and contributed a short account of the Blood Trans- fusion Service.Bristol and South-Western Counties.-A meeting of the Section was held jointly with the Local Sections of the Society of Chemical Industry and the Chemical Society on 11th February. The Chair was taken by Dr. F. W. Rixon, in the unavoidable absence of Dr. E. B. Maxted, Local Representative of the Chemical Society. The following papers were given:-“The Mills-Nixon Effect and its Bearing on the Benzene Valency Problem,” by Dr. H. D. Springall; and “Hydroxy By-products in Nitration (part 11)” by Professor G. M. Bennett. Summaries will be given in Part 111. c 79 1 The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 11th March, in the Chemical Department of Bristol University, Dr. A. C. Monkhouse,Chairman of the Section, presiding.The Report of the Hon. Secretary and Treasurer was read and adopted and Mr. W. J. Carter and Mr. H. S. Howes were elected as Hon. Auditors for the ensuing Session. The Chairman announced that Dr. A. C. Monkhouse and Mr. C. Harris had been elected to fill the vacancies on the Committee andMr. F. P. Hornby had been re-elected Hon. Secretary and Treasurer; so that the full Committee now stands as follows:-Dr. H. T. S. Britton, Mr. I. Dembrey, Mr. Osman Jones, Dr. E. B. Maxted, Dr. A. C. Monkhouse, Mr. C. Harris, Dr. E. L. Hirst (ex-officio as Council Member). Hon. Secretary and Treasurer, Mr. F. P. Hornby. A vote of thanks was accorded to the University for facilities rendered during the past session. Following the Annual General Meeting, a joint meeting with the Local Sections of the Society of Chemical Industry and of the Chemical Society was held, when Mr.A. Sanders, Chairman of the Bristol Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, took the Chair, and Dr. T. H. Mead read a paper on “High Vacuum and Molecular Distillation” illustrated by lantern slides. East Midlands.-Two meetings of the Section have been held. On 25th January, in the Lecture Theatre of Loughborough College, a lecture by Dr. T. J. Drakeley on “Training for the Chemical Industry ” elicited much discussion among those present. On 25th February,at a joint meeting with the Nottingham Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, held at the Welbeck Hotel, Nottingham, Dr.L. J. Harris gave a lecture on “Vitamins and the War.” Mr. G. F. Hall presided at both meetings. The Honorary Secretary of the Section has reported that a post-graduate course in Textile Chemistry is provided at University College, Nottingham, and that a course of a post-graduate character in Chemical Engineering (which can be extended to enable students to qualify for the examination of the Institution of Chemical Engineers) is provided at the Technical College, Derby, where also a course in Fuels and Com- bustion is given for power-station and boiler-house chemists and engineers. Edinburgh and €ast of Scotland.-The Section has held two meetings jointly with the Local Sections of the Society of Chemical Industry and of the Chemical Society.On 18th February, Professor A. R. Todd, F.R.S., spoke on “The Chemistry of Hashish,” and on 19th March, Dr. H. W. Webb, on “Science and Ceramies.” Both meetings were well at tended and provided lively discussions. Glasgow and West of Scotland.-Joint meetings of the Section with the Chemical Society and the local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry were held in the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, as follows :-On 4th December, 1942,a lecture entitled “An X-Ray study of Coalification and Carbonisation” was delivered by Professor H. L. Riley.On 29th January, 1943, a lecture entitled “Dermatitis in Industry” was given by Dr. A. N. Currie, H.M. Medical Inspector of Factories (Pa 83). i so 1 On 5th February, Dr. George Gee, of the British Rubber Producers’ Research Association delivered a lecture entitled “The Factors governing, the Absorption of Oil by Rubber.’’ .On 19th February, a lecture, illustrated by slides, entitled “The Chemistry of Hashish” was delivered by Professor A. R. Todd, F.R.S. The lecturer gave an account of the ingredients of this material, its formation and a survey of research on the constituents. On 5th March, a lecture, illustrated by films,and entitled “Shellac, its uses in Modern Industry and in War-time,” was given by Mr. A. J. Gibson, of the Shellac Research Bureau. Hudder sfield .-The Twenty-third Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 16th March in Fields Caf6, Dr. J.W. Whitaker presiding. The reports of the Hon. Secretary and the Hon.Treasurer were received and adopted. Messrs. C. Lumb and H. S. Peacocke were elected to the Committee in place of Dr. J. W. Whitaker and Dr. R. J. Connor, who retired by rule. Messrs. H. S. Pink and C. E. Randolph were re- elected Hon. Auditors. Dr. A. E. Everest gave a brief talk on the Benevolent Fund and read a letter from the Registrar giving some details of the principles on which the Fund is operated and asking all Fellows and Associates to consider the matter and to give whatever they could afford to the Fund. Dr. Everest gave his views on the policy adopted towards the Fund, indicating that he considered that the collection of small amounts to build up a memorial to those who fell in the last war should be elaborated.The Institute paid L800 to other bodies while no payment was made to the Benevolent Fund. Immediate steps should be taken to put the Fund on a more secure basis, preferably by allocating a proportion of the subscriptions of Fellows and Associates to the Fund. Under the present Charter there were difficulties in the way, but these should be overcome. He moved: “That Council should be asked to consider the practicability and means to evolve a more permanent method of supporting the Benevolent Fund and to set the Fund on a basis more in keeping with the dignity of the profession.” The proposal was seconded by Mr. G. M. Power and, after a brief discussion, carried unanimously. Dr. Everest referred to the proposals for unification or federation of Chemical bodies.The meeting was generally in agreement that tHe subject was of the utmost importance and that it was desirable that a general discussion should be held at an early date. Details of the arrangements were referred to the Committee. Following the Annual General Meeting an ordinary meeting of the Section was held at which a talk was given by H. Trevor Jones, entitled “Soil Analysis in the Service of Agriculture.” Leeds Area. -At the University of Leeds on 8th February, the Leeds Area Section of the Institute and the Yorkshire Section of the Society of Chemical Industry held a meeting with the Institution of Chemical Engineers and the Chemical Engineering Group of the Society of Chemical Industry. Professor F. Challenger, Chairman of the Section, welcomed the visitors, and Dr.A. H. Jay read a paper on “The Application of X-ray Crystal Analysis to some Chemical Engineering Materials.” An interest- ing discussion followed. r 81 1 Liverpool and North-Western.-A Social Meeting of the Section was held on 20th February, at the Stork Hotel, Queen’s Square, Liverpool. Following lunch, a musical programme, arranged by Mr. H. Weatherall, Fellow, was given by Mrs. McKerrigan, Dr. and Mrs. L. J. Burrage and Mr. Stanton Campbell, and the meeting closed with an exhibit of scientific films: “Oil from Earth”; “Vitamins”; “Air Screw” and “Tne Life of Echinus.” A vote of thanks was accorded to the artists and organisers. London and South-Eastern Counties.-The Committee of the Section had under consideration the desirability of a third grade of membership of the Institute, the question of Associates being eligible to serve on the Council, the alteration of Section Rules 4 and 5 to allow of free election of either Fellows or Associates to the Section Committee and the much-discussed letter in Chemistry and IndNstry of 13th February.A sub-committee consisting of Mrs. S. M. Tritton, Mr. D. M. Freeland and the Hon. Secretary, has been appointed to collaborate on publicity for the Section’s lectures. A joint meeting with the Institute of Physics was held at the Royal Institution on 17th March, when Mr. E. D. Eyles gave a lecture on “High Speed Kinematography,” accompanied by interesting films and demon- st rations.The Committee has decided to hold a series of lectures on “recent advances” lines which they hope will in some measure compensate for the lack of “refresher courses” in the London area. South Wales.-Members of the Section participated in a meeting arranged by the Chemical Society and the University College of Swansea Chemical Society, held on 13th February in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, University College, Swansea,-Professor J. E. Coates presiding. Dr. H. J. T. Ellingham delivered a lecture entitled “The Reducibility of Oxides and Sulphides in the Extraction of Metals.” On 6th March members participated in a joint meeting arranged by the South Wales Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, also held in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, University College, Swansea, under the Chairmanship of Professor J.E. Coates. Dr. E. H. Farmer, of the British Rubber Producers Research Assoc- iation, lectured on “The Oxidation of Rubber.” South Yorkshire.-The Committee of the Section has announced the conditions for the award of the Newton Chambers Prize, 1943 (p. 90). A meeting of the Section was held on 27th February, when Dr. €3. A. Krebs lectured on “How Vitamins Act,” Professor R. D. Haworth presiding. A summary will be published in Part 111. On 27th March the Section held a joint meeting with the Sheffield Metallurgical Association, when Lt. Dr. Convey read a paper on “The Spectrochemical Analysis of Segregates.” Tees-Side.-On zIst February, at a meeting of the Section, Dr.G. B. B. E. Sutherland gave a lecture on “Infra-Red Spectra as a Tool in investigating Molecular Structure.” Sixty members and visitors, including several from Newcastle, were present and the lecture was followed by a keen discussion. SUMMARIES QF LECTURES Dermatitis in Industry By A. N. CURRIE, M.A., D.Sc., M.B., Ch.B., A.I.C., H.M. Medical Impector of Factovies. [Glasgow and West of Scotland Section, zIst January, 1943.1 Dermatitis is a condition that is probably as old as the human race, going back to the primitive days when man had to fight hard in procuring food for himself. It has been continued down the ages.by the varying contacts of man with his industrial environment. As predisposing causes, one has to consider the factors of race, age, sex, diet, season of the year and susceptibility.The white man is more susceptible to skin irritation than the negro or intermediate colour types, and among the white races blondes are more sensitive. The important factor is the protective melanin of the skin which was originally provided by nature to defend against the ultra- violet rays of the sun. As to diet, its nature influences the hydrogen-ion concentration of sweat which is a factor in the production or prevention of dermatitis. It appears that age influences sensitivity to external irritation. A very high percentage of affected persons consists of young, new workers. This may be due to lack of skill in handling dangerous substances, lack of immunity owing to short exposure and failure to avail themselves of protective measures.Women contract derrnatitis more easily than men as a general rule. The season of the year is another factor conditioning the incidence of dermatitis. It is more prevalent in warm weather when less clothing is worn and larger skin areas are exposed to dust, fume or liquid. How-ever, in some industries where the clothing becomes saturated with irritants ultimately reaching the skin, the incidence may be higher in winter as the workers are less inclined to bath themselves. Cleanliness in all respects, personal and environmental, whether in the factory or in the home is one of the most important factors governing the reaction of the individuals to skin hazards. It is not only the worker who has to be clean.His surroundings must also be clean. If damaging dust is produced in the factory it must be isolated by enclosure or removed by local exhaust ventilation; the like requirement applies to irritant fumes; strong acids, alkalis or chemicals must be handled in such a manner as to involve the minimum of contact with the skin, and the plant engineer can achieve great success in minimising the hazard by studious attention to such matters. The actual causes of industrial dermatitis are somewhat difficult to classify, but the following tentative list is given. I. Mechanical Causes. 2. Physical Causes : (a) temperature, (b) electricity, (c) radiations. 3. Chemical Causes: Organic-Carbohydrates, Terpenes, Aliphatic substances and derivatives, Aromatic substances and derivatives. Inorganic-Acids, Alkalis, Salts, Oxides.L 83 1 It should be noted that the chemical group defies adequate classifica- tion. Some authorities divide chemical causes into two main groups. The first is that of the Primary Irritants which will cause dermatitis on normal skin. The second is that of the Specific Irritants which will cause der- matitis only in hypersensitive persons. The war has caused a marked increase in the incidence of dermatitis. During 1939 the number of voluntarily reported cases was 2,952. This figure was raised to 4,744 in the following year, and the biggest rise was in chemical manufacture, where the figure was practically trebled-a rise from 477 to 1298.The principal reasons for this rise are not hard to seek-we find them in the accelerated tempo of production; in the in- creased manufacture of explosives such as T.N.T. and Tetryl which are notorious for their irritant effects on the skin; in the recruitment to industry of new labour, male and female, who are not inured to in- dustrial conditions; in the re-employment of men who have gone flabby during years of enforced idleness and could not immediately build up a resistance to hazard because of the undernutrition which almost neces- sarily accompanies prolonged unemployment ; in the longer periods of exposure entailed by longer hours of work; in impaired ventilation of factories due to black-out conditions, and the hundred and one harassing factors due to blitzes, difficult transport, long hours spent in travelling before and after work, with a consequent insufficient period of sleep, changes in environment owing to the mobile requirements of labour, skilled and unskilled, and so on.Preventive measures are simple and if strictly adhered to should do much to minimise the hazard. This involves the co-operation of the management and the worker. The management can reduce the risk by enlightened plant design, by attention to points of general and local ventilation, by the provision of protective clothing where it is impossible to prevent entirely the irritant from coming into contact with the worker’s skin, by the provision of protective ointments or suitably medicated washes, by the provision where necessary of spray and plunge baths and adequate washing accommodation, by making arrangements for the periodic inspection of hands and arms by a competent persgn, by seeing to the effective maintenance of first aid provisions, by exhibiting promi- nently official placards and memoranda dealing with industrial dermatitis, and by the encouragement of works committees dealing with safety and health risks.Co-operation between Chemist and Doctor in Factory Welfare By F. S. FOWWEATHER,M.D., F.I.C. [South Yorkshire Section, mnd October, 1942.1 The work of the factory medical officer is not concerned solely with industrial diseases. It includes much purely medical work such asthe examination of applicants for employment, treatment of accidents, ad- vising on and supervising matters concerned with factory hygiene and many other duties where there is little or no scope for the work of the chemist.[ 84 1 The need for co-operation between chemists and medical men depends therefore on what chemical hazards are involved in the processes carried on in the factory, and hence on the risks of specific industrial diseases. Doctors and others in contact with industrial workers have noted injurious effects on health arising from contacts with certain substances. Thus various industrial diseases have come to be recognised. Other workers, including chemists, interested in various aspects of the problems raised by industrial diseases, have carried out investigations in universities, hospitals md other institutions.A considerable amount of knowledge has thus been accumulated. Many valuable statistical and other records of work carried out by the Government departments in this and other countries have appeared in such publications as the Annual Reports of H.M. Chief Inspector of Factories and the U.S. Public Health Bulletins and Reports. The number of doctors employed whole-time in factories in this country has increased during the last two years from 35 to 150, and part-time doctors from 70 to 550. With the greater number so employed,the scope and usefulness of more direct co-operation between chemists and doctors within the factories themselves should increase considerably and make a valuable contribution to the preservation of health among industrial workers.Where there are no chemical hazards the scope for the chemist, as such, is limited, but for the chemist as a trained scientific worker the scope is somewhat greater. Thus the chemist with knowledge and experience of modern statistical methods may be of great assistance in making apparent the true significance of the mass of data which the doctor may accumulate in the course of his work. The chemist who is also a physicist may help with problems of heating, lighting and ventila- tion. Whenever new processes or new materials are introduced, the possibility of risks to health must be carefully considered. Here the chemist, with his knowledge of the constitution and properties of so many substances, can give valuable advice.If new processes are carefully scrutinised by the chemist and doctor together, it should be possible to foresee and guard against risks. Where toxic hazards are already present, or likely to arise, the field available for co-operation is increased. S.ubstitution.-Where harmful substances are present, the ideal is to aim at their elimination and the substitution of harmless substances, eg., steel shot for sand in sand blasting; compounds of zinc or other metals for white lead in paints; carbide of silicon instead of sandstone for grinding wheels. Such substitution is preferable to schemes of protection by masks, respirators, etc., since these tend to impede free movement and introduce discomfort ; moreover, safety schemes tend to break down through carelessness or ignorance on the part of the worker. When the doctor is satisfied that a process, or the presence of certain substances, constitutes a risk to health, he will bring the facts to the notice of the management, and it is for the chemist to consider the possibility of finding a substitute, and to persuade the management to permit him to devote time to an attempt to solve the problem.The search for substitutes, the modification of processes, and the testing of intermediate and finished products in an attempt to attain the desired result, while eliminating the toxic hazard, are importaiit tasks. 1 85 1 Protection.-Substitution is in many cases impossible and so pro-tective measures have to be employed. The chemist can supply the necessary knowledge of the chemical properties of the substances dealt with and of the materials required for efficient protection.He can devise and apply methods for testing the efficiency of safety procedures, and take his part in seeing that the workers understand the principles under- lying the protective measures, and that such measures are adopted willingly and efficiently. Laboratory Investigation of Suspected Cases of Industrial Disease.- Such investigations may consist of chemical tests for toxic substances in body fluids and tissues. The chemist can also apply other tests, not strictly chemical, where his laboratory skill will prove useful.Supervision of Work-people Engaged in Dangerous Occupations.- Where processes involve risk of industrial disease, chemists should make themselves acquainted with its manifestations, particularly in the early stages, and should be on the look-out, unobtrusively and tactfully, for their appearance amongst workers with whom they come in contact, so that the doctor can be immediately informed and appropriate measures taken promptly. Any alarmist attitude towards industrial disease should be discouraged, and the tendency of some work-people to attribute every departure from normal health to the effect of their work must also be combatted. Prompt recognition and treatment of industrial disease in its early stages will do much to rob such disease of its terrors.Research and Experimental Investigation.-When new processes or new substances are introduced and the possible effects on the workers are not known, the doctor and the chemist should, wherever possible, carry out experimental work to obtain the necessary information. Even in the case of well-known industrial diseases there are many gaps in our knowledge which may be lessened by the joint research of doctor and chemist. In appropriate cases these workers might form part of larger teams, which would include staffs of neighbouring institutions, and such teams could best be organised by departments of industrial medicine established in the universities. Success can only be achieved, however, if the efforts of the chemist and doctor are backed by the encouragement of the management.The Functions of a Government Inspection Department in War-time By HUGHHOLLIS,H.Sc., A.I.C. [Leeds Area Section, 11th January, 1943.1 The Chemical Inspection Department, Ministry of Supply, has grown out of the Department of the War Department Chemist, which was created in 1854 under the late Sir Frederick Abel. Since those days the Department has expanded considerably, until now the Chief Chemical Inspector has a scientific staff numbering 1600 of all grades under his direct control, occupying laboratories in 50 different localities, and examining approximately 1,600,000 samples annually. The inspection of finished explosives is carried out in laboratories situated at the various Government Filling Factories, whilst stations responsible for general stores are so situated geographically as to cover the main industrial centres.L 86 1 For materials of all kinds, as distinct from the compositions made at Filling Factories, the Department endeavours to inspect and sentence in bulk at the source of production prior to delivery. In this work we collaborate with the producers’ chemists, who also test the products, and so are enabled to effect considerable all round economies. It is noteworthy that the Inspectors’ policy at all factories is to collaborate with the factory personnel in the maintenance of output, both as regards quantity and quality, and so to avoid rejections of completed stores. This is so important a part of the Department’s policy that emphasis on the point is appropriate..Where contractors are engaged continuously on the manufacture of one or more particular types of material, it has often proved possible to release material on witness of manufacture only, thus avoidingcongestion at a contractor’s works, and in many cases ensuring rapid , dispersal of highly inflammable goods from vulnerable areas. Specifications for stores covering the three Fighting Services had been largely co-ordinated prior to the outbreak of war, and more recently the Ministry of Supply has undertaken the purchase and inspection of these stores on behalf of all three Services, thus effecting economies in both man-power and time. A considerable amount of investigational work is carried out by the Department with a view to improving the quality of existing Service stores, adaptation of stores to meet war-time conditions, and in connexion with the provision of substitutes for raw materials which may be in short supply.Specifications for all stores which can be tested by either direct chemical oi- physico-chemical methods are drawn up by the Department, and many of these have required revision from a composition to a performance basis to meet the changing conditions imposed by war, and to ensure that the burden on the country’s resources of raw materials is more evenly spread. Analytical methods capable of producing speedy results have had to be developed, and in this connection it has proved possible to adopt spectographic and polarographic methods to a much greater extent than appeared likely before the war.The rapid expansion of staff in the Department since the outbreak of war could only in part be met by the allocation which was received through the Central Register. A school which was started at Cambridge for the training of young laboratory assistants and has done much to meet the deficiency, has been generally acknowledged to be a great success. Lecture.-On 19th March, at the Institute, Dr. D. Jordan-Lloyd,Vice-president, gave a lecture on “Leather,” illustrated by lantern slides. In the unavoidable absence of the President, the Chair was occupied byDr. J. J. Fox, who, in moving a cordial vote of thanks, expressed the earnest request that Dr.Jordan-Lloyd would allow her lecture to be published as an addition to the monographs of the Institute. Sir Robert Pickard seconded the motion, and Dr. Jordan-Lloyd kindly promised to accede to the request for publication. c 87 1 Notes Parliamentary and Scientific Committee.-At a luncheon given by the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee at the Savoy Hotel, on 11th February, Viscount Samuel made some observations on the con- stitution and purposes of the Committee, which he said formed a liaison between public opinion and the Government. It was a wholly unofficial, self-appointed and self-financed body consisting of members of both Houses and of representatives of a number of associations, professions and industries concerned with applied science.Its membership consisted of 16 Members of the House of Lords, 58 Members of the House of Commons and 33 representatives of other organisations. Deputations and con-ferences were organised, and specific points, presented mostly by these organisations, were considered by the Committee and, when the case required it, representations were made to the Government either directly or through Parliamentary action. The other speakers were Sir John Anderson and Sir Robert Robinson. Sir John Anderson, dealing with the connexion between science and the Government in time of war, said that any super-departmental organisa- tion for science must be built firmly into the Government machine, and incorporated in the Government organisation ; it must not be insulated from the great body of scientific workers outside and must not cut across ministerial responsibility.A Minister responsible to Parliament must have directly at his disposal the best advice that can be made available. The scientific organisation should be linked up directly with some Minister whose special business it is to see that considerations of a general scientific character going beyond the range of departmental problems would have proper attention. Sir John said that he thought that the Government had made marked progress and had got on the right lines. The three scientific advisers who had been appointed had a definite departmental function; they were responsible to the Minister of Pro- duction and were linked up with another Minister,-himself ,-to whom they were free at all times to take problems of a more general character. Sir Robert Robinson, in the course of his remarks, said that the task of the chemist in war-time was less spectacular than that of the engineer and lay more in the background.Large numbers of chemists were of course employed in the provision of essential munitions and of materials necessary for the life of the nation. Production was never static; it demanded continuous research. The Com-mittee had taken a practical interest in the question of the proper use of scientists. Complaints that the services of chemists had not been called upon sufficiently were still heard. Chemical industry was concerned with the first transformations of raw materials.The common essential for armies, navies and air forces was explosives. War without explosives would be impossible, provided that one side-preferably our side-had them. Explosives for war purposes were all based on nitric acid which in turn was produced from ammonia. Before 1923 Germany increased her nitrogen plants to a capacity far exceeding her requirements for industry and agriculture, and there was little doubt but that this was done for' war purposes. The Germans recognised that ammonia and nitric acid were key-pins of all forms of c 88 1 armament, but they evinced no gratitude to Haber, who died in exile in Cambridge. Synthetic ammonia plants cannot be concealed or impro- vised in a few months and an International Nitrogen Commission would have little difficulty in maintaining a sanction imposed against them provided that we kept the will to enforce it.Synthetic methanol plants would also need to be curtailed or cut out. The development of military explosives not based on nitric acid was unlikely. Provision for appro- priate action could be made to meet that remote contingency. On the 25th March, Mr. Bevin, Minister of Labour, in a preliminaryreply to Mr. A. Pearson, said that the Government fully recognised the need for assisting suitably qualified men and women to obtain after the war further education or training which had been interrupted ,or prevented by their war service. Plans had been approved for providing financial assistance to enable such persons on demobilisation to continue their education or training, in order to supply persons qualified to fill responsible posts in the professions, industry and commerce.The scheme was primarily intended for those who had served with the Armed Forces and the Auxiliary Services and other work of national importance. Facilities would be afforded at once to suitable applicants who had been discharged on medical grounds and were not required to undertake other forms of national service. Enquiries in the case of candidates normally resident in England and Wales should be addressed to the Secretary, Board of Education, Belgrave Square, London, S.W.1, and in the case of those normally resident in Scotland, to the Secretary, Scottish Education Department, St.Andrews House, Edinburgh, I. It was intended that, so far as is practicable and the exigencies of Service duties perrnit, corresponding opportunities would be provided by Service Departments, during the period of re-settlement before demobili- sation is complete, for men and women likely to remain with the Armed Forces for a substantial period. An interdepartmental committee was being appointed to ensure that the arrangements are related to the prospects of employment at home and abroad. Consideration had also been given to the development of arrangements for assisting persons qualified for higher posts in the professions to find opportunities of suitable employment during the period of resettlement after the war.These arrangements would be centred in the Appoint- ments Department of the Ministry of Labour, and an independent com- mittee was being appointed to advise the Minister on the organisation of the work and the best methods of securing close co-operation with the appropriate professional and business organisations and with the educa- tion authorities . Lord Hankey had agreed to become Chairman of the inter-depart- mental committee and of the committee to advise on the work of the Appointments Department. The Council of the Society of Chemical Industry has decided to present the Society’s Medal to Dr. Leslie H. Lampitt. As Chief Chemist and a Director of Messrs. J. Lyons & Co., Ltd., Dr. Lampitt has charge of upwards of a hundred chemists. He has served on the Council of the Society for many years, has been its Honorary Foreign Secretary and is now its Honorary Treasurer.He is Chairman of the Chemical Council and a Vice-president of the Institute. 189 I Mr. William Ernest Cooper, Fellow, is Chairman of the Materials Committee, Aircraft Industry, and Aircraft Representative on Technical Advising Committee, Iron and Steel Control (Ministry of Supply). Professor Sir Frederick Gowland Mopkins, O.M., F.R.S., Fellow, will resign from the Sir William Dunn Chair of Biochemistry in the University of Cambridge, on 30th September next. Dr. James Grieve King, Member of Council, has been appointed Director of the Gas Research Board. Dr. Albert Parker, Fellow, has been appointed Director of H.M.Fuel Research St ation, D. S.I.R. Sir Shanti Swarupa Bhatnagar, O.B.E., and Dr. John Jacob Fox, C.B., O.B.E., Fellows, have been elected Fellows of the Royal Society. (This Part includes a portrait of Dr. Fox.) The Newton Chambers Prize Following upon the announcement on page 29 of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part I, 1943,attention is drawn to the undermentioned conditions, etc., for the award of the Newton Chambers Prize for 1943. Messrs. Newton Chambers &. Co., Ltd., have offered to the South Yorkshire Section of the Institute a sum of LIOOper anptum for five years for the award of an annual prize for contributions to the subject of Chemistry and Industrial Welfare Applications to compete for the Prize for 1943 are invited under the following conditions.1. The 1943 competition is open to every Fellow, Associate or RegisteredStudent of the Institute who had not reached his 31st birthday by 1st January, 1943. 2. The 1943 prize is offered for an essay, paper, or papers, published or un- published, embodying the candidate’s own observations on some aspect of the application of chemistry to the promotion of industrial welfare. A critical examina- tion of existing knowledge is admissible to the competition, provided that the conclusions reached constitute an addition to knowledge of the subject. 3. Each candidate must transmit to the Hon. Sec., South Yorkshire Section, Institute of Chemistry (6.Parkin, Esq., A.I.C., 52, Whirlow Grove, Sheffield, ll), to reach him on or before 31st December, 1943,-(u) A formal letter of applicationto enter the competition, stating his name, address, date of birth and status (Fellow, Associate or Registered Student) in the Institute; (b) two copies of each essay or paper submitted, together with a brief statement in duplicate indicating in what respect the essay or paper advances knowledge of the application of chemistry to the promotion of industrial welfare; and (c) a declaration by the candidate that thc work is his own, or in the case of joint papers, a statement signed by the candidate and his collaborators as to the extent to which the results and conclusions are the work of the candidate.4. The decision of the Committee of the South Yorkshire Section on any matter connected with the award of the prize is final.The Committee may at its discretion divide the Prize between two or more candidates or may withhold the award if no entry of sufficient merit is received. 5. The Committee may rcquire a candidate to attend for interview in connection with his application. 6. The Committee reservrs the right to publish the successful essa7-01-paper(if not already published) in whatever form it thinks desirable. [ 90 1 Obituary HENRYGEORGE whose death haslately been reported from New Zealand, DENHAM, was born at Christchurch, in 1880. He was educated at Christchurch Boys’ High School and Canterbury College, University of New Zealand. Gaining an 1851 Scholarship, he worked under Professor Donnan at the University 01 Liverpoolfrom 1906-1908, and under Professor Bredig at Heidelberg from 1908-1909. He obtained the degrees of M.A.(with honours in Chemistry), and M.Sc. (N.Z.), D.Sc. (Liv.), and Ph.D. (Heid.) summa cum laude. From 1912-1914 he was Lecturer in Chemistry, from 1914-1918 Acting Professor, and from 1918-1921 Assistant Pro- fessor of Chemistry, in the University of Queensland. From 1921-1923 he was Professor of Inorganic Chemistry in the University of Cape Town, and from 1923 Professor of Chemistry in Canterbury College. He was a Past President of the Queensland Branch of the Australian Institute of Chemistry, President of the Chemical Section of the Australian Associa tion for the Advancement of Science from 1928-1930, and from 1926 was a Member of the Council of Scientific and In- dustrial Research, New Zealand.He was the author of a Textbook on Inorganic Chemistry and of numerous papers publishcd in the Journa2 of the Chemical Society and other journals. He was an Honorary Member of the Society of Chemical Industry and was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1930. WILLIAM died at Lancaster on 7th December, 1942, at the age of nearly FRENCH 80 years. He studied chemistry under Liveing and Ruhemann at Cambridge from 1885 to 1889, and after acting as an assistant in the University laboratories, took courses at the Royal School of Mines, South Kensington, before he moved to Bury in 1892 to take an appointment as teacher of natural sciences in the Grammar School.From 1901 to 1911 he was Principal of the Storey Institute Technical School and Director of Education under the Lancaster Corporation. In 1911 he became Managing Director and Chief Chemist of Messrs. J. Storey & Co., Ltd., Chemical and Colour Manufacturers, Lancaster, with whom he remained until his death. He was a prime mover in founding the Local Section of the Institute in Man- Chester and District and in establishing the Lancastrian Frankland Society in honour o€ the first President, Sir Edward Frankland, who received his education at the Grammar School, Lancaster, in addition to persuading the educational authorities, when building a new laboratory, to name it the Frankland Laboratory. He was elected an Associate in 1889 and a Fellow in 1893.WILLIAMFREDERICK JACKSON died at Chipping Campden on 22nd March, at the age of 52 years. Educated at Queen Elizabeth Grammar School, Crediton, Devon, he studied under H. E. Armstrong at the City and Guilds of London Technical College, South Kensington, obtained the diploma of A.C.G.I. in 1910, the Honours Diploma for research in 1911, and graduated B.Sc. (Lond.) with honours in chemistry in the same year. After working with Dr. E. F. -4rmstrong for more than a year at Huntley & Palmers, Ltd., Reading, he obtained an appointment in 1912 with Holbroolis, Ltd., Birmingham, where he had control of the vinegar brewery until 1915. He was then engaged for four years under the Ministry of Munitions, as a shift chemist in charge of plant and later as assistant superintendent of research both in the laboratory and on the plant.He acted for some time as the Press Editor of The Central the Journal of the Old Students’ Association at his College, and for the past 12 years or more held an appointment as chemist to Marsh and Baxter, Ltd., Ham and Bacon Curers, of Brierley Hill. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1917. JAFF~~ADOLPH died at Shipley on 20th March, at the age of 68 years. He was educated at Belle Vue Secondary School, Bradford, and studied science at the Bradford Technical College. He was associated for over 50 years with his brother- in-law, Mr. Frederick William Richardson, Fellow, Public Analyst for the West Riding of Yorkshire and City of Bradford, with whom he became a partner in 1907, and was joint author of papers contributed to the .Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry on sugar, glycerin, olive oil, soap, gas analysis, and various other subjects. 91 1 He was remarkable for his varied interests,-in the Volunteers, outdoor sports, music and literature.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1926. WILSON MCCLELLAND ERNEST died at Bristol in February, in his 47th year. Trained at Queen’s University, Belfast, he graduated B.Sc. with first class honours in chemistry in 1917. He was awarded a post-graduate Scholarship and the Andrews Research Scholarship, but from the end of 1917 until January, 1919, was attached to the Aeronautical Inspection Department, Irish district.He returned to the University to resume his Scholarship and was appointed an Assistant in the Chemistry Department. He obtained the degree of Ph.D. (Dunelm) and later D.Sc. (Q.U.B.). From 1924 he was a demonstrator and subsequently lecturer in King’s College, London. He published papers on sulphur compounds, originally jointly with Professor S. Smiles, F.R.S. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1919. COLIN RICHARD is reported to have died on active service in MORRISON-JONES the Middle East in July, 1942, in his 28th year. Educated at Cranleigh School and the Royal College of Science, London, he obtained the Associateship of the College, and graduated B.Sc. (Lond.) with honours in chemistry, subsequently being awarded the degree of Ph.D.for a thesis on “The Polymerisation of Unsaturated Esters.” In 1937 he became research assistant to the Rubber Growers’ Association, and in the following year obtained a similar appointment as research assistant with the Anglo-Iranian Oil Co., at Sunbury-on-Thames, before he joined the R.A.F. He served as a Pilot Officer both in Malta and Libya. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1937. HERBERTSTANLEY died at Pangbourne on 13th March, in his 57th REDGROVE year. Educated at Nevi11 House School, Eastbourne, and the Polytechnic Secondary School, Regent Street, London, he graduated B.Sc. (Lond.) with honours in chemistry in 1908. He continued at the Polytechnic as assistant lecturer until 1915, and then proceeded to a similar post at the West Ham Technical Institute.From 1920 to 1925 he was chemistry master at Battersea Grammar School, when he devoted himself to the study of the chemistry of cosmetics and perfumes, his aim being to put this production on a scientific basis and to eliminate quackery. He visited Russia with an official educational delegation in 1.926 and later various perfumery houses on the continent many times and, in 1938; New York. In 1041 he started the manufacture of cosmetics to his own formulas. He was the author of several works, including a treatise “On the Calculation of Thermochemical Constants ”; two textbooks on “Experimental Mensuration ” and “Practical Commercial Methods ”; “Alchemy: Ancient and Modern” ; “RogerBacon : the Father of Experimental Science ; ‘I Joannes Baptista van Helmont : Alchemist, Physician and Philosopher ” ; “Blonde or Brunette ”; “Spices and Condi- ments”; “Paint, Powder and Patches”; “Scent and all about it”; “The Cream of Beauty ”; “Hair-Dyes and Hair Dyeing, Chemistry and Technique.” He con-tributed articles to Martin’s “Industrial and Manufacturing Chemistry ” and to many technical, scientific and other journals.He was elected an Associate in 1922 and a Fellow in 1931. GEORGE DUPRB THUDICHUM, whose death at the age of 85 has lately been reported, was educated at the Grammar School, Kensington, and studied chemistry under Charles Graham at University Ccllege, London, under Bernays, at St. Thomas’ Hospital Medical School, and under his uncle, Auguste Duprlt, at Westminster Hospital Medical School.Thereafter he worked for three years in his father’s laboratory on research for the Local Government Board. In 1883 he returned to Dr. Duprk, and in 1884 obtained an appointment in the Chemical Department of the Metropolitan Board of Works, and continued with the London County Council until March, 1897. From 1884-1889 he had charge of the Chemical Laboratory at the Southern Sewage Outfalls at Crossness, Barking, where he took an active part in the manufacture of manganate of soda. In 1889 he became chemist in charge of the Northern Outfall, which position he held until 1897, when he joined W. J. Dibden in private practice specialising in the bacterial treatment of sewage, on which he was the author of a small book.He contributed papers to various chemical and engineering societies, for one of which he received the Gold Medal of the Society of Engineers. Later he joined his uncle in practice, and for a time was in partnership with his cousins, F. H. and P. W. Dupri.. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1901. c 92 3 GOODLATTE RICHARDSONWINDER died at Cheadle Hulme, Cheshire, on the 15th January. Trained at Owens College, Manchester, from 1884-1889, he proceeded to Zurich, where he was engaged in research until 1893, and was awarded the degree of Ph.D. From 1894 to 1910 he was an assistant with Messrs. Crace-Calvert & Thomson, of Manchester, after which he joined Messrs.W. H. Cowburn & Cowpar, Ltd., Chemical Manufacturers, Traff ord Park, Manchester, becoming a director in 1911. In 1930, in association with Mr. A. W. Cowburn, he joined the staff of Messrs. Courtaulds, Ltd., as manager of their Trafford Park Chemical Works. Both these appointments he retained until his retirement in 1939. He was elected an ,4ssociate in 1890 and a Fellow in 1893. Coming Events April (Tees-Side Section). Annual General Meeting to be held at 30 THEINSTITUTE the William Newton School, Junction Road, Norton-on-Tees, at 6 p.m. May 6 THE INSTITUTE(Liverpool and North-Western Section). Annual General Meeting and Joint Meeting with Local Sections of the Society of Chemical Industry, the British Association of Chemists and the Chemical Society.A lecture-demonstration.on “Certain Indicators for Volumetric Analysis.” Dr. A. D. Mitchell, in the Muspratt Lecture Theatre, University, Liverpool, at 7 p.m. 8 THE INSTITUTE(Tees-Side Section, jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry, Newcastle Section). Mr. E. J. Bowen, F.K.S., at Norton Hall, Norton-on-Tees. 11 THE CHEMICALSOCIETY. “Some Consequences of Hydrogen Bond For-mation.” Dr. Wilson Baker, at The University, Leeds, at 5.30 p.m. 12 THE INSTITUTE(South Yorkshire). Annual General Meeting. Discussion on the Education and Training of the Chemist. To be opened by Dr. G. Lawton and Mr. W. F. Andrews, at 198, West Street, Sheffield. 14 THE CHEMICALSOCIETY. “Modern Technique in Inorganic Chemistry.’’ Dr.H. J. Emelkus, at the University, Western Bank, Sheffield, at 5.30 p.m. The Register At the meetings of Council held on 19th February and 26th March, 1943, 4 new Fellows were elected, 29 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, I Fellow was re-elected, 76 new Associates were elected, 6 Associates were re-elected, and 59 Students were admitted. The Council records with regret the deaths of 10 Fellows and 3 Associates. New Fellows Jones, Herbert Edwin, B.A., B.Sc. Slater, Victor Wallace, B.Sc. (Lond.),(Oxon.). M.I.Chem.E. McIntyre, Major Gordon, H.Sc. Wilkinson, Harry, H.Sc., 1’h.D. (Liv.).(Montreal). [ 93 1 Associates elected to the Fellowship Anderson, Leonard, M.Sc. (Leeds). Baker, Charles Frederick, A.C.G.F.C. Beese, Dennis Clifford.Berry, Harry, B.Sc. (Lond.). Billing, Joseph, A.M.1.Chem.E. Crawford, Archibald Barclay, R.Sc., Ph.D. (Glas.), A.K.T.C. Dawson, Edward Lionel, A.M.C.T., A.I.R.I. Denbigh, Kenneth George, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Leeds). Dyson, Neville Bingham, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Leeds). Easterbrook, Willia in Caulton. Garnor, William Austin, B.Sc. (Liv.) . Grimwood, Robert Charles, A.C.G.F.C., D.I.C. Hall,DouglasAlfred, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Bris.). Heppenstall, Thomas Arthur, M.Sc. (Liv.). Howat, David Dickie, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Glas.). Kinniburgh, William. Knott, Edward Bowes, B.Sc. (Birm.),Dr.Phi1. (Frankfurt). Lewis, Harold, B.Sc. (Lond.), M.1.Chem.E. McGrath, James. Morley, Arthur Milnes, M.Sc.Tech., Ph .D. (Manc.). Moulds, Lawrence de Vere, B.Sc., Ph.D.(Dun.).Muir, Geoffrey Dale, B.Sc., Ph.U. (Glas.).Philip, George Gilmour, A.H-W.C. Pullen, George Gilbert Sargent. Raychaudhuri, Satya Prasad, Ph.D. (Lond.), DSc. (Calcutta). Richardson, Thomas Norman, B.A., M.Sc. (T.C.D.). Smith, Victor, M.Sc. (Manc.). Tritton, Frederic Jenner, BSc. (Lond.). Voss, Walter Arthur. Re-elected Fellow Ward, Harry, M.Sc. (Leeds). New Associates Adamson, Peter Swainston, MSc. (Wales).Alcock, Robert Saxelby, M.A., Ph.D. (Cantab.).Allen, Albert Louis. Raker, Brian Patrick. Ball, Stanley, BSc. (Liv.).Barrett, Herbert Stanislaus Boyd, M.Sc. (N.U.I.), Ph.D. (Lond.). Beaumont, Stanley, B.Sc. (Liv.). Bell, Gerald Robert, B.Sc. (Lond.),A.R.S.M. Bentley, Ronald.Browett, Ernest Vernon, B.Sc. (Lond.). Brown, Norman Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.). Buchanan, George Ludovic, B.Sc. (Glas.). Carter, Philip Rufus, B.Sc. (Lond.),A.R.C.S. Clarke, James Rex, B.Sc. (Liv.). Cohen, Harry, B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.). Collins, John Roderick, B.Sc. (Lond.). Court, Jack Milson Alfred, BSc. (Wales). Cowley, William Edward, B.Sc. (Liv.). Culshaw, Gordon Wilson, B.Sc. (Liv.). Cund, Albert Edward, B.Sc. (Lond.). Douglas, Herbert Williamson, B.Sc. (Liv.).Doyle, Joseph James, B.Sc. (Glas.),A.R.T.C. Elsworth, Frank Flintham, B.Sc. (Lond.), Ph.D. (Leeds). Emsley, Dick, BSc. (Leeds). Evans, Hermas, B.Sc. (Wales). Foxcroft, Cyril Lindop, M.Sc. (Liv.). Gent, William Laurence Greenwood,B.Sc. (Lond.). Gordon, Arthur, B.Sc.(Lond.). Gray, John Alexander, B.Sc. (Aberd.). Hawkins, Dennis Ernest, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. Henderson, Thomas Craig, B.Sc. (Glas.), A.R.T.C. Hofton, James, M.A., Ph.D. (Cantab.). Hogg, John Thomas, B.Sc. (Dun.).Howard, Nathan, A.C.G.F.C. Huggett, Leonard George, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. Jacobs, Miss Barbara Rosamuncl, B.Sc. (Lond.).Jessop, Edwin Charles. Kolker, Maurice, B.Sc. (Manc.). Lawrence, Jack, B.Sc. (Lond.). Lawrence, Sydney Martin, B.Sc. (Lond.).Leach, Robert Henry, I%.%., Ph.D. (Lond.) . Leah, Miss Amy Smeeton, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Leeds). Ludlow, Leslie George, B.Sc. (Lond.). Martin, Edward Charles. McAdam, Roger David, J3.Sc. (Wales). McManus, Kenneth Stuart. McNamara, Abraham Ninian, B.Sc. (Glas.).Nicholson, Anthony John Connal, M.Sc.(N.Z.).Oliver, Francis Albert, B.Sc. (Lond.) . Owen, Rnys Price, MSc. (Wales). Paget, Roger, B.Sc. (Lond.). Pedersen, Alfred Carlyle, B.Sc. (Lond.) . Pickering, Edgar, B.Sc. (Leeds). Plummer, Cecil Augustine Johns, M.Sc. (Wales).Polkinhorne. Harry, B.Sc. (Lond.). r 94 1 Rae, William Duff, B.Sc., (Aberd.). Srinivasan, Aravamuda, M.A. (Madras).Raphael, Ralph Alexander, B.Sc. Srinivasan, Mudambi, B.A., M.Sc. (Lond.), A.R .C.S. (Madras).Riley, Dennis Parker, MA., R.Sc., Thexton, George Ivan. D.Phi1. (Oxon.). Thornhill, George, BSc., Ph.D. (Dun.). Robinson, Ralph Sidney. ‘Wardrop, Arthur William Hamilton. Rose, Harold, B.Sc. (Lond.). Weston, Ralph Edward, B.Sc. (Lond.). Rose, Richard Arthur.Welsh, Joseph Peter, B.Sc. (Dun.).Salmon, John Ernest, B.Sc. (Lond.). White, Theodore, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Wares). Shw, Tom Cartwright, n1.S~.(Q.U.B.). Williams, Gwyn Eifion, B.Sc. (Lond.). Silverthorne, Mrs. Ruth Imogen (nke Williams, John Glenydd Eirwyn, 13.S~. Treadwell), B.Sc. (Reading). (Wales).Soper, Alan Kingston, B.Sc. (Wales), Yardley, Edward Donald. M.Sc. (Mane.). Re-elected Associates Dean, Wililam Thomas, B.Sc. (Manc.). Ross, Miss Elizabeth Catherine Baird, Gee, Geoffrey, M.Sc., 1’h.D. (Pdianc.). A.H-W.C. Press, iSdwin William Starky, 13.S~. Siddall, Walk, B.Sc. (Lonrl.).(Lontl.). Wilson, John, n1.S~. (Sheff.). New Students Baines, John Richard Trtvor. Langley, Edward \Villi;iin. Bartle, John Edward. Lawrencc, John. Bennett, Lionel Connett.Lightford, Joseph Arthiir. Blurton, Sydney Edward. Lindley, George. Brown, Frank. McKeown, Joseph Anthony. Bywater, Stanley. Miller, Leslie Gordon. Chappel. Miss Margaret Gladys. Moorhouse, Itgbert Dudley. Cole, Peter Frank. O’Leary, John Joseph. Crofts, Peter Carlyle. Parks, Victor Harold. Crumpler, Harold Roy. Prince, Harry. Curtis, Peter James. Quinn, Miss Kathleen. Dalgleish, Alexander. Rae, Robin William. Desborough, Terence Gordon. Rowland, Henry Lewis. Dick, John James Paterson. Russell, John Harold. Duflin, George Frank. Sawyer, Albert Edward. Dukes, William Noel. Sellers, Fred. Dunwoody, WiIliam John Henry. Sykes, Harold. Eden, Stanley. Tootill, Percy. Elson, John James. Trowell, Frank. Foster, Geoffrey Lambsin.Tucker, Philip Frank. French, Keith Harold Vernon. Vowles, Peter John Henry. Greaves, John Bernard. Walters, Clifford Leslie. Green, Charles Victor. Washington, John Geoffrey. Grimshaw, Rex William. Watson, Hubert Richard. Hadgraft, John William. Whitehead, George Herbert. Hamilton, Robert Menzies. Willets, Harold. Hardman, Eric. Willey, John Alan. Hayes, John Eric. Wyse, William John. Hough, Leslie. Yardley, John Terence. Jones, Harry. CHANGE OF N m (Miss) Margaret Wood, BSc. (Lond.), AX-W.T., Associate, to Mrs. Hendkrson,-OP her marriage. [ 95 1 DEATHS---Fellows l'cter Phillips Bedson, MA. (Dunelm), I Icnry I:orstcr Morlcj, JLL\., I).Sc, B.Sc. (I-ict.), DSc. (Lond. and (Lond.). Dunelm), Hon. D.C.1,. (Dunelm), Hon.Herbert Stanley l<edgrovc, B.Sc. X.1.Min.E. (Lond.). 1'rofessor Henry George Denham, M.A., George Dupri: Thudichum. MSc. (N.Z.), Ph.D. (Heid.), Ij.Sc. Goodlattc Richardson i\'indcr, J'1i.l). (Liv.). (Zurich). 'tVi1liam French, M.A. (Cantab.). Samuel Allinson U'oodhead, L> .Sc. (Dun-,\dolph Jaffk. elm).Joseph Henry Lester, ill.%. (Vict.), F.T.I. Associates I;rederick William Jackson, B.Sc. Pilot Officer Colin Iiichard Morrison-(Lond.), A.C.G.I. Jones, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Loncl.), -4.R.C.S. Jrr-nest Wilson RlcClelland, Ph.D. (Dun.), D.Sc. (Q.U.B.). General Notices Examinations.-It is hoped that examinations for the Associateship . aiid for the Fellowship will be held in September as usual. Candidat<s whose applications have not yet been accepted by the Council must forward them to reach the Institute not later than Monday, 14th June.It is hoped that candidates whose applications have then been accepted may be informed early in July as to the arrangements for the examinations. The last date for actual entries and payment of examination fees will be Monday, 19th July. Active Service.-Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who are on active service with the Navy, Army and Air Force are requested to notify the Registrar of the Institute, giving such particulars as may be permissible, as to their rank, unit, etc. Notices to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Asso-ciates to qualify for the Fellowship. Copies of the regulations aiid forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. For Library Notices of the Institute, The Chemical Society, The Science Library, Lewis's, and Boots', see JOK-RNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part VI, December, 1942, p. 293. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers (IS. 7d. each)for binding the JOURNAL in annual volumes, are requested to notify the Kegistrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As the slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.-Fellows, Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration. All requests for changes in the Register should be addressed to the Registrar, and not to the Honorary. Secretaries of Local Sections. [ 96 1

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9436700061

出版商:RSC    

年代:1943

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND FOUNDED 1877 INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885 Patron H.M. THE KING JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS PART 111: 1943 Publications Committee, 1943-44 F. P. Dunn (Chairman),A. L. Bac'harach, H. Baines, F. Challenger, J. W. Cook,L. Eynon, Alexander Findlay (President), J. J. Fox, D. Jordan-Lloyd, H. Moore and Garfield Thomas. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary 30, RUSSELLSQUARE,LONDON,W.C.1 June, 1943 Title of the Institute His Majesty King George VI, Patron of the Institute, has been graciously pleased to Command that the Institute shall henceforth be known as “THE ROYALINSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRYOF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.” Accordingly, the Council will take steps, as expeditiously as possible in the present circumstances, to petition for a Supplemental Charter, to modify the Seal of the Institute and, in other matters, to give effect to His Majesty’s Command.Proceedings of the Council Council Meeting, 16th April, 1943.-Letters in support of the principles underlying the manifesto, signed by r50 chemists and published in Chemistry and Industry, which had been submitted to the Council at the meeting held in February, were received from Dublin, Belfast and Man-Chester Sections and were referred to the Policy Committee. A letter was also received from Dr. L. A. Jordan, Member of Council, reporting that he had attended the Conference on Industrial Health con- vened by the Ministry of Labour and held at Caxton Hall, Westminster, from 9th-11th April, had directed attention to the papers read by Dr.Gold- blatt and Dr. Fowweather before a meeting of the South Y,orkshire Section held in Octobey, 1942,and had stated that the Institute and its members were anxious individually and collectively to lend their aid in providing that service, auxiliary to the medical aspects, which they could supply in order to achieve the purpose of the Conference. A letter was received from Dr. Cullen, President of the Society of Chemi- cal Industry, stating that the exploratory Education Committee of the Society had asked the Chemical Council to convene a Joint Committee to consider all the aspects of education in chemistry.(See p. 99.)The Council approved of alterations in the London and South-Eastern Counties Section Rules whereby Fellows or Associates serving on the Section Committee could be elected without restriction as to the numbers of either Fellows or Associates. Reports were received from the Standing Committees. The Board of Examiners was asked to consider a recommendation from the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee that an Examination for the Fellowship be inaugurated on a syllabus covering the treatment and examination of water supplies. The Publications Committee reported that under the Regulations of the Paper Control, each Part of the JOURNAL must be restricted to 72 pages for the two Parts in any one quota period. The Publicity Committee reported on means for improving and extending publicity for the Institute and on matters to be submitted for discussion at the Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections, together with suggestions for the appointment of Honorary Recorders to prepare reports of meetings and lectures for the public and technical press.~981 Council Meeting, 21st May, 1943.-Before proceeding with the business, the Council was gratified to receive from the President the intima- tion that His Majesty the King had been graciously pleased to Command that henceforth the Institute be known as “The Royal Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland.” The Registrar was directed to desire the Secretary of State for Home Affairs to express the humble duty of the President and Council to His Majesty and their grateful appreciation of His Command.Mr. John Chester Cowap, who had been elected District Member of Council for the Overseas Dominions and Abroad, attended afld was welcomed by the President. The Council decided that representatives of the Institute on the Chemical Council other than those who are members of Council of the Institute should be invited to attend its meetings during their terms of office. A letter was received from the Chemical Council suggesting that a Joint Committee representing the Science Masters’ Association, the Chemical Society, the Institute, and the Society of Chemical Industry should consider all the aspects of education in chemistry, and that, in the meantime, the proceedings of the Committees of the Institute and the Society of Chemical Industry which had been dealing with the matter should be suspended.The Council decided that a preliminary conference of repre- sentatives of all Bodies concerned should be called at an early date to consider the composition and terms of reference of the Joht Committee. A letter was received from the Belfast and District Section Committee reporting on evidence submitted to the Select Committee on Health Services in Northern Ireland; and a letter from the Tees-side Local Section informing the President and Council that the Members present supported the principles contained in the manifesto calling for unity among chemists.A letter was also received from the Huddersfield Section stating that the Section was not for the time being satisfied that the federation of the chartered chemical bodies was desirable and urgently requested the assurance of the Council that no action would be taken in this respect without the considered agree- ment of the Local Sections. The Council directed that all letters relating to this subject be brought to the notice of the Policy Committee, and thereafter forwarded to the Chemical Council with the fullest relevant information available. A communication was received from the Indo-Burma Association on the importance of safeguarding the interests of persons with professional and technical qualifications in India when the time comes for framing the new Constitution for that Empire, the aim being to secure the inclusion of pro- visions to cover the case of persons, whether British or Indian, wishing to carry on their profession in India.Information regarding chemists had been sent to the Association, and the Council agreed that the matter should be carefully watched. The consideration of a proposal from the Chemical Council to provide for participation in the Co-operation Scheme by students of the Institute and junior members of the three Chartered Chemical Bodies was postponed for consideration, on due notice being given, at the next meeting. On the Report of the Finance and House Committee, the Council decided that members serving with the Armed Forces should not be asked to pay subscriptions during the war or their period of service, which ever may be the less.The Benevolent Fund Committee reported on three new cases which are receiving consideration and help. The Joint Committee of the [ 99 1 Institute and the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists reported on a Conference with representatives of the Ministry of Health, in which the Ministry was urged to agree to the formation of a sinall Committee consisting of representatives of the Ministry and of chemists with a view to reaching a satisfactory basis of co-operation in matters which have, since the outbreak of war, been the causes of differences between the Institute and the Society, on the one hand, and the Ministry, on the other.Mr. Bacharach, Chairman of the Publicity Committee, reported that a statement had been prepared for consideration by the Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. The Seventh Report of the Chemical Council was received. Local Sections (The Institute is not responsible for the views expressed in papers read or in speechesdelivered during discussions.) Aberdeen and North of Scotland.-A meeting of the Section was held in the University Union on 6th April, when Professor Findlay was the guest of honour at a dinner held to celebrate his election as President of the Institute. Dr. Lovern, the chairman, spoke of the satisfaction which Professor Findlay’s election had given to all Institute members, particularly in the North of Scotland.The President spoke of the work and aims of the Institute. He outlined various suggestions which had been made with regard to the constitution of the Council, and urged more Associates to qualify for election to the Fellowship. Many Associates, he said, were fully qualified for such election, but appeared to be uncertain of the exact requirements, and so withheld their applications. He also drew attention to the existence and purpose of the Benevolent Fund, which, he said, should receive much more support than it did. Birmingham and Midlands.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 24th March. The Chairman, Mr. T. H. Gant, suggested that Birmingham should possess a Technical House capable of accommodating the local scientific societies.Such a project should be fitted into any scheme of municipal reconstruction, and would make for better co-ordination between technical men. He hoped that local indus- trialists would interest themselves in this proposal. The Committee was elected for 1943--1944:-Chairman, Dr. S. R. Carter; Vice- Chairman, Nr. A. Churchman; Treasurer, Mr. G. H. Edwards; District Member, Mr. Garfield Thomas; Fellows, Professor R. H. Hopkins, Mr. T. H. Gant, Mr. Geo. King, Mr. Geo. Dring, Dr. L. R. Bishop; Associates, Mr. R. Black, Mr. A. W. Evans, Major F. W. Pinkard, Dr. G. W. Usherwood; Secretary, Mr. E. M. Joiner. Messrs. F. G. Broughall and E. G. K. Pritchett were elected Auditors. A resolution supporting the proposals for the Organisation of Chemists published in Chemistry and Industry was carried.Fifty-seven Members applied for admission to the course of studies in Microchemistry to be given by Dr. J. Cooper Duff, Fellow. at the Birmingham Central Technical College. To accommodate all who have applied two evening courses and a day course will be held during the summer, and it is expected that a further day course will be given during the autumn. The meeting was followed by a Concert. On 12th April an exhibit of Scientific Films was given at the University of Birming- ham. The Committee is indebted to the directors of Cyanamid Products Ltd. for their courtesy in this connexion. Cape.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in the Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, on 26th February, 1943, Mr.J. E. Worsdale, Chairman of the Section, presiding. The Reports of the Hon. Secretary and Hon. Treasurer for the year 1942-1943bere read and adopted. Four meetings of the Section were held during 1942 in the Physical Chemistry Lecture Theatre, University of Cape Town. Members of the Cape Chemical and Technological Society were present by invitation on each occasion. [ 1001 OnJ9th July, Mr. W. H. Seath, Chemist, South African Milling Co., read a paper on “The Mineral Constituents of Cereals.” On 4th September, Mr. F. E. A. Leibbrandt, of the Government Laboratory, Cape Town, addressed the Section on “Some Ex- periences of an Analytical Chemist.” On 16th October, Mr. A. D. Lee, Divisional Inspector of Labour, Cape Town, gave an address on “Industrial Legislation and the Professional Employee.” Representatives of the South African Chemical Institute and of the Cape Town Branch of the Association of Scientific Workers of South Africa were invited to attend this meeting.On 27th November Dr. W. E. Isaac, of the Low Temperature Research Laboratory, Cape Town, gave a lecture on “Chemicals and Foods from Seaweed,” with special reference to the types of seaweed found along the South African coast. Members of the Section were invited by the Cape Chemical and Technological Society to three further meetings, viz., to a lecture on “Water Treatment,” by Mr. G. R. Atkins, of the Cape Town Waterworks Department, on 2 1st August ;to participate in a visit on 18th September to the Water Treatment Plant at Kloof Nek; and to a meeting on 2nd October, when Dr.P. E. Hall, formerly of the Fuel Research Institute, Pretoria, gave an address on “The Chemical and Industrial Characteristics of South African Coal.” The following Officers and Committee were elected :-Chairman, Mr. J. E. Worsdale; Hon. Secretary, Dr. A. H. Spong; Hon. Treasurer, Mr. R. J. Kruger; Committee Members, Mr. F. E. A. Leibbrandt and Mr. G. Leslie; Hon. Auditors, Dr. P. C. Carman and Mr. W. H. Seath. After the conclusion of formal business, Mr. J. E. Worsdale delivered an address on “Chemical Specifications for Cement.” Cardiff and District.-A meeting of the Section was held jointly with the Local Sections of the Society of Chemical Industry and the Chemical Society in the Physics Lecture Theatre, University College, Cardiff, on 26th March.The Chairman of the Section, Mr. S. Dixon, welcomed Dr. Wm. Cullen, President of the Society of Chemical Industry and Member of Council, and invited him to take the chair. Dr. Cullen accepted the invitation, and’after a few introductory remarks, called upon Mr. S. B. Watkins to deliver a lecture entitled “The Greeks Started It.” Dr. Cullen subse- quently gave a short address on “Current Chemical Topics.” The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in the Philharmonic Hotel, St. Mary Street, Cardiff, on 13th May, with Mr. S. Dixon in the chair. The reports of the Hon. Secretary and Treasurer were received and adopted.The chairman outlined the changes in the new Section Rules and they were adopted subject to approval by the Council. The officers and committee for the ensuing session were elected as follows:--Chair- man, Mr. P. V. Lloyd; Hon. Secretary and Treasurer, Dr. D. P. Evans; Hon. Auditor, Mr. D. Hicks; Committee: Dr. W. T. H. Williamson, Mr. S. B. Watkins, Mr. G. M. Kerman, Mr. S. Dixon, Mr. H. F. Adams, Mr. W. D. Williams. District Member of Council (ex oficio member of Committee) : Dr. N. M. Cullinane. Thanks were accorded to the retiring Chairman, the Hon. Secretary and the Com- mittee. Mr. E. E. Ayling (Past District Member of Council) gave an account of the work of the Council and Special Committees during his period of office, and the retiring Chairman, Mr.S. Dixon, gave a short address. East Midlands.-The Eighth Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at the School of Art, Green Lane, Derby, on 29th April, Mr. G. F. Hall presiding. Officers and Committee for the cOming year were elected as follows : Chairman, Mr. C. W. North; Committee (Derbyshire), Messrs. R. Davidson, E. W. Fairgreive, G. E. Wilson; (Nottinghamshire), Dr. H. H. Barber, Messrs. E. M. Bavin, C. F. Ward; (Leicestershire), Messrs. S. W. Atherley, H. L. Long; (Loughborough), Dr. G. M. Dyson; (Lincolnshire), Mr. D. A. Campbell; Hon. Secretary and Treasurer, Mr. J. Ratcliffe; Hon. Auditor, Mr. R. Davidson. A vote of thanks was accorded to the retiring Chairman, Mr. G. F. Hall, and the new Chairman presided for the remainder of the evening, when Dr.E. S. Gyngell gave a lecture on “Fuels and their Combustion.” Leeds Area.-A joint meeting of the Section with the Leeds University Chemical Society was held at the University on 23rd March, Dr. J. W. Belton, President of the University Chemical Society, presiding. An official film was exhibited recording the Gin0 Watkins Expedition to Greenland in 1930. After a social interval, Professor F. Challenger, Chairman of the Section, presided at a discussion on “The Training of the [ 101 1 Industrial Chemist,” in which Mr. G. McLeavy spoke for the students, Professor F. M. Rowe, for the university teachers, and Mr. H. M. Mason for industrialists. The report of the discussion has been transmitted to the Joint Committee on Education in Chemistry. Liverpool and North-Western.-A joint meeting, under the auspices of the Liverpool Section and the Food Group of the Society of Chemical Industry, was held on 19th March, at the Adelphi Hotel, Liverpool, Dr.Wm. Cullen, President of the Society of Chemical Industry, in the chair. A lecture entitled “Trends of Agriculture in Relation to Nutrition,” was given by Sir John Russell, F.R.S. (Director of Rothamsted Ex- perimental Station). Members of the Institute were invited to a joint meeting with the Liverpool Section of the British Association of Chemists, held on 9th April, at Reece’s Restaurant, Parker Street, when a paper entitled “The Liquid State,” was given by Dr. E. A. Moelwyn- Hughes.The Annual General Meeting of the Local Section of the Institute was held on 6th May, at the University, Liverpool, Dr. R. A. Morton in the chair. The following officers were elected for the 1943-44 Session:-Chairman, Dr. F. J. Brislee; Vice-chairman, Dr. R. A. Morton; Hon. Treasurer, Mr. G. SV. Beaumont; Committee, Dr. W. C. Davies, Mr. G. A. Dunn, Mr. H. Humphreys Jones, Dr. F. J. Smith; Auditors, Messrs. L. V. Cocks and B. D. W. Luff; Hon. Secretary, Mr. H. Weatherall ; Hon. Assistant Secretary, Mr. E. Reid. The Hon. Treasurer’s report was received and aaopted. .A lecture-demonstration on “Certain Indicators for Volumetric Analysis,” was given by Dr. A. D. Mitchell, in the course of which he outlined. the underlying theory and showed the applications of indicators of the fluorescence, redox, and adsorption types.Manchester and District.-At the meeting held on 14th April, in the Engineers’ Club, Albert Square, Manchester, Dr. Harold Hunter, Chairman, referred to the plea for the unification of the various societies of chemists in this country which had appeared in the form of a letter published in Chemistry and Industry on 13th February. Dr. Hunter thought that some practical steps should be taken towards the unification of the chemical bodies on the lines advocated in the letter. Resolutions were passed to the effect that the meeting warmly welcomed the proposal to form a Federal Body to represent chemists and administer and guide all their main activities. The meeting considered that the essential function of the Institute was to control qualification so as to maintain a high standard of professional competence and conduct, and to adopt such methods of registration as the profession might decide,-other activities to be undertaken by the Federal Body.The meeting attached considerable im- portance to social security, whereby the economic position and legal interests of all chemists might be safeguarded and considered that other societies of chemists and/or other suitable persons concerned with such activities might be invited to become incorporated in or affiliated to the Federal Body. Nearly 100 members were present and 67 proxy votes were received expressing approval of the motions circulated before the meeting. The report of the meeting has been referred to the Chemical Council for submission to the Special Committee of that Council now dealing with the subject. Newcastle upon Tyne and N.E.Coast.-A meeting was held jointly with the Newcastle Chemical Industry Club on 21st January, when Mr. A. E. Bailey lectured on “The Modern Laundry.” (See p. 105.) The 24th Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on the 17th March, in the Newcastle Chemical Industry Club; Dr. G. E. Stephenson succeeded Mr. S. W. A. Wikner as Chairman of the Section. The Hon. Officers were re-elected, and Dr. W. S. Patterson and Mr. W. A. Campbell were elected to fill vacancies on the Committee. Drs. P. L. Robinson and J. H. Jones were appointed Hon. Auditors. At the conclusion of the business of the meeting the Chairman introduced an informal discussion on current Section and Institute topics.Of the three kinds of meetings held by the Section, viz., scientific and technical, Institute business, and social meetings, he considered that the first kind should be held jointly with other local societies in order to ensure audiences justifying the attendance of lecturers of repute. He thought that the necessarily few business meetings would then be better attended. Social meetings were at present at a discount, although in pre-war times they had been a great success. The Chairman then dealt with subjects raised by the recently published letter on the organisation of chemists (Chem. and Ind., 13th Feb. 1943) and their bearing on Institute [ 1023 matters and on general policy.Related experiences of American chemists were reviewed in this connexion. He believed that there was need for chemists to examine carefully their own aspirations and shortcomings, both individually and as a body, as well as the reasonable criticisms raised by responsible people outside the profession. Organisation and related matters might then reasonably be discussed. A discussion followed indicating that the members present were in general agreement with the views expressed by the Chairman. Some useful suggestions for reviving the enthusiasm of members and Registered Students and for joint meetings with other technical societies are being examined by the Committee. New Zealand.-Mr.Philip White, who has been Honorary Secretary of the Section for several years, has been elected Chairman of the Section, and Dr. J. I(.Dixon has been elected Honorary Secretary and Treasurer. Mr. W. A. Joiner has been appointed Honorary Auditor and the following have been elected as Committee: Mr. F. H. V. Fielder (Auckland), Dr. H. C. Holland (Christchurch), Dr. F. H. McDowall (Palmerston N.), Dr. H. 0. Askew (Nelson), Dr. R. Gardner (Dunedin), Dr. G. M. Moir and Mr. M. L. H. Stewart (Wellington). SouthYorkshire.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 19th May, at the premises of the Sheffield Metallurgical Association. The report of the Honorary Secretary and the audited statement of finances were accepted. Tribute was paid to Mr.A. H. Dodd, Chairman, to the members of Com- mittee, and to Mr. G. Parkin, Honorary Secretary, for their efforts in promoting the activity and welfare of the Section. Officers and Committee were elected as follows:-Chairman, Mr. E. J. Vaughan; Vice-Chairmen, Dr. R. A. Mott and Mr. A. H. Dodd; Hon. Auditor, Dr. A. W. Chapman; Hon. Secretary and Treasurer, Mr. G. Parkin; Assistant Hon. Secretary, Mr. A. Taylor; Committee: Mr. W. F. Andrews Mr. R. Belcher, Dr. T. H. Blakeley, Dr. E. Gregory,Professor R. D. Haworth (Member of Council), Dr. G. Lawton, Dr. E. A. J. Mahler, Mr. B. W. Methley, Mr. G. E. Speight and Mr. J. L. West. Following the meeting, Mr. Vaughan, Chairman, requested Dr. G. Lawton and Mr. W. F. Andrews to open a discussion on “The Education and Training of the Chemist.” The suggestion of Mr.Vaughan that a meeting should be devoted to the subject was approved. Tees-Side.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at the William Newton School, Norton-on-Tees, on 30th April. Dr. G. I. Higson, the Chairman presided. The reports of the Hon. Treasurer and Hon. Secretary were adopted. The committee for the coming year was elected, as follows:-Dr. G. I. Higson(Chairman), Mr. A. Scholes, Dr. A. E. J. Vickers, Mr. H. X. Wilson, Dr. F. G. Angell, Dr. F.Booley, Mrs. P. Edge, Dr. A. G. Winn. Dr. M.Ghter was re-elected Hon. Treasurer and Dr. F. R. Williams was re-elected Hon. Secretary. A vote of thanks was passed to Mr. A. T. S. Zealley and Dr. E. R.Davies who agreed to continue as Hon. auditors. A letter was read from Dr. A. R. Martin regarding the letter recently published and calling for unity among chemists; after some discussion the secretary was instructed to write a letter to Council signifying support of the contents of the letter. A meeting was held at Norton Hall, by kind permission of I.C.I. (Fertilizers & Synthetic Products), Ltd., on 8th May, when Mr. E. J. Bowen, F.R.S., of UniversityCollege, Oxford, gave a demonstration on “Fluorescence.” This lecture was held jointly with the Newcastle section of the Society of Chemical Industry, Mr. B. P. Hill presiding. SUMMARIES OF LECTURES Industrial Legislation and the Professional Employee By A. D. LEE [Cape Section, 16th October, 1942.1 Professional work, which was formerly regulated only by the granting of charters to specific organisations and the prohibition of unqualified persons from practising, is now coming withing the scope of industrial legislation.Such legislation has (as a rule) no prohibitive effect on the unqualified, but is concerned fundamentally with the relationships of employer with employee. South African industrial legislation consists primarily of two main Acts-the Industrial Conciliation Act and the Wage Act. r 1033 The former can only be applied where both employers and employees in an industry are organised in registered organisations. Once the Iblinister of Labour is satisfied that the Employer’s Association on the one hand and the Registered Trade Union on the other are sufficiently representative of the industry concerned, an industrial council for the industry can be set up, and any agreement reached by that council will, if published by the Minister, have the force of law and will be binding 011 all employers and employees in the industry.The Wage Act applies when there is no organisation or no registrable organisation in existence. The Minister of Labour may, under the Act, direct the Wage Board to investigate conditions in any industry, such as wages, hours of work, overtime and over- time pay, ordinary leave and sick leave. When the Board submits its report and recommendations, the Minister may, after allowing a period for objections, publish these recommendations as a “Wage Determination ” for the industry, thus regulating condi- tions in the industry by the arbitrary exercise of external authority.The main interest of the professional man is likely to lie in any classification of workers proposed by the Board. There is, for instance, a statutory definition of the term “Chemist and Drug- gist,” but no statutory definition of “Industrial Chemist.” The Board has then to try to create its own definition, which will have the force of law and is likely to be followed in subsequent determinations where employees of similar type are concerned. Scientific organisations should therefore be on the watch and intervene, preferably during the Board’s investigations, or by objection when the report is published, and endeavour to obtain the best definitions possible.The interests of such bodies are likely to be affected repeatedly in the future, as the Wage Board’s recommendations have lately shown a tendency to legislate for occupations to which the higher salary levels apply. Some Recent Advances in the Biochemistry of Brewing By Professor R. H. HOPKINS,D.Sc., F.I.C. [Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section, 8th January, 1943.1 Of recent years knowledge of brewing processes has increased in two directions. First we have clearer conceptions of how the carbohydrates and proteins involved are constituted chemically; secondly, we know many more details of the enzymic processes that loom so largely in brewing. The starch molecule, according to Haworth and Hirst, includes chains or coils of about 30 glucopyranose residues; if these are joined by side links to one another, they H;ould form a long thread-like molecule, whose width might be equal to or less than the length” of the individual chains.The investigations of Lampitt, Fuller and Golden- berg indicate that starch and the amyloid dextrins are of such a nature and may con- sist of thread-like molecules. Thus, these substances obey the Staudinger rule for viscosity, whereas degraded forms of starch and dextrins of relatively small molecular weight do not. The latter presumably arise from frequent ruptures of the side links connecting the chains; they can be produced by prolonged grinding in a suitable mill. In the light of these investigations the numerous fractionations of starch reported, for example into amylopectin and amylose, are more easily understood.Myrback concludes from recent work that the or-amylase of malt, in the first stages of its action on starch, breaks the chain between the side links or branches at regular intervals of six glucosidic links, and not at random. This would account for the big immediate fall in viscosity. Later, much of the starch is broken down to dextrins consisting of six glucopyranose residues, that is, to the maltodextrin recently described afresh by Baker and Hulton. According to Somogyi and Myrback, maltose is formed at the same time, and glucose almost simultaneously, although in small quantities. In mashing, maltodextrin accumulates in the wort because the 8-amylase responsible for its hydrolysis is inactivated quickly by heat.Baker and Hulton also clearly estab- lished the fact that this enzyme acts identically on the starches from malt and potato, and also that maltodextrin is not fermented by ordinary brewer’s yeast. According to the work of Anderson in Canada, the diastatic activity of resting barley varies with season, environment and variety ; over the range of fairly normal conditions investigated, the influence of variety is the most marked of the three. The proteolytic enzymes of malt have been stated to contain a proteinase and one or two peptidases, the former closely resembling papain. Bergmann and his colleagues have used synthetic peptides of exactly known molecular structure to investigate the specificity of papain, though they have not carried out similar investigations with malt enzymes.They have, in effect, found that papain attacks links connecting certain amino-acids and that these links are broken whether the molecule is very large or small; the idea that proteinases only attack large molecules must therefore be discarded. They [ 104 1 act in a manner roughly analogous to that of a-amylase, whereas the peptidases are more comparable with jl-amylase since they remove amino-acid molecules successively from one end of the protein or, peptide chain. It has been suggested that yeasts may be ‘Ylassified according to their requirements for organic nutrients, and particularly for bios.” Bios is now known to include inositol, pantothenic acid, biotin, aneurine (BJ, pyridoxin (BJ, of which all but the first are also classed as “vitamins.” Needs for bios not only vary with the type or class of yeast, but also according to what nitrogenous nutrients and other bios constituents are present, as well as with cultural conditions, including the stage of growth measured.For example, the bios requirements of a large seeding of yeast may be very different from those of a small seeding of the same yeast, which has to grow over a different range of yeast concentration. Yeast growth is not only stimulated by the recognised constituents of bios, but also by quite small quantities of certain amino-acids. Of these, /3-alanine presumably functions as a precursor of pantothenic acid, but others, such as glutamic and aspartic acids, serve as ordinary nutrients in larger concentrations.Mitchell and Williams found that very small doses, of the same order as the necessary amounts of bios, were also effective as growth stimulants, especially when present as mixtures of amino-acids. The Modern Laundry By ARTHUR E. BAILEY, A.I.C. [Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast Section, 21st January, 19431. The term “Laundry” may mean anything from a cottage with a washtub to the up-to-date factory with a capital investment of many thousands, perhaps as much as LlO0,OOO. There are 2000 laundries describable as commercial concerns and 5000 employing only two or three people each. The industry employs 173,000 people, of whom 140,000 are women, and has a total capital investment at peace time valuations of L35,000,000.The industry is the fourth largest employer of female factorylabour, and the sixth largest if all industries such as catering and distributing are included. It supports two very active bodies,-The Institution of British Launderers [the employers’ federation] and The British Launderers’ Research Association [B.L.R.A.]. The latter body maintains a staff of chemists, physicists, engineers and bacteriologists, working under a Director of Research investigating laundering problems connected with detergents, textiles, machinery, etc., in addition to fundamental research. A modern laundry is essentially a mass-production factory, processing instead of manufacturing being its function.It bears no resemblance either to the popular idea of rows of red-faced washerwomen, each with a steaming dolly-tub complete with wringer and ironing-board, or to Punch’s idea of rows of machines fitted with teeth waiting to tear the customers’ linen. Machines are plentifully employed, but each is especially designed to perform its particular function with a minimum of harm to the fabric. Washing is a combination of physical and chemical processes. These have been studied by the B.L.R.A. since its formation in 1921. The research has involved much work on detergents, soiling matters and fabrics, and has necessitated prolonged and elaborate tests because what may be a very efficient way of washing an article once may be very inefficient if repeated many times, and the launderer has to handle the same article repeatedly.Most modern laundries use B.L.R.A. standard processes, the adoption of which has increased the average life of fabrics by 25 per cent. Detergents can be described as substances which facilitate removal of dirt from soiled materials. Laundry detergents are mainly used in aqueous solution, and they are commonly soaps, alkalis, sulphonated and sulphated products of fatty alcohols, sodium hexametaphosphate (which dissolves insoluble soaps of Ca, Mg and Fe by cation exchange) and occasionally so-called soapless detergents like pancreatic enzymes and colloidal substances. Efficient detergentaction depends on four main processes :-(a) Penetration or wetting-out of the fabric, to displace air and establish contact (b) Loosening, i.e., displacement of soiling material from the fibres by the detergent solution.(c) Susfiension of the removed dirt in a finely-divided and stable condition. (d) Removal of dirty liquor without redeposition of dirt on the fabric. between “soil” and detergent solution. The modern method is to “wet out” with soap solution, which considerably reduces the interfacial tensions. Two washes and four rinses are given, all graded as to [ 1051 PH and temperature. It is important that soiling material should be broken up into small particles, as their rate of deposition varies as the square of the radius. The role of lather is, as yet, imperfectly understood; it certainly acts as a cushion and as an indicator of active soap.pH is important as high pH prevents hydrolysis of the soap. The suspending power of various agents is an important factor in washing, and its study is complicated by the fact that mechanical motion during laundering plays a part. Excessive motion redeposits the soil on the fabric, and optimum agitation is necessary. Existing washing-machine speeds have been fixed in relation to the “load- lift,” on which much work has been done by the B.L.R.A. “Air-floated” Ilmenite Black is used as “standard dirt” and its rate of deposition on a standard fabric under controlled agitation in various detergent solutions is measured, the brightness of the fabric being measured on an electric photometer.Results are stated as a percentagebrightness of the original fabric, results varying from 46.7 for soda-ash, to 89.3 for sodium silicate, water being 62. Various methods have been used for the evaluation of the life of fabrics during laundering. Early estimations depending on tensile strength determinations were unreliable because of lack of uniformity in “standard” fabrics, due to variations in length of fibres, weight and the chemical damage caused during manufacture. Chemical tendering is due to formation of oxy- and hydrocellulose, formed respectively by the action of oxidising bleaches and alkalis in presence of air, and by acids. Both cellulose derivatives are amorphous friable substances, lacking the physical properties of cellulose, and they are probably formed by breaking down of long chain into short chain substances.Oxycellulose reacts as an acid, giving oxycellulates of Fe, Ca and Mg, which contribute to “loading” of fabrics and bad colour. Chemical tendering has been estimated as the “solubility number,” or as the “copper number,” but to-day a viscosity method is standard, based on the increased viscosity of a cuprammonium solution due to dissolved cellulose. Degraded celluloses give no increase in viscosity. Time of flow in seconds is converted into fluidity units (reciprocal poises), usually known as Chemical Tendering Units (C.T.U.). The useful life of cellulose fabrics is 25 C.T.U.’s, and B.L.R.A. washing methods set a maximum of 3.5 C.T.U.’s per 20 washes.This is a minimum laundering life of 150 washes, a figure which is of course exceeded in practice. The Mills-Nixon Effect and its Bearing on the Benzene Valency Problem By DR. H. D. SPRINGALL [Bristol and South-Western Counties Section, 1 lth February, 1943.1 It was pointed out by Mills and Nixon (1930) that the external angle, 8, between the benzene ring and bonds attaching substituents to it should, on the Kekul6 formula, be less at the ends of a single than of a double bond. This difference, normally averaged out by the blending of the two Kekuli. structures, would be taken advantage of by the five-membered ring of hydrindene, which would favour a single bond for the common central linkage. Observations of chemical reactivity in hydrindenes were made by Mills and Nixon, and, in fact, confirm the stabilisation of the valency bond structure I, and Fieser and Lothrop (1936-1937) provided additional evidence of a similar kind.The point was further tested by Sidgwick and Springall (1936) by a study of dipole moments which showed that the Br-C-C-Br system in 5 : 6-dibromohydrindene has a lower moment (1.8 D) than that in 6 : 7-dibromotetralin (2.1 D)I. or 4 : 5-dibromo-o-xylene (2.1 D), a difference which sup- ported the view that the bromine atoms are further apart in iJ(/ CH2 the dibromohydrindene owing to a fixed C, =C, double bond. Yet Sutton and Pauling (1935) urged that the Mills-Nixon effect might cause the observed reactivity in hydrindene by small alterations of activa- tion energy of excited structures without any large degree of bond fixation arising.When Kistiakowsky and his colleagues (1937) applied their calculation of resonance stabilisation energies from observed heats of hydrogenation to the case of hydrindeneit was found to have a resonance energy of the same high order (ca. 36 K.cal./mol.) as benzene-showing that no extensive bond fixation is, in fact, present. A new, more direct check of the distance between the two bromine atoms in dibro- mohydrindene was made by electron diffraction by Kossiakoff and Springall (1941) : this showed the distance to be the same (3-4A) for dibromo-hydrindene, -tetralin, and -0-xylene. [ 106 I /4\;<,,, This result and the large resonance energy show that bond fixation does not occur in hydrindene, and some explanation becomes necessary to account for the reactivity and dipole moment data.Kossiakoff and Springall point out that from the quantum mechanical point of view, as indicated by Sutton and Pauling, the Mills-Nixon effect may cause increases in the contribution, still relatively small, of certain excited valency structures in such a way as to lead to both the observed reactivities and the observed dipole moments (since the favoured excited structures have a positive charge on bromine and the bond moments may be altered in magnitude rather than in direction) without appreciable change in the dimensions of the molecule or in its resonance energy. Hydroxy-by-products in Nitration By PROFESSORG. M.BENNETT,D.Sc., F.I.C. [Bristol and South-Western Counties Section, 1 lth February, 19431 Polynitrophenolic substances have been shown to arise in the nitration not only of benzene and toluene, but also of nitrobenzene and aromatic sulphones, and in all cases the first step in their production is the entry of a hydroxyl group into the aromatic nucleus in the position determined by the normal directive influence of the original substituent. By-products have now been isolated from the nitrations of diphenyl and quinoline. That from diphenyl proves to be 3 : 5 : 4’-trinitro-4-hydroxydiphenyl;this yields prnitrobenzoic acid on oxidation and is identical with the substance produced by nitration of 4-hydroxydiphenyl.The nitration of quinoline was shown by Dufton (1892) to yield a yellow by-product. This has been identified as 6 : 8-dinitro-5-hydroxyquinoline,convertible by phosphorus pentachloride into the corresponding dinitrochloroquinoline. A second isomeric by- product is formed in small quantity. As regards the mechanism of the formation of these compounds, it is suggested that nitration involves attack by the ion NO,+ on the nucleus and that to a minor extent this may co-ordinate with nuclear carbon through an oxygen atom to give the nitrite of the phenol, just as the NO,-ion of AgNO, acting on an alkyl iodide yields a little of the nitrite together with the nitroparaffin. Infra-Red Spectra as a Tool in Investigating Molecular Structure By DR.G. B. B. M. SUTHERLAND [Tees-Side Local Section, 19th February, 1943.1 All substances (except those of which the molecules are monatomic or diatomic and homonuclear) possess absorption spectra in the near infra-red, i.e. between the visible and 20p. These spectra arise from changes in the vibrational energy of the molecule. In general a molecule with n atoms will have 3n-6 “characteristic modes of vibration” or “fundamental frequencies” but the number of these which may appear in absorption depends on the symmetry of the molecule. In addition to the fundamental frequencies, the infra-red spectrum may also contain a few overtones and combinations of the fundamentals; the appearance of these is also governed by the symmetry of the mole- cule.Thus it is frequently possible to determine the symmetry class of a molecule merely from observation of how many, and which, frequencies appear in absorption. Similarly, it is possible to distinguish between the cis and trans forms of a molecule. When the molecules are in the gaseous state, and sufficiently high resolving power is used, the absorption bands may exhibit a fine structure arising from a number of lower frequencies superimposed on the main vibration frequency. These are the characteristic rotational frequencies of the molecule. Measurement of the separations between these rotation lines enables one to compute the moments of inertia of the molecules. In simple cases one can thus derive all the internuclear distances ; in more complex cases, some of the internuclear distances may already be known from other lines of evidence and the remaining distances can then be evaluated.Within its limited field, this is by far the most accurate method of obtaining internuclear distances, the accuracy being of the order of 0.001 A. The method has, however, serious limitations in that the rota- tional lines become inseparable for molecules with moments of inertia much in excess of gm. cms.2. In order to deal with larger molecules it is necessary to correlate the fundamental frequencies of the molecule (as determined spectroscopically) with a definite mechanical model of the molecule. In this way it is possible to evaluate the force constants characterising the resistance of the chemical bonds to stretching and [ 1071 bending.Force constants have now been evaluated for the majority of the commoner chemical bonds and the position is rapidly being reached where a bond will be charac- tensed as much by the associated force constant as by internuclear distance. Thus the force constant of the C-C bond in benzene is intermediate in value between the force constant of the C-C bond in ethane and that in ethylene, in conformity with the theory of resonance. It has also been found that there is a quantitative relation between the force constant and the internuclear distance in a bond, so that if one of these quantities is known the other can be calculated with a fair degree of accuracy. It follows that all the internuclear distances in a complex molecule can be determined from vibration spectra provided the fundamental frequencies can be correlated un-equivocally with a mechanical model of the molecule.A further application of infra-red spectra has been in the detection of “hydrogen bonds” either within one molecule or between two molecules. The vibrations of the hydrogen atom taking part in the bond are affected by the new attachment so causing a shift in the absorption bands associated with the motions of the hydrogen atom. From a measurement of this shift it is possible to give an estimate of the alteration in the distance of the hydrogen atom from the “parent” atom and also of the strength of the new bond. Historical Glimpses of Dairy Practice By DR.P. S. ARUP, F.I.C. [Dublin Section, 24th February, 1943.1 Milk production is of prehistoric origin. The oldest representation is a limestone carving showing a milking scene with cows, discovered by Sir Leonard Woolley, illustrated in his Ur of the Chaldees’, and dated by him at circa 3000 B.C. This period is also known to be that of the arrival of the first farmers, with their domestic animals, in Denmark. These were of an earlier culture than the metal working Chaldees, i.e. the Neolithic, and brought with them the revolutionary change involving food production instead of food gathering in the widest sense. The cow, its milk and sometimes even the churn figure in prehistoric creation myths of several peoples. In the classics the oldest writings concerning milk and cheese occur in the Odyssey (9th book), Euripides (The Cyclops) and the Old Testament.Evidence from Herodotus, Pliny, Columella and others shows that the ancient Greeks and Romans were makers and often good judges of cheese, but that their knowledge of butter was very vague. Butter was made by the Scythians to the North, and probably, in the form of the clarified fat, by the Egyptians, as in Egypt and India of to-day. Columella, by far the greatest writer on agriculture of ancient times, gives in addition to many other matters detailed instructions as to the management of cattle, mentioning the milking of goats and sheep but not of cows. He describes the use of animal and several vegetable rennets and gives detailed directions for the making of a cheese identified by F.Lindet as equivalent to the modern Port Salut. His influence as a source of practical informa- tion persisted and, in the first half of the eighteenth century, an English translation was published. In 1941 the first two books appeared in a translation by Professor Harrison B. Ash of Pennsylvania University (Loeb Classical Library). One of the cheeses mentioned by Pliny, Luni cheese, was of the Parmesan type, noted for its size, which is greatly exaggerated by this author. Roquefort cheese was mentioned in the archives of the Norman monastery at Conques, in 1070 A.D. and the oldest English cheese recipe dates from 1201 A.D. Cheddar was known as a market for the cheese of the district at least 300 years ago.Camembert was perfected by Madame Hare1 and Stilton by Mrs. Paulet of Wymondham about 1791 (A Little Book about Cheese, by Osbert Burdett). Gruy&re became well known in the eighteenth century. Beyond inventions such as these, which took happy advantage of the local microflora and methods of rennet making, the general technique of dairying progressed slou71y, if at all, from Roman times till the second half of the nineteenth century. The importance of cleanliness was stressed by Columella, and still needed emphasis 1800 years after his day.The invention of the first successful continuous centrifugal separator by the Swedish doctor, de Laval, and the application of the knowledge gained by Pasteur to the heat treatment of milk were two great advances at the outset of the modern period.Regard-ing the latter, the most recent development is the stassanisation process in which the milk is passed through a closed system heated by water to 75’ C. for about 17 seconds in a layer 1 mm. thick. Among the advantages claimed are reduced chemical change in the milk constituents as compared with the flash and holder processes in which there is exposure to air while hot ; special points claimed are minimum destruction of vitamins [ 108 j and also, what may be' of great importance, minimum effect on the coagulability by rennet. Cheese milk is frequently pasteurised nowadays and the result is usually a curd which produces a rubbery texture in the cheese (Davies, The Chemistry cf -Milk).Several forms of stassaniser have bee11 designed and if they succeed in practice there is much to recommend adoption of tile system, when conditions permit.In butter making, the combined churn and worker has been regarded as the most advanced type, but in 1937 a Danish firm of repute brought out a cubically shaped churn of stainless steel revolving on a diagonal axis at eight adjustable speeds. The Danish State Experimental Dairy reported ease in cleaning and sterilising as compared with wooden churns, uniformity in water and salt distribution in the butter as well a- absence of loose moisture. Although excess of water cannot be removed from the butter once made, yet the water percentages are easily adjusted with accuracy, and batches of different water percentages can be completely intermixed.No special working gear is used, the necessary effect being produced by the compression of the butter on falling into the corners of the churn. There is a great likelihood that this churn would have been widely tested had peace prevailed. The application of scientific methods to the production and distribution of milk and the making of butter has resulted in vastly improved quality, but it cannot be said that we are now making better cheese than a century or more ago. Studies of the essential chemical and bacteriological processes have, however, ensured greater uniformity and certainty of results and have notably facilitated the nisking of several fine cheeses such as Gruykre, Camembert and Roquefort in countries other than those of their origin, e.g.America, Denmark and Finland. Special mould cultures have been produced for Roquefort and Gorgonzola and for Camembert, and cultures of lactic acid bacteria and proteolytic bacteria for Camembert. When factory-made rennet of standard strength and relative freedom from micro- organisms was introduced in place of home-made rennets, the necessity w-as recognised in some cases for the use of cultures of ripening bacteria to replace those previously introduced with the rennet. Thus for Gruykre or Emmenthal, which has a high scalding temperature (about 55' C.), cultures of Theymobacterzzwn helveticum, Streptococcus ther-mophilus and propionic acid bacteria have been adopted with advantage, In Cheddar making it appears to have been assumed that the ordinary lactic acid culture would suffice to provide all the ripening organisms necessary; the result has been not only a marked falling off in quality but in some cases serious trouble due to starter failure, attributed to bacteriophage: this is undoubtedly due to the fact that the bulk of the organisms are forced to function at temperatures some 15"-20" C.higher than their optimum. Pasteurisation may deprive the cheese milk of potentially useful ripening organisms. There is a possibility that stassanised milk may curdle better than pasteurised milk, and it may also be noted that vegetable, unlike animal, rennets are said to act better on pasteurised than on raw milk (BiochemicaE Catalysts in Life and Induslvy, by Effront, translated by Prescott). Cheese making has been said to be as much an art as a science; as such it is bound to suffer from the modern urge to turn out as much material as possible with a minimum of human labour and care.The cheese makers of old, working without thermometers, lactometers, titration apparatus and so on, would never have left us the rich legacy of possibilities in their art if they had not had the characteristics which we sometimes seem to lack, i.e. appreciation of quality and determination to get it. How Vitamins Act By DR. H. A. KREBS [South Yorkshire Section, 27th February, 1943.1 The material from which the body of higher organisms is built up-the food-con-sists, chemically speaking, of protein, carbohydrate, fat, certain inorganic salts and a number (12 are definitely known) of specific organic compounds, the vitamins.On the question as to what functions the vitamins play in living organisms, it is significant that the quantities of the vitamins required are very small compared with the amounts of protein, fat or carbohydrate in the food. The daily individual requirements of the last three are measured in ounces. Of vitamin D, by contrast, one ounce is enough to supply the daily requirements of 1-2 million people. Other vitamins, it is true, are needed in larger doses, but even with vitamin C, of which the daily dose is higher than any other, one ounce is sufficient to supply about 800 persons with an adequate daily ration. The smallness of these amounts indicates that vitamins are concerned in cell life, with functions of a special nature (as distinct from the general functions of food stuffs, i.e.the supply of energy or of the chief structural material). A specific function involving small quantities is that of a catalyst and the functions of most, if not of all, vitamins can [: 109 1 in fact be described as those of catalysts promoting chemical processes in living material. Catalytic reactions are an integral part of life; they occur continuously in all living matter. Most of the catalysts-or enzymes-are synthesised in the animal body from protein, fat or carbohydrate. Others contain in their molecule special structures which the body cannot manufacture, and must therefore find preformed in the food.Several vitamins of the B-group are parts of the catalysts concerned with the break- down of, and the release of energy from, the foodstuffs. Vitamin B, is necessary for the utilisation of pyruvic acid, an intermediate in the oxidation of carbohydrate. When the vitamin is absent, the oxidation of carbohydrate is incomplete and pyruvic acid accumulates in the tissues and in the blood. The supply of energy to the tissues becomes defective and this is probably the root oi the various clinical maniiestations of vitamin Bl deficiency (paralysis, heart failure). Vitamin B,, riboflavin, is the active grouping in a number of oxidation-reduction catalysts. It is concerned with the interaction between the ingested foodstuffs and molecular oxygen, ,a reaction in which the hydrogen of the organic molecule is transferred to 0,to form water.Riboflavin compounds are catalysts in this transfer of hydrogen; they are capable of accepting hydrogen atoms from one molecule and donating them to another. The antipellagra vitamin, nicotinic acid, is an essential constituent of another group of oxidation-reduction catalysts, also concerned with hydrogen transport. Among the enzymes containing this vitamin is cozymase, which takes part in the alcoholic fermentation in yeast, in the lactic acid fermentation in muscle and other animal tissues, and in many other oxido-reductions. The multiplicity of similar enzymes is connected with the fact that the action of these catalysts is highly specific.As a rule, only one compound, or a small group of related compounds, can be attacked by one enzyme; different types of compounds require different catalysts. The catalysts are complicated compounds containing protein and non-protein components. The above B-vitamins are among the latter. Differences in the enzymes can be due to different proteins or to differences in the non-protein component. The mechanism of action of the remaining vitamins is not yet known in as much detail as that of the B-vitamins mentioned. Vitamin C appears to be also an oxidation- reduction catalyst. Like riboflavin and nicotinic acid it can act as a reversible hydrogen acceptor and donator, but it is not possible as yet to state what actual processes are catalysed by it.Vitamin A is a constituent of the visual purple, a pigment sensitking the eye to dim light. It thus "catalyses " the perception of light, Vitamin A deficiency therefore results in (partial) nightblindness. The vitamin also affects the growth of bone, and the formation of the horny layer of the skin, but these functions cannot be described in chemical terms. Vitamin D is closely associated with the metabolism of calcium and is therefore of special importance in the formation of bone and teeth. Vitamin E is essential for the normal development of the foetus. Vitamin K is necessary for the formation of an enzyme which plays a part in blood clotting; absence of vitamin K therefore results in excessive bleeding.Many details of the action of vitamins are still obscure, but it can be said that much progress has been made in their elucidation during the last decade. Atmospheric Pollution By DR. A. G. G. LEONARD,F.R.C.Sc.I., F.I.C. [Belfast Section, 6th March, 1943.1 Following on the Smoke Abatement Exhibition held in London in 1912, a committee was set up under the chairmanship of Sir Napier Shaw to investigate atmospheric pollution. The work of the committee led to the standardisation of apparatus for measuring pollution. Deposited solids are collected along with rain water by means of a glass funnel (12 in. diam.) delivering into a large bottle. The water collected monthly is examined for pH value, total insoluble matter, tar, total dissolved solids, sulphate, chloride, and calcium.In general, dissolved solids are higher during the winter months and insoluble solids are higher during the summer. As the number of municipal authorities taking part increased, the investigations were transferred to the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research in 1927. In 1913 Owens devised a method for measurement of suspended matter in air. Two litres of air are aspirated through a circle of filter paper (gin. diam.) thereby leaving the suspended matter adhering to the paper. Since the colour of the stain is black, Owens found it possible to prepare a series of shades, whereby the stain on the paper could be matched. By careful calibration of the shades, reasonably accurate determinations of the weight of suspended matter in a definite volume of air could be made.Later, Owens improved the filter, rendering it automatic in action. Results obtained with the filter show that pollution by suspended matter usually falls from midnight to a minimum at about 3 or 4 a.m., then gradually rises from about 5 a.m. [ 1101 to a maximum about 9 a.m. on weekdays (10 a.m. on Sundays) following the lighting of fires in the morning. There is a fall in pollution towards mid-day, usually succeeded by a slight rise in the afternoon or evening, and a subsequent falling off towards midnight. Comparison of the filter records for week days and Sundays, on the assumption that factories are closed on Sundays, shows that in Great Britain domestic fires are responsible for about 2.5 to 3.5 times the pollution due to industrial fires.In Dublin during 1938 the ratio of domestic to industrial pollution was 2.3 in the summer, and 3.3 in the winter months. In the same year the average daily winter pollution was 2.4 times that in the summer. The shortage of coal in Dublin during 1941, and the consequent substitution of turf for coal, has had a marked effect on pollution due to suspended matter, as the figure fell to one half of that obtaining during previous years when coal was available. Owing to the presence of sulphur in coal, sulphur dioxide is contained in the products of combustion. Two methods worked out at the Government Laboratory, London, are used in the estimation of pollution by sulphur dioxide.In the first, about 1,000 litres of air are drawn through a solution of hydrogen peroxide and the sulphuric acid formed is titrated with N/100 sodium hydroxide, while in the second a porcelain cylinder is covered with thin cotton fabric on which a paste of lead dioxide and gum tragacanth is spread. This is exposed for one month, after which the amount of sulphate is deter- mined. The result gives an indication of the activity of the air in its effect on building stone. Comparative loss of daylight is measured by exposure of two small glass bottles containing acidified potassium iodide solution, one being exposed in city air, the other in adjacent country. The iodine liBerated daily is estimated by sodium thiosulphate and is found to give a satisfactory comparative measure of daylight in different districts. In Dublin during the winter period 1939-1940 the loss of daylight in the city was 45 per cent.of the daylight recorded two miles from the centre of the city. The number of stations in Great Britain making observations of atmospheric pollu- tion in 1938 by the methods indicated was as follows:-Deposit Gauges, 123; Automatic Filters, 16; Sulphur dioxide (volumetric), 11 ; Sulphur dioxide (by lead dioxide), 47. High Speed Kinematography By E. D. EYLES, B.Sc., A.INsT.P., F.R.P.S. [Joint meeting of the London and South-Eastern Section and the Institute of Physics, 17th March, 1943.1 Vision is that sense most used for observational purposes in the course of scientific experiment. The eye has, however, its limitations, and among these is its inability to follow rapid motion.The conjuror demonstrates in a very forceful manner that the hand is quicker than the eye, and in order to follow the movement of his hands, it is necessary to slow down the action by some means. A very convenient method is to take a series of photographs at short intervals of time throughout the action. If these are taken on conventional motion picture film, the action can then be synthesised again conveniently at a rate slow enough to appreciate its detail by projecting the film at a fraction of the frequency at which the pictures were taken. The normal projection frequency for 16 mm. films is 16 pictures per second. This has been adopted because at frequencies below this, at the illumination level required, flicker becomes objectionable. To slow up action 20 times thus requires that photographs shall be taken at the rate of 320 per second, and to slow it up 200 times the taking rate must be 3200 per second.The fine detail of the action can be revealed by examination of each individual picture, and if scales are suitably arranged alongside the subject, and a time base is photographed with the pictures, a complete analysis of the action with respect to time is possible. Motion picture cameras of conventional design have been made to take pictures up to frequencies as high as 300 per second. In such cameras the film is stationary while the picture is being taken. The shutter is then closed, and the film is moved on and the cycle repeated.At a taking frequehcy of 300 per second an intermittent mechanism of this sort must be very accurate, so must the dimensions of the per- forations in the film by means of which it is transported. Moreover, the strain on the film under such conditions is very high. For higher taking frequencies, cameras are used in which the film is moved con- tinuously past the lens. To obtain good photographic definition, compensation for the motion of the film while the photograph is being taken must therefore be provided, or the exposure time must be made so short that the movement of the film in that time is insignificant. Cameras have been developed in which optical compensation is provided to reduce the relative movement of the image and the film to zero during the time that the photograph is being taken.Such cameras have been designed by C. Francis Jenkins, Heape and Grylls and, more recently, by Vinten. These are I111 1 similar, in that the necessary compensation is obtained by using a series of lenses round the periphery of a wheel. This lens wheel is rotated at such a rate relative to the film that the image thrown by each lens in turn on to the film is moved along at the same rate as the film while the shutter is open, and hence good definition is preserved. An alternative system is that described by Tuttle and fitted to the “Kodak” series of high speed cine cameras. ,4glass block with parallel sides is rotated between the lens, which is fixed, and the film, which moves continuously through the focal plane of the lens.The optical thickness and speed of rotation of the block are adjusted to produce the desired result. A complete theoretical treatment of this niethod of com-pensation has been given by H. D. Taylor (Proc. Phys. Soc., 1937, 49, 663). The advantages of the latter system are that the equipment can be made smaller and lighter in weight. Whereas the Jenkins camera, using 35 mm. film, weighed several hundredweights and required a 4 h.p. motor to drive it to take photographs up to 2000 per second, the “Kodak” Type I1 high speed camera using 16 mm. film weighs only about 30 lbs. and is fitted with a one-fifth horsepower motor to take photographs up to frequencies of 2,500 per second.The exposure time for each individual photo- graph at that frequency is about one eight-thousandth of a second. The alternative system to that employing optical compensation is that developed by H. E. Edgerton and his colleagues at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. A special gaseous discharge lamp is filled with a mixture of Krypton and Xenon at low pressure, and a condenser is .discharged through it whereby a brilliant flash of short duration is produced. The condenser is charged to a potential of some 2000 volts which is below the sparking potential of the gas. The gas is ionised by a high fre- quency pulse from a special electronic trigger circuit which momentarily lowers its sparking potential and allows the discharge to pass.The photographic characteristics of these discharge lamps have been fully described by Tuttle, Brown and Whitmore (Pholo. Technique, Sept., 1940, p. 52), and their electrical characteristics by Murphy and Edgerton (J. AppZ. Phys., 1941, 12, 848). For high speed kinematography, the discharge lamp is fired through its trigger circuit by a commutator on the shaft of the film-driving sprocket in the camera, and in this way photographs have been taken on 16 mm. motion picture film with a reduced picture size up to frequencies as high as 8000 per second. To obtain good definition at such high frequencies, however, requires that the effective duration of the flash shall be of the order one micro second. For such short flashes, which can only be obtained at high freqqency by reducing the capacity of the charging condenser, the energy from the flash is reduced correspondingly, so that only relatively small subjects can be illuminated satisfactorily for photographing at frequencies as high as 2000 persecond. For very fast moving subjects, however, the ultra short time of exposure is an advantage in that there is, in that time, little movement of the subject itself, which would again cause deterioration in the photographic definition. The principle of the gaseous discharge lamp has recently been applied to a special form of X-ray tube enabling X-ray photographs to be taken with an exposure time as short as one microsecond.This technique has been described by L. F. Ehrke and C.M. Slack of Westinghouse. There are various optical methods which can be applied to solve the lighting problems involved in high speed kinematography. One of the most useful of these is to illuminate the subject from behind by means of a lens or mirror condenser. It is only possible to obtain shadow photographs by this means, but these are often sufficient, especially for photographing the action of high pressure jets or sprays of liquid. A concave mirror condenser has the advantage that only one surface has to be optically worked to a high degree of accuracy, so that a large mirror condenser is much more economically produced than a corrected lens of the same diameter. If the mirror surface is optically worked to a sufficiently high degree of accuracy, the system is conveniently converted to the so-called “Sehlieren” method of illumination -by the introduction of a knife edge diaphragm at the centre of curvature of the mirror.This method of illumination, a convenient form of which has been described by Taylor and Waldram, enables re- fractive index changes in transparent media, set up as a result of pressure or temperature changes, to be photographed. Thus, phenomena associated with the flow of trans- parent liquids and gases can be investigated. The scope of this talk has been limited to a review of the technique of high speed kinematography using commercially available equipment and film of standard design. By this means, it is possible to cover a useful range of subjects for the investigation of which the taking of photographs up to frequencies of 3000 per second is adequate.Beyond this limit, other methods are available which have not been dealt with here.It is suggested that an earlier paper* by the author be consulted for a historical review of the subject and more complete references to these other specialised methods, and also for illlistrations of the zpparatus wed and the results obtained. *J.Sci. fmk.,Sept., 1941,9, 176. r 1121 Recent Advances in Organic Chemical Methods By DR. E. R. H. JONES, F.I.C. (London and South-Eastern Counties Section, 22nd April, 1943.) The spectacular advances which have characterised contemporary organic chemistry are largely to be attributed to vast improvements in the technique of the isolation, purification, examination and synthesis of organic compounds, and both new and improved physical and chemical methods have been extensively utilised.It is ever the aim of the organic chemist to employ methods involving .the mildest possible conditions and the minimum quantity of material, a trend determined principally by his growing pre-occupation with labile compounds of biological importance. Notable advances made in distillation technique are attributable to the influence of the ever-growing petroleum industry, Molecular distillation is becoming increasingly popular and has rendered possible the isolation of vitamin A in a crystalline form. Chromatographic analysis has enormously simplified the purification of both naturally occurring and synthetic organic compounds and has provided a valuable new criterion of purity.On the chemical side a number of new reagents have been developed for the separation of particular classes of organic compounds. The contribution of microanalysis towards recent achievements cannot be over- emphasised and has led inevitably to the universal introduction of micro-methods. Absorption spectroscopy has proved of great service in the isolation and determination of the structure of vitamins and hormones and although our knowledge of the relation- ship between structure and light absorption is still largely empirical a sufficient fund of information is available to give the method a high diagnostic value. Greater selectivity can now be obtained following the discovery of hydrogenationcatalysts of the Raney nickel type and more specific chemical methods of reduction, e.g.sodium in liquid ammonia, and calcium-ammonia [Ca(NH,) J, are being continually developed. The Meerwein-Ponndorf reaction is of unique value for the reduction of sensitive aldehydes and ketones and Oppenauer’s demonstration that this reaction can be reversed provides a useful means of oxidising unsaturated secondary alcohols to ketones, which renders unnecessary the protection of unsaturated linkages. Wide popularity has been accorded to such highly specific oxidising agents as lead tetra- acetate, osmium tetroxide and selenium dioxide. The high temperature nitration of paraffins and substitution chlorination of olefines are recent technical developments of great significance.a-Methylenic halogenation can now be conveniently effected in the laboratory under mild conditions by employing N-bromosuccinimide. The remarkable orientating effect of organic peroxides on the addition of hydrogen bromide to olefines has led to the discovery of other chain reactions, of considerable preparative value, initiated by these trigger catalysts. Recent Advances in Electrometallurgical Industry By DR. J. W. CUTHBERTSON [London and South-Eastern Counties Section, 19th May, 1943.1 During recent years, and especially since the outbreak of war, development in the electrometallurgical field has proceeded with astonishing rapidity. This development has been particularly pronounced in the United States where raw materials are plentiful and there are ample facilities for the production of cheap electrical energy.The possibilities of further expansion both in this country and elsewhere, however, are now being exploited, and the development of the home industry will doubtless be stimulated by the growing realisation that, in certain circumstances, electrical energy can be produced by the modern steam generation station on a basis which compares favourably with the cost of production by a hydro-electric plant. Electrometallurgy may conveniently be sub-divided into two main sections covering electrolytic processes and electrothermal processes respectively. The former include extraction, refining, electrodeposition, surface protection and so on.In the extraction field mention may be made of the enormous expansion in the production of aluminium and magnesium, and of the excellent pioneer work now yielding results in America on the electrolytic production of manganese from low-grade ores. Turning to the sphere of electrodeposition, bright plzting which was first introduced some years ago has since made great strides. This is particularly noticeable in the case of nickel and latterly also of zinc. Electrogalvanising has now to a large extent super- seded the old hot dip process, while considerable progress is being made in the cor- responding electro-tinning industry. Hard chromium plate is in wide demand through- out the engineering industry as a means of obtaining improved resistance to surface [ 1131 wear and abrasion of metals and alloys.The persevering efforts which continue to be made to find a non-toxic substitute for plating baths of the cyanide type appear to be meeting with some success, more especially as regards the deposition of copper. Recent work on the deposition of aluminium from non-aqueous electrolytes is of outstanding interest and has lead to the development of a process which is now being exploited on a semi-industrial scale. Considerable advances have also been recorded in the deposition of alloys-a field which for certain engineering and other applications would appear to offer attractive possibilities. Until only a very few years ago electrolytic polishing was almost unknown outside the laboratory. It is therefore interesting to record the rapid progress made recently in the industrial development of this method of surface finishing.In the electrothermal field the most noteworthy achievement of recent years has probably been the perfecting of the coreless induction furnace ; originally these furnaces were used mainly for melting and alloying but promising results have also been obtained by using them in refining practice. The use of the coreless furnace as a means of raising the temperature of metals and alloys for purposes of heat treatment is becoming in- creasingly popular; the versatility of the method is well illustrated by its application to the internal hardcning of hollow parts.In the resistance furnace field developments have largely been confined to improvements in the design and control of units of the closed type intended to be used with special gas atmospheres. Arc furnaces have undergone marked changes in design but apart from the growing demand for electric steel and consequent expansion of plant there has not been a great deal of change in arc furnace practice during recent years. April Examinations, 1943 Abstract of the Report of the Board of Examiners Examinations were held as under:- For the Associateship in General Chemistry. Entevcd. Passed. At the Institute, in the Laboratories of the University of London, South Kensington, at the University of Manchester, theoretical papers being also taken at a number of local centres.Monday to Saturday, 5th to 10th April .. .. .. For the Fellowship. Except where otherwise stated the examinations were held at the Institute and in the Laboratories of the University of London, South Kensington, in the week commencing12th April. Branch A. Inorganic Chemistry . . .. .. .. .. 1 V’ith special reference to the Metallurgy of Iron and Steel. At University College, Swansea .. .. .. .. 1 Branch C. Organic Chemistry .. .. .. .. .. 4 With special reference to the chemistry of diazo compounds. . 1 Branch E. The Chemistry, including Microscopy, of Food and Drugs and of Water . . .. .. .. .. .. Branch G. Industrial Chemistry. With special reference to Municipal and Industrial Water Treatment. At the Institute and in the Laboratories of the Water Pollution Research Station, Watford, in the week commencing 5th April .... .. .. .. Branch H. General Analytical Chemistry . . .. .. .. * Three candidates failed to satisfy the Examiners in part only of the examination and 1 candidate completed his examination by satisfying the Examiners in the theoretical papers. I1141 The following exercises were given :-Examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry MONDAY, 5th APRIL, 1943: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Answer FIVE questions only. Answer concisely and to the point. Give formulae and equations where possible.) 1. D.iscuss the reactions which take place between hydrogen and (a)oxygen, (b) bromine. 2. Give an account of some of the reactions of solid carbon with gases and with liquids.3. What is meant by the term “catalyst”? Illustrate your answer by THREE typical catalytic reactions, explaining the function of the catalyst in each case. 4. Discuss the following statement : “Whenever acidity or alkalinity exhibits itself in a solution of a salt, we can infer hydrolysis.” 5. Describe, giving full experimental details, how you would obtain a specimen of (a)sulphur from sulphuric acid, (b) chromium from chromic acid, (c) hydrazoic acid from ammonia, (d) oxygen from quicklime. 6. Discuss the principles underlying processes for the separation of liquids by fractional distillation. 7. Write an historical account of the detection and separation of isotopes. 2 to 5 p.m. (Answer FIVE questions only.Answer concisely and to the point. Give formulae and equations where possible.) 1. How would you classify colloidal solutions? By reference to suitable examples, justify the classification you suggest. 2. Discuss the influence of ionic diameter on the formation and properties of compounds,OR Give an account of modern views on the chemical bond. 3. What is an “alloy steel”? Enumerate some of the chief elements employed in the manufacture of such steels and describe the effects of these elements in the more important alloy steels. 4. Discuss the various methods for the qualitative separation of nickel and cobalt and describe how these metals could be estimated quantitatively in a solution con- taining their salts. 5.Deduce from first principles the Maximum Work Equation and discuss some of its applications. 6. Write an account of ONE of the following subjects:-(a) potentiometric titra- tions; (b) strong electrolytes. 7. Indicate some of the advances in chemical science associated with the names of (a)Bunsen; (b) Alfred Werner. TUESDAY, 6th APRIL, 1943: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Answer FIVE questions only. Answer concisely a;d to the point. Give formulae and equations where possible.) 1. A neutral compound A (C,H,,O,N) when heated with dilute mineral acid yields a neutral compound B (C,H,,O,) which is smoothly converted by sodium hypobromite into an acid C (C8H803). When heated with soda lime, C gives a neutral compound D (C,HaO) which is converted by hydriodic acid to phenol. Give a probable structural formula for A and suggest a convenient method of synthesising it (equations only are required).2. Indicate the structural relationships between carvone and a-terpineol and show how the examination of these two substances has contributed to our knowledge of the structure of dipentene. OR Give the structural formulae of the more important oxidation products of camphor and indicate how camphoric acid may be reconverted into camphor. Give the evidence, analytical and synthetical, on which the structure of camphoronic acid is based. 3. Write short notes on the different types of isomerism exhibited by compounds 4. Give ONE typical example of the use of each of the following reagents in organic containing the following structural elements : C=C, C-N, N=N, S-t 0, C=C=C.chemistry : (a) sodium ethoxide, (b) selenium dioxide, (c)selenium, (d)thionyl chloride, (e) stannous chloride, (f) amalgamated zinc, (g) carbon disulphide, (h) chloroform. [ 1151 5. Give an account of the products obtained when nitrobenzene is reduced under different experimental conditions. 6. Write short notes on the characteristic reactions of compounds which contain the groupings : 40-CH,-; -CHa-NO, ; -CO-NH-. 7. Write an essay on EITHER (a) glucose OR (b) quinoline and iso-quinoline. 2 to 3.30 p.m. Translations from French and German technical literature. WEDNESDAY, 7th APRIL, 1943: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Characterise, as completely as time allows, compounds (A) and (B).(A) = m-nitroaniline or p-nitroaniline HCl. (B) = n-propyl p-hydroxy benzoate OY n-butyl salicylate. THURSDAY, 8th APRIL, 1943: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Assign compounds (C) and (D) to their respective class and if possible identify them. (C) = phthalide or phthalimide; (D) = urethane. FRIDAY, 9th APRIL, 1943: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. The solution (E) contains cupric sulphate and ferric ammonium sulphate. Determine the weight of copper gravimetrically as the thiocyanate and the weight of iron volumetrically. Express your results as grams of copper and grams of iron per litre of solution (E). Pure ferrous ammonium sulphate and an approximately deci- norm’al solution of potassium dichromate are provided. 2. Examine the solid (F) and ascertain its constituents. (F)= BaCO,, Silica, TiO,.These exercises must be completed to-day. SATURDAY, 10th April, 1943: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. The solid (G) is pyrolusite. Determine the percentage of manganese which it contains. Use the pure potassium iodate, which is provided, to prepare an exactly 0.025 M solution and utilise this solution in the determination. The reactions involved are :-(a) 2Mn0, + 2KI + 8HC1= 2MnC1, + 2KC1+ 2IClf 4HaO. (b) KIO, + 2KI + 6HC1 = 3KCl+ 3IC1 + 3Hz0. 2. Identify the substances (H) and (I).(H) = cryolite; (I) = wolframite. Examinations for the Fellowship Branch A: Inorganic Chemistry MONDAY, 12th APRIL, 1943: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Answer FOUR questions.) 1. Write an account of fluorine and its compounds.2. Write explanatory and illustrative notes on each of the following, drawing attention to their significance in the general theory of atomic and molecular structure :-The inert pair of electrons, covalency maxima, Pauli’s exclusion principle, electron spin, odd electron molecules. 3. Give an account of the use of adsorption indicators in analytical chemistry and 4. What methods have been employed to investigate the stereo-chemistry of explain the theory of their action. elements in Group VIII and what conclusions have been drawn from the results? 5. Describe and explain the types of isomerism exhibited by the ammine compounds 6. What do you understand by resonance in a molecule and how does the concept of cobalt.of resonance help in the elucidation of the structure of inorganic compounds ? 2 lo 5 p.m. (Answer FOUR questions.) 1. Describe the preparation, properties and uses of inorganic azides. The products formed by the action of metals on hydrazoic acid may contain hydrogen, ammoma, hydrazine and nitrogen. Describe in detail how you would determine accurately the relative amounts of these substances formed. 2. Give an historical account of the discovery of rhenium and compare its properties 3. Discuss the experimental evidence for the modern conception of the nuclear atom. 4. Write an essay on interatomic distances in inorganic molecules. 5. Discuss the methods which have been used for the separation of isotopes.6. Give an account of an investigation in inorganic chemistry in which you have with those of the elements with which it is found associated. [ 1161 either taken an active part or been specially intcrested. TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 13th to 16th APRIL, 1943: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. (a) Make a qualitative examination of the finely divided witherite provided. (b) Determine the percentage of barium carbonate in the sample. (c) Prepare the nitrate and the hydrated chloride of barium from the witherite and leave specimens for inspection. (d) Convert a portion of the hydrated chloride to the anhydrous salt and determine the percentage of chlorine in your product. 2. The given solution (A) contains ammoniunl vanadate and ammonium molybdate.Select suitable analytical procedure and determine volumetrically the weights of v&& and MOO, in one litre of solution (A). Confirm your results by determining the molyb- denum in (A) gravimetrically. 3. Some years ago an account was published of the preparation and properties of the so-called nitrosopentammine cobalt salts. Two series of salts were described, one being red and the other black. Both series were obtained by the action of nitric oxide on ammoniacal solutions of cobaltous salts and they have the same general formula (NO, Co, 5NH,)X,. Prepare a specimen of the black nitrosopentammine cobalt chloride and of the red nitrosopentammine cobalt nitrate. Leave samples for inspection. Analyse the sub- stances you prepare and carry out such tests, as time permits, which in your view might throw light on the problem of the constitution of these nitrosopentammines.Reference provided. Branch A: Inorganic Chemistry, with special reference to the Metallurgy of Iron and Steel MONDAY, 12th APRIL, 1943: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Only FOUR questions aye to be attempted, which must include Nos. 1 and 2. Answer briejZy and to the point.) 1. Write a short essay on ONE of the following subjects:- (a) The Co-ordination theory; (b) Radio-active elements ; (c) The present conception of the Periodic Law. 2. EITHER(a) describe the preparation and properties of per-acids and discuss the evidence on which the formulae of these compounds are based, OR (b) give some account of recent investigations on non-metallic oxides.3. Discuss, critically, the present views on the constitution of inter-metallic 4. What is “rimming steel” ? Discuss, from the theoretical aspect only, the effect compounds. of different concentrations of carbon and oxygen in the liquid steel on the “rimming” action in the steel ingot. 5. Make a critical survey of the physico-chemical reactions involved in the supply of oxygen to, and its removal from, the molten metallic charge in various ferrous refining processes, stressing the effect of the difference between the processes from the viewpoint of reaction control. 6. Give a detailed description of how a mould for a chilled roll is made. Discuss 7.Show that the speed of the reaction between the materials charged to the iron the factors which influence the depth of chill obtained. blast furnace is dependent on :-(a) the temperature, pressure and composition of the gas phase; (b) the time of contact and intimacy of contact of the reactants. Discuss the effect of variation of these factors on the rate of reduction of hematite ore. 2 to 5 p.m. (Only FOUR questions to be attempted. Answer briefly and to the point.) 1. Write a short essay on ONE of the following subjects:- (a) The determination of high temperature. (b) The modern views on the use of the spectrograph for steel analysis. 2. Discuss, critically, the methods available for the determination of oxygen in steel.3. Givc an account of what you consider to be the most important experimental [ 1171 methods recently introduced into the study of steel making, showing the importance of the results obtained from the methods specified. 4. Compare and contrast the methods commonly employed for the determination of chromium, manganese and vanadium. 5. Describe, concisely, the effect of chromium as an alloying element on the physical constitution and properties of steel. 6. Outline a scheme suitable for the complete analysis of an open hearth furnace slag containing fluorides. 7. Discuss critically and compare the principal methods available for the deter- mination of sulphur in steel and ferrous alloys. TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 13th to 16th APRIL, 1943: 10 a.m.to 5 p.m. each day. AS far as time permits, make complete analyses of the given samples:- (A) Iron Ore; (B) Ferro Alloy: (C) Alloy Steel. (A) = Hematite; (B) = Ferro-molybdenum; (C) = Ni-Cr-V Steel. Branch C: Organic Chemistry iWONDAY, 12th APRIL, 1943: 10 a.m. to 1 p-m. (Answer THREE questions only.) 1. Discuss some applications of the electronic theory of valency to the problems of organic chemistry. 2. Give an account of some of the more important examples of molecular re-arrangements, 3. Optical activity may arise from the presence in an organic molecule of (i) nitro- gen, (ii) sulphur, (iii) the allene group, (iv) groups causing restricted rotation; discuss any THREE of these various cases.4. Write an essay on ONE of the topics- (a) Free radicals; (b) The Walden Inversion; (c) The ortho-effect ; (d) Catalysis in inorganic chemistry. 5. Discuss the following statement which appears in a recently published textbook: “The recent advances in theoretical organic chemistry have been greatly assisted, and to a large extent indeed, made possible, by the development of a number of purely physical methods of investigation.” 6. Write notes on any TWO of the following topics:- (i) The Diels-Alder reaction; (ii) The structure of acetoacetic ester; (iii) The uses of malonic ester in synthesis; (iv) The nitrogen derivatives of carbonic acid. 2 to 5 p.m. (Answer THREE questions only.) 1.Give an account of the numerous important compounds which are now being prepared on an industrial scale from EITHER (a)acetylene OR (b)petroleum hydrocarbons. 2. Outline the chemistry of any ONE important group of dyes. 3. State briefly the behaviour of the following compounds towards nitrous acid under different experimental conditions :-(a) the phenylenediamines ; (b) benzidine ; (c)nitroanilines; (d) sulphanilic acid; (e) resorcinol; (f)methyl ethyl ketone; (g) aceto-phenone, (h) nitromethane ; (2) diphenylamine. 4. Describe the evidence, analytical as well as synthetical, on which the structure of ONE of the following is based: (a)papaverine; (b) glucose and fructose; (c) ascorbic acid; (d) indigo and indican. 5. By means of suitably chosen examples illustrate the uses of different types of oxidising agents in the determination of the structures of naturally occurring organic compounds.TUESDAY, 13th APRIL, 1943: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Identify the three components of the mixture (A) and state the approximate pro- portions in which they are present. Prepare a characteristic crystalline derivative of each of the three components. (A) = phenol, p-toluidine and cyclohexane. This exercise may be completed to-morrow. r 11s: WEDNESDAY to FRIDAY, 14th to 16th APRIL, 1943: 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. each day. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercise. 2. From the nitrobenzene provided, prepare crystalline specimens (1-3 g.) of :-azoxybenzene ; benzidine hydrochloride ; nitrosobenzene ; azobenzene; benzidine ; nitrosophenylhydroxylamine ; hydrazobenzene ; 6-phenylhydroxylamine ; p-aminophenol. If time allows, investigate the action of p-phenylhydroxylamine on benzaldehyde. Place your specimens in the tubes provided and record their m.p.’s on the labels.Branch C : Organic Chemistry, with special reference to Diazo-compounds M0A’DZ4Y, 12th APRIL, 1943: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Answer THREE ‘questions only.) 1. Give an account of the uses of diazo-compounds as synthetical agents. 2. Discuss the structure of diazo-compounds. 3. Comment on the terms (a) chromophore, (b) auxochrome, (c) mordant, (d) sub-stantive dye. 4. Discuss the mechanism of the diazo-coupling reaction. (2 to 5 p.m. and practical work as above.) Branch E: The Chemistry, including Microscopy, of Food and Drugs, and of Water MOIVDAY, 12th APRIL, 1943: 10 a.m.to 11.30 a.m. 1. Outline the provisions of the Pharmacy and Medicines Act, 1941, so far as they are of interest to the Public Analyst. 2. What modifications of the Preservative Regulations are at present in force? 3. Write a short essay on rancidity in fats and its detection. 4. How would you differentiate malt vinegar, artificial vinegar and spirit vinegar ? 11.30 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Only THREE questions to be answered.) 1. Discuss the therapeutic uses of the separated constituents of vegetable drugs in comparison with the uses of the crude drugs themselves, illustrating your answer by reference to opium, cinchona and ipecacuanha.2. Write short notes on the pharmacology and therapeutics of (a) phenazone, (b) squill, (c) hyoscine hydrobromide, (d) calcium gluconate, (e) caffeine. 3. Discuss the main features of industrial poisoning by (a) benzene, (b) nitro-benzene, (c) aniline, (d) trinitrotoluene, (e) tetrachloroethane. 4. Write as complete an account as you can of the pharmacology of EITHER (a) ether, OR (b) cocaine. 2 to 5 p.m. (Only FIVE questions to be answered.) 1. What methods are available for determining whether the pollution of water is 2. A sack of flour is thought to have become contaminated with a war gas-what 3. What estimations would you make to determine the suitability for food purposes of animal or vegetable origin ? procedure should be adopted ? of the following and what limits would you adopt? (a) Acid calcium phosphate; (b) Gelatine, (c) Lime juice cordial; (d) Mustard.4. Describe methods for the separation of the principal types of protein in a meat 5. How may the activity of pancreatin be assayed? How would you detect and 6. Discuss critically the methods applicable for the estimation of vitamin A in extract. What are essential and non-essential amino acids ? estimate pancreatin in a washing powder? cod liver oil and state how the results should be expressed. TUESDA Y and WEDNESDA Y, 13th and 14th APRIL, 1943: 10 a.m. to 5p.m. each day. 1. Make a chemical examination of the specimen of drinking water. Write a report upon it.(A note as to the source and the results of certain bacteriological tests will be provided to-morrow.) 2. Give your opinion of the samples of liqueur and of cocoa. These exercises should be completed on Wednesday. :1191 THURSDAY, 15th APRIL, 1943: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Examine and report upon the sample labelled “Yorkshire Pudding Mixture containing egg.” 2. Report upon the suitability of the acid calcium phosphate for use in a foodstuff. These exercises may be completed to-naorrow. FRIDAY, 16th APRIL, 1943: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercises. 2. Identify microscopically and comment on the specimens (A), (B), (C) and (D).(A)=Portuguese red pepper; (B)==white mustard; (C)-Soya meal; (D) dried egg.SATURDAY, 17th APRIL, 1943: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. (Reports on microscopical examinations muct be accompanied by annotated sketches.) 1. The specimen (E) represents the contents of the stomach of a child who has died after taking a whooping cough remedy. Examine the specimen for the presence of substances which might have caused death. 2. The tablets (F)contain a sulphonamide drug, and specimen (G) is the urine of a patient who is taking this drug. Identify the sulphonamide in (F) and determine the amount present in (G). 3. Identify by microscopical examination the vegetable powders (H) to (M). Branch G: Industrial Chemistry, with special reference to Municipal and Industrial Water Treatment MONDAY, 5th APRIL, 1943: 10 a.m. to I p.m.(OnZy FOUR questions to be attempted.) 1. A Water Supply Undertaking which softens large quantities of water by treat- ment with lime, is faced with the problem of utilisation or disposal of the lime sludge. What methods of utilisation and disposal would you suggest? Give the relative ad- vantages and disadvantages of the methods you mention. . 2. Briefly discuss the following:- (a) “Excess Lime Treatment” of river water for public supply; (b) The use of active carbon in water treatment. 3. It is desired to render potable a supply of water for a works or institution. No treatment except chlorination is necessary. Two mild steel storage tanks, each of 20,000 gallons capacity, are fed direct from the bore-hole pumps by a single main which has branches to the tanks.The total daily consumption of water is of the order of 100,000 gallons. Describe suitable types of chlorinating apparatus, stating the point in the system at which you would instal it, and the control tests you would employ. 4. Give an account of ONE of the following:- (a) The rusting of iron. (b) The influence of impurities in water upon its action on lead. (c) The use of inhibitors in the protection of metals against corrosion. 6. You are required to advise on equipment to provide a continuous supply of hot water for a works laundry, the maximum quantity required being 25,000 gallonsper d2y of 24 hours. Ample supplies of mains water (temporary hardness 20 parts per 100,000;permanent hardness 8 parts per 100,000) and steam at 80 lbs.per square inch gauge pressure are available. State the main features of the installation you would suggest for this purpose, and the points which should be eniphasised in drawing up the specification to cover both the equipment and the inter-connecting pipework. 6. Write a concise essay on the use of phosphates (including hexametaphosphates) in the treatment of waters containing calcium salts. 2 to 5 p.m. 1. The following results of examination of samples of water from two sources were supplied by analysts :-Sample A. Sample B. Appearance. . .. .. .. .. .. .. Clear and Brownish brightpH value .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 7.0 6.5 Parts per 100,000. Hardness, temporary .. .. .. .. .. 20.0 ,, permanent ..*. .. *. [ 1201 0.Free ammonia (NH,) .. .. .. .. 0.001 nil Albuminoid ammonia (NH,) .. .. .. .. 0.001 0.006 Oxygen absorbed from potassium permanganate in 4 hours at 26.7" C. .. .. *. .. .. 0.011 0.23 Nitrite (NO,) .. .. .. .. *. .. Absent nil Calcium (Ca) .. .. .. .. .. .. 7.1 0.3 I.Magnesium (Mg) .. .. .. .. .. 1.G 0.1 Iron (Fe) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Trace -0.01 Carbonate (CO,) .. .. .. .. .. .. 13-8 Sulphate (SO,) .. .. .. .. .. .. 2-1 1.1 Chloride (Cl) .. .. .. .. .. .. 4.4 0.8 Nitrate (NO,) .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.9 nil Silica (SiO,) .. .. .. .. .. .. 2.1 0.0 -1 Total solids dried at 180"C. .. .. .. . . 36.9 Free carbon dioxide (CO,) .. *. .. ,. 2.2 0.4 Dissolved oxygen .. .. .. .. .. ..0.92 0.78 Describe the methods of treatment you consider desirable if the waters are to be supplied to water-tube boilers operated at a gauge pressure of 650 lb. per sq. in. Give the quantities of any reagents you propose to add to the water. 2. A peaty river water which is the source of a public water supply gave the following results on examination :-Appearance. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Brown pH value .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 7.6 Parts pev 100,000. Total solids .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 23-0 Hardness, temporary .. .. .. .. .. . . 9-5 Ammoniacal nitrogen (N) .. .. .. .. . . 0.027 Albuminoid nitrogen (N) .. .. .. .. .. 0.035 Nitrite nitrogen (N) ... .. .. .. .. .. 0.002 Nitrate nitrogen (N) .. .. .. .. .. . . 0.099 Calcium oxide (CaO) .. .... .. .. .. 4.9 Magnesium oxide (MgC) .. .. .. .. .. 1-6 Sulphate (SO,) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3.4 Chloride (Cl$ .. .. .. .. .. .. ,. 1.5 Free carbon dioxide (CO,) .. .. .. .. .. 0.7 Biochemical oxygen demand in 5 days .. .. .. 0.16 Bacteriological. Plate count on nutrient agar in 3 days at 20" C.. . .. .. 40,000 per ml. Plate count on nutrient agar in 1 day at 37"C.. . .. .. 2,700 ,,Bact. cola present in . . .. .. .. .. .. 0.01 ml. What treatment would you recommend for this water before distribution? It is desirable that the treatment should include a considerable reduction in the peaty colour. 3: (a) Give an account of the occurrence of fluorine and of iodine in waters for public supply, and of the probable effect on health of the presence or absence of these substances in drinking water. (b) Briefly describe the methods you would adopt to decrease or increase the quantities of fluorine and iodine in water to give what you consider the most suitable concentrations.4. Briefly describe the various ionic exchange materials now in use for the softening 5. What conditions tend to encourage growths of weeds and algae in reservoirs? of wzter and for the removal of dissolved salts. What methods would you recommend for preventing or reducing such growths ? TUESDA Y to FRIDA Y, 6th to 9th APRIL, 1943: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Examine the two samples of water (A) and (B) chemically and bacteriologically. Prepare reports giving the results of examination and including brief statements in- dicating what treatments the waters require if they are to be used for (a)public water supply, (b) Lancashire boilers operated at a gauge pressure of 100lb.per sq. in., and (c) laundries. 2. It is desired to chlorinate water of which (C) is a sample, to leave a concentration of residual chlorine after contact for 1 hour of (a) 0.2 part per million, and (b) 0-5 part per million, using the solution of sodium hypochlorite (D). Determine the quantity of chlorine to be added as sodium hypochlorite to meet these requirements. [ IS1 j Determine the reduction in total bacterial count as a result of adding to the water 1 part per million of chlorine in the form of sodium hypochlorite and allowing a time of contact of one hour.3. Examine sample (E) for pollution by a trade effluent. It is suspected that it is polluted by waste water from a metal plating works using copper and nickel. Qualita-tive examination only is required. 4. Report on the sample of drinking water (F)which has been standing overnight in a lead pipe. Do you consider the water safe for drinking? Branch H : General Analytical Chemistry MONDAY, 12th APRIL, 1943: 10 a.m. to 1 +.m. (Answer FOUR questions, one of which must be either No. 1 OY No. 2.) 1. Describe the determination of C and H in a compound also containing C1 and N, giving all necessary precautions for obtaining accuracy; state how precise you would expect your results to be. (Either micro or macro-methods may be described.) 2. Give outlines of methods for determining the following groups: -COOH (in amino acids) ; -COCH, ; -NH, (in aromatic compounds) ; -OCzH5;-OH ; -CHO. 3.Define the term “solubility product.” Explain: (a) The titration of cyanides by silver nitrate, using KI as indicator (Liebig’s method). (b) The separation of aluminium from nickel by means of NH4C1 and NH40H. (c) The dependence of the precipitation of calcium oxalate on pH. 4. Give a brief account of Werner’s theory of complex ions. Discuss applications of complex ion formation in inorganic analysis. 5. Write a short essay on catalytic phenomena in analytical chemistry, including some reference to induced precipitation. 6. Discuss EITHER (a) Potentiometric titrations, OR (b) The electrometric determination of pH.2 to 5p.m. (Answer FOUR questions.) 1. Draw up a scheme for the complete analysis of a soap powder, to include the determination of sodium silicate and perborate. State the probable degree of precision you would expect from each determination. 2. Critically discuss the separation of molybdenum or titanium from corrosion- resistant ferrous alloys, and the subsequent determination of the element, both by “classical” and more modern methods. 3. Describe the construction and underlying principle of EITHER (a) The polari- meter; OR (b) The Abb6 refractometer, and indicate their chief uses in analysis. 4. Briefly describe FOUR of the following determinations : (a) Available chlorine in bleaching powder; (b) NaOH in commercial flake caustic soda; (c) Metallic Zn in zinc powder; (d) CH3COC1 in commercial acetyl chloride ; (e) NazS,04 in “sodium hydrosulphite” ; (f) HCHO and CH30H in 40 per cent.formalin solution. 5. Discuss the analytical chemistry of ONE of the following groups of elements: 6. Give a critical account of the chemical and physical methods now available for Pt. Rh. Pd. Ti. ?a. Nb. Th. Zr. Ce. the determination of water. 7. How are FIVE of the following reagents used in analytical chemistry; perchloric acid ; periodic acid or potassium periodate ; phenylhydrazine ; 3:5-dinitrobenzoylchloride ; sodium hypophosphite ; tannin f sulphosalicylic acid ; thiocyanogen. TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 13th to 16th APRIL, 1943: 10 a.m.lo 5 p.m. each day. 1. Identify the sample of oil, report on its freedom or otherwise from adulteration. (Poppy seed oil.) 2. Analyse sample (B), which has been put forward as a substitute for glycerine as an “antifreeze.” Report on its suitability for the purpose. (Magnesium chloride, urea and water.) 3. Qualitatively identify the constituents of the alloy, and make as complete a quantitative analysis as time permits. (Zinc alloy containing minor amounts of Si, Cu, A1 and Mg; OR a cobalt aluminium alloy.) [ 188 j EXAMINATION THE ASSOCIATESHIPFOR : The standard of knowledge of theoretical chemistry shown by a large number of candidates was low and many should not have entered. Many candidates should have paid more attention to the instruction to answer concisely and to give formulae and equations wherever possible.The practical work was generally well done but the following comments made by the Examiners might be mentioned :-Many candidates failed to appreciate that iron cannot be estimated in- the Presence of copper by reduction with an acid solution of stannous chloride and titration With dichromate. One of the most satisfactory methods for the reduction of the iron is to use sufficient grain lead which reduces the iron to the ferrous state and at the Same time forms a mat of lead and copper from any cupric salt. There was an encouraging diminution in the tendency to use lists of melting Points and boiling points at too early a stage in the examination of organic compounds.EXAMINATION THE FELLOWSHIPFOR : Candidates in Branch E, The Chemistry, including Microscopy, of Food and Drugs and of Water, are reminded that in view of the special significance attaching to the certificate of having passed this examination, it is important that they should have adequate experience in all parts of the syllabus. PASS LIST Examination in General Chemistry for the Associateship Allen, Frank John, Central Technical College, Birmingham. Argyle, Alfred, Central Technical College, Birmingham. Benny, Henry Thomas, Royal Technical College, Glasgow. Chapman, William Bernard, Derby Technical College. Coleman, Cyril, City Technical College, Liverpool. Duddington, Jack Ernest, College of Technology, Manchester.Earland, Christopher, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., Imperial College, London. Edwards, Gordon Westland, College of Technology, Manchester. Evans, Miss Florence Mary Lucy, City Technical College, Liverpool ; and Royal Techni- cal College, Salford. Gallaher, Patrick Edmund, Central Technical College, Birmingham. Griffiths, Colin, College of Technology, Manchester. Hall, Ronald Henry, Woolwich Polytechnic, London. Hawthorn, Edward, College of Technology, Manchester. Larner, Erwin Ernest, Birkbeck College, London. Lees, Donald, College of Technology, Manchester. Leslie, Ronald, The University, St. Andrews ; and Royal Technical College, Glasgow. Marson, Harold Wilson, College of Technology, ManChester ; and Bolton Nunicipal Technical College.Mason, Harold, Harris Institute, Preston. Patterson, Miss Stella Jean, Acton Technical College ; and Birkbeck College, London. Pinder, John Cuthbert, College of Technology, Manchester ; and Derby Technical College. Iiosenberg, Wolfe, University College, Hull. Trewhitt, Reginald Carter Ernest, B.Sc. (Lond.) ., Rutherford Technical College, New- castle-upon-Tyne.Walker, Arthur, Hull Technical College. Walker, Herbert, City Technical College, Liverpool. Wilkinson, John Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.), Chelsea Polytechnic, London; and South-West Essex Technical College. Williamson, Leonard John, College of Technology, Manchester ; and Chelsea Polytechnic, London. M700d, James, Central Technical College, Birmingham. Examination for the Fellowship : In Branch A : Inorganic Chemistry : Hyams, Montagu.With special reference to Metallurgy of Iron and Steel : Palethorpe, Louis George Whybrow. In Branch C : Organic Chemistry : Buckley, Gerard Dunstan. Cooke, Percy Frederick, B.Sc. (Land.').Ottway, Denis Silvester, B.Sc. (Lond.). Walker, Harold Augustus. [ 1231 With special reference to the Chemistry of Diazo compounds : Davey, William, BSc., Ph.D. (Lond.). In Branch E : The Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs, and of Water : Dedicoat, Herbert. Goodall, Miss Honor, B.Sc. (Lond.). In Branch G : Industrial Chemistry, with sfiecial reference to Municipal and Industrial Water Treatment : Edwards, John Eric, B.Sc. (Lond.). In Branch H :General Analytical Chemistry : Frost, Henry Francis, B.Sc.(Lond.). Haddock, Louis, B.Sc. (Lond.). Notes State Bursaries and Engineering Cadetships, 1943.-The Board of Education, Scottish Education Department and Ministry of Labour, have notified that no Bursaries will be available for courses in chemistry this year. Bursaries will be awarded, in Physics with Radio, and in Engineering, to candidates born on or after 1st January,1925, and before 1st July, 1926, who will be taking this year the Higher Certificate examination or the Senior Leaving Certificate, or the London Inter. B.Sc. examination in the above subjects. Forms of application can be obtained on written application to the Board of Educa- tion, Belgrave Square, London, S.W.1, the Scottish Education Department, Room 324, St.Andrew’s House, Edinburgh, 1. or the Ministry of Labour, Alexander House, Kingsway, London, W.C.2. Requests should be marked on the envelope “U.B.” Canadian Chemists.-In a letter to Canadian Chemistry and Process Industries, October, 1941, Professor Thorbergur Thorvaldson called the attention of Canadian chemists and chemical engineers to attempts made in the United States to “unionise” chemists and stated the opinion that, unless they were prepared to take united action for the recognition of their professional standing, they might be classified as “skilled labour” and swept into enforced unionisation under closed-shop agreements. Professor Thorvaldson suggested that every chemist and chemical engineer in Canada should realise the difference between the implications of being, on the one hand, a member of a recognised profession, established through the acknowledged services to society of his predecessors, confirmed by custom and by law and, on the other hand, being a member of a trade union.The former implies professional attainments in special knowledge as distinct from mere skill. At a later date the Ontario Legislature passed the first reading of a Bill designed to legalise collective bargaining. This Bill at first contained a clause providing for exemption of members of the learned professions but, at its second reading, this clause had been removed and professional men were thus placed in the same category as non- professional employees. This meant that the non-professional majority could form a collective bargaining agency to negotiate wages and contracts with employers which must be subscribed to by the professional minority.The Canadian Institute of Chemistry made strong representations on the subject, stating that they had no wish to take a stand against collective bargaining, when the bargaining unit was composed exclusively of professional men, but objected to being controlled by non-professional groups. They condemned no one of their members for joining any union so long as he did so voluntarily.As the result of these representations, in which the State Association of Professional Engineers, the Medical Association and others joined, the exemption clause was re-introduced, and it is hoped that it will be passed in a form in which members of learned and scientific professions will not be forced to join “closed-shop” agreements. The Canadian Institute expressed the hope that the chemists and chemical engineers of Canada would resist any attempt to destroy or weaken their professional status and would realise more and more the necessity of strengthening their professional organisa- tions, through devotion to the highest professional ideals and through unselfish service to the community and to the nation.-Abstract from “Canadian Chemistry and Process Industries,” Apd, 1943. - Fellows and Associates in Countries occupied by Enemies.-Of the list of members whose names were given in JOURNAL Part I, 1943, p.27,AND PROCEEDINGS, the Council still desires to obtain information with regard to the following:-w.E-Abbott, J. B. Alexander, D. G. G. Allen, P. Anderson, G. E. Boizot, V. C. Branson, H. R. Burjorjee, G. T. Byrne, W. S. Davey, L. W. Dupre, L. W. G. Firmin, R.H. Fotheringham, G. T. Foxlee, F. H. Geake, C. D. V. Georgi, Goronwy Griffith, C. Hull, M. Jamieson, M. A. Khin, M. K. Lay, A. J,ittlewood, T. S. McKinlay, G. McOwan,J. hfoffat,F. Nisbet, M. Niyogi, C. T. J. Owen, H. J. Page, F. J. Paton, E. L. Pearson, A. C. Prigge, F. E. Read, John Xedman, A. W. Robertson, R. St. G. Ross, James Shelton, G. A. Staley, P. B. Tayler, H. A. Taylor, J. L. Tetley, Denis Webb, R.E. Willgress and W. A. S. Young. Mr. Charles Stanley Robinson, Fellow, Director General, Filling Factories, Min!$v of Supply, has been appointed a Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the Brrtlsh Empire.Mr. Christopher Jerome Harrison, Associate, has been appointed an Officer Of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire for rescue work on the Burma Frontier. Professor Albert Charles Chibnall, F.R.S., Fellow, Head of the Biochemistry Depart- ment, Imperial College of Science and Technology, has been appointed to succeed Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins, O.M., F.R.S., Fellow, in the Sir William Dunn Profes- sorship of Biochemistry, Cambridge University. Dr. Edward David Hughes, Fellow, Meldola Medallist, Lecturer in Chemistry in University College, London, has been appointed Professor of Chemistry at universityCollege of North Wales, Bangor, in succession to Professor J.L. Simonsen, F.R.S., Fellow. Dr. Reginald Thomas Elworthy, Fellow, who has been Director of the Chemical and Explosives Production Branch of the Canadian Department of Munitions and Supply since 1940, has been appointed head of the New Standards Section of the War-time Prices and Trade Board set up to investigate possible deterioration in quality ofwar-time products. At the Eightieth Annual General Meeting of the Institution of Gas Engineers, Dr. Ernest Woodhouse Smith, C.B.E., Fellow, was presented with the Birmingham Medal, in gold, for originality in connexion with the manufacture and applications of gas. Dr. Smith is President-Elect of the Institute of Fuel and will take office in October next.An Association for Scientific Photography has been formed to bring together more closely scientists who use photographic methods. Membership is open to those who are engaged or interested in the use of kinematography or photography as a scientific instrument. The Organising Secretary is Mr. R. McV. Weston, Houndwood, Farley, Salisbury, Wilts. Dr. Dorothy Jordan-Lloyd and Dr. Leslie H. Lampitt, Vice-Presidents, representedthe Council ofthe Institute at a meeting of the Czechoslovak Scientists and Technicians held at Grosvenor Place on 14th May to establish closer contact and to further co-opera- tion with British scientists. vofesspr J. W. Cook, F.R.S., Fellow, has kindly promised to give a lecture before the Institute in November on “Chemistry and Cancer.” Fufier particulars will be announced in due course.Books and their Contents Dr. Ernest Suckling has kindly presented the Institute with a copy of The Exami-nation of Waters and Water Supplies. (Thresh, Beale and Suckling.) 5th Edition. Ernest Victor Suckling. Pp. x + 850. (London: J. 62 A. Churchill, Ltd.) 60s. net. The work has been prepared with special regard to the requirements of chemists and public analysts whose work includes the examination of waters, particular attention being paid to the bacteriology of waters and to treatment processes. Preface; purposes of the examination of waters and the relation of geology to water supplies; inspection of waterworks and the sources of water supplies;qualities required of waters in their use for drinking, domestic and industrial purposes ; interpretation of results of physical, biological and chemical examina- tions ; analytical processes and methods of examination ; analytical characters of waters in relation to their geological origin ; bacteriological examination of water ; purification and treatment of water; appendix; index.r 1251 Messrs. J. S. Fry & Sons, Ltd., have kindly presented the Institute with a copy of a Dictionary of Chemistry by Andrew Ure. (London, 1821.) “Endeavour.” Numbers 5 and 6 of Volume I1 of “Endeavour,” dated January and April, 1943, have been presented by Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd. The British Standards Institution has issued P.D. 65 Amendment to B.S.636- 1935: Titanium White for Paints (Types 1, 2, 3 and 4); War Emergency B.S. 674-1942: Rubber Joint Rings for Water Mains and Sewers; War Emergency B.S. 772-1942: Rubber Joint Rings for Gas Mains; B.S. 1070-1942: Black Paint (Tar Base); P.D. 64, Amendment to 539-1937: Drain Fittings; B.S. 929-1943: Ready Mixed Paints (super- seding B.S. 929-1940) ; B.S. 1100-Part 1-1943 : Principles of Production Control ; B.S. 11 12-1943 : War Emergency Standard ‘for Sizes of Photographic Paper. The Institution proposes to produce booklets on Factory Office Systems. The Annual Report for 1942 of the Imperial Institute, recently published, deals with the work of the scientific departments concerned with plant and animal products and with mineral resources, in addition to other activities of the Institute.Books Purchased Dictionary of Organic Compounds. Edited by I. M. Heilbron and H. M. Bunbury. Volume 11. Eccaine-Myrtillin Chloride. Pp. xii + 848. Volume 111. Naphthacarbazole-Zygadenine. Pp. xii + 944. (London : Eyre & Spottiswode, Ltd.) L6 6s. each volume, net. The Mineral Industry, Its Statistics, Technology and Trade during 1941. Edited by G. A. Roush. Volume 50. Pp. Ixx + 736. (New York and London: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc.) L4 4s. net. The fiftieth volume of this publication contains a general review of the Mineral Industry by the Editor and articles on the production, consumption, trade and prices of minerals and metals. Tables and Statistics and Index. [ 1261 ALFREDARCHIBALDBOONdied at Edinburgh on 1st April, in his 75th year.Trained at the University of Edinburgh, he graduated B.Sc. in 1898, gained a Research Fellowship and was awarded D.Sc. in 1905. He was appointed lecturer at the Training College, Edinburgh, and for a short time was a lecturer under the Board of Agriculture and Technical Education, Dublin, but for the remainder of his career he was Assistant Professor and eventually Head of the Chemistry Department at Heriot-Watt College, from which position he retired in 1931. He gave special courses in the chemistry of paper manufacture, and published a number of papers in the Journal of the Chemical Society. During the war of 1914-18 he did valuable work for the Ministry of Munitions. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1916, and served as a Member of Council for two periods, 1922-25 and 1928-31.At his funeral, the Institute was represented by Dr. H. B. Nisbet, Vice-chairman of the Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section, and Mr. James Sandilands. ROBERT CLARKEdied suddenly at Westgate-on-Sea on 1st May, in his 61st WILLIAM year. He studied at Finsbury Technical College from 1898 to 1901 and became assistant to K. Bodmer, Fellow, in the laboratory of the Clinical Research Association until 1913, when he was appointed Analyst to the Sanitary Commissioners (now the City Council) of Gibraltar. From 1921 to 1927 he was Government Analyst, Cyprus, and from 1927 analytical chemist to the Gold Coast Government, until his retirement in 1938. In 1941, however, he became engaged in war work; but he had to relinquish it owing to ill- health in April this year.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1904 and a Fellow in 1907. WILLIAMLAURENCEGADD died at Alderley Edge, Cheshire, on 14th April, in his 82nd year. Educated at Bedford County School, he proceeded to Owens College, Manchester, where he worked under Roscoe, Schorlemmer and Bedson. He was then for some years a pupil and later an assistant in the laboratory of Messrs. Grace, Calvert and Thomson, Manchester. Later, he was connected with soap manufacture, on which he wrote textbooks, before he became engaged in the cement industry, to which he was devoted for over 30 years mainly as Director of Research to the Associated Portland Cement Manufacturers, Ltd., Gravesend.A keen volunteer, he attained the rank of Lieut.-Colonel and held the Volunteer Officers’ Decoration (V.D.) . He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888. MARKGALLAGHERdied at Darlington on 5th May, in his 46th year. Born at Ah-mouth, he was educated at Ushaw College, Durham. He served with the Forces from 1916-18 and was badly wounded. After some experience with Messrs. Bell and Riddle, Analytical Chemists of Hexham-on-Tyne, he studied at Armstrong College, Newcastle upon Tyne, graduating B.Sc., subsequently proceeding to M.Sc. For nearly 20 years and until his death he was science master at St. Mary’s Grammar School, Darlington. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1924.ERNESTCHISLETT HUGHESdied at Roby, Lancs., on 13th April, in his 56th year. Born at Liverpool and educated at the Liverpool Institute and University, he graduated B.Sc. with honours in chemistry in 1909 and proceeded to M.Sc., awarded on organic research, carried out jointly with Dr. A. W. Titherley, Fellow, and published in the Jozrrnal of the Chemical Society. In 1911 he was appointed research chemist with Price’s Patent Candle Co., Ltd., working at Bromborough until 1915, then for three years at Battersea and from 1918 to 1920 at Belvedere, where he was chief chemist and head of the laboratory. In 1920 he became chemist and manager and later Director of Hughes and Treleaven, Ltd., printing ink makers of Liverpool, a company founded about 1890 by his father. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1923.JAMES HENRYHUXLEY,an Original Fellow of the Institute, died at Bedford on 21st April, in his 92nd year. He was born at Barming Heath, near Maidstone, and educated at Maidstone Grammar School. The nephew of the Right Hon. T. H. Huxley, F.R.S., he was trained at the Royal School of Mines from 1869 to 1872 and was awarded the Associateship of the School. In the latter year he was the first chemist appointed to Vickers, Ltd., Sheffield, after the process of steel manufacture was changed from crucible to open-hearth melting, and he remained with the company until his retirement in 1929. At his funeral, the Institute was represented by Messrs. T. R. Walker and John Imrie, Fellows.JOHN HENRYLESTER died at Monton Green, Eccles, on 2nd April, in his 74th year. Born at Penrith, he was educated at Ackworth School. Trained under H. B. Dixon at Owens College, Manchester from 1887 to 1890, he graduated B.Sc. (Vict.) and in 1893 was awarded the degree of M.Sc. He was for about eighteen months assistant to Dr. C. A. 127 1 Burkhardt and for nine months analyst to the Gas Department of Burnley Corporation and, in 1895, was appointed the first manager of the Manchester Chamber of Com- merce Testing House. In 1911 he became associated with the Research Department of the Tootal Broadhurst Lee Co., Ltd., with whom he acquired a high reputation as a textile technologist, and remained until his retirement in 1937.He was a prominent member and Past Chairman of the Local Section of the Institute and an active member of other chemical organisations in Manchester, including the Textile Institute, of which he was a founder, Vice-president and medallist; he was also a member of the Council of the British Cotton Industry Research Association. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1890 and a Fellow in 1893, and served on the Council from 1918 to 1921, 1933 to 1936, and 1939 to 1942. OWEN MATHIAS died at Manchester on 9th May, in his 44th year. Educated at the Central Higher Grade School, he served from July, 1918 to January, 1919, with the 4th Lancashire Regiment and then worked for six months at British Dyes, Ltd., before beginning his training at the College of Technology.He graduated B.Sc. Tech. in 1922 and continued on research with Professor F. M. Kowe, proceeding to MSc. Tech. in 1923. In the following year he held an appointment with the Hillcrest Oil Co.; from 1925 to 1927 he was an assistant chemist at the Davyhulme Sewage Works. In the latter year he became engaged with the British India Corporation, Ltd., at Cawn- pore, with whom he was chief chemist from 1929 until he returned to this country in 1933, and resumed his appointment at the Davyhulme works. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1923. WALTERGEORGEMESSENGERdied at Rickmansworth on 3rd May, in his 50th year. Educated at the Central Technical School and the University, Birmingham, he grad- uated BSc. with first-class honours in chemistry in 1914, but immediately on the out- break of war enlisted in the 16th Battalion, Royal Warwickshire Regiment.In July, 1915, however, he was transferred to the Chemical Section, Royal Engineers, and shortly after recalled for munitions work as a process chemist and later chemist in charge of T.N.T. production. In 1919 he was appointed a research chemist with J. Lyons and Co., Ltd., with whom he became assistant chief chemist, which post he held at the time of his death. He devoted special attention to flavouring materials and food colours. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1918 and a Fellow in 1930. HENRYFORSTERMORLEYdied at Midhurst, Sussex, on 3rd April, in his 88th year. The son of Professor Henry Morley, Professor of English Literature at University College, he was educated at University College School, University College, London, and the Universities of Bonn, Munich, Berlin and Paris.In 1877 he graduated M.A. (Lond.) in Mathematics and in 1883 DSc. (Lond.), in Organic Chemistry. In the same year he was appointed Assistant Professor of Chemistry in University College, which appoint- ment he held until 1887 and from 1888 to 1901 he was Professor of Chemistry at Queen’s College, London. He was the author of a textbook of Organic Chemistry, joint editor of Watts‘ Dictiomry of Chemistry, and contributed a number of papers to the Journal of the Chemical Society. He was also director of the International Catalogue of Scientific Literature and of the Royal Society’s Catalogue of Scientific Papers.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1887, and served on the Council from 1892 to 1895. JOE RIGBY died at Wanstead on 10th April, in his 64th year. Educated at Manches- ter Grammar School, he studied at Manchester University, graduating B.Sc. (Vict.), in 1902, proceeding to M.Sc. in 1904 and later obtaining the Oxford University Diploma in Education. From 1902 to 1906 he was engaged in teaching at the Municipal Secondary School, Hanley, Staffs. and from 1906 at the Municipal Secondary School, Stratford, London, until 1919, from which year he had charge of the chemistry teaching and was later Senior Master at West Ham Central Secondary School. He was also an evening lecturer at the L.C.C.Adult Institutes at Dalston and Poplar until 1940, when the school was evacuated to Cornwall. During the war of 1914-18 he was Battalion Sergeant Instructor to the 1st Volunteer Battalion of the Essex Regiment. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1919. GEORGETATTERSALLdied on 19th February, in his 62nd year. Educated at All Saints’ Higher Grade School and from 1898 to 1903 at University College, Nottingham, he graduated B.Sc. (Lond.) with first-class honours in chemistry, became engaged on research, first with Professor Kipping at Nottingham and then at the Victoria Uni- versity, Manchester, with W. H. Perkin, Jun., and D. T. Jones, and was awarded MSc. (Manc.). The results of his work were published in the Transactions of the Chemical Society.In 1906 he was for a time research chemist with the Calico Printers Association, but, in the following year, proceeded to Perth, Western Australia, where [ 1281 he was for several years lecturer in the Technical School before he was appointed Assistant Professor in the University of Western Australia, which position he held at the time of his death. He was for several years Honorary Secretary of the local branch of the Australian Chemical Institute. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1903 and a Fellow in 1907. He had been an Honorary Corresponding Secretary of the Institute since 1920. SAMUEL WOODHEADALLINSON died at Barcombe, Sussex, on 4th April, at the age of 70 years. Educated at Stainton School, Cumberland and Durham College of Science, Newcastle upon Tyne, he was prizeman in practical chemistry and graduated B.Sc.(Dunelm) in 1896, later proceeding to DSc. Also in 1896 he was appointed lecturer in chemistry at the College, Uckfield, and science master at the local Grammar School. In the following year he was appointed Public Analyst for East Sussex and, subsequently, for Brighton, Eastbourne, Hastings and Hove. He was also Official Agricultural Analyst for West Sussex, Brighton and Eastbourne, Water Examiner for several boroughs in Sussex, and consulting chemist to the Crowborough District Water Co. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1900. Coming Events June 23 THEINSTITUTE(Birmingham and Midlands Section) : “Glass.” Dr.R. E. Bastick (vice Dr. Hampton), in the Latin Theatre, The University, Birmingham, at 6.30 p.m. 24-25 BRITISHCOALUTILISATION ASSOCIATIONRESEARCH : Conference on the Ultra- Fine Structure of Coals and Cokes, at the Royal Institution, Albemarle Street, London, W. 1, 10.30 a.m. on 24th, and 10 a.m. on 25th June. Particulars obtain- able from the Conference Secretary, B.C.U.R.A., Rickett Street, West Brompton, London, S.W.6. 29 SOCIETY INDUSTRYOF CHEMICAL (Liverpool Section) Annual General Meeting, at 5.30p.m. “Viscount Leverhulrne, 1851-1925 ’I: Mr. Horatio Ballantyne, in the Arts Theatre, Victoria Building, The University, Liverpool, at 6 p.m. JdY 9 SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY.Annual General Meeting, at the RoyalInstitution, at 2.30 p.m.21 THE INSTITUTE(Birmingham and Midlands Section) : “Essential Oils.” Mr. S. B. Tallantyre, in the Latin Theatre, the University, Birmingham, at 6.30 p.m. 15, 22, 29. THE OIL AND COLOURCHEMISTS’ has arranged Post-graduate ASSOCIATION Lectures on physical chemistry by Mr. E. J. Bowen, F.R.S., in the Physical Chemistry Lecture Theatre, Imperial College of Science and. Technology, London, S.W.7, at 6.30 p.m. Inclusive charge 10s. Apply to the Hon. Sec., Mr. David E. Roe, c/o Atlas Preservative Co., Ltd., Fraser Road, Erith, Kent. 29 BRITISH CONFERENCE.Waldorf Hotel, Aldwych, London, W.C.2,PHARMACEUTICAL at 9.30 a.m. The Register Since the publication of Part I1 of the JOURNAL 3 new Fellows AND PROCEEDINGS. have been admitted, 1 Fellow has been re-elected, 25 Associates have been admitted to the Fellowship, 84 new Associates have been elected, 3 Associates have been re-elected, and 46 new Students have been admitted.The Council regrets to record the deaths of 8 Fellows and 4 Associates. New Fellows Evans, .Richard Bromley, B.Sc. (Birm.). Skou, Carl Christian, BSc. (Copenhagen). Hughes, Joseph, B.A. (Oxon.). Re-elected Fellow Dhanbhoora, Darasha Rustomji, B.Sc. (Bombay), Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.S.M., D.I.C. c 1291 Associates elected to the Fellowship Berry, William, M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.). Chatt, Joseph, M.A., Ph.D. (Cantab). Cole, Reginald Joseph, BSc. (Lond.). Courticr, Geoffrey Bernard, BSc. (Lond.), D.I.C. Davey, William, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.). Dedicoat, Herbert.Doyle, Arthur Lawton, B.Sc. (Manc.). Edwards, John Eric, B.Sc. (Lond.). Ellison, Harry, MSc. (Manc,). Evans, David Philip, M.Sc. (Wales), Ph.D. FitzGibbon, Maurice. Goodall, Miss Honor, B.Sc. (Lond.). Haddock, Louis, B.Sc. (Lond.). Haldane, William Spence, BSc. (Edin.), Ph.D. Hendry, Frederick William Firman, B.Sc. (Aberd.)Hyams, Montagu. James, Benjamin Crowther, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. Jones, Robert Emrys, A.M.C.T. King, John Frederick, B.Sc. (Lond.). Lewcoclr, William, M.Sc. (Lond.). Mosses, Arthur Neville, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Sheff.).Palethorpe, Louis George Whybrow. Scott, Barry Alderson, BSc. (Lond.), A.K.C.S. Simmons, Donald, B.Sc. (Lond.),A.M.I.Chem.E. Walker, Harold Augustus. New Associates Aherne, John Christopher, MSc.(N.U.I.). Aikman, James Muirhead Clark, BSc. (Glas.).Allen, Frank John. Argyle, Alfred. Arnold, Robin, M.Sc. (Witwatersrand). Basterfield, Horace Andrew, B.Sc. (Lond.). Bennett, Sidney Frank, B.Sc. (Lond.). Benny, Henry Thomas. Blair, Malcolm Alexander Hardie, B.Sc. (Glas.). Browne, Kenneth Samuel. Cameron, Miss Mima Christine, B.Sc. (Edin.).Cassini, Carl Winston, A.H-W.C. Coleman, Cyril. Cooke, Arthur Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.). Cooper, Alan Howard. Cox, Arthur Thomas, BSc. (Lond.). Cross, Gilbert Sherrah, B.Sc. (Wales). Davidson, John, BSc. (Glas.). Davies, Ben Owen, B.Sc. (Wales). Desson, Robert Gregor, BSc. (Aberd.). Devlin, Miss Mary Teresa, B.Sc. (N.U.I.). Doran, John, B.Sc. (Glas.).Dovey, Douglas Marshall, B.A. (Cantab.). Duarte, John William, B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.). Duckworth, Donald Matthew, M.Sc. (Manc.).Duddington, Jack Ernest. Duerden, Alan Beardwood. Earland, Christopher, B.Sc. (Lond.),A.R.C.S. Edwards, Gordon Westland. Edwards, William Albert, M.A. (Cantab). Evans, Miss Mary Lucy. Gallaher, Patrick Edmund. Greenaway, Frank, B.A. (Oxon.). Greensmith, Denis Eric Bosworth, BSc. (Lond.).Gregory, John Edward, B.Sc. (Liv.). Griffith, Charles Fitzroy, B.Sc. (St.Andrews). Griffiths, Colin. Hall, Ronald Henry. Harrison, William McEwan Muir, B.Sc. (Glas.). Hawkins, Richard Sullivan, B.Sc. (Birm.). Hawthorn, Edward. Hawthorn, John, BSc. (Glas.), A.R.T.C. Hla, Tha, B.Sc. (Lond. and Rangoon). Hewer, Alfred Walter.Heywood, Mark Mellalieu. Hyde, Kenneth Armitage, B.Sc. (Leeds). Jennings, William Parker, B.Sc. (Liv.). Jones, George Alan, B.A. (Cantab.). Karnovsky, Manfred Leslie, M.Sc. (Wit- watersrand).King, Clarence Wilson. Larner, Erwin Ernest. Lees, Donald. Marais, Johannes Lodewikus Conroy,M.Sc. (Witwatersrand).Marshall, William James, B.Sc. (Glas.). Marson, Harold Wilson. Mason, Harold, McLeod, William, BSc. (Lond.). Meade, Edwin Marshall, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. Mercer, Alexander Robertson, B.Sc. (Glas.). O’Neill, Hugh Anthony, M.Sc. (N.U.I.). Paine, Frank Albert, BSc. (Lond.). Phillips, Cyril Israel, BSc. (Lond.). Pickard, Miss Margaret Russell, B.Sc. (Glas.). Pinder, John Cuthbert. Pippard, Antony Russell, B.Sc.(Lond.). Pritchett, Cyril Wolfe, M.Sc. (Lond.),A.R.C.S. Reay, Walter Harkness, BSc. (Dun.). Roadley, John Arthur, BSc. (Lond.). Rodnight, Eric Wakelin, B.Sc. (Lond.). Rosenberg, Wolfe. Rushman, Douglas Frederick, BSc. (Lond.)., A.R.C.S. Sainter, Philip, B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.). Schofield, Frank, BSc. (Leeds). Scott, Robert Hutton, B.Sc. (Glas.), A.R.T.C. Shotton, Douglas Charles, B.Sc. (Lond.) . Stevenson, Colin, M.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.). Stowe, Walter John Iorwerth, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Wales). Strain, Clarence George, B.Sc. (Q.U.B.). Tabor, Howard James. Townsend, Leonard George, M.Sc. (Lond.). Trewhitt, Reginald Carter Ernest, B.Sc. (Lond.).Walker, Herbert. Wallace, William Walker Stirling, B.Sc. (Glas.), A.R.T.C.Warne, Kenneth Cecil, Ph.D. (Frankenburg). Wathen, George Leslie, B.Sc. (Lond.).Wholey, John,.B.Sc. (Manc.). Wilkinson, John Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.). Williamson, Leonard John. Wilson, David Woodburn, M.Sc. (Q.U.B.).Wiseman, Alfred, B.Sc. (Lond.). Wood, James. Re-elected Associates Gallagher, Mark, M.Sc. (Dunelm). Phillips, John William Cole, B.Sc., Ph.D Jack, Flight Lieut. William, BSc. (Glas.), (Liv.). D.F.C. New Students Adkinson, Henry Bernard. Astbury, Donald. Bolsover, Kenneth. Boyle, Miss Margaret Cecilia Jackson. Brice, John Oliver. Charlton, Cyril Bradbury. Derome, George Eric. Gayler, Miss Margaret. Green, Harold William. Green, John Percy. Grieve, Thomas. Gumb, John Hardie, Thomas Reid. Hawdon, Anthony Stafford.Hickson, Charles Vivian. Hogan, John Edwin. Hughes, Miss Annie. Jones, William Vernon. Kerr, John. Leadbeater, Bernard. Lynch, Thomas. MacCormack, Kenneth Earnshaw. Macpherson, Charles Jaff ary. McChristie, Ian Alexander. Nairn, John Syme. Newton, Philip. Nicholls, Stanley Proctor. Parr, Leslie Ernest. raterson, Alexander Brown. Peach, Miss Noreen Mary. Raffilovitch, Louis. Rogan, Mervyn Desmond. Rymer, Thomas Edward. Serin, Peter Arthur. Singleton, Leslie. Snoad, Ronald Harvey. Stevenson, Reginald John. Todd, Miss Margaret. Toke, Leslie. Turner, Raymond Wallace Goulter. Walters, Ronald. Westley, Miss Christine Alicea. Westmore, Charles Derham. Wilkinson, Miss Margaret Joan.Wood, Haldane Shackleton. Wright, Douglas Edward. DEATIIS Fellows Professor Thomas David Collis Barry, Lieu t.-Colonel William Laurence Gadd,C.B.E., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., D.P.H. V.D. Charles Ridgeway Beck. James Henry Huxley, A.R.S.M. Professor Alfred Archibald Boon, D.Sc. Walter George Messenger, B.Sc. (Birm.).(Edin.). George Tattersall, B.Sc. (Lond.), M.Sc. Robert William Clarke. (Manc.). Associates Mark Gallagher, M.Sc. (Dunelm). Owen Mathias, B.Sc. Tech. (Ma&.). Ernest Chislett Hughes, M.Sc. (Liv.). Joe Rigby, M.Sc. (Manc.). CHANGE OF NAME Jean Cottrell, Associate, to Jane King, on her marriage. Joshua William Farmery, A ssociute, to John William Schofield Farmery. Sylvia Pallister, Associate, to Sylvia Minahan, on her marriage. [ 131 3 General Notices Examinations .-Examinations for the Associateship and for the Fellowship will be held in September.Candidates whose applications have not yet been accepted by the Council cannot now enter for these examinations. Candidates whose applications have been accepted will be informed as to the arrangements for the examinations in due course. The last date for actual entries and payment of examination fees will be Monday, 19th July. Active Service.-Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who are on active servfce with the Navy, Army and Air Force are requested to notify the Registrar of the Institute, giving such particulars as may be permissible, as to their rank, unit, etc. Notices to Associates.-Regulations and forms of application for the Fellowship can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For Library Notices of the Institute, The Chemical Society, The Science Library, Boots’ and Lewis’s, see JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part VI, December, 1942. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As the slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their require- ments at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. All requests for changes in the Register should be addressed to the Registrar, and not to the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. Correspondenceshould normally be addressed to 30, Russell Square, London, W.C. 1 ; but should Members, Registered Students or othek correspondents find difficulty in communicating with the Institute, urgent enquiries may be addressed to the Registrar, at 9, Westbury Road, Woodside Park, Finchley, London, W. 12. Telephone number : Hillside 1859. In order to facilitate identification, Fellows and Associates are asked to give their full initials on communications addressed to the Institute. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information. enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are reminded to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Benevolent Fund.-Fellows and Associates, including Annual Subscribers, who have not yet forwarded their contributions for 1943, are reminded that they may be sent to the Honorary Treasurer, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.l. Form for Deeds of Covenant and Forms of Bequest may be obtained from the Registrar. Co-operation Fellows and Associates who wish to participate in the scheme under which they can acquire, for a reduced. subscription, joint membership of the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry and substantial privileges‘ as to publications, can obtain particulars from the Con] oint Chemical Office, 6, Burlington Gardens, Piccadilly, London. W.l.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9436700097

出版商:RSC    

年代:1943

数据来源: RSC

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THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND FOUNDED 1877 INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885 Patron H.M. THE KING JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS PART IV: 1943 Publications Committee, 1943-44 F. P. Dunn (Chairman),A. L. Bacharach, H. Baines, F. Challenger, J. W. Cook, L. Eynon, Alexander Findlay (President), J. J. Fox, D. Jordan-Lloyd,H. Moore and Garfield Thomas. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary 30, RUSSELLSQUARE,LONDON,W.C.1 Aw.ust, I943 Proceedings of the Council Council Meeting, 18th June, 1943.The President mentioned that many messages of congratulation had been received on His Majesty's Command to change the title of the Institute to the Royal Institute of Chemistry, and that the Emergency Committee had been called to consider the preparation of a petition for a Supplemental Charter to give effect to this change.The Council received from the Chemical Council proposals for the extension, to Registered Students and Junior Members of the Institute, of the Conjoint Subscription Scheme, under which privileges can be acquired in respect of attendance at meetings and the supply of publications. The proposals were approved in principle.The Council appointed Mr. Vernon Harbord, Associate, as representative of the Institute on the Technical Committee of the British Standards Institu- tion, CEB/I. Cement, in place of his father, the late Mr. F. W. Harbord, C.B.E., Fellow. Modifications of Section Rules suggested by the Cardiff and the London and South-Eastern Counties Sections were submitted and approved.A letter from the Royal Society raised questions on a report from the International Relations Committee on the Organisation of International Scientific Co-operation after the war. The Institute was invited to expressits views, but the Council, on being informed that the Council of the Chemical Society had suggested that the British National Committee (on which the Institute is represented by Professor Cook) should be called to discuss the matter, concurred in that proposal. The congratulations of the Council were accorded to Mr. Charles Stanley Robinson, Fellow, on his appointment as a Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire.Reports were received from the Standing Committees. The Benevolent Fund Committee reported that three new cases were under consideration. The Policy Committee reported the receipt of letters from Belfast, Dublin, Manchester and Tees-Side favouring the proposals for the further co-operation of chemists, and of a letter from the Huddersfield Section to the effect that it was not at present satisfied that federation of Chartered Chemical Bodies was desirable and requesting the assurance of the Council that no action would be taken in the matter without the considered agree- ment of the Local Sections. The Committee decided to refer these letters, with as much relevant information as possible, to the Chemical Council, to be brought to the notice of the Special Committee of the Chemical Council dealing with the matter.The Committee expressed the view that if the Institute could find a suitable designation for persons who had obtained a B.Sc. Pass degree or had passed a University Intermediate Science Examina- tion or obtained National Certificates in Chemistry or, possibly, passed an Intermediate Examination conducted by the Institute, then the Institute should have some regard to their interests, register them, secure for them privileges, such as attendance at meetings and the supply of publications, and encourage them to qualify for the Associateship. On the subject of Refresher Courses, the Committee recommended that, if in any Section an adequate number of members felt the need €or such courses in any particular subject, 1341 they should ask the Section Committee to approach the authorities of universities or colleges in the district with a view to the provision of such courses.The suggestion was referred to the Conference of Honorary Secre- taries of Local Sections. Arising from the question whether Associates should in future be eligible for service on the Council, the Committee had considered the present classi- fication of members and the Regulations for admission of Associates to the Fellowship. The Committee thought that many Associates were chemists of established position and that it was highly desirable to ascertain why they did not proceed to the Fellowship.While there was no intention of lowering the standard for admission to the Fellowship, the Committee believed that there were undoubtedly many Associates qualified for Fellowship under the existing Regulations, and it was proposed that a questionnaire be issued to Associates of over seven years’ standing to ascertain for what reasons they had not sought election to the higher grade. The Council agreed. (See p. 160.) At the suggestion of the Huddersfield Section, the Policy Committee asked the Finance and House Committee to express its views on possible means of evolving a more permanent method of supporting the Benevolent Fund and setting it on a basis more in keeping with the dignity of the profession. Council Meeting, 23rd July, 1943.-The Council was advised by the Solicitors of the Institute that an Extraordinary General Meeting should be held to pass a Resolution approving and adopting the petition for a Supple- mental Charter for the word “Royal” to be included in the title of the Institute, in compliance with the Command of His Majesty the King, and for the initials indicating Fellowship and Associateship to be modified accordingly.Arrangements for the meeting will be announced in due course. Dr. Joseph Kenyon, F.R.S., and Mr. R. L. Collett, Assistant Secretary, were appointed as representatives to attend a Conference convened by the Committee of the Board of Education on the Training of Technical Teachers, to confer inter alia on the relation of the National Certificates Courses and Examinations to the supply and qualifications of technical teachers.The Council received a Report of the Conference held on zIst June, whereat the Chemistry Education Advisory Board was constituted, to consider all aspects of education in chemistry. The Conference was convened by the Council and was attended by representatives of other Bodies, including the Chemical Society, the Society of Chemical Industry, the Science Masters’ Association, the Association of University Teachers, and Dr. F. A. Mason representing the Board ot Education. The Advisory Board was constituted of members appointed as individuals and not as representativesof any of the participating Bodies, and was empowered to co-opt other members and to appoint Committees or Panels to deal with various aspects of the terms of reference.It was agreed, for the present, that a representa- tive of the Board of Education be invited to attend meetings, that meetings be held at the Royal Institute, and that the Assistant Secretary of the Institute act as Secretary to the Board and its Committees. The Board will not be concerned with the education of the public with regard to chemistry and the activities of chemists. For the present, the membership of the Board is as follows:-Professor A. Findlay (Chairman), Professor H. V. A. Briscoe, Mr. R. R. Butler, Professor J. W. Cook, Mr. E. G. Couzens, [ 135 1 Mr. H. W. Cremer, Dr. W. Cullen, Dr. A. E. Dunstan, Dr. F. Fairbrother, Mr. G. Fowles, Mr. D. L.Hammick, Dr. L. A. Jordan, Dr. A. J. Kieran, Mr. A. McCulloch, Dr. H. B. Nisbet, Mr. J. A. Oriel, Professor E. K. Rideal, Dr. E. A. Rudge, Dr. R. E. Slade, Mr. R. W. Stott, Dr. A. M. Ward, and Professor W. Wardlaw. (In response to the invitation of the Board, the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers has since nominated Mr. W. F. Lutyens and Mr. H. V. Potter tc serve on the Board.) In response to a request from the Institute of Export, the Council nominated the Registrar to address that Institute on the policy andwork of the Royal Institute and the activities of its members in the sphere of world trade. The Council received with regret the resignation of Dr. J. A. Lovern, as District Member of Council for Aberdeen and the North of Scotland, on his proceeding abroad.Reports were received from the Standing Committees. In submitting the Report of the Benevolent Fund Committee, the Honorary Treasurer mentioned that the widow of an Associate with three children, who had been helped over a number of years to the extent of nearly Q,ooo, was now, with the aid of her children, able to dispense with further assistance from the Fund and that the widow of another Associate, having re-married, no longer required an allowance, also, that the Worshipful Com- pany of Drapers, who had on several previous occasions co operated in the good work of the Committee, had kindly decided to make from the Thomas Corney Trust generous provision for the education of the daughter of a deceased Fellow.The Committee decided to contribute flso to the London Orphan School (Reed’s School). Six children of members of the Institute have been educated, and four are still being educated, at that School. The Publicity Committee reported on the consideration of the proceedings of the Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections, so far as it dealt with publicity. The Honorary Secretaries will be reminded periodically of the desirability of keeping the suggestions of the Conference before members of the Sections. The Council also received a Report, from the Joint Committee of the Royal Institute and the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists, on correspondence with the Ministry of Health regarding the activities of the Emergency Public Health Laboratories.The Joint Com- mittee advised that the Ministry should be urged to ensure that, in justice to chemists from whom practice had- been diverted to those Laboratories, their Directors be instructed to see that such work be restored to the original practitioners. The Ministry had indicated that new health services were under consideration, and suggested that it was doubtful whether the position of chemists in that connexion could be usefully discussed at the present time. The Joint Committee felt, however, that it would be directly helpful and would avoid future difficulties if representatives of the Royal Institute and of the Society could be brought into collaboration with the Ministry in good time. The Joint Committee desired to emphasise most strongly the impera- tive necessity for co-ordinating the chemical and bacteriological examinations and for insuring that chemists should be co-ordinated with, and not sub- ordinate to, medical men in relation to this Service.The Council approved of the recommendation that a letter be addressed to the Ministry accordingly. In considering the Report of the Eleventh Conference of HonorarySecretaries of Local Sections, the Council was in general agreement with the proposals and suggestions submitted. In particular, the Council agreed r 1361 with the suggestions under paragraph 3 that there was no objection to Local Sections holding meetings with Bodies with trade union interests provided that they were held for the discussion of matters of scientific interest and not for political propaganda; that Streatfeild and Gluckstein lectures might be repeated in provincial centres; that greater publicity should be given to chemistry and the work of chemists on the lines indicated in-paragraph 8, and that further endeavours be made to secure additional support for the Benevolent Fund, in accordance with the proposals discussed under para- graph 10,especially that each Local Section should hold a social function at least once a year for the benefit of the fund, and that the Journal should contain mention of some particular cases,-how they had been dealt with and how they were progressing.The Council received the Report of the Joint Committee of the Institute and the Scottish Education Department re National Certificates in Chemistry (Scotland). Notice of motion having been given by Mr.Bacharach, the Council debated the advisability of making provision for the Institute to include persons earning their living by chemistry who had obtained a pass degree or had passed a University Intermediate Science Examination or an Inter- mediate Examination conducted by the Institute or had obtained National Certificates in Chemistry. After prolonged discussion, a vote was taken and showed a small majority against the motion. Local Sections (The Institute is not responsible for the views expressed in papers read or in speechesdelivered during discussions.) East Midlands.-Mr. J. Ratcliffe has resigned from the position of Honorary Secretary on taking up a new appointment with the South-East Essex Technical College, Dagenham.Huddorsfie1d.-A meeting was held on 18th May in Field’s Caf6, at which the proposals for Federation or Unification of Chartered Bodies outlined in a letter published in Chemistry and Industry, 13th February, 1943, were discussed. Mr. D. Hanson was in the Chair and the principal speakers were Dr. H. Hunter (Chairman, Manchester and District Section) and Dr. A. E. Everest. The following resolution was carried unanimously and the Secretary was instructed to forward it to headquarters. “That the Huddersfield Section is not at present satisfied that the Federation of the Chartered Chemical bodies is desirable and urgently requests the assurance of Council that no action will be taken in this respect without the considered agreement of the Local Section.” Works Visit.-On 29th June a party of members visited Huddersfield Corporation Sewage Disposal Works for a tour of the installations under the guidance of Dr.H. H. Goldthorpe (Manager) and Dr. J. Nixon (Chemist). South Wales.-The Twenty-fifth Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 28th May at the Mackworth Hotel, Swansea, Mr. R. H. Jones presiding. The Annual Report and Financial Statement from the Committee were received and adopted. The following Members of the Committee were elected for the ensuing session: Prof. J. E. Coates, Dr. F. Heathcoat, Messrs. J. W. Adye, T. Hedley Barry, J. Christie and R.H. Jones. Mr. E. E. Ayling was re-elected Honorary Secretary and PlIessrs. G. Made1 and C. R. N. Strouts were re-elected Honorary Auditors. A discussion on the Eenevolent Fund was initiated by the reading of a letter from the Registrar giving some details of the Fund, and the Committee was requested to consider proposals for the furthering of interest in the Fund among the members of the Section. Rfr. E. E. Ayling, Member of Council, then spoke on policy questions, particularly those in which the Section was specially interested, summarising the present view on the Constitution of the Council, a possible third grade of membership, co-operation and publicity. 137 1 In the discussion, special emphasis was laid on the desirability of maintaining the present standard of admission to the Associateship and Fellowship and of attaining the maximum possible co-operation with other Chemical Bodies.Tees-Side.-At a scientific meeting held in Spark’s CafB, Stockton-on-Tees, on 19th June, Dr. G. Roche Lynch, O.B.E., spoke under the title “Some Medico-Legal Memories” to a very full audience representative of the chemists, doctors, police officers, and lawyers in the area. Dr. G. I. Higson presided. SUMMARIES OF LECTURES The Spectrschemical Analysis of Segregates By LT. J. CONVEY,M.Sc., PH.D., R.C.N.V.R. [South Yorkshire Section, 27th March, 1943.1 Emission spectro-analysis is essentially a study of luminous atoms, sometimes as sparks, arcs, flames, etc. The characteristic spark streams emitted by the grinding of steels enables the Spark Tester to classify visually different types of steel.A spectro- graph increases the accuracy of the test and eliminates almost completely the human element from the method. The errors in spectrochemistry may be tabled as errors in (1) microphotometer, (2) photographic plate, (3) source, (4) sample heterogeneity (Kaiser, Z. tech. Physik., 1936, 17, 227). The author’s study of errors confirms Kaiser’s, that the major error in the spectrochemical analysis of steel is attributable to sample heterogeneity, commonly called segregation. In routine steel analysis, this error is avoided by superimposing six exposures from different parts of the sample (Barker, J. Iron and Steel Inst., 1939, p.211). The effects of segregation can be examined by positioning the centres of the segregates immediately below the point of an upper graphite electrode and sparking. Tests are also made in positions clear of the segregates. The sparked areas are usually irregular, with a crater diameter of approximately 1 mm. and depth 0.025 mm. Early experi- ments indicated that, if the method was to be applied to segregates smaller than 1mm. diameter, the technique employed for routine analysis would have to be modified to reduce the sparked area of the test sample. A silver nipple-pointed electrode, angle 36”, height 1.5 mm. (Barker, Convey, and Oldfield, J. Iron and Steel Inst., No. 11, 1941, p. 183) was designed, and further diminution of the sparked area was producedby a reduction of the analysis spark gap from 2 mm. to 0.38 nim.This method produces a regularly shaped sparked area of crater diameter 0.4 mm. and depth 0-018 mm. The weight of metal involved in a test iis approximately 5 x g. In addition a complete analysis for Ni, Cr, Mo, Si, Mn and V is obtained from one 15-second exposure by using a Kodak B10 photographic plate and reducing the distance between the source and the spectrographic slit from 40 cm. to 10 cm. Examination shows the source to consist of a main central discharge which forms a crater, surrounded by a faint secondary discharge which produces a halo zone around the main crater. In order to examine the contribution of this secondary discharge to the spectrogram, tests were made on an inset bar of Ni.Cr.Mo- steel set in the centre of a piece of mild steel which did not contain more than a trace of NiSCr-Mo.The tests were made in such positions that the resulting halo overlapped the alloy steel by various amounts. The results showed that not more than faint traces of the alloying elements appeared until the edge of the crater was at the actual junction of the two metals. This established that emission from the halo does not influence the results of the tests. An examination of a number of segregates occurring in large forgings of Ni.Cr.Mo. and nickel vanadium steels has been made. Most of the segregates were roughly circular in cross section, having a diameter of approximately 1 mm. to 2 mm. and since their length was considerably greater, longitudinal sections were prepared for examination. After etching with Oberhoffer’s reagent a number of separate tests were made on the segregate and on the normal metal in positions well removed from the segregates.The macro-structure of the specimens and the size of the craters formed during the exposure relative to the width of the segregates were studied. Higher average percentage content values were obtained for all elements on the segregates compared with respective values for the matrix of the steel. Evidence in favour of the reproducibility of the results was obtained by the analysis of two well worked Ni.Cr.Mo- steel bars of small cross section. This confirmed that the wider differences experienced with forgings between the results on the normal metal and those on segregates are due to differences in actual composition.A careful esamination of the results of the analysis of segregate composition showed a variation in element content to exist within a single segregate. An attempt was made to determine this graduation in composition across a segregate by a careful linear location of the actual points tested. Although the results were good, it proved to be a difficult task to obtain a regular spacing of the spots tested, so it was necessary to develop a technique whereby a continuous record of the variation in content across a segregate could be made. A method was devised by which the sample could be guided under a stationary upper electrode while the photographic plate, on which the spectro- gram is recorded, moved downwards across the camera aperture of the spectrograph.Spectrograms were obtained on which the spectral lines vary in density over their length according to local changes in the composition of the specimen along the path of the spark. By means of Meccano parts a system of transmission was designed and built. The speeds of transmission were adjusted to give spectrograms of similar density to those obtained with the spot technique. Tests were made on the previously mentioned NiCr-Mo- steel bars of small section. The results were homogeneous and similar to those obtained by the previous spot method. Traverses of the order of 7 mm. in length were made across various segregates in different types of steel, and calibrated against standard steels.Such exposures produced spectrograms whereon the spectral lines were 5.4 cm. long. The clean defini- tion and uniformity of the spectral lines throughout their lengths is a good proof of the continuity and smooth motion of the mechanical functioning of the traverse system. The effect of sparking on the steel samples results in a crater which is very uniform in width (0.4mm.) and depth (0.02 mm.) throughout its length. A traverse of the pre- viously mentioned inset steel bar was made and results gave a steep content gradient at the junction of the mild and alloy steel bars. The effect of the etching reagent, Oberhoffer’s solution, on the result was found to be negligible.A series of experiments showed that the above technique had to be altered in order to obtain a quantitive analysis of the steels for carbon. The choice of available carbon spectral lines is limited to C I11 229643 A. Favourable emission of this carbon line required a higher steady state potential of the analysis spark gap. This was produced by blowing a very dry, small blast of air across the spark gap (air pressure 0.5 in. of water).Pre-cooling of the test sample and Feussner spark units were also tried, but aban- doned in favour of the results obtained with the air blast and simple condensed spark unit. Under these new conditions the crater width was observed to be 0.64 mm. The method was then standardised and tested by traversing the homogeneous steel bars, inset bars and segregates.Results were identical with those obtained with the spot and traverse techniques without air blast. Examples were tested and variations in macro-structure were found to agree with the content curves obtained by means of a traverse on the sample. The segregate analysis gave higher average values for all elements on the segregates than on the normal metal, the greatest percentage increase occurring for Mn, Mo and V. Carbon showed a slight decrease in content across the segregate in Ni.Cr-Mo.alloy steel. Experiments to study the sensitivity of the method were then made. The maximum length of traverse which was examined was 2.2 crns. This was obtained by three successive traverses of 7 minutes’ duration and recorded on three Kodak 1310 plates.This procedure was tested on the well worked bars and two segregated steels. Graphicalrepresentation of the results indicated no break in the continuity of the observations due to the use of three separate plates.It seems possible to traverse an extensive amount of the sample provided the photographic plates maintain a high reproducibility from plate to plate. The sensitivity of the technique with respect to the smallest segregate traverse was then studied. A special wedge-shaped inset alloy steel bar in a mild steel block was prepared and traversed at different positions at right angles to its axis. Dimensions of wedge traversed varied from 0.015 cms. to 0.28 crns. in width. From the constants of the technique, namely, crater size, speed of traverse and plate fall, the theoretical content curves were determined for various traverses.The theoretically calculated results and the observed results were compared in tabular and graphical form. The agreement was very good and proved the accuracy of the method. From this semi-empirical theory and the knowledge of the probable errors of the method one should obtain very accurate measurements of the content variations in many metallurgical micrographical investigations of steel. Several examples of traverses of various samples were studied in detail where macro prints of the sample traversed were represented with the content curves shown on the same scale. That is, a direct relationship between structure and content was given.[ 139 1 Certain precautions must be observed, siicli as the clean state of silver electrode tips, careful alignment, rigid processing of the plates, dry air for the blast, and the study and photographing of the sample before and after sparking. Carbon determination is very critical. Microchemical checks of a few of the larger segregates were made and found to agree with the spectrographic results. This investigation will be published later in detail in conjunction with Mr. Barker and 1Llr. J. H. Oldfield. Fliiorescence By E. J. BOWEN,F.R.S. [Tees-Side Section, 8th May, 1943.1 The property of re-emission after exposure of substances to light depends upon the absence of “quenching ” mechanisms (internal energy rearrangements within the molecule or suitable collisions with other molecules) which convert electronic energy into heat.The classes of substances which may show fluorescent properties, are aromatic ring structures (including many dyes), uranyl, cerium and manganese ions in glasses, and certain inorganic crystals. The organic compounds are commonlyfluorescent only in solution, except at low temperatures where the effectiveness of quenching processes is reduced. The quenching process in the solid state arises from the tendency of aromatic rings to lie almost parallel in the crystal so that electronic energy passes from ring to ring and emission is delayed until it is prevented by a favour-able vibrational configuration where “potential energy surfaces cross ” and energy is degraded to heat.At high concentrations in solution the excitation energy is similarly lost and fluorescence quenched by the aggregation of dyestuff molecules. The use of fluorescence for characterising organic substances needs care because of the possibility of the luminous effects arising from mere traces of impurities. The greenish fluorescence of many glasses is due to a small amount of manganese ion replacing silicon in the glass structure: in glass where the manganese exists as interstitial cations the fluorescence is a feeble orange or red. The inorganic luminophors fall into two classes. Uranyl salts and platinocyanides have molecules which resist quenching processes when excited by light, and fluoresce when pure, particularly in the solid state.The larger class comprises materials owing their luminescence to “activators.” Zinc sulphide containing 1 part in 10,000of copper typifies the “sulphide” phosphors. Light is believed to be absorbed by zinc atoms left behind in the crystal after some sulphur has been driven off by the necessary heat- treatment, and from these centres mobile electrons are liberated which move about freely through the crystal lattice. Each residual positively charged zinc atom regains an electron from a neighbouring zinc atom in the lattice, and the “positive charge” thus wandering about finds its way to a copper atom and is fixed there. The mobile electron ultimately “falls in” to the charged copper atom and in so doing causes the emission of the characteristic green fluorescence of the material. Deiects in the crystal lattice caused by suitable heat-treatment may temporarily ‘‘trap ” some of the mobile electrons and greatly delay their return to the positively charged centres.From these “traps ” they are liberated by thermal energy or by infra-red light, producing the phenomenon of phosphorescence. The phosphors of longest duration are those of alkaline earth sulphides activated by traces of bismuth. Zinc-cadmium sulphidesactivated with copper are used to add red to the high pressure mercury arc to secure its electrical advantages while correcting its unpleasant colour. They thereby convert otherwise wasted ultra-violet light into useful visible light.An even more extensive use is made of zinc silicate preparations activated with manganese, and of magnesium tungstate, which are stable enough to be placed actually in the discharge tubes of low pressure lamps containing mercury or argon. Their behaviour is similar to the sulphide except that they are excited only by the shorter ultra-violet radiations. In the fluorescence of the ruby no mobile electrons are produced. The chromic ions giving the red colour to the A1,03 lattice absorb light and re-emit again at a longer wave- length in a peculiarly simple manner. The cause of the fluorescence of some diamonds and fluor-spars however is unknown, and many phenomena shown by luminescent substances, such as the emission of different spectral bands at different temperatures and of different life-times, the quenching effect of traces of iron, etc., still challenge the efforts of physicists to interpret them.Some Recent Advances in Immunochemistry By W. T. J. MORGAN,D.Sc., F.I.C. [London and South-Eastern Counties Section, 16th June, 1943.1 Although methods for protecting men and animals against certain infectious diseases have been known for many years it is only within the last decade that the nature of the substances that induce this resistance have been at all clearly defined and their com- position and structure expressed in terms of the fundamental sciences, chemistry and physics.At first it w-as believed that the strict specificity of bacterial antigens-the substances that induce the formation of the immune bodies protecting against infection with the homologous micro-organism-depended largely on the chemical and physical differences that existed between the bacterial proteins of the different kinds of organisms.This view was abandoned when it was shown that filtrates from virulent bacterial cultures contained a soluble specific polysaccharide substance and were free from intact protein. The specific polysaccharides which were found to be responsible for the characteristic specificity of each organism were, however, shown to be devoid of antigenicity or at most to show this property only weakly. The results of these researches on the specific polysaccharide components of the whole bacterial antigen were of the greatest im- portance because later studies, which developed as a direct result of this work, formed the basis of our present knowledge of antigenic structure.Until quite recently no attempts to separate the somatic antigens from the bacterial cell had been successful, but within the last 10 years several methods for the isolation of fully active bacterial antigens have been elaborated. The earliest practical method to accomplish this was introduced by Boivin who extracted bacteria at 0" with 0-2N trichloroacetic acid (pH 1.0-2.0). The extract was free from intact protein and was powerfully antigenic. At about the same time, and quite independently, Raistrick and Topley found that by the action of trypsin on certain bacteria it was possible to bring the antigenic complex into solution. The digestion was carried out at pH 8.2-8.5 for several days at 37".Methods of isolation that depend on extraction of the bacteria with cold anhydrous organic solvents, such as diethyleneglycol, in which native proteins and many bacterial somatic substances are insoluble, have also been successfully em- ployed to isolate these important biological complexes. It is certain that as our know- ledge of the nature of the bacterial somatic antigens grows we shall find very different types of chemical structures associated with bacterial and tissue antigenic complexes. We already know, however, that certain groups of bacteria possess antigens that are built up from similar types of molecules arranged together as polymolecular aggregates.As an example of this similarity in structure the "0" somatic antigens of Bact. typhosumand Bad. dysenteria (Shiga) may be mentioned. Each antigen is built up of a poly- saccharide, specific for the organism and responsible for its characteristic serological reactions, and a polypeptide-like component (most probably a conjugated protein). Other camponents of the native antigenic complex such as phospholipin, also occur, and it is possible that further unidentified substances are present. In certain instances, however, it has been shown that of all the components present in the native antigenic complex only two, the polysaccharide and protein, are essential for the manifestation of antigenicity. It seems probable, therefore, that a bacterial antigen as it exists in the intact bacterial cell is not a simple compound of rigid chemical composition but consists of a labile molecular aggregate possessing an essential component-such as a poly-saccharide-of definite chemical structure and of fixed composition which determines the strict specificity of the antigen, together with other loosely botlnd constituents which endow the essential component with antigenic properties.Only part of these physically associated molecules are necessary for the manifestation of the specific antigenic proper- ties and certain of these constituents can be dissociated from the labile complex during the isolation and purification of the antigen without producing more than a moderate reduction in the antigenic capacity of the active material.More thorough physical disaggregation of the polymolecular complex into single types of molecules will lead to complete loss of the antigenicity that will give rise to the homologous immune body. Considerable support for this conception of antigenic structure was obtained when it was observed that the isolated and undegraded specific polysaccharide component of the antigen could be re-combined with the conjugated protein component, under almost physiological conditions, to form an antigenic complex that would give rise to antibodies sFecific for the polysaccharide component of the newly formed complex. Neither component showed any specific antigenic properties when tested alone. Furthermore,it has been found that the non-antigenic, specific polysaccharide of one organism will form an antigenic complex when combined with the conjugated protein component c 142 derived from the corresponding somatic antigen of another organism that belongs to an entirely different bacterial species.The nature of the bonds that hold the different type of molecules together as a polymolecular aggregate is unknown. Future work will certainly decide whether the association of the various component molecules is due to “salt-like linkages,” hydrogen bonds, van der Waals forces, or to some as yet unknown mechanism. It can only be stated at the present time that the forces concerned give rise to an aggregqte with sufficient stability to make it behave as an independent molecular species.Further evidence in support-of these ideas on antigenic structure is derived from the success with which certain non-antigenic polysaccharides of both vegetable and animal origin have been converted to full antigens by combination with the reactive bacterial conjugated protein mentioned above. The artificial antigensagain give rise to the immune body that reacts specifically with the polysaccharide com- ponent used to build the antigenic complex. Antibodies against the polysaccharides, agar-agar, cherry gum and gum acacia have been described, and more recently immune sera capable of specifically agglutinating human A red blood cells, but not those of groups B and 0, have been prepared by combining a naturally occurring but non-antigenic polysaccharide complex that possesses blood group A specificity, with a bacterial somatic conjugated protein.It is believed that these powerful anti-A sera will be useful in routine blood group determinations and will prove to be of value in the technique of differential agglutination. It is clear that bacterial and tissue antigens that are largely polysaccharide in nature belong to a class of substances that are characterised as “large molecules.” They display unusual properties and it will be necessary to develop new methods for handling them and new chemical conceptions to explain their nature and function. We are now beginning to see light in this field, which was formerly very obscure. Essential Oils By S.B. TALLANTYRE,B.Sc., F.I.C. [Birmingham and Midlands Section, 21st July, 1943.1 Apart from what might at present be called “frivolous” manufactures, such as cosmetics and perfumery, essential oils are used as flavouring agents in foods and beverages, as disinfectants, in medicine, and in various industries. They have been considered of sufficient importance in war-time to warrant Government control. Since the Middle Ages, and more particularly in modern times, essential oils have been isolated in their natural freshness. In the main, three methods are available- distillation, expression, and extraction. Steam distillation is the most widely used method, and clove and peppermint oils, for example, are obtained in this way. Steam distilled oils do not always have the exact odour of the plant from which they have been distilled, as there is sometimes a loss of the higher-boiling odorous constituents.Oils contained in the fruit peels, e.g., oranges, lemons, grapefruit (so-called “citrus fruits”), can be obtained by hand or machine pressing, but the latter is not so efficient in giving the highest grade oil, the use of water causing solution losses. In the sponge process the rinds are pressed against a sponge which absorbs the oil until saturated. Expressed oils usually contain a little non-volatile matter. Extraction methods are used for the more delicate products--e.g., floral perfumes, where the amount of oil is small. Both volatile and non-volatile solvents may be used. Repeated usages of refined lard-a typical non-volatile solvent-give a high concentra- tion of aroma which is then extracted by alcohol to give so-called “ottos,” “floressences,” etc. Essential oils occur in the most varied parts of the plant anatomy, usually in special glands or cavities.In conifers (the pines, for example), the oil is widespread; in roses it is confined to the flower. The amount present is, as a rule, small, for although cloves may give up to 16 per cent., jasmine flowers only give about 0.02 per cent., and tea 0.005 per cent. These usually small yields, involving much labour, make most essential oils expen- sive. For rose flowers, 3,500 to 4,000 lbs. are needed to produce 1lb. of oil. Analysis of essential oils presents many difficulties.Adulterants can usually be detected by a combination of chemical; physical, odour, and flavour tests. The addition of cheaper oils and the deterioration which occurs on prolonged keeping (oxidation, etc.) are not always so easily noticed, however. Essential oils are best stored in a dark cool place in glass, enamel lined, tinned copper, or aluminium containers. Report of the Eleventh Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections 19th June, 1943, at 10 a.m. Pyesent.-Professor Alex. Findlay, President, in the Chair; Mr. J. C. White, Hon. Treasurer; Mr. A. L. Bacharach, Chairman of the Publicity Committee; Mr. H. G. A. Anderson, vice Mr. J. G. Duncan (Glasgow and West of Scotland); Mr. E. E. Ayling (South Wales); Mr.H. E. Blayden (Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast); Dr. J. W. Corran (East Anglia); Mr. G. Elliot Dodds (Edinburgh and East of Scotland); Dr. D. P. Evans (Cardiff and District); Dr. E. H. Goodyear (Huddersfield); Dr. AT. H. Hall, vice Mr. C. S. McDowell (Belfast and District) ; Dr. D. A. Harper (Manchester and District) ;Mr. F. P. Hornby (Bristol and South-Western) ;Mr. E. M. Joiner (Birmingham and Midlands); Mr. E. Q. Laws (London and South-Eastern Counties); Dr. A. G. G. Leonard (Dublin) ; Mr. G. Parkin (South Yorkshire) ; Mr. J. Ratcliffe (East Midlands) ; Mr. H. Weatherall (Liverpool and North-Western) : Mr. W. A. Wightman (Leeds Area) ; Dr. F. R. Williams (Tees-Side) ; the Registrar and the Assistant Secretary. The Honorary Secretaries were welcomed by the President, who expressed his appreciation of their services and of their interest in the Institute. Letters regretting absence were received from Mr.J, G. Duncan (Glasgow and West of Scotland), Mr. C. S. McDowell (Belfast and District), and Mr. W. M. Todd (Aberdeen and North of Scotland). The Honorary Secretary of Tees-Side expressed his pleasure on being present to represent a Local Section formed since the last Conference and conveyed the good wishes of the Tees-Side members to the other Sections. 1. On matters arising from the Conference held in 1942, the Conference was infot-med-(a) That the Ministry of Supply had reported in 1942 that it was impracticable to arrange employment for lecturers during vacations, because too much time of the technical staff was occupied in training newcomers; however, in various parts of the country, undergraduates had since been given opportunities of rendering useful services; (b) that the Publicity Committee had been active, and a statement from the Committee would be submitted to the Conference; (c) that many enquiries with reference to coupons and protective clothing for chemists had been dealt with by the Assistant Secretary ; (d) that the Executive Officers had regularly attended to correspondence relating to Gas Identification Officers, and the Institute had supplied 2,500 copies of Dr.Ferguson’s paper, which had been distributed by the Home Office to A.R.P. authorities; (P) that the President would make a statement on the proceedings of the Policy Com- mittee; (f)that the further co-operation of Chemical Bodies was receiving the attention of a Committee of the Chemical Council; (f) that proposals relating to the Constitution of the Council were receiving the consideration of the Policy Committee; and (12) that AND PROCEEDINGS,Remuneration Statistics had been reported in JOURNAL Part VI, 1942.2. VACATIONEMPLOYMENT.-FrOm the information given by the President and several Honorary Secretaries, and received from the Imperial College of Science and Technology, it appeared that, as reported above, in certain parts of the country at least, vacation employment could be found for students. 3. JOINT MEETINGSWITH OTHER BODIES.-It was generally agreed that the Local Sections should determine their own policy regarding joint meetings.Local Sections and representatives of the three Chartered Bodies were not coincident in all centres. The Chemical Council had been asked to consider the possibility of co-ordinating such centres. A schedule had been prepared which showed that Sections or centres had been established for all three Bodies at Birmingham, Bristol, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Liverpool, London, Manchester and South Wales (Swansea) ;but they were not co-existent in other places. There was no objection to holding meetings with Bodies with trade union interests provided that they were held for the discussion of matters of scientific interest, the exhibition of films, etc., and not for political propaganda, with which the Institute is not concerned.4. ABATEMENTOF INCOME TAXON SUBSCRIPTIONS. ETC.-It was explained that in the past the Commissioners of Inland Revenue had advised a deputation from the Institute and other Bodies that a professional man in independent practice could charge his membership subscription to expenses, provided the Inspector of Taxes was satisfied that his subscription was wholly, necessarily and exclusively incurred in the performance [ 1431 of his profession, and abatement might be obtained in respect of journals, books, overalls, etc. A public analyst, whether in independent practice or whole-time service, was required to have passed the Examination of the Institute in the Chemistry (and Micro- scopy) of Focd and Drugs.His claim to abatement of tax on his subscription to the Institute was sound because his membership, with the holding of the appropriate certificate, was a condition precedent to his appointment, required by Regulation of the Ministry of Health. An employer could. legitimately make an allowance to a chemist for expenses “wholly, necessarily and exclusively incurred,” and no tax should be payable on such allowance provided that it was expended accordingly.* On any question in doubt it was advisable for the taxpayer to discuss the matter frankly with the Inspector. 5. COUPONSFOR OVERALLS.-h Honorary Secretary suggested that teachers who worked with untrained personnel, that is, with inexperienced students, were subject to greater danger of damage to clothing than chemists who worked with qualified assistants.The Assistant Secretary, who had been in constant touch with the Board of Trade in the matter, said that, so far as he was aware, this point had not yet been made. Teachers who could show that they were engaged for a minimum of twenty-two hours per week on laboratory work’other than teaching were entitled to claim the additional ten coupons, but the Institute must bear in mind the acute shortage of textile materials and not ask for concessions unless they were really essential. The Board of Trade had been very reasonable in dealing with difficulties. The Assistant Secretary would continue to give attention to all enquiries received on the subject. 6. OCCUPATIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF MEMBERS.-It was suggested that, when the time was favourable, information should be obtained regarding the numbers of members engaged in various branches of the profession.The question arose whether teachers of chemistry in schools should be included in the return, since science masters sometimes did not regard themselves professionally as chemists. An estimation had already been made of the employment of members of the Institute which gave the results-approxi- mately 75 per cent. in industry, 15 per cent. in teaching and 10 per cent. in Government or municipal employ. 7. REFRESHER AND LECTURESCOURSES ON RECENTADVANCESIN CHEMISTRY.-A suggestion was made that courses of lectures in chemical engineering should be provided for Associates preparing for the examination for the Fellowship in Industrial Chemistry; possibly lecturers might be found to visit various centres and give courses extending over a few days.Reference was also made to the lectures on recent advances in various branches of chemistry provided by the London and South-Eastern Counties Section. These lectures had been well attended and were much appreciated. It was suggested that they might be collated and published in book form. The provision of refresher courses had been considered by the Policy Committee, and it was felt that where sufficient chemists were keenly interested in any subject they should ask the Section Committee to approach the authorities of universities or colleges with a view to the provision of such courses.The principals of technical colleges were invariably anxious to assist in supplying such needs; but it was occasionally found that when it was proposed to provide a special course in any centre only a very few chemists were desirous of taking it. An Honorary Secretary suggested that the Streatfeild and Gluckstein Lectures given before the Institute might occasionally be given or repeated in a provincial centre. 8. PuBLIcITY.--In a memorandum on Publicity prepared by the Publicity Com- mittee, circulated with the notice of the Conference, the Committee had expressed the view approved by the Council that means should be found to improve and extend publicity for the Institute within the chemical profession. The Committee sought the views of the Conference on the steps that it was taking, which included the issue of notices of arrangements for the Institute’s Examinations and the provision of leaflets, briefly explaining the aims and objects of the Institute, to be displayed in chemical laboratories.It was understood that the Chemical Council had in preparation a small brochure in which would be embodied the leaflet of the Royal Institute, and similar leaflets relating to the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry, together with references to the Chemical Council itself, and a statement on its co-opera- tion scheme. *Note.-In answer to a question by Sir H. G. Williams in the House of Commons on 1st July Sir Kingsley Wood, the Charcellor of the Exchequer, said:--“A slbscription paid by an emploier on behalf df an employee to a scientific institution the activities of which directly affected the employer’s business and the duties of the employee, would be regarded as an expense deductible in the computation of the employer’s trading proiits for purposes of taxation.” [ 144 1 The Committee suggested that means should be found, through the Local Sections, of getting in touch, through members of college staffs, with newly graduated chemists in their respective districts and with college chemical societies, in order to bring before them the importance of professional solidarity.The Committee had also considered the method of reporting meetings held under the auspices of the Institute and its Local Sections, having due regard to the Press Censorship and the laws of libel.In presenting the memorandum from the Publicity Committee, Rlr. Bacharach incidentally directed attention to the desirability of the reports of lectures sent in to the Institute being made to conform with the decision of the Publications Committee, that such reports should be summaries of what the lecturers had said, and not reports containing such remarks as-“The lecturer then discussed . . . ” or “Illustrations were then given. . . .” Mr. Bacharach added that there was an apparent demand for lectures on recent advances in various branches of chemistry, and this was endorsed by several members of the Conference. Mr. Bacharach also informed the Conference that the Chemical Council had lately decided, with the approval in principle of the Councils of the three Chartered Bodies, to extend to students and junior members the facilities and privileges of its co-operation scheme.The Conference agreed that the main source of recruitment to the Institute was through the staffs of the universities and colleges who should be conscious of the importance of pressing upon students the value of professional solidarity. The desir- ability of contact between the Institute and science teachers in schools was emphasised, and reference was made to the opportunities afforded members of giving short addresses to Rotary Clubs and similar bodies, thereby indicating the value of the services that can be rendered by chemists to industry and commerce.Some understanding of the place of chemists in the community had arisen from the existence of the Gas Identification Officers. During the discussion it was mentioned that the Committee of the London and South-Eastern Counties Section had given much consideration to the matter and had appointed Honorary Recorders to supply summaries of their lectures, not onIy to THE JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSofthe Royal Institute, but to the technical press and other appropriate journals, varying with the type of lecture. It was held to be safer to supply summaries prepared by chemists who understood the subjects, rather than to leave them to lay reporters, and often advisable to obtain the summary before the lecture was delivered; but some Secretaries had found that this was not always easy to obtain.Much depended on contact with the editors of provincial newspapers. Chemists should receive credit for their work and not have cause to complain that other professions claimed to have made advances in knowledge and practice to which they were not entitled. Many advances in medicine, for example, were entirely due to professional chemists. The memorandum from the Publicity Committee was favourably received. CERTIFICATES9. NATIONAL IN CHEMISTRY.-The meeting devoted some time to the consideration of the value of National Certificates in relation to the Associateship of the Institute. The schemes of training and examination for National Certificates were not uniform. The examinations were conducted internally, subject to a measure of control by the Assessors of the Institute.Candidates were not required to have passed approved preliminary examinations or to have taken courses in all the subjects required by the Regulations of the Institute. For a candidate working in industry during the day and attending evening classes, there was frequently a prospect of seven years’ work before he could hope to take the Examination for the Associateship. It appeared that the Institutions of Mechanical and Electrical Engineers had been able to make greater concessions to such candidates than the Royal Institute had done, but the courses for certificates in engineering had to be taken at certain colleges and in certain subjects.Where the syllabuses for students in chemistry were suitablyarranged, with consideration for the future of the candidates, they eventually became eligible for admission to the Examination for the Associateship of the Institute, provided that they were able to produce satisfactory evidence of general education. (At this stage the President commented on the endeavour of the Policy Committee to find means whereby those who had taken National Certificates in Chemistry and Examinations of similar standard could be registered by the Institute and encouraged to qualify for the Associateship.) (See 13.) 10. BENEVOLENTFUND.-It was suggested by some Honorary Secretaries that more prominence could be given to the Deeds of Covenant covering annual subscriptions to the Benevolent Fund for seven years less Income Tax; also that the form to be completed in connexion with the co-operation scheme should provide a space for [ 1451 inserting a subscription to the Benevolent Fund of the Institute.(This had already been arranged with the Conjoint Chemical Office.) The suggestion was repeated that if every member would subscribe, say, Ss., or such specified sum as would make the fund adequate, the Benevolent Fund Committee would have no difficulty in meeting all appeals.The Honorary Treasurer said that the present income represented about 3s. 6d. per head, which did not enable the Committee to be generous : if it were doubled it would not be too much. He would like to see a general contribution of 6s.to 7s. 6d., but not to deter those who wished to give more from doing so. His Committee had under consideration several suggestions for increasing the Fund ;the result obtained from the issue of circulars was not sufficient. Something in the nature of a personal approach was necessary, and he felt that the Sections could do much in that direction. It was a delicate matter to press for subscriptions, because it was not right or proper to enquire into the private affairs of members; but Local Sections could arouse interest by giving information on cases which had been assisted. Almoners, if they happened to be in London when the Benevolent Fund Committee was sitting, would be welcomed to its meetings and they would be supplied, from time to time, with reports of its proceedings.The Huddersfield Local Section had discussed the possibility of a per capita contribu-tion from the general account of the Institute, in order to ensure a regular income for the Fund. If that were done it would be necessary to raise the annual subscription. The voluntary basis of the Fund would disappear, and members would assume that they had a right to participate. It was definitely a fund for helping widows and children, granting loans to the unemployed, those in ill-health or needing temporary help in connexion with removal from one appointment to another. At present the Committee was free to make grants to Orphan Schools where children of deceased members were educated. Lately there had been reduced calls for help, but it was feared that the appeals would be much increased after the war.The Committee was always glad to receive suggestions, and if almoners would attend the meetings of the Committee they would see that the funds were well applied and not wasted. The members of the Conference wanted to see the Fund in a better position. An alteration in the Charter was not insuperable, but the Honorary Treasurer had given reasons for maintaining the Fund on its present basis. It was suggested that sometimes application for help was not made because the Fund was a charity; also that even if a contribution were made from the general funds of the Institute this would not prevent members from making further contribution if they were in a position to do so.On the other hand, the Honorary Treasurer suggested that most members were insured or participated in some scheme whereby their dependents were provided for. An Honorary Secretary said that he had found difficulty in collecting even 2s. 6d. from some members ;perhaps they overlooked the matter, because it was a small amount or from sheer forgetfulness. Generally, it was felt that there was no need to press members who attended meetings, because they were usually interested in the Institute and all its activities, including the Fund. Means might be found to ensure that the less active members did not overlook the Fund. The suggestion was also advanced that each Local Section should hold a social function at least once a year for the benefit of the Fund, a dance or whist drive; and another that each copy of the Journal should contain mention of some particular case,-how it had been dealt with and how it was progressing.The attention of the almoners should be directed to the discussion, with suggestions for securing further support. 11. GRANTSTO SECTIONS.-A discussion arose with regard to grants to Sections which have usually been paid in moieties, the balance in hand being deducted. An Honorary Secretary suggested that they should be paid annually in full in January, and only funds in hand in excess of L50 should be refunded at the end of the year. It was not intended that Sections should accumulate funds, but grants were made on receipt of accounts duly audited.Another Honorary Secretary suggested that the grants should be based on the activities of the Section. However, it was obvious that where 20 Sections were to be considered there must be a limit. The majority of the honorary secretaries said that their committees were satisfied with the existing arrangements;they could adjust their programmes according to the funds available. The Honorary Treasurer said that the Finance and House Committee was always ready to give special consideration to requests for funds in excess of the usual grants for legitimate expenses on particular occasions, and he hoped that they would not be deterred from making such appeals, which should be made in advance,-i.e. before any liability was incurred. Attention was called to the circumstance that in several Sections where joint meet- ings with other Societies were held, there was considerable duplication of notices, and it was proposed that the names of members of the other societies should be supplied to r 1461 the institute in order to avoid sending two or more notices to any one member; or when a meeting was held under the auspices of either of the other societies, the envelopes addressed to the members of the society concerned should be sent to the Institute, with the same object.It was generally agreed to be desirable that the areas covered by the Sections of the Chartered Bodies should coincide. 12. FEDERATIONAND CO-OPERATION.-The opinion was voiced that every member should have full opportunity of considering and debating the proposals contained in the letter on further co-operation between chemists, which had been published earlier in the year in Chemistry and Indu~try.In one Section there was a feeling that the members had not enough information to discuss the subject properly, and it was felt that other Sections might have reached decisions without all the facts available. Reference was made to the difference in functions and disparity in the number of members of the Chartered Bodies, 2nd it was suggested that representation on the Chemical Council was not in proportion to the membership of those Bodies. On the other hand, the Honorary Secretaries regarded the matter as one of the most important that had arisen in connexion with chemistry for many years, and one that demanded urgent attention.They expressed the hope that the Chemical Council would soon report upon the matter and that the Local Sections would have an opportunity of expressing their opinions on the report to that Council. They were most desirous that the professional standing and integrity of chemists should be preserved. The President said that he deprecated the use of the words “federation, unification and amalgamation” in this connexion, and would prefer to use, for the present, the word “co-operation. I’ A Sub-committee of the Chemical Council had the matter under consideration; but it was one which had been in the minds of chemists for many years and could not be settled hastily. He felt sure that the Sub-committee would not delay its report longer than necessary, and then the agreement of all three Bodies would have to be obtained.The view was expressed that the Local Sections should be asked for their opinions, and the President said that before any such reference could be made to the Sections it might be advisable that the Chemical Council should give the matter further considera- tion. He was anxious that co-operation should be extended, and expressed the hope that, whatever was done, everything good in the present constitution of the three Bodies would be preserved. 13. POST-WARPoLIcY.-From one Local Section a message was received expressing the hope that the chemical profession would hold a prominent place in post-war activi-- ties, and that the Institute would have a vigorous representation on any scheme of planning. On this, the President referred to the activities of the Joint Council of Professional Scientists, on which the Institute, with the Institute of Physics, was strongly represented.It was already in touch with departments concerned with the subject. Further consideration was given to the constitution of the Institute, particularly the registration of those who earned their living by chemistry but had not attained full qualification. The President referred to the suggestion of the Policy Committee to register those who had secured pass degrees or passed University Intermediate Science Examination, or Examinations for National Certificates, and intended to qualify for Associateship of the Institute.He also referred to the proposal that Associates should be eligible to serve on the Council, and informed the Conference that the Council had decided to send a questionnaire to Associates of seven years’ standing in order to ascertain, if possible, why they had not proceeded to the Fellowship. It was certain that many were qualified for Fellowship by reason of their work and their attainments. The Council was anxious to hear from the Associates themselves why they did not apply for election to the higher grade. The changes recommended by the Policy Committee, if adopted, would involve general meetings to change the By-laws, and the subsequent approval of the Privy Council. The Conference adjourned for luncheon at 12.30 and resumed its sitting in the afternoon until 4.30 p.m.A cordial vote of thanks was passed to the President for presiding, and also to the Honorary Treasurer and Mr.Bacharach for their attendance. [ 147 1 The Chemical COU~C~~ Under Deed of Agreement between The Chemical Society, The Institute of Chemistry and The Society of Chemical Industry, 1st July, 1935. (Extended on 1st July, 1940, to 30th June, 1947.) SEVENTH REPORT (Submitted to the Council of the Royal Institute, 21st May, 1943.) Since the publication, in March, 1942, of the Sixth Annual Report, Mr. F. P. Dunn, as a representative of the Chemical Society, Dr. J. J. Fox and Dr. H. A. Tempany, as representatives of the Institute of Chemistry, have each completed three years’ service on the Council, and Dr.W. H. Mills, Xlr. A. L. Bacharach and Professor Alexander Findlay, respectively, have been appointed to the vacancies thus caused. Mr. C. S. Garland has been appointed a representative of the Society of Chemical Industry to fill the vacancy arising from the retirement of Dr. R. T. Colgate. Dr. F. H. Carr and Dr. J. Vargas Eyre, having also completed three years’ service as representatives of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers, the vacancies thus caused have been filled by the nomination of Dr. A. E. Everest and Mr. J. Davidson Pratt. The thanks of the Council have been accorded to the retiring members for their help. With the consent of the Councils of the Chartered Bodies, their Honorary Treasurers have been co-opted to the Council.The Council of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers has also been invited to nominate a fourth representative, and Dr. R. E. Slade has been co-opted in that capacity. In recording the activities of the Council during the 15 months ended 31st December, 1942, it is interesting to remember that it owes its origin to the spontaneous desire of leading chemists to achieve a measure of collaboration between the various chemical societies and organisations, for it was under the aegis of the Federal Council (representing some 15 societies) that a conference was held in December, 1934, out of which developed the Provisional Chemical Council. The original members of the Provisional Chemical Council, under the chairmanship of Mr.Davidson Pratt, were enthusiasts, and t‘ne initial scheme they evolved was too ambitious, and, it may perhaps be said, too revolutionary at that time to be accepted by the Councils of the three Chartered Bodies, who sponsored the movement. However, an agreement, in principle, was reached in July,1935, and the Chemical Council came into being, but long-drawn-out negotiations were necessary before any of the ideas could be implemented; although a few practical steps towards collaboration were taken, it was not until 1940 that all three bodies agreed on the first tentative move forward towards a real measure of collaboration, namely, the Joint- Subscription Scheme, in which about 1,670 are co-operating as “three-body” members, and 460 as “two-body” members. The present Council is far from satisfied with the rate of progress, although much solid success has been achieved, the founding of the Conjoint Chemical Office being one very definite piece of evidence of a desire of the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry, and to a lesser extent the Insti- tute of Chemistry, i.e., in so far as conjoint subscriptions are concerned, to have the business side of their activities handled by the same staff.The opening of the Conjoint Chemical Office during the past year has not only simplified the collection of subscriptions, but has resulted in an improvement in the method of distribution of the publications of the Chemical Society and Society of Chemical Industry.In this connexion, the Chemical Council would like to record its appreciation of the manner in which the Councils of these two Societies have aided the formation of the Conjoint Office. It has been a welcome demonstration of the spirit of collaboration in an age when giving lip service to the idea of collaboration is generally so far as organisations will go, although, if they were broadminded enough to realise it, there is little to lose and much to gain. The business of the Council, therefore, except in respect of Deeds of Covenant outstanding at 31st December, 1942, has been trans- ferred to the Conjoint Chemical Office, 6, Burlington Gardens, London, W.1, and Mr. H. J. Morris, with the consent of the Chemical Society, has been appointed Acting Secretary of the Chemical Council to take over from Mr.Richard B. Pilcher, Hon. Secretary 1935-1942, as soon as the transfer can conveniently be effected. The staff of the Conjoint Chemical Office has all been seconded by the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry, and therefore no extra expense has been entailed by the new method of dealing with this side of the activities of the two publish- ing societies. Of the specified objects of the Chemical Council, that of aiding publications has been regarded as the most pressing. It mas with great regret that at the beginning of the [ 1.281 War it was found impossible to continue to develop the centralisation of purchasing paper and contracting for printing for the collaborating bodies.During the period now under review, 1st October, 1941, to 31st December, 1942, the Chemical Council has made grants of i1,OOO to the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry, and L312 to the Bureau of Chemical and Physiological Abstracts, with an additional A30 to the Chemical Society for the publication of summaries to the papers in the Journal of that Society. This has been for current expenses, but the Chemical Council, recognising the importance of providing a reserve for post-war publications, has aided the two publishing societies in this by contributing L2,250 (Bonds) to each of their reserve funds. It is possibly dangerous to draw analogies between the trend of publications during the present War and that of 1918.There are, however, obvious significant similarities. For example, the number of pages published in the Journal of the Chemical Society had reached a maximum in 1914 (2,909), but during the War the number gradually fell, and by 1919 it had reached a minimum (1,519). By 1922 the previous maximum had been passed. In 1938, the number of pages had again reached a maximum of 2,120 (a figure, however, which is not strictly comparable with that for 1922, owing to the change in the size of page), while to-day it has fallen to roughly one-third (758). Abstracts A and Abstracts B follow the same trend. Provision therefore must be made as far as possible for a rapid expansion after cessation of hostilities. During 1942 the publications of the Bureau of Chemical and Physiological Abstracts cost some f114,000, of which L6,OOO was recoverable through outside sales and advertisements, but the sponsoring bodies were called upon to provide &3,000.With a threefold expansion possible in a period of three years after the war, the burden on the Societies will be an insupportable one. It is hoped that the sub-committee of the Chemical Council, appointed to explore the possibility of recruitment of the ranks of the Societies, will report in the near future. During those rather long-drawn-out negotiations which took place between the accept- ance by the Councils of the idea of collaboration in 1935 and their agreement in 1938, the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry agreed to refrain from specific attempts to attract members by advertisement of any kind.Any such attempts to attract members must obviously be made by the Chemical Council on behalf of both bodies. The Institute of Chemistry is in an entirely different category for, in that its membership is a qualification, the young student would almost certainly wish to join that organisation. This explains why the Institute of Chemistry is sure to continue to increase in numbers. There is no such reason why the publishing societies should so increase; in fact the more industry becomes centralised and the greater the appreciation of the use of chemistry by industrial concerns, the less may be the necessity for the individual to be concerned with the efforts of the publishing societies.In effect, it would appear that the onus of maintaining scientific publications is passing from the individual to industry. The Council is empowered to co-opt as members of the Council representatives of other bodies, but only with the separate and collective consent of the respective Councils of the three Chartered Bodies. During the year under review much time has been spent by the Council on this question, for members recognise very keenly the necessity of extending the co-operative scheme. The Council has already been approached in a semi-official manner by two other organisations and is prepared to discuss with any chemical body the means by which that body can enter the scheme of co-operation. The Chemical Council has a very particular responsibility in respect of the Library belonging to the Chemical Society and has continued to receive reports from the Joint Library Committee ; in this connexion it places on record its sincere appreciation of the services of the late Mr.F. W. Clifford, whose death it deplores. Contributions of the Chartered Bodies towards the maintenance of the Library during 1941 were calculated on the same basis as for the year 1940. After taking into account donations received from other sources and L250 contributed by the Council under Section 7 of the Constitution, the Chartered Bodies contributed the remainder as follows :-Zt; s. d. Institute of. Chemistry 50 per cent. = 718 11 8 Society of Chemical Industry 26 ,, = 373 13 3 3,Chemical Society 24 = 344 18 5 .f11437 3 4 The Council acknowledges with gratitude the regular payment of contributions under Deeds of Covenant. [ i,k9 j (The Financial Statements for the period ended 31st December, 1942,were attached). In conclusion, the Council records its regret that Mr. Richard B. Pilcher has retired from the position of Honorary Secretary. The Council recognises the enthusiasm with which he helped the formation of the Council and expresses its warmest thanks for his unfailing interest in its work. The Council recognises that his help and advice have always been willingly and unsparingly given in the furtherance of a project which is a fitting corollary to his many years of labour for chemists and for the profession of chemistry. LESLIEH.LAMPITT, 14th April, 1943. Chairman. Notes Canadian Chemists.-Referring to the note on page 124 of JOURNAL AND PRO-CEEDINGS, Part 111, 1943,it is now reported in Canadian Chemistry and Process In-dustries, May, 1943, that-“An Act to provide for collective bargaining passed its third and final reading in the Ontario Legislature April 13th and is now in force. Even though the measure went through so rapidly that the groups concerned had little time to study the measure or to obtain fully the views of their members, the Canadian Institute of Chemistry was pleased to learn that its recommendation was embodied in Section 5 of the Bill as finally passed, namely : ‘A provision in a collective bargaining agreement requiring all or any specified employee of an employer to be members of a specified collective bargaining agency certified pursuant to the provisions of this Act shall not be deemed to be in conflict with or in contravention of any of the provisions of this Act, but no such provisions shall apply to a member of a learned or scientific pro- fession.’ This last clause retains for the professional chemist or chemical engineer independence of action, and makes it impossible to force him to join any closed shop agreement.” The Place of Scientists in the Community.-The following letter appeared in the Press in June :-SIR, Most scientists find themselves in agreement with the pleas which are now being made that the scientific effort, so effective in the war, shall not be allowed to cease when peace returns, but shall be applied to the serious problems which will arise during reconstruction, and after.It is certain that if, in this small island with its limited material resources, we are to maintain our existing population with its present standard of living, scientific and technological research will be required on a scale not yet envisaged. Many responsible scientists, however, view with concern exaggerationswhich often accompany reasonable claims. From time to time, statements are made by individuals or by organisations, professing to speak for Science, that if some fraction of the national income were allocated to scientific research, and if men of science were given a position of authority in the affairs of the State, the community would find itself in what is usually described as “an age of plenty.” It is unfortunate that such exag- gerations should be disseminated when schemes for future reorganisation are being discussed.To mislead the community as to its available resources can only foster illusions and bring disappointments which may be disastrous both for it and for Science. While we may hope that the improvement in our material comforts, which has marked the past fifty years, will be continued by further applications of scientific methods, the fruits of research sometimes ripen slowly and our material resources during the post-war period cannot be vastly greater than those we now possess. Because of the time-lag in the application of research, it is important that immediate preparation be made for reconstruction.The claim that the scientist, as scientist, is entitled to some position of exceptional authority in deciding the policies of governments, is one which cannot and should not be accepted in a democratic community. Social problems are too complex to be solved by any one type of mind. The man of science can give valuable assistance in solving problems facing a society by searching out the facts and, on the basis of the facts, suggesting remedies. He could profitably be consulted more frequently than has been the case. When, however, his advice has been given, his duty as a scientist is at an end. No social problem can be solved solely by the methods of Science; not only material [ 150 1 but other values are involved, and it is for the community, of which the scientist is A member, to weigh the different factors and make a decision.A scientific and soul- less Technocracy would be the worst form of despotism. Yours faithfully, ROBERTH. PICKARD, Chairman, Joint Council of Professional Scientists. ALEXANDERFINDLAY, President, The Royal Institute of Chemistry. W. L. BRAGG, President, The Imtitute of Physics. Science in Parliament.-On 16th March and 1st April, debates were held in the House of Commons on the need for research and technical development in the Colonies. Professor A. V. Hill said that it was hard to rouse interest in the sixty million inhabitants of the Colonial Empire.If higher education was to be promoted in the Colonies help would be required from the universities of this country and perhaps of the Dominions, for training teachers and research workers for post-graduate and professional training, for visits by teachers and research workers and for external examiners and inspectors. An improved standard of living depended largely on wider and more confident application of research to the problems of colonial industry, agriculture, products and resources. The recently established Colonial Products Research Council should be of the greatest assist- ance in finding new uses for the special products,-for example, in the West Indies, of cane sugar,-while agricultural research should aim at controlling biological dangers of pests and diseases which affect crops.Fisheries research, research in meanography, meteorology and soil erosion, research on the industrial utilisation of raw materials, better geological information as to mineral resources and water suppiies, the investigation and control of insect vectors of diseases in plants and animals, all would tend to make the Colonies more self-supporting and advance their prosperity. A good start had been made by the grant of 4500,000 per annum for research through the Colonial Research Committee, but it represented only 2d. per annum per inhabitant. He thought there would be a demand for several times as much in the future. He read a paragraph from the Report of the British Commonwealth Scientific Committee of the Royal Society:- “The scientific problems provided by the war in connexion with technical devices and weapons, supply, medicine, public health, agriculture, food, communications, etc., brought scientists from all parts of the British Commonwealth into close collaboration.The efficient organisation of this work necessitated the presence in London of scientific representatives of the various Dominions, and the opportunity was taken of institutingsome kind of informal meeting ground for the consideration of general problems. The general object was to ensure scientific co-operation in the technical emergency problems of the immediate post-war period and to ensure that the most should be made of our common scientific resources in the future after the war”-and this is the chief point- “for improving both scientific knowledge itself and the life of the people of the Common- wealth.” The Colonial Secretary, in reply, said that his Education Advisory Committee was in touch with the Research Committee and was engaged on the very problem of “the whole set-up of higher education,’’ and in particular university education, after the war.During the debate on 15th April, Squadron Leader P. TV. Donner said that the soil of Grenada had been compared with that of Java. There was balata, arrowroot, nutmeg, turtle, salt and lime juice, several of which could be either further produced or processed in the West Indies. He suggested that arrowroot might be made in the West Indies and cloves and other spices produced.Why should not the gum of the sapodilla tree be developed and exported as chewing gum ? A market might be found for it in Canada, in Newfoundland and South America. \Thy should not the West Indies produce liqueurs as had been done in South Africa ? U’hy should they not manufacture cocoa products? The bauxite of British Guiana might leave that Colony in the form of aluminium articles. Locally-made church furnishings of cedar and satinwood might be supplied for the ecclesiastical world. What had been done in the Dutch and American islands and colonies could be duplicated in the British colonies. Why should there not be grape fruit bottling factories and bay-rum produced as a valuable export? Fish canning possibilities in the Bahamas might be explored.Sir John Graham Kerr referred to the work of the Imperial College oi TropicalAgriculture, Trinidad, as a great centre of research into most of the varied aspects of agriculture and forestry, dealing with such matters as had been mentioned. L 151 j Mr. C. E. G. C. Emmott said that thc standards of life of the West Indies were largely dependent upon one crop. We should examine with great care the possible new uses of sugar. Science might show the way to obtain from sugar, products of the highest in- dustrial importance. The Colonial Products Research Council was embarking on the investigation of new uses of sugar. He asked whether it was proposed to manufacture food yeast in Jamaica, and the Colonial Secretary, in reply, indicated that it was intended to do so.On 20th April, Sir Percy Hurd asked the Minister of Fuel and Power whether he had made enquiries into the working of large-scale plants in the Donetz Basin and else- where in Russia for the gasification of coal underground. In reply, Major Lloyd George said that enquiries had been made but the information had not been received. Replyingto a further question, Major Lloyd George said that he believed a small experiment in gasification of coal underground was in progress in Scotland, and promised to let Sir Percy Hurd have the particulars so soon as they could be obtained. On 12th May, Mr. Will Thorne asked the Lord President of the Council whether he could give any information as to the test of drying English fruit carried out by the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research in the Ditton Laboratory, near Maidstone.Sir John Anderson said that preliminary experiments had been carried out on apples, pears and plums and the results so far obtained from the examination of the dried products after six months’ storage were encouraging. On 14th May, in reply to a question by Major A. M. Lyons as to steps being taken in the interests of economy to collect and reclaim residual and waste oils, Major Lloyd George said that the collection and reclamation of used lubricating oils was co-ordinated by the Lubricating Oil Pool and the Petroleum Board. A number of refineries for the treatment of used oil were in operation, but where large quantities of lubricating oil of a particular quality were used it was more economical for consumers to filter their own used oil for re-use.Waste oil was used for the manufacture of greases and low grade lubricants. On 25th May, in reply to a question of Mr. Clement Davies regarding the restricted supplies of bitumen available, Major Lloyd George, Minister of Fuel and Power, said that in order to reduce the consumption of imported oil, it was the policy of his Ministry to secure the fullest possible use of coal-tar products, in place of bitumen, both for manufacturing processes and for roads and runways. The quantity of bitumen used for road construction was relatively small compared with that of fluxed pitch, and care was taken to ensure that bitumen was not used for such work, if fluxed pitch could be used with satisfactory results.Later, in August, in reply to a question by Mr. James Sexton, Major Lloyd George said that, during the war, the use of home-produced liquid fuel had been developed on a considerable scale, by the substitution of creosite-pitch mixture for imported fuel oil. Research work on oil-from-coal processes was being continued at the Fuel Research Station. Professor Frederic Horace Garner, Fellow, has been appointed an Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire. Mr. Joseph Lloyd, F.I.R.I., Associate, has been appointed a Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire. Dr. Edward Frankland Armstrong, F.R.S., Membev of Council, was elected President of the Royal Society of Arts at the Annual Meeting of the Society held on 30th June.Dr. Wilson Charles Geoffrey Baldwin, Associate, Mr. William Sallows and Mr. Frank H. Wheeler have been awarded the Edward Medal for prompt action in extinguishing a dangerous outbreak of fire, by which were averted serious consequences after an explosion had caused great damage in a nitrating house. Sir Gerald Snowden Butler, C.I.E., has been appointed Additional D.G.M.P. (Armaments Production) in India. Dr. Archibald Barclay Crawford, Associate, has been appointed Inspector of Factories, Lanarkshire District. Professor Cecil Henry Desch, F.R.S., Fellow, Scientific Adviser to the Iron and Steel Council, has received the Honorary Degree of LL.D.from the University of Glasgow. Dr. W. E. de B. Diamond, Associate, who has been Assistant Secretary of the Institution of Gas Engineers, has been appointed General Manager of the British Plastics Federation. [ 152 J Professor H. S. Raper, C.B.E., V.R.S., Fellow, is to receive the honorary degree of LL.D., and Mr. E. V. Evans, O.B.E., Fellow, the honorary degree of D.Sc., from the University of Leeds, in October. Dr. Bernard Alfred Southgate, Fellow, has been appointed Acting Director of Water Pollution, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, to fill the vacancy caused by the appointment of Dr. A. Parker, Fellow, to be Director of Fuel Research. Mr. J. C. W. Stead, Associate, who has been Production Manager with Cooper, McDougall & Robertson, Ltd., has been appointed Manager of the Wellcome Chemical Works at Dartford as from 1st October.For the encouragement of proficiency in analytical chemistry the Council of Leeds University has approved regulations for the award of the Lowson Scholarship endowed by a gift of L2,OOO from Rlr. William Lowson, FeZZuw, senior lecturer in analytical chemistry in the University. The Council of the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists proposes to institute groups within the constitution of the Society, dealing with special subjects and branches of analytical chemistry. Negotiations are already in progress with the Microchemical Club with a view to that Body becoming a Microchemical Group of the Society.The Council wishes to encourage the formation of other groups, and proposals to this end will be submitted in the near future to a special meeting of the Society. The Minister of Supply announces the issue of the Control of TALC AND PYRO-PHYLLITE (No. 1) Order, 1943, to take effect from the 19th July, 1943. The Order makes it necessary, except for quantities not exceeding 7-lbs., to obtain licences for the disposal and acquisition of talc or french chalk, steatite, soapstone and pyrophyllite. Enquiries should be addressed to the Chrome Ore, Magnesite and Wolfram Control, Broadway Court, Broadway, Westminster, London, S.W.1. (Telephone : Abbey 2734). Books and their Contents The following books have been kindly presented to the Library of the Institute by the authors and publishers.Dictionary of Organic Compounds: The Constitution and Physical and Chemical Properties of the Principal Carbon Compounds and their Derivatives, together with the relevant literature references. Vol I : New, Revised and Enlarged Edition. Abietic Acid-Dypnone. Edited by I. M. Heilbron, D.S.O., and H. M. Bunbury. With Assistant Editors, Authors, Assistant Authors and Readers. Pp. xvi + 1072. (Lon-don: Eyre and Spottiswoode (Publishers), Ltd.) L6 6s. net. Volume I has been re-written and considerably augmented. Spot-Tests for the Identification of Certain Metallic Coatings and of Certain Metals in Bulk. B. S. Evans, M.C., M.B.E., and D. G. Higgs. Pp. ii + 24. (Cambridge: W.Heffer & Sons Ltd., for Society of Public -4nalysts and Other Analytical Chemists.) 3s. 6d. net. Identification of single metals: apparatus: technique; tables of tests; use of the tables ; key table ; summary ; references. Starch and its Derivatives. J. A. Radley. Second Edition (Revised). Being Volume XI of a series of monographs on Applied Chemistry, under the Editorship of E. Howard Tripp. Pp. xii + 558. (London: Chapman and Hall, Ltd.) 1943. 36s. Part I, Structure and reactions of starch: historical; the r81e of starch in the plant; the structure of starch from chemical evidence; some physical properties of starch; the swelling and gelatinisation of starch: the r61e of the minor constituents of starch; the retrogradation of starch; starch and the hydrogen bond; the reaction of starch with iodine; ethers and esters of starch.Part 11, The manufacture of starch and starch products : root starches : cereal starches ; the oxidation of starch : glucose and maltose ;ethyl alcohol and acetone ;dextrin and British gums ; modified starches. Part 111, The industrial applications of starch and starch products : adhesives from starch and dextrin; the foodstuff industry; the paper industry; the textile industry; miscellaneous uses of starches and dextrins; utilisation of the by-products of starch manufacture; antiseptic agents and preservatives. Part IV, c 153 1 The examination and analysis of starch arid its products : general examination of starches; the determination of starch; the analysis of dextrin.Part V, Amylasesand their action on starch: General features and nomenclature of the amylases; preparation of enzymes used in the starch industry; the action of fl amylase on starch ;the action of a amylases on starch ; the action of mixtures of a and ,fl amylaseson starch ; the kinetics of amylase action ; methods of determining the activity of amylase preparations, Appendix, The photo-micrographs. Subject, and author-index. Bulletin of the Imperial Institute. Vol. XLI, No. 1. January-March, 1943, has been published as a separate number commemorating the Jubilee of the Imperial Institute and contains a record of progress relating to agricultural, mineral and other industries with special reference to the utilisation of raw materials of the Dominions, India and the Colonies.Pp, viii + 76. (London: Imperial Institute.) 2s. 6d. net. The Mond Nickel Company Ltd., has kindly forwarded to the Library of the Institute “The Nickel Bulletin,” Volume 15, 1942. “Endeavour.” No. 7 of Volume I1 of “Endcavour,” dated July, 1943, kindly presented by Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., contains inter alin an article by Dr. J. €3. Quastel, F.R.S., on “Enzymes and their Mode of Action.” The Wrought Light Alloys Development Association has published Infor- mation Bulletin, No. &Heat Treatment of the Wrought Aluminium Alloys, Part 11: Equipment. The British Standards Institution has issued B.S. 1124-1943 : Household Paint for Exterior Use; War Emergency B.S. 381C-1943: Colours for Ready Mixed Paints; War Emergency B.S.1122--1943: Painting of New Public Service Vehicles in War- Time; P.D. 116, Amendment to B.S. 771-1938: Synthetic Resin Moulding Materials and Moulding. Obituary JOHN CHARLESBURNHAM,who died at Broadstone, Dorset, on 28th June, in his 77th year, studied at Owens College, Manchester, from 1885-89. In 1888 he graduated BSc. (Vict.), in the first class, and was elected an Associate of the College in the same year. In 1889 he became an Assistant Chemist under Kellner at Woolwich Arsenal, and while holding that position also acted for some years as Assistant Chemist to the Special Committee on Explosives, under the Chairmanship of Sir Frederick Abel. In 1894 he proceeded to India, where he was for five years chemist in charge of an experi- mental cordite factory at Kirkke, before he was appointed manager at the Government, of India Explosives Factory, Nilgiris.His advice was sought by the Government on many occasions, and his services were recognised by the award of the C.S.I. In 1915 he was loaned to the Ministry of Munitions and became Director of the Board of Management and Superintendent at H.M. Factory, Gretna, which post he held until 1921. In the following year he was appointed General Works Manager of British Dyestuffs Corporation, Manchester, and retired in 1924. In 1920 he was appointed C.B.E. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1893. KENNETHDUXBURYdied in Madras, on 29th January, 1943, in his 50th year. Born at Holmfirth, Yorkshire, he was educated at Almondbury Grammar School and the Technical College, Huddersfield.He graduated B.Sc. (Lond.) and was an assistant chemist in the Technical Research Department to the British Dyestuffs Corporation . from 1915 to 1920. From 1920 to 1924 he was an assistant chemist to Messrs. Binny & Co., Madras, and in 1925 became Chief Chemist to the Natal Tanning Extract Co., Ltd., at Pietermaritzburg, South Africa, but returned to Madras in 1939. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1929. CHARLES died at St. John’s, London, S.E., on 15th June, in his 76th HENRYFIELD year. Born at Bletchley, Bucks., he studied during 1885 and 1886 under Clowes at University College, Nottingham. From 1886-88 he attended a Government School in Munich, Bavaria, but also devoted several months to gaining experience in brewing laboratories at Leipzig and Vienna, and at the Bohemian Brewers’ Institute, Prague.Returning in 1888 he worked for a few months with Graham at University College, 154 1 London, and then resumed his training under Clowes until 1890, while holding an appointment as analyst to the Nottingham Brewery Co. Later he devoted himself to private practice, specialising in brewing, malting, distilling and yeast manufacture. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1892. EDWARDJONESdied at New Malden on 21st July, at the age of 84 years. In 1878 he became assistant of Customs and Excise, serving at first in the outdoor service and, from 1881, in the Government Laboratory.After graduating B.Sc. (London), he was appointed, in 1889, to the permanent staff, and in due course was promoted to the rank of Superintending Chemist, retiring in 1920. Much of his work was associated with brewing and beer, and he received special recognition for investigations in connexion with the revision of Original Gravity of Beer Tables, completed in 1910. This work involved experimental brewings in the laboratory with examination of the wort to trace the progressive loss of gravity due to the formation of alcohol, and subsequent large scale tests in breweries. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888. DAVID MCCANDLISH died in July at Kirn, Argyllshire, at the age of 68 years. Born at Leeds, he was educated at Leeds Modern and Technical Schools and Yorkshire College.He was engaged for six years in the laboratory of Thomas Fairley, Fellow, City Analyst, and was for over 30 years head chemist and brewer at Joshua Tetley & Sons, Ltd., in the same city, retiring in 1930. He was the brother of Professor Douglas McCandlish, Head of the Leather Technology Department in the University of Leeds. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1918. WILLIAMARTHURHARRISONNAYLORdied at Beeston, Nottingham, on 30th May, in his 90th year. Educated at Glenfield House School, Doncaster, he was originally trained in pharmacy and studied at the School of the Pharmaceutical Society, gaining the silver medal for chemistry and physics and the bronze medal for practical chemistry.He became private assistant to John Moss, whom he succeeded as chemist and director of the laboratory of Messrs. Corbyn, Stacey & Co. In 1882 he joined Hearon Squire & Francis, Ltd., and continued as a director after that company was incorporated, in 1908, in British Drug Houses until his retirement in 1921. He was for some years a member of the Board of Examiners of the Pharmaceutical Society; from 1886 to 1901 he acted as General Secretary for the British Pharmaceutical Conference, of which he was President in 1905 and 1906. He contributed many papers to the British Pharma- ceutical Conference, to the Pharmaceutical Journal and other journals, and participated in editing the Pharmaceutical Formulary.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1887. FRANK RENWICKFORSTER died at Gidea Park, Essex, on 14th August, in his 67th year. Educated at the City of London School, he studied at the City and Guilds Central Technical College from 1893 to 1896, in which year he gained the Diploma of the College, A.C.G.I. He was awarded a Leathersellers’ Research Fellowship, and during the next two years worked with H. E. Armstrong on the terpenes, the results being published in the Proceedings of the Royal Society and the Journal of the Chemical Society. In 1898 he was appointed research chemist to Messrs. Ilford, Ltd., and four years later chief chemist with control of all technical processes of that company. During a brief inter- lude in the United States in 1922-1925 he directed the Redpath Laboratory of the Du Font Film Manufacturing Corporation at Parlin, New Jersey.He was the author of numerous original researches in photography, the first appearing in the Reports of the Congress of Applied Chemistry, London, 1907, the next at the Brussels Congress in 1910, and the majority of the remainder in the Journal of the Royal Photographic Society, of which Society he was Trail1 Taylor Lecturer and Medallist in 1916, Hurter and Driffield Memorial Lecturer in 1936, and was later (1927-1929) President. He was largelyresponsible for the creation of the Society‘s Scientific and Technical Group. He was co-inventor with the late Mr. B. V. Storr of processes for the concentration by colloidal precipitation of dilute photographic emulsions, and in recent times he brought into being “Multigrade” and “Kryptoscreen.” In 1930 he was elected a Fellow of the City and Guilds of London Institute, and in 1938 was awarded the ~Peligot Medal of the Socikti: FranGaise de Photographie. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1918.WILLIAMROBERTSONInformation has lately been received that ARTHUR was killed during the Japanese invasion of Burma. Born at Dublin in 1905, he was educated at the city High School and Trinity College, graduating B.A. with first class honours in experimental science in 1927, and as B.Sc. in 1928, but after being engaged for a further year on research, he entered the Indian Civil Service as a Subdivisional Officer. In [ 1551 1934 he was appointed a Subdivisional Magistrate; in 1936, a Deputy Commissioner, District Magistrate, Post Officer and Customs Collector; and in 1938, Deputy Com- missioner.He had intended to return home to resume chemistry after the war. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1937. CHARLESHAROLD SAYER died at Hatfield Heath, Herts, on 16th August, in his 67th year. Educated at Ipswich School, he studied under H. E. Armstrong at the City and Guilds of London Central Technical College from 1893 to 1897. He assisted the professor in research on derivatives of naphthalene and gained the Associateship of the College in the Division of Chemistry. From 1897 to 1903 he was attached to the staff of the analytical department of Burroughs, Wellcome &Co., at Dartford.From 1903-1905 he was chemist and assistant manager to N.S. Electric Storage Co. In 1905 he returned to Burroughs, Wellcome &Co. as technical assistant to the works manager. Until 1916 he was chemist and maintenance engineer with Vickers Ltd. at Dartford. In 1921 he obtained an appointment under the Medical Research Council, at Mount Vernon Institute, where he occupied an administrative position until his retirement in 1937. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1921. ALBERT TAYLOR died at Stockport in August, 1942, in his 58th year. Educated at Stockport Municipal Secondary School, and the Pupil Teachers’ Centre, he studied at the University of Manchester, and graduated with first-class honours in chemistry.From 1910-13 he was Science Master at the Grammar School, Earl’s Colne; from 1913-15 Chemistry Master at the Grammar School, Pontefract, and lecturer at the evening classes at the Technical School in the same town. In 1915 he joined the staff of the Clayton Aniline Co., Ltd. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1920. Coming Events Sept.11-12 INSTITUTE ADMINISTRATIONOF PUBLIC :Conference on the Administration of the Health Services, at County Hall, Westminster Bridge, London, S.E. 1. 15 BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS:Joint Meeting with Liverpool and North- Western Section of the Institute. “Problems affecting the Unity of Chemists.” Dr. A. E. Dunstan, at Reece’s, Parker Street, Liverpool, at 6.30 p.m.18-1 9 EIGHTEENTHCONFERENCEOF THE SPECIAL LIBRARIES AND INFORMATION BUREAUX(ASLIB), at the Royal Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.2, 10.30 a.m. 23 SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(London Section) :“Post-War Building :the :. Chemist’s Contribution.” Dr. E. F. Armstrong, F.R.S., at No. 1, Grosvenor Place, London, S.W.1, at 5 p.m. 28 THEINSTITUTE(Huddersfield Section) :Joint Meeting with the Local Section of the Society of Dyers and Colourists Local Section. “Modern Laundering.” Mr. F. Courtney Harwood. At Field’s Cafe, Huddersfield. OF30 INSTITUTE FUEL:“The Rational Preparation of Coal.” Dr. R. Lessing.At the Institution of Electrical Engineers, Victoria Embankment, London, W.C.2, at 5.30 p.m. Oct. OF14 INSTITUTEFUEL: Dr..E. S. Grumell, C.B.E., Melchett Lecture; Dr. E. W. Smith, C.B.E., Presidential Address. At the Connaught Rooms, Great Queen Street, London, W.C.2, at 2.30 p.m. OF18 INSTITUTEFUEL(North-Eastern Section): “The Need for Industrial and Scientific Co-operation.” Mr. J. G. Bennett. At the Central Station Hotel, Newcastle upon Tyne, at 5.30 p.m. Nov. 9 THE INSTITUTE(Huddersfield Section): Dr. L. H. Lsmpitt. At Field’s Cafe, Huddersfield. 10-1 1 BRITISHCOAL UTILISATION ASSOCIATIONRESEARCH :Conference on Problems in the Utilisation of small Coals. At the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Storey’s Gate, London, S.W. 1, at 2.30 p.m. [1561 The Register Since the publication of Part I11 of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,6 new Fellows have been admitted, 31 Associates have been admitted to the Fellowship, 81 new Associates have been elected, 3 Associates have been re-elected, and 23 new Students have been admitted.The Council regrets to record the deaths of 6 Fellows and 4 Associates. Allen, Leslie Alfred, M.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.).Bulmer, Reginald. Dreyfus, Henry, Ph.D. (Bade). Holmes, Norman Limon. New Fellows (Reading), Pollitt, Alan Ashton, M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.) . Suckling, Ernest Victor, M.B., B.S. (Lond.), M.R.C.S. (Eng.), L.R.C.P. (Lond.), D.P.H. Associates elected to the Fellowship Allen, Frank Laurence, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.),Allister, Charles Fulton, BSc. (Lond.), A.H.-W.C. Ballard, William Edward. Bean, Cecil Morris, BSc., Ph.D. (Lond.). Blayden, Herbert Edward, B.Sc.(Lond.). Blow, Claude Montague, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.).Calvert, John Thornton, M.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), M.S. (Mass.). Clayton, Herbert Roy, BSc. (Manc.). Davis, John Edward. Denston, Tom Clifford, B.Pharm. (Lond.), Ph.C. Garner, Walter, M.Sc. (Leeds). Goss, Frank Robert, Ph.D., D.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C. Harrison, Charles Frederick Reed, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Birm.), Hunter, John Bell, A.H.-W.C. Javes, Archie Ronald, B.Sc. (Lond.). Kelly, Hugh Edward. Miller, Samuel Aaron, M.Sc., B.Sc. (Oxon.), Ph.D. (Leeds). Mitchell, Thomas James, Ph.D. (Glas.), A.R.T.C. Moss, William Henry, B.Sc. (Manc.). Norwood, Arthur Frederick Bernard, R.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.M. Pyke, Magnus,B.Sc. (McGill) ,Ph.D. (Lond.).Ramage, George Rowntree, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Dunelm).,Rule, Tom Edgar, A.M.1.Chem.E. Sampson, Philip Thomas, BSc. (Lond.). Scorah, Leslie Vivian Donald, MSc. (Sheffield). Shennan, Robert John, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.).Somers, Arthur Joseph, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. Spilman, George Herbert. Stanier, Harold, B.A. (Cantab.). Wilkin, George Angus Cameron, B.Sc. (N.U.I.), A.R.C.Sc.1. Wylic, Andrew Robertson, A.H.-W.C. New Associates Bailey, Ronald, BSc. (Lond.). Barker, Leslie, B.Sc. (Leeds). Blanco, John Rodriguez, B.Sc. (Lond.) . Bloomfield, Kenneth Vincent, B.Sc. (Lond.). Bolton, William, M.Sc. (Dunelm). Bridge, Allan Clare, BSc. (Liv.). Brigg, Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., Dip.Ed. (Oxon.). Butler, Ernest. Carpenter, William George David.Chaplin, Stanley, B.Sc. (Lond.). Chapman, William Bernard. Corbell, Harry Ernest, B.A. (Cantab.). Curlet, Alexander Shearer, B.Sc. (Glas.),A.R.T.C. Edgcombe, Leslie Johns, B.Sc. (Lond.).Evans, Alfred Alexander, B.Sc. (Lond.). Fastier, Frederick Noel, M.Sc. (N.Z.). Fletcher, Norman, B.Sc. (Dunelm). Foley, Finbarr Michael, B.Sc. (N.U.I.) Gollin, Alban William James, B.Sc. (Lond.).Gough, Cyril Maynard, B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.).Gray, William Archer, B.Sc. (Lond.). Greenwood, Ernest Leslie. Gregson, Harry, B.Sc. (Lond.). Hall, George Edwin, B.Sc. (Leeds). Hatfull, Ronald Stanley. Hayes, John Wilfred Ellis, B.Sc. (Lond.). Heddle, W'illiam James, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Edin.).Hill, Henry, B.Sc. (Q.U.B.). Holt, Arthur, B.Sc.(Lond.). Hooper, Patrick Joseph, MSc. (N.U.I.). Howie, John Alexander MacGregor, B.Sc. (Glas.), A. R.T. C. Hutt, Ronald, B.Sc. (Lond.). Jamrack, William Douglas, B.Sc. (Manc.) . Jayaraman, Narayanaswamy, D. Sc. (Madras). [ 1,571 Jenkins, Douglas Morgan, B.Sc. (Wales). Kaye, Maurice Arthur George. Kench, James Edward, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Bris.) . King, Harold Campbell, B.Sc. (Lond.). Laithwaite, Horace, M.Sc. (Sheffield). Leslie, Ronald. Lewis, Frank Basil, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), D.I.C. Lloyd, Douglas Mathon Gent, B.Sc. (Bris.).Manson, Miss Margaret Mimie, B.Sc. (Aberd.).Marvin, Denys Nicol. McKee, James Hunter, B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.).Mercer, Donald, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Liv.). Mills, Eric Oliver, BSc. (Lond.). Morgan, David Cecil, B.Sc.(Wales). Neal, Ronald Stephen, B.Sc. (Lond.). Nisbet, Alexander, B.Sc. (Glas.) . O’Driscoll, William George, B.A. (T.C.D.) . Oglethorpe, Charles Christopher, B.Sc. (Lond.).Pike, Gordon Arthur William, BSc. (Lond.) , A. R.C.S. Plesch, Peter Hariolf, B.A. (Cantab.). Preston, Laurence Neville, B.Sc. (Dunelm). Quennell, Miss Kathleen, B.Sc. (Lond.). Rankin, Irvine Giles, B.Sc. (Lond.). Ritchie, Patrick Dunbar, BSc., Ph.D. (St. Andrews). Roberts, Fred, B.Sc. (Leeds). Saharia, Gobind Swaruop, B.Sc. (Agra), MSc., Ph.D. (Aligarh).Savage, William Kerr. Scaife, Charles William, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.),Smith, Arthur Ernest Wilder, BSc., Ph.D. (Reading). Spivey, Arthur Marshall, B.Sc. (Leeds). Stewart, William Gray, B.Sc.(Glas.). Strachan, Mark Noel, B.Sc. (Lond.),A.R.C.S. Stuffins, Charles Bennett. Tanner, Miss Elsie May, B.Sc. (Lond.). Thomas, William, B.Sc., M.B., B.S. (Lond.), M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P. Tomkinson, Frederic Eric, M.A., B.Sc. (Liv.) . Tunnah, George William, B.A. (Oxon.). Vincent, Donald, B.Sc. (Leeds). Walker, John Geoffrey. Watson, Hubert Richard, B.Sc. (Leeds). Watson, Walter, B.Sc. (Manc.). West, Peter John, B.A. (Oxon.).Wilkinson, John Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.). Williams, Harry Leverne, B.A., M.Sc. (W. Ontario), Ph.D. (McGill). Williamson, Arthur Rayner, B.Sc. (Lond.). Wood, Reginald. Woolman, Aubrey Maurice, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C. Re-elected Associates Hunt, Leslie Bernard, M.Sc., Ph.D. Scott, Stuart Paynter, B.A.(Cape Town). (Lond.), A.R.C.S. Sparkes, William Henry, B.Sc. (Wales). New Students Ashworth, John. Lewis, Edward Joseph. Blaxill, Derrick Ernest. Marshall, Robert Pattison. Butt, Leonard Thomas. McCann, Owen Francis. Cochrane, Alfred Lorraine. Minshall, Eric. Dare, Denis William. Norris, Alan Hedley. Davies, Isidore. Strickland, John Douglas Hipwell. Durrant, Hector Marshall. Sumner, Kenneth Granville. Haigh, Norman. Turner, Leonard. Hollis, Frank. Whitaker, William. Jefferson, Frank. Whitworth, Thomas Alan. Latter, Ralph William. Williams, Hugh Thomas. Lawrie, James. CHANGE OF NAME Miss Marion Nesbitt Sloan to Mrs. Marion Nesbitt Congreve,-on her marriage. John Charles Burnham, C.S.I., B.Sc. (Vict.). Charles Henry Field.Edward Jones, BSc. (Lond.). DEATHS Fellows C.B.E. David McCandlish. William Arthur Harrison Naylor, Ph.C. Frank Forster Renwick, F.C.G.I. Associates Kenneth Duxbury, BSc. (Lond.). Harold Charles Sayer, A.C.G.I. Arthur William Robertson, B.A., B.Sc. Albert Taylor, B.Sc. (Vict.). (T.C.D.). [ 1581 General Notices Examinations, 1944.-An Examination for the Associateship of the Royal Institute will be held in January, and Examinations for the Associateship and Fellowship in April, 1944. Candidates who wish to present themselves in January should complete their applications so that they be received at the Institute not later than Monday, 8th November, 1943. Arrangements will be notified to candidates whose applications are accepted.Associates who desire to present themselves for examination for the Fellowship in April, 1944, should forward their applications for consideration, and will be notified of future arrangements in due course. Active Service.-Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who are on active service with the Navy, Army and Air Force are requested to notify the Registrar of the Institute, giving such particulars as may be permissible, as to their rank, unit, etc. Notice to Associates.-Regulations and forms of application for the Fellowship can be obtained from the Registrar. Libraries.-The Library of the Institute is available to Fellows, Associates and Registered Students from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. on weekdays (except Saturdays: 10 a.m.to 1 p.m.); the Library of the Chemical Society is available for those wishing to consult or borrow books from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. (except Saturdays: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m.). Books may be borrowed from the Science Library, Science Museum, South Kensington, S.W.7, on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary of the Institute. Information regarding facilities afforded to members by Boots Booklovers’ Library and by Lewis’ Lending Library can also be obtained from the Registrar. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As the slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their require- ments at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used.Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize.-Registered Students are informed that the Council will be prepared to consider the award, in January 1944, of a Medal and Prize (L10 10s.) for the best essay not exceeding 3000 words contributed by a Registered Student of not more than 22 years of age at the time of forwarding the essay. The essay may deal with any subject having a bearing on chemistry or chemical work provided that it does not deal with any purely chemical, technical or historical subject. The object of the essay is to induce Students to develop a sense of professional public spirit and to devote thought to questions of professional interest and to the position of chemists in the life of the community. Essays will be valued partly for literary style and technique, but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein. Each essay must be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the Local Section of the dis- trict in which the competitor resides (see list of Local Sections at the end of the Journal)not later than 31st December, 1943, and must be accompanied by a signed declaration that it is the independent work of the contributor. The Committee of each Local Section will be asked to select from those received not more than three essays considered to be worthy of the award. The selected essays will be referred to Assessors appointed by the Council, on whose report the Council will decide whether and to whom an award shall be made.The award will not be made more than once to any individual competitor. The Medal and Prize will be presented at the next Annual General Meeting or at a meeting of the Local Section to which the successful competitor is attached.Lectures.-Dr. Dorothy Jordan Lloyd’s lecture on “Leather” will be issued with this Part of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. Professor J. W. Cook, F.R.S., Member of Council, has kindly consented to give a lecture before the Institute on “Chemistry and Cancer” in November. Further particulars will be announced in due course. Dr. P. A. Houseman, Fellow, who has been for many years engaged in industry in New Jersey, U.S.A., has kindly consented to prepare a Streatfeild Memorial Lecture on the subject “Licorice: Putting a Weed to Work.” As Dr. Houseman will be unable to deliver the lecture personally, arrangements will be made for it to be read on his behalf.Particulars will bc notified in due course. r 159 1 Fellowship Examination in Water Supply and Treatment.-The Council has decided to add to the examinations for the Fellowship a new Branch,.namely, I-Water Supply and the Treatment of Sewage and Trade Effluents, for which the syllabus is as follows:- Topographical consideration of sources of water supplies; chemical and physical examination of water, sewage and trade effluents : biology, including bacteriology, microbiology and microscopy of water, sewage and trade effluents : elementary know- ledge of the causation and prevention of waterborne diseases, including those due to bacterial infection, plumbism, fluorosis, etc.Water treatment processes,-filtration, chlorination, softening-for drinking and domestic purposes, for industrial and boiler feed water, corrosion of pipes, etc. Acquaintance with the layout of reservoirs, distributing systems, works for purification treatment of water, sewage and trade effluents, swimming pools, etc.; general knowledge of the law relating to water and sewage; the economics of water treatment. Candidates will be expected to produce evidence that they have received adequate training and have acquired sufficient experience covering the whole syllabus, but the papers will contain alternative questions and the Examiners will bear in mind the experience of each candidate in assessing his knowledge of the more specialised parts of the syllabus. Associateship and Fellowship.-In July, by direction of the Council, aleaflet was issued to Associates of at least seven years’ standing, stating that the Council had had under consideration the desirability of making provision for the election of Associates as Members of Council, a question on which opinions were by no means unanimous.Many held that only chemists of standing and experience who had attained the Fellow- ship should be eligible to manage the affairs of the Institute, that Fellows were as keenly alive to the interests of the Associates as the latter were themselves, and that all members alike were entitled to bring matters to the Council. The question arose why so many Associates had not proceeded to the Fellowship and thus rendered themselves eligible for election to the Council.The Fellowship confers prestige on those who are in control of staffs of chemists and of laboratories and works, and statistics show that the average Fellow receives remuneration, age for age, in excess of the average Associate, an excess which increases in the higher range of ages.The Regulations require an Associate who desires to apply for the Fellowship either to pass an examination in his own branch of work or to produce evidence- (a) That he has carried out original research of sufficient merit; (b) That he has devised processes or inventions of sufficient merit; (c) That, having been engaged in important analytical, industrial, consulting, or other work of a general or specialised character, he is, in the opinion of the Council, possessed of sufficient knowledge and ability. It was thought that many Associates might not realise that the Council, in accordance with its interpretation of the Regulations, gives credit for professional success and promotion. The Council requested the Associates concerned to state on an enclosed pre-paid postcard, to which no signature was required, why they had not applied for Fellowship and to return the card to the Registrar. It was desired to ascertain whether the Associate was not prepared to sit an exami- nation, or felt that he was not able to produce the evidence of qualification required by the Regulations, or was not prepared to pay the prescribed fees (Entrance Fee A5 Ss., Assessment Fee i3 3s. plus Annual Subscription increase of 10s. 6d.) or for any other reason. ‘(The Entrance Fee for Associates is now i3 3s. in all cases, and the non- returnable fee payable by a candidate applying for the Fellowship without Examination is L5 5s.) The replies, which are very varied, are being collated and a report thereon will be published in due course. The Royal Institute and Post-War Reconstruction.--In view of the con-sideration being given to problems of post-war reconstruction and the obviously important part which chemists can take in promoting the interests and welfare of the community, steps have been taken to remind the appropriate Departments of State of the organisation of the Institute, as representing a body of trained and competent professional chemists available for the service of the country, its industry and com- merce, and available to Government Departments in accordance with the provisions of its Royal Charter for advice and opinion on matters relating to the profession of chemistry. [ 1601

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9436700133

出版商:RSC    

年代:1943

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND FOUNDED 1077 INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885 Patron H.M. THE KING JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS PART V: 1943 Publications Committee, 1943-44 F. P. Dunn (Chairman),A. L. Bacharach, H. Baines, F. Challenger, J. W. Cook, L. Eynon, Alexander Findlay (President), J. J. Fox, D. Jordan-Lloyd,H. Moore and Garfield Thomas Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary 30.. RUSSELLSQUARE, W.C.1LONDON, October, 1943 Special General Meeting 20th OCTOBER, 1943 A Special General Meeting was held at 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1, on Wednesday, 20th October, 1943, at 5 p.m., Professor Alexander Findlay, President, in the Chair.The Secretary having read the notice convening the meeting, the PRESI-DENT said:--“Ladies and Gentlemen, we are met here this afternoon to take formal note of the gracious Command of H.M. the King, made on 14th May last, that thenceforth the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland shall be known as the Royal Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland. That date now becomes for us one of great historic importance and will henceforward be marked in red in the calendar of the Institute. “Founded in 1877, the Institute of Chemistry received, in 1885, from H.M. Queen Victoria, its Royal Charter of Incorporation, whereby the Institute was given a status of equality with older professional bodies and the profession of chemistry also gained in prestige.“From the time of its foundation the Institute has sought not merely to safeguard the interests of its members, but also to work for-the welfare of the community. On many occasions it has been privileged to give advice and assistance to various Departments of State and other administrative bodies, from whom appreciative acknowledgment has been received. Duringthe first World War the-Institute gave valuable aid in obtaining the men required for special chemical services, and during and after the period of demobilisation it played an important part in restoring to civil employment men whose careers had been interfered with by the calls of national service. Throughout a long series of years the Institute has maintained a high standard of qualification, competence and integrity in a profession which has shown itself to be of great and ever-growing importance for the health, comfort and material well-being of the people.It was, therefore, with great gratification that the Institute found the services which it had been proud to render to the State and the community recognised in 1935 by the bestowal of the Royal Patronage of H.M.. King George V, and this gracious patronage has been continued by the reigning sovereign down to the present day;, To-day I take this opportunity of gratefully acknowledging, in the name of the Fellows and Associates of the Institute, our high appreciation of the further great honour which the King has been graciously pleased to bestow on us by his Command that we shall henceforth carry the title of Royal.“This honour, which comes to us amid the turmoil, anxiety and disorgan- isation of the greatest and most bitter war in history, we humbly accept as one done not only to the Institute, but to the whole profession of chemistry, a profession which is proud to be able to play a part of no small importance in the hour of our country’s great need.Of this high honour it shall be our constant endeavour to become ever more worthy. “That due effect may be given to the Command of the King it is my honour and privilege to move, in the words which the Secretary has already read :-“That the drzft Petition of the Institute for a Supplemental Charter and draft of Supplemental Charter (both initialled by Professor Alexander [ 162 1 Findlay, President, for the purpose of identification) submitted to and considered by this Special General Meeting be adopted and approved, that the Seal of the Institute be affixed to the said Petition and that the Institute’s Solicitors, Messrs.Markby Stewart and Wadesons, be instructed to present the said Petition to His Majesty and take all necessary steps for obtaining the said Supplemental Charter.” On the President putting the motion from the Chair, Mr. G. Cecil Jones said that he wished to speak against it, not because he objected to the use of the word “Royal” but because he regarded the way in which the matter had been put forward as unconstitutional. As he intended to oppose the motion it could not be unanimous.Mr. Tritton said he did not oppose the motion in itself, but he opposed the method by which the matter had been handled. He did not understand why the members were not told about it before it appeared in the press. Mr. J. R. Green also supported the views of Mr. Jones as to how the honour had been conferred without the members being consulted, but he was com- pletely in favour of the motion. After further discussion, the President explained that the Draft Petition and Supplemental Charter were being submitted to the Fellows and Associ- ates on the advice of the Privy Council, in order to give effect to the Command of the King. The motion was put to the meeting and adopted with one dissentient, the word “unanimously ’’ being deleted from the Draft Petition.Dr. E. F. Armstrong said that the discussion showed that there was vitality in the Institute and care taken to see that it was run on democratic principles. He regarded the occasion as a red letter day in the chemical profession. The Institute’s main object was the firm establishment of the chemical profession as one with the same standing and dignity as other professions. The Royal Charter of 1885 was a step in the right direction and now the Institute had become one of the Royal Institutions of the country. He felt a very deep satisfaction and he congratulated the long line of Past Presidents who had contributed to this achievement. Seeingin the room the portrait of the first President, Edward Frankland, after whom he himself had been named, gave him a link with the past.Mr. McLachlan felt that the Council had acted rightly in the matter and had fulfilled the wishes of the members of the Institute. He asked members to consider whether it would not have been indecorous for them to discuss the matter before the Institute knew whether the honour would be conferred. He reminded them of the circumstances in which the Prime Minister had declined the freedom of Dundee. Dr. Roche Lynch endorsed what Dr. Armstrong had said. It was a red letter day in the history of the Institute. The recognition accorded the Institute placed it in a strong position for maintaining the ethical and professional standards of chemistry.Mr. Marlow suggested that it was a matter of great satisfaction to the Registrar and the crowning of his many years of work with the Institute. Mr. Bernard F. Howard, Past Honorary Treasurer, and son of Mr. David Howard, one of the founders, paid tribute to those men of vision who in their day fought so hard to get official recognition of the profession. The Institute was carrying one step further the great work that those pioneers did when they founded it. Mr. Bernard O’Shaughnessy added his tribute of thanks and congratu- lations to the Council for what had been done. c 163 1 Dr. Francis H. Carr assured the members that the Council conducted its affairs in a very democratic manner indeed and that the Institute had been built up in a truly democratic way.The Registrar, by permission, thanked Mr. Marlow for his kind remarks, which he appreciated very much. The first paragraph in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part 111, published in June, contained the announce- ment that the King had commanded that the Institute be known as the Royal Institute, and the cover of the Journal had the word “Royal” added for the first time. Mr. Tritton interjected that the point was that it had not been discussed with the members. The Registrar replied that nothing had been heard from Mr. Tritton or Mr. Jones since June, and it was then open to anybody to discuss it. Mr. Jones asked how it was then possible for them to do anything. The President, in closing the meeting, said he was quite sure that the overwhelming majority showed that the Fellows and Associates regarded the honour which had been done to the Institute as one to be highly valued and highly prized.-~ THE DRAFT PETITION To The King’s Most Excellent Majesty in Council THE HUMBLE PETITION of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland SHEWETH as follows (I) That your Petitioners are the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland incorporated by Royal Charter dated the thirteenth day of June, 1885 (hereinafter referred to as the Institute) (2) That by the said Royal Charter (hereinafter referred to as “The Original Charter”) Her late Majesty Queen Victoria did grant and declare that the persons who were then Fellows and Associates of the Institute of1 Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland or should at any time afterwards become members thereof should form one body politic and corporate for the purposes of the Original Charter under the name of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ir?land with perpetual succession and a Common Seal (3) That Section 14 of the Original Charter conferred on Members of the Institute the use after their names of the initials F.I.C. or A.I.C.indicating respectively Fellowship and Associateship of the said Institute (4) That by your Majesty’s ‘Command under date of 14th May 1943 communicated through the Right Hon. the Secretary of State for Home Affairs the said Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland is henceforth to be known as “The Royal Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland” (5) That at a Special General Meeting of the Institute duly convened, duly constituted and held on Wednesday, the 20th day of October, 1943, at 30 Russell Square, London, W.C.1, the Draft of the Petition now beingpresented and the draft of the proposed Supplemental Charter which accom- panies the said Petition (both of which drafts were initialled by Professor Alexander Findlay, President, for the purpose of identification) were adopted and approved and it was resolved that the Seal of the Institute be affixed to the said Petition and that the said Petition be presented to Your Majesty.[ 1641 (6) That your Petitioners desire therefore that Your Majesty may be graciously pleased as and from a certain date to be fixed by Your Majesty to Command and to Confirm by the grant of a Supplemental Charter that the title of the Institute henceforth be “The Royal Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland’’ aEd that the Members of the Institute may use after their names the initials-F.R.I.C.and A.R.I.C. indicating respect- ively Fellowship and Associateship of the said Institute And your Petitioners as in duty bound will ever pray, etc., The Common Seal of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland was hereto affixed by Order of the Council in the presence of (Signed by the President and others) DRAFT OF THE SUPPLEMENTAL CHARTER GEORGE THE SIXTH, by the Grace of God, of Great Britain and Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas, King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India TO ALL TO WHOM THESEbPRESENTS SHALL COME GREETING WHEREAS an humble Petition has been presented to Us by The Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland, hereinafter referred to as the Institute, setting forth to the effect following:- (I) That the Institute was incorporated by Royal Charter dated the thirteenth day of June, 1885 (2) That by the said Royal Charter (hereinafter referred to as “The Original Charter”) Her late Majesty Queen Victoria did grant and declare that the persons who were then Members of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland or should at any time afterwards become members thereof should form one body politic and corporate for the purposes of the Original Charter under the name of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland with perpetual succession and a Common Seal (3) That Section 14 of the original Charter conferred on Members of the Institute the use after their names of the initials F.I.C.or A.I.C. indicating respectively Fellowship and Associateship of the said Institute. (4) AND WHEREAS we have Commanded that the said Institute shall henceforth be known as “The Royal Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland” and the Petitioners have most humbly prayed that We would be graciously pleased to grant our Royal Charter to provide that henceforth the said Institute be known as “The Royal Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland” NOW THEREFORE WE having taken the said Petition into Our Royal consideration by virtue of Our Prerogative Royal and of Our especial grace certain knowledge and mere motion by these Presents for Us and Our Royal Successors do Command and Confirm by these presents that the said Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland be henceforth known by the name of “The Royal Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland” and that this our Charter shall confirm the powers granted to the said Institute on the thirteenth day of June in the forty eighth year- of the reign of Hcr late Majesty Queen Victoria [ 16.51 And further We ordain that any person while being a member of the Royal Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland may use after his name the initials if he be a Fellow of the Institute F.R.I.C.or if he be an Associate of the Institute A.R.I.C. IN WITNESS WHEREOF WE have caused these Our Letters to be made Patent WITNESS OURSELF at Westminster the day of in the year of Our reign. BY WARRANT UNDER THE KING’S SIGN MANUAT, Proceedings of the Council Council Meeting, 22nd October, 1943.-The President reported on the proceedings of the Special General Meeting held for the approval and adoption of the Supplemental Charter for the inclusion of the word “Royal” in the title of the Institute and the change in the initials indicating Fellowship and Associateship. (See p. 162).The Assistant Secretary reported on the evidence given on 31st August by Dr.J. Kenyon, F.R.S. and by himself, as representatives of the Institute, before a Board of Education Committee on the training of technical teachers. Dr. A. P. M. Fleming presided and there were also present representatives of the professional bodies concerned with Building, Gas Engineering, Naval Architecture and Textiles. In answer to questions, the Assistant Secretary outlined the conditions for admission to membership and had stated that the Institute was keenly interested in technical teaching not only for “the chemical industry ” but for all industries in which chemistry was applied. Dr. Kenyon gave an account of his experience at Battersea Polytechnic. He said that many technical colleges were schools of fundamental science preparing students for honours degrees and for the Associateship of the Institute.A good deal of research was undertaken. In the eveningsthere were many courses in technology. An inherent difficulty was that many such courses really needed an advanced knowledge of pure chemistry, e.g. in considering food, some knowledge of proteins and carbohydrates was involved. In the past there had been little difficulty in obtaining good teachers for fundamental science. For technological subjects, many men in highpositions gave up their time for evening teaching through public spirit, but the pay was only attractive to men earning relatively low salaries in industry. The pay and prospects of teachers in technical colleges compared, on the whole, unfavourably with the possibilities in industry.In this connection the attention of the Committee was directed to the Remuneration Statistics published by the Institute. The status of teachers in technical colleges was not so high as that of University teachers. The importance of teachers being allowed to regard research as part of their normal duties was emphasized.A large proportion of part-time students failed to complete their courses. This was not the fault of the teachers nor due to lack of enthusiasm or application on the part of the students, but was mainly due to physical fatigue accentuated in war-time by travelling difficulties, black-out, etc. Part-time day release was increasing and should be encouraged.[ 166 1 The Committee was also informed that a suggestion had been made that local advisory committees might be set up to bring teachers more fully into contact with industry, to suggest names of suitable teachers of technology and for the mutual assessment and guidance of part-time students. During the hearing a suggestion was received from another source that the industrial research associations might be used as training grounds for teachers of technological subjects. The Council approved the action proposed to be taken by the East Anglian Section, in co-operating with educational institutions in its area, with a view to the encouragement of courses for students in chemistry who wish to proceed to higher degrees and to the Associateship of the Institute.Letters were received from the Chemical Council, dated 28th July, (a) expressing satisfaction on the appointment of the Chemistry Education Advisory Board, (b) informing the Council that the printed letter signed by 150 chemists dated 5th February, 1943,had been referred to a sub-committee which had arrived at the conclusion that an amendment of the constitution of the Chemical Council would be required, that the Chemical Council was pursuing the matter and would formulate a scheme for its own development for consideration in the near future, (c) requesting the Chartered Bodies to agree to divide the cost of maintenance of the Library of the Chemical Society for 1942 on the same basis as for 1941, (d) reporting the appointment of Officers of the Council and that the Councils of the three Chartered Chemical Bodies had concurred in the proposals that Members of the Chemical Council be appointed to serve for the financial year (January 1st to 31st December), that casual vacancies be filled by the respective Councils for unexpired periods of office, that representatives be elected for a period of three years, and that they be ex oficio Members of the Councils of the collaborating Bodies or be invited to attend meetings of their respective Councils during their term of office as Members of the Chemical Council.* Further, the Chemical Council reported that it had considered the co-ordination of the activities of the Local Sections of the three Chartered Bodies, but had decided not to intervene in the present arrangements, although it was hoped that means could be found to render possible the avoidance of sending out notices of joint meetings in duplicate; also that it had appointed Chemistry and Industry as its official news organ.In letters dated 25th August (a)the Chemical Council included an Interim Report from the Committee appointed to consider the letter signed by 150 chemists and stated that an application had been received from the British Association of Chemists to be represented on the Chemical Council, (b) reported amend- ments in the proposals for student memberships and joint junior member- ships of the Chartered Bodies, (c) recommended that resignations of joint members be communicated to the Chemical Council, (a)reported on the draft of a brochure embodying the aims and activities of the Chartered Chemical Bodies and of the Chemical Council and setting out the advantages of joint membership arrangements together with particulars of separate membership and joint membership for junior members and students.t In letters dated 23rd September (a) the Chemical Council recommended that the Constituent Bodies approve the co-option of two members of the *The Council of the Institute has agreed that Dr.A. E. Dunstan be invited to attend meetings of the Council while he is a representative of the Royal Institute on the Chemical Council. t The Emergency Committee of the Institute considered and suggested amendments in the draft brochure.These have been incorporated. [ 167 1 British Association of Chemists as members of the Chemical Council, and requested that the Council of the Royal Institute would forward the names of any other Bodies considered appropriate to give similar representation ; (b) directing attention to the appointment of the Hankey Committee to consider and report, inter alia, upon arrangements which should be made to facilitate employment after the end of hostilities for men and women qualified to undertake responsible work in the professions. The Council viewed sympathetically the proposal of the Chemical Council that two representatives of the British Association of Chemists should be co-opted on to the Chemical Council, and proposed to give its final decision on the matter at its next meeting, when the information about the British Association of Chemists supplied by the Chemical Council has been circulated to all members of the Council.A letter was’received from the Ministry of Labour asking whether the Institute wished to give evidence before “The Higher Appointments Com- mittee” and “The Further Education and Training Committee ”, under the Chairmanship of Lord Hankey, or whether the Joint Council of Professional Scientists might be regarded for the purpose of these Committees as repre- senting the Royal Institute. On this, the Council decided not to offer separate evidence on behalf of the Institute. The Committee of the London and South-Eastern Counties Section submitted a Report of a Sub-committee recommending a third grade of membership, with certain reservations; the Committee also asked that further opportunity be given for discussing the eligibility of Associates for service on the Council before a final decision on the matter was reached, and requested the Council to consider the advisability of circulating a summary of the available evidence to the Local Sections.These letters were considered later in the proceedings together with the Report of the Policy Committee. A letter was received from the Chemistry Education Advisory Board thanking the Council for providing facilities for its meetings, and a letter was received from the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists, announcing proposals for the formation of Groups, within the constitution of the Society, dealing with special subjects or branches of analytical chemistry.The President reported that he had sent greetings and good wishes from the Institute to Professor Percy F. Frankland, C.B.E., F.R.S., Past President, on attaining the age of 85 years, and also to Professor Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins, O.M., F.R.S., on his retirement. The Emergency Committee reported that in view of the consideration being given to problems of post-war reconstruction, appropriate Depart- ments of State had been reminded that the Royal Institute was available for the service of the country, its industry and commerce, and available to Governments Departments, in accordance with the provision of its Royal Charter, for advice and opinion on matters relating to the profession of chemistry.Letters of acknowledgment and thanks had been received from the Departments, together with expressions of appreciation of the services rendered by the Institute in the past. The Committee had received a suggestion that it would be in the interests of the profession if prominent Fellows would visit staffs of chemists in factories to talk on post-war problems and other matters of interest to chemists. The Committee welcomed the suggestion which was approved by the Council. r 1681 Arising from the Report of the Emergency Committee, the President reported on the action taken by the Joint Council of Professional Scientists in submitting a draft of evidence to be given on behalf of that Council before the Higher Appointments Committee, under the Chairmanship of Lord Hankey.The Policy Committee reported that its attention had been directed to the Report of the Sub-committee of the London and South-Eastern Counties Section recommending a third grade of membership, but in view of the decision of the Council on the motion submitted by Mr.Bacharach at the meeting held on 23rd July (see JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part Iv, p. 137) the Committee had not proceeded with the further consideration of the matter. The Policy Committee had been informed that the Manchester Branch of the Society of Chemical Industry had initiated the formation of a Committee to take steps to accelerate unification of the various chemical Bodies; the Manchester and District Section of the Institute had appointed a representative to serve on the Committee to observe and report progress, but had decided not to take any action in the matter until after the Pre- sident’s visit on 28th October.The Policy Committee submitted a summary of the replies received in answer to the circular issued to Associates of seven years’ standing, which was referred to the Publications Committee (See p. 17c) in order that it might be considered by the Sections before a final decision was reached regarding the proposal to make provision for Associaties to serve on the Council. The Committee recommend, inter alia, that the clause in the Regulations for election to the Fellowship stating the grounds on which exemption from examination might be granted, and the notice to Associates regarding transference from the Associateship to Fellowship, appearing in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,be amplified.The Committee did not recommend any alteration in the amount of fee payable or approve of suggestions that entries in the Register should indicate whether Fellowship was gained by or without examination, or that notice of election should give the grounds for dis- pensing wit h examination. The Publications Committee reported that Dr. P. A. Houseman, Fellow, had kindly undertaken to prepare a Streatfeild Memorial Lecture on the subject “Licorice: Putting a Weed to Work,’’ and it was hoped that Dr. Houseman, who is in New Jersey, USA., would be able to supply the lecture before the next Annual General Meeting.The Committee reported that it was in sympathy with the suggestion that a volume of lectures on recent advances in various branches of chemistry should be published by the Institute, subject to paper being available; also that revised editions of previous lectures should be produced when paper restrictions were relaxed. The Council adopted a recommendation of the Finance and House Com- mittee, that the Institute should meet, for a period of twelve months from its inception, claims for travelling expenses incurred by the Chemistry Education Advisory Board not covered by any other organisation. The Benevolent Fund Committee reported that a sum of Ezo 7s.had lately been recovered on Loans Account ; that a satisfactory report had been received on four children of deceased members who are being educated at Reed’s School (London Orphan School), and that the Committee gratefully acknowledged the activity of the Birmingham and Midlands Section in holding a Dance from which the Fund would derive benefit to the extent of E33, and of the London and South-Eastern Counties Section Committee in organising an appeal which had resulted in benefit to the Fund to the extent of 453. c 169 1 Reports were received from the Nominations, Examinations and Institu- tions Committee of the proceedings of meetings held on 8th, 15th and 22nd October, including the names of candidates recommended for admission to Studentship and to Examination, and of candidates recommended for elec- tion to Associateship and Fellowship, together with the Report of the Board of Examiners on the September Examinations.Reports of the Joint Committee of the Institute and the Board of Educa- tion re National Certificates in Chemistry (England and Wales) and on National Certificates in Chemistry (Northern Ireland) were also received and adopted. Associates; Election to the Fellowship and Service on the Council The announcement was made in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part IV, p. 160, that in order to obtain information in considering the desirability of Associates becoming eligible for service on the Council, a circular was issued early in July to Associates of seven years' standing.The question had arisen why so many Associates had not proceeded to the Fellowship and thereby rendered themselves eligible for election to the Council. The opinions were expressed in the circular that the Fellowship conferred prestige on those who were in control of staffs of chemists and of laboratories and works; and that statistics showed that the average Fellow received remuneration, age for age, in excess of the average Associate, an excess which increased in the higher range of ages. Reference will be made to these views. The Regulations require an Associate who desires to apply for the Fellowship, either to pass an Examination in his own branch of work, or to produce evidence- (u)That he has carried out original research of sufficient merit; or (h) That he has devised processes or inventions of sufficient merit; or (c) That having been engaged in important analytisal, industrial, consulting, or other work of a general or specialised character, he is in the opinion of the Council possessed of sufficient knowledge and ability.It was thought that many Associates might not have realised that the Council, in its interpretation of the Regulation (c), gave credit for professional success and pro- motion. The nature and responsibility of the position held by the candidate was taken into consideration.. The Council asked for answers to be returned on an enclosed prepaid postcard (to which no signature was required) not later than 31st July.The Associate was invited to say whether he had not applied for the Fellowship because-(1) He was not prepared to sit an examination; (2) He did not think that he was able to produce the evidence of qualification required (3) He was not prepared to pay the prescribed fees:-Entrance fee L3 3s.;Assessment (4) (Any other reason.) by the Regulations; fee L5 5s. plus annual subscription increase of 10s. 6d. to L2 2s.; The circulars issued numbered 3,300 and the replies 1,820, i.e., 550/,, but they are probably indicative of the views of the general body of Associates to whom the circular was addressed. Of the 1,820 replies, 1,247 (69%) indicated that the Associates concerned were not inclined to consider taking any examination, especially in the present circumstances, owing to service with the Forces, war work, civil defence and pressure of work due to reduction of staff.Some had tried studying by evening classes for Fellowship, but found it too stren- uous at the present time, but intended doing so in future, and in some instances there was a lack of local education facilities. * The E~itraiice and .4ssessrnent Fees were inadvertently transposed in the circular. [ 1701 Some would be willing to attend an oral or theoretical examination, and to others expense was a difficulty: examination fees were not all-travelling and hotel expenses must be paid, and ths entrance fee and subscription if successful. 760 ( 40%)felt that they wed unable, or doubtful of their ability to produce evidence on which to claim exemption from examination.On the question of fees, 635 (about 35%) demurred. The replies to the section (4)-(Any other reason)-numbered 898 (50%) and were mainly opinions and observations amplifying previous answers. It was clear, however, that the majority of Associates seemed to think that they were unable to entertain the proposal to apply for Fellowship at the present time, having passed to plant control, management and directorship, and being engaged in work no longer involving laboratory practice. A humorist, aetat 64, quoted Schiller’s comment on Science:- “Einem ist sie die hohe, die himmlische Gottin, dem Andern Eine tiichtige Kuh, die ihn mit Butter versorgt.” Reviewing the answers to the circular, it should be stated in the first place that there is nothing new in the idea that the Council desires Associates to qualify for the Fellowship.Those who had not realised the provisions of the Regulations, might have responded at any time to the notice repeated constantly in the JOURNAL AND PRO-CEEDINGS to the effect that the Regulations and forms of application could be obtained from the Registrar; but many frankly confessed that they had not given attention to the matter, and, as the result of the circular, over 150 have since applied for the consideration of their cases. On attaining the Fellowship those who aspire to membership of the Council become eligible for such office, but the enquiry has shown that many Associateswere not aware of, or had not considered, the means whereby they could obtain that privilege.As to the reasons that Associates have not qualified for Fellowship, though some had tried and failed in the examination and others had applied and had been declined or advised to postpone their applications, many referred to war conditions without regard to earlier peace-time opportunities. An encouraging reason, gben in a large number of instances, bears evidence to the fact that many Associates in industry have attained responsible positions as managers and directors. They appear to be successful and satisfied with their progress. Manysuch chemists should be eligible for Fellowship under Regulation (c). On this, however, it was objected, with some justification, that the references to prestige and remunera- tion, in the circular issued by-the Council, might be misleading, in that many Associates had acquired prestige before they applied for the Fellowship. Having achieved a good position, there was, in some instances, no longer the same incentive or ambition to proceed to the Fellowship and little likelihood of material advantage to be gained by doing so; they did not necessarily achieve a high salary because of their Fellowship, but because they had proved their value to their employers or had successfully estab- lished independent practice.Many appreciated that the Fellowship is evidence that, in the judgment of the Council of the Institute, the candidate is worthy of promotion, and such recognition would be to their advantage.Moreover, the remuneration statistics, however they might be interpreted, have continued to show that Fellows have an ad- vantage, age for age, over Associates. Some Associates are engaged in special branches of work, not readily appropriate for examination on the lines defined in the Regulations, but in which they are making successful use of their scientific knowledge and skill. Others are engaged in industrial research from which results of value, new processes or new products, have been evolved, but appear to be not readily disclosed; yet it has often been found possible to’refer applications based upon such evidence of accomplishment to assessors acceptable to the candidate, the employers and the Council.Teachers indicate that their time is so fully occupied that they have little or no opportunity for research, and some suggest that a record of successful teaching should be recognised, especially in cases where the teachers have attained promotion. The suggestion is made that employers should be asked to act as references in con- nexion with applications. (This is already done with the consent of the candidate, and employers are almost invariably willing to support applications, as are also chemists in administrative positions who realise the desirability of encouraging staffs who are doing their best to serve the interests of their concerns.) The comments on fees are of importance, although there appears to be little realis- ation of the effect, of any reduction, on the finances of the Institute.[ 171 1 The fees of the Institute, almost without exception, are lower than. those payable to any other Chartered professional body, although few such Bodies conduct examina- tions involving expenses comparable to those incurred in practical examinations in chemistry, and few, if any, such Bodies do more than the Institute does for its members. It is well known, also that all universities and examining bodies, to meet administrative costs, require the payment of fees for granting exemption from examinations. Manychemists, however, are called upon for far more substantial fees for the assessment of papers for Ph.D. and D.Sc., as also for advancement from B.A. to M.A.without any assessment of records. Comment has been made that university degrees are granted without any annual subscription, while membership of the Institute entails an annual subscription : but the fees for some higher degrees are often equivalent to a life composition and the university does not provide services comparable with those provided by professional institutions. The universities, moreover, are largely subsidised and the Institute has practically no source of income other than the members’ subscriptions. There was also a suggestion that membership of the Institute was sought for the use of the Appointments Register, but the fact may be noted that of 220 candidates elected to the Associateship during the present year, 201 were already employed when they forwarded their applications.Other points raised in the replies and comments received from Associates were referred to by the Policy Committee in its Report to the Council (p. 169). The increase in the roll of members is contributing steadily to the organisation of the profession, and the number of candidates presenting themselves for examination has been maintained and is even increasing in war-time. Local Sections (The Institute is not responsible for the views expressed in papers read or in speeches delivered during discussions.) Belfast and District.-A Meeting was held in the Agricultural Buildings, Elm- wood Avenue, Belfast, on 30th September. Dr. M. H. Hall presided, and there was a good attendance of members.An interesting talk entitled “Recent Developments in Plant Protection” was given by Dr. A. E. Muskett. This was followed by an inspection of specimens and demonstration of apparatus. Birmingham and Midlands.-The Section Committee has lately organised a special effort by the Section as a whole, in support of the Institute’s Benevolent Fund. For this purpose a Dance was held at the Ritz Ballroom, Birmingham, on 3rd Septem- ber, and those who attended had a thoroughly enjoyable evening. Some handsome specimens of “Beetleware,” kindly donated by Mr. T. H. Gant, were presented to the ladies present. Members unable to attend the Dance were invited to purchase“Supporters’ Tickets,” and many did so; others sent donations and eventually the sum of k33 2s.Od. was realised. Altogether some 150 persons contributed to this success, including several members of kindred societies, to whom the Committee is especially grateful. The Committee wishes to express its appreciation of the willing support of the Section members. On 8th October the Section was honoured by a visit from the President, Professor Alex. Findlay. The President received members of the Section and afternoon tea was served. Later, the President delivered an address entitled The Organisation of‘I Chemists and the Profession of Chemistry after the War.” The President said that the subject of the organisation of chemists had been much discussed in recent years, but attention had been focussed on it rather more sharply by the letter of February, 1943, signed by 150 chemists and published in Chemistry and Industry and elsewhere.In 1935 the Chemical Council had been set up with rather limited objectives and had done good work. Many chemists were talking about uni- fication and amalgamation. Some thought the Chemical Society had missed a great opportunity prior to the formation of the Institute 70 years ago. In approaching the problems of unification and amalgamation there were many factors to consider. Some were interested in the science of chemistry and not in the [ 172 1 profession. The Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry were both publishing bodies and, as such, income-tax free; the Institute had to pay tax on its income from investments.This constituted a barrier. A third and, to his mind, an insurmountable difficulty was that the three chartered bodies desired to maintain their individuality and autonomy. He had reached the conclusion that unification was impossible, and in many ways undesirable. The Chemical Council had already furthered the work of co-ordination and he believed that more could be done. It could look after publications of a general character, publish a weekly news journal which could go to all chemists and improve publicity. The Chemical Council might be entrusted with the duty of summoning an annual congress of chemists. This could be a great social event, as well as a scientific one, and it might be arranged to coincide with the annual meetings of the three Chartered Bodies.In addition, the Chemical Council might undertake the co-ordination of Local Sections and simplify the distribution of notices. So far, he had dealt with much of the ground covered by the February letter, but there remained two items which should not be the concern of the Chemical Council. The question of a qualification directed to the maintenance of a high standard of professional competence was the business of the Royal Institute. This was important. The newly-elected Associate received a personal letter from the President urging him to support the publishing societies. Why should not the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry issue similar requests to those qualified to join the Institute ? He would like to see all qualified chemists in the Institute.There was also the matter of social security, and he wanted the Institute to do still more towards protecting the welfare of its members. Bound up with chemical organisation was the question of a joint secretariat. This could only function successfully under a common roof. He favoured a Chemical House in London and in the more important provincial centres. Turning to post-war problems, the President said that persistent efforts would have to be made by the Government, Industry, Universities and Technical Colleges, if we were to keep level with our chief rivals who had been more lavish in their support of research work than we had. He thought a register of scientists would have to be kept after the war and this ought to be in the hands of the professional bodies.The Institute could also do good work in helping to place chemists in suitable occupations after the war. The education and training of chemists was important; recently, a Chemistry Education Advisory Board had been set up on the initiative of the Institute. The education of the scientist must be broadened if he is to play his full part as a citizen. As General Smuts had well said “The world consists not only of electrons and radiations, but also of souls and aspirations. Beauty and holiness are as much aspects of nature as energy and matter.” Bristol and South-Western Counties.-On 7th October, Members of the Bristol and South-Western Counties Section were invited to attend the Jubilee Memorial Lecture given before the Bristol Section of the Society of Chemical Industry.Mr. A. Sanders presided, and a lecture on “Diamond” was delivered by Sir Robert Robertson, K.B.E., F.R.S. East Midlands.-Dr. Clifford Whitworth, Fellow, of Loughborough College, has been appointed Hon. Secretary of the Section in place of Mr. J. Ratcliffe, Fellow, who has been appointed head of the chemistry department of the South-East Essex Technical College, Dagenham. Glasgow and West of Scotland.-On the invitation of the Glasgow Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, members of the Local Section of the Royal Institute attended the first Charles Tennant Memorial Lecture delivered in the Merchants’ Hall, Glasgow, on 1st October, when Brigadier General Sir William Alexander, K.B.E., M.P.gave an address on “Charles Tennant.” Dr. William Cullen presided. Huddersfie1d.-A joint meeting with the Local Section of the Society of Dyers and Colourists was held on 28th September in Fields’ ?fe, Mr. D. Hanson in the Chair. Mr. F. Courtney Harwood gave a lecture entitled Modern Laundering.” There was an excellent attendance of members and friends, including local members of the Launderers’ Association, and a good discussion followed the lecture. Liverpool and North-Western.-A joint meeting was held on 15th September at Reece’s Cafe, Parker Street, Liverpool, under the auspices of the British Association of Chemists, Dr. F. W. Kay in the Chair. [ 1731 An interesting talk on “Problems Affecting the Unity of Chemists” was given by Dr.A. E. Dunstan, President of the Association. The second meeting of the session, organised by the Liverpool Joint Chemistry Committee, was held on 7th October in Reece’s Caf6, Parker Street, Liverpool. Dr. R. A. Morton, the retiring Chairman of the Liverpool and North-Western Section of the Koyal Institute, under whose auspices the meeting was held, welcomed new members of the Institute and remarked that the system of joint meetings which was in operation was working well. He also expressed appreciation of the services of Dr. F. J. Smith, the retiring Honorary Secretary, and the hope that the new Secretary, Mr. H. Weatherall, would have a pleasant term of office. Dr. Morton then introduced the new Chairman of the Section, referring to the fact that it was the second occasion Dr.F. J. Brislee had held that office. Dr. Brislee, whose career had at first been academic and later industrial, had shown great interest in the British Non-Ferrous Metals Association, and Dr. Morton acknowledged his indebtedness to Dr. Brislee in connexion with spectrographic analysis of metals and a gift of standard-ised samples. Dr. F. J. Brislee gave an address entitled “The Industry of Polymers and Macro- molecules.” At the conclusion of the meeting the wish wrqs expressed that the address would be published in full. At the close of his address Dr. Brislee referred to developments that were taking place in the profession of chemistry, or more generally, of science.Early discussions on the possibility for the closing of the profession were referred to. Of recent years factors had developed which indicated that a wider unity was desirable to cover the interests of scientific workers generally. Such a unified profession of science would be an extremely powerful organisation. It was clear that science workers were in the ascendant and in the future would play a large part in the production and in the economy of raw materials. An interesting discussion followed, in which Messrs. R. A. Morton, J. Brierley,G. E. Knowles, E. Gabriel Jones and others participated. South Wales.--A meeting was held on 25th September at Plas-y-&lor Club House, Burry Port, by the kind invitation of the President, Mr.S. F. Hines, who presided. Mr. R. 0. Davies, Head of the Department of Agricultural Chemistry, University College, Aberystwyth, read a paper on “The R81e of the Chemist in the Post’War Development of Agriculture in South Wales.” The subject WAS further discussed in an address by Mr. J. L. Lloyd, Principal of Pibwrlwyd Farm Institute. This was the first meeting of the Section to be held in Carmarthenshire and it was very successful. It is hoped to pake arrangements for further meetings to be held in that county. A meeting was held jointly with the Swansea Branch of the Association of Scientific Workers on 16th October at University College, Swansea, Mr. E. Thornton presiding. Mr. G. E. Coates delivered a lecture on “The Study or Metallic Corrosion,” with experiments to illustrate the case of hydrogen ion discharge and the effect of impurities in metals, the importance of avoiding even very small quantities of iron and nickel in magnesium alloys, the phenomenon of differential aeration in reaction with oxygen, and the action of inhibitors.The lecture was followed by a discussion in which Sir Robert Robertson, Dr. S. G. Clarke and Messrs. F. G. Willson, A. Brandt, J. S. Caswell and M. L. Hughes participated. South Yorkshire.-A highly successful Exhibition and Joint Meeting were held on 9th October at the University, St. George’s Square, Sheffield. The participating bodies included the Microchemical Club, the Sheffield Metallurgical Association and the South Yorkshire Section of the Institute.A comprehensive range of modern microchemical apparatus was displayed at the Department of Applied Science, and the afternoon was devoted to a Symposium on Microchemical Analysis, at which the , following papers were presented :-“ Some Applications of the Absorptiometric Methods to the Microchemical Analysis of Metal Alloys,” by C. Whalley; “A Review of Methods for Micro-titration,” by Dr. G. H. Wyatt; “Micro-analysis with the Polarograph,” by J. T. Stock; “Mercuric Oxycyanide as a Microchemical Reagent,” by G. Ingram; “A Rapid Method of Micro Gas Analysis,” by Dr. W. B. Price; and “The Teaching of Microchemistry,” by Dr. Cecil M. Wilson. Mr. E. J. Vaughan, Fellow, Chairman of the Section, presided. The meeting concluded with a few remarks from the Chairman, and members of the audience unanimously agreed that a suitable organisation for the furtherance of Micro-chemistry was highly desirable.In this connection, interested persons are asked to address enquiries or suggestions to Mr. R. Belcher, FeZZow, 85, Bannerdale Road, Sheffield, 7. E 1743 SUMMARIES OF LECTURES The Rble of the Chemist in the Post-War Development of Agriculture in South Wales 3By R. 0. DAVIES, M.Sc., F.I.C. [South Wales Section, 26th September, 1943.1 There is already a close relationship between chemistry, the agricultural industry and other industries; and the closer and more intimate this becomes the greater will be the chemist’s contribution to post-war agriculture. The increased use of young leys and fodder crops for milk production will awaken a greater interest in soil fertility.It is reasonable to believe that the post-war period will see a rapid development on the technical side in the manufacture of fertilisers, and an increased efficiency in their distribution and placement. The correct manuring of vegetables and of fruit crops will have an important bearing on the development of market gardening in the area. Where industrial processes are carried out in close proximity to the farm there should be a greater appreciation of the chemist’s endeavours to control noxious fumes and poisonous effluents. Chemists may also be able to convert some of the accumulated waste of mines or industries that encroach on agricultural land into products of direct value to agriculture.There will be a need in post-war days for unfettered field experiments. More knowledge will be required as to the plant associations which will provide the greatest nutriment per unit area both from pastures and fodder crops under the prevailing conditions. There will be ever increasing opportunities for the chemist in co-operation with the plant breeder, the agronomist, the mycologist, the entomologist, the veterinary officer and the agricultural engineer. One question worthy of the chemist’s attention in post-war days will be that of nitrogen fixation. The fixation effected by wild white clover and red clover is of great economic importance in this part of the country and will become still more so as new strains are developed by the Welsh Plant Breeding Station. There is still much to be learned regarding the mechanism of the reaction and the best way of utilising artificially fixed nitrogen without interfering with natural fixation.The conservation of grass and fodder crops to give more winter milk of a higher nutritive value will also demand further attention. The development of an efficient drier at a moderate price should provide a marked impetus to the production of dried grass of high protein and carotene content. Ensilage will still remain as an important alternative to grass drying, particularly under weather conditions extremely favourable to growth. A wide field will open to the dairy chemist in post-war days not only in increasing the efficiency and flexibility of factory production, but also in improving the quality of the products to stimulate increased demand.The secrets still to be discovered in that intricate region where the soil, the plant and the animal interact are legion. If chemists become half as enthusiastic with soil utilisation as they have been with coal, no one can predict the path they may travel and the adventures they will meet. The Study of Metallic Corrosion BY G. E. COATES,M.A., B.Sc. [South Wales Section, 16th October, 1943.1 The parallel between the standard electrode potentials of the more important metals (from gold to magnesium) and the historical period of their introduction into common use serves to illustrate the general tendency for metals to revert to the oxidised state.The aim of corrosion research is to reduce the rate of this spontaneous oxidation, and can best be achieved by a study of the factors which influence the rates of these processes. Corrosion study is a kinetic aspect of electrochemistry, and is beset with difficulties of a type familiar to those who study systems not in equilibrium. A remarkable feature of corrosion research is the wide variety of topics which have become involved, particularly during the last ten or twenty years. This is apparent in [ 175 1 the current interpretation of the direct oxidation of metals, a subject so carefully studied by Dr. Vernon and his colleagues. The rates of oxidation are controlled largely by the movement of metal ions and electrons through tce oxide film.The peculiar properties of aluminium in this respect have been shown by Professor Mott to be due to the unusual resistance of the film to electron transfer, the thickness of the film being determined by the distance from the metal surface to which electrons can penetrate in appreciable concentration by the tunnel effect. Corrosion in aqueous solutions can best be discussed on the basis of modern views on the nature of metals. Positive metal ions generally have a high tendency to pass from the metallic to the solvated state; as this tendency asserts itself electrons remain behind in the metal, which thereby acquires a negative charge relative to the solution- a state of affairs which restrains the further dissolution of metal.Corrosion can pro- ceed only if the metal loses this negative charge; this is possible by metallic connection with another metal as in a cell, by the discharge of positive ions in solution (commonly hydrogen ions), or by reaction with oxygen forming negative ions or in the case of bacterial corrosion by reaction with oxidising bacterial products. September Examinations, 1943 Report of the Board of Examiners Examinations were held as under :-For the AssociateshiQ in General Chemistry. Entered Passed. At the Institute,-in the Laboratories of the University of London, South Kensington, and at the Royal Technical College, Glasgow; theoretical papers being also taken at a number of local centres. In the week commencing Monday, 13th September .. .. 59 31* For the Fellowship. Except where otherwise stated, the examinations were held at the Institute and in the Laboratories of the University of London, South Kensington, in the week commencingMonday, 20th September. Branch C. Organic Chemistry .. .. .. .. .. 5 1 Branch E. The Chemistry, including Microscopy, of Food and Drugs and of Water .. .. .. .. .. .. 9 4t Branch G. Industrial Chemistry. With special reference to Paper Technology. Under the supervision of Dr. H. Ainsworth Harrison, at Bolton, Lancs. I 1 With special reference to Sulphuric Acid and Fertilisers .. 1 ot Branch H. General Analytical Chemistry .. .. .. .. 3 2 Special examination in Metallurgy and the Analysis of Iron and Steel.At the Royal School of Mines .. .. .. 1 1 79 40 * Three candidates completed their examination by satisfying the Examiners in parts of the examination in which they had previously failed. t One candidate failed to satisfy the examiners only in the written papers. The following exercises were given :-Examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry MONDAY, 13th SEPTEMBER, 1943: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Answer FIVE questions only. Answer concisely and to the point. Give formulae and equations where possible.) 1. Discuss the mode of combination of water in hydrates. Give a short critical account of the methods available for the determination of water in a salt hydrate. 2. Give, with examples, a concise account of the factors which (a)accelerate, (b) retard, chemical reactions.1761 3. Discuss the significance of the terms “molecular weight” and “atomic weight” in the light of .modern theory. 4. Give an account of the preparation and properties of the oxides of the halogen elements. 5. Describe and explain the use of the following reagents in analytical chemistry: (a)8-hydroxyquinoline, (b) diphenylamine, (c) potassium iodate, (d) dichlorofluorescein. 6. Write a short essay on modern views on acids and bases. 7. Describe the methods employed for the industrial production of iron and of nickel from natural sources, commenting on the chemical reactions involved. 2 to 5 p.m. (Answer FIVE questions only. Answer concisely and to the point. Give formulae and equations where possible.) 1.Discuss the main types of chemical linkages and explain what is meant by the phenomenon of resonance. 2. How may TWO of the following quantities be measured in the laboratory: (a)refractive index, (b) surface tension, (c) electrode potential ? Indicate the significance and use of the measurements you describe. 3. What is a colloidal electrolyte ? How have electrochemical studies contributed to our knowledge of this class of electrolyte? 4. Discuss the law of photochemical equivalence and the kinetics of photochemical reactions. 5. Write an account of EITHER (a) the osmotic pressure of solutions, OR (b) the stereochemistry of co-ordination compounds. 6. Describe the preparation, properties and uses of FOUR of the following com- pounds :-(a) ammonium persulphate, (b) iodic acid, (c) uranyl nitrate, (d) sodium hypophosphite, (e) ammonium molybdate, (f)nitrosyl chloride.7. How would you determine : (a)nitrogen in a specimen of magnesium containing a trace of magnesium nitride, (b) chloride and bromide in a solution of their sodium salts ? TUESDAY, 14th SEPTEMBER, 1943: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Answer FOUR questions only. Answer concisely and to the point. Gice forn?ulae and equations where possible.) 1. By means of equations indicate one CONVENIENT method of preparing each of the following compounds :-(a) an aliphatic ketone, (b) an aromatic ketone, (c) an aliphatic cc-diketone, (d) an aliphatic p-diketone, (e) an aliphatic y-diketone, (f)an aromatic a-diketone, (g) a cyclic ketone, (h)an unsymmetrical disubstituted acetone.2. Outline the reactions by which phenol may be CONVENIENTLY converted into (a)anisole (the methyl ether), (b)pnitrosophenol, (c) p-aminophenol, (d)salicylic acid, (e) salicylaldehyde, (f)cyclohexanol, (g) adipic acid. 3. Describe the methods of preparation, uses and structures of aromatic diazo- 4. Give the evidence, analytical and synthetical, on which the structure of ONE of compounds. the following compounds is based :-(a) indigo; (b)glucose; (c)piperine; (d)papaverine;(e) uric acid. 5. Write an essay on ONE of the topics:- (i) The Walden Inversion; (ii) Optical activity due to the presence of nitrogen 6. Describe typical examples of the uses of the following compounds for synthetical in organic compounds ; (iii) Steric hindrance.purposes :-(i) The Grignard reagent ; (ii) Phenylhydrazine ; (iii) Chloroacetyl chloride ; (iv) Phthalimide. 2 to 3.30 p.m. Translation from French and German technical literature. WEDATESDAY, 15th SEPTEMBER, 1943: 10 a.m. to 4.30 P.m. Characterise, as completely as time allows, compounds (A) and (B). (A = anthranilic acid or benzal-p-tohidine ; B = isopropyl chloroacetate or n-butyl formate.) [ 177 1 THURSDAY, 16th SEPTEMBER, 1943: 10 a.m. to .4.30 p.na. Identify as far as possible the two components of the mixture (C) and state the approximate proportions in which they are present. (C = p-cresol and hexahydro- p-cresol 1 : 1, or phenol and cyclohexanol 1 : 1.) FRIDAY, 17th SEPTEMBER, 1943: 10 a.m.to 4.30 p.m. 1. The solution (D) contains sodium and mercuric chlorides. Determine gravi- metrically the total chloride and the mercury as the complex salt Hg[Zn(CNS),]. Express your results as grams of chlorine and grams of mercury per litrg of solution (D). This exercise may be completed to-morrow. 2. Examine the solid (E) and ascertain its constituents. (E = borax and basic lead chromate.) This exercise must be completed to-day. SATURDAY, 18th SEPTEMBER, 1943: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s Exercise 1. 2. Determine the purity of the given sample (F) of potassium ferricyanide. The reaction between ferricyanides and potassium iodide is a reversible one : 2K,[Fe(CN),] -t 2KI + 2K,[Fe(CN),] + I, but proceeds quantitatively from left to right if the ferrocyanide ions are removed from the sphere of action as the very sparingly soluble potassium zinc ferrocyanide : 2K4[Fe(CN),] + 3ZnS0, = K,Zn,[Fe(CN),], + 3K,S04.Standard sodium thiosulphate solution (0.1N) is provided. Express your result as a percentage by weight of pure potassium ferricyanide, K,Fe(CN), in the solid (F). 3. Determine the percentage purity of the given sample (G) of potassium ferro- cyanide. Make use of the fact that ferrocyanides are quantitatively oxidised by chloramine-T in weakly acid solution :-CH,.C,H,.SO,NClNa + 2H+ + 2[Fe(CN),] - - --= CH,.C,H,.SO,.NH, + NaCl + 2[Fe(CN),J - - -.Standard sodium arsenite solution (0.1N) is provided and approximately decinormal chloramine-T solution. 4. Identify the compound (H). (H = Sodium bismuthate.) Examination for the Fellowship Branch C : Organic Chemistry MONDAY, 20th SEPTEMBER, 1943: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Answer THREE questions only. Answer concisely and to the point. Give formulae and equations where necessary.) 1. Indicate convenient methods of preparing FIVE of the following reagents and typical examples of the uses of all nine:- hydrazine ; (d) semicarbazide hydrochloride ; (e) phenylisocyanate ; (f)methyleneiodide; (g) aluminium isopropoxide (in solution) ; (h)diazomethane; (2) maleic anhydride. 2. What reactions can take place, and under what experimental conditions, between the members of the following pairs of compounds :-(a)o-nitrotoluene and ethyl oxalate ; (b) 2.4-dinitrotoluene and p-nitrosodi- methylaniline ; (c) acetaldehyde and ethyl alcohol ; (d) benzaldehyde and sodium cyanide ; (e) phthalic anhydride and benzene; (f) resorcinol and nitrous acid ; (g)phthalimide and sodium hypochlorite ? 3.Outline and discuss the evidence for the modern formulation of glucose and fructose. 4. Describe some of the more important applications of catalysis in organic chemistry. 5. Write an essay on ONE of the following topics:- (i) The Walden Inversion; (ii) Substitution in the benzene ring; (iii) Chromato- graphic adsorption. [ 1781 (a) methyl sulphate;(!)p-bromophenylhydrazine ; (c) 2-4-dinitrophenyl- 2 to 5 p.m.(Answer THREE questions only. Answer concisely and to the point. Give formulae and equations where possible.) 1. Give an account of the chemistry of quinoline and isoquinoline with particular reference to their structure. 2. Outline the methods of preparation and properties of ONE important group of dyestuffs. 3. Describe the methods of preparation of some solvents which have in recent yearsbecome available for industrial purposes. 4. Outline the methods available for the detection and estimation of the following groups :-(a)hydroxyl, (b)methoxyl, (c) keto, (d)amino, (e)ethylenic, (f)keto-methylene.5. A neutral compound A (C,,H,,O,N) is converted by hot alkali to an unsaturated acid B (C,,H,,O,) and a base C (C,H,,N) ;C is saturated and with nitrous acid yields a yellow compound (C,H,,ON,).By oxidation with dilute permanganate B yields racemic acid and an aldehyde D (C,H,O,) which readily undergoes further oxidation to an acid E (C,H,04). Hydrochloric acid at 160"C. converts E into another acid F(C,H,O,) which, when heated with soda lime, gives catechol (C,H,O,). Suggest a probable structure for A and outline a method for its synthesis. TUESDAY, 21st SEPTEMBER, 1943: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Identify compound (A) and from it prepare four crystalline derivatives or decompo- sition products. (A =n butyl phthalate.) WEDNESDAY, 22nd SEPTEMBER, 1943: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Separate, other than by distillation, the two components of the mixture (B).Identify them, if possible, and prepare one crystalline derivative of each.State the approximate composition of (B). (B = ethylbenzene and cyclohexylamine 2 : 1, or cyclohexene and cyclohexylamine.) THURSDAY and FRIDAY, 23rd and 24th SEPTEMBER, 1943: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Complete yesterday's exercise. 2. Characterise as completely as possible compounds (C), (D), (E), (F). (C = o-benzoylbenzoic acid; D = chloramine-T; E =phenyl carbonate or p-cresyl carbonate; F = acetyldiphenylamine, or methylacetanilide.) Branch E: The Chemistry, including Microscopy, of Food and Drugs, and of Water MOXDAY, 20th SEPTEMBER, 1943: 10 a.m. to 11.30 a.m. 1. What conditions govern the sale of Special Designations of Milk? Describe the appropriate methods of testing such milks.2. How is ascorbic acid estimated in, say, canned fruit; how would you deal with sulphur dioxide and dehydroascorbic acid ? 3. A water from a shallow well in a country district gave the following results. Report upon its suitability as a domestic supply to a private house and give reasons for your opinions. Parts per 100,000. Chloride (CI) .. .. .. .. .. .. 13.2 Sulphate (SO,) .. .. .. .. .. 5.5 Nitrite .. .. .. .. .. .. . . Faint trace Nitrate (N) . . .. .. .. .. .. 2.10 Free Ammonia , . .. .. .. .. .. 0.001 Albuminoid Ammonia .. .. .. . . 0.008 Oxygen absorbed from Permanganate at 80" F.-in 20 minutes .. .. .. .. . . 0.018 in 4 hours .. .. .. .. .. 0-030 Total Solids dried at 212" F. .. .. .. .. 75.0 Loss on Ignition .... .. .. .. 15.6 Total Hardness .. .. .. .. .. 17.7 Lead and Copper . . .. .. .. . . Absent Zinc . . .. .. .. .. .. .. Trace (0.05)pH Value .. .. .. .. .. .. 6.6 Number of Coli-aerogenes bacteria per 100 ml. .. 2 [ 179 I 11.30 a.m. to 1 9.m. (Only THREE questions to be answered.) 1. Discuss, with examples, the general principles of biological assay. How is the control of substances which are biologically assayed effected in this country ? 2. Giqe an account of the pharmacological actions and therapeutic uses of quinine. Describe the properties of the substances which are used to replace quinine. 3. Name some anthelmintic drugs and discuss their special uses. 4. Write concise notes on the pharmacology and therapeutics of (a) benzyl benzoate, (b)colocynth, (c) physostigmine, (d) sulphur.2 to 5 p.m. (Only FIVE questions to be answered.) 1. How would you determine :-(a)Zinc in edible gelatine; (b) Nitrogen trichloride in flour; (c) Nitrate in canned beef; (d) The original gravity of beer; (e) Cineole in oil of eucalyptus ? 2. What methods are available for the determination of oxidative spoilage in edible fats ? What factors influence the rate of such spoilage ? 3. Give an account of the chemistry of the hen’s egg. 4. What is meant by ionisable iron in foods, and how may it be estimated ? 5. What are the factors which may make a water corrosive to metals; how would you test such a water and what treatment could be recommended ? 6.Describe the chemical and microscopical characteristics of mustard. What unusual characters might be observed at the present time ? TUESDAY, 21st SEPTEMBER, 1943: 10 a.m. to 5 9.m. 1. Estimate the phytic acid phosphorus in the meal (M). 2. Report upon the suitability of the Gelatine (G) for edible purposes. Exercise 2 may be completed to-morrow. WEDNESDAY, 22nd SEPTEMBER, 1943: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s Exercise 2. 2. Examine the flour (F) for added substances (vitamin B, is not included) and determine their amount. THURSDAY, 23rd SEPTEMBER, 1943: 10 a.m. to 5 p.ii.2 1. The bottle of medicine was dispensed from the following prescription; check its accuracy :-Sod. Salicyl. .. .. .. gr. 10 Sod.Bicarb. .. .. . . gr. 15 Sod. Iodid. . . .. . . gr. 5 Inf. Quass. . . .. .. m. 15 Aq .. .. .. ad fl. oz. 2. Estimate the ascorbic acid and sulphur dioxide in the fruit juice and examine it for prohibited dyestuffs. Exercise 2 may be completed to-morrow. FRIDAY, 24th SEPTEMBER, 1943: 10 a.m. to 5 P.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s Exercise 2. 2. This cocoa powder has been fumigated with hydrogen cyanide. Test it for residual HCN. SATURDAY, 25th SEPTEMBER, 1943: 10 a.m. to 6 9.m. Reports on microscopical examinations must be mcompanied by annotated sketches. 1. Examine the powders (A), (B), (C) and (D) microscopically, and report whether 2. Determine the reducing sugar in the urine (E), and examine the specimen for they are correctly labelled.other pathological constituents. 3. Identify the microscopical preparations (F),(G), (H), (I), (J) and (K). c 1801 Branch G: Industrial Chemistry, with special reference to Paper Technology MONDAY, 20th SEPTEMBER, 1943: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FOURquestions to be answered; at least one to be taken from Section A and Section B.) SECTIONA. 1, Write a concise essay on EITHER “The scope of modern investigations into the properties and uses of the various types of cast iron” OR .“The choice of constructional materials for chemical plant in relation to their influence upon the course of the reactions to be carried out in such plant.” 2. EITHER give an account of a process and plant for the recovery of caustic soda from “black liquor” resulting from the treatment of Esparto pulp; OR discuss the factors which have to be taken into account in deciding upon a suitable location for an Esparto pulp mill, with special reference to water supplies and effluent treatment.3. Discuss the chemical and economic considerations which would affect your choice in selecting metallic or oxide catalysts for use in (a) the contact process for sulphuric acid, AND (b) the production of synthetic nitric acid from ammonia. 4. Describe, with sketches, the type of equipment you would propose for .trans- porting the materials described in TWO of the following cases:- (a) Superphosphate from dens to bulk stores. (b) Sulphuric acid from road tank to overhead storage tank.(c) Wood chips from a chipping machine to a sulphite digester. (d) Coal from trucks to overhead storage bins. (e) A material containing poisonous constituents such as lead or arsenic from a pulveriser to a storage chamber. SECTIONB. 5. A factory is installed with steam-raising equipment comprising three Lancashire boilers, super-heaters and economisers, and produces 30,000 lb. of steam at 100 lb./sq. in. per hour. Write a short report on the method of control and the instruments you would instal in order to ensure that the plant is operated with the maximum economy in fuel. 6. Indicate in TWO only of the following cases the materials you consider suitable for the construction of the plant involved and comment briefly on its general arrange- ments and method of fabrication :-(a) Digesters for the production of cellulose by the sulphite process.(b) A 10-ton storage vessel for hydrochloric acid. (c) Centrifuging ammonium sulphate crystals from saturators. (d) Diffusion battery for preparing tannin extract. (e) Recovery of nitric acid from a spent acid denitration plant. 7. Outline the nature of the arrangements you would provide in order to meet A.R.P. requirements in connection EITHER with a large plant working three shifts in the production of a mixed nitration acid of low water content, OR with a plant producing nitrocellulose for use as a propellant explosive. 8. EITHERenumerate and discuss the legal requirements (other than those referred to in Question 7 above) of a works carrying out heavy chemical processes, OR outline a cost accounting system suitable for a works producing by batch methods chemicals (including intermediates) for sale.2 to 5 p.m. (Not more than FOUR questions should be attempted.) 1. Write notes on :-(a) the proposed use of sodium chlorite as a bleaching agent for papermaking cellulose; (b) the chemistry of condenser tissue manufacture; and (c) fluorescence as an aid to scientific control in paper technology. 2. Discuss the factors, technical, commercial, and economic, which are likely to affect the widespread utilisation of cereal straws for paper- and board-making in Great Britain, both immediately after the termination of the present war in Europe and later.3. Write an essay on the application of plastic materials to paper, both as impreg- 4. Write an account of the chemistry of lignin, including our present knowledge of nating and as coating media. Give some account of the essential characteristics of the products obtained. c 1813 its configuration and reactions, the methods employed for separating it from cellulose in unbleached wood pulp, and its potential applications, OR Describe the investigations carried out during the past fifteen years or so with the object of clarifying, in terms of cellulose composition and configuration and changes in fibre structure, our picture of what happens during the beating process. 5. Describe in detail thb large-scale production of papermaking “stuff” (up to, but not including, beating) from the following :-(a) wheat straw, for the manufacture of straw bond papers; (b) jute bagging, for the manufacture of wrapping papers; and (c) cotton linters, for the manufacture of blotting papers.You are required to include particulars of the quantities of chemicals used, and the approximate yield at each stage. 6. Discuss the physical and chemical implications of the following statements, indicating whether, in your view, they are wholly true in fact :-(a) Machine-glazed paper is more difficult to engine-size than Fourdrinier paper ; (b) The sizing costs of a paper mill whose process water is hard are higher than those of a similar type of mill where the water supply is soft; and (c) The efficiency of a vegetable mucilage in effecting the deflocculation of long-fibred papermaking pulps is a function of its “stringiness ” or tendency to “break long.” TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 21st to 24th SEPTEMBER, 1943: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.each day. (Where possible the evidence you obtain should be left in the form of specimens, and carefully labelled.) 1. Identify as far as possihle the colouring matters and the fibrous constituents present in the commercial paper samples marked (A), (B) and (C). (A = unbleached wrapping paper containing three dyes; B = pigment-tinted straw bond; C = friction glazed black dyed with logwood, copper sulphate and potassium dichromate.) 2. Analyse chemically and microscopically paper sample (D).3. Report quantitatively on the experimental sample of paper-making size (E).(E = gum resin soap containing an unsaponifiable petroleum extract and an emulsified wax.) 4. Report qualitatively on the coated gaper sample (F). Branch G: Industrial Chemistry, with special reference to Sulphuric Acid and Fertilisers MONDAY, 20th SEPTEMBER, 1943: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (See page 181.) (FIVEquestions to be attempted, of which ONE must be from Part I, TWO fvom Part 11 and TWO from Part Ill.) PARTI. 1. Describe in detail the effect of varying burner gas strength and volume and nitrous vitriol strength and volume on the output and efficiency of a Chamber Sulphuric Acid Plant. Give an account of one of the intensive systems of manufacturing B.0.T’.explaining the theoretical basis of the processes involved. 2. What takes place during the curing of superphosphate ? How is this influenced by the rock phosphate used and by the acidity of the mix? Illustrate by equations what happens if ammonia is added to superphosphate. PART11. 3. What are the factors causing the formation of a sulphuric acid mist? Describe in detail a mechanical and an electrical method of removing such a mist. 4. Discuss critically the various methods of concentrating sulphuric acid and indicate the limitations to their use. 5. Give a diagrammatic flowsheet for the production of both R.O.V. and oleum from either sulphur or pyrites. What other raw materials are available for concentrated sulphuric acid manufacture and under what conditions can they be employed ? [ 182 1 PART111.6. Give a detailed description of one continuous method of manufacturing super- phosphate. What developments in this direction can you foresee ? 7. \%’hat do you know about the manufacture of “Double” (or “Triple”) super- phosphate? Contrast the Landskrona and the Dorr methods of filtering calcium sulphate from phosphoric acid solution. 8. Write an essay on ONE of the following subjects:- (a) The granulation of fertilisers; (b) The introduction of minor elements into fertilisers; (c) The role of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the soil. TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 21st to 24th SEPTEMBER, 1943: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day.1. Examine the sample of acid sold as accumulator acid and determine whether it is suitable for this purpose. 2. Determine ammonia, potash and total P,O, in the fertiliser sample, according to the Fertiliser and Feeding Stuffs Regulations. The stated composition of the fertiliser is :-. 15 per cent. K,O. 12 per cent. P,O,. 12 per cent. Nitrogen. Is the sample within the tolerance prescribed by the Regulations ? domment upon the tolerances which the Regulations allow, and also on the official methods of analysis. 3. .Determine sulphur, copper, zinc, and, if time permits, arsenic, in the sample of pyrites. Branch H: General Analytical Chemistry MONDAY, 20th SEPTEMBER, 1943: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Answer FOUR questions, including either No.1 or No. 2.) 1. What methods are available for the determination of organic reducing com- pounds? Give some indication of the applicability of the reactions you describe. 2. Write a critical account of the determination of halogens (including fluorine) in organic compounds, and give practical details, either micro or macro, for one of the processes to which you refer. 3. Write an essay on the poly-acids and heteropoly-acids which are of use in analytical chemistry. 4. Discuss the determination of pH in a dilute aqueous solution by means of :-(a)The quinhydrone electrode; (b) The grass electrode; (c) Indicators. Your answer should include fundamental theory and an appreciation of possible sources of error. 5. Explain the terms “specific” and “selective” reagent.Discuss with examples 6. What errors are particularly associated with volumetric analysis ? How may the use of masking reactions to enhance the specificity of reagents. they be assessed, and how minimised in adapting a volumetric process to the micro- scale. 7. Describe the reagents used to bring refractory materials into solution. How would you attack the following:- Sintered alumina; stannic oxide ; spinel (MgOAl,O,) ; zirconia refractorybrick; anhydrous ferric sulphate ; tantalite ? 2 to 5 p.w (Answer FOUR questions.) 1. Indicate briefly how you would determine SIX of the following substances. The substance to be determined is present in small amounts (less than 1 per cent.) in each case :-(a)Nitrobenzene in aniline; (b) ,%naphthol in naphthalene; (c) Formic acid in acetic acid; (d)Furfural in ethyl alcohol; (e) Methyl alcohol in ethyl alcohol; (f)Phenol in cyclohexanol; (g) Aniline in dimethylaniline ; (h)Glycerol in glycol.2. Critically discuss the use of EITHER dithizone OR 8-hydroxyquinoline in inorganic 3. Outline a scheme for the complete analysis of an alloy of the Cu, Ni, A1 type; 4. Write an essay on distillation processes in inorganic analysis. 5. Describe the determination of NO, in-analysis. indicate any modification if the presence of beryllium is suspected. [ 1831 (a) Mixed nitration acid; (b) Chile saltpetre; (c) River water. Indicate’ any likely sources of error and also the precision expected.6. Discuss the analytical chemistry of Tin OR Vanadium OR Mercury. 7. Unless suitable precautions are taken the following determinations are liable to error. Discuss briefly the errors and their prevention in FOUR of the cases given:- (a) Wijs’ method for iodine values; (b) The determination of unsaponifiable matter in waxes; (c) The determination of K,O, e.g. in fertilisers; (d) The determination of ash in coal; (e) The determination of water in clays; (f)The determination of phosphorus in steels; (g) The determination of sulphur in pyrites. TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 21st to 24th SEPTEMBER] 1943: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. (A) is a sample of a polyhydroxy alcohol. Determine-hydroxyl content; acid value; reducing substances; water; and ash and make a qualitativeexamination of the ash.2. Make an analysis, as complete as time will permit, of sample (B). (B = Witherite.) 3. Determine copper, sodium and iron in the lead alloy (C). Metallurgy of Iron and Steel MONDAY, 20th SEPTEMBER, 1943: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. (Only FOUR questions to be attempted. Answer brie-fly and to the point.) 1. Write a short essay on ONE of the following subjects:- (a) Modern views on valency; (b) Inter-metallic compounds. 2. Pure iron is heated to 1650’ C. in a non-active crucible under a maintained oxygen-rich atmosphere. Assuming that balanced conditions are attained between the liquid phases only, describe the progressive changes in the constitution of each liquid which will occur during the progress of the heat.If, after some time, the supply of oxygen to the atmosphere is stopped and equilibrium is attained between gas, slag and metal phases, what changes in the constitution of each phase will result from the addition of increasing quantities of each of the following: (a) CaO; (b) SO,; (c)MnO? 3. What reactions are involved in the control of the sulphur and phosphorus content of steel in the various ferrous refining processes? Explain how, and to what extent, control of these reactions is maintained. 4. Give a general review of modern iron blast-furnace practice, indicating how recent improvements and modifications in plant and methods of operation have been developed. 5. “The intensity of hardening in steel which has been rapidly cooled from above the A, transformation point mainly results from the carbon content.The ease and uniformity of hardening are more dependent upon the amount of any special element, or elements, present.” Pi-. . !*his statement with particular reference to the effects produced by the LI (iulbluii of increasing quantities of nickel and/or chromium on the critical cooling velocity of steel. 6. Give an account of the developments in open-hearth practice and construction which concern the transfer of heat to the furnace charge. Explain how these develop- ments effect fuel economy and furnace efficiency. 7. “Three factors oppose the rapid attainment of stable equilibrium in metal- lurgical processes-(a) The slow rates of diffusion within the metal and slag phases; (b) the limited area of contact between metal and slag; and (c) the oxidising influence of the furnace atmosphere.” Show that this statement is correct by reference to the effect of slag composition on the rate of refinement of the charge in any metallurgical process with which you are familiar.[ 184 1 2 to 5 p.m. (Not more than FOUR questions to be attempted.) 1. Write a short essay on ONE of the following subjects:- (a) The Spekker Photo-Electric Absorptiometer ; (b) Potentiometric methods in analysis. 2. How would you make an accurate determination of silicon in:- (a) Ferro-silicon aluminium; (b) A high silicon alloy; (c) Refined metallic aluminium ? 3. Outline a scheme suitable for the complete analysis of a sample of ferro-columbium. How would you determine phosphorus in the following:- (a) Stainless steel ; (b) Phosphor-bronze ; (c) Phosphor-copper ? 5.How would you carry out the complete analysis of a sample of magnesium metal ? 6. Review, critically, the methods used for the thermal analysis of alloys, describing in your answer the precautions which are adopted to ensure reliable results. 7. Describe the various micrographical constituents which may be obtained in steel and the methods by which they are produced. TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 21st to 24th SEPTEMBER, 1943: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. So far as time permits, make complete analyses of the samples given:- (a) Alloy steel; (b) Light alloy; (c) Basic slag.EXAMINATIONSTHE ASSOCIATESHIPFOR : Inorganic and Physical Chemistry.-With a few notable exceptions the general quality of the work in the theoretical papers was not very high, although the questions gave good scope for well informed answers. Many candidates failed to come to grips with the subject. The questions dealing with physico-chemical topics were better done than those demanding factual knowledge. Some excellent work was done in the practical examination and there were many papers of high standard. The exercise which gave most difficdty was that involving the determinatiori of chloride in the presence of mercury. The chloride can only be accurately determined when the mercury is completely removed. Zinc or precipitation by alkali removes the mercury incompletely and these methods are not satisfactory. The most reliable method is to use hydrogen sulphide.Organic Theory.-The number of ill-prepared candidates was rather high. Students should realise the necessity of possessing a good grounding in the general principles of organic chemistry before entering for this examination. Scrappy factual knowledge and a cursory and disjointed acquaintance with some of the more salient theoretical principles are by no means sufficient. A real understanding of fundamental principles is necessary, together with the ability to appreciate their application and relevance in particular cases. Organic Practical.-The way in which the practical exercises were carried out sug-gested incomplete training in a number of cases.The problems were quite straight- forward and some candidates solved them readily and well within the time. A slavish following of the procedure set out in cram books was much in evidence, e.g. “the given substance is a liquid and therefore probably not a carbohydrate” was solemnly written out in at least two scripts. There is again evidence that tables of melting points and boiling points are being consulted much too early in the examinations, and it may not be out of place to quote one instance of the unwisdom of this method of carrying out a practical investigation. Preliminary tests showed a candidate that his phenolic compound was free from halogen. Later on, having determined the b.p. of the phenol, he consulted his tables and was led to conclude that the compound was o-bromophenol. He then made a second test for halogen and reported “slight trace of halogen, insoluble in ammonia; concluded that bromide was present.” He proceeded to prepare what he believed to be tribromophenol and found its m.p.“rather high.” So great, however, was his obsession, that he still “concluded that the component was o-bromophenol.” The substance was p-cresol. Translations.-Generally, these were quite satisfactory. [ 185 1 EXAMINATIONTHE FELLOWSHIP:FOR Branch C, Organic Chemistry.-The unsuccessful candidates reached a standard little higher than might be expected from candidates for the Associateship; they betrayed weakness of grasp of the subject and lack of depth in reading.In the practical exercises the results were even more disappointing; the work of one candidate only being creditable. It seems clear that four of the candidates had obtained insufficient experience in the characteristic operations of practical Organic Chemistry and even less in the inter- pretation of results. Aspirants for the Fellowship are expected to possess much more detailed knowledge of the principles of modern Organic Chemistry and to be well practised in laboratory technique. Branch E, the Chemistr-y, including Microscopy, of Food and Drugs and of Water.-It must be emphasised that candidates are expected to present their results in a clear, concise and intelligible form. They should also give reasons for their opinions.It is necessary again to refer to the approach of some of the candidates to the exercises in microscopy. Something more than mere identification of a powdered drug is required. Candidates are expected to show their ability to make a complete investigation and to report their results fully with adequate sketches of the structures seen. Branch H, General Analytical Chemistry.-The following observations apply not only to this examination but to those held on previous occasions in this branch. It would seem that several candidates assume that a fair acquaintance with the analytical methods of some particular branch of industry, backed up by rather vague memories of their standard chemistry learned at the Associateship stage, is sufficient for the purposes of this examination.The always growing importance of appliedOrganic Chemistry, the extending application of Organic reagents, the increasing use of new materials in industry and the tendency towards the use of physical methods, make it certain that an examination in general analytical chemistry will make con- siderable demands on the general chemical knowledge of the candidates. It is essential that candidates should produce evidence of familiarity with Organic Analysis and with fundamental theoretical concepts in all their analytical applications. PASS LIST Examination in General Chemistry for the Associateship Aston, Richard Samuel, Central Technical College, Birmingham. Baxandall, Gordon Alfred, University College, and College of Technology, Leicester. Binks, Samuel Clowes Harold, Central Technical College, Birmingham.Christie, Alma Aranshew, Royal Technical College, Glasgow. Curry, Harold George, Merchant Venturers’ Technical College, Bristol. Darlington, Ronald, College of Technology, Manchester. Gibson, Maynard, Constantine Technical College, Middlesbrough. Greenhow, Edward Joshua, Central Technical College, Birmingham. Longbottom, Kenneth William, Doncaster Technical College. Lustigman, Sidney, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., Royal College of Science, and Chelsea Polytechnic, London. Marsh, John Ronald, South-West Essex Technical College. Mitchell, Frank William, City Technical College, Liverpool. Moseley, Philip John, Coventry Technical College. Northcote, Donald Henry, B.Sc.(Lond.), South-West Essex Technical College. Owen, Arthur Glynne, Royal Technical College, Salford. Palmer, Samuel Wallace, Central Technical College, Birmingham. Pickering, Geoffrey Basil, The University, Oxford ; University College, Nottingham ; and Derby Technical College. Pooley, Jack Edward, Battersea Polytechnic. Smith, Mervyn John Hillier, B.Pharm. (Wales), Cardiff Technical College. Spence, Miss Joan Betty, The University; and City Technical College, Liverpool. Stringer, John Thomas, Coventry Technical College. Sweeney, Herbert, City Technical College, Liverpool. Thornton, Maurice James, B.Sc. (Lond.), College of Technology, Manchester ; Roya 1 Technical College, Salford ; and Wigan and District Mining and Technical College.Todd, Miss Margaret, The Polytechnic, Regent Street, London. Tozer, Harold, City Technical College, Liverpool. Vaughan, Leonard Hubert, Central Technical College, Birmingham. Warrington, William John, Derby Technical College. Watts, Charles Frederick, Coventry Technical College. Whitehead, Thomas Patterson, Royal Technical College, Salford. Wilson, Harry, Doncaster Technical College. Wright, Frank Alan, Hull Technical College. [ 1861 Examination for the Fellowship: In Branch C :Organic Chemistry : Bowden, Kenneth, B.Sc. (Lond.). In Branch E: The Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs, and of Water: Beardall, James Alfred, Ph.C. Kirkpatrick, Herbert Francis William, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C.Lovett, Thomas Whittaker. Singer, Joseph Henry. In Branch G :Industrial Chemistry, with special reference to Paper Technology : Bridge, Frank. In Branch H :General Analytical Chemistry : Elwell, William Thomas. Hudswell, Fred, M.A. (Cantab.). In Metallurgy and the Analysis of Iron and Steel : Barraclough, Kenneth Charles, B.Sc. (Lond.). Notes “Inventors and Employers.”-The Council of the Chartered Institute of Patent Agents has published a Report under this heading dealing with the doctrine that any inventor should be free to patent or deal with his own inventions. Many employers are the beneficial owners of their employees’ inventions; inventions affecting the safety of the State may need to be controlled. Information has been sought as to conditions respecting inventions and their ownership imposed by public bodies upon their em- ployees.Broadly, there are two forms of invasion of the principle that an inventor may do what he likes with his own invention: the employer may be the beneficial owner of the rights in an invention by the operation of common ;dw or by contract; a Body having no rights in the invention may be able to exercise control over the inventor’s actions and may impose conditions on patenting, the ownership or even the use of the invention.The invention made by a Government research worker is held to be the property of the State and, in the case of persons not employed on research, the Government has certain rights in inventions made either in the course of their employment or with the aid of knowledge or facilities gained from such employment.This view appears to be in accordance with Common Law on the subject of master and servant, and no objection is seen to its extension by contract to employees of any grade or class. The Whitley Council’s Committee proposed that a central body with an independent Chair- man should act in effect as an Appeal Tribunal in such matters and recommended that any Government servant should be free to file a provisional application, but that, on doing so, he should send a copy of the specification to the Head of his Department and that, while a decision was being made, the rights in the invention should be deemed to belong to and be held in trust for the Government. An action taken by the State is likely to be regarded as a precedent and many employers have introduced, into service agreements, clauses transferring to the em- ployer all inventions, sometimes including those arising from the employee’s work.This appears to the Council of the Chartered Institute of Patent Agents to be most undesirable. Some part of the freedom of the employee should be restored by prohibit- ing employers from imposing any conditions on the ownership of an invention made by an employee and having no connexion with his work for the employer. The State also should refrain from imposing such conditions in similar circumstances. It is doubtful, however, whether anyone should be prohibited from engaging a “professional inventor ” on the basis that all inventions become the employer’s property; indeed, on the whole, it is believed that employers should be free to engage such inventors. The idea of setting up an Appeal Tribunal to which inventors might appeal from decisions of their employers appears to be impracticable, but many suggestions have been made as to methods whereby it could be provided that an employee should receive an appro- priate reward when an invention belongs to his employer and proves to be commercially profitable.1187 1 The practice of Government Departments is exemplified by agreements under which use by the Croyn is reserved, but the inventor is free to exploit the invention com- mercially by way of assignment or licence approved by the Department concerned.The Department usually retains a proportion ofthe purchase price or royalties accruing. Many employers recognise, by special awards or by increments in salary, inventive ability in an employee. The name of the first and true inventor must appear upon patent specifications and a successful invention increases his potential value to his employers. The importance to employers of seeing that successful inventors are suitably recognised hardly needs to be stressed. The report deprecates interference with inventions, for example, by way of prohibi-tion on patenting inventions relating to particular subject-matters, or requiring that the employers’ consent should be given before any patent application whatever is made, and the requirement by the Service Departments that leave be obtained before a patent agent be consulted, provided that the State should have the right to impose secrecy on the inventor for reason of State.The report suggests that it is unfair to the inventor, in view of the importance of the filing date and the effect which the wording of a provi- sional specification can have upon the scope of protection, that the inventor should not be free to consult a patent agent without leave from the Service Department. Patent agents might be authorised to receive disclosures by service inventors and act for them in obtaining professional protection without leave having been obtained in each case. Professor Alexander Findlay, President, and Dr. J. J . Fox, Vice-president, attended a meeting held under the auspices of the Institution of Professional Civil Servants, at the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Storey’s Gate, Westminster, on 19th October, when Sir Stafford Cripps spoke on “Radio and International Relations.” Thereafter followed a discussion on the international organisation of science and the closer linking of scientists of all countries.The meeting was presided over by Sir Richard A. S. Redmayne, and was attended by a number of eminent scientists from the British Empire and Allied countries. Mr. George Reginald Gibbs, M.A., B.Sc. (Lond.), Associate, has been appointed a Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (Military Division). Dr. B. S. Gidvani, Fellow, has been appointed Acting Director of the London Shellac Research Bureau.Mr. W. R. Jewell, Fellow, has resigned the honorary general secretaryship of the Australian Chemical,Institute, which he has held for the past ten years, and has been succeeded by Dr. H. E. Dadswell. The Newton Chambers Prize Papers for the 1943 Newton Chambers Prize should be posted to reach the Hon. Secretary of the South Yorkshire Section, not later than 31st December, 1943. Details and conditions covering the Award were announced in the JOURNAL AND PRO-CEEDINGS, Part 11, 1943. The South Yorkshire Section Committee would appreciate formal notification, from those intending to submit papers, of their desire to enter for the award, in order that arrangements for adjudication may be completed.Communications should be addressed to G. Parkin, A.I.C., Honorary Secretary, 52, Whirlow Grove, Sheffield, 11. National Certificates in Chemistry, 1943 The Council has received the Reports of the Joint Committees on the examinations for National Certificates. ENGLANDAND WALES Assessors.-Dr. T. Kenyon, F.R.S., F.I.C., Professor W. Wardlaw, D.Sc., F.I.C., Professor J. E. Coafes, O.B.E., D.Sc., F.I.C. During the present session three schools have submitted candidates for the first time in the Senior Grade and one in the Advanced Grade. The number of entries in the Senior Grade was 250, of whom 172 passed, compared with 257 in 1942, of whom 169 passed.In the Advanced Grade there were 75 candidates, of whom 58 passed.In 1942 there were 84 candidates, of whom 66 passed. Of the 75 candidates, 49 had previously obtained the Ordinary Certificate, and of the 58 successful candidates, 36 had previously obtained the Ordinary Certificate. The examination papers for National Certificates are set either by the teachers in the individual Schools or by the external examiners appointed by the Union of Lanca- shire and Cheshire Institutes, the Northern Counties Technical Examinations Council, the East Midlands Educational Union and the Union of Educational Institutions. In all cases, they are subject to modification by Assessors appointed by the Institute. This assessment is made in order to remedy any possibility that teachers might lecture on a limited syllabus and set papers which did not appear to be of a low standard, although they only dealt with parts of the full syllabus.On this occasion only in a very few cases was it necessary for the Assessors to modify the questions as submitted. The examinations have shown a continuance of solid work on the par+ of the various teachers and colleges concerned and of systematic study and application by a large proportion of students who entered: the entire mechanism of running the scheme of examinations has worked smoothly and efficiently. The examination papers have been drawn up with care and questions so devised and chosen that the student is tested over an adequate range of the fundamental aspects of his subject. In several cases high commendation should be made of these skilfully devised examination papers.For the most part, the practical exercises and tests were appropriate and adequate for the time available. The standard of attainment by students has been well maintained and, on occasions, was remarkably high. SCOTLAND Assessors.-Dr. F. D. Miles, F.I.C. For the Ordinary National Certificate, 50 candidates entered and 38 passed, and for the Higher Certificate 20 candidates entered and 17 passed. NORTHERNIRELAND One candidate was awarded the Higher Certificate. Obituary CLIVE BENSON died, as the result of a motor accident near Middlesbrough, on 27th July, in his 34th year. Educated at the High School, Glasgow, and Trinity College, Glenalmond, he continued his studies from 1928 to 1930 at the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, obtaining the Associateship of the College and graduating B.Sc.(Glasgow) with first class honours in applied chemistry. From 1931-32 he studied at the West of Scotland Commercial College and in 1932 returned to the Royal Technical College as a research assistant, devoting himself to physical chemistry. From 1933 he held an appointment with I.C.I. (Fertilizer and Synthetic Products) Ltd., where he was mainly engaged on the production of petrol by the hydrogenation of coal and creosote. He had always been keen on sailing, and was a Lieutenant, R.N.V.R. He was called up at the outbreak of war and posted to H.M.S. Renown very shortly after his marriage on 23rd August, 1939. He returned to I.C.I. in the middle of 1940.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1933. r 189 1 ROBERTMACFARLANECLARKdiet1 at Glasgow on 23rd August, in his 66th year. Educated at Glasgow High School, he studied for two years at the Glasgow and West of Scotland Technical College, and for four years in the University of Glasgow. In 1898 he became assistant to his father, Dr. John Clark, Fellow, Public Analyst for the City of Glasgow and a number of counties and burghs in Scotland, to whose practice he eventually succeeded. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1901 and a Fellow in 1904. LEOCOOKSEY(Leonidio Cocuzzi) died in London on 30th May, in his 50th year. Born in Italy, he was educated at St. Peter’s L.C.C. School and Parmiter’s Foundation School, Victoria Park, London.He studied at East London-now Queen Mary- College, from 1912 to 1915, in which year he graduated B.Sc. with honours in chemistry. He then became assistant to Messrs. Rideal and Sciver, with whom he remained until the present year. In 1930 he became a naturalised British subject and, in 1933, changed his name by Deed Poll. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1930 and a Fellow in 1933. WALTER EVANSEDMUND died through an accident while climbing, on active service, in his 37th year. Educated at Monkton House School, Cardiff, and Blundell’s School, Tiverton, he studied from 1924-27 at the Imperial College, obtained the Diploma of A.R.C.S. and graduated B.Sc. (London) with honours in chemistry in 1928.In 1928 he was appointed a works chemist to the British Portland Cement Manufacturers, Ltd. From 1929-36 he was engaged in development and process work mainly in connexion with plasters and plaster products with Imperial Chemical Industries (Casebourne & Co. (1929) Ltd.). In 1936 he became a partner in the firm of Mactaggart and Evans, Consulting Chemical Engineers, giving particular attention to the design and operation of plant in connexion with building materials, and also partner in the firm of Knight and Chapman and Partners, Consulting and Analytical Chemists, practising primarily in the testing and analysis of building materials and metals. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1928 and a Fellow in 1939. JOHN GOLDINGdied at Reading on 22nd September, in his 73rd year.Born at Plaxtol, near Sevenoaks, he was educated at “The Grange ” School, St. Leonards-on- Sea, and at Queen Elizabeth’s Grammar School, Sevenoaks. He studied at the School of the Pharmaceutical Society, Birkbeck College, Finsbury Technical College, and at the Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester, and after spending a year in the County Technical Laboratories, Chelmsford, and acting for some time as assistant to Dr. J. A. Voelcker in the laboratories of the Royal Agricultural Society, was appointed, in 1894, analyst and lecturer on agricultural chemistry at University College, Nottingham. From 1900-1912 he was head of the Chemistry and Bacteriology Departments at the Midland Agricultural and Dairy College.From 1912 he was head of the Chemistry Department of the National Institute for Research in Dairying (University of Reading), Shinfield, until his retirement to Sevenoaks in 1937. From 1915-1919, however, he served in France, first as O.C. 35th Sanitary Section and later as Corps and Army Agricultural Officer. He was awarded the D.S.O. and twice mentioned in despatches. He was also appointed a Chevalier du MCrite Agricole, by the French Government. He returned to Reading as a University lecturer during the present war. He contributed numerous papers to the Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry, the Transactions of the Nottingham Naturalists Society, the Annual Reports of the Midland Dairy Institute, and other journals. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1898 and acted as a special examiner for the Fellowship in “Food, with special reference to Milk and Dairy Products.” JOHN AITKENMAcNAIR,died at Glasgow on 7th October, aged 36 years.Educated at Whitehill Higher Grade School, Glasgow, he studied thereafter at the Royal Technical College, Glasgow. He was for twenty years a member of the staff of R. R. Tatlock & Thomson, public analysts, and having qualified for the Fellowship by examination in Branch E, the Chemistry (and Microscopy) of Food, Drugs and Water, had latterly been senior assistant with that firm. He was also lecturer in chemistry at Stow College, School of Engineering, Glasgow. He was a prominent member of the City of Glasgow Gas Identification Service from its inception, and was the author of papers on “War Gases” and on “The Estimation of Sodium Sulphide,” read before the Scottish Section of the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists.He was elected an Associate in 1933 and a Fellow in 1936. ARTHURAVERY READ died at Bournemouth on 24th September, in his 76th year. He was trained from 1885 to 1889 at Owens College, Manchester, where he subsequently held a Research Studentship. In 1892 he continued research while acting as demon- strator in chemistry at University College, Cardiff. He then studied metallurgy at 1901 Sheffield Technical College and thereafter obtained an appointment as assistant lecturer in chemistry and metallurgy at University College, Cardiff, where he was eventually professor of metallurgy, a position from which he retired with the title of Emeritus Professor in 1933.He contributed papers to the Transactions of the Chemical Society and other scientific and technical journals. He was awarded the degrees of D.Met. (Sheffield) and Hon. D.Sc. (Wales). He was a captain in the Territorials and received the T.D. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1889 and a Fellow in 1895. HENRY LLEWELLYN SMITH died at Parkstone, Dorset, on 16th September, in his 68th year. Originally trained in pharmacy, he passed the Major Examination of the Pharma- ceutical Society in 1899, before proceeding to the University of Manchester, where he graduated B.Sc. with first class honours in chemistry and bacteriology in 1906.He subsequently worked for five years at King’s College, London, first as research assistant to Professor Herbert Jackson, and later as lecturer in applied chemistry and in thera- peutics, pharmacology and microscopy. From 1908 to 1912 he was also lecturer at King’s College for Women. He contributed a number of papers to the Journal of the Chemical Society, The Analyst, The Lancet, and The Pharmaceutical Journal, before he was appointed professor of chemistry in the School of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain, from which position he resigned in 1918 to undertake work for the War Office in the Camouflage Section. After the war he joined Sir Herbert Jackson as chemist to the Scientific Instrument Research Association.In 1926 he was appointed to a Government Labora- tory, of which he subsequently became head, and continued in that post until shortly before his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1907 and a Fellow in 1911. KEITH BLUNDELL STRAWdied at Melbourne, Australia, on 30th June, in his 50th year. Educated at Wesley College, at the Working Men’s College, and at the University of Melbourne, he worked for three years in the laboratory of the Steel Company of Australia, before he was appointed in 1912 to the Victorian Department of Explosives, in which Department he served until his death., except during 1916-18, when he came to England and served as a chemist, later chief chemist, in the laboratory of the Queens- ferry Factory under the Department of Explosives Supply.In 1936 he was appointed Chief Inspector of Explosives and Gas Examiner for Victoria and, during the present war, had acted as Executive Member of the Operational Safety Committee of the Commonwealth Ministry of Munitions. He had a wide knowledge of explosives,sound administrative ability, and a quiet but attractive personality, which endeared him to his staff. He was elected an Associate in 1919. FRANCISNAPIER SUTTON died at St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, London, on 24th September, 1943, in his 81st year. He was the eldest son of Francis Sutton, Fellow, Public Analyst for Norfolk and Suffolk, and author of “A Systematic Handbook of Volumetric Analysis.” Born at Norwich, he was educated at King Edward VI Grammar School and subsequently studied chemistry and technology at Owens College, Man- Chester, under Koscoe and Watson Smith. In 1881 he became assistant to his father at Norwich, and works chemist to Baly, Sutton & Co., Great Yarmouth, manufacturers of sulphuric acid, fertilisers, sulphate of ammonia, etc.In 1885 he became assistant to Alfred Evans Fletcher, Fellow, Chief Inspector under the Alkali, etc. Works Act, and while in that capacity continued his studies in the Widnes, St. Helens and Tyne districts. In 1892 he was appointed a Sub-Inspector under the Act, for the South-Eastern District of England. He became Inspector in 1908 and remained continuously in charge of the District until his retirement in December, 1927, when, in appreciation of his services, he was entertained by the owners and managers of some seventy companies and firms, and was presented with a cheque for the purchase of a motor car.For fourteen years (1892-1916) he was Honorary Secretary to the Dining Club of the London Section of the Society of Chemical Industry. He was devoted to Chamber and Orchestral music and was a playing member for various periods in leading amateur orchestral societies of London: the Westminster, Civil Service, Stock Exchange and the Royal Amateur Orchestral Society. He was also a keen sportsman with gun and rod, a trout fisherman and expert dresser of trout flies. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1885 and a Fellow in 1889, and served as a Member of the Council for two periods (1906-09 and 1915-18).L 191 ] DR. WILLIAM HERBERT HATFIELD, F.R.S., died suddenly at Sheffield on 17th October, in his 62nd year. Trained at the University of Sheffield, he became engaged in the works of Sir Henry Bessemer & Co., Ltd., and was eventually Technical Director of Research at Thomas Firth & John Brown, Ltd., and Director of Firth Vickers Stainless Steels, Ltd. He was Mappin Medallist (Sheffield), 1902; Bessemer Gold Medal (Iron and Steel Institute), 1933; Compton Medallist (Institution of Automobile Engineers), 1929; and the author of many papers dealing with the Iron and Steel Industry, including two published by the Institute, namely Research in the Iron and Steel Industry (1938),and Rust-Acid-and Heat- Resisting Steels (1942).At his funeral service the Institute was represented by Mr. G. Parkin, HonoraG Secretary of the South Yorkshire Section. Books and their Contents The following books have been kindly presented to the Institute by the authors and publishers :-Organic Reagents for Metals and for certain acid radicals, By the Staff of the Research Laboratory of Hopkin & Williams, Ltd. Fourth Edition, Foreword by A. D. Mitchell and A. M. Ward. Pp. 179. (London: Hopkin & Williams, Ltd.) The book deals with 43 reagents and includes bibliographies referring to more than 1300 publications, a general index and an interference table. Reports on the Progress of Applied Chemistry: Vol. XXVII-1942. By 52 contributors.Edited by T. R. Burton. Pp. 546. (London: Society of Chemical Industry). 16s. net (11s. 6d. under the Joint Membership Scheme). Thorpe’s Dictionary of Applied Chemistry. Jocelyn Field Thorpe and M. A. Whiteley, assisted by eminent contributors. Fourth edition, revised and enlarged Vol. VI. G1au.-Inv., with Index Vols. I-VI, by J. N. Goldsmith. Pp. xii+612. (London: New York and Toronto. Longmans, Green & Co.) 80s. net. Mr. Thomas McLachlan, FeZZow, has kindly presented a copy of “The Life and Experi- ences of Sir Henry Enfield Roscoe, D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S., written by himself.” Pp.xiv + 420. (London: The Macmillan Company). 1906. [An Association Copy, inscribed “H.C.H.C. (Sir Harold Carpenter) porn E.C.B. in mem. G.T.B. (Sir George Beilby) November, 1924.” Sir George Beilby died on 1st August, 1924.1 The British Standards Institution has issued : B.S.Handbook No. 1, 1943. 1s. 6d. post free; P.D. 141: Amendment to B.S. 541-1934: Rideal-Walker Coefficient of Disinfectants; Amendment to B.S. 138-1935 : Portable Chemical Fire Extinguishers; Amendment to B.S. 1124-1943: Household Paint; B.S. 1128-1943: W.E. Recommendations for Primers for Camouflage Paints; War Emergency B.S. 1129-1943: Timber Ladders (2s.); P.D. 165: War Emergency Amendment to B.S. 647-1938: Methods for Testing Glues. The Parliamentary and Scientific Committee has prepared and published a pamphlet entitled “Scientiflc Research and the Universities in Post-War Britain,” in two parts. The first part deals with the need for increased research, and the second, with the supply and training of research personnel.The pamphlet concludes with a summary of proposals-the encouragement of a far bolder and more imaginative scale of development, expansion of science personnel and accommodation at the universities ; the continuance of bursaries, cadetships and grants; the provision of materials and finance ; the improvement of university stipends ; increasing provision for technical education, and so forth. Copies can be obtained from the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee, Court- field House, Courtfield Road, London, S.W.7, price 1s. 192 3 The Register Since the publication of Part IV of the JOURNAL 8 new Fellows AND PROCEEDINGS, have been elected, 140 Associates have been elected to the Fellowship, 105 new Associates have been elected, 2 Associates have been re-elected, and 64 new Students have been admitted.The Council regrets to record the deaths of 8 Fellows and 2 Associates. New Fellows Cawley, Charles Mills, M.Sc., Ph.D. Harrison, Geoffrey Arthur, B.A. (Cantab.), (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C. M.D., B.Ch., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P. Gowing, Geoffrey Senior, B.A. (Oxon.). Langwell, William Herbert. Gray, Charles Horace, M.Sc. (Lond.), Richmond, James Thomson, M.A., B.Sc. A.R.C.S., M.B., B.S. (Lond.), M.R.C.S., (Glas.).M.R.C.P. (Eng.). Stonehill, Henry Israel, B.Sc., Ph.D. Greville, Guy Drummond, B.A. (Cantab.), (Lond.), D.I.C. Ph.D. (Lond.). Associates elected to the Fellowship Aldington, John Norman, B.Sc.(Lond.), F.1nst.P. Atherley, Samuel Walter, B.Sc. (Lond.). Austin, Reginald George, B.Sc. (Lond.). Backshell, Arthur Price. Ballantine, George Russell, B.Sc. (Glas.). Barraclough, Kenneth Charles, B.Sc. (Lond.).Beardall, James Alfred, Ph. C. Beesley, Edward, B.Sc. (Lond.). Berry, Walter Richard, M.Sc. (Manc.),A.M.1.Chem.E. Binns, Caleb, B.Sc. (Lond.). Bracher, Andre. Brearley, George, B.Sc. (Lond.),M.1.Chem.E. Buttrick, Harold Pease. Cameron, Archie Hector, B.Sc. (Glas.), A.R.T.C. Carpenter, Victor Alexander, M.Sc. (Sheffield). Carter, Ralph, B.Sc. (Lond.). Caulfield, Thomas Hume, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Glas.).Coates, Archibald, M.Sc. (Manc.). Coode-Adams, William Roy Cecil, M.A., Ph.D.(Cantab.), B.Sc. (Lond.). Cooke, Percy Frederick, B.Sc. (Lond.). Cooper, Christopher Tate, M.Sc. (Dun.). Cordingley, Harold, B.Sc., Ph.D., M.Ed. (Leeds). Cormack, Stanley Bruce, M.A., B.Sc., Ph.D. (Glas.). Crews, Sydney Kirby, Ph.C. Crockatt, Arthur John, M.Sc. (Leeds). Davies, Daniel Richard, M.Sc. (Wales). Dean, Harry Kenneth, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Liv.).Dewhurst, Milton, B.Sc. (Manc.). Diamond, William Edward de Boutllier, M.A., Ph.D. (Cantab.).Dowden, Harry Clifford, M.Sc. (Liv.). Edwards, Gerald Harry, B.Sc. (Lond.). Elwell, William Thomas. Etheridge, William, B.Sc. (Leeds) . Evans, Benjamin Beardmore, B.Sc. (Birm.).Farmer, Edward Henry, B.Sc.Eng.(Lond.) . Ferguson, James Russell, A.M.1.Chem.E. Ferguson, William Swan.Finn, Douglas Hart, B.Sc. (Birm.). Firth, George, B.Sc. (S.A.). Firth, Jack. Fleck, Harry Ronald, M.Sc. (Lond.). Foster, Cecil Alfred Maunder, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Liv.). Gallie, George, B.Sc. (Edin.). Gibby, Clifton William, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.).Gloyns, Frank Philip, M.Sc. (Lond.),A.R.C.S., D.I.C. Goodwin, Thomas Henry, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Birm.).Grant, John Scurrah, D.C.M. Greenane, Francis Joseph, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.) . Grove, Walter Patrick, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.). Groves, Ronald, M.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.).Haddon, Eric Edwin, B.Sc. (Lond.). Haley, John Barber, BSc., Ph.D. (Lond.). Hanson, Donald, B.Sc. (Lond.). Harbord, Vernon, A.R.S.M. Hartley, Frank, BSc., Ph.D. (Lond.),Ph.C. Hicks, Donald, M.Sc. (Lond.). Hickson, Bernard, M.Sc.(Leeds). Hirst, Herbert Sim, M.A., B.Sc. (St.Andrews), Ph.D. (Cantab.). Hood, Alexander, B.Sc. (Glas.). Hourigan, Harry Francis, B.Sc. (Liv.). Howlett, John, B.Sc. (Liv.), A.M.1.Chem.E. Hunt, Leslie Bernard, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. Ireland, Stanley John, B.A. (Oxon.). Jack, Andrew Keith, M.Sc. (Melbourne). Jackson, John McGregor, B.Sc. (Manc.). r 193 1 Jeffrey, Robert Stewart Martin, B.Sc. (Glas.).Kennedy, Gilbert Young, B.Sc. (Liv.). Kerman, Guy Malcolm. Kirby, Denis, B.Sc. (Lond.). Kirk, Ernest William. Kirkpatrick, Herbert Francis William, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C. Lauwerys, Joseph Albert, B.Sc. (Lond.). Leckie, Alan Harvey, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.). Lester, Henry Thomas, M.Sc. (Birm.). Lloyd, Joseph, M.B.E.MacKenzie, Kenneth Morrison, B.Sc. (Glas.).Mansfield, Albert Richard. Marsh, Norman, M.P.S. Martin, James Wright, M.B.E., B.Sc. (Glas.).Maunder, Archibald George Daw, B.Sc. (Lond.).McCrea, George Walker, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Edin.).McEwen, George, B.Sc., B.Pharm. (Lond.), Ph.C. McIntyre, Joseph. McLaren, Alexander Williamson. Moore, George Herbert, Ph.C. Morton, Frank, M.Sc. (Lond.). Neech, Herbert Richard. Oliver, Cyril Vernon, B.Sc. (Lond.). Owles, Archibald Bewick. Parker, Robert Thomas, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A. R.S.M. Perkins, Sidney Philip, M.Sc. (Wales). Pettinger, Arthur Harold, B.Sc. (Lond.). Phillips, Frank Bertram, B.Sc. (Lond.). Phillips, John William Cole, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Liv.).Pounder, Donald Whitworth, B.Sc.(Birm.). Press, Edwin William Stanley, B.Sc. (Lond.).Read, Alfred Leonard, B.Sc. (Lond.).Read, Norman John, A.C.G.I. Record, Basil Roland,, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Birm.).Rudd, Hubert William, M.Sc. (Lond.). Rymill, Frederick Ernest, B.Sc. (Lond.). Sames, Kenneth, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.),A.R.C.S., D.I.C. Samson, Abraham, A. R. C. S. Sexton, Thomas Arthur Frederick, B.Sc. (Lond.). Shipman, George Eric, B.Sc. (Lond.). Silvester, Alfred, B.Sc. (Lond.). Singer, Joseph Henry. Skelton, Edward William, BSc. (Lond.). Skrimshire, Gerald Ernest Hamor. Smith, Alexander Martin, Ph.D., D.Sc. (Edin.), A.H.-W.C. Smith, James Frederick. Stead, Donald Maurice, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Leeds). Stevens, Stanley, B.Sc. (Lond.). Stickings, Ralph William Ewart, O.B.E., B.Sc.(Lond,), D.I.C. Stubbs, Alfred Eric, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Manc.).Taylor, Ernest, M.Sc. (Leeds). Taylor, George. Thomas, James Clifford, h1.S~. (Wales). Thomas, John Sidney Gordon, D.Sc. (Lond. and Wales), A.R.C.S. Thompson, Albert, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Liv.) . Timmis, Laurence Barnett, M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.).Tofts, Major Crozier, Fullerton, A.I.Mech.E., A.M.1.Chem.E. Townend, Prof. Donald Thomas Alfred, Ph.D., D.Sc. (Lond.), D.I.C. Tribley, Harold George, A.C.G.F.C. Trotman, Edward Russell, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.). Veale, Joseph Mary, A. R.C.Sc.1. Vineall, George John Charles, B.Sc. (Lond.).Wainwright, Charles, B.Sc. (Lond.). Walkden, James, M.Sc. (Manc.). Walker, Charles, B.Sc. (Lond.). Waller, Cecil, M.Sc.(Lond.). Watterson, Norman Frederick, B.Sc. (Lond.) . Weaver, William, B.Sc. (Manc.). West, John Leslie. Whettem, Stephen Matthew Austin, B.Sc. (Lond.) . White, Wilfred Arthur Stephen, B.Sc. (Lond.) . Wickham, Cyril George, B.Sc. (Lond.),A.R.C.S., D.I.C., F.C.I.P.A. Williams, 'William Henry, M.A. (Cantab.). Wolfe, Kenneth Jack Blackler, M.Sc. (Wales).Yeates, Reginald Leslie, M.Sc. (Lond.). New Associates Aston, Richard Samuel. Barnes, William, B.Sc. (Glas.). Baxandall, Gordon Alfred. Bell, Douglas Maurice, B.Sc. (St.Andrews). Bellringer, Frederick James, B.Sc. (Lond.). Blake, Stewart William Palmer, B.Sc. (Lond.).Braithwaite, Eric Reeves, B.Sc. (Manc.). Brown, JohnTrevor Garnet, B.Sc. (Wales). Bugge, Petter Edward, B.Sc (Dunelm.).Bullock, Edward, B.A., B.Sc.(Oxon.). Campbell, Peter Nelson, B.Sc. (Lond.). Christie, Alma Arenshew. Corbyn, Peter Thomas, B.Sc. (Lond.). Craimer, David Esau, B.Sc. (Lond.). Crighton, Harold Mossman, B.Sa (Manc.). Curry, Harold George. Darlington, Ronald. Davies, David Gwynne, B.Sc., Yh.D. (Wales).Davies, Leslie, B.Sc. (Bris.). Docherty, Archibald Cameron, B.Sc. (Edin.). [ 1941 Dolan, John Edmund, B.Sc. (Glas.). Donald, Gavin McCulloch Stewart, B.Sc. (Glas.).Dunn, Anthony Kenneth, B.Sc. (Lond.). Dunn, John Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.). Forge, Carey, Charles John, B.A. (Oxon.). Forsyth, William George Cameron, B.Sc. (Glas.).French, Marcus Henry, B.A., Ph.D. (Cantab.).Gaston, 'Alexander George Alfred Mitchell, B.Sc. (London.).Geddes, John, B.Sc. (Aberd.). Gibson, Maynard. Greenhow, Edward Joshua. Halek, George, B.Sc. (Lond.). Hall, Alan Montague, B.Sc. (Lond.). Healey, Thomas Victor, M.Sc. (Liv.). Hinde, Robert Malcolm, B.Sc. (Liv.). Holt, Stanley James, B.Sc. (Lond.). Hopkins, Gordon, B.Sc. (Lond.). Hull, Roy, B.Sc. (Lond.). Hunter, Miss Margaret Joan, B.Sc. (Glas.),A. R.T. C. Jacques, John Edward, BSc. (Lond.). Jain, Sukhchain Lal, B.Sc. (Punjab). Jenkins, Frederick Peter, B.Sc. (Lond.). Keaton, James. Kenny, Thomas Skeffington, B.Sc., 1'h.D. (Liv.). Kent, Bernard Arthur Stevens, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.). Kington, George Leslie, B.Sc. (Bris.). Kochhar, Basheshar Dass, M.Sc. (Punjab.) Long, Denis Terence, B.Sc.(N.U.I.). Longbottom, Kenneth William. Lord, Kenneth Alan, B.A. (Cantab.). Lustigman, Sidney, B.Sc. (Lond:), A.R.C.S. -MacLeod, Norman Dunvegan, B.Sc. (Edin.).Marsh, John Ronald. Masters, Francis Wilfrid Napier, B.Sc. (Bris.). McAllan, William, B.Sc. (Glas.). Miles, Frederick Ronald, B.Sc. (Wales). Milne, John Noel, A.H.-W.C. Minnis, John Wilson, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Edin.).Mitchell, Frank William. Moncrieff, Robert Wighton, B.Sc. (Manc.). Morton, Ian Douglas, M.Sc. (N.Z.). Mundy, Neil, B.Sc. (Glas.). &-elected Jones, Robert, B.Sc. (Liv.). Murray, Ernest Arthur. Northcote, Donald Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.) Palmer, Samuel Wallace. Pooley, Jack Edward. Pawson, Eric, B.Sc. (Lond.). Phillips, Anthony Rhys, B.Sc.(Wales). Phillips, William Pearse, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. Pickering, Geoffrey Basil. Pollard, A41an, B.Sc. (Leeds). Powell, Donald Bernard, B.Sc. (Lond.). Pugh, Clifford, B.Sc. (Lond.). Ramaswami, Thirumangalakudi Rama-chandra, M.A., B.Sc. (Annamalai). Rich, Albert Charles, B.Sc.Econ. (Lond.) Rout, Alfred Edgar, B.A. (Oxon.). Russell, John William, B.Sc. (Lond.). Sastry, Yemuri Venkata Kumara, M.Sc. (Andhra). Shimmin, Edwin Leslie, B.Sc. (Liv.). Simmons, Eric Arthur. Smith, Mervyn John Hillier, B.Pharm. (Wales). Spence, (Miss) Joan Betty. Stack, Maurice Vincent, B.Sc. (Lond.). Stroud, Richard Harris, B.Sc. (Sydney).Sweeney, Herbert. Thomas, (Miss) Elsie Margaret. Thompson, Robert Joseph Stanley, B.Sc. (Lond.) . Thomson, Alexander Francis, B.Sc.(Aberd.).Thornton, Maurice James, B.Sc. (Lond.). Todd (Miss) Margaret. Tozer, Harold. Turner, Laurence Walter, B.Sc. (Dunelm). Tyrrell, Leslie Walter Mably, B.Sc. (Lond.) . Unsworth, Alfred Kenneth, M.Sc. (Lond.). Venkataramanan, Kuppuswami Iyer, B.Sc. (Mysore), M.Sc. (Dacca). Wade, Arthur Philip, B.Sc. (Liv.). Waller, George, B.Sc. (Lond.). Warrington, William John. West, Frank Douglas, B.Sc. (Bris.). Whitmont, Francis Frederick, B.Sc. (Lond.).Willetts, Arthur Kenneth, B.Sc. (Birm.). Williams, Ernest Frank. Wilson, Harry. Wilson, John Basil, B.Sc. (St. Andrews). Wilson, Michael John Glen, B.Sc. (Lond.) Associates Pollard, Robert. New Students Anderson, Lewis Charles. Bannochie, John Greig.Breakey, James William. Butt, Wilfrid Roger. Chalmers, Robert Keith, B.Sc. (Birm.).Charman, Derek Austin. Cormack, Harold. Davis, Alan Charles. Dutton, Guy Gordon Studdy. Ellis, Stuart Colin. Evans, Colin Wynne. Farron, John Clifford. Flint, Dennis. Foster, Dennis. Gascoigne, John Alan. Graver, George Cavell. C 1951 Hawkins, Peter Jack. Reid, Robert Joseph. Hesketh, Raymond. Roughsedge, Charles. Holland, Alan Roy. Saville, Rowland Whincup. Howcroft, Joseph Wallace. Scott, Fred. Jones, Ronald Alan. Shooter, Kenneth Villers. Kletz, Trevor Asher. Skerrett, Edward John. Lavender, Ronald Morris. Smeaton, William Arthur. Loraine, Nevison George. Smith, Neville. Marles, Douglas. Smith, Thomas Alan. Mascall, Frank Charles.Stinton, Ernest Joseph. McClunan, Miss Pleasance Victoria Mar- Suckling, Miss Enid Joan. jorie. Suffolk, Leonard Thomas. McCune, William Glendinning Rodger. Thompson, Raymond. Mitchell, William Vernon. Tomlinson, Richard William. Naish, Arthur Basil. Turville, Arthur Ralph. Ottewell, Albert. Varley, Dennis William. Owen, Stewart. Waller, John George. Pearson, John Bromley. Walls, Ewart Heywood. Pitts, Leslie. Watkinson, Dennis. Poll, Alan. Watson, Derek. Potter, John Hubert. Westwell, William. Prescott, Geoffrey. Williams, Frank. Price, Herbert. Williams, Thomas Burton. Raeburn, John. Woodcock, Kenneth. Rawlins, Brian Henry Alick Dennis. DEATHS Fellows Robert Macfarlane Clark, B.Sc. (Glas.). John Aitken Macnair.Leo Cooksey (formerly Leonidio Cocuzzi), Arthur Avery Read, T.D., D.Sc. (Wales), B.Sc. (Lond.). D.Met. (Sheff .). Walter Edmund Evans, B.Sc. (Lond.), Henry Llewellyn Smith, B.Sc. (Manc.). A.R.C.S. Francis Napier Sutton. John Golding, D.S.O. Associates Clive Benson, BSc. (Glas.), A.R.T.C. Keith Blundell Straw. Coming Events Nov. SOCIETY:“Surface Films.” Professor N. K. Adams, F.R.S., at the 12 CHEMICAL University, Western Bank, Sheffield, 10, at 5.30 p.m. ROYALINSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY:“Chemistry and Cancer,” Professor J. W. Cook, F.R.S., 30, Russell Square, London, W.C. 1, at 4 p.m, ROYALINSTITU:E(Birmingham and Midlands) : Joint Meeting with the Institute of Physics. Radiant Heat and Metal Finishing.” Mr. A. H. Silman, at the Imperial Hotel, Birmingham, at 5.30 p.m.13 ROYALINSTITUTE(South Wales) : “The Early Beginnings of Scientific Philosophy.” Mr. S, B. Watkins, at University College, Swansea, at 3.0 p.m. ROYALINSTITUTE(South Yorkshire) :“Patent Medicines.” Professor E. J. Wayne, at the Sheffield Metallurgical Association, 198, West Street, Sheffield, at 2.30 p.m. 16 ROYALINSTITUTE(Edinburgh and East of SFotland Section) and the Loc:, Section of the Society of Chemical Industry: The Strength of Carbon Bonds. Professor M. Polanyi, in the Medical Chemistry Lecture Theatre, Teviot Place, Edinburgh. 17 BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS(Birmingham Section): at the Chamber of Commerce, Birmingham, at 6 p.m. c 1961 Nov. SOCIETY. Joint meeting with tile Manchester and District Section25 CHEMICAL of the Royal Institute.“Modern Technique in Inorganic Chemistry.” : Dr. H. J . EmelBus, in the large chemical lecture theatre, Manchester University, at 5.30 p.m. (Leeds Area Section): Annual General Meeting. Visit of the39 ROYALINSTITUTE President, Professor Alexander Findlay. Dec. 3 CHEMICALSOCIETY:“Some Aspects of the Formation of Ring Compounds.” Professor G. M. Bennett, in Glasgow. OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY4 SOCIETY (South %‘ales) : “Powder Metallurgy.” Dr. W. D. Jones, at University College, Swansea, at 3 p.m. 8 BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS(Birmingham Section): at the Chamber of Commerce] Birmingham] at 6 p.m. 11 SOCIETY INDUSTRYOF CHEMICAL (Uorkshire Section). “Packages and Packing Problems of the Chemical Industry.” Mr.P. K. W. Greggains. 15 ROYALINSTITUTE(Manchester and District Section) : Exhibit of films of chemical interest, at the Reynolds Hall, College of Technology, Manchester. 16 ROYALINSTITUTE(Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section) and the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry : “Some new Pages in Nutritional Science.” Jlr. A. L. Bacharach. SOCIETY INDUSTRY ‘IOF CHEMIC-~L (Birmingham and Midlands) : Comparison of Molecular Sizes of Proteins and Starches.” Dr. L. F. Wiggins, at the Chamber of Commerce, Birmingham, at 5.30 p.m. 1944 Jan. OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY:3 INSTITUTION “Some Engineering Absurdities in the Rubber Industry.” Messrs. H. C. Young and G. B. Burnside. In the Court Room, Caxton Hall, Caxton Street, Westminster, S.W.1. 10 ROYALINSTITUTE(Leeds Area Section): “Recent Advances in Chemistry in Relation to Medicine.” Dr. D. H. Hey. General Notices Examinations, 1944.-An Examination for the Associateship of the Royal Institute will be held in January, and Examinations for the Associateship and Fellowship, in April, 1944. Arrangements will be notified to candidates whose applications are accepted. Associates who desire to present themselves for examination for the Fellowship in April, 1944, should forward their applications for consideration, and will be notified of future arrangements in due course. Active Service.-Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who are on active service with the Navy, Army and Air Force are requested to notify the Registrar of the Institute, giving such particulars as may be permissible, as to their rank, unit, etc.otice to Associates.-Regulations and forms of application for the Fellowship canye obtained from the Registrar (See p. 170.) Libraries.-The Library of the Institute is available to Fellows, Associates and Registered Students from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. on weekdays (except Saturdays: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m.); the Library of the Chemical Society is available for those wishing to consult or borrow books from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. (except Saturdays: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m.).Books may be borrowed from the Science Library, Science Museum, South Kensington, S.W.7, on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary of the Institute. Information regarding facilities afforded to members by Boots Booklovers’ Library and by Lewis’ Lending Library can also be obtained from the Registrar. [ 197 1 Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar.As the slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their require- ments at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize.-Registered Students are informed that the Council will be prepared to consider the award, in January 1944, of a Medal and Prize (&lo 10s.) for the best essay not exceeding 3000 words contributed by a Registered Student of not more than 22 years of age at the time of forwarding the essay.The essay may deal with any subject having a bearing on chemistry or chemical work provided that it does not deal with any purely chemical, technical or historical subject. The object of the essay is to induce Students to develop a sense of professional public spirit and to devote thought to questions of professional interestand to the position of chemists in the life of the community. Essays will be valued partly for literary style and technique, but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein. Each essay must be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the Local Section of the dis- trict in which the competitor resides (see list of Local Sections at the end of the Journal) not later than 31st December, 1943, and must be accompanied by a signed declaration that it is the independent work of the contributor.The Committee of each Local Section will be asked to select from those received not more than three essays considered to be worthy of the award. The selected essays will be referred to Assessors appointed by the Council, on whose report the Council will decide whether and to whom an award shall be made. The award will not be made more than once to any individual competitor. The Medal and Prize will be presented at the next Annual General Meeting or at a meeting of the Local Section to which the successful competitor is attached. Election of District Members of Council.-Fellows and Associates are reminded that, for the election of District Members of the Council, to take office from 15th March, 1944, nominations should be received at the offices of the Institute on or before Monday, 13th December, 1943.I. In accordance with By-law 30 (I), the Districts were defined by the Institute in General Meeting held on 7th March, 1921, amended on 1st March, 1923, on 1st March, 1935, and on 1st March, 1937 :-Birmingham and Midlands, including the Counties of Hereford, Salop, Staff ord, Worcester, Warwick, Rutland and Northampton. Bristol and South-Western Counties, including the Counties of Gloucester, Wilts, Dorset, Somerset, Devon and Cornwall. East Midlands and South Yorkshire, including the Counties of Derby, Notting- ham and Leicester, and the Lindsey Division of Lincoln; and that portion of Southern Yorkshire, including the towns of Doncaster, Rotherham, Sheffield, and district immediately contiguous thereto which have been allotted to the South Yorkshire Section; together with the Parts of Holland and the Kesteven Division of Lincoln.Liverpool and North-West Coast, including the Counties of Flint, Westmorland and Cumberland, and so much of the Counties of Chester and Lancaster as lies to the west of the line drawn through the centre of the postal district of Wigan and Warrington; the towns of Wigan and Warrington and all towns on the line, of which the greater portion of the postal district lies to the west of the line. The Isle of Man. London and South-Eastern Counties, including the Counties of Middlesex, Kent, Sussex, Surrey, Berks, Oxford, Buckingham, Hertford, Essex, Bedford, Cambridge, Suff olk, Norfolk, Huntingdon, Hants, with the Isle of Wight and the Channel Islands.Manchester and District, including so much of the Counties of Lancaster and Chester as lies to the east of the line drawn through the postal districts of Wigan and Warrington as aforesaid. Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North-East Coast, including the Counties of Northumberland and Durham. Yorkshire, except those portions of Southern Yorkshire referred to in (iii) above. [ 198 1 Edinburgh and East of Scotland, including the Counties of Perth, Fife, Kinross, Clackmannan, Stirling, Linlithgow, Edinburgh, Haddington, Berwick, Peebles, Selkirk and Roxburgh. Aberdeen and North of Scotland, including the Counties of Caithness, Suther- land, Ross and Cromarty, Nairn, Elgin, Banff, Aberdeen, Inverness, Kincar- dine, and Angus (Forfar). Glasgow and West of Scotland, including the Counties of Argyll, Dumbarton, Renfrew, Lanark, Ayr, Wigtown, Kirkcudbright and Dumfries.Wales, excluding the County of Flint, see (iv), and the County of Monmouth. Northern Ireland, as defined by the Government of Ireland Act, 1920, and subsequent enactments relating thereto. Irish Free State, as defined in the Government of Ireland Act, 1920, and subsequent enactments relating thereto. The Commonwealth of Australia, the Dominion of Canada, the Dominion of New Zealand, the Union of South Africa, the Empire of India, the Crown Colonies and elsewhere abroad. The Council have adopted the following Rules for the election of District Members of Council: 11.(1) Any five Members whose registered addresses are within any one District, as defined and adopted by the Institute in General Meeting, may nominate one eligible Fellow as a candidate for election as a District Member of Council for that District, but no member shall nominate more than one such Fellow; except that the Committee of any Local Section constituted in accordance with By-law 94 2(a) may, as such, nominate one candidate for such election, or if there be more than one Local Section in a District the Committees of all the Local Sections in that District shall sit jointly for the purpose of nominating one candidate for such election.(2) Any nomination made under these Rules shall be delivered to the Secretary at the Ofi’ices of the Institute on or before the second Monday in December in the year preceding the date of election and shall be in the following form:- “We, the undersigned, Members of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland, do hereby certify that A.B., of (registered address) , a Fellow of this Institute, is, in our estimation, a fit and proper person to be a District Member of the CounciI of the Institute, and we do hereby nominate him as a candidate for election as a District Member of Council.” (3) Any such nomination may consist of several documents in like form, each signed by one or more Members. Nominations for District (xv) should be received not later than 31st August.111. (1) On or before the fifth day of January in any year, the Council shall cause to be sent to every Member in each district in the manner prescribed by By-law 81, a balloting list containing the names of the candidates nominated for election as District Members of Council for such District, and the balloting list shall indicate which, if any, of the candidates has been nominated by the Committee or Committees of the Local Section or Sections in the respective District; except that in the case of District (xv) this rule shall read as if “September” (in the year previous) were substituted for “January.” (2) Each Member desirous of voting-(a) Shall record his vote for a District Member of the Council by making a cross against the name of the candidate for whose election he desires to vote, but no Member shall vote for more than one such candidate.(b) Shall deliver or transmit his balloting list in a sealed envelope bearing on the outside the signature of the Member, addressed to the Secretary, at the office of the Institute, so that it be received not later than by the first post on the third Monday in January in the year for which the election is being held. IV. (1) The envelopes containing the balloting list shall, on the Thursday next after the third Monday in January in the year in which the election is held, be opened by two r. 199 1 Scrutineers, neither Members of the Council, nor candidates nominated for election as District Members of the Council, who shall be nominated by the Council in December of the year preceding the election at a meeting convened specially for that purpose.(2) The balloting list of any member who on the Thursday next after the third Monday in January is in arrear with any subscription or other sum payable by him to the Institute under the By-laws shall be disallowed. (3) The Scrutineers shall present their Report to the Council at a meeting, on the Friday next after the third Monday in January, specially convened for that purpose. (4) The candidate receiving the greatest number of votes in each District respectively shall be elected and, in any case of an equality of votes, the Council shall decide the matter by ballot. (5) If at any time after the balloting lists have been sent to members, and before the dissolution of the Annual General Meeting, any candidate who would otherwise have been elected has died or has withdrawn his nomination or has in any way become ineligible for Membership of the Council, then the candidate having the next greatest number of votes shall be elected, or if there be no such candidate, the vacancy shall be filled as provided in Rule V.(6) The election of District Members of Council shall be notified to members when they are served with the balloting list for the election of General Members of Council at the Annual General Meeting. V. After the first election any vacancy among the District Members of the Council occurring between the Annual General Meetings, owing to death, resignation, removal or otherwise, shall be filled by the election by the Committee of the Local Section in the respective District of one eligible Fellow; or jf there be more than one Local Section in the District the Committees of all the Sections therein shall hold a joint meeting for the purpose of such election. Notice convening a meeting for this purpose shall be sent by the Secretary of the Institute to all the members of the Committee or Committees of the Section or Sections concerned at least fourteen days before the date of the meeting. If there be no Local Section within a District, a casual vacancy shall be filled by the election by the Council of one eligible Fellow from the Fellows resident in that District. If there be a casual vacancy in the case of the District Member of Council for District (xv), such vacancy shall be filled by the Council by the election of one eligible Fellow. The Fellows whose names are given below are the present Members of Council for the Districts indicated. Those whose names are given in italics will have completed the period of three years’ service on the Council, and will retire in accordance with By-law 23. Birmingham and Midlands : Garfield Thomas, A4.Sc. Bristol and South-Western CouQties : Osman Jones. East Midlands and South Yorkshire: George Frederick Hall, M.B.E., B.Sc. Liverpool and North-West Coast : Leslie Victor Cocks. London and South-Eastern Counties : David Michael Freeland. Manchester and District : Harold Stevenson. Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast : Robert William Ancrum. Yorkshire : George James Denhigh, M.Sc. Edinburgh and East of Scotland : Gilbert Elliot Dodds, A.-H.W.C. Aberdeen and North of Scotland : Glasgow and West of Scotland: James Wilfred Cook, Ph.D., D.Sc., F.R.S. Wales and the County of Monmouth : hTicholas Michael Cullinane, D.Sc. Northern Ireland: Donald Alford Derrett-Smith, R.Sc., A.C.G.F.C., F.T.I. Irish Free State: John Andrews, B.Sc. The Overseas Dominions and elsewhere abroad : John Chester Cowap, B.Sc. [ 200 1

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9436700161

出版商:RSC    

年代:1943

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND FOUNDED 1877 ~NCORPORATEDBY ROYAL CHARTER, im5 Patron H.M. THE KING JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS PART VI: 1943 Publications Committee, 1943-44 F. P. Dunn (Chairman),A. L. Bacharach, H. Baines, F.Challenger, J. W. Cook, L. Eynon, Alexander Findlay (President), J. J. Fox, D. Jordan-Lloyd,H. Moore and Garfield Thomas Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secrefavy 30. R~JSSELL LONDON,SQUARE, W.C.1 December, 1943 Proceedings of the Council Council Meeting, 19thNovember, 1943.-On the recommendation of the Chemical Council, it was resolved that, pending agreement on conditions possible for the extension of the scope of the Chemical Council and any modification of its constitution, the Council of the Institute approve the co-option of two representatives of the British Association of Chemists as Members of the Chemical Council.The Chemical Council reported that the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers had agreed to commend to its members the appeal which the Chemical Council wished to make for funds for publications, and that a Standing Committee on the Development of Co-operation was considering (a) a Central House, (b) a Joint Secretariat, (c) suggested steps regarding publications, j oin8t congresses and delimitation of the areas of Local Sections, and (d) suggestions with reference to the letter of February, 1943,signedby 150 chemists.The Council appointed Dr. H. E. Cox and Dr. E. V. Suckling representa- tives of the Institute to attend a conference to be convened by the British Standards Institution to determine whether a Committee should be set up to provide methods of analysis of water from excavations for foundations. A letter from the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists intimated that the Society in General Meeting had approved the suggestion to form Groups dealing with special subjects or branches of analytical chemistry. The Council concurred in the reappointment of Mr. L. Arndell as Examiner for the Ordinary National Certificate in Chemistry (Northern Ireland).The President reported on an interview at the Ministry of Health on 26th October, when he, with Dr.Carr and the Registrar were received by Mr. T. Lindsay, a Principal Assistant Secretary, and Sir Weldon Dalrymple- Champneys, Deputy Chief Medical Officer. The President had pressed for a meeting in the hope that the representations made by the Institute and the Society of Public Analysts regarding the Emergency Public Health Laboratory Service would be more expeditiously and satisfactorily met. Since the previous conference with Officers of the Ministry, on aand April, the Councils of the Institute and the Society had hoped that arrangements would have been made to restore, to professional chemists, practice which had been diverted to the Emergency Public Health Laboratories, and that the Ministry would accept the offer of co-operation made by the Institute and the Society.Correspondence had been deferred and action delayed. Further complaints had been received, and the President felt that he would have to resort to other means unless the promises given by the Ministry were fulfilled. He reviewed the relations with the Ministry and the Institute and the Society since their foundation. The Institute had supplied the Local Government Board and the Ministry with qualified Public Analysts and the Society had contributed to the furtherance of the science underlying the duties entrusted to Public Analysts. It was grossly unfair and showed a lack of appreciation and gratitude for the services thus rendered that no steps should be taken to protect qualified professional men against inter- vention in their affairs by another profession.He pressed the point that chemists should not be subordinate to medical officers. If, in future Health [ 2021 Services, the appointments of Public Analysts were made subordinate to the Medical Officers, they would be unattractive. Chemists were ready and willing to co-operate with Medical Officers and to interpret the results of analyses, (Further steps are being taken.) The Petition for the Supplemental Charter, approved at the Special General Meeting held on 20th October, was sealed, and signed by the Officers of the Institute. The Council gave general approval to the proposal that the Institute should become a Corporate Member of the Scientific 'Film Association.Reports were received from the Standing Committees. The Publications Committee reported that suggestions had been received that the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSshould be open to correspondence, but the Committee held that, apart from the question of paper restriction, a Journal published every other month was not appropriate for the purpose. Suggestions for the enlargement of the JOURNAL, received from another member, were judged to be not possible, on the present rates of membershipsubscriptions, unless the publication be made open to advertisements. On considering the Report of the Policy Committee, the Council dis- cussed a motion to provide that District or Regional Members of Council might be either Fellows or Associates of the Institute.Some members demurred that the motion restricted the eligibility of Associates for service on the Council to District or Regional Members. The proposal was debated at some length, and eventually an amendment-"That Associates be not eligible for membership of the Council"-was carried by a large majority, and subsequently adopted as a substantive resolution. A letter urging the re-introduction by the Institute of an Intermediate Examination was referred to the Chemistry Education Advisory Board and . to the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee. A Report was received from the Publicity Committee giving particulars of the action proposed to be taken by the Chemical Council to encourage joint membership and joint student membership and of the advice given to Local Sections with a view to making more widely known to students and graduates the part played by the Institute in the chemical community and in the country.Council Meeting, 17th December, 1943.-The Council received further information regarding the conference called by the British Standards Institution in connexion with water analysis. It was felt that the scope of the enquiry had been extended and instead of being concerned with the underground corrosion of concrete, it was proposed to cover standardisation of analyses, both chemical and bacteriological, of water supplies as a whcle. The representatives of the Institute felt that they would be unable to devote time to meetings and discussions on those lines and that the majority of chemists competent to sit on the Committee would be in a similar position.Dr. Cox reported, however, that it had been decided to abandon the consideration of water in its sanitary, including bacteriological, aspects, and the Council agreed that the matter be left to Dr. Suckling and Dr. Cox for further report if necessary. The Chairman of the Chemical Council reported that the British Associa- tion of Chemists had been informed that that Council regretted, in the present circumstances, it had n6t been found possible to co-opt representa- tives of the Association on the Chemical Council; also that the Chemical Council had resolved to call a conference of all chemical societies and kindred :303 ] organisations to discuss matters relating to the finance of publications, the provision of premises and other matters of collaboration.The Chemical Council also suggested that, as every new Associate of the Royal Institute was urged in a letter signed by the President to support the publishing societies, so the members of the publishing societies, in so far as they are qualified, should be urged to join the professional body. The Chemical Council also expressed the hope that the Royal Institute would give more attention to questions affecting social security and economic interests of chemists. Dr. A. E. Dunstan, having reported that his term of office as representa- tive of the Institute on the Chemical Council was about to expire, it was resolved that the thanks of the Council be accorded to Dr.Dunstan for his services, and Sir Robert Pickard be asked to act as representative of the Institute in his place. Dr. William Cullen, as representative of the Institute on the Anglo- Soviet Scientific Collaboration Committee, reported that the matters with which that Committee dealt now seemed to be on a more satisfactory basis. Professor H. V. A. Briscoe, Dr. H. D. K. Drew and Dr. Janet H. Matthews were appointed representatives to serve on a Sub-committee of the British Standards Institution to prepare Specifications for scientific glassware and laboratory ware and the standardisation of microchemical apparatus. The Report of the Benevolent Fund Committee included reference to assistance given to two widows,-one with six children (five girls and a boy, ages 14 to 11 years).The Committee reported that in appropriate cases regular allowances would be increased by 20 per cent., at a cost in all of probably E125 a year. The Publications Committee reported that Professor Cook’s lecture on “Chemistry and Cancer” would be issued with Part VI, and that the Streatfeild Memorial Lecture by Dr. P. A. Houseman had been received. (The subject Dr. Houseman has chosen is “Licorice: Putting a Weed to Work.’’ As he is in America, it is proposed to ask a past-student of FinsburyTechnical College to read the paper on his behalf.) The Council considered preliminary arrangements for the election of the new Council, In accordance with the By-laws, the following will be in- eligible for re-election as District Members :-Mr.Garfield Thomas, Dr. J. A. Lovern, Professor J. W. Cook. The €ouncil received nomination for election to fill vacancies thus caused in favour of Mr. T. H. Gant, Mr. J. E. Bowen and Mr. J. W. Kerr. The following Members of Council are also due to retire, in accordance with the By-laws:-Messrs. E. E. Ayling, H. Baines, S. R. Carter, F. Challenger, L. A. Jordan, J. G. King and F. J. Wilson. Lecture.-On Friday, 12th November, the President presided at a meeting held at the Institute, when Profezsor J. W. Cook, F.R.S., Member of Council, gave a lecture on “Chemistry and Cancer. At the conclusion, Professor Cook having answered many questions, Mr. Bernard Howard, in moving a vote of thanks, expressed not only appreciation of the lecture, but of “the remarkable way in which Professor Cook had passed his oral examination.” The lecture is being issued with this Part of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS.Local Sections (The Institute is not responsible for the views expressed in papers read or in speecAds delivered during discussions.) Aberdeen and North of Scotland.-At a meeting of the Section held in Aberdeen on 19th November, Mr. James Emrys Bowen was elected Member of Council for District xii, Aberdeen and North of Scotland, in place of Dr. J. A. Lovern, who is at present abroad. Dr. Roy Brown Strathdee was elected Chairman of the Section, and Dr. F. L. Hudson was appointed Honorary Secretary, on the retirement of Dr.W. M. Todd, who had held that office since September, 1939. Belfast and District.-A meeting was held in the Royal Academical Institution on 4th November, when Mr. David Kennedy read an interesting paper entitled “Teaching Science at L4,OOO per year,” being a note of the work of Dr. D. B. Reid. Dr. W. Honneyman presided in the unavoidable absence of the Chairman. A joint meeting with the local members of the Chemical Society was held in the Chemical Dept., Queen’s University, on 25th November, Dr. M. H. Hall in the chair. Professor T. J. Nolan, of University College, Dublin, read a paper entitled “Some Recent Contributions of the Chemist to the Study and Treatment of Disease,” which was much appreciated. Birmingham and Midlands.-Provided that sufficient support is forthcoming, an intensive course of lectures in Chemical Engineering will be given in Birmingham, by Mr.E. Woollatt, BSc., A.M.1.Chem.E. It is proposed that the lectures be given on Saturday (morning and afternoon) and Sunday (morning) during three week-ends in April, May, and June. Each meeting of the class will be for three hours and two lectures, with a short break between, will be given at each meeting. The fee for the course will be three guineas, of which one guinea will be payable on acceptance and two guineas on, or before, the first meeting of the class. A detailed syllabus will be supplied to intending applicants. Applications from Fellows and Associates will be given priority. Others applying to join the class should be of graduate standing in chemistry.All applications should be made, in writing, not later than 31st January, 1944, to E. M. Joiner, 15, Halton Road, Sutton Coldfield. Bristol and South-Western Counties.-A meeting of the Section was held jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry and the Chemical Society on 4th November, in the Chemical Department of Bristol University. Dr. A. C. Monkhouse, Chairman of the Bristol and South-Western Counties Section of the Royal Institute, presided, and a discussion was opened by Professor Alexander Findlay, President, on “Reconstruction in the Chemical Profession after the War.’’ The President’s remarks followed the same lines as those given in the report of the meeting held at Birmingham on 8th October (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part V, pp.172-173). Dr. D. W. Adamson gave his suggestions on the functions that might be allotted to various chemical organisations as well as on the subscriptions payable by members and proposals for the enlargement of the library of the Chemical Society. He thought that money might be saved for the building of a Chemistry House and improving library facilities. He would like to see the Institute do something more to promote the better economic conditions of many of its members. He suggested that the British Association of Chemists should care for students and junior chemists until they became qualified for the Associateship of the Institute. The President said that some chemists seemed to think that the Institute was doing too much.It was the duty of the Institute, however, to interest itself in students because they were aiming at becoming Associates; that was why it registered students; their training was the Institute’s speciarconcern, and it was its duty to look after the qualifications of chemists. The aims and objects of the Institute and the British Association of Chemists were different. If chemists felt that they could derive benefit from membership of the Association, by all means let them join it. It was largely a benefit society, and among other things provided a scheme for unemployment insurance. He was in favour of a joint chemical publication for the members of the various societies, but he could not see how sufficient money could be raised from the incomes of the societies to build Chemistry House.There was not a great deal of overlapping between [2051 the activities of the various bodies and it was difficult to estimate exactly whether anything could be saved by having a central secretariat. It would be exceedingly difficult unless and until the organisations were housed together. The work was much too complicated to be separated from the main office dealing with registration and qualifications. The Institute was probably the only body which had published statistics with regard to the remuneration of its members, which was not greatly, if at all, inferior to the remuneration of other professions. The Council was always ready to listen to practical suggestions.Mr. T. B. Gyles said he had come to the opinion that the difficulties of organisation were greater than they had imagined. There was a desire for economy among the older members, and many hesitated to advocate changes. Hitherto he had felt that there was no real wish for independent societies among the younger members, but if there was a way, in spite of difficulties, of getting chemists together in one society, he felt the present time gave an opportunity of closer unity. The President, replying, said that the interests of a chemist might vary: for a discussion on the science of chemistry he went to the Chemical Society; on the appli- cation of science, he went to the Society of Chemical Industry. Chemists were not divided, but apportioned their activities to suit existing conditions.They had be- come organised in the particular way in which they found themselves to-day, in order to secure certain aims and objects. If you told the Societies to dissolve and set up a new Society, a large number of members would regret having to dissociate themselves from a particular Society and become merged in a new one. A man was not divided against himself because he had more than one interest. Dr. Maxted said that they enjoyed joint meetings and they went very smoothly and well. Dr. Monkhouse said that so many people were interested in chemistry in different ways. He asked whether they wanted to put all chemists under one hat? ProfeSsor Hirst referred to the tendency for ancillary societies to increase in number rather than diminish.The Society of Chemical Industry had its various groups claiming to become almost separate societies. He doubted whether strong bodies, such as the ChemicaI Society, the Faraday Society, the Society of-Dyers and Colourists, the Institute of Brewing and many others, would want to be brought into the unification scheme. He did not see how that could be done. Mr. Floren said that Mr. Adamson appeared to suggest that a member of the B.A.C. was a lower member. The B.A.C. demanded certain standards for its grades of members, but it differed from the Institute in that it admitted members on the basis of evidence of practical ability in chemical industry. He referred to the history of the formation of the Institute and that of the B.A.C., and on the question of remuneration, said that he, tbo, was concerned about the salaries of the less-paid members of the profession.The appointments notified by the Institute five or six years ago were often on a low scale. Chemists wanted recognition and publicity. They were doing a job which the great majority of people could not do. Because they were not usually in the public eye, they were not recognised in the same way as the medical man. Professor H. T. S. Britton was concerned about chemists outside the Institute. He found that students, when they started on an honours course, almost automatically joined the Chemical Society. If the Institute wanted to get hold of the younger people more should be done to get them to understand the registration scheme. His impression was that if students paid so many shillings a year and were registered, they got nothingout of it.* The President pointed out that Registered Students of the Institute could come under the joint junior co-operation scheme which would come into force in 1944.The meeting closed with a cordial vote of thanks to the President. On 2nd December a meeting of the Local Section was held in the Chemical Depart- ment of Bristol University, jointly with the Local Sections of the Society of Chemical Industry and the Chemical Society together with the Chemical Engineering Group of the Society of Chemical Industry, and the Institution of Chemical Engineers. Mr.Tungay, Chairman of the Chemical Engineering Group, presided, and a paper on “Caustic Embrittlement in Boilers” was given jointly by Messrs. P. Hamer and E. W. Colbeck. Mr. Colbeck dealt with the metallurgical aspect of the problem, and Mr. Hamer dealt with feed-water treatment. * A Registered Student pays 10s. a year. He receives the publications, including JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,lectures, etc., and on applying for Associateship is excused L1 1s. of the Entrance Fee if he has been registered for two years, thus getting literature and service for two years and saving a shilling. Moreover, Sections invite students to meetings, except meetings for the discussion of professional subjects. [ 2061 Cardiff and District.-On 9th October the members of the Cardiff and District Section were invited to attend the Jubilee Memorial Lecture of the Society of Chemical Industry, at the University College, Cathays Park, Cardiff.The Lord Mayor, Coun- cillor J. Griffiths, J.P., presided, and Principal J. F. Rees welcomed the visitors to the University College. Sir R. Robertson, F.R.S.,delivered a lecture entitled “Diamond” to a large audience. On 20th November a meeting was held jointly with the South Wales Section of the Society of Chemical Industry at University College, Cardiff. Mr. P. V. Lloyd occupied the chair and a lecture was delivered by Mr. R. G. Minor, entitled ‘Adulteration of Food.” Before introducing the lecturer, Mr. Lloyd paid tribute to the excellent work carried out on behalf of the Section by the retiring chairman, Mr.S. Dixon. Mr. Dixon, in his reply, expressed the hope that the Section would continue to expand and be of even greater service to the chemists in the district in the years to come. The lecturer was then introduced by the Chairman, and the audience listened to an interesting and topical address. (See p. 216.) Dublin.-On the occasion of the Annual General Meeting of the Dublin Section held on 24th November, at the conclusion of the formal business, a presentation was made to the Honorary Secretary, Dr. A. G. G. Leonard. The Chairman (Mr. J. W. Parkes) in making the presentation, outlined the aims of the Institute, and traced its development to the formation of Local Sections. An Irish Local Section was formed and held its first meeting in November, 1918, at which Dr.Leonard was appointed Honorary Secretary. Twenty-five years later, the Local Section was holding its Annual General Meeting with the same Honorary Secretary and the members felt that this was an appropriate occasion upon which to express their appreciation of Dr. Leonard’s services to them. For twenty-five years he had been the mainstay of the Section; he had carried out his duties faithfully and well, and under his wise guidance the affairs of the Section were in excellent order. Many of those associated with the presentation were past students of Dr. Leonard, who had sent their felicitations, and in addition, a telegram had been received conveying the good wishes of the President, Council and Officers of the Institute.Mr. B. G. Fagan, Public Analyst for the City of Dublin, speaking as one who had been a member of the Committee since its inception, also paid tribute to the efficiency of Dr. Leonard’s work. The Chairman then presented a silver tea set, suitably engraved, and a fishing rod to Dr. Leonard, and a hand-bag to Mrs. Leonard, in token of the appreciation of the members of her contribution to the social occasions of the Section. Dr. Leonard, in reply, referred to the formation of the Irish Section, and likened himself to a catalyst assisting the individual chemical groups in Ireland to combine, with happy results. They had planned to meet four times each year, and, in fact, this was their 98th meeting, so that they had a “yield ” of 98 per cent., with which, he thought, no chemist would quarrel ! Unlike the best catalysts, however, he could not claim that he had emergedunaltered from the process. On behalf of Mrs.Leonard and himself, he returned thanks to the members for their “sterling, sporting and graceful ” tokens of appreciation. East Midlands.-Mr. G. E. Wilson having moved to Glasgow, has been obliged to relinquish the office of almoner for the Benevolent Fund in the East Midlands Section. Mr. A. W. Fairgrieve has undertaken to act in his place. A well attended meeting of the Section was held in Derby on 28th October, when Professor R. D. Haworth dealt with “Natural Resins.” In November, the members of the Institute were invited to a neeting organised by the Leicester Society of Chemists, when Mr.R. Maitland gave an address on “Plastics,” and on 17th November, at Nottingham, Dr. J. B. Firth read a paper on “Forensic Science in Criminal Investigation. ’’ Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-A joint meeting with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry was held in Edinburgh, on, 29th October, Dr. W. M. Ames presiding.Dr. H. B. Nisbet, vice-chairman of the Section, a member of the Chemistry Educa- tion Advisory Board, lectured on “The Rationalisation of Technical Training.” There was a large attendance and a lengthy discussion followed the lecture. On 16th November, a joint meeting with the Chemical Society, the Edinburgh University Chemical Society and the Local Section of the:Society of Chemical Industry, was held in the University, Edinburgh, Mr.A. C. Docherty in the chair. Dr. E. B. Ludlam gave an appreciation of the late Dr. Alexander Lauder, one of the founders of the Local Section and its Chairman in 1924 and 1925. Prof. M. Polanyi lectured on “The Strength of Carbon Bonds.” [ 2073 Glasgow and West of Scotland. --‘the A~iiiuiblGeneral Meeting of the Section took place in Glasgow on 29th October, Professor W. M. Cumming presiding. Dr. J. McLean, Hon. Treasurer, submitted the Accounts, and the Report was accepted on the motion of Dr. P. F. Gordon, seconded by Professor J. W. Cook. Dr. McLean was thanked for his services, and Dr. G. D. Muir for acting as Hon. Auditor. Dr. Muir was re-elected for the Session 1943-44.The Hon. Secretary’s Report was read by the Hon. Assistant Secretary, in the absence, owing to illness, of Mr. J. G. Duncan. Reference was made to the joint meetings held during the session, and to the discussion on Institute policy held after the previous Annual General Meeting. Thanks were accorded to Professor Cook, District Member of Council, and to Mr. A. R. Jamieson, Representative on the Benevo- lent Fund Committee. At the Section Secretaries’ Conference held in June, the Section was represented by Mr. H. G. A. Anderson, Hon. Assistant Secretary. The adoption of the Report was moved by Dr. I. V. Hopper, seconded by Mr. Hugh C. Moir. Reference was made to the illness of Mr. Duncan, the Hon. Secretary, and the Chairman voiced the feelings of the meeting in hoping that he would soon be restored to health.The members sent him their best wishes and sincere thanks. The Hon. Assistant Secretary was thanked for his services. A brief report on the work of the Benevolent Fund was submitted by Mr. A. R. Jamieson. The Committee’s recommendation to revert to the pre-war practice of election of Office-Bearers and Committee was submitted from the Chair and accepted by the meeting. Professor Cumming referred to the work of Professor Cook, District Member of Council, whose term of office will terminate in March, 1944. He had been most diligent in his attendance, and in his work as their Representative, and was warmly thanked for his services. Mr. J. W. Kerr was nominated as his successor and the nomination warmly received.This concluded the business, and thereafter the members were joined by members of other chemical societies and enjoyed an exhibit of scientific films. Huddersfie1d.-A meeting of the Section was held on 9th November in Field’s Cafi., Mr. D. Hanson in the Chair, when Dr. Leslie H. Lampitt gave a talk entitled “Collaboration in Publication.” Members who participated in the discussion expressed their appreciation of the amount of information given by Dr. Lampitt, and suggested the necessity for full discussion of matters of policy by the Local Sections before any proposals were put into effect. At a meeting of the Section held on 23rd November, also under the Chairmanship of Mr.Hanson, Professor Challenger gave an address entitled “The Personal Background of Some Fundamental Investigations.” This was followed by an informal discussion, during which members contributed personal reminiscences of great chemists. (See p. 217.) Leeds Area.-A joint meeting of the Section with the Leeds University Chemical Society was held at the University on 1st November, Professor F. Challenger presiding. By courtesy of Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd.. a number of films of scientific and general interest were shown. After a social interval, a very large audience assembled for a lecture-demonstration by Dr. A. D. Mitchell, on “Improved Methods in Volumetric Analysis,” followed by a discussion on points of interest in many branches of analysis.At the Annual General Meeting, held in the University of Leeds on 29th November, the Section welcomed the President, Professor Alexander Findlay. Professor F. Challenger, Chairman of the Section, presided. The Report and Financial Statement were received and adopted. Dr. H. Phillips and Messrs. Trefor Davies, W. R. Middlebrook and A. Taylor were elected ’to vacancies on the Committee, and Mr. T. G. J. Clinton was elected to serve for two years in place of Mr. H. Hollis. Messrs. J. T. Thompson and A. Woodmansey were re-elected Hon. Auditors. Mr. Thompson received the congratulations of the Section on his election to the presidency of the Institute of Sewage Purification. The President opened a discussion on “The Organisation of Chemists.” He said that the better organisation of chemists would enable them to give their service more efficiently to the community.In all branches of industrial effort, and in promoting and protecting the health of the people by safeguarding the purity of food supplies and by the production of essential vitamins and drugs which have saved many thousands of lives, the achievements of chemists, although not always realised by the public, had been of outstanding importance. [ 208 1 The unification of chemists and the unification of chemical societies were two very different problems. The unification of chemists was in a fair way to realisation, thanks largely to the efforts and initiative of the Institute. The number of chemists enrolled as members of the three Chartered Bodies was about 12,000 and if all those who were qualified were to become members of the Institute unification of chemists would in fact be complete. It should be the responsibility of the other two.federated societies to encourage their members to join the Institute in the same way that the Institute urged its members to belong to the publishing societies under the joint scheme which was to be extended to junior membership.The growth and development of the Institute had kept pace with the changes in the profession. Originally founded to provide a recognised standard of qualification and code of ethics for public analysts and consultants, the necessity for qualification and registration was no less urgent now that 75 per cent.of its members were engaged in industry. It had secured de fact0 recognition by Government Departments as the body entitled to speak on matters concerning chemists and chemistry, and the question of de jure recognition must shortly be considered. As the problems of social security became more insistent, the Institute would seek fresh methods of promoting the economic welfare of its members, aided by their own sense of responsibility to further their mutual interests through the medium of its organisation. When we came to consider chemical societies the desirability of unification was much less clear. The individual societies were founded to perform distinct and definite functions and services; each had developed a personality of its own and could not be expected to relinquish its autonomy.In this country, moreover, there were advantages in having relatively small societies looking after the interests of the various sections of the profession rather than one large society as in America. The rapid growth of chemistry and the expansion of research during the last twenty- five years, however, brought special financial problems to the two publishing societies, and it was to help in the solution of these that the Chemical Council was founded in 1935. This body had taken over the maintenance of the Chemical Society’s Library and the control of the Bureau of Chemical Abstracts; it made grants to the publishing societies and administered a scheme of joint membership. It thus constituted a federation which achieved most of the advantages of unification without loss of autonomy to the participants, and the success of this was reflected in the striking increase in the member- ship of the Chemical Society which had occurred since the joint membership scheme was instituted.There was no doubt, however, that the functions of the Chemical Council would have to be altered and enlarged in the near future. These would probably embrace the publi- cation of a news journal, the organisation of an annual congress of chemists, and especi- ally the establishment of a “Chemistry House,” to house the Library, and adequate secretariat, and to provide meeting rooms and a centre where chemists could foregather for all purposes of mutual interest and concern.If our industrial prosperity and the material welfare of our people were to be ensured, a determined and persistent effort must be made by the Government, by industry, and by the universities and technical colleges to pull level with our chief rivals in industry who, in the promotion and encouragement given to chemical research, had considerably outstripped us. In no country was there higher scientific ability than here, but we had too often failed to make use of it. In the ensuing discussion Mr. J. H. Bendle emphasised those questions of economic security to which more recently founded societies were directing their special endGavours. Dr. H. Burton enquired why a chemist earned more money when he ceased to work at a bench.The President said that, in his opinim, the Institute would have to pay particular attention to economic security. Mr. Phillipson raised the question of the restrictions which industrial firms had been known to place on publication by chemists in their employ. The Chairman pointed out that this was a diminishing difficulty and was nowadays confined to a relatively small number of firms. Mr. D. H. Hill proposed that the Institute should include among the subjects for the Fellowship examination the Industrial Management of Chemical Works and Allied Trades. He pointed out that the Institute, unlike the Institution of Mechanical Engineers and some other similar bodies, made no provision to enable the chemist to qualify for managerial posts in industry.In consequence there was a tendency in cer- tain types of factories to confine the chemist to technical work and to appoint to admin- istrative posts non-technical men who had not got a full appreciation of the nature and possibilities of the chemist’s work, and whose caution when dealing with research which did not show an immediate return might act as a brake on development. [ZWj After discussion it was agreed that the matter should be further considered by the Section, possibly in conjunction with the Institution of Chemical Engineers. The thanks of the Section were accorded to the President for his welconie visit. London and South-Eastern Counties .-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at the Royal Institute on 17th November.There was a good attend- ance and the meeting was notable for the interest shown by members in the Section activities. The question of a third grade of membership of the Institute provoked a verylively debate and resulted in a demand by the members for a special meeting to discuss the matter rather than it should be discussed at the Annual General Meeting of the Institute. The business meeting was followed by debates on the motions:- (i) “That this meeting considers that Associates should be eligible for service on the Council of the Institute,” which was carried by 35 votes to 23; and (ii) “That this meeting is in favour of the closure of the chemical profession,” which was lost by 16 votes to 18. The Committee for 1943-44 was elected:-Chairman, Dr.G. L. Riddell; Vice-Chairmen, Mr. s. J. Johnstone and Dr. H. Baines; Hon. Treasurer, Mr. J. s. Cook; Hon. Secretary, Mr. E. Q. Laws; District Member of Council, Mr. D. M. Freeland; and the following: Messrs. A. L. Bacharach, A. Batley, L. C. Chadwick, C. W. Davies, J. G. Fife, C. W. Herd, F. C. Hymas, A. J. Jinkings, C. A. Kerr, T. McLachlan, D. D. Moir, W. C. Peck, J. L. Pinder, J. W. Price, S. G. E. Stevens, and S. G. Stevenson, Mrs. S. M. Tritton, and Mr. H. C. S. de Whalley. Newcastle upon Tyne and N.E. Coast.-A meeting of the Section was held jointly with the Local Sections of the Chemical Society, the Oil and Colour Chemists’ Associatian, the Society of Chemical Industry, and the British Association of Chemists, at King’s College, on 11th November.Mr. B. P. Hill (Chairman of the Newcastle Section of the Society of Chemical Industry) presided, and there was an attendance of more than a hundred. . Dr. P. D. Ritchie and Mr. I. W. A. Kirkwood lectured on “Plastics,” Dr. Ritchie dealing with the chemical aspects and Mr. Kirkwood with the engineering and electro- technical aspects of the subject. Numerous products of the plastics industry were exhibited. The lecture was an amplification of a well attended talk given by Dr. Ritchie on the same subject at a joint meeting with the Newcastle Chemical Industry Club on the 27th May. South Wales.-A meeting was held jointly with the University College of Swansea Chemical Society on 13th November, at University College, Swansea, Mr.R. H. Jones presiding.Mr. S. B. Watkins delivered a lecture entitled “The Greeks started it.” The meeting served as an informal celebration of the 25th anniversary of the in- auguration of the Section, which fell on 16th November. On 4th December a meeting was held, jointly with the South Wales Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, at University College, Swansea, Mr. J . Christie presiding. Dr. W. D. Jones delivered a lecture on “Powder Metallurgy.” South Yorkshire.-The Institute has received with much regret the intimation that, for reasons of health, Mr. George Parkin bas felt obliged to relinquish the office of Hon. Secretary of the South Yorkshire Section, in which he has rendered excellent service since 1940.Tees-Side .-An interesting paper entitled “Modern Methods in MetallurgicalAnalysis” was read by Mr. E. J. Vaughan at Sparks’ Cafe, High Street, Stockton-on- Tees, on 21st October. Dr. G. I. Higson presided, and a keen discussion followed the paper (see p. 214.) On 25th November, at a joint meeting with the Stockton Branch of the Association of Scientific Workers the subject was “Titanium Dioxide,” and the speaker was Mr. S. G. Tinsley, of British Titan Products, Billingham. A second paper on “The Analysis of Titanium Dioxide” was read by Dr. F. R. Williams. The lectures were illustrated with slides and specimens. Mr. A. Scholes was in the Chair. [ 21.0; SUMMARIES OF LECTURES The Industry of Polymers or Macromolecules BY F.J. BRISLEE, DSc., F.I.C. [Liverpool and North-Western Section, 7th October, 1943.1 A survey of the plastics industry, or “the industry of polymers or macromolecules ” is of particular importance in view of the loss of rubber-producing areas after the entry of the Japanese into the war. Before the war, plastics could be classified as follows : phenol-formaldehyde condensation products, polymers and co- polymers of hydrocarbons, chlorinated hydrocarbons, vinyl esters and acrylic esters, and cellulose derivatives. Rubber-like properties were only apparent in certain of these classes and considerable attention has since been paid to bodies in this category. The earlier products were inferior to rubber, but had some useful properties. Later ones were much improved, particularly those obtained by the co-polymerisation of a mixture of two of the following : styrene, ethylene, butadiene, vinyl chloride, acrylic nitrile, isobutylene.A polymer of vinyl chloride from the U.S.A. and a co-polymer of vinyl chloride and acrylic nitrile from Germany were introduced for low voltage work and were more resistant to oil, petrol, etc., than rubber. Polystyrene proved to have outstanding electrical properties. Greatest progress towards rubber-like products has been made by the co-polymerisation of a mixture of butadiene and styrene. The molecular weights of polymers and co-polymers can be varied within wide limits, but desirable properties may occur only over a certain range. A number of catalysts are employed for bringing about or accelerating polymerisation whilst inhibitors were used in operating with unstable monomers. In the commercial co-polymerisation of buta- diene and styrene the operation is carried out in soapy water, and the product is a latex which requires to be salted out to yield a solid body.In synthetic rubber pro- duction, U.S.A. and Canada have made much progress, mainly owing to the availability of raw materials, alcohol from petroleum or by fermentation, which gives butadiene, benzene from coal and ethylene from petroleum, which together give ethylbenzene and then styrene by dehydrogenation. When normal conditions are restored it is likely that the two forms of rubber will have to be considered on their respective merits.This is not a case parallel with indigo, for rubber is a major constituent of large articles of widespread utility, mainly tyres. Immense strides have been made in rubber growing as well as in rubber technique. The grown rubber had many advan- tages, and for certain purposes set a very high standard of excellence. Fields for the use of plastics in general should be reviewed with due regard to the possible exhaustion of petroleum, natural gas and coal, the raw materials for plastics. Food Canning By J. P. ALLCHIN,B.Sc., A.I.C. [Birmingham and Midlands Section, 20th OctobF, 1943.1 Early in the nineteenth century, provisions for Arctic Expeditions were packed in tinned cannisters; in 1939, 15s. per capitum throughout the United Kingdom was expended on the purchase of canned foods.In this growth, scientific control has had a large responsibility. Raw materials of the finest quality are utilised in the modern canning industry. They are handled in the most expeditious manner, subjected to a minimum of manipula- tions before being sealed into a suitable container, then given a final “processing” or heat treatment, which both cooks the pack and prevents subsequent spoilage. The nutritional chemist has recently given close attention to the conservation of the nutritive factors in canned goods and the avoidance of losses in the preparation stages. An example is the investigation of the “blanching” or scalding of vegetables which is essential from many aspects, particularly for the destruction of enzymes capable of producing unwanted chemical changes in the vegetable cells.An instance is the change-over of sugar to starch in the garden pea, with the consequent loss of the “new pea” flavour. By suitable control of pH, time of application, treatment of the scalding liquor, etc., much of the undesirable losses due to the leaching effects can be overcome. The prevention of significant reduction in ascorbic acid during the canning process has received close study, for it is well to remember that in some theatres of war the bulk of the vitamin C intake is via canned foods. [2111 The use of synthetic resin lacquer coatings has done much to increase the storage life for packs of meat, fish, and fruit products-the latter often of appreciable acidity- compared with the storage life in the commercially-tinned mild steel alone.In the latter case rapid electrolytic attack may occur, giving rise to hydrogen sulphide ‘‘ swells ” or hydrogen “ swells.” Research by the plastic chemist and the electrodepositor will, no doubt, remove these corrosion troubles still further. At the present time, shortage of tin has brought about the wide use of lacquered “bonderised ” plate with attendant difficulties for the canning technologist. Bacteriological control of food canning exists to ensure a resultant pack that will neither spoil, due to subsequent growth of organisms, nor will be capable of givingrise to symptoms of food poisoning caused by ingestion of either bacterial exo- or endo- toxins.Bacteriological examination of all raw materials is carried out during the stages of preparation. The heat process received by the can is controlled by heat penetration tests in which thermocouples are placed at the centre of the particular canned pack and, using the thermal resistant spores of CZ. botulinum as reference organism, the heat treat- ment required may be fixed. In this country no reputable canner has been involved with such food poisoning. An industry of food canning well alive and eager to avail itself of scientific control has grown up; it has played an important r61e in the nutrition of our armed forces and may well contribute even further to the world nutritional policy. Some Recent Advances in Inorganic .Analysis By R. C.CHIRNSIDE,F.I.C. [London and South-Eastern Counties Section, 20th October, 1943.1 The foundations of classical analytical chemistry were laid early in the nineteenth century and many of our methods and much of our apparatus date from that period. Although analysis has made essential contributions to all branches of chemistry there has been a long period of neglect of this branch of the science. The outstanding development along classical lines has been in the analytical chemistry of tantalum, niobium and their mineral associates, the work of Schoeller and his collaborators. Some improvements in the methods of silicate analysis have been introduced but, in general, the discovery of useful quantitative reactions has not kept pace with the development of new tools.Most of the newer organic reagents lack specificity; among the most useful are benzoinoxime for the determination of molybdenum, and 8-hydroxyquinoline for the determination of aluminium, magnesium and zinc. The Institute has published in monograph form lectures on recent developments in volumetric analysis and indicators, electrometric methods, micro-chemical methods, absorption spectrophotometry,chromatography and the use of the Spekker photoelectric absorptiometer. In the metallurgical world, thousands of determinations are made in a year by electrolytic methods, and the spectrograph and the absorptiometer have been used to replace classical methods of steel analysis. In view of the publication of all these developments it has been thought useful to describe some other tools and to show, generally by the iise of specific examples, how the application of these new techniques may supplement or complement, and sometimes replace, existing chemical methods.Foremost among recent advances is a new and higher conception of analysis and of what the analyst can do. Hughes’s definition-“the examination of a material to ascertain its composition, its properties and its qualities ”-aptly expresses this wider conception of analysis. Now that we may count among the potential methods of addingto our knowledge about a material the use of the spectrograph, the X-ray diffraction camera, electron diffraction and the electron niicroscope, the polarograph and ampero- metric titration, new or revived developments in electrolytic analysis such as electro- graphic technique, internal electrolysis and the use of the mercury cathode, physical methods of gas analysis, particularly as applied to the determination of small quantities of gases in metals, fluorescence analysis and some other minor techniques, the broader possibilities implied in Hughes’s definition become realisable. The use of the spectrograph for routine analytical control in the steel and non- ferrous metal industries has been described by F.G. Barker and by D. M. Smith. Its uses in the general analytical field may be summarised as follows: for rapid qualita- tive analysis as a basis for planning the chemical analysis; for approximate analyses by sight; for investigating the purity of gravimetric precipitates; for the detection of “traces” or of unexpected elements, and for examination of samples of which only a small amount is available. A unique advantage of the spectrograph is that it does not differentiate between that which is looked for and that which is wholly out of mind.c 212 1 )?'or quantitative work niuch attention has been paid recently to methods of excitation of the spectrum so as to give reproducible results. For metals, the sample in the form of filings or small turnings is placed in a shelf or well cut in a specially prepared graphite electrode. The relatively high arcing current raises the temperature of the electrode so that the metal melts, then vaporises, passing slowly and continuously through the arc until the sample is consumed.By this method it has been found possible to extend the detection of phosphorus and arsenic in copper down to 0.001 per cent. and 0-0003percent. respectively. The powdered crystal method of X-ray analysis possibly surpasses in general value any other physical method. The X-ray diffraction pattern by which the structural characteristics of a crystal are revealed is unique and may be used as a means of identi- fication. Resides the determination of the state of combination of the elements, changes of phase such as are produced by dehydration or heat treatment can be detected. Solid solution effects may be observed and in favourable circumstances a fairly close estimate of the ratio of two components of such a sample can be-made. Identification is usually achieved by comparison of the pattern of the specimen with standard X-ray patterns of known pure substances, but the experience and memory of the investigator are invaluable.A combination of spectographic, chemical and X-ray methods of analysis gives very complete information about a substance, particularly in the refractory and metal- lurgical fields. The X-ray examination of chemical precipitates is often revealing and it is probable that the systematic study of many of our classical chemical separations would upset some old beliefs. Electron diffraction is similar in principle to X-ray diffraction but the electron stream cannot get through the outside skin and, therefore, analyses the condition of the surface. The utility of the method has been enhanced by the great importance of surface films in modern applied physics and chemistry.The electron microscope, analogous in principle to the optical microscope, employs an electron beam in place of the usual light rays. It has extended the field of microscopy to cover the range 0.2-0.004 micron (40~). From theoretical considerations it may eventually be possible to get down to 10~. Magnifications of 50,000 are immediately realisable and the great depth of focus and high resolving power at low magnifications show the great possibilities of the instrument. In the U.S.A. this instrument is already being applied to analytical problems and a small beginning has been made here.The polarograph is a simple electrolytic cell, a solution of the sample is the electro- lyte, the anode is a pool of mercury and fine droplets of mercury from a capillary form the cathode. On applying a gradually increasing voltage to the cell the current increases in a series of steps, each corresponding to a particular ion. The heieht of the step or magnitude of the current is a measure of the concentration of the ion in solution. The effect depends on the substance being reducible at the cathode but an interval of at least 0.2 volt is desirable in the reduction potentials of the ions in solution. Otherwise a preliminary chemical separation may be necessary. A useful application is in the determination of "trace " elements in "pure" metals.In amperometric titration, using a mercury cell, similar to the polarograph, the current passing through the titration cell is measured as a function of the volume of a suitable titrating solution. In electrographic analysis, a variation of the older method of contact printing, paper impregnated with a suitable electrolyte is placed between the surface of the metal specimen and a platinum surface. The specimen is connected to the positive of a low voltage battery and under suitable conditions metal ions may be made to pass from the specimen into the paper where they react with the impregnating solution, the product being sometimes a coloured compound. Chromatography has been applied in the main to organic compounds, but the resolution of water soluble inorganic compounds has been facilitated by the application of an electrical potential to the ends of the column.The combination of electrophoresis and adsorption enhances the value of both methods. Technical advances in other fields have stimulated improvements in analytical technique. The development of better laboratory furnaces, combustion tubes and boats has resulted in the adoption of rapid and precise combustion methods for the determina- tion of small amounts of sulphur and carbon in metals and alloys. Although some of the instruments and techniques described are beyond the reach of all but the best equipped laboratories, the results of their pioneer work cannot but influence knowledge and activity in other branches of science, and not least in analytical chemistry.It is no longer possible for analysis, in the fullest sense of the word, to be anything but a co-operative effort of a number of experts, each having some considerable knowledge of the work of the other members of the team. [ 213 1 Modern Methods in Metallurgical Analysis By E. J. VAUGHAN,M.Sc., F.I.C. (Tees-Side Section, 21st October, 1943.1 In the Bragg Laboratory application of the spectrograph, the absorptiometer and the polarograph has not only reduced the cost of analysis, but has also led to rapid increase in the speed and accuracy of the methods used. Since the publication of papers by Barker (J. Iron G. Steel Inst., 1939), Barker, Convey and Oldfield (J.Iron G.Steel Inst., 1941) and Vaughan (Institute of Chemistry Monographs, 1941 and 1942) further work has led to a largely increased use of physical-chemical methods both for routine analysis and research work. Of the published absorptiometric methods, difficulty had been met in the determina- tion of molybdenum owing to fading. This had been overcome by a slight modification of the method involving the use of a small amount of perchloric acid. Fading was eliminated and at the same time the range of concentration of acids and salts over which stability of absorption was obtained was considerably increased. A comprehensive study of the application of the methods to a very wide range of steels had produced some new and interesting facts and had shown that the methods as given were generally suitable employing direct or difference readings as necessary. Only in the case of steels containing vanadium and tungsten and steels containing molybdenum with more than 0.5% copper were any of the methods found to fail.In the former case, owing to the formation of complex vanado-tungstates, the determina- tions of vanadium and chromium were unsatisfactory, and a new method for the deter- mination of vanadium by the formation of a plum-coloured solution resulting from the stannous chloride reduction of vanado-tungstate shows promise. In the latter case, the determination of molybdenum is unsatisfactory owing to the precipitation of copper-thiocyanate. Work on the possibility that increased use of perchloric acid may overcome this is in hand.The most outstanding advance in the application of absorptiometric methods has been in the micro-chemical field. In addition to those published, methods have been formulated for copper, titanium, carbon and sulphur. By the use of the mercury lamp the very small weights necessary have been further reduced and the determination of manganese, chromium, nickel and molybdenum is now possible on a 4 mg. sample. Further evidence is available to suggest that vanadium and copper may be added to the composite scheme without increasing the weight of sample. Work is being carried on with the object of obtaining an accurate analysis of an alloy steel for carbon, phos- phorus, sulphur, silicon, manganese and all alloy elements on a sample weight of some 25 mg.In addition to the preparation of standardised techniques for the analysis of alloy brasses by spectro-chemical methods and the extension of present spectrographictechniques to a wider range of composition, considerable attention has been given to the spectro-chemical analysis of segregates. The latest technique in use employs an upper silver nipple pointed electrode and a traversing system by which the sample, the lower electrode, is guided under the upper while the photographic plate on which the spectrogram is recorded, moves downward across the camera aperture of the spectro- graph. The carbon, silicon, manganese, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, and vanadium contents of actual segregates in steel are obtained by this method, and it has been shown that element content variations exist within a single segregate.In the case of large segregates, micro-chemical methods have been employed and confirmed the spectrographic results. A number of elements occurring in steels and non-ferrous alloys present difficulties when determinations are attempted by spectrographic and absorptiometric methods. For such elements a study of the application of polarography is being made. For leaded steels, a very rapid method for the determination of lead is available by taking a polarogram with the steel in hydrochloric acid solution using the ferrous chloride produced as electrolyte. War-time conditions have brought about an increase in the concentration of minor impurities in steel, and copper is generally, and tin often, an impurity met.Using suitable modifications, it has been found possible to determine copper and lead taking one polarogram only and by taking two polarograms the determination of tin shows promise. Bricks without Straw By Dr. T. S. WHEELER,F.I.C. [Dublin Section, 27th October, 1943.1 The Emergency Scientific Research Bureau was set up by the Government of Eire in February, 1941, to assist in the production of materials in short supply owing to the emergency or, alternatively, to advise in regard to possible substitutes for these materials. The Bureau consists of two chemists, two physicists and an engineer, and its work involves the experimental production of materials under its own supervision, and assistance to manufacturers in the solution of technical difficulties arising from the emergency.The main activity relates to the supply of fuel for mobile producers which have come into increasing use in Eire owing to shortage of petrol supplies. In this connexion the Bureau has erected an experimental plant for the carbonisation of turf, producing per week 17 tons of charcoal suitable for use in producers. It has assisted in the manufacture of turf charcoal in hand-operated pits and kilns. Attention has been devoted to research on the design and production of suitable types of mobile producers. One of the most urgent problems presented to the Bureau related to the provision of compressed carbon dioxide for use in refrigeration plants in creameries.The emer- gency plant which it erected tided the creameries over a difficult period until arrange- ments, in the making of which the Bureau participated, had been completed for the utilisation of brewery supplies of the gas. The Bureau also designed and worked experimentally a plant for the production of formalin from methyl alcohol on a scale of two tons per week, an electric furnace for the manufacture of phosphorus, and a subsidiary plant for phosphorus sulphide. As at one time it appeared doubtful if materials for the erection of the phosphorus furnace would be available, a “thermite” process for the production of this element from sodium metaphosphate by the action of aluminium powder in presence of silica was developed on a semi-technical scale, using laboratory results already available in the literature.The production of aluminium powder from scrap aluminium and of sodium metaphosphate from phosphate rock was also established. To meet a shortage of glycerol, the Bureau succeeded in adapting an oil still to the distillation of crude glycerol from soap lyes, and produced a high quality material satisfying B.P. requirements. Semi-technical work has also been carried out on the production of sulphur from spent oxide, of compressed ammonia from ammonium sulphate, of paste for accumulators, and of metallic iron by electrolysis. This work was in the nature of insurance against possible shortages, but so far the supply position has not sufficiently deteriorated to render it necessary to put the various processes into operation.Advice to manufacturers covers a wide field.Help has been given in establishing the manufacture of flypapers, of adhesives of various types, of photo-engraving glue, of emulsifiers for disinfectants, of digitalis preparations, of insulating tape, and of a variety of other products. Government Departments have also been assisted in a number of matters requiring scientific knowledge for their proper consideration. The Bureau has co-operated with the Geological Survey in the establishment of electrical and magnetic methods of mineral prospecting, and has helped in the utilisation of indigenous deposits of pyrites and phosphate rock. The range and volume of work accomplished would not have been possible if the Bureau had not had the continuous help and advice of Mr.de Valera, the sympathetic interest of the Government, Dail and public, the enthusiastic assistance of its staff of chemists, physicists and engineers, and the willing co-operation of the University science staffs, and of members of the technical professions in Eire. Radiant Heat and Metal Finishing By A. H. SILMAN,B.Sc., A.I.C. [Birmingham and Xdlands Section of the Royal Institute of Chemistry and the Institute of Physics, 12th November, 1943.1 The method of drying finishes by the so-called “infra-red” process was introduced by the Ford Motor Company in the U.S.A. chiefly to enable enamels based on oil-modified synthetic resins to be stoved at about 250”-300” F.in the repainting of motor vehicles. In this way renovations could be carried out without dismantling the parts concerned to put them through the usual convection ovens. The plant used consisted of electric lighting bulbs mounted in suitable reflectors so that the radiation could be directed on to the surfaces to be baked, It was found that [ 215 1 not only was the method convenient for repairing defects, but that the rate of drying was from five to ten times as rapid as in convection ovens. Plants were then installed for using the method on conveyorised production lines for accelerating the drying of painted and lacquered articles. It was at first thought that the radiation from the bulbs (which were originally of the carbon filament type) had some special property of facilitating the hardening of the paint film.For this reason the plants employed made no attempt to maintain a high air temperature and consisted simply of banks of electric bulbs in gold plated reflectors mounted on a steel framework. This type of construction has been followed even in plants of very recent design. Modern plants in this country make use of 250 watt tungsten filament bulbs, similar to the usual lighting type which are slightly under-run to increase the filament life. The reflectors are of gold-plated or rhodium-platedbrass, and are either of the trough type, all the bulbs being mounted in a series of troughs, or, in the form of banks of individual reflectors. Anodised aluminium reflectors are highly satisfactory, but the aluminium supply position has precluded the extensive use of these.As a source of radiant energy the tungsten filament lamp is extremely efficient owing to the relatively low convection losses from the radiating source. The cost of the electrical gear required and the power consumption for large units is, however, con- siderable; it must also be remembered that with the low air temperature prevailing in the type of plant described the heat lost by the articles being stoved to the air is also high.Recent investigations have shown that the rapid drying obtained by the “infra-red” method is due to the fact that heat transfer is by radiation which is a far more rapid and efficient process than the method of transfer by. convection.Any means of heating by radiation is therefore applicable. As a result of work carried out by the Gas Light and Coke Company, in particular, it has been found possible to obtain rapid paint drying in tunnels consisting of curved steel sheets which are heated by gas burners from behind and act as the radiating sur- faces. These surfaces are maintained at a temperature of 550”-600” F. and the plants are cheaply and readily constructed and are also relatively inexpensive to run. Radiant heat drying is especially suited to painted parts of thin sheet metal con- struction and the process is playing an active part in the war effort by speeding up the drying of paint on such articles as petrol containers and ammunition boxes.Adulteration of Food By R. G. MINOR, Ph.C., F.I.C. [Cardiff and District Section, 20th November, 19431 Control of the adulteration of food is exercised by the Local Authority through the Food and Drugs Act, 1938, the Regulations made under the Public Health Acts and many war-time Statutory Rules and Orders. An article may be said to be adulterated if its nature, substance or quality is not what is usually expected from the description of the article. There are roughly five types of adulteration : 1. deterioration in quality; 2. accidental contamination; 3. contravention of a standard, provided by Regulation or accepted custom ;4.deliberate and fraudulent adulteration; 5. the type of adulteration provided by a false label, calculated to mislead as to the nature, substance or quality of the article.The most consistently recurring example of deliberate adulteration is provided by the adulteration of milk. The Sale of Milk Regulations, 1939, provide presumptive standards for milk, viz., 3% fat, and 8.5% non-fatty-solids (S.N.F.). Additions to milk are prohibited by Sect. 24 of the Food and Drugs Act. While the average solids- not-fat content of cow’s milk is about 8.85%, significant variations occur. The breed of cows and the number of cows in the herd, have the greatest influence on the com- position of mixed milk. With mixed milk, the solids-not-fat rarely falls below the figure of 8.5% of the Regulations, except in the case of abnormal milk. Such milks, which, while normal in appearance, are low in solids-not-fat, have been shown by S.J. Rowlands (Chewt. and Id.,1943, 61, 252) to come, in most of the cases examined, from cows suffering from mild mastitis. The Vieth Ratio (lactose : protein : ash = 13 : 9 : 2) is constant within reasonable limits, for normal milk. With abnormal milk, a decrease in lactose is associated with an increase in the ash. Related to this alteration is the fact that abnormal milk has a low solids-not-fat content, but a freezing point which does not differ significantly from that of normal milk. In view of the variation in the composition of milk, the amount of any added water can only be determined with accuracy by comparison with the original, unadulterated [ 2161 milk, The “Appeal-to-Cow” sample affords this information in most cases, and also reveals any abnormality in the cow’s supply.Where the original milk is available, the determinations of fat, total solids, ash and freezing point (Hortvet) afford sufficient information for a prosecution based on the amount of added water. The “Appeal-to-Cow” sample plays an essential part in completing the case for the prosecution, at the same time being a safeguard for the honest mi€kman. The conveying, by a misleading label, of a false impression as to the quality and value of an article of food, is a form of adulteration which has developed rapidly under war- time conditions of shortage. So-called egg powders and egg substitute powders flooded the market until curbed by the vigorous action of public analysts and, finally, controlled by the Food Substitutes (Control) Order, 1941.Some of these preparations have been blatant frauds consisting of dyed wheat flour with a trace of sodium bicarbonate and common salt. In others, a small proportion of soya bean flour has been used to lend some fragment of truth to claims to be egg substitutes. Of these latter, one con- sisted of + oz. of dried egg (= 1 egg) and 34 02s. of a mixture of wheat flour and soya bean four. It was claimed on the label that the contents were equivalent in use to twelve eggs in quality and quantity. A shortage of onions resulted in the sale of many fraudulent articles. A product labelled “Genuine Onion Powder” and in small letters “with added ingredients to prevent lumping,” consisted of 15% powdered onion mixed with wheat and oat flour and cost 6d.per 8 oz. packet. Another product, labelled “Genuine Onion Juice-guaranteed made from fresh onions,” was described in court as “dirty tap water.” It had contained 5% of onion juice, although the sugars of the onion juice had long since fermented and the product had a stale fetid smell. The large demand for custard powders has been met by the marketing of wheat flour, with a trace of colouring and favouring, selling at the price of best quality custard powder, i.e., about 1s. 6d. a pound compared with wheat flour at 2$d. a pound.Genuine custard powder should consist normally of a prepared starch, usually maize, and it makes a smooth palatable custard, in contrast with the thin sauce or lumpy, glutinous paste, of a characteristic wheaty flavour, which is made from many of these wheat flour preparations.The introduction of the Starch Food Powders (Control) Order has effectively countered the unrestricted sale of these preparations. Industrial glue or size is being sold extensively as pure edible gelatin by unscrupulous manufacturers, despite many successful prosecutions. These products have a fraction of the setting power of pure gelatin and many have contained as much as 1600 parts of zinc per million. War time conditions have resulted in a fraudulent exploitation of the shortages of certain foodstuffs. While the provision of substitutes is a legitimate practice, the buyer of such articles should be fully aware of their limitations.Thus, they should be truthfully labelled, should make no unjustifiable claim, either literally or by suggestion, and they should be sold at prices consistent with their composition. As a result of the activity of public analysts many Orders in Council have been made, which are now proving valuable in checking the adulteration of food. The Personal Background of some Fundamental Gvestigations By Professor FREDERICKCHALLENGER,Ph.D., D.Sc. (Member of Council) [Huddersfield Section, 23rd November, 1943.1 The Memorial Lectures on the lives of Honorary Fellows which have been delivered before the Chemical Society are all published in the Society’s Journal, and the earlier lectures have been reprinted in two volumes.In these monographs the research work of distinguished chemists is strikingly correlated with their personality and environment, and the relation of their work to that of their contemporaries is clearly brought out. Its origin and the reason why a particular investigation was sometimes abandoned for other lines of work is made clear and the lectures present an excellent picture of the free, untrammelled working of the spirit of research and frequently reveal a happy and blessed ignorance of “planning.” The same considerations are well brought out by a study of some aspects of the work of more recent investigators such as Perkin, jun., Kippiog, P. F. Frankland, Harden and Robison. Perkin once stated that the idea of attempting the synthesis of rings containing less than six carbon atoms occurred to him after translating for practice in German, a paper by Victor Meyer in the -4nnnlen in which the possibility of their existence was [ 217 J discounted. Perkin’s successful use of ethylmalonate and ethylacetoacetate in their synthesis may have owed much to the experience gained while he was working in the laboratory of J.Wislicenus in Wiirzburg. It is not always remembered how much the theoretical conceptions embodied in Baeyer’s “Spannungs Theorie” owed to the synthetic work of Perkin in the Munich laboratory. Perkin’s interest in ring systems was communicated to F. S. Kipping, his collaborator in Munich and afterwards in Edinburgh. Perkin’s hydrindene synthesis led Kipping to prepare hydrindone and hydrindamine and their methyl derivatives, and also benzo- cycloheptanone.Kipping’s resolution of dl-methylhydrindamine gave him the tool- and the only tool-which enabled him to resolve the disulphonic acid of dl-benzyl- ethyl propylsilicyl oxide into its optically active components. Had it not been for Kipping’s early interest in ring systems this very striking work on asymmetric silicon compounds would have been impossible. Much of the early research published by P. F. Frankland dealt with the action of certain bacteria on glucose, mannitol, dulcitol, glycerol and similar compounds.Products such as alcohol, formic, a’cetic and succinic acids, carbon dioxide and hydrogen were determined quantitatively as far as possible, and a strict bacteriological control was maintained throughout.When Bacillus ethaceticus, isolated from sheep’s dung, was grown on aqueous dl-calcium glycerate, d-glyceric acid was unattacked and could readily be isolated. Henceforward, while maintaining his interest in biologicalproblems, Frankland’s main researches consisted of a study of the optical properties of salts and acyl or other derivatives of optically active acids such as glyceric, tartaric, malic, etc. His Presidential Addresses to the Chemical Society in 1912 and 1913 contained valuable summaries of his own and other work in this and similar fields. The school which Frankland founded continued this study, his most distinguishedcollaborators being Patterson, Pickard and Price.Pickard, and later Kenyon, directed the flourishing school of stereo-chemistry associated for so long with the Battersea laboratories, and all this work can be traced to the discovery of B. ethaceticus. Arthur Harden carried out his first research which was on the interaction of silicon tetrachloride with amines, at Owens College, the subject being suggested by J. B. Cohen. After studying in Germany he joined the staff of the Chemistry Department at Manchester, obtaining in the next 9 years wide experience in general chemistry. After his removal to the Jenner Institute of Preventive Medicine (later the Lister Institute) he began a study of the fermentation of sugars by bacteria, much as Frankland had done ten years earlier.These two men may be regarded as having laid the founda- tion stones of British biochemistry. Harden used B. coZi and B. Zactis aerogenes and kept a careful carbon balance sheet. During work with the second organisms he isolated acetoin CH,COCHOHCH, and butyleneglycol CH,(CHOH),CH, as fermentation products. This discovery was later shown to be of considerable importance in yeast fermentation, the intermediate compound acetaldehyde then giving acetoin by a reaction of the “benzoin” type. In a recent obituary notice of Harden it is stated: “Harden’s work on bacterial chemistry did not attract as much attention at the time as its merit justified. The bacteriologists did not appreciate what it was about, and it was too far removed from the interests of all but a few chemists.It was, indeed, pioneer work.” The warning contained in these words needs no further emphasis. Harden’s two most important discoveries were made with Buchner’s cell-free yeast juice. By dialysis he separated this into two portions (the apo- and the co-enzyme), neither of which was separately capable of fermenting sugar, but readily did so when mixed. His observation that addition of inorganic phosphate stimulated the fermenta- tion of sugar by yeast juice, and that the phosphate ion disappeared due to formation of a hexoslphosphate (fructofuranose-1 :6-diphosphate) was, in its effect on the subse- quent development of biochemistry, comparable with the influence exerted on general chemistry by Moseley’s conception of atomic numbers.Phosphoric esters of carbo- hydrates have since been shown to be concerned not only with alcoholic fermentation but with the breakdown of glycogen in muscle, with bone formation and with the structure of the nucleic acids. Sir Arthur Harden was succeeded at the Lister Institute by his colleague Robert Robison. A student of Kipping’s and later a member of his staff, Robison’s first research (like that of Harden’s) was concerned with silicon compounds-the hydrolysisproducts of the diphenyl and dibenzyl silicon dichlorides. Kobison, like Harden, had received no special training in biochemistry prior to his joining the staff of the Lister Institute, but the sound experience gained by both men in inorganic, analytical and organic chemistry enabled them to achieve results of the first importance. Within about a year of his appointment, Kobison isolated a second sugar phosphate, later shown to be a mixture of glucose and fructose monophosphates and to be a precursor of the original Harden-Young diphosphate.1-21s ILJ Robison’s greatest achievement arose out of a discussion with a colleague on the chemistry of rickets. He demonstrated that (stated simply) the calcification of cartilage in the growing animal is effected by the decomposition of a hexose phosphate by the enzyme phosphatase in presence of calcium ions. This important discovery, so funda-mentally related to Harden’s and his own earlier work, brought him widespread recognition. Notes Science in Parliament .-The Parliamentary and Scientific Committee has given much consideration to the question of encouraging research, and has published a pamphlet to which reference is made under “Books and their Contents” on page 224.In the House of Lords on 15th and 20th July, a debate on this subject took place on the initiative of Viscount Samuel, President of the Committee, who urged the im- portance of an increased provision for scientific research. The effort made in the United States was far greater than ours, and the pre-war provision of Germany and Russia considerably larger. The subjects covered agricultural production, nutrition, medicine and building, as well as town and country planning and the social sciences, and there were research activities applicable to the Colonies.The utilisation of coal had received intensive attention from the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee. Lord Samuel referred to the remuneration of research workers and of scientists in Government employ, and asked Lord Cherwell whether there was any plan for the proper allocation of research between the State, the Universities and Industry, any prospect of a State Scientific Service being established, and what the Government was prepared to con- tribute towards the necessary expenditure. No expenditure was more remunerative than that on research, if wisely directed. Lord Samuel’s views were supported by the Earl of Listowel, Lord McGowan, Lord Brabazon, Lord Geddes, Viscount Dawson of Penn, Viscount Maugham, Lord Bledisloe, Lord Pentland, Viscount Bennett, Lord Winster, Viscount Falmouth and Lord Sempill.Several speakers commented especially on the Report of the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee on coal utilisation. Lord Cherwell, in reply, said he found it a refreshing experience to have to answer his own arguments, because he had devoted a considerable part of his adult life in trying to persuade people of the importance of scientific research. They had had a valuable and interesting discussion, and the speakers had shown a very welcome attitude, to which he was by no means accustomed. England’s pre-eminence in the past had been largely due to her being first in the field in applying scientific knowledge of the day and in exploiting the latent chemical energies of her coal fields for industrial purposes; but to live upon coal was to live upon capital.We had been using up our inherited capital, and industry was banking on scientists to find alternative sources of power. Research was being carried out by the Government Fuel Research Station at Greenwich, the British Coal Utilisation Research Association and the Gas Research Board. The Electrical and Allied Industries Research Association was working on the efficient use of fuel for the generation of electricity, and the Iron and Steel Industrial Research Council was studying the metallurgical use of coke and other fuels. The question of Government intervention into research was a difficult one. The Government acted through the Depart- ment of Scientific and Industrial Research and the Agricultural and Medical Research Councils and was fostered by the formation of Industrial Research Associations. There was always a lag in getting results of research adopted, and every argument in favour of trying to accelerate the process.The straightforward clear-cut development research could only be entrusted to those actually engaged on works operations, and Government did not usually intervene in research directed towards the production of new industrial products. Finally, there was fundamental scientific research, of which he found it most difficult to make people realise the importance. The Government recognised that pure research must be in a large measure its responsibility, and that it should be carried out at the universities.However, they should beware of comparisons which were so frequently made between what was done in the United Kingdom and in the United States of America, in Russia, and in Germany. The bias in assessing what is pure research and what is development was apt to lead to wrong conclusions. It was the policy and intention of His Majesty’s Government to increase the assistance to pure research, and he (Lord Cherwell) would welcome any developments in industry in a similar direction. c 219 1 After the publication of the Report of the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee on Scientific Research and the Universities in post-war Britain, Mr. E. W. Salt, M.P., Chairman of the Committee, with the support of 200 members of all parties, tabled a House of Commons motion urging the Government to assure the Universities that, in planning developments for research, teaching and higher learning as a whole, they would receive support from the State on increased scale; to arrange that education and training in schools, technical colleges and universities should be directed at the earliest date to provide a far greater number of persons highly trained in science and technology; to set in motion schemes to ensure a substantial and co-ordinated expansion of research activity by private firms, co-operative industrial research associations, State and other research establishments ; and to provide assistance, by adjusting taxation, by more generous financial grants and through adequate priorities both in demobilisation and materials required for building and equipment.The Report of the Industrial Research Committee of the Federation of British Industries recommends every manufacturing firm to ensure that it is devoting to re- search and development the maximum effort and funds commensurate with the nature of its problems; that firms comprising industries which have their own research associa- tions should consider whether they are making contributions to such associations com- mensurate with the importance of their work; that industries which have not created collective research associations should set up co-operative research committees to determine whether the scale and nature of the research needs are such as to require the establishment of research associations ;that the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research should make the maximum use of its wide powers and that financial provision should be made from public funds to enable the Department to increase financial support to research associations; and if the Department is to undertake the tasks which are considered necessary, the Government should allocate an annual sum of at least a million pounds for its maintenance and the expansion of its activities.In support of the Report of the Federation, Sir Harold Hartley, F.R.S., has produced a pamphlet entitled “Are you Research-minded ?”, embodying his ideas on what in- dustrial research means to British Industry.Dr. E. F. Armstrong, F.R.S., in his presidential address to the Royal Society of Arts, dealing with the subject of research, said that it should always be a burningquestion to a progressive nation, and was never more necessary to this country than at the present moment. Industry must build, must progress even to survive. It must have ideas. Research had evolved new and improved old products; it had found new uses and broader markets; it had eliminated waste and cut costs. The most profitable research was that which was carried on with the least restraint. What was not always understood was the kind of men required to carry out research efficiently. The head should be a scientist, who could get along with men, properly trained but not over trained ; he must have the spirit of adventure and be encouraged to-use his imagination.A research department should be changing all the time, bringing in young men with ideas. A new power of viewing, evolving and perhaps understanding human nature had appeared. There was a growing wish to apply scientific knowledge, aiming at greater efficiency, at better means to obtain the old ends; a growing wish to understand better and to understand the effect of change on our surroundings and on ourselves. Probably the biggest fight before us would be for individuality. Science needed tolerance, freedom from restraint and recognition of the value of individuality. On 15th December, Mr. Atlee, accompanied by the Chancellor of the Exchequer, the Secretary of State for Scotland, Sir William Jowitt and Lord Cherwell, received a deputation from the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee, led by Lord Samuel. The deputation urged the Government to give more direct encouragement to scientific and technical training and to research as an essential part of the plans for promoting in- dustrial reconstruction.Mr. Salt, the Chairman of the Committee, asked that the universities should be given a token grant of Ll,OOO,OOO for the extension of research and training facilities and that the Government should allot a day for a debate on science and the future of industry. Among those who spoke in support of the representations, Professor Alexander Findlay, President of the Royal Institute, dealt with conditions in Scotland.Mr. Attlee, in reply, said that he believed the Treasury was sympathetically inclined. After the war there would be great competition for materials and equipment, but plans for science held a high place in the minds of all the members of the Government. Sir John Anderson said that he would welcome concrete recommendations. Arrange- ments had already been made to reconstitute and enlarge the University Grants Com- mittee. It was in the interests of the Treasury that research should be encouraged in so far as it would increase the wealth and efficiency of industry. [ 2201 American Library.-’l’he Dircclor of the IAibrary at the Aillericdn Embassy, 1, Grosvenor Gardens, London, S.W.l, has kindly extended an invitation to Fellows and Associates of the Institute to use the Library established by the United States Office of War Information as a special war-reference library.The collection contains data explanatory of all phases of American life, and a wide range of periodicals, books and documents. The library is open on weekdays from 9 a.m. to 6 p.m. A Centre for Science.-In his recent Presidential address to the Royal Society, Sir Henry Dale suggested that, in recognition of the debt owed by the nation to Science, the Government should provide a centre for Science. Dr. W. H. Mills, President of the Chemical Society, subsequently addressed a letter to The Times directing attention to the inadequacy of the apartments in Burlington House granted to the Society in 1874, especially for its library, one of the most important chemical libraries in the world.Dr. Mills emphasised that the science of chemistry and the services of the chemist were of vital importance not only in waging war but in maintaining the national food supply and in developing industry. If our industries were to hold their rightful place with those of other nations, it was essential that the Government should recognise the vital functions performe’d by the learned and scientific societies and provide a suitable centre to house them. Professor E. N. da C. Andrade, President of the Physical Society, later addressed a letter to The Times on behalf of physics. Canadian Chemists.-In pursuance of the action mentioned in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part I11 (p.124) and Part IV (p.150), the Canadian Institute of Chemistry is reported to have asked the Ontario College of Pharmacy, in view of the impending revision of the Pharmacy Act of Ontario, to support the use of “pharmaceutical chemist” instead of “chemist” wherever the latter title occurs in that Act, and the Canadian Institute is taking similar measures in other Provinces. G.G.Henderson Memorial.-An appeal has been issued to former students and friends of the late Professor Henderson, President of the Institute 1924-1927, with a view to raising a fund to establish some lasting tribute to his memory both at the University, and at the Royal Technical College, Glasgow. Professor Henderson occupied the “Freeland” Chair of Chemistry at the Technical College from 1892 until 1919 and the Regius Chair of Chemistry in the University from 1919 until 1937, when he retired to the Island of Harris.He died in 1942 at the age of 80 years.The form of the memorial, whether a Prize, a Scholarship or a Special Laboratory, will depend upon the amount received. Contributions may be sent to either Dr. J. Bell, Chemistry Department, The University, Glasgow, or Mr. J. G. Duncan, Chemistry Department, Royal Technical College, Glasgow. Professor Ian Morris Heilbron, D.S.O., F.R.S., Vice-President, has been awarded the Davy Medal of the Royal Society for his notable contributions to Organic Chemistry. Dr. Frederick Measham Lea, Member of Council, has been awarded a Telford Premium by the Institution of Civil Engineers for a paper on “Modern Developments in Cements in relation to Concrete Practice.” Obituary GEORGESYDNEYALFREDCAINESdied at Holloway on 10th December, in his 71st year.Educated at Camden High Schools and at the North London Collegiate School, Camden Town, he continued his studies at the Polytechnic, Regent Street, where he secured the Scholarship of the Professional Division in open competition. He obtained an appointment in the chemical department of the London County Council, and subse- quently joined the permanent staff, serving under Dibdin, Clowes and Mr. J. H. Coste, until his retirement in 1927. However, he continued his interest in modern develop- ments of applied chemistry until almost complete blindness debarred him from much reading.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1905 and a Fellow in 1919.ERNESTEUGENECHALKdied at the age of 22 years, as the result of an accident while engaged on air operations in India. He was educated at Kingsbury County School, and was registered as a Student of the Institute at the Regent Street Polytechnic in 1940, while engaged as an assistant 1.221I in the laboratory of Messrs. A. Boake, Roberts h Co., Ltd. He joined the R A.F. in July, 1940, and, at the time of his death, was Flight-Sergeant and Navigator. FREDERICKHAROLD CROWdied at Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A., on 4th July, in his 42nd year. Educated at Bradford Grammar School and the University of Leeds, he graduated B.Sc. with honours in chemistry, and having devoted special attention to colour chemistry and dyeing, subsequently proceeded to M.Sc.From 1924-26, he was on the staff of the Bradford Dyers Association, Ltd., and in the latter year was appointed chemist and viscose manager to Breda Visada, Ltd., at Littleborough. From 1928 he acted as part-time lecturer in the Applied Chemistry Department at the College of Technology, Manchester. In 1938, however, he proceeded to the United States and later became chief chemist and works manager of the Viscose Rayon Mill, Barranquilla, Colombia, South America. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1932. ’WILLIAMDOUGLASdied at Berkhamsted on 29th October, in his 78th year. From 1885-1912 he was engaged as control chemist and agricultural adviser in sugar growing manufacture and distilling with the Demerara Company, British Guiana, and from 1912 until his retirement in 1937 he continued with the company as director and technical adviser.He was a Justice of the Peace in British Guiana. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1886 and a Fellow in 1892. ALEXANDERLAUDERdied at Greenock, at the age of 73 years. Educated at the Highlanders’ Academy, Greenock, he received his early training in chemistry under Dittmar at the Glasgow and West of Scotland-now The Royal-Technical College,under Crum Brown at Edinburgh University, and at the University College of North Wales, Bangor, where he was for some years assistant to Professor-later Sir James- Dobbie, and devoted much study to agricultural chemistry and field experiments. He continued his studies at the University of Edinburgh, from which University he obtained the degree of D.Sc.in 1905. From 1899-1904 he was a demonstrator and assistant lecturer in chemistry in the University College of North Wales, and in the latter year was appointed lecturer in chemistry in the Edinburgh and East of Scotland College of Agriculture, from which position he retired in 1936. He was joint author with Sir Walter Hartley, Sir James Dobbie and Dr. C. K. Tinkler, of a series of papers on Absorp- tion Spectra and the Alkaloids, published in the Transactions of the Chemical Society between 1892 and 1911. We conducted many experiments on variation in the composi- tion of milk, the results of which were published in the Annual Reports of the College of Agriculture, and was the author of many papers on soils, fertilizers and footstuffs.He acted as Secretary of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, and, in the course of time, was President of the Agricultural Section of the British Association for the Advance- ment of Science (Leicester, 1933), a Member of the Council of Management of the Macaulay Institute for Soil Research, with which he had been associated since its foundation, and Chairman of the Local Sections of the Royal Institute and of the Society of Chemical Industry. He was a member of the Reid Orchestral Committee for many years and an active member of the Bach Society and other musical societies. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1912 and was a Member of Council from 1916-19.ROWLAND OLDROYDERNEST died at Rochdale on 22nd June, in his 78th year. He studied under Isaac Patchett, at the Commercial and Science School, Birstall. Yorks., and, in 1882, having passed and gained medals in many examinations of the Science and Art Department and of the City and Guilds of London Institute, he attended the Teachers’ Course at the Royal College of Science, South Kensington, and was awarded a Studentship at Yorkshire College, Leeds, where he continued his training until 1886, winning the Senior Scholarship of the Clothworkers Company. He obtained an appointment as colour chemist to a firm of carpet manufacturers at Halifax, and worked in the evenings with W.H. Wood, Felloui, Borough Analyst. About 1888, and for nine years thereafter, he was lecturer in applied chemistry at the Halifax Technical College, and in 1897 became head chemist and manager in the Dyeing and Finishing Department of John Bright and Bros., Ltd., Rochdale. Later, he was works manager and chemist to Messrs. Critchley Bros., Ltd. He was the inventor of a process for colouring yarns used in carpet manufacture, and another for the treatment of cotton to reduce its inflammability. He was a member of the Indigo Standards Committee of the Textile Institute and a Past President of the Dyers Guild of Bradford. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1918. FRANK died at Exeter on 13th November, at the age of 70 years.SOUTHERDEN He was trained at Finsbury Technical College from 1890-93, and after spending a year [ 222 1 as research assistant to Rleldola, was engaged for 2 years as a chemist at the Shoreham Portland Cement Works and, during 1896-97, at the Steel Brand Cement Factories at Dartford. In the latter year he graduated BSc. (Lond.). From 1899 to 1904 he was demonstrator at Finsbuly Technical College. Subsequently he became Managing Director of Evans Gadd & Co., Ltd., Manufacturing Chemists at Exeter. He was a member of the Court of Governors of the University College of the South West of England, Exeter. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1894 and a Fellow in 1897. He served as a Member of Council from 1925-28 and again from 1933-36.Information has only lately been received that JOHN LEWISTETLEYwas killed during the invasion of Malaya by the Japanese. Born at Scarborough on 27th June, 1904, he was educated at Bootham School, York, and was a junior assistant analyst with Rowntree & Co., Ltd., for a year before proceeding to St. John’s College, Cambridge. He graduated with honours in Part I1 of the Natural Science Tripos in 1927, proceeding in 1937 to M.A. On leaving Cambridge he returned to York and remained with Rowntree & Co., Ltd., until the end of 1930, when he was appointed Assistant Govern- ment Analyst at Hong Kong. In 1937 he joined the staff of the lnstitute for Medical Research at Kuala Lumpur, F.M.S. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1929.WILLIAMWOODHOUSEdied at Beeston, Nottingham, on Friday, 10th December, in his 61st year. Educated at Dudley Grammar School, he acted as laboratory assistant at the Dudley Technical School, Walsall Technical School and Smethwick Technical School between 1900 and 1903, and having gained a Staffordshire County Scholarship, continued his studies at the University of Birmingham from 1903-1906, specialking in metallurgy. He became chemist to the Stanton Iron Works Co., Ltd., near h-ottingham, in 1906, and continued with the Company until his death. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1929. Books and their Contents The following books have kindly been presented to the Institute by the authors and publishers :-Amateur Photomicrography with simple apparatus. Alan Jackson.Second Edition. Yp. 160. (London and New York: The Focal Press.) Photography of small objects ; low power photo-micrography ; improvised appara- tus; optical bench; negative and the print; filter makes the picture; working with a miniature ; photomicrography in colour ; special fields ; micro-preparations ; hints on the use of the microscope; glossary of terms; conclusion; index. Inorganic Chemistry: A Text Book of. Fritz Ephraim. Fourth EnglishEdition. Revised and Enlarged. P. C. L. Thorne and E. R. Roberts, Pp. xii + 922. Atomic weights and atomic numbers (1941) and the periodic classification on end papers. (London and Edinburgh: Gurney and Jackson.) 28s. Elements ; halogen compounds ; oxides of hydrogen and of the metals ; compoundsof sulphur, selenium and tellurium ; nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic group ; elements of the fourth group (and boron); appendix: literature of inorganic chemistry; crystal structure; index.Iron and Steel Institute.-Review of the work of the Joint Research Committees 1924-43 of the Iron and Steel Institute and the British Iron and Steel Federation. Pp. 176. (London: The Iron and Steel Institute). Contains 29 special reports, including the work of the Committee on the Hetero- geneity of Steel Ingots, the Alloy Steels Research Committee, the Steel Castings Research Committee and the Corrosion Committee. Post-Graduate Lectures. Inorganic Chemistry : H. J . Emelbus ; OrganicChemistry: H. B. Watson. Pp.84. (London: Oil and Colour Chemists’ Association.) 10s.. post free. The structure of inorganic compounds; the technique of inorganic chemistry; modern views of some reactions of organic compounds. [ 2231 Mr. J. Bruce Miller, Associate, Aberdeen, has kindly presented the Institute with a copy of a photograph of the Complimentary Banquet to Sir William Henry Perkin, F.R.S., on the occasion of the celebration of the Jubilee of the discovery of Mauve, 26th July, 1906, with a key giving the names of nearly all present, Dr. Arthur Slator has kindly presented the Institute with a copy of: The Life and Work of Cornelius O’Sullivan, F.R.S.,1841-1907. H. D. O’Sullivan. Pp.236. (Guernsey Star and Gazette Co., Ltd.) Part I-The Life of Cornelius O’Sullivan and service with Messrs.Bass, Ratcliffe & Gretton, Burton-on-Trent, 1866-1906. Part II-Published work, 1872-1901. Part III-Unpublished work, 1897-1906. Chemistry of brewing, malt, starch, yeast, carbohydrates. The gums. The cereals. Cornelius O’Sullivan, Fellow, was awarded the Longstaff Medal in 1884, and elected F.R.S. in 1885. The fourth edition of A.R.P.Handbook,No. 2 (H.M. Stationary Office, 4d. net)contains an addition to chapter IV, on “ Other Poisonous Substances ” including, inter alia, a section on arsine. Instructions are also given on the treatment of contaminated hair. Copper Alloy Resistance Materials. Pp. 44. (London: Copper Development Association.)Characteristics of resistance materials ; resistance materials ; copper-nickelalloys ; low temperature coefficient alloys containing manganese ; nickel-silver ; copper-manganese alloys ; copper-manganese-nickel-all0ys ; copper-silicon alloys ; miscellaneous plloys containing copper; manufacture of iesistance materials; construction of rheostats and resistances.The British Standards Institution has issued B.S. 945-1943 : Rubber and Insertion Jointing for Flange and similar Joints; and B.S. 410-1943: Test Sieves (superseding B.S. 410-1931). The Parliamentary and Scientific Committee has published a pamphlet entitled “ Scientific Research and the Universities in Postwar Britain” including : Part I, The need for Increased Research, and Part 11, The Supply and Training of Research Personnel, together with a Summary of Proposals.(Pp. 20.) Obtainable from The Parliamentary and Scientific Committee, Courtfield House, Courtfield Road, London, S.W.l. 1s. Od. The Committee calls for the promotion of research and the application of scientific knowledge on a better and more imaginative scale than in 1919-39. The Federation of British Industries has published ‘‘ Industry and Research ”-the Report of the F.R.I. Industrial Research Committee. (Pp. 24.) Obtainable from 21, Tothill Street, London, S.W.l. Importance and achievements of industrial research ; present position and organisa- tion of industrial research; comments and suggestions for improvement; desira- bility or otherwise of new machinery ; recornpiendations and conclusions. The British Gas Federation has published a report on the planning of the Gas Industry, dealing with Gas and the Fuel Position, Legislation and Integration, Organization and Development,-and a Digest.52 pp. Obtainable from the Federa- tion, l, Grosvenor Place, London, S.W.l. ls. Od. The chief recommendations of the Report include:-The formation of a British Gas Association to supercede various other national gas bodies now in existence and to assume their functions ; methods of integration of undertakings throughout the country to provide a better service to the community after the war and to hasten the extension of gas into rural areas; and a suggestion that the Ministry of Fuel and Power should appoint a National Fuel Advisory Council to facilitate the elimination of wasteful competition between the fuel industries, and to reinforce the spirit of constructive co-operation both in the interest of the national economy.and of service to the individual fuel user. Endeavour. Number 8 of Volume I1 of Endeavour, dated October, includes articles on: “The Electron hlicroscope” by Sir George Thomson, F.R.S.; “The Electro- metric Determination of pH and some of its Applications,” by H. T. S.Britton; and “The Chinese Beginnings of Alchemy,” by Tenney L. Davis. Mr. J. M. Wishart, Fellow, General Manager of the City of Manchester Rivers Department, has forwarded a copy of the Report of his Department for the two years ended 3lst March, 194’3. 1 221j The Register New Fellows Anderson, Valentine George. Brock, Ramond Barrington, B.Sc.(Lond.). Associates elected Banfield, Thomas Arthur, Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C. Barclay, Alexander, A.R.C.S. Bennett, William Frank, A.R.C.S. Blench, Ronald Oliver. Bolland, Clifford Beaumont, M.Sc. (Leeds). Branch, Leslie Ernest Thomas, BSc. (Lond.).Campbell, George Reid. Carter, Eric George Hemphill, B.Sc., Ph.D. Lond.). Carter, Gordon, B.Sc. (Lond.). Clark, Malcolm Turner, BSc. (Lond.). Cook, Arthur Herbert, DSc. (Lond.),D.I.C. Couzens, Leslie John, B.Sc. (Lond.). Crossley, Eric Lomax. B.Sc. (Lond.). Dalvi, Prabhakar Dattaram, M.Sc. (Bom- bay).Dent, Charles Enrique, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C. Dolton, Robert Hugh, B.Sc. (Lond.),A.C.G.F.C., A.M.1.Chem.E.Doyle, Ralph John, M.Sc. (N.U.I.),D.Sc.Tech. (Munich).Figg, Eric Francis. Fisher, James Wotherspoon, BSc. (Lond.) Forstner, George Eric, M.Sc. (Birm.). Francis, Arthur Clarence, A.H.-W.C. Fuller, Albert Henry.Fuller, Charles Hubert Francis, B.Sc. (Bkm.). A.C.G. F.C. Garlick, Reginald Stanley, B.Sc. (Lond.). Gaythwaite, Wilson Robinson, BSc., Ph.D. (Lond.). Goodman, George Reginald. Green, Henry Frank, M.A. (Cantab.). Grimwade, Arthur Geoffrey, M.A. (Cantab.).Guy, William Robert. Hegan, Horace James, B.Sc. (Lond.). Higgins, Albert George, M.Sc. (Lond.). Hillary, Hubert Cawood, M.A., B.Sc. (Sheffield).Holloway, Arthur Herbert, M.Sc. (Lond.) . Holmes, Edgar William. Houghton. Albert Aubrey, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), D.I.C.Hudleston, Lawson John, M.C., B.Sc. (Lond.),Jack, William, BSc. (Glas.). Jackson, David Leonard Charles. James, Robert Gilbert, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Birm.).Jeffery, George Harold, BSc., Ph.D. (Lond..)Jephcott, Leslie George, BSc. (Birm.). Jones, Arthur George, B.Sc. (Lond.). Wilson, Otto Bob, M.Sc. (Leeds),A.M.I.Chem.E. to the Fellowship Jones, Frank Raymond, MSc. (Birm.). Joshi, Pandurang Narayan, B.A., B.Sc. (Bombay), M.Sc. (Manc.). Lazell, Harold, BSc. (Lond.). MacLeod, George Torquil, B.Sc. (Glas.). Maddocks, John Robert. Maggs, Francis Thomas, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Bris.).Martin, John Thomas, B.Sc. (Birm.), DSc. (Lond.). Maskell, Laurence Ormes, B.Sc. (Lond.). McConnell, Francis John. McCreadie, David, B.Sc. (Glas.).Middleton, Geoffrey, B.Sc. (Lond.). Mills, Maurice Robert, B.Sc. (Lond.). Mitchell, Patrick, M.A., B.Sc. (Aberd.). Mitchell, William Brockie, A.H.-W.C. Moir, Hugh Clouston, BSc. (Glas.). Money, Reginald William, M.Sc. (Lond.). Morris, Ernest Devereux. B.Sc. (Lond.). Morrison, James Alexander Shepherd, M.Sc. (Leeds). Newbury, Norman Frederick, M.A. (Liv.), MSc. (Sheffield):Norman, Peter James, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. Palmer, Neil, A.C.G.F.C. Parkin, George. Paul, David Speirs, BSc. (Glas.). Pearson, Ernest Leigh, M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), A.C.G.I. Phillips, David Luther, M.Sc. (Wales). Pritchard, Frederick William, B.Sc. (Birm.).Pritchard, Harry, M.Sc. (Lond.). Rawson, Arthur Edward, M.Sc. (Birm.). Read, Hugh Norman, M.Sc.(Birm.). Reynolds, John Gerard. Robinson, Rupert Eardley. Runnicles, Dennis Frank, BSc., Ph.D. (Lond.).Smith, Harold Cecil, MSc., Ph.D. (Dun- elm).Southgate, Bernard Alfred, B.A.(Cantab.), Ph.D., DSc. (Aberd.). Stanton, William Ronald. Storrs, Francis Cecil, B.Sc., Dip.Bact. (Lond.) . Sylvester, Norman Darby, M.Sc. (Birm.). Thompson, James McAllan Cormack, M.A., B.Sc. (Aberd.). Watson, Robert Sinclair. Willavoys, Herbert James, M.Sc. (Bris.), William, John, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Liv.).Wilson, Frederick Ernest, B.Sc. (Lond.). Wood, Cyril Christian, M.Sc. (Lond.),A.R.C.S., D.I.C. New Associateg Ahrens, Louis Harman, BSc. (S.A.). Allan, Douglas, BSc. (Glas.). Baker, Leslie Charles, M.Sc. (Lond.). Banerjee, Dasarathi, MSc.(Calcutta) , Ph.D. (Lond.). Barton, James, M.Sc. (Manc.). Bell, Miss Dorothy Shaw Turner, B.Sc. (Edin.).Binks, Samuel Clowes Harold. Birks, Tack, B.Sc. (Leeds). Bishop; Miss Dorothy 'Joan Simpson, B.Sc. (Lond.). Boddey, 'Ronald Frederick, B.Sc. (Lond.). Bond, Miss May Tinney, B.Sc. (Lond.). Bostock, Cyril, B.Sc. (Birm.). Brown, Harold Frederick, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Glas.) . Bryson, Charles Randolph, B.Sc. (Edin.).Buckingham, Rex Angus, B.Sc. (Lond.). Buttrey, Douglas Norton, B.Sc. (Lond.). Bywater, Stanley, B.Sc. (Leeds). Callow, Ronald James, B.Sc. (Liv.). Coles, Romney, B.Sc. (Lond.). Coulson, Laurence Hubert, B.Sc. (Lond.). Crathorn, Stanley Charles, B.Sc. (Lond.). Davies, Roy Albert Lacy, B.Sc. (Glas.). Day, Phanindra Nath.Dick, Terence Anthony, B.Sc. (Lond.). Dimmick, Mrs. Gladys Irene, B.Sc. (Lond.). Dodgson, Douglas Peter, B.Sc. (Manc.). Edwards, Harry Derek, B.Sc. (Lond.). Elliott, George, B.Sc. (Lond.). Emerson, Alfred George David. Fox, John Mortimer Charleton, B.A. (Oxon).Gilbert, Peter Thomas, B.Sc. (Lond.). Gladstone, James Edward, B.Sc. (Dunelm) Golombok, Ezra, B.Sc. (Glas.), A.R.T.C. Goodrich, Roy William, B.Sc. (Lond.). Green, Gerald Herman, B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.).Green, James, BSc. (Rlanc.). Hall, Rlrs. Mary Norah Andrews, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. Hall, Reginald Stanley Baybutt, B.Sc. (Lond.).Hammer, Keith Graham Arthur, B.A. (Cantab.).Hanbury, John Capel, B.A. (Cantab.),B.Pharm (Lond.). Harris, Robert John Cecil, B.Sc.(Lond.), A.K.C.S. Hewitt, Harry Ronald, B.Sc. (Lond.). Holland, David Oliver, B.Sc. (Lond.). Holmes, Leslie Henry Alfred, 13.S~. (Lond.).Hough, Alexander Thomas. Hughes, Edward Graham, B.Sc. (Manc.). Inkster, John Ernest, B.Sc. (Lond.). Ireland, William Ian Halliday, B.Sc. (Edin.).James, Edward Charles Anthony, B.Sc. (Lond.). Jackson, Miss Beatrice Blythe, B.Sc. (Q.U.B.). Jones, Ian Puleston, BSc. (Wales).Kaplan, Harry, M.A. (Columbia), M.Sc. (S.A.).Lacey, Rolfe Alexander Stennett. Leach, Simon Joshua, B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.). Le Feuvre, Charles William, B.Sc. (Lond.). Legg, Norman, B.Sc. (Dunelm). Lever, Frank Mercer, B.Sc. (Lond.). Levitsky, Boris Nicholas, B.Sc. (Lond.). Libman, Dennis David, B.Sc. (Lond.),A.R.C.S.Logan, John. Macdonald, Eric, B.Sc. (Wales). Mackenzie, Robert Cameron, B.Sc. (Edin.).McKay-Ohm, Miss Daphne Patricia, B.A. (Cantab.).Melley, Arthur. hleyrick, Thomas James, B.A. (Oxon.). Moss, Donald Ernest, B.Sc. (Lond.). Mumford, Frank Robert, B.Sc. (Lond.). Munro, Alexander Stuart McIntosh, A.H.-W.C. Murray, Roger Christopher, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.).Myles, James Robertson, B.Sc., Ph.D. (St. Andrews). Narayana, Potuchuki Yagna, B.A., M.Sc. (Andhra).Owen, Arthur Glynne. Pare, Richard, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. Pipe, Percy Douglas, M.Sc. (Lond.). Plews, -4lfred Bertram. Reed, Kenneth James, B.Sc. (Lond.),A.R.C.S. Kevill, Frank Edward, B.Sc. (Sheffield). Roberts, Neville Wyn, M.A. (Oxon.). Roberts, Robert Henry, B.Sc.(Lond.). Robinson, Norman, B.Sc. (Glas.). Rohan, Terence Anthony, B.Sc. (Glas.). Seed, Leslie, B.Sc. (Manc.). Sen, Sailesh Chandra, MSc. (Calcutta).Steele, John Richard, BSc. (Lond.). Stone, Derrick George Harold, B.Sc. (Lond.).Sundralingam, Alvapillai, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.).Thompson, Charles Norman, B.Sc. (Liv.). Vaughan, Leonard Hubert. Wadsworth, Kenneth Duncan, M.A. (Oxon.).Wallwork, James Arthur. Waugh, John Lodovick Thomson, B.Sc. (Glas.).Whiteley, Peter, B.Sc. (Lond.). Whitt, Frank Rowland, B.Sc. (Lond.),A.M.1.Chem.E. Williams, Alan Fowler, B.Sc. (Wales). Williams, David John, B.Sc. (Liv.). Witten, Leslie Benjamin, B.Sc. (Lond.). Worden, Alastair Norman, B.A. (Cantab.), B.Sc. (Lond.), M.R.C.V.S. Wraight, Norman Baldwin, B.Sc.(Lond.). [ 2263 Re-elected Associates Ledwith, Richard John, B.Sc. (Lond.). Phillips, Montague Alexandra, DSc.(Lond.). New Students Addv, Rowland. Akeis, John Michael. Alexander, Henry. Allen, John Harvey. Andrus, Stanley. Archibald, William. Armson, Frank Jesse. Austin, George John. Balmford, Edgar. Brierley, Eric. Broughton, Peter Maxwell Grayson. Chandler, Romily David Thomas Ernest. Chapman, Cyril Norman. Clarke, Douglas William. Cockburn, William Fordyce. Coleman, Russell Neville. Coxon, Elizabeth. Cragg, John. Davies, Howard Thompson. Douglas, George. Farmer, Michael Henry Fletcher, John Walter, M.P.S. Gate, Peter Atholl Jackson. Gooderham. Harold Roy.Grunwell, Derrick. Gurney, Hubert William.Hall, Miss Sybil Margaret. Hargreaves, Gerald Henry.Hartley, Kenneth. Hobson, Derek. Jackson, Clive. Jackson, Leon Norman Bennett. Jenkins, Andrew. Julian, Kenneth Arthur Reeves. Kentish, James Albert Fletcher. Lomax, Rodney. Lush, Denman Philip, B.Sc. (Lond.). MacGiIchrist, William Robertson. Maitland, Ronald James, B.Sc. (Manc.) Malone, James. Menzies, John. Miller, bliss Amy Joyce. Morrison, Peter Johnstone. Nicol, Donald Laurence. Olsen, Norman. Payne, Douglas Sutherland. Payne, Michael, B.Sc. (N.U.I.)Pengilly, Peter John. Polaine, Sidney Alan. Raine, Philip Alexander. Riley, William. Rees, Henry John. Roberts, Roy, B.Sc. (Lond.). Sedley, Walter Thomas. Sing, Kenneth Stafford William.Taylor, Reginald David. Thomas, John David Ronald. Tindall, John Alan. Topham, Arnold. Waton, John Howard. Willing, Ernest George John. Woodhead, Albert Harry. DEATHS Fellows George Sydney Alfred Caines. Rowland Ernest Oldroyd. John Bridgford Coppock, B.Sc. (Lond.). Frank Southerden, B.Sc. (Lond .). William Douglas. William Woodhouse. Alexander Lauder, D.Sc. (Edin.). Associates Harold Frederick Crow. John Lewis Tetley (killed in Malaya). Registered Student Edward Eugene Chalk (accidentally killed in air operations, in India) Erratum.-The Registrar regrets that the name of Ernest Andrew Murray, who was elected to the Associateship on the 22nd October, was inadvertently recorded in the JOURNALas Ernest Arthur Murray.[ 2271 ADDRESSES REQUIRED Fellows Atkinson, Ralph Hall. Naish, William Archibald. Bardsley, Joshua. Paterson, John Hamilton. Boyd, Lieut.-Col. Thomas Crawford Boyd, Preston, Eric. I.M.S. Robinson, Conmar. Critchley, George Norton. Roche, James William. Gray, Archibald. Slack, Harry. Hanley, John. Stevens, Montagu White. Hogben, Walter. Warren, Bertram William John. Associates Angus, George Easley. Jones, Griffith Glyn. Babb, Alfred Thomas Symonds. Jones, Osman John. Barlow, Miss Mary Lysbeth. Jones, Philip Laurence. Berry, Robert Gordon. Kuntzen, Harold Eric. Blench, Ernest Alfred. Lee, David Claude. Brine, John Alfred. Lee, Miss Margaret Helen. Broadbent, Neville Halford. Markham, Peter John. Browne, Thomas Ethelred Wilby McGeorge, Walter.Carson, Samuel Corbett. Meyer, Charles George. Cooper, Arthur Thomas. Middleton, Charles Craib Cooper, James Marchbanks. Moss, Arnold Alec Henry. Cowdrey, Geoffrey Wilson. Nevard, William James. De, Mahendra Kumar. Nixon, Richard Herbert. Ellis, John Clifford Holgate. Podmore, Henry Leveson. Elson, Leslie Alderman. Quin, Denis Cheselden. Fairhead, Edward Cooper. Rollinson, Edgar Tyack. Fox, Cedric Ruthven Rose, Leslie. Ghose, Arabinda Bhushan. Stoyle, John Alexander Robertson. Gibson, Peter Robert Scaife. Terry, Richard Creese. Haddon, Edward Charles. Thomas, Gordon Denis. Hallack, Maurice Hamilton. Underwood, Alfred Ernest. Helsby, Frank Willaim. Wilkie, Francis. Hodson, William Brooke. Woodhouse, Dennis Leyton.Hornby, Arthur John Ward. Woollard, Richard Pargeter. Howes, Edward Arthur. Worsdale. Jack. Jack, John Alexander. Wright, William. Jarman, John Yeats, Howard. Fellows and Associates in Countries occupied by enemies.-Of the list oi Fellows and Associates, whose names were given in JOURNAL Part I,AND PROCEEDINGS, 1943, page 27, the Council is still anxious to obtain information about the following:-- W. E. Abbott, D. G. G. Allen, P. Anderson, H. R. Burjorjee, G. T. Byrne, W. S. Davey,T. L. Evans, L. W. G. Firmin, G. T. Foxlee, Goronwy Griffith, M. A. Khin, M. K. Lay, A. Littlewood, G. McOwan, J. Moffat, F. Nisbet, M. Niyogi, C. T. J. Owen, H. J. Page, F. J. Paton, A. C, Prigge, F. E. Read, R. St. G. Ross, James Shelton, G.A. Staley, P. B. Tayler, H. A. Taylor, Denis Webb, R. E. Willgress and W. A. S. Young. Coming Events 1944 Jan. 10 ROYALINSTITUTE(Leeds Area) : “Recent Advances in Chemistry in Relation to Medicine.” Dr. D. H. Hey. 11 INSTITUTION OF CHEMICAL EXGINEERS GROUPAND THE CHEMICAL ENGINEERING (S.C.I.) :Joint Meeting. “The Manufacture of Margarine.” Mr. A. J. Anderson, at the Geological Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.1, at 2.30 pni. [ 22%J Jan. OF19 INSTITUTEFUEL: Resume of Melchett Lecture by Dr. E. S. Grumell, in the Engineers’ Club, Albert Square, Manchester, at 2.30 p.m. 13 INSTITUTEOF FUEL:“Post-War Coal Processing.” Mr. G. M. Gill and Mr. John Roberts, in the Chemical Department, Bristol University, Woodland Road, Bristol, at 5.30 p.m.14 INSTITUTE FUEL: “The Production of Producer-Gas and Blue Water Gas.” OF Mr. H. R. Forman, at Swansea. 19 INSTITUTEFUEL:“Fuel and Metallurgical Furnaces.” Mr. R. Whitfield, at OF the James Watt Memorial Institute, Great Charles Street, Birmingham, at 2.30 p.m. (Birmingham and Midlands). “Raw Material 20 SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY Potential and its Relation to trend of Synthetic Resin Development.” Dr. W. D. Scott, at the Chamber of Commerce, Birmingham, at 5.30 p.m. ROYALINSTITUTE(East Midlands) : “The Theory and Practice of Paper Making.” Dr. Julius Grant, at Loughborough College. ROYALINSTITUTE(Manchester and District) : “Pyrethrum and Pyrethrins.”Dr. A. E. M. G. Gillam, at the Engineers’ Club, Manchester, at 6.30 p.m.THECHEMICALSOCIETY. Tilden Lecture. “The Scope and Limitations of Infra- red Measurements in Chemistry.” Dr. H. W. Thompson, at the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 2.30 p.m. 21 ROYALINSTITUTE OF CHEMICALINDUSTRYand SOCIETY (Edinburgh): “The Fate of Drugs in the Body.” Professor J. H. Gaddum, at the North British Hotel, Edinburgh, at 7.30 p.m. 22 CHEMICALSOCIETY (South Wales) : “Chemical Reactivity.” Professor E. D. Hughes, at University College, Swansea, at 3 p.m. Feb. 4 ROYALINSTITUTE(Huddersfield Section) : Ex,pbit of Scientific Films : “The Discovery of a Pigment” and “This is Colour. OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY7 INSTITUTION (London): “Industrial Welfare as applied to the Rubber Industry.” Major T.Monk. ROYALINSTITUTE(Leeds Area) : “The Ideas behind the Statistical Treatment of Experimental Errors.” Mr. L. H. C. Tippett. 9 BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS(Birmingham): Lecture, at the Chamber of Commerce, Birmingham, at 6.0 p.m. 11 CHEMICAL SOCIETY (Sheffield) : “The Synthesis of Chemotherapeutic Agents.’’ Mr. S. Ellingworth, at the University, Western Bank, Sheffield, at 5.30 p.m. and SOCIETY INDUSTRYROYALINSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL (Edinburgh): “Molecular Regimentation in Solids and Liquids.” Professor G. M. Bennett. In the Medical Lecture Theatre, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, at 7.30 p.m. 15 ROYALINSTITUTE(Huddersfield Section) : Visit by the President, at Field’s Cafi.. 17 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL and THE ROYAL INSTITUTEINDUSTRY (Birmingham and Midlands) : “The Rare Earths.” Dr.J. Newton Friend. 19 ROYALINSTITUTE(South Yorkshire). Discussion on the education and training of chemists, at the Sheffield Metallurgical Association, 198, West Street, Sheffield, at 2.30 p.m. March 4 THE ROYAL INSTITUTE(East Midlands): Discussion on “The Policy of the Insti- tute,” opened by the President, at Nottinghani. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(South Wales Section) : “The Properties and Applications of Organic Ion Exchange Materials, with special reference to Water.” Mr. E. Leighton Holmes, at University College, Swansea, at 3 p.m. 15 THE ROYALINSTITUTE: Annual General Meeting. General Notices The Annual General Meeting of the Institute will be held on Wednesday,15th March, 1944.Nomination of General Members of Council.-Attention is directed to the By- laws relating to the nomination of General Members of Council:- By-law 26.-(1) Any twenty Members, not being Members of the Council, may nominate one eligible Fellow as a candidate for election as a General Member of the Council, but no Member shall nominate more than one such Fellow. (2) Any nomination made under this By-law shall be delivered to the Secretary six weeks at least before the Annual General Meeting, and shall be in the following form :-“We, the undersigned, Members of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland, do hereby certify that A.B., of (registered address) a Fellow of this Institute, is, in our estimation, a fit and proper person to be a General Member of the Council of the Institute, and we do hereby nominate him as a Candidate for election as a General Member of the Council.” (3) Any such nomination may consist of several documents in like form, each signed by one or more Members.(The name of every candidate nominated in accordance with By-law 26 will be included in the Balloting List.) By-law 24.-(2) No person who has been elected as a District Member of the Council for any year of Office shall be eligible for election as a General Member of the Council for that year of Office, and if such person is elected as President, Vice-president or Treasurer for that year of Office he shall vacate his Office as a District Member of the Council and the vacancy shall be filled up, as on a casual vacancy.The General Members of Council who retire at the next Annual General Meeting, on 15th March, 1944, in accordance with the By-laws and are ineligible for re-election, are as follows:- Ernest Edward Ayling, M.Sc., A.K.C. Harry Baines, D.Sc. Sydney Raymond Carter, DSc. Frederick Challenger, Ph.D., D.Sc. Louis Arnold Jordan, D.Sc., A.R.C.S., D.I.C. James Grieve King, Ph.D., D.Sc. Forsyth James Wilson, Ph.D., D.Sc. Nominations for the new Council must be delivered at the Institute before 2.15 p.m. on 2nd February, 1944. District Members of Council.-The District Members of Council will be as follows:-Birmingham and Midland : Thomas Harold Gant, A.R.C.S., M.1.Chem.E. Bristol and South-Western Counties : Osman Jones.East Midlands and South Yorkshire : George Frederick Hall, M.B.E., BSc. Liverpool and North-West Coast : Leslie Victor Cocks. London and South-Eastern Counties : David Michael Freeland. Manchester and District : Harold Stevenson. Newcastle upon Tyne and North-Easter Coast: Robert William Ancruin. Yorkshire : George James Denbigh, M.Sc. Edinburgh and East of Scotland : Gilbert Elliot Dodds, A.H.-W.C. Aberdeen and North of Scotland: James Emrys Bowen, B.Sc., Ph.C. Glasgow and West of Scotland: John William Ken, B.Sc. Wales and the County of Monmouth: Nicholas Michael Cullinane, DSc. Northern Ireland : Donald Alford Derrett-Smith, B.Sc., -4.C.G.F C. Irish Free State : John Andrews, BSc. The Overseas Dominions and elsewhere abroad : John Chester Cowap, R.Sc.[ 2301 Examinations .-Examinations for the Associateship and Fellowship will be held in April, 1944. Associates who desire to Dresent themselves for examination for the Fellowship in April, 1944, should forward iheir applications without delay, and will be notifiea of future arrangements in due course. Arrangements will be notified to candidates whose applications are accepted. Active Service.-Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who are on active service with the Navy, Army and Air Force are requested to notify the Registrar of the Institute, giving such particulars as may be permissible as to their rank, unit, etc. Notice to Associates.-Regulations and forms of application for the Fellowship can be obtained from the Registrar Libraries.-The Library of the Institute is available to Fellows, Associates and Registered Students from 10 a.m.to 6 p.m. on weekdays (except Saturdays: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m.); the Library of the Chemical Society is available for those wishing to consult or borrow books from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. (except Saturdays: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m.).Books may be borrowed from the Science Library, Science Museum, South Kensington, S.W. 7, on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary of. the Institute. Information regarding facilities afforded to members by Boots Booklovers’ Library and by Lewis’s Lending Library can also be obtained from the Registrar. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As the slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their require- ments at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. In order to facilitate identification, Fellows and Associates are asked to give their full initials on communicatibns addressed to the Institute. All requestsfor changes in the Register should be addressed to the Registrar, and not to the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. Correspondenceshould normally be addressed to 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1 ; but should Members, Registered Students or other correspondents find difficulty in communicating with the Institute, urgent enquiries may be addressed to the Registrar, at 9, WestburyRoad, Woodside Park, Finchley, London, N.12. Telephone number: Hillside 1859. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Benevolent Fund.-Contributions for 1944 may be sent to the HonoraryTreasurer, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C. 1. Forms for Deeds of Covenant and Forms of Bequest may be obtained from the Registrar. JOINT MEMBERSHIP SCHEME Fellows and Associates and Registered Students who wish to participate in the scheme under which they can acquire, for a reduced subscription, joint membership of the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry and substantial privileges as to publications, can obtain particulars from the Conjoint Chemical Office, 6, BurlingtonGardens, Piccadilly, London, W. 1.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9436700201

出版商:RSC    

年代:1943

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

Index: 1943 Aberdeen and North of Scotland Section, 7, 100, 205 Accidents, Laboratory, 51 Accounts, 12, 68 Addresses required, 228 Adulteration of Food, 2 16 Agriculture, 175 Annual General Meeting, 68 Appointments Committee, 10, 64 Appointments Register, 10, 64 Atmospheric Pollution, 110 Auditors, 65, 77 Bankers, 65 Belfast and District Section, 7, 28, 79, 172, 205 Benevolent Fund, 6, 64, 145, 203 Benzene Valency, 106 Birmingham and Midland Section, 7, 28, 79, 100, 172, 205 Books, 125, 153, 192, 223 Brewing, Biochemistry of, 104 Bricks without Straw, 215 Bristol and South-Western Counties Sec- tion, 7, 28, 79, 173, 205 British Standards Institution, 126, 154, 192, 202, 203, 224. Canadian Chemists, 124, 150, 221.Cancer, 204. Cape Section, 7, 100 Cardiff Section, 7, 101, 207 Censors, 64 Changing Scene, 35 Charter, Supplemental, 203. Chemical Council, 5. 6, 64, 148, 167, 202, et seq. Chemical Education, 34 Chemical Trades Advisory Committee, 5 Chemist and Industrial Health, 29 Chemistry and Cancer, 204 Chemistry Education Advisory Board, 134, 203 City and Guilds of London Institute, 5 Clothing Protective, 144 Coliform Bacilli, Growth in Distilled Water, 33 Colonial Research, 50 Coming Events, 55, 93, 129, 166, 196, 228 Committees, 64 Council, 25, 26, 63 Council,Committees and Representatives, 4 Council, Constitution and Nomination of, 11 Council, Proceedings, 24, 66, 98, 134, 166, 202 Council, Report of, 3, 69 Dairy Practice, 108 Deaths, 3, 51, 69, 91, 96, 126, 129, 158, 189, 196, 226 Dermatitis in Industry, 83 District Members of Council, 25, 198 Dublin Section, 7, 207 East Midlands Section, 7, 28, 80, 101, 137, 173, 207 Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section, 7, 28, 80, 207 Electrometallurgical Industry, 113 Electronic Theory, 44 Emergency Committee, 11, 64 Emergency Public Health Laboratories, 11 24, 65, 136, 202 Essential Oils, 142 Examinations, 9, 45, 114, 160, 176 Examiners, Board of, 9, 65 Factory Welfare, 84 Fellowship, 160, 169, 170 Finance and House Committee, 5, 64 Fluorescence, 140 Food Canning, 211 Forensic Science, 41 Fox, J.J.. 62 ' Frankland, Sir Edward, Medal and Prize, 10, 159, 198 General Meeting, 162 Gifts, 51 Glasgow and West of Scotland Section, 8, 80, 173, 208 Government Inspection Dept.in War-time, 86 Headmasters' Employment Committee, 5 Henderson, G. G., Memorial, 221 Honorary Corresponding Secretaries, 9, 136 Honorary Secretaries, Conference of, 143 Honours, 51 Huddersfield Section, 8, 81, 137, 173, 208 Hydroxy by-products, 107 Immuno chemistry, 141 Income Tax, 143 Industry of Polymers or Macromolecules, The, 211 Infra-red spectra, 107 Industrial Hazards, 33 Inorganic Analysis, Some Recent Advances in, 212. Institutions, 10, 67 Inventors and Employers, 187 Joint Council of Professional Scientists, 6, 24, 65 Joint Membership Scheme, 231 Kinematography, High-speed, 111 Lantern Slides, 60, 159 Laundry, Modem, 105 Leather, 87 Lecture Summaries, 30, 83, 103, 138, 175, Leeds Area Section, 8, 29, 81, 101, 208 Legal and Parliamentary Committee, 7, 64 Legislation, Industrial, 103 Library, 10, 159 Library, Boots’ Booklovers’, 60, 159 Library, Chemical Society, 5, 25, 64, 159 Library, Lewis’s Lending, 159 Library, The Science, 159 Licorice, 159, 169, 204 Liverpool and North-Western Section, 8, 82, 102, 173 Local Sections, 7, 28, 79, 100, 137, 143, 172, 205 London and South Eastern Counties Section, 8, 82, 210 Manchester and District Section, 8, 29, 102 Meldola Medal, 10 Mercury, Dangers of, 51 Metallic Corrosion, 175 Ministry of Health, 202 Modern Methods in Metallurgical Analysis, 2 14 National Certificates in Chemistry, 11, 64, 145, 189 Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast Section, 8, 102, 210 Newton Chambers Prize, 26, 29, 90, 188 New Zealand, 8, 103 Nomination and Election of Members of Council, 11 Nominations, Examinations and Institu- tions Committee, 9, 64 Notes, 48, 88, 124, 150, 187, 219 Notices, 59, 96, 132, 159, 197, 230 Obituary, 51, 91, 126, 154, 189, 221 Organic Chemical Methods, 1 13 Parliamentary and Scientific Committee, 5, 65, 88, 192, 224.Pedler Research Scholarship, I 1, 64 Personal Background of some Funda-mental Investigations, The, 2 17 Policy, 11, 25, 64, 203 Polymers and Macromolecules, 211 President, 26, 63, 70, 78 Publications and Library Committee 10, 64, 203, 204 Public Health Laboratories, Emergency, 11, 24, 65, 136 Public Analysts, etc., Society of, 11, 24, 65, 202.Professional Organisation, 66, 134, 147, 168, 172 Publicity, 11, 64, 144, 203 Radiant Heat and Metal Finishing, 215 Radioactive Isotopic Indicators, 30 Register, 27, 56, 93, 129, 157, 193, 225 Refresher Courses, 144 Research, 224 Roll of the Institute, 3 Royal Society, 5 Science in Parliament, 48, 151, 219, 224 Scientific Film Association, 203. Scrutineers, Report of, 77 Society of Public Analysts, etc., 202. Soil Analysis, 39 Solicitors, 65 South Wales (Swansea) Section, 8, 82, 137, 174, 210 South Yorkshire Section, 8, 29, 82, 103, 174, 210 Spectrochemical Analysis, 138 Standards, British, 126, 154, 192, 224 Supplemental Charter, 64, 164, 203 Technical Education and Industry, 11, 64, 135, 166. Tees-side Section, 8, 82, 103, 138, 210 Textile Fibres, Synthetic, 42 Title of Institute, 98, 99, 162 Therapeutic Substances Act, 5 Treasurer, Hon., 26 Vacation Employment, 143 Vitamins, 109 Water Analysis, 202 Water Treatment, 160 Word Power Conference, 5 PRINTED BY W. HEFFER & SONS LTD.. CAMBRIDGE. ENGLAND

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9436700232

出版商:RSC    

年代:1943

数据来源: RSC