THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED, 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1923. PART 111. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Regzstrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, W.C. 1.LONDON, Juite, 1923. Publications Committee, 1923-24 T. SLATER PRICE (Chairman), A. CHASTON CHAPMAN (Presidegzt), ARCHIBALD A. BOON, F. D. CHATTAWAY, R. LESLIE COLLETT, HAROLD G. COLMAN, T. W. DRINKWATER, R. C. FARMER, A. J. HALE, G. NEVILL HUNTLY, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, ANDREW MORE, B. D. PORRITT, W. D. ROGERS, GEORGE TATE, FORSYTH J. WILSON. 149 Proceedings of the Council. APRIL-MAY, 1923. Conference.-On a suggestion received from the Liverpool and North-Western Section, the Council have considered the desirability of holding conferences from time to time in centres where sections of the Institute have been formed, and have accepted the invitation of the Liverpool Section to hold the first of such conferences at Liverpool.The Council hope by this means to strengthen the pro- fessional bond between all members of the Institute throughout the country. Due notice of the first conference, which will be held in October next, will be sent to all members; the proceedings will occupy at least two days, and will include an informal con-versazione and meetings for discussion, including, possibly, but not necessarily, papers by members and, in any case, an open debate upon the affairs of the profession and the Institute generally. Government Chemists.-The Council have had their atten- tion directed to the Report of the Official Side of Committee “C ” of the National Whitley Council on the scheme of recruitment; remuneration and conditions of service prepared by the Staff Side of the Committee with regard to chemists at the Government Laboratory, and have carefully reviewed a statement submitted by the Government Laboratory Staff Association on this matter- The Council of the Institute had previously, in 1918,sub-mitted to all Government Departments in which chemists are engaged a statement of their views with regard to the Government Chemical Service, in which they recommended that persons appointed as chemists should be graded as Civil Servants in the higher division. The Council understand that in Committee “C” the term chemist is applied to those who possess qualifications at least of A.I.C.standing, and the Council interpret “higher division” as equivalent to the present “administrative class.” They have therefore informed the Official Side of Committee “C” that, in their view, the scale of salary and prospects of promotion of the lowest established grade of chemists in the Government service, under such as are now known as Chemists Class 11.in the Govern- ment Laboratory, should be equal to those of the Cadet Corps of 150 the Administrative Class of the Civil Service; and they have requested that the Official Side of Committee “C ” will have regard to this opinion when any further representations of the Staff Side of the Committee are before them.Pharmacy Bill.-The Bill “to regularise the position of all persons trading as chemists and druggists or pharmacy store proprietors in the sale of drugs, the dispensing of doctors’ pre scriptions, and the sale of patent medicines,” has again been presented in Parliament by Captain O’Grady, supported by Colonel Watts Morgan, Mr. Tillett, and Mr. Jack Jones. The Council have informed the promoters of the Bill that the Institute has not been consulted with regard to the provisions of this Bill, and does not wish to be associated with the suggestion that it should be represented on the Central Council, which it is proposed in the Bill shall be concerned with the Pharmaceutical Register, and does not desire to take any part in the examination and registration functions vested by the Pharmacy Acts and by Royal Charter in the Pharmaceutical .Society of Great Britain.Dr. G. C. Clayton, M.P., and Mr. C. S. Garland, M.P., have kindly undertaken to watch the measure in the interests of the Institue. The Regulations.-The Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee, in revising the Regulations for the ad- mission ,f Associates, have given special consideration to the list of the Examinations for degrees and diplomas accepted in lieu of the Examination for the A4ssociateship. All candidates will be required, as heretofore, to have completed at least four years’ systematic university training or the equivalent ;hut the divisions made by several universities in the award of honours degrees render necessary a careful investigation into the standards represented by the various divisions. District Members of Council.-Mr.John Hanley has been elected Member of Council for the Liverpool and North-West Coast District, Mr. John Henry Young has been elected Member of Council for the Glasgow and West of Scotland District, and Dr. William Howieson Gibson has been elected Member of Council for the Northern Ireland District. Members of Council: Railway Fares.-The Council have given further consideration to the question of paying the railway fares of country Members of Council, and they have determined to set aside a sum sufficient for the reimbursement under certain 151 conditions of a proportion of the fares of Members of Council living more than 50 miles from London.Publicity.-The attention of the Council has been directed to the articles contributed by various members of the Glasgow and West of Scotland Section to the Glasgow Herald, The Glasgow Citizen, and the Glasgow Evening Times. The articles which have appeared between February and May include the following :-In the Glasgow Herald: Chemistry and Cars-Dr. J. Knox; The New Element-Prof. R. M. Caven; Chemistry and Pro- gress-Prof. F. J. Wilson; Nature in Competition; and Chemistry and Nature-Dr. S. H. Tucker; The Resources of the Rhineland; and Notes on the German Chemical Industry- Mr. J.D. Allam; Chemistry and the Budget-Mr. J. W. Hawley; Radium-Mr. J. P. McHutchison. In the Glasgow Citizen: Coal Gas-Mr. P. F. Gordon; Weather forecasting-Mr. A. C. Brown; Matches-Mr. J. W. Leitch. In the Glasgow Evening Times: Electrons-and Surface Combustion-Mr. A. B. Craw-ford; Food Colours-Mr. A. R. Cumming; The Chemist and the Food Faker-Mr. J. W. Hawley; Ice-Mr. J. K. Steele; The Chemist in the household-Mr. R. C. Smith; Water-Mr. R. M. Macaulay. The main purpose of these articles has been to show the importance of chemistry in industry, and the Council feel that the Section has rendered valuable service which might be similarly undertaken by other Sections. The Council also suggest that it would be desirable that Local Sections, when suitable occasions arise, would take steps to arrange public lectures of a popular character, illustrating the influence of chemistry on local industries. In connection with the organisation of the Appointments Register of the Institute, an endeavour has been made, with the assistance of two newscuttings agencies, to obtain particulars of suitable appointments which are advertised in the public press, and the number of vacancies notified on the register has been thereby augmented.At the same time, in order to obtain some idea of the extent to which chemistry receives public notice, the newscutting agencies were requested to supply the Institute with articles and notes relating to chemistry appearing in the non-technical press.A review of these shows that the subject receives greater attention, perhaps, than many members of the profession realise. Occasionally short talks on chemistry are included in the wireless broadcasting programme, which appears to be a useful 152 way of introducing the subject, and may be commended to members in the neighbourhood of broadcasting centres. Laboratory Equipment.-The Council have received from the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research a request to nominate three or four members to furnish information with regard to the quality and technical range of British production of optical glass and instruments, laboratory glass and porcelain, synthetic organic chemicals, analytical reagents, and other fine chemicals.The Department had already sought the opinions of a large number of professors of chemistry, physicists, and others, but appeared to have addressed enquiries to very few practitioners in chemistry. The Council suggested, therefore, that useful opinions might be obtained from such practitioners, and they have forwarded the names of Mr. W. T. Burgess, Dr. J. T. Dunn, Dr. Bernard Dyer, Mr. E. W. Voelcker (Hon. Treasurer), together with that of Mr. H. W. Cremer, who is responsible for supplies in the chemical department of King’s College, London. The Council have also appointed a Committee to consider the proposal from the National Physical Laboratory that the work of the Joint Committee for the Standardisation of Scientific Glass-ware should be brought under the aegis of the Institute.The Council hold that the proposal is desirable on general grounds, but in order to obtain more detailed information with regard to the probable and possible activities expected of the Institute in this connection, they have appointed a Sub-committee consisting of the President, with Dr. Brady, Dr. Bernard Dyer, Dr. J. J. Fox, Sir Herbert Jackson, and Mr. E. W. Voelcker (Hon. Treasurer), to confer with representatives of the National Physical Lakoratory, the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, and of such other bodies as the Sub-committee may deem desirable, and to report to the Council on the proposition. The Special Purposes Committee have appointed a Sub- committee, consisting of Messrs.E. R. Bolton, 0. L. Brady, F. H. Carr, P. H. Kirkaldy, and R. H. Pickard, to consider and investigate the present British production of filter paper. Union InternationaIe.-In response to a request from the Federal Council for Pure and Applied Chemistry, the Council have asked the President and Dr. Hamilton McCombie to attend as delegates of the Institute at the Union Internationale to be held at Cambridge on 18th-20th June. 153 Science Museum, South Kensington.-Mr. William Macnab, Vice-president, attended, as representative of the Institute, a conference held on 9th May to consider the need for pressing on the Government the importance of providing adequate accommodation for the Museum. Mr.Macnab subsequently reported that a resolution was unanimously approved by the representatives of Societies and Institutions present at the Con- ference, drawing the attention of the Government to the in- adequacy of the present accommodation and the disadvantages resulting to science and technology therefrom. The Museum contains collections illustrating the development of science and technology which are, in some respects, unique. They include many selected examples of modern practice, and are of the greatest value to students and investigators; but they cannot be fully utilised for consultation and study in the crowded and insufficiently lighted galleries where they are now displayed. Even the new buildings at present authorised extend the area to less than half of that recommended by a Departmental Committee in 1912.The purport of the resolution, therefore, is to urge upon the Government the importance of completing the whole of the Eastern block of the new Science Museum buildings forthwith, and to prepare the plans for the Central block. Patents.-The President of the Chartered Institute of Patent Agents has addressed the Council of the Institute on the procedure adopted by the examiners in the Patent Office in dealing with British patent applications. He says : " In the past one great advantage of the British patent system has been that the very difficult question whether or not an alleged invention contains good subject matter, or, in other words, involves sufficient inventive ingenuity to support a patent, has been left for the Law Courts to determine.The extent of patentable subject matter cannot really be determined until an invention has been put into industrial use, and, more- over, it can only be decided satisfactorily by a judicial tribunal after hearing evidence and argument for and against. "Within the last few months it has become apparent that the Examiners in the Patent Office are claiming to have the right to consider this question of subject matter and in some cases they are rejecting patent applications on this ground. There has been no change in the British Patent Acts which justifies this change of practice, but the Examiners are relying on certain decisions 154 which state that an invention in order to form the subject matter of a patent application must relate to ‘a new manner of manufacture.’ Hitherto this expression has always been taken in the Patent Office to rule out applications for the protection of financial schemes, systems of book keeping and other similar intangible proposals.Now the Examiners contend that these decisions impose upon them the duty of seeing whether any alleged invention is a good invention. This is most undesirable, as the Examiners have not the necessary evidence before them for deciding this point, and an adverse decision may take away from the inventor the opportunity of having his invention properly tested in a Court of Law, and it may prevent many meritorious inventions from receiving patent protection.“The members of the Bar who practise in patent actions and the Fellows of the Chartered Institute of Patent Agents feel strongly that in the interests of British industry it is most un- desirable that any such change should be made as now seems to be taking place in the manner of deciding whether or not an invention, which relates to a manufacture, is sufficient to support a patent. It is thought that it is only necessary for this change in the treatment of British patent applications by the Examiners to be appreciated and its effect realised for all chemists, en- gineers and scientists to join in resenting this attempt to reduce the inventor’s chances of obtaining patent protection. ” Mr.Dunbar Kilburn therefore suggests that the leading professional institutions should make representations to the Controller of Patents and to the Law Officers of the Crown, with the object of checking and, if possible, preventing this change of practice in the Patent Office. On consideration the Council have referred the matter to the Legal and Parliamentary Committee, together with Messrs. Horatio Ballantyne, Arthur G. Bloxam, Frank Dehn, and H. Douglas Elkington, with a request that they should invite the Patents Committee of the Society of Chemical Industry to confer with them and report in due course. Public Analysts.-A statement on the Conditions of Ap- pointments of Public Analysts, prepared by the Public Ap- pointments Committee, is incorporated in this Part of the Journal.It will also be printed separately and circulated among public authorities concerned with the administration of the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts. 155 The Public Appointments Committee have had before them particulars of the appointments proposed to be made by local authorities in various parts of the country, which show a tendency to demean these important public positions. Correspondence has passed with the authorities concerned in the hope that the conditions would be improved before the appointments were made. In the case of one important city, the authorities proposed to appoint a whole-time officer at k300 per annum; but it appeared improbable that any Fellow of the Institute holding the qualifica- tions required by the Ministry of Health and the Scottish Board of Health would become a candidate for the vacancy in question, and, after some correspondence with the Institute, the local authority is reconsidering the matter.For the dual appointment of public analyst to the County and to the City of Gloucester, which became vacant through the death of Mr. George Embrey, the County and City Authorities (having in view the appointment of the same officers to the two posts, together with those of water examiner and gas examiner to the City), offered the following terms: “The analyst will be required to reside in or near the City,” and to ‘‘provide his own laboratory, assistance, apparatus and chemicals”; the analyst to be “at liberty to carry on private practice which will not clash or interfere with his duties as public analyst, ’but will be “expected to make analyses of food and drugs for the citizens of Glowester at rates to be at first approved by the Council.” FORTHE CITY OF GLOUCESTER-Food and Drugs Act.-5O formal and 100 in- (Beyond those numbers-10s.forformal, and 5s. for informal samples.) Water.-To take and examine (bacteriologi-cally and chemically) 52 samples per annum (26 samples being taken from a reservoir 8 miles distant from Gloucester) .. Cfas.-Probable average of 34 tests per week, FORTHE COUNTYOF GLOUCESTER-formal samples ,. .. *. .. including testing on Sundays .. .. Samples. 150 52 182 Remuneration. S a. d. 50 0 0 80 0 0 50 0 0 Food and Drugs Act.-For all official samples (number not specified; average according to Allowance for chemicals, etc... .. Fertilisers and Feeding 8tuJfJs Act.-Sl 1s. persample (number not specified; average, 35)The analyst to be allowed to take private practice, subject to his scale of fees being settled with the County Council. recent records about 470 samples) . . .. 470 35 -889- 175 0 25 0 36 15 €416 15 0 0 0 0 156 From the above data it will be seen that the terms offered were totally inadequate and precluded the possibility of any chemist, qualified to be a public analyst, starting a practice in Gloucester with the hope of making a livelihood. It will be seen that the analyst would have to incur considerable initial outlay in acquiring a laboratory, and, out of ;6417,would have to defray the cost of maintaining a laboratory with all working expenses.The Registrar of the Institute was requested to communicate the views of the Institute to the authorities, and on his return from visiting the South Wales Section at Swansea on the 12th May, called on the Clerk to the County Council, who kindly promised to report the interview to both authorities. The Registrar discussed the terms of the appointments, showing that the emoluments would be less than those paid for similar appointments, indicating the poor prospects of any chemist contemplating candidature for the vacant positions, and emphasising particularly that the public analyst would be required to make bacteriological and chemical analyses of 52 samples of water for k80 per annum, including the taking of samples from two reservoirs, one of which was eight miles from the city; further, that as gas examiner he would be required to make 3& tests a week, including at least 26 tests a year to be made on Sundays, for a salary of ;65o per annum, or less than 3s.an hour for his work. The Clerk to the County Council intimated that the authorities supposed that the public analyst appointed would acquire the practice of his predecessor, and that a young man might come in and extend that practice. The Registrar remarked that it was hardly fair to treat a p-ofessional man as if he were a waiter and pay him a small wage on account of the perquisites which he might receive.The County Clerk said the authorities did not want to do that, but they would await the result of their advertisement. It appeared very doubtful whether any candidate qualified in accordance with the “Regulations as to competency of public analysts,” prescribed by the Ministry of Health, would be forth- coming for the appointment. In the circumstances, the Council advertised publicly, advising any Fellow or -4ssociate of the Institute who might contemplate accepting appointment as public analyst for the County of Gloucester or for the City of Gloucester at the terms advertised, to communicate at once with the Registrar. 157 The authorities received four applications and selected a candidate, not a member of the Institute, whose appointment is subject to the approval af the Ministry.Indian Ordnance Department.-Exception has been taken by the India Office Authorities to the reference to the Indian Ordnance Department which appeared in the Journal, Part I., 1923 (pages 25-27), particularly to : (a) the opinion that the Department “withholds from its chemists the terms and conditions of service and the status to which they are undoubtedly entitled, and which would be given to them in other branches of the Indian Civil Service ”; (b) the paragraph-“The situation arises from the fact that the India Office acts in this matter merely as an agent, while the Indian Ordnance Department is an army depart- ment under a Director General in India, and the factories branch of the department is a purely manufacturing branch under a Director of Factories”; and ’ (c) the reference to the recruitment of chemists through the Director-General of Stores.The Registrar has been informed by the India Office that: “Civilian officers serving in the Indian Ordnance Depart- ment are not members of the Indian Civil Service, a service which is in some respects on a special statutory basis, and is only one of the many civil services in India. But their pay is settled, and they are entitled to leave,* pension, etc., in ac- cordance with the principles which apply to superior civil employees of the Crown in India generally, and they have the status of gazetted officers. They are recruited and appointed by the Secretary of State for India in Council, who is directly interested in, and determines, their pay and conditions of service.“It is therefore incorrect to say that the India Office acts merely as an agent in recruiting chemists for the Factories, or that the chemists are deprived of any conditions of service or amenities enjoyed by other civil employees in Government service in India.” In explanation, it should be mentioned that, in November last, the Institute learned that there was a vacancy for a chemist in * But see (a),p. 169. 158 the Cordite Factory, Aruvankadu, on certain terms. On com- municating with the India Office, however, the terms were found to be lower, while the qualifications required were dis-tinctly higher, than had been anticipated.However, no attempt was made to dissuade members of the Institute from applying for the vacancy; on the contrary, it was notified on the Ap- pointments Register for three weeks without result. The Ordnance Consulting Officer sought for an explanation, which the Registrar of the Institute endeavoured to supply in a letter dated 30th November, 1922, embodying substantially the matter published in JOURNAL, Part I. He (the Registrar) subse- quently reported his action to the Council, and an account of the proceedings was published in due course in the JOURNAL. The statement in JOURNAL, Part I., although based on views obtained from reliable sources, appears to have been expressed incorrectly, in some respects, due to the lack on the part of the Registrar of a proper understanding of the terms commonly used in connection with Indian Official administration, with regard to which further information has now been obtained.In India, the expression “Indian Civil Service,” for example, means the senior civil service in India, and does not comprise all the civil services in India, as the statement implied. (This mistake is constantly made by other writers and even by speakers in Parliament. The correct expression is “The civil services in India ”-meaning such departments as the Education, Post and Telegraph, Forests, Public Works, etc. The Medical Services- so far as their officers are concerned-are military, and do not furnish any comparisons in the subject under discussion).The expression “Government of India Appointments ” has also a special meaning in India, and should not have been used in this connection: what was intended was “appointments in Civil Departments.” (The Indian Ordnance Department is an Army department .) The concluding sentence of the statement has also been misunderstood--“ Married men should, of course, have corre-spondingly higher terms” was intended to express the obvious fact that men who are married need higher pay. (The Govern- ment does not recognise the provision of special terms for married men except in certain rare cases of travelling and house allowances.) 159 However, the opinion expressed in the letter to the Ordnance Consulting Officer, which was the basis of the statement in JOURNAL, Part I., that the Government of India did not recognise the existence of (‘civilian officers ” in the Ordnance Department in the same way that it did those in the various departments of the civil services in India was justified on the following grounds, viz.: (a) “Civilian Officers” appointed to the Ordnance DeparI- ment did not, at that time, as a matter of course, carry the right to serve under the European Leave Rules of Civil Service Regula- tions or its equivalent in the Fundamental Rules (Le. the new Civil Service Regulations). [The India Office has informed the Institute that this has been conceded to take e@ect from June, ’1923,so far as officers of European domicile are concerned. “Civilian officers ” in superior service in civilian departments have always served under the European Leave Rules as a matter of course.] (b) The new “Fundamental Rules ” do not include (‘civilian officers” in the Ordnance Department.Those in superior service in civil departments serve under these rules. [The India Office has informed the Institute that the question of their extension to chemists under the Ordnance Department is under consideration.] (c) A complete list of “Civilian officer ” appointments in the Ordnance Department was not formerly given in any publication available to the public, except in a miscellaneous category in “History of Services,” and even then most of the information with regard to these appointments was unreliable; whereas “Civilian appointments to superior service” in civil services in India can be found in their appropriate lists, which are available to the public.This is a matter of some importance in India, because such lists are used for general reference by other officials, club secretaries, etc. [The India Office has informed the Institute, however, that the names of five chemists of the Indian Ordnance Department were given in the Indian Army List in October last .] (2) In Government rules or regulations, civilian officers in superior service in any civil department in India are not referred to in the manner in which (‘Civilian Gazetted Officers” are (‘referred to in (‘Army Regulations, India.” Civilian Officers ” of the Ordnance Department are dealt with in those regulations in conjunction with military and civilian subordinates.This 160 fact and the use of the term “Civilian Gazetted Officers” and “Civilian Non-Gazetted Officers ” immediately indicate that the former do not belong to Superior Service. In no civil department is an officer in Superior Service referred to in the Regulations as a “Civilian Gazetted Officer.” (e) Civilian officers of various departments of the civil services are in certain circumstances allowed to count towards service for pension the number of years by which their age exceeds 25 at the time of recruitment. These civil departments are all mentioned by name in the appropriate rules on this subject. The Government of India had officially refused to concede the same benefit to a civilian officer recruited to the Ordnance Department; but it was actuallv conceded, zn February of this year, to the post of Manager of the Cordite Factory Fellows and Associates are reminded that in 1919a Chemical Service Committee was appointed by the Government to report on the formation of a Chemical Service.The main object was to enable Government to bring the conditions of service of all chemists into line with that in the civil departments. The new Chemical Department was to include as many as possible of the chemical appointments in India. The fact that such a committee was appointed is in itself proof that Government knew that the conditions of service of Government Chemists were unsatisfactory. It was hoped that the formation of a Chemical Service would have established the position of Government Chemists in India; but in the present state of finance nothing has been done to carry out the Com- mittee’s recommendations. The position may be summarised as follows : The India Office is desirous of the assistance of the Institute in the recruitment of chemists; and the Institute is anxious to do all that is possible to render such assistance, as much in the interests of efficient service as in those of the chemists themselves.Misunderstandings have arisen through the variation of the terns of appointment and of the qualifications required ; but the endeavour to formulate the views expressed from time to time by chemists who have had actual experience under the Ordnance Department, although written without the full know- ledge of official significance of certain expressions, has at least had the effect of bringing about a discussion which has already produced good results.161 The Secretary of State has now offered, for a specially well- qualified chemist, initial pay of Rs. 800, rising to Rs. 1000in five years, and passage (first class) to India and to this country on the termination of the contract. No guarantee of permanent employment is given, however, as the future organisation of the Indian Ordnance Factories is not yet determined. For this vacancy, the following qualifications are desired : (a) Honours degree of a British University in Chemistry.(b) Membership of the Institute of Chemistry. (c) Knowledge of the chemistry of “explosives” manufacture. (d) Capacity to hold independent charge under the general guidance of a more experienced chemist of a manufacturing section of a cordite factory (acid manufacture, gun cotton, cordite, acetone recovery). (e) The normal age limit for candidates is 30, but applicants up to 35 will be considered. (f) Unmarried men preferred. On the other hand, the conditions which are considered desirable from the point of view of the chemist are given in the following schedule which has now been transmitted to the India Office : (I) A 5 years’ agreement of Rs. 800-50-1000. (2) Free first class passages to and from India for the officer and his wife and family (if any).(3) Free medical attendance for the officer and his wife and (4) Admission to a Provident Fund similar to that open to those in superior service. (5) It should be stated in the agreements that they serve family (if any). under the Fundamental Rules in all its sections, and that they come under the Superior Service Rules. It should be made quite clear that “Army Regulations, India,” do not apply to them. (6) On the termination of the 5 years, if his services are satis- factory, a fresh agreement may be entered into, if so desired, in which case the pay to be Rs. 1o50-5o-1~50; or, if the officer and the Government of India so desire, permanent service may be agreed upon, on the same terms as regards salary.162 (7) If a fresh 5 years’ agreement be entered into, free firstclass passages to and from England to be granted to the officer and his wife and family (if any) some time during the second period for the purpose of proceeding on leave, and, further free first class return passages to England on the termination of the agreement. If permanent service be granted, free first class passages to and from England to be given to the officer and his wife and family (if any) for every 7 years’ completed service for the purpose of proceeding on leave, and free return passages to England on the termination of service. Military service to count towards increment. The appointment to be gazetted (as it is now) He should be allowed to count towards service for pension the number of years of age exceeding 25 at the time of recruitment under the usual rules granted to various civil departments.Bacteriological Tests of MiI k.-In Part I. of the JOURNAL (page 107), reference was made to an interview, which took place at the Ministry of Health on 27th February, regarding the fee proposed by the Ministry for the bacteriological examination of the various grades of milk, under the Milk and Dairies (Amend- ment) Act, 1922. On 8th April, in the House of Commons, the Minister of Health was asked by Sir James Remnant whether his attention had been drawn to the inadequate charges for such tests, necessi- tating as they do the services of skilled bacteriologists and the provision of material, and whether he would enquire into this.Mr. Neville Chamberlain, in reply, said that he had had representations as to the fee proposed for the work, but was advised that the work was of a routine character, and that the cost per sample should not exceed the amount which had been suggested where arrangements were made at a laboratory for dealing with the considerable volume of samples which might be expected to result from the scheme of milk grading. The Public Appointments Committee of the Institute are of opinion that the fee for such work should be one guinea for single samples and not less than 15s. if the samples are submitted in batches. 163 Local Sections.Belfast.-on 26th March, Mr. C. J. Still gave a paper before the Section on “Some Aspects of the Training of the Chemical Worker.” The scheme for National Certificates in Chemistry arranged between the Institute and the Board of Education was explained, and it was pointed out that up to the present this scheme had not found application in Northern Ireland. The arrangements whereby evening students at the Municipal College of Technology could after a five years’ course of study take a degree in the Faculty of Applied Science and Technology in the Queen’s University of Belfast were outlined, and the conditions under which attendance at the Municipal College of Technology would be recognised by the Institute of Chemistry as qualifying for admission to the Final examination for the Associateship were stated. The bearing of all these schemes on the general question of the education of the chemical worker in Northern Ireland was then discussed.There was general agreement that at present the vital need was for a sound preliminary general education, and the view was expressed that work towards the matriculation examination of a university was really of greater ultimate benefit to the ambitious worker than any more specialised scheme. It did not appear that Northern Ireland offered any field for an inter- mediate grade of worker; so that either a youth should work with the object of becoming a fully qualified chemist or he should rest content with the standard reached by the chemical labourer and works foreman.The National Certificates go beyond the scope of these men. On 27th April, at Queen’s University, Mr. H. Graham gave a lecture on “Atoms and Electrons.” Beginning with Ramsay’s classical work on radium emanation, the lecturer showed how the modern conceptions of the structure of atoms have developed within recent years, owing to the researches of Rutherford, Soddy, Aston, and Bragg. The experimental methods employed were demonstrated by the lecturer with the aid of some of the modern apparatus. 164 The session concluded with a tour of the physico-chemical department of the university. The researches on the Tesla- luminescence spectra in progress at Queen’s University were described, and the apparatus explained to the members.Alto-gether a clear conception of the trend of modern physico- chemical work was gained. The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 25th May, when the Section Rules as drafted by the Committee were discussed, and the following were elected as Committee, for the forthcoming year :-Chairman, Mr. J. H. Totton; Treasurer, Miss N. I. Maxwell; Secretary, Dr. W. H. Gibson; Committee, Mr. J. R. Bainbridge, Mr. A. P. Hoskins, Dr. E. W. McClelland, and Dr. G. Scott Robertson. Birmingham and Midlands.-The Rules of the Section have been sanctioned by the Council and will shortly be issued to the members. On 24th May, the Section visited Bournville, and spent a very interesting afternoon, first in touring through the village and, then, in watching the various operations in the manu- facturing processes of the Works of Messrs.Cadbury Bros. Mr. N. P. Booth welcomed the visitors on behalf of Messrs. Cadbury Bros., giving an interesting account of the welfare work carried on by the firm on behalf of the employees. Prof. Morgan, Chairman, expressed the thanks of the Section for the hospitality extended to its members. The Birmingham Section of the Society of Chemical Industry was invited to join the party and several availed themselves of the invitation. Bristol and South-Western Counties.-Mr. R. D. Littlefield, of Exeter, has been elected Chairman of the Com- mittee of the Section for the current year. The Committee have prepared a tentative programme for the next session (October to March), the meetings to be held on Wednesdays about the middle of each month.The Section hopes to be visited by the President; it will hol a meeting at Exeter on a Saturday, a joint meeting and a joint dinner with the Bristol Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, a meeting to hear a paper by a Bristol member, and the Annual General Meeting in March, 1924. A Sub-committee will submit a definite programme to a meeting of the Section Committee to be held early in July. 165 Irish Free State.-A general meeting of the Section was held on Tuesday, 22nd May, in the Chemical Lecture Theatre, Trinity College, Dublin, Professor W. E. Adeney in the chair. Mr. Pyne read a paper entitled “Recent Contributions to Colloid Theory.” After giving a brief summary of Ostwald’s views on colloid chemistry, he proceeded to describe the investigations of Loeb in connection with the proteins.Proteins, being amphoteric in character, are capable of com- bining with positive or negative ions according to the hydrogen ion concentration of the solution. The isoelectric point for gelatin corresponds with a pH value of 4.7; Loeb has shown that for pH values greater than this, gelatin unites with positive ions, and for smaller values with negative ions. The combination of gelatin with hydrochloric, nitric, acetic, oxalic, phosphoric and sulphuric acids at the same pH value was shown by Loeb to be in accordance with the basicity of the acid under the dilutions concerned, and therefore to be of a definite stoichiometric nature.As gelatin forms a non-diffusible ion, the Donnan theory of equilibrium is immediately applicable to a solu- tion of gelatin hydrochloride separated from a solution of HC1by a collodion membrane. The determination of potential differences in conjunction with this theory does not lead to convincing results. Results which give much better agreement between experiment and theory are obtained by utilising the Donnan theory of membrane equilibria in conjunction with the determination of osmotic pressures, and go far to show that colloid chemistry, so far as proteins are concerned, falls into line with the laws of general chemistry. Dr. Millar, in opening the discussion, mentioned that for thirty years he had been concerned with colloid chemistry from the industrial point of view.The introduction of the ultra- microscope by Zsigmondy was a milestone in the progress of the subject. The uka-microscope was an intensely interesting instrument to work with, but he found frequently that the Tyndall effect was of greater value industrially. He emphasised the importance of new industrial methods of control, particularly with regard to the conditions for stable equilibrium of colloidal solutions. He considered that enzyme action was more easily accounted for by the adsorption theory than by the application of Loeh’s work. He expressed his gratitude to Mr. Pyne for dealing with such an interesting and speculative subject; papers 166 on such subjects were eminently suitable for meetings of the Local Section, and very stimulating to the members.Mr. Andrews referred to the limited applicability of Loeb’s work to colloids in general owing to the work having been confined to proteins only. The purification of gelatin by washing at the isoelectric point, when adsorption dues not take place, was a valuable application of Loeb’s experimental work. Professor Hackett said that since Loeb’s views were founded very largely on experimental observations, they could hardly be described as speculative. He suggested that the positive charge on a protein might be brought about by the union of the protein with a hydrogen ion, and the negative charge by loss of a hydrogen ion, from the protein molecule.From this view to the adsorption theory was not a very great step; ultimately they might mean one and the same thing. He experienced difficulty in applying the Donnan theory of membrane equilibria to the swelling of gelatin, as apparently the gelatin had to act as its own membrane. Dr. Fearon referred to the very complicated chemical nature of the proteins and the difficulty of determining the hydrogen ion concentration of protein solutions. He hoped that Loeb might carry out work with simpler colloids than proteins in the future and so obtain experimental evidence yhich might be more generally applicable. Mr. Pyne having replied to the points under discussion, the meeting terminated, A SPECIAL GENERAL MEETING of the Section was held at Trinity College, Dublin, on 1st June to discuss the future status of the profession of chemistry in the Irish Free State, Prof.W. E. Adeney in the chair. The Hon. Secretary, Dr. A. G. G. Leonard, introduced the subject with a statement on the proceedings of the Section Com- mittee and of the conferences which had been held on the subject during the previous twelve months. It had been suggested to inaugurate a new Institute for Ireland controlled by a chemical council, including representatives of the principal Irish Universi- ties and Colleges, representatives of chemists in private practice and in industry, representatives not necessarily chemists nomi- nated by the Government, and a representative of the Irish Free State Local Section of the Institute.Regulations for admission to the membership of the new Institute had also been drafted. 167 President Cosgrave had received a deputation, which had presented a scheme for the organisation, control and registration of professional chemists in Ireland , suggesting that responsible chemists in the public service and all chemists who desired to give evidence in Courts of Law should be registered by the pro- posed Irish Chemical Council. The deputation pointed out the advantages to the public to be gained by the formation of such a Council which would be formally recognised as the authority for the registration of professional chemists in the Irish Free State, and be available to the Government in a consultative capacity. President Cosgrave had received the deputation sympathetically, requesting them to meet him again at a later date when other members of the Cabinet could be present.The chief advantages of the new Institute would be-The inclusion of all Irish chemists; the exclusion-with Government authority-of unqualified persons from public appointments ; ease of access to the Government, which was sympathetic towards the formation of the organisation; and the provision of an advisory body in connection with Government scientific services. On the other hand, recognition of the new Institute elsewhere than in Ireland would only come with time, and he (Dr. Leonard) suggested that chemists who became qualified in Ireland would be well advised to join the existing Institute.A discussion ensued, in which Messrs. Adeney, Becker, Caldwell, Fagan, Fearon, Harrison, O’Farrelly, Parkes, and Young took part. The following resolution, proposed by Mr. Fagan, and seconded by Prof. Caldwell, was carried unarimously : “This meeting of the Local Section of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland approves of the formation of an Irish Institute of Chemistry on the plan put forward in the circular issued by the Committee of Irish Chemists, and it also considers that the Local Section of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland should continue to function.” Mr. Marlow, the Assistant Secretary of the Institute, who had been invited to attend, said he was glad that the resolution contained the proviso that the Local Section of the Institute should continue to function, because, although the members present desired it to continue, a report of the meeting without that proviso might create the impression that the members in 168 Ireland were breaking away from the Institute.The regulations which had been drawn up seemed, on paper, to be very compar- able with those of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland. In some respects they appeared to be more exacting: he had noted the proposed compulsory registration of students, and thought that this course was desirable in order that they might build up, during student days, a proper pro- fessional esprit de corps.He noticed also that a minimum of four years’ training in a recognised institution was required. The Institute also required four years’ training, but recognised one year of approved experience under a Fellow, or in a works or laboratory, acquired subsequently to three years’ prescribed training in a recognised University or College. In only one respect were the proposed regulations definitely of a lower standard than those of the Institute, and that was in the qualifi- cations proposed for public analysts. It would be possible for an Irish chemist to get the necessary qualification one year after becoming a member of the Irish Institute. In England that was not now possible until three years after the Associateship, the examination being confined entirely to the Fellowship.He commended the promptitude with which they had seized the opportunity of bringing to the attention of the Government the necessity for the proper qualification of those practising the profession of chemistry. The Committee of Chemists had not overlooked the important grade of chemists’ assistants. The Committee were proposing to adopt a course somewhat similar to that adopted in England, and they would thus avoid having a class of unqualified men who imagine themselves to be chemists. The only reference to the Institute in the documents relating to the proposed Irish Institute was the proposal that one repre- sentative of the Irish Free State Section should serve on the Chemical Council. He felt that this was an unduly small representation of a body which contained the great majority of qualified chemists in Ireland.It was true, no doubt, that many of the representatives otherwise appointed to the Chemical Council would be members of the Irish Free State local section, but he thought it was a pity that a well-organised body of chemists should lack proper repi esentation on the proposed Council. He understood that the lack of reference to the Institute in other paxts oi the document was purely an oversight, 169 and that in fact the documents had been drafted with the Regulations, Charter and By-Laws of the Institute always in view. He feared that they had been forced to attempt to set up national frontiers in chemistry.He noticed, however, that in their regulations they were including QueenJs University, Belfast, and he presumed, therefore, that they had some hope that the present situation between the two parts of Ireland would not affect the practice of chemistry. He trusted, therefore, that they would maintain their standard of qualifications at the high level at which it stood on paper, so that when the present political difficulties had been overcome, and when, as he hoped, Ireland and the other constituent States of the British Empire were completely in amity, it would be possible to say that the Jrish Institute was merely a temporary expedient to overcome those difficulties, and that by reason of the maintenance of their standards of qualifications, the two bodies might be fused again into one whole.Liverpool and North-Western.-The lecture on “Chemical Warfare,” by Major Lefebure, to which reference was made in Part II., was followed by discussion, a report of which is here abstracted . Dr. F. J. Brislee, the Chairman, in inviting discussion, said that he had been impressed by the able manner in which the lecturer had dealt with his subject. Mr. Shepherd said that the lecture should stimulate interest in a very important subject. He was not sure that chemists had seriously considered its possibilities. It was imperative that they should do so because England, with its large centres of population, was peculiarly susceptible to an attack on its civil population.This situation, combined with an attitude of apparent ignorance and indifference, provided a constant temp- tation to any hostile country; hence the necessity for adequate defence against any form of gas attack. Those present might not, but in all probability their sons would, be concerned in the next war. He referred to the poor use made of chemical knowledge and experience in the great war, and especially to the first methods employed by the British in gas warfare in France, when untrained men were expected to make gas connections under shell fire. Measures should be taken now to prevent a repetition of such a state of affairs, and chemists should represent 170 their views in the proper quarters, because it would be to them that the country would turn in the future, and it would be necess,ary to make use of the national chemical resources both mental and material, with the greatest efficiency.The possession of a dyestuffs industry seemed an obvious precaution. The production of dyestuffs in large quantities would prevent the possibility of other countries being in a unique position to produce lethal chemicals. He favoured the suggestion that the use of chemicals in warfare should be restricted to such as would effect a decision without causing death. There should be no great difficulty in devising a gas which would produce some condition, such as that of happy intoxication, which would put men out of action in a more humane fashion.Professor Heilbron suggested that Mr. Shepherd was unduly optimistic with regard to the prospects of a further conflict. He was not convinced that the country was better prepared for it than in 1914. The great munitions’ factories had been mostly dismantled or sold, and, in the event of a new war, we should have to start again at the beginning. What the future held nobody could foretell; but preparedness for war did not neces- sarily imply the war spirit: in fact, quite the opposite, and, in his opinion, it was the best means of preventing war. The Government should be brought to realisc that the maintenance of an active and efficient chemical industry was essential. Government subsidies should be given for research both in the universities and in industry, in order to ensure a sufficient supply of highly trained chemists who, when the necessity arose, could be readily transferred from academic or industrial work to armament supplies.Perhaps Major Lefebure might find further means of informing the country at large on the doctrines he had so ably enunciated. The condition of Europe was grave, and the position should be fully appreciated by the community. America had intimated that she would no longer be mixed up with European affairs; nevertheless, she recognised that any future war must involve chemical warfare, and her chemists were engaged in the investigation of substances capable of utilisation in that direction. Mr. E. T. Williams doubted whether the study of war weapons was the best way to ensure world peace: the study of the machinery of warfare might lead to the desire to use it.We must beware of that danger. Although Germany was in a much better position in respect of the efficiency of her gas equipment 171 than the Allies, she had lost the war. If we devoted more time to the scientific study of the improvement of human nature, which changed so very slowly, we might get nearer, world peace. Mr. Morton acknowledged some feeling of trepidation in attempting to grapple with the subject; yet he aspired to put his finger on a weak spot. As a military instrument, lethal gas was not so potent as that which would result from the mobilisa- tion of medical science for offensive warfare involving the use of pathogenic germs.The tetanus epidemic showed that infection from contaminated soil would be at least as disastrous as a gas attack. Professor Roberts, dealing with the remarks of Mr. Morton, suggested that the use of antitoxins prepared in the laboratory afforded a means of protection against many diseases. Although the Geneva conference had condemned such methods as Mr. Morton had indicated, when a nation was at war there was always the possibility that it might use any instrument to save itself from defeat. Notwithstanding America’s humane suggestions for the limitation of armaments, she was proceeding industriously in the investigation of chemical warfare, and other countries were not idle in that connection. Such a condition of things could not relieve us of our responsibilities: the Government should be urged to support research on synthetic organic chemi- cals and apparatus. To say that Germany, even with the aid of poison gas, could not win the war, was not quite correct; she failed to win because she was being starved.If she had possessed Russia’s resources she would not, in his opinion, have had to capitulate in 1918. He regarded with some concern the action of the Government in compelling the British dye manu- facturers to combine on a promise that they would not suffer after peace was concluded; such promises should be kept. The Section was much indebted to Major Lefebure for giving them much to think about, and he hoped the lecture would be published.Mr. Morton remarked that the fact remained that men died from such diseases as tetanus, owing to the delay which inter- vened between the incidence of an epidemic and the use of counter measures. Dr. Howarth spoke as one of those who had been actually engaged in the manufacture of gas for warfare. He appreciated Major Lefebure’s warning to be ready and to develop our chemical industry, but he had felt rather disappointed on hearing the 172 efforts to make mustard gas depreciated. Manufacturers had spent months in getting the necessary plant for a process, which was then completely abandoned. Another process was dis-covered and, while the manufacturers were working out plant for large scale production, opinions differed as to whether the material produced would be efficacious, and also as to the best method of carrying out the manufacture.The chemical industry ought rather to be praised for the rapidity with which the pre- parations were made. The Germans used gas in April, 1915. At the end of June, 1915,the manufacturers were asked to make gas, and in the following September, the gas was ready. Gas for the Battle of Loos had been made in two months. Chloro-picrin had been made in a very short time in large quantities, as well as other gases, although some unavoidable delay had occurred in the preparation of gases with which they were not familiar. If the country was to be in the front rank in the matter of chemical warfare, it should have a chemical industry second to none.Dr. Brislee urged a strong plea for a great chemical industry based upon the results of research, apart from the object of gas warfare. It was also necessary that Members of Parliament should understand the objects and meaning of research. The aim should be to increase knowledge. When Faraday discovered induction and explained it to a lady, he was asked, “What use is it ? ” He retorted : “Of what use is a baby when it is born ? ” Dr. Brislee also recalled that Kelvin’s discovery of the slight fall in temperature that a gas suffered when it passed through a small orifice became the fundamental principle of commercial refrigerators. No one could foresee the possibilities of a newly discovered scientific fact. We should aim at piling up research, particularly in organic chemistry.Parliament should also be taught that chemists could not be miracle workers. Professor Baly said he was glad to have the opportunity of proposing a hearty vote of thanks to Major Lefebure, to whom the Section was extremely grateful for his stimulating paper. He was glad once again to meet an old friend, with whom he had been associated at University College between 1906 and 1910. He well recollected his early impression that Lefebure was a man who would make his mark in the world, and he now saw the justification for that impression, not only in Major Lefebure’s book, The Riddle of the Rlzine, but in the great work he was carrying on. Quite distinct from the principal theme of chemical 173 warfare, he had made a very strong case for a powerful chemical industry, well co-ordinated with scientific progress, since national security and national prosperity were irrevocably bound up with scientific advance.Germany had long recognised this. Her industries were backed by state aid, but in this country industries had almost entirely to depend upon private enterprise. He was strongly of opinion that chemistry should rank higher as a subject in the Civil Service examinations. Captain Bain, in seconding the motion, said he knew some- thing of the valuable work Major Lefebure had done as Technical Liaison Officer between this country and France, and, later, Italy. He also recalled the commendations of Marshal Foch and the late Field-Marshal Sir Henry Wilson on The Riddle of the Rhine.There were certain points on which he hoped for elucidation. He believed that in this country public opinion must be brought to realise the importance of pure research; the future of the country in war and peace depended upon the application of the best brains to pure research, but, though much remained to be done, he thought the Government Services had not received from Major Lefebure and Professor Baly sufficient credit for the steps they had already taken to ensure the continued supply of technical men. Although the amount allotted to research through the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research was small, the fact that money was being spent in this way at all was of great importance.The chemist had now a recognised position in the public services. He would like to have heard from Major Lefebure some definition of what he had in his mind regarding chemical disarmament; he had not dealt with the possibility or practicability of it. He agreed with the necessity for propaganda, and felt that the great part which chemical warfare would play in the future was one of the strongest arguments for securing proper appreciation of the part played by science. In his view, the union of the services into one common Ministry of Defence was a matter of pressing moment. No greater argument could be advanced for the formation of such a Ministry than the necessity for unified control of research and development of chemical warfare.Captain Bain also thanked the Liverpocl Section for inviting the members of the local section of the Society of Chemical Industry to the lecture. The vote of thanks was carried with acclamation. Major Lefebure, replying, said that two points in the discussion demanded attention. It had been suggested that he had a 174 constructive programme. He held the view that the matter should be dealt with properly; there was no middle course. Chemical warfare must either be given its proper place, personnel, facilities and finance ; or adequate disarmament safeguards must be secured, intelligently conceived and fairly operated by every country, including Germany. It seemed that the Government would not, or could not, adopt the first course, because it was toying with the second; until the vague safeguards suggested at Washington and Geneva were amplified, properly framed, and brought to a decision, the Government would not regard itself as free to move in the direction of development or disarmament.Therefore, whether or not people believe in the possibility of disarmament, a decision must be made one way or the other. Without any question of blame or recrimination, he thought people should realise the necessity of going into the whole matter as a national duty with the same thorough investigation of fair treatment that other national questions receive. He had not described the details of any constructive plan because his chief anxiety lay in the general position.He did not mind being shot at, but thought the position should not be endangered by the cross-fire of criticism which would inevitably be drawn if he were to unfold the details of a plan, be it ever so good. Instead of an academic discussion and pulling to pieces an individual plan, there should be a full-dress committee or conference properly equipped and loyally supported, an organisation free from any militarist or pacifist bias, coldly expert, to consider all the facts, take out the best from all the proposals, and present, if possible, a scheme and method of operation. The country could then decide whether it was prepared to take the risk involved in reducing its chemical warfare activities to an agreed minimum. He agreed with Professor Baly that it was necessary to infuse in the minds of the future ruling classes an understanding and appreciation of this menace, which he believed to be one of the fundamental problems facing the country.London and South-Eastern Counties,-On 18th April a meeting of the Section was held in the rooms of the Royal Photographic Society, by kind permission of the Council of the Society, Mr. E. R. Bolton in the chair. Mr. Dudley Northall-Laurie read a paper on “Screen Plate Colour Photography.” 175 The lecturer referred briefly to the early attempts that had been made to secure a picture in its natural colours by a photo- graphic or mechanical process, pointing out that Daguerre, in 1839,by his process, had really produced a colour photograph; a Daguerreotype will show colours when held at the proper angle to the incident light.Prof. Lippman’s process, which depended for its colour effects upon interference of light reflected by thin films, was then described. The principle of colour vision was dealt with; it was explained how white light can be split up into a series of colours, that certain of these colours are complementary to one another, and when re-combined produce white light again. Mr. Laurie described three methods of obtaining white light by recombining the three primary colours-red, green, and blue. Firstly, by superimposing red, green, and blue coloured light, which method was used by Ives in his photochromoscope; secondly, by rotating a disc divided into three segments, red, green, and blue, the retina of the eye retaining one impression long enough for it to blend with the succeeding ones, a modifica- tion of which was used by Messrs.Urban and Smith in their kine- macolour process for showing moving pictures in colour; and, thirdly, by means of lines, dots, or squares of the three primary colours, so small that the eye cannot differentiate between them and the effect of white is conveyed. Experiments were shown to illustrate these three methods, the last mentioned being that used in all screen plate processes. The first screen plate process, that of Prof. Joly, was fully described as well as the Lumisre and Paget processes. Photo-micrographs of plates and screens were projected on the screen to indicate the principles involved, and a fine series of views taken by the Paget method was exhibited.A discussion took place after the lecture, in which the Chair- man, Prof. Hinchley, who gave some interesting details in regard to the early difficulties of the Joly process, Dr. Slater Price, Mr. Brewis, Mr. Burgess, and others took part. Mr. Laurie, in reply, gave details of development exposure and of practical hints in manipulation. On the motion of the Chairman, thanks were accorded to the lecturer and also to the Royal Photographic Society for the use of the rooms. 176 Newcastle and North-East,-On the 20th April, the members of the Section received the President and Registrar of the Institute at the Royal Turk’s Head Hotel, Newcastle-on- Tyne.Dr. P. E. Bowles, Chairman of the Section, having welcomed the visitors, the President delivered an address, dealing especially with matters on which the Section had previously expressed a desire for information. He referred briefly to the history of the Institute, its origin and incorporation by Royal Charter, the changes made in its constitution, the formation of local sections, and the development of its policy. The Institute had won its position through maintaining the high standard of its qualifications. Only those who had served on the Council could realise fully the importance and diversity of the matters with which it had to deal, and anyone looking at the recent reports of the Council must admit that its activities were increasing both in volume and importance, and that its influence was becoming steadily greater.The Sections and the District Members of Council constituted a connecting link between the general body of members and the Council. He had visited several Sections, and nothing connected with the office of President had given him greater pleasure than to come into personal contact with the members in various parts of the country. He had made many good friends and had learned more of the feelings of the members than would have been possible in any other way. The formation of Local Sections was one of the most important and statesmanlike movements that had ever taken place within the Institute.In no other way could the members have been brought to realise so clearly that no matter where they might be situated they were closely in touch with headquarters. The Institute was, after all, merely a collection of individuals, and everyone had the power to make it more influential. Every member should regard it as a duty to be a centre of propaganda, and should lose no opportunity of explaining to his friends and acquaintances what chemistry really means, and the nature of his own work as a chemist, in order that the public should become as well acquainted with our functions as they are with those of the doctor and the lawyer. The war had been a powerful factor in that process of education, and the services that chemists then rendered had immensely improved the position occupied i77 by the profession.It was the duty of every member to do all he could to maintain the position so won and to keep alive in the public mind the national importance of the profession. Members looked very properly to the Institute to help them in their difficulties, and sometimes to fight their battles for them, but they must give as well as receive; each contributing as far as possible to the common good, remembering that the success or failure, the conduct, good or bad, of any individual member inevitably affected the body as a whole, and, conversely, that the more powerful the Institute became, the greater would be the amount of service which it would become capable of rendering to the members individually.The alterations in recent years in the regulations for the admission of members had constituted a further landmark in the history of the Institute. The Associateship implied good general training and integrity, but the Fellowship signified, in addition, special knowledge, experience and judgment. More than ten years previously he had written to the then President of the Institute strongly advocating that change, for he had felt that the Institute would have to widen its basis in order to include all persons who could claim to be properly trained chemists. Occasionally he heard of complaints on the part of elected Associates whose applications for the Fellowship without examination had been declined, but he thought that such Associates should remember that it was for their own good and the good of the profession that the conditions for Fellowship should be rigorously insisted upon.That was, and he hoped it would continue to be, the policy of the Council. The Associate- ship, then, constituted a guarantee of good general training to anyone who might require the services of a chemist without special experience ; but the Fellowship should signify something more and something different; it should be a diploma such as no other body could confer. The Institute possessed among its members such a mass of valuable technical knowledge and experience that it was in a position to apply an examinational test of true efficiency superior to that which could be applied by any other body.In recent times, educational organisations appeared to have attempted to out-do the Chinese in the matter of examinations. New examinations, new diplomas, and new degrees were constantly being devised, and the bodies concerned appeared to be vieing with one another as to which could grant the most highly specialised 178 form of diploma. There was, however, some fear that true education was being lost sight of in the desire to provide special diplomas in every branch of pure and applied science. Assuming such diplomas were really good there must necessarily be a tendency to encourage narrow and imperfect specialisation, and, having regard to this tendency, it was more than ever essential that the Institute itself should maintain a high standard and keep its requirements, both in respect of training and examinations for the Associateship, on broad and sound lines. Addressing himself more particularly to the younger members, the President said that the future of the profession lay very much in their hands; theirs would be the responsibility of upholding the great heritage which their elders would in due course hand over to them and of transmitting it in turn to their successors, more coherent, more powerful, and more generally esteemed than when they received it.They had the advantage of finding the profession already firmly established, and it would be almost im- possible for them to imagine with what difficulties they would have had to contend without such a corporate existence.It had been built up largely by the labours of the Institute, and they should endeavour in some measure to repay by their firm allegiance the service which the Institute had thus rendered. There was no mare fascinating profession than chemistry, and certainly none of greater importance to the public welfare. Like all the great professions, however, it made demands on its followers; and unless a man really loved chemistry he was not likely to make the necessary effort and sacrifice. They might meet with disappointments, but by perseverance and sound honest work success would come sooner or later. The Institute represented a great profession, the members of which were not hand-workers governed by trade union con- siderations, and they could turn to the Institute as a wise counsellor and a firm and sympathetic friend.In conclusion he referred to the Benevolent Fund. The very essence of a profession implied comradeship or brotherhood; a chemist ought to feel that another chemist was more to him than a member of any other profession. One of the first lessons of pro- fessional life, and one which they were all taught at school, was to play the game and to play it not for their own hands, but for the team. Once that was fully realised they would agree that it was their duty to give whatever help they could to any fellow member who might require it; it might take the form of advice 179 or sympathy or direct professional help.It might even take the form of actual financial assistance urgently needed by a colleague who, through no fault of his own, had fallen upon bad times. In insisting on a high standard of professional conduct, it should be made as easy as possible for members to conform to that standard. It was all very well for those who were in corn- fortable circumstances to avoid any suggestion of professional misconduct, but when a man was in want, perhaps of the bare necessities of life, it was expecting a great deal that he should have the same scrupulous regard to professional ethics. They should, therefore, regard it as their privilege and their duty to give help to others when they needed it. The Benevolent Fund had been established for that purpose, and already something had been done to alleviate the mis- fortunes of some members.It was necessary that the funds should be considerably augmented, and that the income should be sufficient to enable the Committee to deal with ordinary cases out of income, and to form a capital fund for the larger objects, such as providing annuities, and educational facilities for children, or for special emergencies that might at any time arise. He repeated the suggestion that every member of the Institute should contribute a small sum annually, and showed that a modest contribution of 5s. or 2s. 6d. a year from over 4000 members would produce a very substantial income. The Registrar, having been asked to say a few words, thanked the Section for honouring him with their invitation to visit the Section; he reminded the members that when they were in London they were always welcome at headquarters, and should not hesitate to ask the Institute to help them in any professional matter.He emphasised what the President had said with regard to the relations of the Institute to Government depart- ments. On the subject of the Benevolent Fund, he feared that needy cases were not always brought to the notice of the Com- mittee so soon as they should be. He hoped that members would do what they could to save those in distress from being put to the pain of asking for help. On the motion of Dr. Dunn, a cordial vote of thanks was passed to the President for his address, and to the Registrar for his remarks.On the same evening the first joint dinner of the Newcastle Sections of the Institute and of the Society of Chemical Industry 180 and the Newcastle Chemical Industry Club was held at the Royal Turk’s Head Hotel, Dr. Henry Peile presiding. The Chairman, in proposing the toast of “The Chemical Profession,” coupled with the names of Mr. Chaston Chapman, President of the Institute, and Prof. Haworth of Armstrong College, said the manufacturers now increasingly recognised the importance of chemical research, but he thought that colliery owners had not yet fully appreciated the value of chemistry. A change was coming, however, for there was a greater tendency to-day to sell coal at its real value. The war had helped to stimulate the interest of the public and of the Government in chemistry, and one important step had been the establishment of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research.Only by close co-operation between the chemical profession and the manufacturers could the industries of the country hold their own. The President of the Institute, in responding, said that to emphasise the dependence of industry on chemistry to a Tyneside audience might be regarded as “bringing coals to Newcastle” ; but he felt that much yet remained to be done before the in- dustries of the country realised thoroughly the importance of the subject. He suggested that the Institute, or several bodies in co-operation, should inaugurate lectures throughout the country dealing with the importance of chemistry in industry, and perhaps local industries in particular.Prof. Haworth dealt with the training of chemists. They owed it to the war in a large measure that there was a clear line of demarcation between the chemists and the pharmacists. He claimed for the profession of chemistry a status at least equal to that of medicine and the law. He was not one of those who held that the university training for a career in industrial chemistry should consist of the special study of one or more particular branches of industrial chemistry ; he had many assurances to the contrary from men who were themselves chemical manufacturers. If they wanted a definite problem solved in the laboratory it was often advantageous to employ a man trained in pure science who would come to the subject without preconceived ideas and be able to tackle it anew.On the other hand, he did not advocate university training in applied chemistry, because he felt that what a man could learn in that direction in a year at a university could be acquired within three months at the works. 181 Prof. P. P. Bedson proposed “The City of Newcastle,” re- ferring to his long association with the city, while he held the chair at Armstrong College. Newcastle had won a proud pre- eminence in the world’s achievements in mining, engineering and ship-building-not to speak of the ancient Tyneside chemical industry. Thus, the recent celebrations of the United Alkali Company at Liverpool, where he thought it had been claimed that the alkali industry had been founded in this country, over- looked the fact that it had been established at Tyneside 17 years previously.The Lord Mayor (Alderman W. Bramble) referred to some of the great men whom Tyneside had produced-Stephenson, Armstrong, Swan, Parsons, and others. In the olden times they had walled the town around in order to try and keep the Scotsmen out, but they had learnt long since that the way to advance was to open their doors to all. He believed that there were still many men of genius and grit who were able to uphold the great traditions of the city. The Registrar of the Institute proposed “Chemical Industry Clubs,’’ emphasising their value to the coming generation of chemists.Dr. E. F. Armstrong, President of the Society of Chemical Industry, replying, referred to the influence of club life, re- marking that he had made it his text, when dealing with the future of chemistry, to point out that men turned out by the universities and colleges were engaged because they were chemists, but their success was dependent upon capabilities as men. South Wales.-The Section held meetings on 18th April and 11th May at Thomas’ Caf6, Swansea, Mr. F. J. Bloomer in the chair. The April meetins was of an informal character for the purpose of discussing topics appertaining to chemical industry. On 11th May the Registrar of the Institute read a paper on the title chemist, dealing fully with the use of the word from remote times, and giving his views on the difficulty of securing, at the present time, the use of the title exclusively to those who practise chemistry. A keen discussion ensued, in which many members took part.A hearty vote of thanks, proposed by the Chairman and seconded by Prof. Coates, was accorded to the Registrar. 182 Notes. Pasteur Centenary.-The President represented the Institute at the recent celebrations of the Pasteur Centenary in Paris and in Strasbourg. Both he and Mrs. Chaston Chapman, who accompanied him, were very warmly welcomed. The Paris celebrations, which commenced on 24th May, and lasted until 30th May, included a reception by the President of the Republic and Madame Millerand at the Elys6e Palace, a reception at, the Pasteur Institute, ceremonies at the Sorbonne and at the Ecole Normale, a gala performance at the Opera, and many other functions.In Strasbourg the Pasteur Monument was inaugurated on 31st May, and was followed by a reception in the evening at the Town Hall, at which the President of the Republic and M. Poincar6 were present. The celebrations were in every respect admirable and worthy of the great occasion. ConfBdt5ration des Travailleurs 1ntellectuels.-Mr. Arthur R. Smith, who represented the Institute as Observateur at the Congress of the Confedgration des Travailleurs Intellectuels, opened at the Sorbonne on the 5th April, has reported on the proceedings. The inaugural meeting was held under the presidency of M.Henri de Jouvenel, Delegate for France to the League of Nations. The delegates and foreign Observateurs having been thanked for their presence, addresses were received from the Official Delegates for the Confederations representing the legal, medical and scientific organisations of various countries within the League of Nations. Holland sent five Observaiezcrs, one of whom was Dr. C. J. Van Nieuwenburg, President of the Dutch Chemical Society; Canada was represented by an Observateur from the Engineering Society; and England by Mr. Latham, President of the National Federation of Professional, Technical, Administra- tive and Supervisory Workers. The British Medical Association 183 was represented by a French Observateur.Miss Amalia de Friesz was the Observateur for the British Confederation of Arts. The Institute of Chemistry was the only other British Institute formally represented. On April 6th the Official Delegates and Observateurs gave an account of the state of organisation of intellectual workers in their respective countries. It was decided to found an Inter- national Confederation of Intellectual Workers and to appoint an executive committee, consisting of two delegates from each nation (each such delegate to have a deliberative vote), and also to nominate an Observateur for each country which had not sent a delegate to the present congress, but had sent an Observateur (such Observateur to have a consultative vote). The Executive Committee has been instructed to instigate and bring together the associated organisations of the National Confedera- tion of Intellectual Workers, and to draw up, having regard to the views exchanged at the Congress, the constitution of the Conf 6d6ra t ion Interna t ionale des Travailleurs Intellect uels which, after having been submitted to the National Federations, will be presented to the second session of the Congress, which will be held at Paris in December, 1923.The third meeting was preceded by a luncheon. The business consisted of the nomination of delegates for the December meeting. The Congress decided on a programme of work for the December meeting, including the consideration of the following matters :-Universal recognition of intellectual property, particu- larly scientific publications and the duration of their protection; the status of Civil Servants ; and International Professional Appointments.Mr. Smith reports that his general impression is that the Confederation is an active and useful body, and he thinks it well that the Institute should have been represented at the Congress. The feeling towards British intellectual workers was very friendly, although some disappointment was expressed that so many English societies had only sent their good wishes. Pan Pacific Scientific Congress.-Major B. J. Eaton has been selected to represent the Governments of the Federated Malay States and Straits Settlements (British Malaya) at the Pan Pacific Scientific Congress, in Sydney and Melbourne, from 13th August to 3rd September next. 184 British Engi n eering Stand ard s Association.-Dr.James Watson, representative of the Institute on the Sub-Committees of the Engineering Standards Association for Sand-lime Bricks and Portland Blast-furnace Cement, reports that the delibera- tions of these Sub-Committees with regard to specifications for such bricks and cement have now been issued. Civi I Service Esti mates.-The Civil Service Estimates for the year ending 3rd March, 1924, give the following points of interest to chemists:- For the Depaktment of Government Chemist the vote for salaries is slighJly decreased owing to the fall in the bonus. Provision is made for the appointment of an additional chemist, Class I., and for two additional chemists, Class 11.; but for a decrease in the number of assistant chemists unestablished.Under the Board of Education the provision for scholarships, studentships, and exhibitions to be granted by the Board is E162,290,compared with L182,252 in 1922-1923. The estimates for fees of students at universities show a slight decrease and a more considerable decrease in the allowances to be made; but on the other hand, an increase both in fees and allowances for science students at the Imperial College of Science and Techno- logy. The grants in aid of universities, colleges, etc., remain practically unaltered, except that larger grants are given to the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge. The grant to the Royal Society remains unaltered, and the amount allocated to the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research for investigations carried out by learned societies, etc., has been decreased from L1800 to @oo, and for grants to students and other persons engaged on research from kgr,ooo to &o,ooo. No change is anticipated in the expenditure on the staff of the National Physical Laboratory.Preservation of Ancient Buildings-Under the Depart- ment of Scientific and Industrial Research a Special Committee of the Building Research Board has been appointed to report on the best methods by which decay in building stones, especially in ancient structures, may be prevented or arrested. The Committee includes Prof. C. H. Desch, Sir Herbert Jackson and Dr.Alexander Scott. 185 Popular Lectu res.-Lectures have recently been given to the Ruskin Guild, Carshalton, by Mr. C. T. Bennett, on “Perfumes,” and Mr. G. M. Watson on “London Air.” The former, with the aid of lantern slides, traced the history of the production of perfumes from the earliest times, and described modern methods of plant cultivation and oil extraction. Syn-thetic perfumes were briefly dealt with, and samples of these and the natural products exhibited. Mr. Watson dealt with atmospheric pollution, and gave a detailed description of the methods devised for the estimation of solid impurities in the air, showing that these originate in coal smoke. Test samples of the air in the room were taken, and the impurities shown under the microscope ;other typical results and the apparatus used were shown by means of slides.I n ternational A i r Congress.-The International Air Congress will take place at the Institution of Civil Engineers from the 25th to 30th June. British Association : At Liveppool, September 12th to 1 9th .-In connection with the meeting of the British Associa- tion, a Scientific Exhibition will be held at the Central Technical School, Byrom Street, Liverpool, and will comprise the latest forms of apparatus employed in connection with the scientific work of the various Sections of the Association and exhibits showing recent advances in applied science. The Chairman of the Exhibition Committee is Mr. F. W. Bain, United Alkali Company, Cunard Buildings, Liverpool.The Title “Chemist.”-A letter has been received from Mr. H. Droop Richmond, writing from the Analytical Laboratory of Messrs. Boots Pure Drug Company, Ltd., in which he says: “A discussion on the title of chemist can at the present time have no practical result; it is obviously logical that persons engaged in the science and practice of chemistry should be termed ‘chemists,’ in fact there is no other word in the English language which is effective for describing them; it must be remembered that chemistry, as it exists to-day, is a young science, and a century ago there were no chemists, and it was the pharmacist of the day who came most nearly to the practice of chemistry.“Pharmacy has developed contemporaneously with chemistry, but along gradually diverging lines, and though it is not entirely divorced from chemistry, this science now enters to but a minor degree, and the description chemist as applied to a pharmacist has ceased to be a true one to the logical mind.Nevertheless, it still remains, and cannot at the present time be displaced; the Pharmacy Acts have conferred a 186 legal right to the pharmacist to be a chemist,” and within the last few years a powerful vested interest has arisen. “Itis true that the law can be changed, but the difficulties of making such a change in face of public opinion and vested interests are insuper- able. In addition, few, if any, chemists have a real grievance; what class of ‘ chemists ’ desire the change? The academic chemists show no signs, the analysts and consultants are not up in arms, the technical chemists are not clamouring, and it seems that it is really people whose knowledge and skill in chemistry are so small that their recognition as chemists is problematical who are most desirous of getting the-or a-title.“Our friends the pharmacists who have the legal right to be chemists have never made the least effort to prevent any bona fide student or practitioner of chemistry from calling himself a chemist, so long as he refrained from keeping open shop, and from their side the subject has been regarded with a reasonable spirit of compromise ;while the leaders in pharmacy recobmise, as do the leaders in chemistry, that the change is bound to come eventually, and the chemist will some day be called a chemist and the pharmacist a pharmacist; they know the time is not yet ripe.Let us therefore continue the compromise, and devote our attention to the education of public opinion.” * “Public opinion holds that he is a chemist.” On the first paragraph it may be remarked that although chemistry was hardly practised as a profession a hundred years ago, Frederick Accum, in his System of Theoretical and Practical Chemistry (1807),after referring to chemical philosophers from the earliest times down to that of Priestley and Black, concludes Section 111.of his book with the following paragraph :-“Amongst the number of philosophers who have since that time cultivated and enriched the new theory of chemistry with discoveries which will for ever give immortality to their names, we have to notice Aikin, Babington, Bancroft, Beddoes, Blagden, Cavendish, Chenevix, Crichton, Cruickshank, Davy, Lord Dundonald, Lord Dundas, Fordyce, Garnett, Hatchett, Henry, Higgins, Hope, Howard, Kirwan, Bishop of Llandaff, Murray, Nicholson, Pearson, Tenant, Tilloch, Thomson, Wedgwood, and Wollaston ; Achard, Crell, Gilbert, Gren, Goetling, Hambold, Hermbstaedt, Klaproth, Lowitz, Richter, Scherer, Tromsdorf, Westmmb, Wiegleb ; Bertholet, Chaptal, Fourcroy, Lagrange, Guiton, Van Mons, Proust, Sequin, Vauquelin, etc.” A letter from Liebig to Berzelius, dated Giessen, 26th November, 1837 (nearly 86 years ago), lately discovered by Mr.Otto Hehner, in which the following passage occurs, shows that the grievance then existed:-“ I have been in England for a few months, and have seen enormously much and learned little. England is not a land of science; there is only a highly developed 187 dilettantism ; the chemists are ashamed to be called chemists because the despised apothecaries have taken that name for themselves.” To return to Mr. Richmond’s letter,-the powerful vested interests, referred to in the second paragraph, in the use of the word chemist by drug companies, has long since been realised by chemists, and wqs referred to in the article on “The Title Chemist ’’ in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,1922, Part I. The footnote might have been more exactly expressed : ‘‘ The public know him under the title ‘chemist ’.” Many chemists will disagree with Mr.Richmond, however, in his remark that few have a real grievance. Leading chemists engaged in all branches of work, including several past Presidents and the present President of the Institute, have expressed very decidedly their grievance that chemists are confused with the practitioners of another craft. The airing of this grievance is one of the chief means to be adopted in the education of public opinion which Mr. Richmond recommends in his concluding sentence, in order to hasten the day when the chemist will be called a chemist and the pharmacist a pharmacist. Chemical Society Li brary.-In view of the greatly in- creased use which has been made of the Library of the Chemical Society by Fellows and Associates of the Institute, the Council have increased the grant to the Library from l40 to LIOO.British Empire Exhibition,-The Council have decided to contribute -&o, in two instalments of l75 each, towards the organisation of the Sub-scientific Section of the Chemical Section of the British Empire Exhibition, 1924.This part of the exhibition will be devoted to the illustration of recent chemical develop- ments. Many of the leading professors and teachers of chemistry in the universities and colleges throughout the kingdom are help- ing with the exhibit, which will be an important feature of the Chemical Section, and should assist in bringing to the public notice the importance of chemistry in the progress of civilisation. Mr.William Randerson, Associate of the Institute, has been elected to the first Albert Kahn Travelling Fellowship of LI,OOO. Mr. George Stanley Withers Marlow, Assistant Secretary of the Institute, was called to the Bar at Gray’s Inn on 13th June. 188 April Examinations, 1923. Summary of the Report of the Board of Examiners. Examinations under the current Regulations were held at the Institute during the week April 16th to zIst. The number of candidates examined and of those who passed in each branch is shewn hereunder: No. examined. No.passed.For the Associateship . . .. .. .. 15 8 For the Fellowship Branch (E): The Chemistry, including Microscopy, of Food and Drugs, etc.1 0 Branch (a): Chemical Engineering (group : Gas Manufacture with special refer- ence to Producer Gas) .. .. 1 1 Branch (H): General and Analytical Chemistry .. *. .. .. -1 0 -18 9 In addition a candidate for the Associateship who had been required to complete his examination in general chemistry (oral) and in translation, presented himself for re-examination, but failed to satisfy the Board. F.I.C. EXAMINATION.-The experimental work of the success- ful candidate was well carried out, and the conclusions drawn therefrom were sound. The experimental work of the un-successful candidates was, on the whole, fairly good, but they did not show that standard of judgment in deducing methods of investigation and in framing reports which is expected of candidates for the Fellowship.A.I.C, ExAM1NAT10N.-The standard of the successful candidates was somewhat above that usually attained. The chief weakness was in practical organic chemistry, candidates being unfamiliar with the methods of consulting literature for the preparation of substances not dealt with in elementary textbooks. Details of the preparations required were quoted in Beilstein’s Handbuch, but only a few condidates took ad- vantage of this, although the book was at hand in the laboratory. lS9 PASS LIST. The following Associate has passed the examination for the Fellowship: In Branch (G) Chemical Engineering. Grisenthwaite, Arthur Turner, A.C.G.F.C., B.Sc. (Lond.). The following candidates have passed the examination for the Associateship: In General Chemistry. Brady, Peter Joseph, East London College.Grayson, Harold John, University College, London. Gregory, Louis Wilfred, University College, Not tingham. Loasby, Geoffrey, B.Sc. (B’ham), Birmingham University. Marrison, Leslie William, East London College. Player, Harold William Victor, King’s College, London. Smith, Daniel Agnew, University College, Nottingham. Vineall, George John Charles, B.Sc. (Lond.), University College, Sou thamp ton. Examination for the Associateship General Chemistry MONDAY, APRIL 16th, 1923: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. Explain the views of Berzelius concerning the nature of chemical combination and show how they conflicted with the theory of substitution advocated by Dumas and Laurent.Indicate briefly the bearing of Eodern views on this controversy. 2. Write a short essay on either (a)Osmotic pressure, or (b)Boyle’sLaw. 3. Give an account of:-(a) The qualitative separation of copperand cadmium, and (b)the quantitative analysis of borax. 4. Give a brief account of either (a) alums and pseudoalums, or (b)5. What are the chief ores of copper? Describe how the metal is the higher oxides of the metals. obtained from them. 2 to 5 p.m. 1. Write an account of the unsaturated monobasic acids, referring particularly to (a)the methods of their formation, (b)their reactions, and (c) the isomerism shown by them. 2. Describe, with practical details, the preparation of either (a)phenyl3. Write a short essay on ONE of the following subjects: (a) The hydrazine from benzene, or (b)methylamine from acetic acid.glucosides, (b) the synthesis of aromatic derivatives from open chain compounds. 4. Show how the character of a -CH,group is influenced by the attachment of “negative ” groups. 6. How would yoil prove the constitution of the following compounds f (a) KOOC.CH(NG)-CH,.CONH,. (b) CH,.CH,. CH =CH.CO. CH,. 190 TUESDAY, APRIL 17th, 1923: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. You are given a solution (A) containing ammonium chloride, potassium phosphate and potassium chloride. Determine the chlorine, phosphate and ammonia present, expressing your results in grams of C1, P,O, and NH, per 100 ccm. (This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) WEDNESDAY, APRIL 18th, 1923: 10 a.m.to 4.30 p.m. Make a qualitative analysis of the given mixture (B). [BaCl, (1 part), FeC1, (5 parts), Na,AsO, (5 parts).] THURSDAY, APRIL 19th, 1923: 10 a.m, to 4.30 p.m. 1. You are given a sample (C) of anethole; prepare from it anisic acid, methyl anisate, and nitroanisic acid. Leave specimens of these products.(This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) FRIDAY, APRIL 20th, 1923: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. You are given a mixture of two substances (D). Identify them and leave samples of any derivatives you are able to prepare. (Benzylcyanideand chlorobenzene. ) (The candidates were required to translate passagea of about 300 words from the Berichte and from ‘‘Chimie et Industrie.” Dictionaries were permitted.Time allowed-14 hours.) Examination for the Fellowship Branch (e) --The Chemistry, including Microscopy of Foods and Drugs and of Water MONDAY, APRIL 16th, 1923: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. How is the energy value of a food determined, and to what extent do you consider this a true index of the value of a food ? How would you calculate the value in calories per 100 grams of afood having the following composition ? Water .. .. .. 18 per cent. Fat . . .. ‘ * 20 YY ,,Sugar .. .. * * 40 39 9, Starch .. .. -* 15 ?, YY Fibre .. .. * -5 YY Y9 Mineral matter * * 2 YY YY 2. Give a detailed description of a method for the determination of the bactericidal value of a disinfectant. Answer the following questions in a separate notebook : 1.List the more important drugs belonging to the following classes :-Diuretics, Antipyretics, Emetics. Mention the official preparation of some one drug of each class. 2. Describe the preparation of chloroform and mention any im-purities which the commercial product may contain capable of influencing its qualifies as an anaesthetic. How would you deal with the viscera from a case of suspected poisoning by chloroform? 3. Discuss the following aspects of practical microscopy; the qualities in an objective which made for good definition; the use of dark-ground illumination; the value of the polariscope to the microscope. 191 2 to 5 p.m. 1. Write an account of (a) One process in use for the sterilisation of public water supplies. (b) A “permutit” process for water softening.2. What is meant by the term “strength” in connection with wheaten flour ? Name any substances you know of which have been used for improving the strength of flour ? 3. Name two organic compounds which are in use for the detection of nickel in very small quantities, and describe how you would apply their reactions in order to detect nickel in a fat. 4. Write an account of the preparation and composition of essential oil of almonds. What poisonous substance is likely to be present in this oil; how does this substance gain access to the oil, and how may the oil be freed from it ? 5. Write a detailed scheme for the complete analysis of a meat extract.TUESDAY, APRIL 17th, 1923: 10 a.m. to 4.30p.m. 1. Make as complete an analysis as possible of the coffee extract A. 2. Identify the substance B. (Lithium carbonate.) WEDNESDAY, APRIL 18th, 1023: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Make a complete analysis of the milk powder C. 2. Examine and identify microscopically the vegetable powder D, making drawings of and describing the structures observed. (Cinnamon.) THURSDAY, APRIL 19th, 1923: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. The liquid E is sold under a trade name as a food preservative; examine it and report if it could legitimately be used in butter, and, if so, in what proportion. (Boric acid, borax and sodium fluoride in aqueoussolution.) 2. Examine the rag flock F and report as to its suitability for bedding.(Thisexercise may be, completed to-mowow. ) FRIDAY, APRIL 20th, 1923: 10 a.m. to 4.30 pm. 1. Complete the rag flock. 2. The beef dripping G is submitted under the Sale of Food & DIugs Acts. Analyse it and report on the form 01 certificate given. SATURDAY, APRIL 21st, 1923: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. The medicine A contains two common drugs in amounts within the limits of official dosage. One is the salt of an alkaloid, the other is an aromatic organic acid. Identify them and ascertain approximately the quantities present. (Quinine sulphate and salicylic acid.) 2. Make a series of microscopic preparations from a leaf of digitalisand from one of belladonna respectively. Demonstrate, if possible,significant differences in their structure, making drawings to illustrate such differences.3. Prepare from your own blood a elide containing haemin crystals. 192 Branch (g)-ChemicaI Engineering-Gas Manufacture MONDAY, APRIL 16th) 1923: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. The sulphate liquor leaving the absorber of a Mond plant may be 28"Tw. What are the factors that may affect the strength of this liquor ? Trace quantitatively the source of the water present in 28Tw. liquorwhen the temperature is 85" C. and the sulphuric acid used is 144"Tw. 2. Five million cu.ft. of Mond gas enter the cooling tower after the absorber has-say-a temperature of 80" C. The tower is well packed and water well distributed. What quantity of water will have to be used in such a tower in order to cool this gas at 40" C., and what will be the temperature of the water leaving the tower-assuming a 5.0 per cent. loss of heat by radiation? 3.What is the justification for using about 2i lbs. of steam in the Mond producer per pound of coal gasified? What proportion of this steam is gasified, and what relationship by volume does the uncracked steam bear to the gas made? 2 to 5 p.m. 1. Show by the assumption of analytical results, and weights of materials, which should be stated, how the hourly make of gas on a producer plant may be estimated within 5.0 per cent. 2. Elaborate a heat balance of a Mond producer plant and indicate the relationship of the heat in the cold producer gas to the available heat in the coal used in connection with the process.3. How would you dissect the costs of production of Mond prcjducer gas ? Assume figures for cost of coal, steam, plant, labour, etc. TUESDAY, APRIL 17th, 1923: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. Taking coal as the basis, compare the efficiency of power production when using 550 B.Th.U. (gross) Town's gas, and 150 B.Th.U. (gross)Mond gas in gas engines, with the modern condensing steam engine and the electric motor. An approximation is all that is required. 2. The effluent from' a sulphate plant cannot be put into drains, Bewers, rivers or canals. What are the harmful constituents, and how would you propose to dispose of this effluent? 3. What are the limits of H,S and SO, allowed in process gases going into the atmosphere? How would you propose to dispose of one million cubic feet of air per hour containing 2.5 grains of per mbic foot? 2 to 5 p.m.1. Give an account of the overhauling and supervision requisite for oxygen rescue apparatus in order that it may be ready for immediate use. 2. Let it be assumed that a by-product coke oven is operating at the pit mouth close to blast furnaces, and that the surplus gas (500 gross)can be sold at 2d. per 1000. A gas retort installation working in the Midlands -using the same coals-makes gas for 1s. 8d. per 1000 (500 B.Th.U's).Discuss why there should be this difference. 3. How would you determine quickly the amount of water vapour in hot producer gas, as grains per 100 cu.ft., by purely physical means ? 193 WEDNESDAY, APRIL 18th, 1923: 10 a.m.to 4.30 p.m. 1. Examine the salts submitted and determine the N&; 60;free mid. What impurity is present, and what was its probable source ? (Crude ammonium sulphates.) 2. Prepare as large a yield as possible of unwashed benzol and xylene from the sample of tar submitted. The benzole should give 90 per cent. at 100" C. and the xylene 90 per cent. at 160" C. (These exercises may be continued on Thursday and Friday.) THURSDAY, APRIL 19th, 1923: 10 a.m. to 4.30 pm. 1. Report as far as you can on the suitability or otherwise of the solid fuels submitted for use in producers, recovery or otherwise. Advise as to the best conditions to be observed in their use. (2 coals and 2 cokes.) (This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) Branch (H)-General and Analytical Chemistry On MONDAY, APRIL 16th, the candidate was submitted to a stringent oral examination by the Board of Examiners.TUESDAY, APRIL 17t&FRIDAY, APRIL 20th, 1923: 10 a.m. to 4.30 pm. (These exercises may be continued throughout the week.) 1. Report upon the nature of the colouring matter supplied, with special reference to its use in food preparation. Suggest some means whereby the colour, or an adequate substitute, may be prepared.[Dimethyl-amidoazo-benzene.] 2. Report upon the given sample of cement. 3. Report upon the given sample of petrol. 194 Obituary. HERBERTHENRYFROYSELLdied at Hartington Road, Liverpool, on 24th February, 1923, in his 55th year.Born at Mount Pleasant, Lanca- shire, he was educated at the High School, Liverpool Institute, and received his scientific training at University College, Liverpool, where he became Experimental Lecture Assistant md, later, Demonstrator. He rendered service to University College and the University of Liverpool tor nearly forty years. During the early years of the war he had charge of a large section engaged on the preparation of synthetic drugs for the National Health Insurance Commission. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1919. ALFREDJAMESHIGGIN died in London, while on a visit to England, on the 18th July, 1922, in his 64th year. He was the son of James Higgin, F.I.C., and studied chemistry at Owens College, Manchester, under Roscoe and Schorlemmer, and at the Zurich Polytechnikum.After spending several years in his father’s laboratory, he was for seven years instructor in chemistry at the South Australian School of Mines and Industries, and was then appointed Lecturer on Chemistry in the University of Adelaide, which position he held at the time of his death. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1900. JAMESFREDERICK LLOYDdied at Leytonstone on the 8th February, in his 71st year. He was educated at the Bristol Grammar School, and, in 1870, became a pupil of the late Dr. Augustus Voelcker, to whom he was private assistant for several years. Later, he became assistant to Dr.-later Sir-Thomas Stevenson, at Guy’s Hospital, and then senior assistant in the laboratory of the Royal Agricultural Society.In 1884 he started practice on his own account in London, in which he was still engaged, at Leytonstone, at the time of hisdeath. He was consulting chemist to the British Dairy Farmers’ Association, and did valuable work upon cheesemaking for the Bath and West of England Agricultural Society. He was also instrumental in introducing scientific methods in the cider industry. He was Official Agricultural Analyst for the Counties of Kent, Somerset and Surrey, and was Honorary Secretary of the Agricultural Analysts Association. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1887, served on the Council from 1917-1920, and was for several years an active member of the Public Appointments Committee.At his funeral the Institute was represented by Mr. E. W. Voelcker, Honorary Treasurer. ISABELMITCHELL died at Swindon, on 25th July, 1921, in her 40th year. Born at Edmonton, Middlesex, she was educated at Inverness Royal Academy before proceeding in 1902 to Edinburgh University and the Heriot-Watt College. She graduated as B.Sc. (Edin.) in 1907, and as M.B., Ch.B. (Edin.) in 1915, and obtained theD.P.H. (Oxon.) in 1919. While a student, she acted as Demonstrator in practical physics to the medical students at the School of Medicine of the Royal Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons, Edinburgh, and, after graduation, was appointed Carnegie Demonstrator of Physiology at the School of Medicine for Women, 195 teaching chemical and experimental physiology and histology.She published, jointly with Dr. Alexander Goodall, a paper on “The Action of Certain Salts of Formic Acid on the Circulatory and Muscular Systems.” She was for over two years a chemist in the laboratory of Messrs. Duncan, Flockhart & Co., manufacturing chemists, Edinburgh, and, after qualifying in medicine, was for two years resident Medical Officer to the Hackney Union Infirmary, and then became resident House Surgeon to the Notting- ham and Midland Eye Infirmary, an auxiliary war hospital, where she remained until early in 1919. In August of the same year she obtained an appointment as School Medical Inspector, still retaining her interest and continuing study and research in biological chemistry, chemical physiology and pathology. She was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1919.GEORGEWARDdied at Headingley, Leeds, on 1lth April, in his 90th year. He obtained his early training under Mr. N. Durdan and Mr. W. Huggon, and at the time of the foundation of the Institute had been for nearly 20 years a successful teacher of chemistry at evening classes in the Leeds Mechanics Institute-now developed into the Leeds Technical School-and for 25 years chemist with Messrs. Hirst, Brook & Hirst, chemical and pharmaceutical manufacturers, with whom he remained, eventually as a member of the firm. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1878 and was a keen member of the Leeds Area Section. Books and their Contents.[* Books presented by the authors or publishers, or pur-chased; to be seen in the Library of the Institute.] “Acids and Alkalis, Manufacture of.” G. Lunge. Completely revised and re-written, under the editorship of A. C. Cumming. Vol. I.: Raw materials for the manufacture of sulphuric acid and the manufacture of sulphur dioxide. W. Wyld. Pp. xiii.+558. (London: Gurney & Jacks:n.) 36s. Raw materials of sulphuric acid manufacture ; properties and analysis of the technically employed oxides of sulphur ;t8he production of sulphur dioxide; by-products. Vol. V. : Manufacture of hydrochloric acid and saltcake. A. C. Cumming. Pp. XV.+~Z~.(London: Gurney, & Jackson.) 31s. 6d. Properties of the raw materials and products of the hydrochloric acid and salt cake industry; raw materials and their analysis ;manufacture from sulphuric acid and salt ; process of Hargreaves and Robinson; absorption of hydrochloric acid ;manufacture of hydrochloric acid from chlorine; manufacture by unusual methods.196 *“ Alcoholic Fermentation.” Arthur Harden. Monographs on Biochemistry. 3rd Edition. Pp. 194. (London: Long-mans, Green & Co.) 6s. 6d. Historical introduction; zymase and its properties; function of phos- phates in alcoholic fermentation; co-enzyme of yeast-juice ;carbozylase; reducing of enzyme yeast; chemical changes involved in fermentation ; action of some inhibiting and accelerating agents on the enzymes of yeast juice; by-product of alcoholic fermentation; mechanism of fer-mentation.*“ Bacteriology, Practical, for Chemical Students.” D. Ellis. Pp. viii. $136. (London: Longmans, Green & Co.) 4s. 6d. Apparatus ;nutrient media; staining; yeasts; moulds. *“ By-product Coking.” G. S. Cooper. and edition, enlarged and completely revised by E. M. Myers. Pp. xxxii. +188. (London: Benn Bros., Ltd.) 12s. 6d. Nature and preparation of coking coals ;working of a by-product coking plant; recovery of tar and ammonia; condensers and scrubbers; tar distillation ;chemical tests. “Chemistry, Theoretical, from the standpoint of Avogadro’s Rule and Thermodynamics.” W. Nernst. Revised, in accordance with the 8th-10th German edition, by L. W. Codd. Pp. xx. -922. (London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd.) 28s.“Wonder Book of Chemistry, The.” Jean-Henri Fabre. Trans-lated from the French by Florence Bicknell. Pp. 385. (London: T. Fisher Unwin.) 10s. (‘Colloid Chemistry, An Introduction to Theoretical and Applied.” W. Ostwald. Authorised translation of the 8th German edition by M. H. Fisher. Pp. xiv.fz66. (London: Chap- man & Hall, Ltd.) 12s. 6d. (‘Gases, Absorption of Nitrous.” H. W. Webb. Pp. viii. +3p. (London: E. Arnold & Co.) 25s. Theoretical problems of absorption ; construction and filling material for absorption towers; gas circulation and measurement; production of concentrated nitric acid; production of synthetic nitrates and nitrites ; analytical control. *(‘Inorganic Chemistry, Synthetic.” A course of laboratory and classroom study for first year College Students.A. A. Blanchard and J. W. Phelan. 3rd edition. Pp. xiv.+321. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 15s. Quantitative aspects of chemistry; theory of ionization; elements in the different groups of the periodic classification. *“ Inorganic Complex Compounds, Chemistry of the.” An introduction to Werner’s Co-ordination theory. R. Schwarz. Authorised translation by L. W. Bass. Pp. x. + 82. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 8s. 6d. Co-ordination theory; isomerism of the complex compounds. 197 “Metals and Metallic Compounds.” U. R. Evans. Vol. I.: Introduction, Metallography, Electro-chemistry ; Vol. 11.: Metals of the “A” groups. Pp. Vol. I., xii.+468; Vol. II., xi. +396. (London: Edward Arnold & Co.) 18s. *“ Microscopy, Analytical; its Aims and Methods.” T.E. Wallis. Pp. viii. -149. (London: E. Arnold & Co.) 6s. Preliminary treatment ;solvents and clearing reagents ; microchemical testing ; pharmaceutical and toxicological microscopy ; quantitative microscopy. Organic Chemistry, Catalysis in.” P. Sabatier. Translated by E. E. Reid. Pp. xxii. +406. (London: Library Press, Ltd.) 25s. Catalysis in general; catalysts ; oxidations; various substitutions in molecules; hydration ; hydrogenation ; dehydrogenation; dehydration ; decomposition of acids; decomposition of the esters of organic acids ; elimination of halogen acids or similar molecules ; decomposition and condensation of hydrocarbons; hydrogenation of liquid fats.*“ Qualitative Organic Analysis.” An elementary course in the identification of organic compounds. 0. Kamm. Pp. vii. + 260. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 12s. 6d. Theoretical;laboratory directions ; classified tables of compounds. *“ Quantitative Chemical Analysis and Inorganic Preparations.” R. M. Caven. Two parts. Part I.: Preparation of In-organic Salts and simple exercises in Gravimetric and Volumetric Analysis. Pp. vii. +156. (Glasgow: Blackie & Son, Ltd.) 3s. 6d. “Shale Oils and Tars, and their Products.” W. Scheithauer. Translated from the German by H. B. Stocks. 2nd edition, revised and enlarged. Pp. vii. $283. (London: Scott, Greenwood & Son.) 12s. 6d. ‘r Spectroscope, The, and its uses in General Analytical Chemistry.” T.Thorne Baker. 2nd edition-1st edition revised, to-gether with a chapter on X-ray analysis. Pp. x.+208. (London: Baillihre, Tindall & Cox.) 8s. 6d. “Urea, The Chemistry of: the theory of its Constitution, and of the origin and mode of its formation in living Organisms.” E. A. Werner. Monographs on Biochemistry. Pp. xii.+ 212. (London: Longmans, Green & Co.) 14s. The mechanism of Wtjhler’s synthesis; the decomposition of urea; synthesis of urea. ‘‘Varnishes, Their Chemistry and Manufacture.” C. Coffignier. Translated by A. H. J. Keane. Pp. ii. f547. (London: Scott, Greenwood & Son.) 21s. Raw materials; oil, spirit, alcohol and special varnishes. 198 Conditions of Appointments of Public Analysts and Official Agricultural Analysts.THE Councils of the Institute of Chemistry and of the Society of Public Analysts view with concern the changes which have gradually taken place in the position and prospects of Public Analysts, and especially of part-time Analysts. They consider it necessary to call attention to a number of developments in connection with their work, their remuneration, and their relations to the authorities they serve. INCREASING COMPLEXITY AND COST OF THE ANALYST’SWORK. When the Sale of Food and Drugs Act (1875)was passed, adulteration was crude and comparatively easy of detection, and the methods of examination were correspondingly simple. There were very few books dealing with the subject, and the labours of the Analyst were limited by the scanty knowledge then available.The foundation of the Society of Public Analysts, in 1874, was the first step in the development of a highly specialised branch of food chemistry in this or any other country, and the 48 volumes of the Journal of the Society contain a continuous record of the investigations of its members and others. The few and simple tests at first employed have been gradually replaced by numerous processes, of ten exceedingly complicated and involving the use of all the refinements of chemical and physical science. Public Analysts, in considering the remuneration to which they are entitled, may justly point to the fact that it is mainly owing to their voluntary and unpaid investigations that the detection of most forms of adulteration is possible at all.These researches, however, whilst rendering a public service, have had the effect of increasing the complexity and cost of analyses. At the same time, the advance of knowledge has imposed on those wishing to qualify for the appointment of Public Analyst a much more lengthy and highly specialised course of training. 199 Since the Act of x875 was passed, the labour and expense attaching to the analyses have greatly increased, owing to a number of causes briefly summarised under the following headings : (I) Increase in knowledge and experience. (2) The appearance in the market of new raw materials not previously utilised in the manufacture of food products.(3) The introduction of new methods of preparing foods for the market. (4) Skilled and scientifically controlled adulteration. (5) Additions to and amendments of the law, Departmental Orders and Regulations and Recommendations of Royal Commissions and Departmental Committees. It will be readily understood that these causes do not operate singly. Improved methods of analysis have enabled Public Analysts to deal with problems which previously admitted of no solution; on the other hand, the introduction of new raw materials and of new manufacturing processes and the passing of fresh legislation have given rise to new problems for which solutions have had to be found. In this connection attention may be directed to the following concrete examples : In 1875 the use of preservatives was almost unknown; now it is extremely widespread.The number of such substances employed is continually being added to, and each one has to be separately looked for and, if found, its proportion determined. The extensive use of tinned foods and the significance now attaching to traces of poisonous metals necessitates the examina- tion of large numbers of samples for lead, tin, arsenic and copper. Fat analysis, of which practically nothing was known in 1875, is now so complicated that it possesses a large literature of its own. Numbers of new fats and oils have come, and others are coming into the market, and modern industrial methods of hardening and refining oils have so altered their analytical characters that their analysis is a matter of the greatest difficulty.These new products are now used as substitutes for the fats naturally present in many articles of food, so that the fat in such articles as cocoa, chocolate, cheese and condensed milk has to be isolated and separately examined, in addition to the general analysis of the article as a whole. 200 At the time the Act of 1875 was passed little could be done in the examination of spirits beyond determining their alcoholic strength and searching for gross metallic impurities. Since then the question of the origin of these products has become import- ant owing to the adoption by the manufacturers of new raw materials and of complicated forms of still and rectifying apparatus.This involves difficult determinations of secondary products of fermentation, taking days to perform. A similar series of problems has arisen in connection with vinegar. Flour, of which in 1875 alum was almost the only known adulterant, is now liable to be bleached by oxides of nitrogen and other gases and “improved” with phosphoric acid, acid phos- phates, persulphates, and other substances. The examination for alum still has to be made, but this is a trifling matter com- pared with the search for more modern sophistications and for the impurities, such as arsenic, which may be introduced with them. Baking powder mixtures, in which formerly tartaric acid was the only organic acid used, are now made from a variety of acid salts, all of which are liable to contain objectionable or harmful impurities which must be sought for.The relatively small proportion of these mixtures in the self-raising flours now so widely used increases the difficulty of the search. In such articles as jam, marmalade and golden syrup, the use of starch conversion products in place of natural sugar has necessitated the employment of physical and biological methods of considerable complexity. For improving the appearance, or concealing the inferiority, of both natural and manufactured products, various agents are now employed, such as thickeners in cream and jam, and colour- ing matter in jam, wine, milk, cocoa, etc., the presence of which was formerly either ignored or not suspected, but which now may give rise to legal proceedings, and the detection of which is often a matter of great difficulty.Manufacturers are naturally anxious to utilise as much of their raw materials as possible, and so incorporate in the finished article portions of the original substance which formerly were excluded. Thus cocoa, which for many years was practically free from shell, has been found to contain as much as 60 per cent. of that material. Consequently the analysis 201 of cocoa, for which examination with the microscope and a search €or sugar formerly sufficed, now involves the estimation of the nitrogen, fat, fibre, ash, and alkalinity of the ash and the mechanical separation of the shell, in addition to the other special examinations referred to above.Similar conditions obtain with regard to pepper and some powdered drugs. When the Sale of Food and Drugs Act first came into force little reliable information as to the composition of articles of food was available, and each analyst had to formulate, from his own experience, standards by which to judge the samples. To avoid the risk of reporting adversely on possibly genuine samples, falling near the border line, very wide allowance for variation had to be made. Since then standards have in many cases been prescribed or adopted. In the case of drugs the later editions of the British Pharmacopoeia have laid down standards of purity or strength for upwards of 150 articles for which previously there had been no accepted limits. The analyst has now to adhere to these standards.The most scrupulous care and a high degree of accuracy are therefore necessary, especially in cases near the border line. Whilst the analyst has thus been relieved in some cases from the responsibility of fixing his own standards, the analytical work required, so far from being diminished, has been in- creased, and quantitative determinations, which formerly would have been unnecessary, have now to be made. A list of Acts of Parliament, Official Regulations, etc. ,referred to under heading (5) is appended, to all of which the analyst must have regard in making his reports. Further, apart from the question of the labour involved in analysis, the cost of the equipment of a modern laboratory has increased enormously, owing to the invention of new and costly physical and mechanical apparatus, which is indispensable if the work is not to suffer. In addition to this the cost of all chemicals and apparatus is, on the whole, at least double what it was before the war.Finally, it must not be forgotten that the labours of the analyst are not limited to the routine work expended on the samples submitted to him. If he is to keep abreast of the times he must be continually engaged in investigating new processes and in researches connected with matters arising out of his work. 202 QUALIFICATIONS OF THE PUBLICREQUIRED ANALYST. Section 10of the Sale of Food and Drugs Act, 1875,requires that a Public Analyst shall produce evidence that he possesses competent knowledge skill and experience “as an analyst of all articles of food and drugs” before his appointment can be con- firmed by the Local Government Board (now the Ministry of Health).In earlier years there was no recognised diploma which could be regarded as evidence of such qualification. Since the establishment, by the Institute of Chemistry, of special ex- aminations in the analysis of food, water and drugs, the confirm- ing authority has accepted the Fellowship or Associateship of the Institute of Chemistry as sufficient documentary evidence of competency and now rarely sanctions the appointment of any but members of the Institute. (Recent changes in the Regula- tions of the Institute have altered the conditions for the Associateship in such a way that only the Fellowship in the special branch-the Chemistry of Food and Drugs-will give the needed qualification, and this can only be taken by Associates of three years standing.The Fellowship of the Institute implies a minimum of seven years training and experience). It is apparent, therefore, that the prospective Public Analyst must undergo a training comparable with that required for any of the other learned professions, and it is submitted that, in the public interest, it is important that the status and prospects attaching to the post should hold out sufficient inducement to justify such a long and expensive training. RESPONSIBILITY. The responsible nature of the work of Pubhc Analysts is not generally recognised.Their duty involves not only the detection and prevention of adulteration, but also the protection of the interests of the honest vendor. Their certificates are the sole basis on which legal proceedings can be instituted and on the results of their analyses defendants may suffer heavy fines or imprisonment. As witnesses for the prosecution they may have to undergo a searching cross-examination and to maintain their case against the expert evidence on the other side. Any failure or mistake on the part of the analyst has the most serious consequences both for the local authority and for the innocent vendor. 203 REMUNERATION. It must be apparent to anyone who seriously considers the matter that, owing to the foregoing causes, the net remunera- tion of the part-time Analyst has been greatly reduced, and the war, bringing with it a large increase in the cost of everything relating to his work, has had the effect of decreasing it still further.It is not sufficiently realised by many local authorities that for the payment he receives, the Analyst has to provide and maintain a laboratory and staff, and that these, under existing conditions, absorb a large proportion of the fees received. When the Act of 1875 was passed, the remuneration for each analysis was generally substantial. One guinea or more per sample was commonly paid. A fee of 10s. 6d. per sample, to be paid by private purchasers, was introduced into the Act, with the understanding that the balance should be made up from the rates, the idea being that a private purchaser would not pay a proper fee.* Since then the fees paid have steadily diminished, until at the period immediately before the war the 10s.6d. fee, regarded as inadequate in 1875, was considered by local authorities as ample, and in certain exceptional cases even less was paid. About the year 1919 many local authorities recognised that some increase in the remuneration of their Public Analysts was absolutely necessary, but the majority overlooked the fact that the expenses of the Analyst had doubled; such bonus or increase as was granted was usually less than that given, merely on account of the increased cost of living, to other officers, and * In the early stages of the discussion of the Bill in Parliament the member for Leicestershire, Mr.Pell, pointed out that under the 10th clause, the sum of half-a-guinea was the sum suggested to be paid by a member of the public requiring an analysis, and this charge, he maintained, was far too low. At that time there were few men in the House who could claim to be chemists, but among them was Professor-later Lord-Playfair, ‘-who, referring to Mr. Pell’s remark, said : “The honourablo member for Leicestershire has, I think, hit a blot in the Bill. It is im-possible to get a chemical analysis such as is required under this Bill for 10s. 6d., and therefore it would be more correct to say that a consumer would have a right to go and get analyses at the expense of tho ratepayers; that is to say, he would pay his 10s.6d., but the difference should be paid out of the rates.” This view was immediately endorsed by Mr. Sclater-Booth (afterward:‘ Lord Basing), President of the Local Government Board, who said: I cannot help thinking that if any charge on the rates is reasonable it is a charge of this nature.” The Act was passed with the clear understanding that the fee of 10s. 6d. was a nominal fee, and that the rates should be called upon for the proper payment to the Public Analysts. 204 ignored his increased working expenses. The result has been that the net rate of payment is now frequently less than before the war. A wave of economy is now passing over the country, and it is to be feared that the Public Analysts, owing to the peculiar conditions attaching to their appointments, will suffer unduly. Local authorities, when reviewing the salaries of their officers, cannot be aware of the income which the fees or emoluments will bring to the Public Analyst after the necessary outgoings have been deducted.In the case of whole-time appointments, when laboratory and staff are provided, there is no unwilling- ness on the part of the authority to furnish all that is required on an adequate scale, and it is recognised that all labour and material, for whatever purpose, cost, and will continue to cost, much more than before the war. To reduce the Public Analyst’s remuneration to a pre-war rate means that his income is reduced to much below pre-war level.Other officials suffer only from the high cost of living, whereas the Public Analyst is further at a disadvantage owing to increased laboratory expenses. The fact that the Ministry of Health has sanctioned ap- pointments carrying inadequate remuneration has, no doubt, led authorities to believe that such low remuneration is officially approved. It must, however, be pointed out that the Ministry regards itself asnot being concerned with the emoluments of the Analyst, and, whatever its powers, rarely if ever interferes on this ground. INFORMALSAMPLES. During recent years the practice of taking “informal” samples, i.e., samples taken without complying with the for- malities prescribed by the Act as to notifying the vendor, dividing and sealing samples, etc., has been pressed upon local authorities by the Ministry of Health, and such a procedure has undoubted advantages in certain cases.The reference in recent circulars issued by the Ministry, how- ever, to such samples being examined by “rough sorting methods” has unfortunately given rise to the impression that such methods can take the place of the laboratory work of the public analyst. 205 The nature of the “rough sorting methods” is not stated, but Analysts have devised and have, of course, always used the simplest and most rapid methods capable of giving accurate and reliable information. Such methods, however, are not “rough,” and the suggestion that any processes to which this term can be correctly applied should be employed for analyses of this nature is strongly deprecated.Informal samples, if their examination is to be of service, require, in fact, the same stringent methods of analysis as do the formal, especially as the results obtained are frequently called for as evidence for the prosecution. The examination of some may be easier, of others more difficult, but it must be remembered that the fees of the part- time analyst are on a flat rate basis, which is meant to take into consideration the widely varying nature of the analyses which different articles require. There is no reason, therefore, why the analyses of informal samples should be paid for at a lower rate.The practice of informal purchase may be, and often is, either overdone or misapplied. On the one hand, the Inspector’s activity is unknown to the vendor, and its deterrent effect is lost ; on the other, the time and money spent on the informal sample is likely to be wasted, because it is impossible afterwards to get a formal sample from the same consignment. For this reason milk and certain other perishable articles should, in general, be purchased with the full formalities of the Act. THEOFFICIALPOSITION ANALYSTOF THE PUBLIC RELATIVELY TO OTHER OFFICERS. The education and attainments of the Public Analyst, whose work brings him into contact mainly with the legal officers and the Medical Officer of Health, are such that he may justly claim to rank with the chief officers of his Council.The selection of a Public Analyst is often entrusted to the Public Health Committee of the local authority, who, not in- frequently, turn to the Medical Officer for guidance in such matters. This has led, in some cases, to the erroneous assump- tion, that the Medical Officer is, in a measure, in authority over the Public Analyst, whereas no provision in the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts suggests that he or any other person holds any such position in relation to the Public Analyst, whose status under the 206 Acts is that of an independent officer appointed for duties in- volving specialised training and experience. * Medical Officers appear to have been directed by the Ministry of Health to refer, in their own reports, to the work of the Public Analyst, and this has led some of them to publish reports on the work of the Public Analyst as if the latter were a departmental officer under their control, a proceeding highly derogatory to the Analyst as an independent officer.Though the Public Analyst may with advantage confer with the Medical Oficer of Health in cases where a question as to injury to health may arise, it is desirable that local authorities should understand that the two professions are distinct. The ordinary medical curriculum involves no training in, and no knowledge of, the analysis of food and drugs, and the course for the Diploma of Public Health includes only a limited acquaint- ance with the subject.The Medical Officer of Health, obviously, cannot be held responsible for the work of the Public Analyst. Such responsi- bility falls on the Public Analyst alone, and he should have direct access to the Committee which deals with the administration of the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts. FIXITYOF TENURE. In addition to almost universal inadequacy of remuneration there is another condition attaching to the post of Public Analyst which urgently requires amendment, namely, his precarious tenure of office. The Analyst, after devoting years to study and spending a large sum of money in obtaining his qualifications and equipping his laboratory, has, in many cases, no security of tenure, in spite of the fact that in the proper discharge of his duties he may be brought into conflict with some of those who are his employers and so run the risk of dismissal.In view of the difficult position in which he may thus find himself placed it is only just that, subject to competence and good behaviour, his tenure of office should be made secure, "Under section 10 of the Sale of Food and Drugs Act, 1875, the Medical Officer of Health, in common with other officials, may be authorised by his Council to purchase samples and to submit them to the Public Analyst. Beyond this, he is not legally concerned with the administration of the Act, 207 and that he should be assured of reasonably constant emolu- ments, without which it is impossible for him to make adequate provision for the upkeep of his laboratory and staff.SUMMARY. The duties of the Public Analyst are daily increasing in complexity and in difficulty. Higher qualifications than formerly are required of him, not only owing to the general advance in science as applied to the analysis of food and drugs, but also by the exacting character of the numerous regulations of the Government Departments concerned. In 1919, following upon insistent representations to public authorities administering the Acts, the remuneration of public analysts, which had hitherto been totally inadequate, was, in the majority of cases, improved. Unfortunately, however, even this improved remuneration was insufficient having regard to the greatly increased working costs. The position is becoming still more unsatisfactory owing to a tendency on the part of local authorities, especially in the cases of new appointments, to revert to the pre-war scale of remunera- tion.Further, the tenure of office of public analysts is insecure; the relative official position of the public analyst to other officers is sometimes not clearly defined or understood by local authorities, and, except in isolated cases, no provision is made for the in- clusion of public analysts in any superannuation scheme. The Council of the Institute of Chemistry and the Council of the Society of Public Analysts view with grave concern the attitude of authorities towards these matters, and are of opinion that, unless the conditions attached to the appointments of Public Analysts are improved, they will cease to attract professional chemists of the proper type.They recommend :-That, in the case of public analysts other than those whose laboratories and staffs are provided by the authorities, whatever be the exact method of payment-by fee per sample or by a combination of salary and fee-the remunera-tion should be at the rate of not less than LI IS. per sample for the first 100 examined, and not less than 15s. for each sample beyond that number. 208 Official Agricultural Analysts.-The Council of the Institute of Chemistry and the Council of the Society of Public Analysts are of opinion that the fee for the examination of any sample taken under the Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Act should be not less than EI IS.APPENDIX. GOVERNMENT REGULATIONSLEGISLATION, DEPARTMENTAL AND RECOMMENDATIONS,ETC., WHICH HAVE INCREASED THE WORK OR THE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE PUBLICANALYST DURING THE LAST TWENTY-FOUR YEARS. Sale of Food and Drugs Act, 1899.-Section 4 gave power to the Board of Agriculture to make Regulations in regard to milk, cream, butter and cheese, and the following Regulations have since been made:- (I) Sale of Milk Regulations, 1901, prescribed presumptive limits for fat, and for solids not fat, in milk, skimmed and separated milk. (2) Sale of Butter Regulations, 1902, fixed limit for water in butter. (3) Sale of Milk Regulations, 1912, amended Sale of Milk Regulations, 1901, as regards skimmed and separated milk.Section 5 extended the provisions of the Margarine Act so that it applied to margarine cheese. Section 8 limited the proportion of butter fat in the fat of margarine to 10 per cent. Section 11made it compulsory to label condensed separated milk and condensed skimmed milk. Section 26 enlarged the scope of the Act of 1875 by defining the word food ” to include “every article used for food or drink by man, other than drugs or water and any article which ordinarily enters into or is used in the composition or preparation of human food,” etc. This introduced additional articles not previously contemplated. Butter and Margarine Act, 1907.-Section 4 fixed the limit for water in milk-blended butter at 24 per cent.and prohibited the manufacture or importation of butter or margarine containing more than 16 per cent. of water. 209 Section 5 fixed a limit for butter fat in margarine at 10 per cent. Section 6 extended the power of the Board of Agriculture so as to enable it to make Regulations as to the proportion of any milk-solid other than milk-fat in any sample of butter or milk-blended butt er. Section 7 made a similar provision as regards preservatives. Milk and Dairies (Amendment) Act, 1922.-Section prohibited the addition of any colouring matter or water or re- constituted milk or skimmed or separated milk to milk intended for sale, and also prohibited the sale of reconstituted milk as milk. Public Health (Milk and Cream) Regulations, 191 2 and 1 91 7.-These Regulations were made under the Public Health Act, 1896, and the Public Health (Regulations as to Food) Act, 1907.They prohibited the addition of any preser- vative to milk, of thickening substances to cream, of any preservative to cream containing less than 35 per cent. of milk-fat, of any preservative other than hydrogen peroxide, or boric acid or borax (or a mixture of these two) to preserved cream, and, in the case of boron preservative, limited the amount of boric acid to 0.4 per cent. These Regula- tions are quite apart from the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts; they are to be carried out by the authorities executing these Acts, and the analyses involved must be made by the Public Analysts for those authorities.Moreover, the Analyst’s certificate is not evidence in cases brought under these Regulations, and his attendance in Court is necessary often at great personal incon- venience, for which he is entitled to the usual fee. Bread Acts Amendment Act, 1922.-Legalises the addition of ingredients to flour for the purpose of making such flour self-raising and empowers the Minister of Health to make regulations prohibiting or restricting the use of such ingredients. Public Health (Condensed Milk) Regulations, 1 923.-Prescribed minimum percentages for milk €at and total milk solids in condensed milk of all kinds. Under these Regulations condensed milk must bear a label stating the equivalent of fresh milk, which the whole tin contains : in addition to the analysis, therefore, the Analyst must accurately gauge the contents of the tin and make the necessary calculations to test this statement.210 The Report of the Departmental Committee on Preservatives and Colouring Matters, 1901, contained the following Recommendations, to which, except in so far as they are modified by subsequent legislation, the Analyst has to have regard, although unfortunately they have not the force of 1aw:-That the use of formalin as a preservative should be entirely prohibited. That the use of any preservative or colouring matter in milk should be forbidden. That the only preservative allowed in cream, butter and margarine be boric acid, its presence to be notified by label and the proportion not to exceed 0.25 per cent.in cream* and 0.5 per cent. in butter and margarine. That the presence of salicylic acid in foods should be notified by label, the proportion not to exceed I grain per pint in liquids and I grain per pound in solids. That no preservatives be allowed in infants’ and invalids’ foods. That the proportion of copper allowed in preserved peas shall not exceed 0.5 grain per pound. [The Committee recom- mended the prohibition of copper, but one member-Dr. Tunnicliffe-dissented and his suggestion (as above) has been adopted practically throughout the country.] The Royal Commission on Arsenical Poisoning, 1903, recommended that it should be an offence against the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts to sell beer or other liquid food containing I/IOO grain or more of arsenic per gallon or solid food containing I/IOO grain or more of arsenic per pound.British Pharmacopoeia, 1 9 1 4.-Prescribed quantitative limits for arsenic and lead in upwards of IOO articles. A Report of the Inspector of Foods (No. 2) to the Local Government Board, 1907, suggested that more than 1/7th grain of lead per pound and more than I/Iooth grain of arsenic per pound should not be allowed in tartaric acid, citric acid, or cream of tartar. *Modified by Milk and Cream Regulations, 1912-1917. 211 A Report (No. 5) of the Inspector of Foods to the Local Government Board, 1908, on the preparation and sale of vinegar, suggested that vinegar should contain not less than 4 per cent.of acetic acid, that the presence of sulphuric acid should be prohibited, also the use of ferrocyanides, and that vinegar should be examined for copper and arsenic. A Report (No. 6) to the Local Government Board, 1 908, suggested the prohibition of certain preservatives in meat foods packed in cans or glass. A Report (Na-7) to the Local Government Board, 1908, suggested that a proportion of tin in tinned foods equal to or exceeding 2 grains per pound may possibly be dangerous to health. A Report to the Local Government Board (No. 4, Food Report No. 8), dated May 21, 1909, on “Facing” of rice and other methods of preparing rice for sale, recom- mended that rice containing more than 0.5 per cent. of mineral matter should be regarded as adulterated, and stated that authorities under the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts might “usefully consider such cases with a view to the institution of proceedings.” (The expression “mineral matter ” should be interpreted as meaning ‘‘ extraneous mineral matter.”) A Report to the Local Government Board (No.13, Food Report No. lo), 1909, suggested as the only per- missible preservatives in cream, boric acid and (if only traces are left) hydrogen peroxide. The proportions in the case of boric acid not to exceed 0.4 per cent. between May and October, and 0.25 per cent. during the rest of the year. The presence of saccharin to be notified by label.” A Report to the Local Government Board (No. 46, Food Report No.1 3). 1 91 1, dealt with the presence of calcium sulphate in baking powders and in self-raising flours, and suggested a limit of 10 per cent. for calcium sulphate in the acid phosphate used. A Report to the Local Government Board (No. 55, Food Report No. 14), 191 1, called attention to the bleaching of flour and the use of so-called “improvers.” * Modifiedby Milk and Cream Regulations, 1912-1917. 212 A letter from the Local Government Board to the Vinegar Brewers’ Association (December 15, 1911) suggested that vinegar should not contain more than 0.000143 per cent. of arsenic, and that mineral acids, lead and copper should be absent. A Report to the Local Government Board (New Series, No. 60, Food Report No. 17), Jan., 1912, drew attention to the presence of certain proprietary preservatives in milk, cream, margarine, etc. Food 0rders.-During the war Food Orders establishing standards for many articles of food were issued; most of these have lapsed or have been revoked; those affecting the work of the Public Analyst and remaining in force are the Milk (England and Wales) Order, 1921, and the Order amending it, the main provisions of which appear to be re-enacted in the Milk and Dairies (Amendment) Act, 1922 (see above).Letters from the Local Government Board to Local Authorities, copies of which were also sent to Public Analysts. July, 1906.-Public Analysts were requested to record in their Quarterly Reports the number of milk samples tested for preservatives and the results obtained. (Under the Acts Public Analysts are under no obligation to state any details as to samples reported as “genuine.”) December, 1907.-Public Analysts were asked to distin- guish between “formal ” and “informal” samples in their reports.(The same request has been repeated in other letters of more recent date.) May, 1 910.-Information as to water in lard was asked for, also as to paraffin in lard, lard substitutes and margarine. December, 191 0.-Public Analysts were asked to give details of the analyses of all milk samples submitted to them under the “Acts.” December, 1 9 1 1.-Public Analysts were asked to furnish particulars as to the results of analyses of “appeal to the cow” samples. 213 The Board also stated that Public Analysts “should examine for preservatives all samples of cream, milk and butter, and of any other article which their experience leads them to believe may contain preservatives and should state the results in their Quarterly Reports. The amount of the preservatives should be given.As the Margarine Act, 1887, defined butter as “the substance known as butter . . . with or without salt or other preservative,’, such samples must be regarded as genuine unless the amount of the preservative is such as to render the sample injurious to health, and it is not obligatory on the Public Analyst to give any details with regard to them in his Reports. 214 Changes in the Register. At the meetings of Council held in April and May, 5 new Fellows have been elected; 16 Associates have been elected to the Fellowship; 43 new Associates have been elected, and 41 Students have been admitted, New Fellows.Acton, James Rowland, Homefield, West Byfleet, Surrey. Brierley, Jesse Carl Albert, M.Sc. (Manc.), 224, Cliftonville Road, Belfast. Mouilpied, Alfred Theophilus de, M.Sc. (Manc.), Ph.D. (Halle), Redlands, Hale, Cheshire. Parker, Reginald George, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.C.G.I., 49, Eaton Rise, Ealing, London, W. 5. Associate elected to the Fellowship (by examination). Grisenthwaite, Arthur Turner, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.C.G.F.C., 9, Clairview Road, Streatham, London, S.W. 16. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Boardman, William, c/o Messrs. William Blythe & Co., Church, Lancs.Garner, John Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.), Sewage Disposal Works, Huddersfield. Glasstone, Samuel, M.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.), l~,Coborn Road, London, E.3. Goldsmith, Leon Daniel, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 98~, Salusbury Road, West Kilburn, London, N.W.6. Haycock, John, Hill Top House, Great Glen, nr. Leicester. Hoare, Arthur Charles, A.R.S.M., D.I.C., 63, Englewood Road, Clapham Common, London, S.W.12. Nobbs, Howard, M.Sc. (Lond.), 2, Knight’s Way, Buckland Housing Site, Dover. Wilson, William John, A.C.G.I., Fairlawn, Honor Oak Road, Forest Hill, London, S.E.23. New Associates (by examination).Brady, Peter Joseph, B.Sc. (Lond.), 58, Brookhill Road, Woolwich, London, S.E. 18. Grayson, Harold John, 60, Broadwater Road, Tottenham, London, N.17. Gregory, Louis Wilfred, 273, Woodboro’ Road, Nottingham. Loasby, Geoffrey, B.Sc (Birm.), 19, Middleborough Road, Coventry. Marrison, Leslie William, 82, Garland Road, Plumstead Common, London, S.E. 18. Player, Harold William Victor, 10, Upper Park Road, New Southgate, London, N. 11. Smith, Daniel Angus, 22, Grundy Street, Hyson Green, Nottingham. Vineall, George John Charles, B.Sc (Lond.), Directorate of Chemical Inspection (B. 47), Royal Arsenal, Woolwich, London, S.E. 18. New Associates. Baker, Charles Frederick, A.C.G.F.C., 88, Hertford Road, East Finchley1 London, N.2. Ballingall, John Gibb, B.Sc. (Glas.), 5, Tinto Road, Newlands, Glasgow. Coyle, Vincent Ignatius, M Sc. (N.U.I.), Glenburn, Castle Avenue, Clonterf, Dublin.215 Craddock, George Beresford, M.A., B.Sc. (St. Andrews), 27, Ashlea Place, Taits Lane, Dundee, Scotland. Crosland, Eric Bentley, B.Sc. (Leeds), 14, Heaton Road, Gledholt, Hudders- field. Culhane, Miss Kathleen, B.Sc. (Lond.), 34, Brook Green, London, W.6. Currie, Robert Matthew Hamilton, B.Sc. (Glas. ), Ashhurne, Barterholm, Paisley.Dallas, William, c/o The British Burmah Petroleum Co., Ltd., P.O.Box 44 1, Rangoon, Burmah. Dee, Gilbert Patrick, B.Sc. (Dun.), 18, Dixon Street, Stockton-on-Tees. Dow, William Thornton, The Cottage, Gilmerton, Edinburgh. Evans, Caradoc, B.Sc. (Wales), School House, Bryngwran, Valley, S.O., Anglesey, N. Wales. Falconer, William Alexander, B.Sc. (Glas.), 73, London Road, Salisbury, Wilts.Fox, Anthony Basil Darwin, A.R.C.S., 41, High Street, Southwold, Suffolk. Uriffiths, Gwilym Owen, B.Sc. (Wales), 76, Victoria Road, Wrexham, N. Wales, Harborne, Ralph Samuel, B.Sc. (Bris.), Close Cottage, Tetbury, Glos. Harris, George Jordan, B.Sc. (Lond.), 5, Burlington Gardens, Chiswick, London, W.4. Harrison, Charles Allcroft, B.Sc. (Lond.), 26, Maplethorpe Road, Thornton Heath, Surrey. Harrison, Christopher Jerome, B.Sc. (Birm.), 127, Poplar Avenue, Edg- bast on, Birmingham. Hatton, Charles Alfred, ;M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), 43, Richmond Street, Alexandra Park, Manchester. Hendry, James, B.Sc. (Glas.), 93, Oxford Drive, Kelvinside N., Glasgow.Hignett, Alfred John, B.Sc. (Liv.), 21, Douro Street, Everton, Liverpool. Hunter, John, B.Sc.(Lond.), Canon House, Berkeley, Glos. Jack, William, B.Sc. (Glas.), 13, Willowbank Crescent, Glasgow, m7. Jeffery, Ernest John, B.Sc. (Lond.), 81, Erskine Park Road, Rusthall, Tunbridge Wells. Lewis, William Clifford, B.Sc. (Wales), Inversnaid, Shoreham-by-Sea,Sussex. Malcolm, George, B.Sc. (Glas.), 12, Miller Street, Shawlands, Glasgow. Mathias, Thomas William, B.A. (Oxon.), 12, Gwendolen Avenue, Putney, London, S.W.15. Monkhouse, Allan Cuthbertson, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Leeds), 14, Queen Anne’s Road, York. Mott, Reginald Arthur, M.Sc. (Leecis), 13, Solway View, Whitehaven, Cumberland. Purves, Alfred Edward, B.Sc. (Edin.), Bellfield, Cargil Terrace, Trinity, Edinburgh.Ralston, Richard, B.Sc. (Glas.), 9, Fairlie Park Drive, Partick, Glasgow. Ransome, Harry Norman, B.Sc.(Lond.), Bracondale, Beach Road, West Felixstowe. Reverson, William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 108, Halifax Oltl Road, Huddersfield. Richardson, Cotsford Wilberforce, B.Sc. (Lond.), 200, Hainault Road, Leytonstone, London, E. 11. Smith, Walter Reginald, B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), 14, Mirfield Drive, Monton Green, Eccles, Manchester. Snow, Oscar Walter, B.Sc. (Lond.), B.A. (Oxon.), Graeme’s Bmk, RoystonPark, Hatch End, Middlesex. Streather, Wilfrid Joseph, B.Sc. (Lond.), Glendon, Hinckley Road, Nuneaton. Sykes, Leonard Sheard, R.Sc. (Leeds), Ashfield Terrace, Soothill Lane, Batley, Yorks. 216 Thorn, William Albert Strang, LI.Sc. (Glas.), The Hill, Duniop, Ayrshire. Walker, Alexander, B.Sc. (Cles,), 10, Stair Street, Maryhill, Glasgow.White, Reginald Lever, B.Sc. (Leeds), 1, Park Crescent, Undercliffe, Bradford, Yorks. Wightman, George Manderston, 10, Steels Place, Edinburgh. Wood, Cyril Warcup, B.Sc. (Manc.), 118, Heald Grove, Rusholme, Man- Chester. New Students. Allport, Nod Lionel, 6, Carlton Mansions, Stamford Hill, London, N.16. Anderson, M7illiam, 2, Cambusnethan Street, Edinburgh. ,4rthur, Rrinley Oswald, 40, Castle Street, Aberavon, Port Talbot. Bass, Herschel Henry, 5, Lordship Park, London, N.16. Benigan, John Menzies Stewart, 24, Meadowbank Terrace, Edinburgh. Broughall, Frederick George, 115, Ridgeway, Edgbaston. Birmingham. Child, Reginald, Podd Croft, Yateley, Camberley. Christian, John Austen, 43,Murray’s Road, Douglas, Isle of Man.Crossley, Eric Lomex, West Bank, Devonshire Road, Sherwood, Notting- ham. Evans, Arthur Burke Agard, 39, Upland Road, Selly Park, Birmingham. Ewence, Joseph Harold, 46,High Street, Dorking, Surrey. Fotheringham, Robert Houston, 133, Argyle Road, Saltcoats, Ayrshire. Hmwood, William Ellis, B.,4 (Oxon.), 6, Princes Avenue, Withernsea, E. Yorks. Jones, Leonard Harold, 11,Trimworth Road, Folkestone. Kent, Robert Gray, Ard Grena Terrace, Wicklow, Ireland. Lanning, Hubert John, Holcote, Selborne Road, New Malden, Surrey. Law, Kenneth Knight, Mapperley Hall, Nottingham. Maddy, Alfred Arnold, 36, Trothy Road, Bermondsey, London, S.E.l. McNeil, James Eric, 78, Niniari Road, Cardiff. Minchin, Leslie Thomas, 29, Belle Vue Road, Wandsworth Common, London, S.W.17. Morris, Alexander Watson Scott, 12, Viewforth Square, Edinburgh.Morrison, Miss Mary, Girton College, Cambridge. Phillips, William Hammond, 1161, Ashton Old Road, Openshaw, Man- Chester. Richards, William, North View, Snake’s Lane, Woodford Green, Essex. Richardson, Miss Kathleen Helen, 47, Kenilworth Square, Rathgftr, Dublin. Riley, Thomas, 57, Buchanan Road, Egremont, Cheshire. Roach, Arthur Maurice, 30, Victoria Drive, Eastbourne. Robinson, Arnold, 22, Purlwell Hall Road, Batley, Yorks. Rushbrooke, John Ewart, 14, Priory Road, High Wycombe, Bucks. Sasby, Derrick John, 31, Cliftonville Avenue, Margate, Kent. Scales, Henry Stanley, 62, Palmerston Road, Rathmines, Dublin. Soath, William Henry, 145, Albion Road, Stoke Newington, London, N.Southall, Reginald Bradbury, 7, Buckingham Terrace, Swansea. Sutton, Robert William, 30, Leonard Avenue, Sherwood, Nottingham. Threadgold, Hubert, 18, Southfield Road, Tunbridge Wells. Watson, Henry Adams, Station House, Uphall, West Lothian. Webb, Thomas Gilbert, Tinoran, Glenaqeary, Co. Dublin. IVebber, Harold Frank Philip, Willow Walk, Chertsey, Surrey. W7ells, John Batemen, 1, Manor Road, Brockley, London, S.E.4. West, Henry William, 43, Overhill Road, E. Dulwich, London, S E.22. Wilkinson, Harold Richard, 10, Swinbourne Gardens, Monkseaton. Northumherland. Wylie, John, 36, Shore Street, Gourock, Scotland. 217 General Notices. Not ice to Associates.-Associates elected prior to June, 1920, who can produce evidence satisfactory to the Councjl that they have been continuously engaged in the study and practical applications of chemistry for at least three years since their election to the Associateship, can obtain from the Registrar particulars of the Regulations and forms of application for the Fellowship.Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates of the Institute of Chemistry who are available for appointments is kept at the Offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Registered Students in the last term of their college course may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute on the same terms as Fellows and Associates, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their Professor.A number of Registered Students of the Institute desirous of gaining practical experience will be glad to have opportunities of working in private laboratories or works during vacations. The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who are able to offer vacancies to such students and assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students, between the hours of 10A.M.and 6 P.M. on week-days (Saturdays: 10A.M. and z P.M.), except when examinations are being held. 218 Registered Students using the Library are informed that the Assistant Secretary may be consulted by those who desire advice with regard to books on subjects in which they are specially interested. The Library of the Chemical Society is also available for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10A.M. to 9 P.M. on week-days (Saturdays from 10A.M. to 5 P.M.). Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted for the present year to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books. The Register of the Institute is in course of revision for publication. Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students are requested to notify the Registrar immediately of any alterations with regard to degrees, addresses, etc., which they wish to be made in the new edition.Changes of‘ Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, as far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration. Official Chemical Appointments.-The 5th edition of “A List of Official Chemical Appointments” is now in proof, and will be published, as soon as possible, free of charge to Fellows and Associates. The object is to provide and maintain a list of official ap- pointments which are held by chemists in all parts of the Empire.Previous editions have included :-(i) Appointments in Great Britain, in Northern Ireland, and in the Irish Free State, under various Departments of State, County and Borough Councils and other public authorities, and the professorial and teaching appointments in universities, colleges, technological institutions, medical, agricultural and veterinary colleges, and in public and secondary schools; (ii) Professional and teaching appointments in the Empire of India, Dominion of Canada, Commonwealth of .Australia, Dominion of New Zealand, Union of South Africa, British Colonies and Pro-tectorates, and also in Egypt and the Soudan Provinces; (iii) An Appendix giving concise information with regard to societies and institutions for the advancement of chemistry, chemical industries and professional chemical interests.219 In addition to strictly chemical appointments, reference will be made to those connected with chemistiy and its ap- plication to agriculture, metallurgy and assaying, mineralogy and geology, bacteriology, and other branches of work in which chemical knowledge and skill are necessary or useful. Par-ticulars will be given of the Acts of Parliament under which the appointments are made, and the regulations and conditions governing the selection of candidates for them. Covers for Journal.-A suggestion has been received that the Publications Committee should provide members with publishers’ covers for binding the Journal of the Institute.The Committee have ascertained that, provided there is sufficient demand for them-say 5oo-covers of stout strawboard, buckram or art linen, lettered in black ink, can be obtained at about IS. each, and members who desire such covers are requested, there- fore, to notify the Registrar of their requirements by indicating the dates of the years for which they are desirous of binding the Journal. 220 Institute of Chemistry Students’ Association (London). At a Special General Meeting held on 31st May, the rules were amended (subject to the approval of the Committee of the London and South-Eastern Counties Section and of the Council of the Institute) to provide (a) for the inclusion of officers of the Insti- tute as persons eligible for honorary membership of the Associa- tion and the office of president of the Association, and (b)for the inclusion, on the Committee of the Associp tion, of two honorary members, in addition to the president-one to be a member of the Committee of the London and South-Eastern Counties Section.The Annual General Meeting was held on the same evening, when the following were elected as Members of Committee: Battersea Polytechnic .. .. .. P. H. PRIOR. Birkbeck College .. .. .. .. H. A. EDGERTON. Chelsea Polytechnic .. .. .. .. W. G. CREASY. East London College .. .. .. F. A. WILLIAMS. Finsbury Technical College .. .. .. R. T. CLAYDON. King’s College .. .. .. .. W. B. PRICE. University College .... .. .. R. 0. GIBSON. Sir John Cass Technical Institute .. C. E. CAREY. Representative of Students registered on the proposal of Fellows other than Pro-fessors at recognised Colleges .. .. C. T. A. GARLICK. After an interval for light refreshments, the Registrar of the Institute was invited to take the chair, and a debate was held, on the motion, proposed by Mr. F. L. B. Revis: “That modern civilisation has defeated its own ends.” Miss Phyllis M. Tookey led the opposition, and every member present spoke on the motion, which was lost by a narrow majority.