THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1934. PART IV. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELL W.C.I.SQUARE,LONDON, Augzcst, 1934. Publications Committee, 1934135. W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD (Chairman), JOCELYN F. THORPE (Pvesidd), C. 0. BANNISTER, J. C. A. BRIERLEY, R. BRUCE, C. DOREE, A. E. EVEREST LEWIS EYNON, P. F. GORDON, H. H. HODGSON, J. R. JOHNSON, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (Hon. Treasurer), A. G. G. LEONARD, J. H. LESTER, C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, T.I?. E. RHEAD, F. SOUTHERDEN, ERNEST VANSTONE, W. WARDLAW, H.B. WATSON, A. W.M. WINTLE. 261 Editorial. AT the recent Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections, a suggestion was made that the JOURNAL AKD PRO-CEEDINGS of the Institute should contain an editorial article on some controversial subject or that its pages should be opened to correspondence on matters of professional interest. The latter suggestion-implying open discussion-is little suited to a publication which appears at intervals of two months, although the outcome of correspondence which has been sub-mitted to the Council is usually reported in the Proceedings, and subjects referred to in letters received from Fellows and Associates in the ordinary course of the business of the Institute are also occasionally mentioned.It would, however, be a grave mistake forthwith to dismiss the suggestion of discussion by correspondence as impracticable, if its purpose can be gained by means which may be better suited to the Journal. It is proposed to give a trial to such an alter-native, of which the outlines will now be indicated. An article, for which the Publications Committee must accept editorial responsibility, will be included in each issue of the Journal, dealing with some matter which appears to be of par- ticular topical interest to a considerable section of the Fellows and Associates. It is difficult to imagine any subject-matter connected with so virile a profession as that of the chemist which will not be more than less controversial, and opportunity will be given in a subsequent issue of the Journal for members to comment briefly on these articles as they appear.The comments will be assembled, and edited when unduly long or inapposite: it is not anticipated that an editor’s waste- paper basket will have to be requisitioned for the reception of wholly irrelevant or unsuitable communications. In exceptional instances, anonymity may be conceded to a member who desires it; but in the ordinary course the comments will be published in sequence, over the names of those who offer them, in one and the same issue of the Journal. Such comments should reach the Institute within a month of the issue which contained the article to which they refer, as it is felt that members would tire of a particular topic, the discussion of which extended over several issues.By way of introduction of the scheme, it is proposed in this issue to make a few observations on the responsibilities of mem- bers of the Institute to their profession, and to their professional colleagues in particular. There is too often an inclination, fomented by temptation on the part of the individual to regard the Institute as primarily concerned with that branch of practice which happens to be his own. It is, however, in the antithesis of this attitude of the individual that the strength of the Institute lies. The real bond on which its corporate structure depends is that the initial training of all members has been directed towards fitting each of them to take his share in the practice of the professional chemist, with prospective benefit not merely to himself but likewise to his professional brethren whether in his own or some other branch of practice.In the long run, the community at large must be benefited by his membership of the chemical profession. The aspirant to recognition as a professional chemist must be prepared to submit his initial training to be tested in accord- ance with the provisions of the Institute’s Charter, and only if it passes that test can he obtain the qualification which has become the British Standard credential for the pursuance of practice in the chemical profession. Having secured that credential, he owes an allegiance to his fellow members, how- ever divergent may be their branches of practice, which he can best express by loyal co-operation in maintaining the status of his profession and by a wise choice when he exercises his right to ballot for members of Council, and thereafter by giving the Council his support in its efforts to further the interests of the great body of chemists who have, like himself, entrusted to the Institute the safeguarding of all that concerns them in a professional capacity.Linked by the bond of professional qualification almost, if not quite, as firmly as by ties of blood or birthplace, the members of the Institute have formed themselves into a society which exercises an influence for good far beyond the confines of its Register. The spirit of unity which now pervades the profession of chemistry, as personified in the Institute, is well displayed in the proceedings of the Council, on which serve as many as 263 forty-seven Fellows, convened from almost every centre in Great Britain and Ireland.Mostly able to claim that they have had long experience, and therefore the longer removed from the days when they qualified for their Fellowships, and engaged in the most divergent branches of chemical practice, they are obviously inspired in their deliberations primarily by the same sense of duty to the members and the community which pervades the rank and file of the Institute from the date of the inscription of their names on the roll. Just as the widely varying interests of members of the Council give breadth and force to its decisions, so must the even wider outlook and distribution of the membership as a whole tend to enhance the influence which the Institute now wields in all affairs per- taining to chemistry.It is the most potent factor in the chemical world for achieving active co-operation and full understanding among the different branches of professional chemists, e.g. those engaged in teaching, in industry, in official or in independent work. Just as all these branches claim their share in the deliberations of the Council, so must the decisions of each and all of them be weighed by individual members before any policy is advocated which may advance the interests of one branch to the detriment of the interests of another.Numerical strength may seem to dictate that one branch should receive preferential consideration, or that one locality should be favoured, but a moment’s reflection would lead to the recognition of the claims of other branches and other localities to equality of treatment. The purpose of the latter portion of this article is to suggest to members that the Institute does not stand for any one section, branch or interest-it comprises within its ranks employees as well as employers, administrators, officials and consultants. The common bond is that all have had a substantial equality of initial training in chemistry, and in that respect the Institute stands apart from all institutions or societies which either accept all and sundry to membership, or aim at representing the interests of only one section of the chemical profession.In subsequent articles, various aspects of the work or position of the different branches of the profession will be discussed, and in the meantime it is open to members to submit for publication brief comments on this first “editori:J.” 264 Proceedings of the Council. JUNE-JULY, 1934. Council Meeting, 29th June.-On a suggestion received from the Solicitors of the Institute, the Council agreed to join with other professional institutions incorporated by Royal Charter, in making representations to H.M. Privy Council that they should be given notice of petitions for Royal Charters by other bodies, which might contain provisions likely to affect the privileges of existing chartered professional bodies. A Fellow of the Institute raised the questions-(I) How far a chemist in an official position was bound by professional rules to supply another qualified professional chemist with details of tests which he had applied in a matter in which differences had arisen; and (2) Whether it was the view of the Council of the Institute that a chemist in an official capacity should be entitled to utilise a secret test which he was not willing to disclose and to make official reports in direct contradiction to the reports of other professional chemists, while steadfastly refusing to disclose the tests which he had employed.Regarding the matter as one of professional procedure rather than professional conduct, the Council discussed it, and arrived at the conclusion that there was no generally accepted rule that a professional chemist must, if requested, divulge his methods, either in analysis or in any other scientific work, to another chemist.The Council considered that it was equally the privilege of one qualified chemist (if he be in a position to do so) to give, as it is of another qualified chemist (on request) to receive, reasonable information about such methods, unless they relate to any question which is wb$dice. The questions in point, however, related to a chemist in an official position, and it appeared to the Council that, in these circumstances, such a chemist could not do otherwise than carry out the instructions given to him by his authority.The attention of the Council was directed to a Bill, introduced in the House of Commons on 12th June, to “Amend the law 265 relating to patents and designs by providing for the protection of employee inventors,” the main section of which was as follows:-“I. The following section shall be inserted after section thirty-eight (A) of the Patents and Designs Act, 1907:-“38 (B).-(I) Subject to the rights of any Government Department, and notwithstanding any express or implied agreement to the contrary or relationship expressed to exist or implied between employer and employee, any em- ployee whose name appears upon the application for a patent or the grant of a patent as the first and true inventor or patentee thereof either singly or jointly with his employer may apply at any time after the sealing of the said grant either by way of original application or by way of review to the comptroller to settle the terms securing to the em- ployee an adequate interest in or remuneration for the invention and to fix the amount of royalty or other considera- tion payable by the employer to the employee, and, where at any time after the sealing of the grant of the patent the employer abuses the monopoly rights in the patent as defined by section twenty-seven of this Act or any Act amending the same, for leave to deal with the patent either by way of licence or disposal in such manner and upon such terms as the Comptroller may deem expedient.” After careful consideration, the Council arrived at the decision that the terms of the Bill, in its present form, were not in the best interest of inventors or of the progress of science.Mr. H. Douglas ‘Elkington, Member of Council, was requested to communicate the views of the Council on this matter to the Patents Committee of the Association of British Chemical Manu- fact urers . Reports from the Finance and House Committee, the Benevo- lent Fund Committee, the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee, the Pedler Fund Committee, the Publica- tions Committee, and a preliminary report from the Joint Committee of the Institute and the Scottish Education Depart- ment were received and adopted. The Benevolent Fund Committee again reported that appeals received during the year were likely to require funds in excess of those available in Current Account, unless further contributions were forthcoming. 266 The names of candidates elected on the recommendation of the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee are given at the end of this Part of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS.The Committee gave consideration to the choice of a subject for the Frankland Essay and Prize for Students for 1934,and the Council adopted the recommendation that my essay on a suitable subject chosen by the student himself should be considered, although, at the same time, they suggested that one of the following subjects would be suitable:- “The Chemist of the Future”; ‘‘The Relation between Thinking and Learning in Training for a Scientific Career.” On the report of the Pedler Fund Committee, the Council resolved that the Scholarship awarded to Mrs.Janet Matthews be extended for a further period of twelve months. The subject of the research is “The development of inorganic microchemical analysis, with special reference to gravimetric work requiring separations,-the first problem being to develop a method for the micro-analysis of samples of lung, sputum, dust from mines, etc. for potassium, aluminium and silica in the presence of iron and phosphate, with reference to the suggestion that silicosis is caused by mineral sericite (a potassium aluminium silicate)”. Mrs. Matthews’ report indicated that very valuable work had been carried out, and the Committee recorded its apprecia- tion of the interest shown in the work by Professor Briscoe, Professor Jones and Dr.Hanvood of the Imperial College of Science and Technology. The Publications Committee reported that Dr. A. D. Mitchell had kindly consented to give a lecture on “New Indicators and Other Reagents employed in Volumetric Analysis ” before the Institute in October next, and that arrangements were being made for the S. M. Gluckstein and Streatfeild Memorial Lectures. The Council received the Pass List on the result of examina- tions for National Certificates (Scotland). The Council also received the report of the Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. (See page 271.) The Council proceeded with the further consideration of “The Place of Chemistry in General Education.’’ (See page 278.) 267 Council Meeting, 20th July.-Before proceeding with the business of the meeting, the President referred to the loss sustained by the Institute through the death of Professor Robert Martin Caven, Member of Council.Arising from the Minutes, Dr. Everest gave notice that he would ask the Council, at the meeting to be held in October, to reconsider its decision-on the Report of the Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections-not to adopt the suggestion that steps should be taken to provide for the election of an additional Member of Council for the North-East Coast and Yorkshire District. A letter was submitted from the Institute of Arbitrators directing attention to the new Arbitration Act, 1934, which comes into operation on 1st January, 1935.(See “Notes,” p. 293). Reports were received from the Finance and House Com- mittee, the Benevolent Fund Committee, the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee, and on the examina- tions for National Certificates in Chemistry held in Scotland and in Northern Ireland. The Benevolent Fund Committee is seriously perturbed because the balance of current account is running out, and the Fund has now to contribute to the support of ten widows, including seven with children to educate ;one daughter (epileptic) of a deceased Fellow; three aged Fellows, with practically no resources and no prospect of returning to work; and three members out of work who are receiving weekly allowances, in addition to making casual grants to members who are temporarily embarrassed.The Committee has lately received some valuable contribu- tions, but estimates that at least L450 more will be required before the end of this year, and will be very grateful for any help which members who have not yet subscribed this year will forward to the Hon. Secretary of the Fund. At the same time, being desirous of safeguarding the Capital Account which has been established to ensure constant revenue for current purposes, the Committee has recommended the Council, and the Council has agreed, to amend Rule 7 to read as follows:- “7. Monies subscribed for current purposes not required immediately for the purposes of the fund may be invested at the discretion of the Council in duly authorised trustee securities under the seal of the Institute for and on behalf of the Institute of Chemistry Benevolent Fund.The dividends derived from such investments shall be allocated to the income of the fund. It shall be competent to the Council to realise or vary such investments as and when they think fit, for the purposes of the fund. All monies received as “Donations” shall be invested in duly authorised trustee securities under the seal of the Institute for and on behalf of Capital Account of the Institute of Chemistry Benevolent Fund. The dividends derived from such investments shall be allocated to the income of the fund.It shall be competent to the Council to realise or vary such investments as and when they think fit, but not so as to withdraw any sum so realised for the current purposes of the fund or for any purposes not connected with the fund. Subject to any provision made by the testators to the contrary, legacies bequeathed to the fund shall be invested, for and on behalf of the CapitaZ Account of the Institute of Chemistry Benevolent Fund.’’ Rule 7 previously read as follows:-“7. Monies not required immediately for the purposes of the fund may be invested at the discretion of the Council in duly authorised trustee securities under the seal of the Institute for and on behalf of the Institute of Chemistry Benevolent Fund.The dividends derived from such investments shall be allocated to the income of the fund. It shall be competent to the Council to realise or vary such investments as and when they think fit, for the purposes of the fund. Subject to any provision made by the testators to the contrary, legacies bequeathed to the fund shall be invested.” The Report on the Examinations for National Certificates (England and Wales) was not then available, but the Council authorised the publication of the results when ready. Mr. W. J. A. Butterfield, Vice-president, Chairman of the Publications Committee, reported that Lord Melchett had kindly undertaken to deliver the Gluckstein Memorial Lecture, and Mr. George Elliott Shaw, the Streatfeild Memorial Lecture, during the coming session.Mr. F. G. Edmed, Vice-president, Chairman of the Appoint- ments Register Committee, reported briefly on the work of his 269 Committee, indicating that the number of members without appointments had considerably decreased. The Honorary Secretary of the Fund has been authorised to proceed with arrangements for providing collecting boxes in laboratories where the heads are willing to display them. Butter Fat Testing.-The Association of Public Analysts for Scotland has been in communication with the Institute regarding representations which it has made to the Scottish Milk-Marketing Board with reference to butter fat testing under the scheme introduced by the Board. It appears that deductions have been made on the returns to producers on the alleged ground that the butter-fat cantent in milk supplied by them was below the prescribed minimum.Such deductions being based on analyses made on behalf of, or in tlie laboratories of the purchaser or purchasers, it appeared to the Association that the Board was penalising the producers on the statement of one interested party without hearing the other. This position would be obviously unjust, because a producer may be faced with a series of allegations which, on account of lapse of time, apart from the other reasons, he would be unable to rebut. In this respect, his position is less favourable than it is under the Food and Drugs Adulteration Act, where not only does he have the protection of a duplicate sample, but provision is made for a third analysis, in the event of a dispute.The Association suggested that it was desirable that any analysis for price-fixing should be made by an independent and uninterested party who has the necessary qualifications, and whose results would be accepted by those concerned. Public Analysts and Official Agricultural Analysts are qualified for such work, as are also many independent private practitioners who have had special experience in the analysis of milk. In previous correspondence between the Institute and the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, it will be recalled that the Ministry agreed that Official Agricultural Analysts might be regarded as suitable authorities for the testing of milk samples under the scheme, and the Ministry promised to consider the question of their inclusion in the regulations.The Association of Public Analysts for Scotland, therefore, urged that advantage should be taken of the arrangements already available for butter-fat testing and for the determination 270 of other constituents of milk, and recommended that the work be entrusted only to those who have had adequate experience. The reply received from the Scottish Milk-Marketing Board, however, appeared to disregard the question as to who should perform the analysis. The Board replied that the question of the payment for milk on a quality basis and the arrangements for the testing of the milk had been deferred.In cases where the Board received a complaint from distributors as to the butter-fat content for milk, the producer was advised and given an oppor-tunity of having a check test made by the Board. At the Board’s Creameries, and in the cases of the larger distributors, the milk was analysed from a composite sample drawn from the daily deliveries of the producers. The Board added that it did not without investigation accept the results of the analysis of the buyers. The Association is pursuing the matter. Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs.-A draft of the Fourth Report of the Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Standing Advisory Committee has been referred to the Institute for observations and criticism. Copies have been circulated among a number of Fellows having special knowledge of the subjects referred to, and their opinions have been forwarded to the Standing Advisory Committee.The Society of Public Analysts has also contributed its views on the report, which deals with deleterious ingredients, such as castor seed and castor seed husks in imported feeding stuffs, molasses feeds, fibre in oil cakes, tapioca root flour, and fertilisers, such as basic slag and rock phosphate, poultry guano, wheat offals, etc. 271 Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. SATURDAY,IGTH JUNE, 1934,AT 10 A.M. The second conference of Honorary Secretaries of LocaI Sections was held at the Institute on Saturday, 16th June, when the President, Professor Jocelyn F. Thorpe, C.B.E., F.R.S., welcomed the following :-Mr.Mark Bogod, London and South-Eastern Counties. Mr. M. A. W. Brown, Newcastle-upon-Tgne and North-East Coast. Mr. W. F. Buist, Liverpool and North-Western. Dr. H. Burton, beds Area. Dr. R. J. Connor, Huddersfield. Dr. A. Coulthard, Manchester and District. Mr. G. Elliot Dodds, Edinburgh and East of Scotland. Mr. A. R. Jadeson, Glaaguw and West of Scotland. Mr. R. H. Jones, South Wales. Dr. A. G. G. Leonard, Irish Free State. Mr. Edgar Lewis, Bristol and South-Western Counties. Mr. C. S. McDowell, Belfast and District. Mr. Patrick Mitchell, Aberdeen and North of Scotland. Mr. Garfield Thomas, Birmingham and Midlands. The Registrar and the Assistant Secretary were also present. The President said he was glad to see that every Local Section in Great Britain and Ireland was represented.The Council would be gratified to know that they were all interested in the work of the Institute, and he was sure that their delibera- tions would again tend to the good of the Institute. He com- mented briefly on the matters which had been suggested for discussion. It was an interesting and comprehensive programme and included matters on which it was important that the Council should have some idea of the opinions held by the Local Sections in different parts of the country. He stressed the importance of bringing chemists and others interested in chemical science in industry together as much as possible, without destroying the autonomy of any individual body.He expressed his regret that his engagements prevented his participating in the conference. 272 A vote of thanks was accorded the President for his presence at the meeting and for the welcome which he had extended to the Honorary Secretaries. Dr. A. G. G. Leonard having been elected to the Chair, the conference proceeded to discuss the following subjects :-(I) Co-ordination or unification of Chemical Societies ; (2) The type of the meetings and the nature of the lectures or subjects for discussion which are most suitable for Local Sections of the Institute ; The possibility of arranging lecturers from remote areas to visit Local Sections ; What films had proved most suitable; Local chemical exhibitions arranged in conjunction with other bodies; (3) The advisability of arranging for memorial lectures to be held in the provinces ; (4) The advisability of asking the Council to issue a considered statement in favour of the adoption of the decimal system of weights and measures; (5) The improvement of the Journal and Proceedings of the Institute ; The provision of bound copies of the Journal and Proceedings of the Institute for the Honorary Secre- taries of Local Sections; (6) The constitution of the Council,-particularly the proposal that Chairmen of Local Sections should be ex-uficiu Members of Council in addition to the present Members of Council; (7) Local refresher courses ; (8) An annual dinner or similar function, under the auspices of (9) The minimum age and qualifications of candidates apply- (10) Recruitment of Students and Associates; headquarters, to be held away from London; ing for exemption from preliminary examination ; The revision of local registers of members; The Appointments Register.(1)With regard to the first subject,-co-ordination or unifca-tion of Chemical Societies.-The attention of the Conference was 273 directed to a statement on the subject contained in a Report of the Federal Council for Chemistry (see Journal and Proceedings, Part 111, pages 179-180). Some of the difficulties connected with the matter were mentioned, but the conference decided that the discussion of the subject, owing to its complexity, was inopportune on that occasion.(2) LOCAL SECTION MEETINGS.-with regard to the type of the meetings and the nature of the subjects to be discussed by Local Sections, it appeared that the tastes of the various Sections differed widely. In some Sections considerable attention was given to matters of professional interest and policy, but in others it was considered that interest in these matters had waned. In some Sections, exhibitions of apparatus and demonstrations of laboratory technique, “gadgets,” etc., had been very successful. Some members of the conference had found that lectures of the “Refresher Course” type had been very successful and had produced the best attendances. Some favoured subjects of specialised character, particularly where a lecturer of outstanding personality could be secured ; other members emphasised the importance of general subjects which would interest large numbers of chemists.The general opinion was that a varied and well balanced sessional programme was desirable. Lectures showing the applicability of chemistry to other professions and sciences, such as medicine, agriculture, etc., had been found to be attractive. An occasional meeting of a more social character, to which ladies were invited, had served to preserve interest, and in many cases had produced good attendances. It was suggested (a) that it was desirable that Honorary Secre- taries should take steps to ensure the attendance of prominent members of the Section Likely to be interested in any particular meetifig, and that the lecturer should be entertained before the meeting.Members of the Conference compared notes with regard to films which had been shown before various Sections. (3)MEMORIALLEcTuREs.-It was suggested that, perhaps, one of the Institute’s Memorial Lectures could occasionally be delivered at centres other than London; but it was pointed out that both the Institute’s Memorial Lectures, namely, the Streat- feild and the Gluckstein Lectures, were closely associated with London organisations. It was, therefore, suggested (6) that each 274 Local Section should consider inaugurating a lecture commemorating the name of some chemist associated with the district. The Registrar said that he thought that the Finance Committee would agree to defray the additional expenditure involved; that, on appro- priate occasions, the whole Institute could be invited to attend, and the President could be asked to take the Chair.(4)DECIMALSYSTEM.-A short discussion took place on the advisability of the adoption of the decimal system of weights and measures. It was considered by the majority that this subject lay outside the province of the Institute, and that it was unlikely that the Council would take any steps in the matter at the present time, although it might be a good subject for discussion at a Local Section meeting. (5) JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS.-Amember of the conference suggested that the present Journal and Proceedings should be discontinued, and that the Institute should use the money thus rendered available to increase the number of published lectures which had proved very popular.Examination papers might be printed and published separately, but he did not consider that the reports of proceedings of Council and of Local Sections were worth placing on permanent record. It was pointed out, however, that the Journal and Proceedings was neither a scientific journal nor a newspaper, but was essentially a record of the work done by the Institute. The Examination Papers were of value to students and teachers, and, moreover, were watched with interest by many employers; they were published and sold in yearly sets. The Officers mentioned that many subjects were dealt with in the Journal which were subjects of correspondence with the Fellows and Associates.It was essential that all members should be kept informed of what the Institute was doing, and the Journal and Proceedings constituted the means by which this was done. It was suggested (c) that the Journal might be improved by the introduction of an editorial on some controversial subject OY by inviting letters intended for Publication. Books might not merely be noted, but might be reviewed. The Council might be asked to consider these suggestions. It was pointed out, however, that the policy of the Council was not to recommend any books as particularly suitable for students, and reviews might go counter to this policy. The contents of the books were indicated in the notice in the Journal.276 It was agreed that the reports of Local Section meetings had been much improved since the last conference. The general opinion of the conference was that the Journal fulfilled a useful purpose and should not be discontinued, but that the Institute should, if possible, increase the number of lectures published and distributed. It was agreed to ask the Council to supply Honorary Secre- taries of Local Sections with bound copies of the Journal at the end of each year, in addition to cases for keeping current numbers. (6) CONSTITUTION OF THE COUNCIL.-It was suggested that the Chairmen of Local Sections should be ex-oflcio Members of the Council. It was pointed out that it was important to secure full representation not only of districts, but of all branches of chemical work.If, in addition to the present district members, there were 14 further representatives of Local Sections, the Council would be increased to 61, and this number was too large. It was agreed that the District Member should be in every case a member of the Committee of the corresponding Local Section. With reference to this matter, the anomaly of the present position with regard to the North-East Coast and Yorkshire district was mentioned, and it was agreed (d) that the Council be asked to give consideration to this matter, as had been done in the case of Scotland, where it uas proposed that Aberdeen and the North of Scotland should have a separate Member of Council.It was pointed out that the present constitution of the Council did, in fact, give a close approximation to proportional representation by districts. (7)REFRESHERCouRsEs.-Members of the Conference gave accounts of what was being done in th’e way of providing Refresher Courses in their respective areas. Such courses had been greatly appreciated. Attention had originally been called by the Institute to the need for such courses which linked up with the scheme initiated by the Board of Education for regular classes of instruction in branches of applied chemistry in the Technical Colleges in Lancashire and Yorkshire. (8) In considering the question whether an annual dinner or similar function (under the auspices of headquarters) should be held away from London, the conference learned that the Institute participated with twelve or more other societies in the Annual Dinner and Dance in London, and Local Sections in Birmingham, 276 Glasgow, Leeds, Manchester, Newcastle, and elsewhere held annual functions in which all chemists and others interested in chemistry and chemical industry participated.In view of the present tendency towards co-operation, doubts were expressed as to the advisability of increasing the number of functions limited to members of the Institute. If such functions were held, however, it was generally agreed that they should not be too “cheap,” because attempts to cheapen entertainments with a view to attracting the younger men had in almost every case proved unsuccessful.(9) PRELIMINARY EXAMINATIONS.-The question was raised as to whether there should not be a fixed minimum age below which the Council should not consider any request for exemption from preliminary examination. Local Committees were often asked by the Council to arrange for the interview of candidates for such exemption, and considered that whereas a person who had had a good secondary school education, but had merely failed to pass the requisite examination in certain subjects, might be treated leniently, it should be made more difficult for others to obtain exemption. It was resolved to recommend to the Council (e) that if a student had never attempted an approved preliminary examination, he should not ordinarily be considered for exemption unless he had reached the age of 25 years.The Officers outlined the steps which were being taken by the Council at the present time to deal with this problem. (10)RECRUITMENT AND ASSOCIATES.-A mem-OF STUDENTS ber suggested that steps should be taken towards initiating more effective means of recruiting Students and Associates. The conference was informed that advertisements were inserted in the technical press, stating the objects of the Institute and that the Regulations could be obtained on application to the Registrar ; also that, from time to time, copies of the Regulations were sent to the heads of the chemistry departments of the recognised colleges for distribution among chemical students. Individual members of the Institute also undoubtedly persuaded chemists to apply for admission; but it did not appear to be likely that the Council would utilise propaganda other than that usually adopted by professional institutions.The majority of new members applied for admission out of esprit-de-corps and in order to reap advantage of the collective prestige of the Institute, and it was felt that the best method of propaganda was to continue to do solid work for the profession. The Institute was widely known,- partly because of the assistance it gave to members of the public who sought information on scientific education and many other matters relating to the profession. (11)A short discussion took place with regard to the Appoint- ments Register.The Officers thanked the Honorary Secretaries for calling their attention to vacancies notified in the provincial press and invited any criticisms or suggestions with regard to the administration of the Appoint men t s Register. The Conference met at 10a.m. and continued until 4 p.m., with an adjournment for luncheon. At the conclusion a vote of thanks was accorded to Dr. Leonard for presiding. The above report was submitted to the Council of the Institute at the meeting held on 29th June. The suggestions under Section (z), relating to Local Section Meetings-(a) ; under Section (3), relating to Memorial Lectures-@) ; and under Section (4), relating to the Decimal System, were referred back to the Honorary Secretaries, to be brought to the notice of their respective Committees.The suggestion under Section (5), re-lating to the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS-(C)-WaS referred to the Publications Committee. The suggestion contained in Section (6)-namely (d), that steps be taken to provide for the election of an additional Member of Council for the North East Coast and Yorkshire-was not adopted. With regard to Section (8) it was contemplated that the Institute might hold a celebra-tion in 1g35,-being the 50th year since the grant of the Royal Charter. The proposal contained in Section (g), referring to the exemption of Candidates from passing a preliminary examina- tion-(e)-was referred to the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Commit tee.The President and Council expressed their appreciation of the report, which was referred to the Publications Committee for incorporation in the next Part of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 278 The Place of Chemistry in General Education up to the age of 16 Years. CONTINUINGthe consideration of the place of chemistry in general education, the Council, at a meeting held on 29th June, had before it further opinions which had been received from Fellows and Associates of the Institute since the Conference held on 26th January last. (See JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part 11, pages 116et sep.) Dr. James Bruce, Technical College, Huddersfield, in his communication on the subject, said that he regarded chemistry as of great interest and value in general education, although the full extent of this interest and value could be attained only by a course of study passing far beyond the limits of the school years.No satisfactory specialised knowledge of any branch of science could be given at school: the curriculum was too crowded and the pupils were too young. The attempt resulted only in the exclusion of other branches of knowledge that were equally important. The tendency had long prevailed to begin to specialise too soon. This entailed special disadvantages .in the case of chemistry which required a certain maturity of mind, and depended on a due appreciation of the value of experiment. Education should aim at a complete correlation of the individual to life. Where chemistry was taught without physics, or physics without chemistry, and biological subjects without either, students who proceeded to a scientific career might have these defects remedied to some extent later, but in other cases, the study of such special science subjects usually ended with a school examination, and for the purpose of general education u7as of doubtful utility.Yet some knowledge of science should be possessed by all who claimed to be educated. The need for it had grown with the increasing applications of science to life and its environment, It should not be confined to chemistry or physics: it should be more general and comprehensive, and should aim, in the first place, for purposes of general education, at a wide though neces- sarily elementary knowledge of the material world.It should 279 include the elements of physics and of chemistry, and also of biology, geology and astronomy, and convey some measure of sympathetic understanding of the universe, some comprehension of scientific truth and of the order of nature. Specialised training in chemistry for any branch of the profession would have greater efficiency after such preparatory work. Mr. Lewis Eynon, Member of Council, inclined to the view expressed by the majority of the members at the Conference held on 26th January, that training in general science should take precedence of chemistry. He appreciated the danger of “too soft mental stuff” which had been mentioned by Professor Clemo, but thought that this danger could be avoided in an elementary course of general science.Mr. E. C. Gifford, suggested the consideration of the applica- tion of methods adopted by the Institute of Industrial Psychology for estimating the intelligence of children, and for determining their education and subsequent training. He stressed the importance of Scriptural instruction in general education. Dr. P. F. Gordon, Technical College, Coatbridge (formerly of Royal Technical College, Glasgow), Member of Council, who has had opportunities of studying the various types of education represented by students preparing for the Associateship of the Institute, said that, for the pre-matriculation chemistry which was taught in schools, he had no admiration.From his experi- ence of students with and without school chemistry, he would prefer those without,provided that their general education were otherwise of matriculation standard. Unless the pupils at school were old enough to be taught chemistry, including laboratory work, thoroughly and systemati- cally from the outset, the teacher was obliged to “skip” and to “skim” over sections, picking tit-bits from the surface. The pupil thought that he knew this work, but when disillusion came to him at college, his interest and enthusiasm waned. Until the pupil was intellectually mature enough to undergo such specialised rigorous and systematic training, his “science” work should be selected from all branches. Physics was essential, and he would include biology, geology and astronomy.He believed that, in the teaching of natural science to young pupils, almost as much depended upon the teacher as upon the branch of science selected; and, with pupils under 16 years of age, it would be better to adhere to the general title “Science.” 280 Mr. J. A. Lauwerys, Lecturer and Tutor in Methods of Science, University of London Institute of Education, emphasised that the problem concerned not only the secondary schools but also the senior and central schools, that the great majority of pupils left school either at 14or 16, and that only a few would hope to earn their living as chemists or physicists. Since direct vocational education was thus out of the question, the problem was to plan a course of instruction in science which would enrich the pupil’s store of information, broaden his interests and inculcate a sense of law and a sense of fact, It should help him towards an understanding of scientific method, and it should not cramp the intellectual development of those who would later specialise, but it should give them a solid founda- tion on which further progress might be based.There was general agreement on these aims, but disagreement as to how they should be attained. Some urged that “worth-while” know- ledge and a solid foundation could only be acquired by restricting the work to one particular science. Mr. Lauwerys favoured the view that a solid foundation need not be narrow, and urged the claims of “General Science.” A chemist would be a better chemist if he were familiar with the problems of physics and biology, and in judging the allocation of time between physics and chemistry, it would be obvious that much foundation work was of equal importance to both subjects, e.g., the gas laws, capillarity, osmosis, etc.The evils of specialisation were by no means exaggerated. He had found among his students (Honours-Chemistry graduates) quite a number who were unable to teach elementary physics really efficiently. If it were decided to teach general science, the courses of study should not be a medley, but should be unified by being grouped round central concepts; they should involve hard intellectual work and should be planned so as to make proper allowance for individual laboratory work, although much time might be saved by making greater use of demonstrations, as was done in Germany for instance.Too much attention was concentrated on syllabuses: educa- tional problems were not solved by the publication of these, however excellent. He stressed the importance of the method of teaching, and in comparison with this, suggested that problems regarding the content of the courses-such as whether the atomic theory should be included-were mere matters of detail. It was easier to teach chemistry to an undergraduate student ignorant 281 of this subject, but who had been taught physics really well, than to one who had been taught both subjects badly. In senior and central schools, physical sciences were best presented as a study of the ways in which man obtained energy by the utilisation of natural forces (physics), and of the ways in which man obtained materials from the earth’s crust (chemistry).Both were of equal importance, and the work in chemistry might consist of a short examination of the chemistry of air, water, earth and metals. The work would be largely qualitative in character, though quantitative considerations would also occur. Much more use might be made of the “Topic Blethod,” in which no attempt was made to separate the sciences but the work was grouped round the study of a particular process or application of science-(eg. a steam engine, or a heating system). In secondary schools, more quantitative work could be attempted, though very little formal chemistry should be taught at the pre-school certificate stage.Boys of 15 and 16 often lost interest in chemistry owing to their being taught purely logical, formal and detailed “stuff.” Accuracy and observation could not be taught, although ideals could be instilled. Practical recognition of this fact might help to utilise more efficiently the shorter time which would be available for chemistry when the wider curriculum now suggested began to be senerally adopted. Mr. Lauwerys found himself in agreement with Mr. E. G. Savage, H.M. Inspector, Board of Education. In his view the suggestions put forward by the Panel of Investigators, if applied in a broad, reasonable and progressive spirit, could do nothing but good.The ultimate result would be to raise the level of the science in this country and thus help, rather than hinder, the production of skilled and efficient chemists. Mr. C. Pask Matthews, Headmaster, Bourne Grammar School, Lincolnshire, wrote that the consideration of the place of chemistry in general education depended upon what was the real purpose of science teaching in schools-whether it was the crowding into the pupil of the maximum number of facts that might be useful at some time or other, or the development of accurate thought, the power of generalisation based upon precise measurement, combined with ability to criticise evidence and to assess it at its true value. There never was a time when the rising generation needed the latter so vitally, while the Press, the 282 wireless, and the cinema forced upon them ready-made con- clusions on every conceivable subject.A large percentage of those receiving general education had no intention of pursuing science as a profession, and, therefore, the special needs of the few could hardly be regarded as “general.” The facts of science were soon forgotten by most pupils, because they did not make regular use of them. The main purpose, therefore, should be to produce the “habit of mind ” that only the study of science could produce. The lack of this was apparent in all those whose education had been wholly on literary lines. The accepted method of science teaching to-day was to lay a foundation almost wholly experimental, so that sufficient facts were available.These facts were built into generalisa- tions, first of a simple character requiring little co-ordination, and later into more complete explanations as laws of nature, the exceptional cases forming the material for developing the critical faculty. Biology did not even offer the first stage of experi-ment; for although laboratory work in simple botany might be successfully attempted, the anatomy and physiology of animals did not lend itself to experimental work in schools, to give more than very imperfect illustration of the principles it was desired to teach. There were strong reasons against the dissection of animals as a method of school education, but if the facts, apart from the method, of biology were so well worth while to inculcate a knowledge of life, surely a suitable course in human physiology would form more profitable instruction; but, at best, it was instruction, not education.Physics, on the other hand, was a good subject, for it provided unbounded opportunities for experiment, and the principles and laws established were simple to understand, and universal in their application. The notion of reducing the work in chemistry to the position of the mere handmaid of biology and physics was a thoroughly false one; for chemistry was the ideal school subject as it fulfilled the aim of science teaching more completely than any other. It had a wide and varied field of experimental work involving close observation and measurement, laws and generalisations, only to be established on a basis of accurate thought, and, what was most important of all, exceptional cases which prevented too hasty generalisation.Generalisations in physics were quickly reached and were usually true from the scholar’s point of view. Chemistry, however, from the exceptional behaviour of particular sub- 283 stances, called for logical thought, more difficult because more critical, and it was this careful weighing of evidence and com- parison of detail that was its special contribution to education, and for it no other subject was a substitute. This rendered it more difficult than other sciences, but, if properly approached, not too difficult from the age of 14 upwards.Scrappy and in- formative, rather than educative subjects, such as the proposed science syllabus, were the true cause of the criticism levelled at the superficial nature of modern education : nothing was pursued sufficiently far to achieve a worthy end. Mr. J. H. Naylor, Cockburn High School, Leeds, wrote heading his letter with the quotation-" Number and proportion, weight and measure are the law of the kingdom of things." Mathematics, mechanics, physics and chemistry-he said-all come to the mind, when we consider this kingdom. Never did the chemist get away from the law of number and proportion, from weight and measure. This very exactness of study and this insight into the atomic structure of things of everyday use made chemistry not only an excellent training but also a sheer delight.It was equally a noble science for girls as well as for boys; for girls who would have to earn their own living no science was better suited. Unless boys and girls possessed a sound knowledge of the fundamental science of chemistry, only the descriptive side of biology could be studied. The development of true scientific methods of thought could be much better achieved through chemistry than through biology. Biology had one great weak- ness-it gave no training on the quantitative side of things. Biology was easier to learn, but this could hardly be considered as a virtue. He saw no reason why boys from twelve years of age should not start the study of chemistry and continue it as long as they remained at school.Professor Robert Robinson, F.R.S., Member of Council,-who was unavoidably absent from the meeting-wrote that he had views on the subject, but he would not press them against the considered opinions of those who had devoted life-long thought and disinterested study to the question of the position of science, and of the relative merits of the different sciences, in school education. Mr. P. L. J. Smith, Senior Science Master, Loretto School, expressed the opinion that the curtailing of time given to chemistry 284 in favour of a purely descriptive subject, such as biology, which after all was so dependent for its correct study upon a grasp of chemical principles, would be detrimental to the scientific training of boys or girls up to the age of 16.The study of chemistry properly pursued,-not for its isolated facts, but as a rigid mental training,-supplied a mental discipline which could not be obtained even from elementary physics of School Certificate standard; for frequently, in the latter subject, the boy’s mathematical powers were not adequate to cope with the difficulties. In chemistry, however, at least in its elementary stages, the extent of the mathematics required was not so great. Pupils should be examined in practical chemistry, the examiners themselves should be present, and should set the questions on work covered in the particular school. This was the method adopted by the Scottish Education Department with very good results.In his opinion, the real test of clear thinking in chemistry was to be found in the laboratory. Mr. J. A. Stevenson, Science Master, Selhurst Grammar School, insisted that the schools should teach fundamentals. All were agreed that science should be taught in schools, but this could not be accomplished without chemistry, physics and mathe- matics. From the point of view of examination results, chemistry was not too popular with headmasters, who were inclined to judge a subject from its examination-success possibilities, which they felt justified in doing as the “business heads” of the schools. As a teacher of chemistry in secondary and evening schools for over 20 years, he considered the School Certificate Examinations in chemistry were too academic ; the questions were vague and wordy, and little stress was laid on everyday applications of the science.They should be more straightforward than they were at present, and should definitely deal with domestic and familiar aspects of chemical science. The teachers should try to put a living interest into the subject. In industry,-he said-chemical products, substances, were basic to all manufactures, as chemistry, the science of substance, was basic to all scientific knowledge. There was a danger of the subject being “cold shouldered” in the schools with great loss to national progress in scientific knowledge. Since chemistry was fundamental, he asked how far could biology be usefully taught without a reasonable knowledge of chemistry ? How many boys would feel, later on, that the school has “let them down”? They would have to acquire slowly and painfully 285 elementary knowledge that could and should have been given at school.To summarise briefly, he advocated-Retain chemistry; make it less abstract; teach (at school) fundamental subjects. Dr. E. Vanstone, Seale-Hayne Agricultural College, Member of Council, said that fifteen years’ experience in an agricultural college had shown him that most students from public and secondary schools who came to take up agriculture had failed to acquire a knowledge of elementary chemistry and had no know- ledge of biology. He was in agreement with the proposal to make elementary science, including biology, compulsory for the School Certificate, and formal chemistry an optional science subject. Such a change might lead to a better realisation of the necessity for a knowledge of chemistry in matters of health and nutrition.It might, however, lead to a demand for more teachers of biology, with a result that there might be fewer students taking chemistry for degree courses. Dr. H. H. Hodgson, Huddersfield Technical College, Member of Council, asked that he might supplement what he had said at the first conference. He had thought a great deal about the matter in the meantime, and felt that he must emphasise his support of the views of Professor Clemo. He thought that the majority of those who supported the ideas of the Panel of Investigators were idealists who as trained chemists themselves did not realise the position of boys prior to a scientific training.Experience of life had also determined and biassed the attitude of these idealists, which was not necessarily correct, and quite wrong in the speaker’s opinion. He felt that the substitution of biology for chemistry would take away or reduce the value of the mental training of the pupil. The point had been stressed that only 5 per cent. of boys and girls went to the Universities; so that for the 95 per cent. the only quantitative training they might get was in the chemistry they did at school, an important point made by Prof. Clemo. At Huddersfield, however, 500 students (largely of the 95 per cent.) were attending the Technical College in the Chemical Department alone, and similar institutions all over the country were trying to do something for the 95 per cent.Whether boys wished to earn their living at chemistry or not they should begin the study with practical work at the earliest possible stage, because it taught them to think and use their hands. Postponement of practical work tended to decrease the zest for it and to increase reliance upon memory. 286 He had been much impressed with the contribution from Mr. Pask Matthews. Even Honours graduates when they came to do post-graduate work of any importance had much to learn in laboratory technique. Finally, Dr. Hodgson reminded the Council that in rgoo, or thereabouts, the University of London had general elementary science among its compulsory subjects for matriculation, but had long since discarded it.He agreed with what Mr. Butterfield had said in January regarding languages, and felt that students could not be satisfactorily educated in a pot-po.urri of science any more than in a pot-pourri of languages. What was called a broad foundation was too vague to be really useful. Mr. Frank Southerden said that the discussion was most interesting and valuable. However, it appeared to him that the main points were (I) the relative amount of time to be devoted to chemistry in the school curriculum of all boys and girls up to 16, and (2)the desirability of substituting compulsory General Science for Chemistry or Physics or Biology aZone up to that age; and he felt that it might not be the business of the Institute to express an opinion on either of these points unless it was within the power conferred by Royal Charter--" to afford facilities for the better education and examination of persons desirous of qualifying, etc." Like Professor Robinson, he felt rather disposed to leave ;the matter with the schoolmasters.The Registrar, with the permission of the chair, said that he thought that the Institute, if it so wished, was entitled toexpress an opinion on the subject ; all professional -Chartered Bodies were concerned to safeguard the standard of general education for the professions. The Assistant Secretary remarked that it was a common experience that the chemist suffered owing to the ignorance of the man in the street of science in general, and of chemistry in particular.The question, therefore, as to what scientific subjects should form part of the curriculum of general education in schools was a matter of concern to the Institute. Mr. W. Roscoe Hardwick remarked that, speaking from his own experience when at school, he did not understand nor did he believe that the average schoolboy could understand the principles essential to chemistry as an educational subject. He felt strongly that elementary physics was of greater utility in the school curriculum. 287 The President said that he was anxious that early specialisation should be discouraged. He had been greatly interested in the correspondence and much impressed by the arguments of some of the schoolmasters, but he felt that the pupils, while at school, should gain as much general knowledge as possible.In any case, there should be no specialisation at 16 years of age. Dr. Levinstein concurred. He did not think that the teaching of chemistry or of any science subject should be emphasised in the school curriculum up to 16 years of age. Dr. Vanstone remarked that it was not intended to disregard chemistry: some chemistry would be retained in any case, and those who were promising chemistry students could take chemis- try as their optional subject. He hoped that biology would be added to the curriculum. Mr. T. F. E. Rhead said that, since he considered thatthe science of chemistry dealt with the foundations of our material well-being, he viewed with grave misgivings any move to reduce the quota of chemistry in the curriculum of the schools.However worthy might be the substituted sciences, there should be no mis- understanding as to the effect on chemistry of acquiescing in the proposals of the Panel of Investigators. By so doing, the pro- fession of chemistry would make a free gift to the other sciences of a proportion of its inheritance, which had taken several generations to build up. The chief function of education was to give suitable mental, moral and physical environment, in order to allow children in the best interests of society to reach the highest possible level of intellectual attainment.It was frequently admitted that not more than 5 per cent. of the boys and girls possessed brains of the ,first magnitude, and that from this small proportion came the great men and women who advanced civilisation. The remaining 95 per cent. did their best to follow up and consolidate their achievements. The brains were at their most impressionable age during youth, and ready to develop in this or that direction according to the influence of environment. Teaching played a major part in determining that environment, and it therefore followed that a reduction in time devoted to chemistry in the schools reduced proportionally the chances of attracting some of the 5 per cent. of the first-class brains to the profession, and it had none too many of them even now.Any reduction at the source of the flow of chemists with such brains into society, via the schools and universities, was not in the best interests of society 288 and would certainly be inimical to the profession of chemistry-While he agreed that a knowledge of biology was very desirable, he did not agree that it should be taught at the expense of chemistry. Dr. Gordon said that he would prefer the use of the single word “science ’’ in the school curriculum, rather than the use of “chemistry, physics and biology.’’ He would not use the word chemistry for “school” chemistry, or until it referred to a systema-tic and thorough course of real chemistry. Mr. W. J. A. Butterfield expressed the hope that whatever “general science” might include, some regard would be given to the quantitative aspect of the subject, and that the pupils would be trained in the use of the balance, to use their hands, to be observant, and to draw deductions-not simply to accumulate facts.The Council agreed that the further consideration of the subject be postponed until the October meeting. Dr. Gordon gave notice that he would then submit a motion, of which due notice would be given, expressing approval of the Report of the Panel of Investigators. In the meantime, it was agreed that, subject to the consent of those who had contributed to the discussion, the Publications Committee be requested to report thereon in the next Part of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS.289 Local Sections. London and South-Eastern Counties.-The visits ar-ranged for members of the Section in March, April and May were very briefly mentioned in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part 111. The visit to the Research Laboratories of the General Electric Company at Wembley took place on 11th April. On arrival, each member participating in the visit was handed a complete guide to the various sections of the laboratories, and was invited to wander through them at will and ask the staff questions about any particular phase of the work in which he was interested. Many interesting features were thus made available. Mention must be made of an ingenious glass lathe for making large “glass to metal” and “glass to glass” joints, in which tubes up to 6” diameter could be welded together, and the latest developments in gas discharge lamps (hot cathode type), with which some arterial roads are being so successfully lighted.Demonstrations of analysis by X-ray diffraction methods, by spectroscopic methods, and by fluorescence in an ultra-violet- light cabinet, were given, the technique of all these methods having been adapted and improved to suit the particular needs of the industry which these laboratories so efficiently serve. The visit to the South-Eastern Agricultural College, at Wye, Kent, on 7th May, included a tour of the College buildings, including the chemical department, and inspection of the flori- cultural section, the agricultural machinery hall and the glass- houses of the horticultural department ; a short discourse and demonstration of soil sampling by Dr.Brade-Birks; a walk through the orchards, and a general view of the stock nurseries and market garden, tree nurseries and plantations; and visits to the National Poultry Institute, to Coldharbour Farm, to “Wye Field” for hop manurial experiments, and to the College playing fields. The party lunched at the King’s Head Hotel, and was kindly entertained to tea in the College Refectory. The London and South-Eastern Counties Section will hold a Supper-Dance at the Russell Hotel, Russell Square, London, W.C.1, on Friday, 26th October, at 8 p.m. (Tickets, 8s. single, 16s. double.) 290 The Annual General Meeting of the Section will be held on Wednesday, zIst November, at the Institute, and will be followed by a demonstration of apparatus by members of the Section.Malaya.-Mr. James Shelton, Chairman of the Section, presided at a meeting held at the Institute of Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, on 14th May, when Mr. W. B. Wiegand, of the Binney CL Smith Co., New York, gave a lecture on his recent researches in rubber, in the course of which he discussed the Joule-Thompson effect and its bearing on the structure of rubber. Manchester and District.-The annual Summer Meeting of the Section was held on 9th June, in the beautiful grounds of the Marbury Hall Country Club, near Northwich. The members. enjoyed boating on the mere, golf, tennis, and bathing in the open-air pool (supplied with Northwich brine).The chairman, Mr. F. Scholefield, welcomed the guests, and Mrs. Scholefield presented prizes to the successful competitiors in the golf putting competition. The outing, which was greatly appreciated, concluded with dancing. On 18th July, a team of twelve golfing members of the Section played a match against a similar number of members of the local section of the Institution of the Rubber Industry. It is hoped to make this match an annual affair. 291 Notes. The Australian Chemical Institute, which received the grant of a Royal Charter in 1932, and has hitherto published its proceedings in The Chemical Engineering and Mining Review, has now decided to publish its own Journal and Proceedings, of which No.I of Vol. I is dated April, 1934. The Publications Committee consists of Sir David Onne Masson, K.B.E., F.R.S., Mr. W. R. Jewell and Mr. F. J. Watson. The Hon. Editor is Mr. G. A. Cook, who will be assisted by a Branch Editor in each State of the Commonwealth, on whom he will depend for regular monthly reports. The first Number of the new publication contains, inter alia, an extract from a letter dated 13th December, 1933, from the Honorary Solicitor of the Australian Institute, in answer to a request from that Institute for advice whether, under the Charter of Incorporation (1932), a member of the Institute could describe himself officially as a “ chartered chemist ” :-“I have carefully considered the matter, and it seems tc me that it is one of general principle only.I can find nG direct statutory provision either for or against the use of the word ‘chartered.’ In my opinion every member af the Australian Chemical Institute is entitled, if he so desires, to describe himself officially as a Chartered Chemist, by virtue of his membership of the Institute incorporated by Royal Charter. “The use of the word ‘chartered’ is merely an alternative way of saying that an individual is a member of the Australian Chemical Institute, incorporated by Royal Charter, in the same manner as certain public accountants . . . now describe themselves as being chartered accountants by virtue of their membership of an Institute of Accountants also incorporated by Royal Charter.“ I also direct your attention to the fact that the Australian Chemical Institute, now being incorporated by Royal Charter, could take out an injunction against any chemist who describes himself as a chartered chemist, if he is not a member of the Institute, as it is by virtue of the membership that he becomes entitled to use the description.” 292 It is mentioned, for the general information of members, that Council, at its meeting on 12th February, 1934,decided that it is permissible for any Fellow or Associate of the Australian Chemical Institute to refer to himself as a “chartered chemist.” In Great Britain and Ireland it has not yet been established that the members of Chartered professional bodies can adopt any specific title beyond those conferred by their respective Charters.The second Number of the publication contains an interesting article by Mr. A. E. Leighton on “Efficiency and Unemployment,” and particulars of a Fund which has been raised for a presentation to Dr. Thomas Cooksey, who has been Honorary Secretary of the Australian Institute since 1920. A Chemical Warfare Defence League has been formed as a non-party organisation of British residents in the British Isles to disseminate knowledge of self-defence against poison gas. (Secretary: Major D. Spurling, O.B.E., 147,Grosvenor Road, London, S.W.1.) The attention of members interested in the problem may be directed to an article entitled “The Truth about Poison Gas,” contributed to The Listener (Vol.11, No. 285, 27th June, 1934), by Major Paul Murphy, Fellow, who was formerly Director of Experiments of the Chemical Defence Experimental Station. The article has been followed by correspondence in subsequent numbers of the same journal. Legal.-In a case heard at Stockport County Court recently, a chemist, employed as assistant to a works manager, claimed from his employers three months’ salary in lieu of notice on the ground that, being a chemist, he was entitled to three months’ notice. The defendant company stated that he was employed as assistant to the works manager and only entitled to one month’s notice. The plaintiff contended that even though he were only assistant, which he denied, reasonable notice for a person of his qualifications, was three months.His Counsel quoted three cases in which it had been held that a chemist was entitled to three months’ notice; but Counsel for the defendants said that he was not concerned with the customary notice for chemists; the matter depended on the capacity in which the plaintiff was employed. Judge Burgis said that if the plaintiff had been engaged as a works manager and chemist, he would have accepted the view 293 that three months’ notice was due. The company had admitted liability to the extent of one month’s notice by paying a month’s salary into Court, and he gave the judgment to the plaintiff for that amount. From the above, it is important to note that when a chemist is engaged for his professional knowledge, skill and experience, he should ensure that his engagement as a chemist is made clear in his contract or agreement.Arbitration.-The Institute of Arbitrators has directed the attention of the Council of the Institute to the recent amendment of the law relating to Arbitration. In March, 1926, the Lord High Chancellor appointed a Committee under the Chairmanship of Mr. Justice MacKinnon, “to consider and report whether any, and if so, what alterations are desirable in the law relating to Arbitration, and in particular to submissions, arbitrations and awards made or held in England and Wales, or the law relating to the effect given in England and Wales to submissions, arbitrations and awards made elsewhere.” In 1927the Committee duly reported to the Lord Chancellor, but the matter was left in abeyance by successive Governments, and no steps were taken to give statutory effect to the snggestions made by the Committee.In November last, the matter was reconsidered by the Institute of Arbitrators, and a question was asked in the House of Lords by Lord Askwith, President of that Institute, with the result that the Lord Chancellor practically challenged him to produce a Bill, stating, at the same time, that, although the Government could not guarantee to give any special facilities, it should have favourable consideration. The Bill was drafted by a Committee of the Institute of Arbitrators and introduced into the House of Lords early in February this year.It has since passed both Houses, and received the Royal Assent in May. It will be cited as the Arbitration Act, 1934, will come into operation on 1st January, 1935, and will be construed as one with the Arbitration Act, 1889. That Act, the Arbitration Clauses (Protocol) Act, 1924, and the Arbitration (Foreign Awards) Act, 1930, are all to be cited together as the Arbitration Acts, 1889 to 1934. The text of the new Act is set out in full in the June issue of the Journal of the Institztte of Arbitrators, which also contains an 294 explanatory article by Mr. W. T. Cresswell, K.C., dealing with the changes in the law effected thereby. This article gives a brief summary of the main amendments, which deal principally with the effect upon an arbitration agreement of the death or bankruptcy of parties or the removal of arbitrators and umpires .or the revocation of their appointment.The Act is intended to remedy certain deficiencies in the existing law, and to expedite proceedings. Power is granted to arbitrators or umpires to order specific performance of contracts and to make interim awards. It further provides that the Court shall have power to make orders in certain matters, as it has in relation to an action or matter in the Court, and deals with cases of interpleader or statement of special cases, and with judgments of the Court. Interest is to be allowed on a sum granted by award at the same rate as on a judgment debt, and provisions are made as to costs and the taxation of fees.Relief may be granted where an arbitrator is not impartial or where a dispute involves a question of fraud. The statutes of Limitations are made to apply to the time for commencing arbitration proceedings under the principal Act and under the Merchant Shipping Act, 1894, and the method of serving notices is specified. The new Act does not apply to Scotland or Northern Ireland, but is applicable to arbitrations except in so far as it is inconsistent with any other Act or with any rules or procedure authorised or recognised thereby; the provisions which do not so apply are set out in the second schedule. British Association €orthe Advancement of Science.-The Annual Meeting of the British Association will be held at Aberdeen, from 5th to 12th September, under the presidency of Sir James Jeans, F.R.S.The President of Section B (Chemistry) is Professor T. M. Lowry, C.B.E., F.R.S., who will address the Section on “Physical Methods in Chemistry.” The principal topics for discussion in the Section are-Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C), the Physical and Chemical Properties of Heavy Hydrogen (to be considered at a joint meeting with the Section of Physics) and the Chemistry of Milk (at a joint meeting with the Agricultural Section). Scientific Management.-Arrangements are in progress for the Sixth International Congress for Scientific Management to be held in London in July, 1935,under the patronage of H.R.H. the Prince of Wales. The meetings will be held in the Central Hall, Westminster, and at the halls of the Institution of Civil Engineers, and of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers.At least 600 delegates are expected from abroad, and arrange- ments are being made for visits to factories, farms, and institu- tions. An Evening Reception will be held in the Guildhall of the City of London, upon the invitation of the Court of Common Council. Papers will be read by the managing directors in a wide range of industries, and by merchants, prominent agriculturalists and representatives of leading women’s organisations. The Congress is being supported financially by a large number of industrial companies and public institutions. Dr. E. F. Armstrong, F.R.S., is Chairman of the Organising Committee of the Congress; Sir Christopher Clayton, M.P., Past President of the Institute, and Sir Robert Hadfield, F.R.S., are.also members of the Executive Committee, and Mr. William Rintoul, Member of Council, is the representative of the Institute on the Council of the Congress. Particulars can be obtained from Mr. H. Ward, M.Sc., Fellow Secretary, International Congress for Scientific Management, 21 Tothill Street, London, S.W.I. On 4th July, at 14, Buckingham Street, London, W.1, Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins, P.R.S., unveiled a plaque as a memorial to William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828). Dr. Richard Charles Bowden, Fellow, has been appointed Superintendent of the Royal Gunpowder Factory, Waltham Abbey. Professor Herbert Edmeston Watson, FeZZow, who previously held the appointment of Professor of General Chemistry at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, has been appointed to the Ramsay Chair of Chemical Engineering at University College, London.The Library of the Chemical Society will be closed from Monday, 6th August until Saturday, 18th August inclusive, and also on each evening at 5 o’clock from 20th August to 15th September. 296 Obituary. HARRY AITKENdied on 23rd March in his 29th ARTHUR ASHWELL year. Educated at Otago Boys’ High School, he gained a Scholarship and studied from 1924 to 1927 at Otago University, where he obtained the degree of M.Sc. with honours in chemistry. He continued at the Univer- sity, working under a Smeaton and a National Research Scholarship until 1929, devoting his attention, in the first instance, to essential oils and, in the second, to the sulphur content of grass pastures. In 1930, he worked at the New Zealand Medical School on the microchemical estima- tion of iodine in relation to goitre problems.In the following year, he was appointed chemist to the New Zealand Branch of the British Empire Cancer Campaign, in which capacity he was engaged in the study of serum enzymes; and in 1932, he worked in the Department of Medical Chemistry in the University of Edinburgh. In 1933, he passed an Ex- amination for the Fellowship of the Institute in Biochemistry, with special reference to Proteins, but shortly after suffered a breakdown in health from which he did not recover. His work was published mainly in The Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry, The Biochemical Journal, The Journal of Biological Chemistry, and The Journal of Hygiene.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1929, and a Fellow, in 1933. ROBERTMARTIN CAVENdied at Glasgow, on the 16th July, in his 65th year. The son of the Rev. R. Caven, he was educated at Wyggeston Boys’ High School, Leicester, and from 1886-1890 was engaged with a wholesale chemist in that city, before entering University College, Notting- ham, where he studied under Clowes, graduating B.Sc. (Lond.) in 1892. In the following year, he became assistant to Dr. Alfred Hill, City Analyst for Birmingham, with whom he remained until 1895, when he was appointed demonstrator of analytical chemistry and lecturer in inorganic and physical chemistry at University College, Nottingham.He proceeded to the Degree of D.Sc. (Lond.) in 1902. In 1919, he was appointed Principal of the Technical College, Darling- ton, and, in the following year, Professor of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry in the Royal Technical College, Glasgow. He contributed many papers to the Journals of the Chemical Society and to the Society of Chemical Industry, and was the joint author with Dr. G. D. Lander of “Systematic Inorganic Chemistry’’ (1906). He was the author of-“Systematic Qualitative Analysis” (1909); “A Short System of Qualitative Analysis” (1917); “Carbon and its Allies”-Vol. V of a textbook of Inorganic Chemistry, edited by Dr.J. Newton Friend- (1918); “The Foundations of Chemical Theory” (1920) ; “Quantitative Chemical Analysis, Part I (1923), Part I1 (1925); “Gas and Gases” (1926); and “Symbols and Formulae in Chemistry”-jointly with Dr. J. A. Cranston-(1928). He was also General Editor of Blackie’s Manuals of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 297 In March, 1933, on the occasion of the celebration of the bi-centenary of the birth of Joseph Priestley, Professor Caven was chosen t~o delivcr a lecture before the Institute. This lecture, which was entitled “JosephPriestley : 1733-1804,” and was subsequently published, was an admirable example of the attractive manner of his lecturing and the clarity of his discourse. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1893 and a Fellow in 1897.He had served as a Member of Council since March, 1932, and was Chairman of the Glasgow and West of Scotland Section. At the funeral, the Institute was represented by Mr. Hugh Findlay, Vice-chairman of the Section, and six members of the Committee of the Section. The deat’h has recently been reported of Mr. THOMAS HUGHES,of Cardiff, which occurred on 9th December, 1933, in his 75th year. He obtained his professional education at the Royal School of Mines and at the University at Zurich. He established a practice as a consulting and analytical chemist in Cardiff, and was, for many years, public analyst for that city and other boroughs. He was elected a fellow of this Institute in 1888.MALCOLMERIC GIRLINU NORRIS died in Greece, on the 28th June, in his 30th year. He was educated at Whitgift Grammar School, Croydon, and at Christ’s Hospital. In 1923, he joined the staff of Messrs. J. Lyons & Co., Ltd., with whom he continued until his death. He studied at the Chelsea Polytechnic and graduated with honours in chemistry in the “Special” Internal Examination for B.Sc. (Lond.) in 1927, in which year he was elected an Associate of the Institute. JAMES SCHOFIELDALEXANDER died at Sydney, New South Wales, on 31st May, in his 65th year. Educated, from 1877 to 1886, at Dulwich College, London, he gained a National Scholarship under the Science and Art Department, and studied at the Royal College of Science and the Royal School of Mines, where he obtained the Diploma of A.R.S.M.in metallurgy in 1889. In 1887, he was also awarded a Royal Scholarship. In 1891, on the recommendation of Professor-later Sir-Edward Thorpe,he was appointed demonstrator in chemistry in the University of Sydney.In 1895, he was also appointed demonstrator in assaying in the Mining School of the University, and in 1899, one of the lecturers in chemistry, in succession to Professor Liversidge, whom he subsequently succeeded as professor. He retired in 1926. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1901. ALFREDWALTER STOKES died at Haverstock Hill, London, on the 24th July, aged 86 years. He studied under Williamson at University College, London, and under Huxley and Tyndall at the Royal School of Mines, and became assistant to Sir Thomas Stevenson at Guy’s Hospital, with whom he remained for seven years.He was public analyst to the Metropolitan Boroughs of Paddington, Hampstead, and Bethnal Green, and held those appointments for over 45 years. He contributed papers on dairy products to The Analyst, and various articles relating to food to a number of other journals. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1887. 298 WILLIAMFRANCISJOHNWOODdied at Barnsley, on 26th June, in his 58th year. On leaving school in 1892, he entered his father’s glass works, but in the following year entered the laboratory of Mr. F. W. Richardson Fellow, with whom he remained as pupil and assistant until 1897, at the same time keeping in touch with the glass works at Barnsley, and preparing for matriculation.From 1897 to 1899, while still with Mr. Richardson, he attended University College, Sheffield, and Leeds University, and in December, 1899, obtained the degree of B.Sc. (Lond.). He then spent about six months in glass works at Baccarat in France, and on his return, continued in his father’s business, and for three years taught physics and electrical engineering at the Barnsley Technical School. From 1909, he was managing director and responsible head of Rylands Glass and Engineer- ing Co., Ltd., Tomlinson & Co., Ltd., and Wood Bros. Glass Co., Ltd., and from 1913 of the Derby Crown Glass Co., Ltd., and thus was connected with the manufacture of every kind of glass except table and ornamentaI glass, and window glass.During the war he was in close collaboration with the Glass Research Committee of the Institute, and rendered very valuable service to the country in the supply of glass of various kinds which had hitherto been imported from the Continent, and was Chairman of the British Chemical Ware Manufacturers Association. In recognition of these services, he was appointed a Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire. He was a Past-President of the Society of Glass ’Technology and a Justice of the Peace for Barnsley. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1917. 299 Books and their Contents. The following books have been kindly presented to the Institute by the Authors or Publishers and may be seen in the Library :-‘I Absorption Spectrophotometry, The Practice of (with Hilger Instruments): An introduction to the Theory of the Subject, and Guide to the Technique of Absorption Measurement in the Visible, Ultra-violet, and Infra-red Regions of the Spectrum.” F.Twyman, F.R.S., and C. B. Allsopp. Second Edition. Pp. 140. (London: Adam Hilger, Ltd.). 3s. 6d. Part I. Absorption Spectra and their applications. Part 11. Technique of Absorption Spectroscopy. Electronic Structure and Properties of Matter : An Intro- ductory Study of certain Properties of Matter in the Light of Atomic Numbers.” C. H. Douglas Clark. Volume I of a Comprehensive Treatise of Atomic and Molecular Structure. Pp. xxvi + 374.(London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 21s. Part I. General Introduction; the classification of the elements; the classification of atomic electrons ; line spectra and multiplicity ; the transitional and rare earth elements ;valency and chemical combination. Part 11. Physical Properties and Molecular Constitution; melting- points and boiling-points; atomic and molecular volumes ; atomic and ionic radii; electrical conductivity; magnetic susceptibility ; atomic magnetic moments ; cohesional and other properties; Tables ; Symbols;Abbreviations; Indexes. ‘‘ Higher Control. A Manual for Company Directors, Secretaries and Accountants.” T. G. Rose; Foreword by A. H. Pollen. Pp. xvi + 269. (London: Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, Ltd.) 12s. 6d.The problem of industrial control; the basis of comparison; statistical arrangement and its importance in control; how a control is built up; the theory of higher control; the business position; the trading position; the Gnancial position; control reports; higher control in retail distri- bution; works control; the uses of higher control. Appendix. Charts. Index. “Plant Biochemistry, An Introduction to.” Catherine Cassels Steele. Pp. viii + 356. (London: G. Bell & Sons, Ltd.) 15s. net. An introductory account of the chemical nature and relationship of the substances elaborated by plants. The chemical composition of plants ; the colloid state; alcohols, fatty acids, fats and oils; aldehydes, ketones and carbohydrates; plant acids; proteins and related compounds; cyclic compounds ; plant metabolism.Bibliography. Indexes. 300 “X-Rays and Electrons, The Diffraction of, by Amorphous Solids, Liquids, and Gases.” J. T. Randall. Pp. xii + 290. (London: Chapman gi Hall, Ltd.) 21s. Survey :Elementary principles of X-ray crystallography ;the diffraction of X-rays by minute crystals: physical theory; the diffraction of X-rays and electrons by gases and vapours; the diffraction of X-rays (and electrons) by liquids ; some important examples of amorphous and microcrystalline solids ; the structure of organic fibres ; X-rays, electrons, and surface structure; the transition from solid to liquid; isotropic and anisotropic melts. Appendices I and 11. From the Editor of The Ifidustrial Chemist, the Institute has received a copy of “A Summary of Food Laws and Regulations,” by C. L.Hinton. Pp. vi+go. (London: The Nema Press, Ltd.) zrs. Milk products and cheese; biscuits, cakes, pastry, etc. ; sugar confec- tionery; cocoa and chocolate; jams, preserves and jellies; canned fruits and vegetables; canned and potted meats; pickles, sauces, etc. ; non-alcoholic beverages, labelling ; preservatives ; colouring matters. Food Legislation of the United Kingdom as affecting the manufacture of foods. Standards for Jam of the Food Manufacturers’ Federation. Tables and Indexes. Alkali, &c., Works.-The 70th Annual Report on Alkali, &c., Works, by the Chief Inspectors, dealing with the proceedings during the year 1933 has recently been published-(H.M. Stationery Office, gd.net)-and contains references to many industries and processes with which the inspectors have been concerned, The British Standards Institution has recently pub- lished the following specifications :-No. 556-1934. Cement Concrete Cylindrical Pipes and Tubes. (Not Reinforced.) No. 558-1934. Nickel Anodes (for electroplating). No. 560-1934. Engineering Symbols and Abbreviations. A Corrigendum has been received for 407-1931: Phosphor Bronze Sheets and Strip, and an Addendum, for 526-1933: Gross and Net Calorific Value. Industrial Accidents.-The Home Office publishes (quar- terly) ‘‘ Descriptions of Accidents ” notified to H.M. Inspectors of Factories. (H.M. Stationery Office: 3d.net). The pamphlet, issued on 1st July, contains, inter aha, reports on-acid leakage from an earthenware cock, explosions in metal foundries, an explosion at a suction-gas plant, explosion of a gas cooler, explosion in a petrol tank wagon, a dangerous method 301 of cleaning dirty spirit, and various cases of “gassing.” With the same issue is enclosed the Index to Volumes I to IV in which there are references to many accidents of interest to chemists, as well as to engineers: the Index, in fact, shows how great a variety of accidents is covered by these reports which should be studied by works managers and others in control of plant. The reports also embody the precautions recommended by the Inspectors, or devised by the employers, against repetition of accidents.Lancastrian Frankland Society.-The first Frankland Memorial Oration of the Lancastrian Frankland Society, which was delivered at Lancaster by Professor H. E. Armstrong, F.R.S., an 18th January, was published in the Journal of the Society af Chemical Industry, 25th May, Vol. LIII, No. 21, pp. 459-466. Joseph Priestley .-Mr. W. Cameron Walker, Associate, has contributed to the Proceedings of the Leeds Philosophical Society (Scientific Section), Vol. 11, Part 11, pp. 549-559-a paper entitled “A Portrait of Joseph Priestley and some of its Associations,” A copy of the portrait, the history of which has been traced, is printed with the paper, showing Priestley, at about 30 years of age, when he was teaching at Warrington Academy.It is now in the possession of a granddaughter of hfrs. Bilbrough (nbe Ellen Priestley : 1791-1865), whose relation- ship to Joseph Priestley is illustrated in a genealogical chart appended to the paper. Mr. Cameron Walker has also contributed to Isis (KO.60, 1’01. XXI, I, April, 1934)a paper entitled “The Beginnings of the Scientific Career of Joseph Priestley ” (St. Catherine Press, Ltd., 51, Rue du Tram, Bruges, Belgium). Mr. Ronald Martineau Dixon of Thearne has contributed to the Journal of Chemical Education, Vol. 11, No. 5, May, 1934, a paper entitled “Did Priestley resign his Fellowship of the Royal Society? ” Many writers had differed on the question; but Mr. Winckworth, Assistant Secretary of the Royal Society, in reply to an enquiry addressed to him by Mr.Dixon in June, 1933, said that “so far as our records show” (Priestley) “re- mained a Fellow until his death in 1804.” The Royal Statistical Society announces the publication of Vol. I, No. I, 1934,of the Supplement to its Journal dealing with Industrial and Agricultural Research. (Particulars can be obtained from the Assistant Secretary, Royal Statistical 302 Society,. g, Adelphi Terrace, London, W.C.2. Enquiries to be marked I.A.R.S.) The Science Museum.-The Report of the Advisory Council of the Science hruseum for 1933 has recently been published (H.M. Stationery Office, gd. net.). The Report contains a portrait of Sir Henry Lyons, F.R.S., who retired, in October last, from the position of Director and Secretary of the Museum, which he had held since 1920.The increase in the usefulness and popularity of the Museum during his directorship is evidenced by the increase in the number of visitors, the yearly attendance having risen from about 400,000 to over 1,250,000. Sir Henry Lyons has been succeeded by Col. E. E. B. Mackintosh, D.S.O., late R.E. Much of the year’s work in Chemistry (Division IV) was devoted to the arrangements for the Plastic Materials Exhibition. The Report also records that Mrs. Alfred Chaston Chapman has presented a valuable collection of analytical apparatus. B.D.H. Reagents for Spot” Tests.-The British Drug Houses, Ltd., has published a third and enlarged edition of the B.D.H. Book of Reagents for “Spot” Tests and Delicate Analysis, containing particulars of the uses of sixty reagents.(2s. 6d. each, 2s. Iod. with postage, obtainable from the British Drug Houses, Ltd., Graham Street, City Road, London, N.I.) The same Company has introduced a “Spot” Test outfit, comprising the principal organic reagents used for the detection of various metallic ions and acid radicles (Lz 7s. 6d.). Ilford, Ltd. have forwarded a brochure entitled “Photo-graphy as an Aid to Scientific Work,” containing a list of photographic materials, including products which do not normally appear in price lists. R.E.F.U.T.A.S. Viscosity-Temperature Chart.-Baird & Tatlock, Ltd., have now issued the R.E.F.U.T.A.S. Charts on thin paper in pads of 25 (12s.6d.per pad). See JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part I, 1934,p. 77. United Steel Companies, Ltd.-In June, Lord Rutherford opened the new Central Research Department of the United Steel Companies, Ltd., at Stocksbridge, near Sheffield. A copyof a brochure containing a description of the Department by the Director, Dr. T. Swinden, with many illustrations of the laboratories, apparatus and machinery, has been received for the Library of the Institute. 303 The Register. At the meetings of Council held on 29th June and 20th July, 1934,I new Fellow was elected, g Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 49 Associates were elected, and 13 Students were admitted. The Council regrets to report the deaths of 6 Fellows and I Associate.New Fellows. Rodd, Ernest Harry, D.Sc. (Lond.), A.C.G.I., D.I.C., Cranleigh, Moss Lane, Timperley, Cheshire. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Ackroyd, Herbert, M.Sc. (Leeds), 41, College Road, Isleworth. Backeberg, Otto Guido, M.A. (Oxon.), D.Sc. (Witwatersrand), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. Eastland, Cyril Jack, 64, Torrington Square, London, W.C.1. Glover, Arthur, M.Sc. (Manc.), 110, Clarksfield Road, Oldham. Jolly, Victor George, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), Walpamur Co., Ltd., Darwen, Lencs. Kendrick, Stanley Gordon, B.Sc. (Lond.), Berrybank, Summerhill Road, Dartford. Peutherer, Willison Bryce, A.H-W.C., 41, Burnside Road, Uphall, West Lothian. Shacklock, Cecil Wilson, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), The Lester Technical Institute, Seward Road, Shanghai, China.Stimson, John Charles, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 23, Cromwell Road, Tunbridge Wells. New Associates. Ashworth, David Richmond, B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), Sturt Farm,Burford, Oxon. Baird, Robert Crabbe, B.Sc. (Glas.), Ashgrove, Mauchline, Ayrshire. Beattie, Stanley, M.Sc. (Liv.), 76, Derby Road, Douglas, Isle of Man. Birrell, Kenneth Stewart, M.Sc. (N.Z.), 9, Stone Street, Mornington, Dunedin, N.Z. Bone, Austin Roy, B.Sc. (Lond.), 57, Charlton Road, London, S.E.3. Carman, Philip Crosbie, M.Sc. (N.Z.), 24, Coram Street, London, W.C.l. Caulfield, Thomas Hume, B.Sc. (Glas.), 261, New Edinburgh Road, Viewpark, Uddingston, Glasgow. Collins, Edward, B.A. (Cantab.), Longwood, Langho, nr.Blackburn. Crozier, Henry William, M.Sc. (N.Z.), c/o New Zealand Refrigerating Co., Ltd., Islington, Canterbury, N.Z. Dashwood, Francis Raymond, B.Sc. (S.A.), Windsor House, Arcadia, Pretoria, South Africa. 304 Doss, Kadarumandige Sitaramdas Dheerender, B.A. (Madras), Assistant Chemist, Customs and Salt, New Customs House, Bombay, India. Freeman, George Grosvenor, B.Sc. (Bim.), 166, Pineapple Road, Stirchley, Birmingham. Haldane, William Spence, Ph.D., B.Sc. (Edin.), Airthrey, Perth Road, Cowdenbebh, Fife. Hendry, John Telfer, A.R.T.C., New Cross, Beith, Ayrshire. Higginbottom, Miss Alice, B.Sc. (Birm.), Quarry Bank, New Mills, nr. Stockport.Hiles, Jack, M.Sc. (Sheffield), 176, Dykes Lane, Hillsborough, Shoffield, 6.Hill, John Arthur, Ph.D., B.Sc. (Lond.), 28, Warrington Road, Harrow. Hillary, Hubert Cawood, B.Sc. (Vict.), 46, Gawber Road, Barnsley, Yorks. Hills, George Mason, B.A. (Oxon.), 288, Millhouses Lane, Sheffield, 11. Howat, James Borland, B.Sc. (Glas.), 202, Mill Street, Rutherglen, nr. Glasgow.Jackson, Alan, B.Sc. (Dun.), Station House, Bedlington, Northumberland. Jackson, Arthur, Ph.D., B.Sc. (Leeds), c/o Government Laboratory, Hong Kong. Jackson, John, B.Sc. (Lond.), Ash Tree Cottage, Westwood Drive, Allenton, Derby.James, Thomas Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.), Technical College, Port Elizabeth, South Africa. Jarrett, Maurice Eugene Decimus, B.Sc. (Lond.), South View, Willand, nr.Cullompton, Devon. Johnson, Miss Ethel Muriel, B.Sc.(Mane.), 7,Trafalgar Road, Salford, 6. Kinnear, Alan Macpherson, B.Sc.Tech. (Mane.), 6, Clarendon Crescent, Eccles, Manches ter. Lahiri, Jagadish Kumar, B.Sc. (Calcutta), M.Sc. (Lond.), 18, Albion Road, London, N.W.6. Lloyd, Henry Elwyn, B.Sc. (Wales), Llys Arthur, Carmel, Groeslon, Caernarvonshire. Miller, David, B.Sc. (Lond.), c/o Messrs. W. & R. Jacobs & Co., Aintree Biscuit Factory, Liverpool. Milton, Ernest William, B.Sc. (Witwatersrand), 73, Kilkenny Road, Parkview, Johannesburg, South Africa. Montgomery, Fred Harding, M.Sc.Tech. (Mane.), 60, Linden Road, Levenshulme, Manchester. Nandi, Birendra Kumar, M.Sc. (Calcutta), Ph.D. (Mane.), College of Technology, Manchester. Perkins, Frederick, B.Sc. (Lond.), 6, Bean Road, Bexley Heath, Kent.Pycock, Ernest Rowland, B.Sc. (Leeds), 46, Cemetery Road, Heckmond- wike, Yorks. Read, Alfred Leonard, BSc. (Lond.), 8, Carterhatch Lane, Forty Hill, Enfield. Rippon, Eric Stanley, B.Sc. (Lond.), 15, Napier Avenue, London, S.W.6. Saletore, Shankerrao Amrithrao, BSc. (Benares), Ph.D. (Liv.), Swaika Oil Mills, Lillooah, E.I.Rly., Bengal. Shaw, William, B.Sc. (Liv.), 8, Belgrave Street, Wallasey, Cheshire. Sheppard, George Wilhelm, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.K.C., Royal Grammar School, High Wycombe, Bucks. Stevenson, Walter Wilfred, A.Met. (Sheffield), Gwynfa, Sheffield Road, Oxspring, nr. Sheffield. Stone, Victor, B.Sc. (Bris.), 53, Severn Avenue, Weston-super-Mare. Taylor, Alfred McMullon, B.Sc. (Lond.), 163, Fox Lane, London, N.13.Vero, Eric, B.Sc.Tech. (Mane.), 39, Lyme Grove, Romiley, Stockport. Viol, Frank William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 9, St. Albans Road, Watford. Walkley, Alan, B.A. (Cantab.), Ph.D. (Adelaide & Lond.), Waite Institute, Glen Osmond, Adelaide, South Australia. 305 Wigram, Peter Woolmore, B.A. (Cantab.), Greystones, Kings Stanley, nr. Stonehouse, Glos. Wiles, Leslie Alfred, M.Sc. (Lond.), Royal Grammar School, High Wycombe, Bucks. Wise, William Charles Alfred, B.Sc. (Lond.), 64, Pembroke Road, London, W.8. New Students. Boyes, Kenneth James, 14, Christchurch Street, Cambridge. Brown, David Alexander, 24, Brown Street, Greenock. Harrison, Arthur Denwood Richard, 24, Belmont Road, Beckenham. Jackson, Harry, 149, Fitzstephen Road, Dagenham, Essex.Lyon, Charles John, c/o 145, Shirehampton Road, Sea Mills, Bristol, 9. Palmer, Victor GriEiths, 321, Blackburn Road, Accrington. Phillips, Eric Jack, 40, First Avenue, Bush Hill Park, Enfield. Smith, Stanley, 168, Fosse Road South, Leicester. Tozer, Bernard Thomas, 3, Bank Square, Tavistock, Devon. Twiselton, Maurice Samuel James, 15, Grange Road, Alvaston, Derby. Watson, Gerald Hugh, 38, Nelson Road, Gillingham, Kent. Wickens, Philip George, 19, Bower Mount Road, Maidstone. Willott, Ernest Raymond, 58, The Mall, Southgate, London, N.14. DEATHS. Fellows. Harry Arthur Ashwell Aitken, M.Sc. (N.Z.).Robert Martin Caven, D.Sc. (Lond.). Thomas Hughes. James Alexinder Schofield, A.R.S.M. Alfred Walter Stokes. William Francis John Wood, C.B.E., B.Sc.(Lond.). Associate. Malcolm Eric Girling Norris, B.Sc. (Lond.). CHANGE OF NAME. Abdul Hamied Khwaja, As8ociate, wishes to be known in future as Khwaja Abdul Hamied. 306 Coming Events. September 1-4 INSTITUTION :OF GAS ENGINEERS 2nd International Gas Conference, in Zurich. Particulars are obtainable from the Secretary, Institution of Gas Engineers, 28, Grosvenor Gardens, London, S.W. 1. OF3-6 INSTITUTEMETALS: Annual Meeting at Manchester. “The Work of Walter Rosenhain.” Dr. J. L. HAUGHTON. 5 to 12 BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF SCIENCEFOR THE ADVANCEMENT : Annual Meeting at Aberdeen. 21 to 24 ASSOCIATIONOF SPECIAL LIBRARIES AND INFORMATION BUREAUX 1lth Annual Conference, at Somerville College, : Oxford.(Particulars are obtainable from the Secretary, A.S.L.I.B., 16, Russell Square, London, W.C.l.) October 5 INSTITUTION “Crushing and Grind -OF CHEMICALENGINEERS. ing.” Professor B. W. Holman, at the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, W. 1, at 6 p.m. OF19 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY:“New Indicators and Other Re- agents employed in Volumetric Analysis.” Dr. A. D. Mitchell, at the Institute, 30, Russell Square, W.C. 1, at 8 p.m. 26 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY: London and South-Eastern Counties Section-Supper-Dance, at the Russell Hotel, Russell Square, London, W.C. 1, at 8 p.m. 26 INSTITUTIONOF CHEMICAL ENGINEERS. “The Influence of Texture on the Chemical Resistance of Materials.” Professor C. H. Desch, F.R.S., at the Institution of Civil Engineers, Great George Street, Westminster, S.W.1, at 6.30 p.m. November 15 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY: S. M. Gluckstein Memorial Lecture. “Economic Aspects of the Human Being considered as a Biological .Specimen.” The RT. HON. LORD MELCHETT, at the Institute, 30, Russell Square, W.C.l, at 8 p.m. 21 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY:London and South-Eastern Counties Section-Annual General Meeting, at 30, Russell Square, London, W.C. 1. December OF7 INSTITUTE CHEMISTRY: Streatfeild Memorial Lecture. “Quinine Manufacture in India.” Mr. G. E. Shaw, at the In- stitute, 30, Russell Square, W.C. 1, at 8 p.m. 7 RAMSAYCHEMICAL DINNER:at the Central Hotel, Glasgow. (H. C. Moir, Convener, c/o William Beattie Ltd., 116, Paton Street, Glasgow, E.1 .) 19 INSTITUTIONOF CHEMICALENGINEERS.“Separation of Solids from Liquids.” Dr. W. CULLEN, C.B.E., and Mr. H. T. DURRANT,at the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, W.l, at 6 p.m. 307 General Notices. Lectures.-Dr. A. D. Mitchell will give a lecture at the In- stitute on “ New Indicators and Other Reagents employed in Volumetric Analysis,” on Friday, 19th October, at 8 p.m. Tickets will be issued in due course. S.M. Gluckstein Memorial Lecture.-Lord Melchett has kindly consented to give the Gluckstein Memorial Lecture at the Institute on Thursday, 15th November, at 8 p.m., when he will speak on “The Economic Aspects of the Human Being as a Biological Specimen.” Streatfeild Memorial Lecture.-Mr.George Elliott Shaw, FeZZow, has kindly consented to give the Streatfeild Memorial Lecture at the Institute on Friday, 7th December, at 8 p.m., and has selected for his subject, “Quinine Manufacture in India.” Examinations, 1935.-The arrangements for examinations during 1935 will be as follows:- FORTHE ASSOCIATESHIP. Dates of Examinations. Entries close. 7th to 12th January. 5th November, 1934. 1st to 6th April. 11th February, 1935, 16th to zIst September. 8th July, 1935. FORTHE FELLOWSHIP. 8th to 13th April. 11th February, 1935. 23rd to 28th September. 8th July, 1935. For Candidates wishing to be examined in Branch G Indus-trial Chemistry the list will close on 3rd June, 1935. The Meldola Medal (the gift of the Society of Maccabzeans) is awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise and is brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st December prior to the award.The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work. The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person. The next award will be made in January, 1935. The Council will be glad to have attention directed, before 31st December, 1934, to work of the character indicated. 308 Beilby Memorial Awards.-From the interest derived from the invested capital of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, at intervals to be determined by the administrators representing the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry, and the Institute of Metals, awards are made to British investigators in science to mark appreciation of records of distinguished original work, preference being given to in-vestigations relating to the special interests of Sir George Beilby, including problems connected with fuel economy, chemical engineering, and metallurgy .Awards are made, not on the result of any competition, but in recognition of continuous work of exceptional merit, bearing evidence of distinct advancement in knowledge and practice. The administrators of the Fund are the Presidents, the Honorary Treasurers, and the Secretaries of the three partici- pating Institutions, who will next meet in October, 1934, and will be glad, in the meantime, to have their attention directed to outstanding work of the nature indicated. Correspondence on this subject should be addressed to the Convener, Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.I.Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize for Registered Students.-A medal and prize (EIO 10s.) for the best essay, not exceeding 3,000 words, will be awarded in January, 1935, and will be presented at the next Annual General Meeting, or at a meeting of the Local Section to which the successful competitor is attached. Entries are limited to registered students who are less than 22 years of age at the time of forwarding the essay. The object of the essay is to induce Registered Students to develop a sense of professional public spirit and to devote thought to questionsof professional interest and to the position of chemists in the life of the community-the essay to be on a subject of professional, rather than technical or purely chemical importance.Having due regard to the objects stated above, Registered Students are informed that the Council is prepared to consider an essay on any subject which has a bearing on chemistry or chemical work, provided that it does not deal with any purely chemical, technical, or historical subject. 309 The following are suggested- “The Chemist of the Future.” “The Relation between Thinking and Learning in Training for a Scientific Career.” The subjects of the seven previous Essays have been-1927.“The Importance of Chemistry to the Welfare of the People. ’’ 1928. “The Importance of General Education to the Professional Chemist .” 1929. “The Cultural Value of Science.” 1930. “Chemical Education from the Student’s Point of View.” 1931. “Why I have chosen Chemistry as a Profession.” 1932. “Some Aspects of Chemical Research.” (Selected by the successful Competitor.) “The Chemical Education of Part-time Students.” 1933. (Selected by the successful competitor.) Each essay must be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the Local Section of the district in which the competitor resides (see list of Local Sections at the end of the JOURNAL) on or before the 31st December, 1934,and must be accompanied by a signed declaration that it is the independent work of the competitor.Essays will be valued partly for literary style and technique, but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein. The Committee of each Local Section will be asked to select, from those received, not more than three essays considered to be worthy of the award. The essays selected by the Local Sections will be referred to assessors appointed by the Council. On the report of the assessors, the Council will decide whether, and to whom, an award be made. The award will not be made more than once to any individual competitor. Enquiries on the subject of the Sir Edward Frankland Essays should be addressed to the Registrar. Notice to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar.310 Appointments Register-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship, may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their professors.Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employment are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period, if necessary. The Institute also maintains a List of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations.Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students or Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 pm. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The Library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is available, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10a.m. to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.), except during August and the early part of September, when the hours are from 10 a.m.to 5 p.m. Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted, at present , to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, 311 but not to borrow books. Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. FOR THE LOANOF BOOKSREGULATIONS FROM THE SCIENCE LIBRARY TO FELLOWS OF THE INSTITUTEAND ASSOCIATES OF CHEMISTRY. I. The Institute has entered into an arrangement with the Science Library, Science Museum, South Kensington, S.W.7, whereby books may be borrowed on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary.2. Fellows and Associates wishing to borrow books from the Science Library are required to give to the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary a written undertaking to bear the cost of replacement of any work lost or damaged, and to return to the office of the Institute for cancellation, the duplicate (pink) requisition forms obtained from the Library when the books are returned. 3. Subsequently, borrowers may call, either personally or by representative, at the office of the Institute, and obtain signed requisitions? by means of which the works may be obtained from the Science Library. 4. Or, books can be sent by post to Fellows and Associates on written application (specifying the volume or volumes re- quired) to the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary? who will complete and transmit to the Science Library the necessary requisition forms, and the books will be posted direct from the Library.Postage will be charged to the borrower and collected from him by the Science Library authorities. 5. The regulations of the Science Library require that books on loan shall be returned at once if asked for by the Keeper of the Library; otherwise within fifteen days, or sooner, if they can be dispensed with. Fellows and Associates are earnestly re-quested to comply with this regulation, and to return books within the period specified, without waiting for a reminder from the Library. Applications for the extension of the loan period may be granted if circumstances permit.6. A Hand-list of the periodicals in the Science Library may be consulted at the office of the Institute, or copies of the Hand- list (with Supplement) may be obtained direct from the Science 312 Library for 2s. 8d. post free. An extensive author and subject catalogue is accessible at the Science Library, and bibliographies of special subjects are compiled by its expert staff as and when required. Boots Booklovers’ Library.-Fellows and Associates who desire to take advantage of the special arrangements made with Boots Booklovers’ Library are reminded that forms can be obtained on application to the Registrar. The previous subscription arranged for members of the Institute expired on the 1st March, and fresh application forms must be obtained by those members who have not already had them and desire to continue for a further year’s service.The attention of such members is specially directed to the necessity for the renewal of subscriptions or the return of the last volumes and membership tokens to the respective branches of issue. Covers €or Journal.-Members who desire covers (IS. zd. each) for binding the Journal in annual volumes, are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required. Arrangements may be made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19,Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.z, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSon the following terms: buckram cover, IS. zd.; binding, 2s. gd.; postage and packing, gd.;in all, 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides €or Lecturers.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who wish to give lectures. Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permartent addresses for registration.