Tuberculosis remains a major health problem in the world, which is compounded further by the alarmingly high rate ofM. tuberculosisinfections in AIDS patients. Thus, there is an urgent need to advance our understanding of the mycobacterium to develop new drugs. The extraordinary recent developments in mycobacterial genetic research, particularly in genomics will greatly facilitate this goal. The knowledge of the entire genome sequence ofM. tuberculosiswill help in designing new chemotherapeutic and immunotherapeutic interventions. This review highlights recent developments in genomics, mycobacterial genetics, novel vaccine strategies, and our understanding of tuberculous dormancy.