THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND FOUNDED 1877 INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885 Patron -H.M. THE KING JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS PART V: 1942 Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary 30, RUSSELLSQUARE,LONDON,W.C.1 Octobev, 199. Publications Committee, 1942-43 F. P. Dunn (Chairman), J. J. Fox (President), A. L. Bacharach, H. Baines, F. Challenger, J. W. Cook, D. Jordan-Lloyd, J. R. Nicholls, Sir Robert Pickard and Garfield Thomas. APPOINTMENTS REGISTER Fellows and Associates are reminded to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Correspondence should normally be addressed to 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1; but should Members, Registered Students or other correspondents find difficulty in communicating with the Institute, urgent enquiries may be addressed to the Registrar, at 9, Westbury Road, Woodside Park, Finchley, London, N.12. Telephone number :Hillside 1859. Institute of Chemistry Benevolent Fund Founded in 1920 as a memorial to Fellows, Associates and Students who died in the service of their country, 1914--18. The contributions received for the Fund up to 31st October, 1942, are less by a sum of E126 6s. Id. than those received to the corresponding date in 1941. Fellows and Associates who have not yet forwarded their subscriptions to the Fund for the present year are invited to send them to The Hon. Treasurer, BENEVOLENT OFFUND,INSTITUTE CHEMISTRY, 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, W.C.I.LONDON, Co-operation Fellows and Associates who wish to participate in the scheme under which they can acquire, for a reduced subscription, joint membership of the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry and substantial privileges as to publications, can obtain particulars from the Conjoint Chemical Office, 6, Burlington Gardens, Piccadilly, London, W.I.Proceedings of the Council Council Meeting, 20th October, 1942.-The Council heard with deep regret the news of the death of Professor George Gerald Henderson, F.R.S., Past President (1924-1927) and stood in silent tribute to his memory. Arising from the Minutes,-further correspondence with the Ministry of Health was reported as to the activities of the Emergency Public Health Laboratory Services.The Joint Committee of the Institute and the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists had considered a letter from the Ministry in which it was sought to justify the action of the Directors of the Emergency Laboratories in soliciting analyses hitherto falling within the practices of public analysts and other chemists. The Joint Committee had pointed out that the Ministry had suggested interpretations of the circular issued in September, 1939,which might have been communicated to the Council of the Institute at that time, instead of promising the Institute that instances of encroachment on the practice of consulting and analytical chemists would receive close consideration. The correspondence is proceeding, and the Ministry is being pressed for an assurance that the original instruction given in September, 1939, will be enforced and that the work to which reference has been made will be restored to those to whom it was previously entrusted.It was reported that representations had been made to the Ministry of Transport, appealing for the continuance of cheap-day tickets for students engaged in work of national importance who endeavour to supplement their experience by evening classes. The Minister, while regretting that in view of the urgent need of reducing passenger travel to a minimum no relaxation could be made for any particular category of passengers, drew attention to the fact that monthly return tickets had been made available for all journeys where cheap-day tickets had hitherto been issued, and that these tickets showed appreciable saving when compared with the full ordinary fares.Representations had also been made to the Air Ministry urging the acceptance of attendance at approved courses in science and engineering in lieu of at least part of the classes and parades of the Air Training Corps, but no reply had so far been received. A letter was received from Mr. A. E. Findley of the City Technical College, Liverpool, suggesting that a reference in the Report of the Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections (published in JOURNAL AND YROCEEDINGS, Part Iv) to the qualifications which might be accepted for a possible third grade of membership was apt to be misinterpreted, namely, “Intermediate Science and Higher National Certificates could be accepted, but, in all cases, evidence of a good general education should be required.” Mr.Findley considered the statement f 191 3 to be unfortunate in two respects: (i) Intermediate Science implied Matriculation which was evidence of a good general education; (ii) Intermediate Science and the Higher National Certificate were placed in the same category. In Mr. Findley’s opinion, the Ordinary National Certificate was equivalent to Intermediate Science, and the statement was unfair to those who had obtained the Higher Certificate, especially if employers gave increase of salary on examination results.The Council held that it was clear that the passage was merely part of a report of a discussion and did not represent any official view. A letter was submitted from the Committee of the South Yorkshire Section suggesting that members of professional institutes should partici- pate in welcoming any of their professional brethren who might be with the United States Forces in England, and the Council agreed that the American Embassy be informed that the Institute would be glad to adopt the suggestion. A letter was received from the Physical Society Colour Group stating that attention had been repeatedly drawn to the difficulties experienced by colour-blind chemists and suggesting that a pre-vocational test distinguishing clearly between different degrees of colour-blindness would seem desirable.The Group asked if the Council had any information on the subject of colour-blindness in industry. Dr. Roche Lynch ex- pressed the view that complete colour-blindness was rare, and that it was very difficult to classify the grades of colour-blindness. Some Members of Council mentioned examples which had come within their notice, but the Council was not in a position to answer the enquiry. The Council received with gratitude the information that the late Mr. William Selby Simpson, Fellow, had bequeathed Ezooo to the Benevolent Fund of the Institute. The Registrar reported that a further collection of prints, which had been the property of the late Mr. Cecil H. Cribb, would shortly be received from the executors of his estate. The Finance and House Committee reported that, in view of the occupation of the basement of the Institute’s premises as a public air raid shelter, the Assessment Committee of the Metropolitan Borough o€ Holborn proposed to reduce the rateable value of the premises of the Institute by ,655.The Benevolent Fund Committee reported on assistance given to five cases. The receipts on subscriptions for current purposes showed a decrease of A1302 18s. 7d.comparedwith those for 1941at the corresponding date; but the donations to capital account showed an increase of E169 3s. od. The expenditure was E62 12s. gd. less than in 1941. The Report of the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee included the Report of the Board of Examiners on the September Examinations.The Publications Committee reported that Mr. Vaughan’s lecture on “Further Advances in the Use of the Spekker Photo-Electric Absorp- tiometer in Metallurgical Analysis” had been published, and that Dr. A. E. I192 1 Dunstan’s lecture on “Chemistry in the Petroleum Industry” was in the hands of the printers. The Council decided that the Streatfeild Memorial Lecture be given on Friday, 27th November, when Mr. Russell G. Pelly will give “Some Notes on Water Treatment.” The Appointments Committee submitted a Report on the Remunera- tion Statistics received in answer to the circular enquiry addressed to Fellows and Associates resident in Great Britain. (See p.195.)An Interim Report was received from the Special Committee on the Constitution and Method of Election of the Council. The Committee had had before it the views expressed by the Birmingham and Midlands, the Glasgow and West of Scotland and the Manchester and District Sections, as well as the views expressed at the Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Sections. The Committee recommended making provision in the By-laws,-for the immediate Past President to be an extra Vice- President; for the reduction of the number of Members of Council; for the election of Officers and Members of Council for three years’ service- the Treasurer to be eligible for re-election annually; to allow each Fellow and Associate to nominate two Members of Council instead of one as at present ; to enforce more strictly the rule regarding non-attendance at meetings; and to eliminate the use of the asterisk and italics on the balloting list, but to provide a statement as to the occupation and method of nomination of each candidate.The Council requested the Committee to submit draft By-laws for consideration. An Interim Report was received from the Policy Committee dealing especially with the question whether the Institute should register a third grade of members. The Committee reported that having regard to the specific purpose of the Charter of the Institute and the indiscriminate manner in which the word “membership” was liable to be used, it had formed the opinion that the establishment of a third grade of membership as such was not practicable, but felt it desirable that some form of association with the Institute-not implying membership-should be provided, between Studentship and Associateship, for persons possessing certain qualifications.The Committee asked the Council to co-opt additional members for the consideration of the matter, and also of a memorandum and notes received from the Glasgow and West of Scotland Section on a scheme for a Federation of Science and on the future policy of the Institute. Sir Robert Pickard, Mr. Norman Evers, and Mr. D. M. Freeland were added to the Committee. A Report was also received from the Publicity Committee. The Committee had reviewed the Institute’s existing publicity activities, and agreed that the Institute should be concerned essentially with publicity to qualified chemists with a view to increasing the prestige of the Institute itself; that publicity for science and scientists generally might be part of the business of the Joint Committee of the Institutes of Chemistry and Physics with representatives of other Sciences; that the Publicity Committee of the Institute should be ready to assist the Joint Committee in any manner desired; that the Institute should give wider [ 193 1 publicity to what it did for the profession, and that such activities should be more prominently treated in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS;that on appropriate occasions experienced pressmen should be engaged and supplied with approved subject matter; that the Institute should support the Chemical Council in encouraging Fellows and Associates to participate in the Co-operation Scheme, and that the Committee should be at the disposal of the Chemical Council in this connexion, if required; that appropriate steps should be taken to obtain publicity by broadcasting on the position of the profession of chemistry especially in relation to the war.The President reported that the Joint Committee of the Institutes of Chemistry and Physics had co-opted representatives of Botany (Professor W. Brown, F.R.S.), Mathematics (Professor S. Chapman, F.R.S.), Biology (Professor D. Keilin, F.R.S.) and Geology (Professor H. H. Read, F.R.S.) ; that Sir Robert Pickard had been appointed Chairman of the Joint Committee and Dr.H. R. Lang, Won. Secretary. Reports were received on Examinations for National Certificates in Chemistry (England and Wales, and Northern Ireland). Presentation to the Registrar.-Before proceeding to the business of the meeting of the Council Meeting on 16th October, the President, on behalf of past and present Officers and Members of Council and the Committees of Local Sections, made a presentation to the Registrar to commemorate his fifty years of service with the Institute. The President said that the matter had been in abeyance since the Annual General Meeting. The Registrar had found it not an easy matter at the present time to decide on the form which he would like the presentation to take, but, in the meantime, a handsome salver of Georgian pattern had been selected to be suitably inscribed and a plan-chest suitable for the preservation of the large prints in the Registrar's collection. The President said he had great pleasure in making the presentation of these gifts, together with a cheque for the unexpended balance.The Registrar, in expressing his thanks and gratitude for the gifts and for the kind thoughts which accompanied them, said that he had felt rather like a boy in a toy shop wondering what to buy. He had been perplexed but he felt that the occasion required something (the salver) that could be inscribed and the plan-chest would also be very useful. He was grateful for the many messages of congratulation and good wishes which he had received and he was especially pleased to note that the past and present Presidents and no fewer than 12 Fellows over 80 years of age, all well-known chemists, were associated with the presentation,- a mark of their continued interest in the Institute and its work. Among these Professor Frankland and Professor Henderson had sent particularly kind messages, and he was grieved to think that Professor Henderson had lately passed away.An eminent chemist had written to Mr. Collett to say :('If you see Pilcher now-a-days, please give him my kind regards and [ 1941 best wishes,” and Mr. Collett was not a little amused at the suggestion that the Registrar was not on duty every day. Ten or twelve years ago an old member had sent a message by his son, and, referring to the Regis- trar, said “If the old gentleman still comes to town please give him my warm regards.” On a previous occasion, Dr.McGowan had recalled that Professor Millar Thomson had ccndemned the Registrar to another 25 years hard labour, a sentence enforced without any remission, in spite of (he hoped) fairly good behaviour, and another member had written that he was “very glad to send his contribution to so worthy an object.” Some recalled happier days when they and the Registrar were boys together, and many kind expressions had been used which he felt he could riot deserve. He was very proud to be Registrar of the Institute and proud of its Register, the importance of which he felt even many Fellows and Associates of the Institute themselves did not realise. He was glad to have the opportunity to acknowledge the help of all whom he had served and those who had worked with him.His chief in 1892-1893, George Henry Robertson, who for a short time was Registrar and Secretary ; Professor John Millar Thomson, who acted as Honorary Registrar and Secretary for a year and then as Honorary Registrar for six years; and as Assistant Secretaries,--Mr. S. E. Carr, General Secretary of the Chemical Society, Mr. W. H. Bird, Secretary of the Institute of Brewing, Mr. G. S. W. Marlow, Secretary of the Faraday Society, and the present Assistant Secretary, Mr. R. Leslie Collett. Several clerks had become Secretaries of important Public Companies and some were associated with other Institutions.He felt, however, that no one would grudge his most earnest acknowledgment to Miss Cawston, who had been with the Institute for over 32 years, and special mention of three others who had given long and devoted service, Miss Wilson, for over 26 years, Miss Haywood and Mrs. Morkill, who would soon each complete 25 years. He also referred to the valuable co-operation of the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections, with whom headquarters was on very good terms. He had been happy and fortunate, but, as most of the Council knew, he had been most fortunate and happy in a devoted and loving wife and family. Remuneration Statistics.-In Part 111 of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,issued in June, Fellows and Associates resident in Great Britain were informed that they would receive a letter and a prepaid addressed postcard on which they would be asked to make, anonymously, a return of their remuneration.6,884 cards were issued shortly after the publication of that part of the Journal. Up to 30th September, 5,360 cards had been received. The returns are now being carefully scrutinised and collated and a report will be published in due course. In November, 1938,a similar return was requested, cards being sent to all members, resident both at home and abroad. The membership when the returns were collated (January, 1939), was 7,185, and 5,366 cards were returned. [ 195 1 Gas Identification Service.-Reprints of Dr. G. W. Ferguson’s paper on “Some Aspects of the Work of the Gas Identification Service,” published in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part IV, with the concurrence of the author and the Institute of Civil Defence, have been supplied to the Ministry of Home Security for distribution to all Gas Identification Officers and other persons concerned. The Ministry, in commending the paper, makes one minor criticism,-referring to “(I) Mustard Gas Inci-dents” (p.I~I),viz.:-that it is considered that the paragraph does not convey the right impression of the function of the official test for mustard gas. Variations in concentrations of vapour make it impossible for 9recise results to be obtained by any rapid test, but it is claimed that the rdugh assessment obtained by the official method is sufficient to dictate the action to be taken; it is considered that emphasis should be laid on “action ” rather than “measurement.” Local Sections The Institute is not responsible for the views expressed in papers read OY in speeches delivered during discussions.Birmingham and Midlands.-On 23rd September, Dr. L. R. Bishop gave before the Section a lecture entitled “Science in Brewing.” (See p. 212.) Bristol and South-Western Counties.-A meeting of the Section was held jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical In- dustry and the Chemical Society on 1st October, in the Chemistry Depart- ment of the University of Bristo1,--Dr. A. C. Monkhouse, Chairman of the Institute Section, presiding. Dr. G. Gee read a paper on “The Rubber Molecule,-Its Size and Significance.” (A Summary will be given in Part VI.) Cardiff and District.-Dr.J. F. J. Dippy, FeZZow, is retiring from the office of Hon. Secretary of the Section on taking up his duties as Head of the Chemistry Department of the Wigan and District Mining Technical College. Dr. D. P. Evans, Associate, has been appointed Hon. Secretary and Hon. Treasurer of the Section. Glasgow and West of Scotland.-During the forthcoming session all meetings, except business meetings of the Institute, will be arranged jointly with the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry, each Society being responsible for at least two meetings. [ 196 1 On 25th September, in the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, the President, Dr.J. J. Fox, addressed Fellows, Associates and Students of the Institute on some of the matters at present engaging the attention of Council and its Committees. These included such questions as-a third grade of membership, sectional and regional representation on Council, co-operation and collaboration with other Societies, and methods of bringing about closer union of the three Chartered Bodies. Time did not permit of discussion of all the points raised by Dr. Fox, but it was proposed that, at the Annual General Meeting of the Section on 30th October, members should be given an opportunity of voicing their opinions. On the same evening the President addressed a large gathering of the members of the three Societies, on “Methods in use for Infra-red In- vestigations.” The address was fully illustrated by lantern slides.(See p. 212.) Both meetings were presided over by Professor W. M. Cumming, Chairman of the Section. On 2nd October a joint meeting, arranged by the Plastics Group of the Society of Chemical Industry, was held in the Royal Technical College, when Mr. W. H. Nuttall (Chairman of the Glasgow Section of the Society of Chemical Industry) presided over a very large audience. Mr. C. Chapman gave an address entitled “Whither Plastics?”, dealing with the production of plastics, their variety, the gradual im- provement in production and quality, the present uses and the future possibilities. He also spoke of the limitations to the use of such materials. ,4 large display of specimens of raw materials and of finished articles added greatly to the value and interest of the lecture.London and South-Eastern Counties.-On 26th August, a party of members visited the Imperial Institute at South Kensington and inspected exhibits of Empire raw materials and products manufactured therefrom. Sir Harry Lindsay, the Director of the Imperial Institute, in welcoming the party, said that the exhibits in the Galleries represented only part of the activities of that Institute. He referred to the laboratories where analyses and small-scale technical trials were carried out on new or little- known raw materials of Empire origin, mentioning that the work of the two intelligence sections and the technical library were at the service of all who are interested in such materials.He stressed the importance of chemists becoming familiar with sources of supply, with by-products and with possible substitutes, remarking on instances where the waste product of one decade became of primary importance in the next. For example, ilmenite from Travancore, was a waste product in the recovery of monazite from beach sands, but owing to the increasing use of titanium white paint, later became the most important mineral yielded by the deposits, and was exported to the extent of 250,000 tons a year. Other important minerals,-rutile, zircon and sillimanite-were also obtained as by-products. An admirable plastic moulding powder could be produced [ 197 1 from bagasse, the fibrous residue of sugar-cane, so that it had even been suggested that the sugar might simply become a by-product of a new plastics industry.The manufacture in Brazil of a new plastic-cafelite- from the coffee bean, was another example showing how the chemist was altering the outlook on some of t.he major crop products of the world. The visitors enjoyed a selection of Empire films depicting scenes of life in India; the mining of manganese at Postmasburg, South Africa, with its preparation of transport to Durban and the production of ferro-alloys at Newcastle, Natal; the ravages of a number of insect pests on fruit and the means adopted to combat them by spraying with petroleum emulsions, and the cultivation and preparation for the market of cocoa, bananas, coconuts and other products in Trinidad.The meeting was very successful, and Dr. Nicholls, the Chairman, iii proposing a vote of thanks to the Director and his staff, suggested that the Section might well ask to be allowed to make it an annual affair, although the Director had indicated that visits from individual members would also be welcomed. Manchester and District.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 17th October, in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of Manchester University, when a presentation was made to Dr. A. Coulthard in appreciation of his very long and valuable services as Honorary Secre- tary of the Section. A joint meeting was subsequently held with the Chemical Society at which Dr. G. Baddeley read a paper on “Aluminium Chloride as an Agent of Isomerisation.” South Wales.--A meeting of the Section was held jointly with the University College of Swansea Chemical Saciety on 10th October, in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, University College, Swansea,- Mr.R. H. Jones presiding. Dr. G. Roche Lynch, a Vice-President of the Institute, delivered an address on “Some Medico-Legal Experiences.” The meeting was well attended and the address was greatly appi-e- ciated by an audience which included local members of the Chemical Society, and of the Society of Chemical Industry and members of the medical and legal professions and of the Borough Constabulary . Tees-side.-The First General Meeting of the Section was held ox 3rd September, at Norton-on-Tees,-Dr.G. 1. Higson presiding. The report of the Acting Hon. Secretary on the formation of the Section was read and adopted. Rules drafted by the provisional committee were read and ratified. The Committee, the Hon. Secretary, the Hon. Treasurer and Hon. Auditors were elected as follows :-Committee, Mr. R. W. Ancrum, Ah-. T. Biddulph-Smith, Dr. G. I. Higson, Mr. E. Kilner, Mr. A. J. Prince, Mr. A. Scholes, Mr. 13. N. Wilson; Hon. Secretary, Dr. F. R. Williams; Hon. Treasurer, Dr. M. Guter; Auditors, Mr. A. T. S. Zeally, Dr. E. R. Davies. c 1981 SUMMARIES OF LECTURES Chromatographic Analysis By T. W. BREADEN,M.Sc., A.I.C. [Joint meeting of the Dublin Section and Chemical Society, 25th February, 19421 A “two-dimensional” chromatograph may be made using two glass plates; the top plate having a ;I’ hole bored in the centre.The adsorbent is ordinary blotting paper held firmly clamped between the plates. A solution of nettle leaf pigments in carbon disulphide is allowed to drop through the hole in the top plate until a coloured circle of about it’ diameter is formed on the blotting paper. Carbon disulphide is now allowed to drip slowly from a burette, through the hole. The green pigments travel slowly outwards, leaving in the centre of the paper a circle of orange-yellow pigment. A 4”bore glass tube, 12” loHg, is packed with powdered cane sugar for 2/3 its length. Under this layer is packed a layer of calcium car- bonate; and under this, a layer of alumina.A solution of nettle leaf pigments in carbon-disulphide is allowed to travel down the tube under slight suction until 4”of the sugar column at the top is coloured. A developing agent, consisting of light petroleum, 60-80” b.p., and benzene (9 : I) is sucked very slowly down the column. A narrow, deep green zone of chlorophyll /? is visible at the top of the column. Under this, a broad zone of less intense green (chlorophyll a) is formed on the sugar; and on further development a zone of xanthophyll is formed on the calcium carbonate, while traces of carotene are visible on the alumina layer. A solution of azobenzene in petrol ether, 60-80” b.p., is irradiated for 12 hours under a mercury vapour lamp. The solution is passed down a column of alumina under gravity, and developed with light petroleum, 60-80” b.p., under slight suction.A narrow firmly-adsorbed zone of cis-azobenzene is apparent at the top of the column, and a broad zone of trans-azobene travels down the collurnn. Mixtures of coloured organic pigments may be separated on the chromatograph with a suitable adsorbent. The lichen Xanthovia parietitta var. aureola, contains two pigments of the trihydroxyanthraquinone methyl ether type which are not separable by chemical means. A solution of the pigments in chloroform is chromatographed on a column of precipitated chalk prepared as follows:-A suspension of precipitated chalk in benzene is prepared by shaking. The suspension is then distilled until all moisture is removed from the chalk.The distillation is continued until the suspension has the con- sistency of a thick cream. The cream so formed is poured into a wide tube (I~’’-z” bore), tapped to remove air bubbles, and allowed to stand for 12 hours. At the end of C 199 3 this time the chalk settles as a closely packed even column in the tube. Chloroform is now added carefully to the tube and allowed to wash out the benzene. The pigment solution in chloroform is added slowly to the tube and allowed to percolate under gravity. Development is effected with benzene and two zones are then apparent in the column, (a) a narrow firmly adsorbed pink zone at the top of the column, and (b) a broad lightly adsorbed yellow zone which may be washed out completely on further development.The column of chalk containing the zones is pushed out of the tube and the zones separated by cutting the column with a scalpel. The segments are dried and treated with dilute hydrochloric acid to dissolve the chalk. The acidified solutions are extracted with chloroform and the organic material crystallised from chloroform. The pigments of this lichen thus separated by Nolan and Breaden were found to be (I) parietin, C,,H,,05 m.p. 205-207’ C. (zone b) and a substance of higher m.p. (zone a) which has not yet been identified. Mixtures of colourless substances, for example, sterols, may be separated by chromatographing the azobenzene carboxylic ester. Spot tests may also be used to detect the separation of colourless substances. The pigments of red pepper may be separated by using a column packed on top with chalk and underneath with alumina, according to the method of Zechmeister and Cholnoky.Micro-Analysis and Laboratory Gadgets By V. E. J. DAVIDSON,M.Sc., Ph.D., A.I.C. [Joint meeting of Dublin Section and Chemical Society, 25th February, 1942.1 The routine standard determinations of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, halogen, acetyl and methoxyl groups are liable to many errors, the elimination of which, in order to obtain a suitable degree of accuracy, requires careful study beforehand, constant practice and meticulous care during the performance of the analysis. A boiling water bath is required for the estimation of methoxyl groups and to avoid the disaster of the bath boiling dry at the crucial moment it is useful to have it fitted with a constant level device.Such a bath may be constructed in either metal or glass on the principle dis- cussed in Ind. and Eng. Chem. ATial. Ed., Aug., 1940, 483, which is illus- trated in Fig. I. The water is fed from the reservoir A. The flow of water from this source is controlled by the quantity of air allowed to pass into the inlet D, which is in turn determined by the passage of air through C. The only inlet for air into the system is through the opening B, and, as can be seen from the diagram, the air can only pass from B to D if the level of the water in the bath is such that it does not close the orifice of the tube C, viz. the level indicated.The advantage of this arrangement over the older “drip” type is that the compensating water from the column E is, [ 200 1 at the most, only a few degrees below boiling point and thus the tempera- ture of the bath remains constant. The micro method of Rast for the determination of molecular weights owes its usefulness to the extremely small quantities (0.0003 g.) of sub- € FIG.2 FIG.1 stance required ; however, these small quantities necessitate extremely careful manipulation for the successful exploitation of the method, and such acts as the handling of the weighing tubes would ruin the experi- ment. A useful pair of forceps, designed for the purpose, may be con- structed from a stout piece of wire. This instrument is shown in Fig.2. The tube, after cleaning with a chamois cloth, is placed, without handling, [ 201 1 between the claws of the forceps. This latter operation is performed by laying the tube on a glass plate or watchglass and then taking the forceps, laying the bar A on the index and second finger and depressing the knob B with the thumb. When the tube has been manoeuvred beneath the claws the thumb pressure is released and the tube is quite firmly held by the pressure of the spring C. To release the tube on to the hooks of the micro-balance, the knob B is depressed, when the tube falls out of the forceps on to the balance hooks. FIG.3 For the above-mentioned determination a melting-point bath with an automatic stirrer may be made as described by Botham, Clzenz.and Ind., 1942,p. 10. The stirrer is operated by a piston (Fig. 3)working in a glass cylinder F, the piston being activated by an ordinary water suction pump. The piston G is ground to fit the cylinder F; it was found better to use a spherical piston head rather than a cylindrical one, as the former when ground offers less friction and is less liable to stick owing to small differences of alignment. A further improvement was to bend the stirrer as shown in the diagram (Fig. 3), so as to raise the centre of gravity as near as [ 2021 possible to the geometric centre of the apparatus. The principle is that the suction raises the piston up as far as the wide portion H, when the suction ceases and the mass of the stirrer is sufficient to drag the piston down into the cylinder F and so the operation is repeated.An automatic catalytic hydrogenator, which is an improvement on the older Gattermann type, consistsof two parts :-(Figq) a large graduated FIG.6 FIG.6 vessel M from which the hydrogen can be forced by a small head of water in the cantainer N, and a shaking arrangement for the bomb T, which is suspended from the point V by a cradle made of pieces of wire and two strips of tinplate. The whole is activated by a 1/8th H.P. motor which drives the Meccano wheel R, connected to the cradle by a push rod, as c 203 1 shown in the diagram. The method of operation is to place the solution of compound and catalyst in the funnel P and then evacuate the bomb through S.The tap on P is then opened and the mixture admitted with the minimum amount of air. The tap W is next opened and the hydrogen admitted. The motor is now started and the progress of the reduction can be judged by the rise of water in the cylinder M. The apparatus is the only one of its kind used in University College, Dublin, where it works with equal efficiency for all types of catalysts. It is made both portable and compact by being built around a heavy retort stand. Useful pieces of apparatus may be made from such waste as broken- necked flasks and tubing. One interesting apparatus (Fig. 5), a three- 1 IFIG.7 necked adaptor which enables one to fit a stirrer, a condenser, and a delivery funnel to an ordinary flask, may, when fitted to a short-necked Bask, be used in conjunction with a stirrer seal in the Reimer reaction.Fig. 6 shows this stirrer seal fitted to an apparatus designed for the Gattermann reaction. The flask in Fig. 6 was made from a broken- necked pyrex flask to which a broken pyrex test tube H had been sealed. This stirrer seal improves upon the older and more cumbersome mercury seal by utilizing the reaction liquid itself as the sealing medium. As can be seen (Figs. 5 and 6) it is merely a wide glass tube fitted over the stirrer rod and dipping below the liquid, which closes the end of that tube and prevents any escape of vapour. r 204 1 In Fig. 7 a steam distillation apparatus for micro chemistry is illus- trated; this combines the usual separate steam generator and inter- mediate flask, and was constructed from a design given in Morton’s Laboratory Technique, p.142. It has been found very satisfactory in research work in .University College, Dublin. The steam is generated by boiling the water in the puter flask A, from which it passes through B into the tube C containing the compound. The tube C is kept at 100’C. by the boiling water surrounding it. Steam-volatile products are delivered through the tube D. It is of paramount importance that students of chemistry be able to design apparatus and construct it from material at hand rather than have to curtail their experimental work to suit the available apparatus. This ahplies more especially, perhaps, to students in Eire where supplies of apparatus are limited and at present take a long time in deliveryfrom England.Chemist versus Forger By JULIUS GRANT,M.Sc., Ph.D., F.I.C. (London and S.E. Counties Section, 15th July and 12th August, 1942) A novel method of approach to problems arising from forgeries of books and documents depends on the fact that it is unusual to find two pieces of paper identical in all respects, unless of course they were made at the same time. Paper, in fact, might almmt be likened to human beings in the infinite variety of different characteristics shown even by “related ” specimens. These differences vary considerably, from those of the more obvious kind such as water-marks, to differences in the nature and treatment of the fibres, and the nature of the loading, etc.; their differentiation, therefore, falls within the province of the chemist rather than of the general forgery expert.The method increases greatly the possibility of detecting forgeries and of dating documents, although it has a weak point, when a forger is able to obtain a piece of authentic old paper for his purpose; old books frequently contain quite large areas of blank sheets which can be removed and used in this way. The “method of anachronism’’ has proved very fruitful in work of this kind. Briefly it depends on the identification in the paper of con-stituents or characteristics which were known for certain to be typical of papers subsequent to a particular date, but not prior to it.It is thus often possible to sandwich the possible date of manufacture of the paper between two fairly close known dates. Examples of such “mile- stones” are the fibre content, the nature of the loading or colouring matters, the presence or otherwise of starch and the type of starch used, and, of course, other characteristics of paper based on sizing agents and the method of beating the fibres, etc. The classical example of this nature (Carter and Pollard) is the suspected first edition of Tennyson’s Morte d’Arthur, which, although dated 1842, was found to contain esparto fibres-which were not used until 1861! [ 205 3 Ultra-violet light also has many uses in the detection of forgeries. Faded documents may be rendered visible by simple inspection or after impregnation with a fluorescent material.An application of topical interest is to charred documents which have suffered enemy action. The remains are treated with a solution of a fluorescefit oil in petroleum spirit, and the differential absorption of the oil by the remains of the ink and of the paper enables the writing to be read in ultra-violet light. Ink eradica- tions, invisible inks and imitation watermarks may also be revealed by ultra-violet light; the method evolved for watermarks depends on the fact that in cases of falsification the rate of penetration through the watermark is the same as, or less than, through the surrounding paper, and this may be followed by the use of a fluorescent medium.Infra-red light is used too, but it is not always successful, particularly with charred documents, and, moreover, it has the disadvantage that photographic methods are essential. On the other hand, much can be done with ordinary visible light, particularly by photography through colour filters, to make markings or writing stand out from a background on which they are normally indistinguishable. Writing on soiled paper, or a postmark date on a highly-coloured stamp are examples of this nature. In the identification of forgeries involving hand-writing, the slopes of the lines and the microscopical characteristics of ink marks are often useful indication. Changes due to wear of typewriter lettering can also be measured photomicrographically, and if these are compared with the same letters typed on the same machine on known dates, then the date of the questioned writing may be assessed.The diffusion of writing ink away from the pen-stroke into the paper results in the dispersion of the sulphate ions throughout the paper, and if this is rendered visible by conversion into lead sulphide by chemical treatment, the date of the writing may be estimated from the degree of “fuzz” surrounding the ink lines. (Illustrations of the above and other examples were shown on the screen.) Structure and Pattern in Carbohydrates By PROFESSOR F.R.S., Nobel Laureate. W. N. HAWORTH, [Birmingham and Midlands Section, aznd July, 1942.1 The formulation of monosaccharides in the pyranose and furanose forms and the I :4-mode of linkage of the two glucopyranose units in maltose and cellobiose were briefly discussed.The repeating units in starch, straight chains of a-glucopyranose units, were shown to be aggregated by polymeric linkages engaging a hydroxyl on C-atom 6. This structure was compared with that of cellulose where the repeating unit consists of more than 200 /3-glucopyranose residues ;the contribution of X-ray methods to structural determinations in cellulose investigations was emphasized. Mention was made of the phosphorylase enzyme of C. S. Hanes, by which the system, glucose-I-phosphate+starch, [ 206 1 can be studied in vitro. By analogy it was suggested from the known structure of agar (a polygalactose) that galactose-I-sulphate may act as the substrate for the agar synthesizing enzyme.Knowledge is now available concerning the structure of many bacterial polysaccharides such as the dextrans which are polyglucoses joined by I : 6-linkages as in gentiobiose. Complexity of polysaccharide structure is introduced, not only by different linkages, but by differences in the type of constituent units as in the /&amylase polysaccharide which has galactose, arabinose, and xylose joined in a branched chain structure. An important con-stituent of biological material is the amino-sugar glucosamine, the formu- lation of which as 2-aminoglucose has been confirmed by X-ray methods. One mode of its occurrence, namely, by being joined by glucosidic linkages to mannose, was shown by the example of ovomucoid.Asso-ciated with glucosamine one often finds other units of the glucuronic acid type which play a predominant role in determining the immunological specificity of some bacterial polysaccharides like those from the pneumo- coccus. Illany plant gums give serological reactions with pneumococcus antisera and a description was given of the mode of investigation of the complex gum arabic. Identification of the hydrolysis products of its methylated derivative demonstrates the branched chain structure of the gum. The labile sugar residues, Z-arabinose, I-rhamnose, and 3-galacto- pyranosido-Z-arabinose, which are liberated during autohydrolysis of arabic acid, are joined to the nucleus of degraded arabic acid in the form of Z-arabofuranose, I-rhamnopyranose, and 3-galactopyranosido-Z-arabo-furanose. In addition to I :3-and I : 6-linkages in arabic, acid, I : 4-linkages also exist and the type of structure present in gum arabic was discussed.“Concerning Biscuits ” By D. M. FREELAND,F.I.C. [London and South-Eastern Counties Section, 16th September, 1942.1 Historical.-The investigations of John Belenden Ker into the origin of Nursery Rhymes (1835) showed that “Pat-a-Cake ” was derived from an Old English rhyme, which when translated became a lampoon of the Bekers-man who bore the beaker or cup at the Communion Service, drank the wine himself and doled the wafer to the labourer, who suffered from his impositions. The unleavened bread of the Israelites may be regarded as an historical record of manufactured biscuits, and there is a further Biblical reference, this time to cracknels, in I Kings, chap.14, verse 3, though these bore little resemblance to the cracknel of to-day. The word “biscuit” is a hybrid, from the Latin, bis = twice, and the French, cuit = cooked or baked, and it is thought that the term arose from the baking of bread twice, or even four times, so that it remained in an edible condition during long voyages under sail. Carr, a miller of Carlisle, began the making of biscuits by machinery in 1817, and was soon followed by other makers, many of whom serve the public to this day. [ 207 1 Manufacture.--The remarks concerning manufacture apply to biscuits intended for human consumption, apart from those of a specialised or medicated character.Description of a biscuit plant barely does justice to the ingenuity which has been brought to bcar upon it. Despite the reduction, due to the war, in the types now prodilced, it was officially announced that ~g,zoo,ooo,ooobiscuits were consumed during the year ending last June. The ingredients employed are treated and examined before use. Flour is screened to remove adventitious impurities, sugar may be ground finer than delivered, nuts blanched, fruit cleaned and fats rendered to a uniform state. The ingredients to form a dough are wcighed or measured into mixers which agitate them into intimate contact until a stiff though pliable dough results, the time of mixing varying according to the type of biscuit being produced.The dough is “braked” or rolled into sheets of the desired thickness and is then rendered into a continuous sheet at the feed end of the cutting machine. The sheet travels forward and meets the cutting head which stamps the shapes and docks them with the familiar holes simultaneously. The “stamps” are divided from the residual dough sheet and layered on to pans or wires, and these pass through the oven tunnels on continuous chains or bands. The ovens are fired by high-pressure gas supply, and the time of traverse depends upon the nature of the biscuit, varying between 3 and 30 minutes. At the delivery end of the oven the biscuits are collected from the pans, usually by mechanical means, and pass to be tempered before being packed.Con-tinuous plant incorporating the cutters and oven traverse is now in vogue. Many types of biscuit of pre-war days were hand-made and included Scotch shortbreads, rusks, sponges, macaroons. For these, draw-plate ovens were often employed. Wafers, made from a fluid dough, required a special form of travelling oven, and cracknels were peculiar in that the dough was boiled prior to being baked. Mechanical devices are employed for producing cream sandwich and iced biscuits; biscuits are coated with chocolate in enrober machines, the chocolate being set in cooling tunnels using refrigerated air. In normal times, perhaps the most detailed work in a biscuit factory is found in the packing departments, especially those dealing with assortments.Ingredients and their injzience ztpoia each other.-A biscuit dough offers innumerable problems for the physico-chemist, especially as the in- gredients of a mixing become augmented from flour and water. Ostwald (1919)described flour as a coarse dispersion of several hydrogels, poor in water. With water as dispersion medium, it becomes a dispersoid and the proteins become hydrated and bind some of the water. With the proteins, starch is present to a much greater extent and also, perhaps, a little cellulose and to a smaller degree, sugars, salts and air occluded or adsorbed due to the kneading operations. Swan (Cer. Chem., 1941,18, 625) points out that although there are six to seven times as much starch as protein in a flour, the protein is assumed to hold as much water as the starch.He suggests that after the molecular surface forces of the [ 208 1 proteins have bound sufficient water, the remainder attains the freedom of loose water as it departs from the molecular field of force, although no sharp boundary between free and bound water exists. The evidence for this is that the vapour pressure of the dough is equal to that of water. The degree of fineness, or granularity of the flour, is also important, for the work of Lampitt et nl. has shown that fine grinding of wheat starch effects the swelling of starch to disruption point. Flour is a biological material, and when doughed with water, enzymatic processes begin, so that diastasis and proteolysis occur.The initial moisture content of from 12% to 17% in flour must be assumed to be bound water, for this does not initiate the enzyme action. The researches of Gortner and Hamalainen (Cer. Chem., 1940,17, 378) indicate that the starch is enclosed in an envelope of protein and that before diastasis is possible this outer shell must be penetrated. If this is so, the effect of fine grinding in milling becomes obvious when the flour is doughed. The qualities of tenacity and elasticity in a dough depend in the main upon the ratio of the two proteins, glutenin and gliadin, which together form the gluten of the flour (smaller quantities of other proteins also occur). Many workers, both here and abroad, have developed apparatus to measure and compare such effects in flour doughs, notably Chopin in France and Brabender in Germany. Brabender’s apparatus produces “Farinograms”-graphs which serve to demonstrate that a flour with a high glutenin-gliadin ratio will stand up to mixing and working for a considerable time without loss of strength.Such a flour might be pro- duced from a Canadian wheat, whereas a flour derived from wheat grown in England, containing a much higher proportion of gliadin, is found to produce a graph indicating a sharp falling away in strength as mixing proceeds, even with reduced speed of mixing. These weak flours produce the ordinary kinds of biscuits; for dry types like crackers stronger flours are needed. InjZuence of fats.-Fat serves to “shorten” a dough and aids the introduction of sugary materials.Sugar with little fat would yield heavy and brittle biscuits. In doughing, the fat becomes emulsified and en- meshed with the protein strands and the starch. This is not the sole function, however, for like quantities of different fats do not produce the same effects of shortening. There is sufficient evidence that the shorten- ing capacity of a fat is influenced by the degree of unsaturation it possesses. The suggestion is therefore advanced that a loose form of combination exists between the double bonds in the fat and the amino acids of the proteins, for it has been established that the fat of cereal products is not entirely free for extraction by direct solvent extraction methods.Mild hydrolysis must be performed in order to obtain the full quota of fat. The breaking or crushing measurement of products made from a standard dough containing unit quantities of different fat affords some idea of shortening value. In choosing fats for biscuit production, the manufacturer has to envisage the time elapsing from production to con- sumption. High unsaturation in fats implies a raised potential for r 209 3 combination with oxygen and the onset of autocatalysedrancidity-changes. Hence, such fats can only usefully be employed in biscuits having a ready sale. Inhibitors to rancidity have come to the rescue, and those derived from various cereals, advocated by the Musher Foundation of America, deserve special mention.The physical characters of fats in melting have also to be considered, especially for the export trade. For products containing a high proportion of fat, the use of wetting agents to prevent seepage of fats is likely to prove advantageous. In$uence of sugar.-Sugary materials produce the browning of the surface of baked products through dextrinisation or caramelisation, but there is little evidence that sugars are degraded to reducing sugars in the process. Generally the sugar used must be pure, e.g., cane sugar should contain very little invert sugar, because of the hygroscopic nature of this “impurity,” if crisp biscuits are desired. Ginger nuts become quickly soft on exposure to the air because of the invert sugar in them.A desiccator and calcium chloride is strongly advocated to keep biscuits crisp and in good condition! Biscuits are bad conductors of heat, and in cooling from the oven heat suffer strains which produce hair-cracks or “checking,” usually in the centre of the biscuit. This fault is most evident in hard sweet types of biscuit and, to prevent it, the correct balancing of sugary matter with the rest of the ingredients and the careful tempering of biscuits till cool become important considerations in manufacture. Efect of aerating agents.-These are used to lighten the texture of the dough in opposition to the sag which occurs when the moisture departs during baking. Some are decomposed at oven heats, like ammonium carbonate or bicarbonate, calcium acid phosphate and sodium bicarbonate ; others are slowly reactive at ordinary temperatures and rapidly reactive when heated, such as cream of tartar or sodium acid pyrophosphate with sodium bicarbonate, whilst tartaric acid and bicarbonate react in situ.The general tendency is to employ the first group. The use of adipic acid, acid lactates, gluconates and hydrogen peroxide has been advocated in recent years. Aerating agents must be nicely pro- portioned and the pH of the resultant goods should be 5 to 7. An alkaline pH results in discolouration of the interior, mottling of the surface and destruction of vitamins. Dietetic value.-Biscuits have long been valued as a form of concen-trated food with keeping properties. They have provided rations for navies, armies and expeditions of discovery.During extensive air raids the public demand for concentrated dry foods like biscuits and chocolate soon depleted existing stocks. Typical compositions of ‘biscuits may be found in the tables of McCance and Widdowson’s Chemical Composition of Foods. Comparison of the calorific values derived from these tables shows that, weight for weight, ordinary types of biscuits yield rather more than double the calories of wholemeal bread, and even more as the fat content of the biscuits is increased. A slice of dry bread 4;-” square and iffthick, weighing 18ounces, would have the calorie equivalent of an L-210 1 ounce of ordinary biscuits. Consideration of the desired ratio of fat, carbohydrate and protein in diet, however, shows that usually biscuits are deficient in proteins. Therefore, cheese or milk when consumed with biscuits aids the restoration of a suitable dietary balance.Of the mineral matter contained in biscuits, calcium and phosphorus are the principal dietary elements present, but the ratio of the former to the latter is deficient nutritionally. Hence, milk and cheese with biscuits help to restore the situation. The preference for a distinct flavour associated with a particular make of biscuit will always remain peculiar to the individual consumer. Difficulties of supply of essential ingredients hav2 caused many famous kinds to disappear for the duration of the war, but there is no marked deterioration in those now produced. The vitamins contained in the raw materials of the industry do not suffer drastically if due care is taken in production.Thus, the fat soluble vitamins of butter, usually an ingredient of first class biscuits, should not be seriously depleted by the manufacturing operations, whilst the aneurine content of the cereals is safeguarded if the $H of the dough is nicely regulated. Biscuits should be regarded as an energising food and there should be no necessity to transform them to a nutritional medicine by the in- corporation of vitamins over and above those pertaining to the in- gredients. The titles given to biscuits have in most instances become firmly fixed through long association. They do not always denote the exact nature of the biscuit.There may be no butter in Petit Beurre, no arrowroot in Thin Arrowroot, no tea in Rich Tea and no dairy cream in Cream Crackers. The role of the Chemist in the Indzsstry.-The baked biscuit should be sound and wholesome if the raw materials comply with accepted standards of purity. Hence, analytical control of cereals, sugars, fats, fruits, baking chemicals, dairy products, spices, flavours and colours occupy much of the chemist’s time. Other attributes of the works chemist should be some knowledge of steam plant, lubricating oils and water conditioning. Softened water may be put to varied uses, e.g., as feed water for boilers, laundry work and tin cleansing, each requiring different degrees of alkalinity. Mention of a laundry implies that he may be called upon to advise on soaps, wetting agents, bleaching materials and the removal of stains.Then there are questions of labels, printing and adhesives. The hygiene of a food factory is an important consideration and the detergents and disinfectants used rnust not possess too much odour, for biscuits quickly absorb odours. Incidentally, this explains why a careful manufacturer does not include a ginger nut in an assortment of biscuits. Finally, natural history comes within the ambit of the biscuit chemist, for raw materials from diverse sources and climes sometimes bring their [ 211 ] own particular pests. A collection should be formed of specimens and the functions and use of insecticides should be mastered.The chemist in this industry can claim to be a general practitioner rather than a specialist, who is often prone to “take the Biscuit.” “Methods in use for Infra-Red Investigations ’’ By J. J. Fox, C.B., O.B.E., D.Sc., President [Glasgow and West of Scotland Section, 25th September, 1942.1 Although the ultra-violet part of the spectrum has been known and used for a long time, the knowledge and application of the infra-red portion is of more recent date. The interpretation of infra-red spectra is com- paratively simple since there is freedom from electronic frequency inter- ference, the bands and lines coming from rotational and vibrational frequencies. Prisms of quartz, rock-salt and potassium bromide have special value because of their transparency at particular regions of the infra-red.Gratings are used to obtain better dispersion. Carbon dioxide and aqueous vapour must be excluded during investigations on account of their strong absorptions. The infra-red spectra of compounds containing carbonyl, methylene or hydroxy groups exhibit prominent bands with characteristic fine structure, and these can be used for identifying the presence of such groups. Bycomparison of spectra deductions can be made as to the effect of concen- tration on the association of alcohols and the spectrum of o-methoxy- benzoic acid shows that it exists in two stereo-isomeric forms. Salicyl-aldehyde often contains minute amounts of the isomeric para-compound and infra-red analysis shows that purification of the aldehyde through its copper salt removes all traces of the impurity.Science in Brewing By L. R. BISHOP,M.A., Ph.D., F.I.C. [Birmingham and Midlands Section, 23rd September, 1942.1 The art of Brewing has descended by tradition from the times in ancient Sumeria and Egypt when it was associated with baking in the first developments of civilisation. In the present-day manufacture of beer, barley is threshed and then malted; that is, it is steeped in water and germinated while spread on large floors. It is then dried by heat and the rootlets rubbed off, leaving malt. In the subsequent process of brewing, the malt is first crushed and then “mashed” with hot water at a definite temperature (near 65” C.). In this process starch is converted by amylase to sugars and dextrins which are drained and washed out.The resulting “extract” or “wort” is boiled with hops, which give tannin to precipitate deleterious proteins, and resins antiseptic against dcleterious yeast organisms. The c 212 1 boiled wort is cooled to 15°C. and fermented for a week with yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) which rises and is skimmed off: the beer is then separated and stored. In the Continental lager brewing system the mash temperature is not constant, but is raised in stages by boiling part of the mash and returning it. In the subsequent fermentation lower temperatures and a yeast which settles to the bottom, instead of rising to the top, are used. This industry of brewing which has developed so enormously in the last century is still essentially based on the art formerly practised in the monastery and manor house kitchen, but scientific control is gradually being established with the growth of understanding of the immense complexity underlying the apparent simplicity of the process.The first beginnings of control came with the application of the thermometer to control temperatures in nearly all the different stages of the process and with the application of the hydrometer to measure the amount of “extract” as well as the extent to which the sugars in this are converted to alcohol in fermentation. The main scientific advance started with the brilliant investigations on diseases in beer by Pasteur. The studies of the enzyme amylase by Kjeldahl at the Carlsberg Laboratories, the researches of O’Sullivan on starch and dextrins, on amylase and invertase, the researches on germination by Brown and the investigation of $H and other subjects by Sorenson, are instances of scientific progress originating in connexion with brewing.Recent important work by Winge on the life cycle of yeast has led to the possibility of breeding new hybrids by controlled crossing. Much work has been done on the selection of suitable barley and high prices have been paid for “quality” which is closely associated with low nitrogen content. Over the country as much as EI,OOO,OOOa year has been paid as a bonus for quality. This tendency is becoming less marked. It has been shown that the amounts of the individual proteins are regularly related to the total nitrogen content of the barley.In con- sequence more reliance can be placed on this latter figure, and from this and from the average weight of the barley grain it has proved possible to predict the amount of extract and of yeast feeding nitrogen which will be found in the wort from the resulting malt. So that part at any rate of the value of a barley to the brewer can be accurately assessed. The action of the enzymes amylase, phosphatase and protease in mashing have been studied and the fate of the hop resins in boiling. It is at the fermentation stage that financial aspects again become striking, for the “wort” is assessed for duty according to its strength or “extract. ” Some one hundred and fifty million pounds are contributed to the Exchequer in a year.The fermentation process has been subject to many and puzzling variations making control difficult. Sometimes the yeast rises to the top too soon, leaving the beer only partly fer- mented, or, may be, the yeast stays in too long, causing over-fermentation and yeast turbidity. One possible cause of such variations is the c 213 1 greater development of some races of yeast than of others and this may be controlled by selection of different portions of the yeast crop. Another factor is the action of crystalline particles in the wort sediment from which the carbon dioxide formed in fermentation is liberated as gaseous bubbles on the bottom of the fermentation vessel.The rapid evolution of gas leads to earlier removal of yeast, by its adherence to the bubbles. Another aspect is the danger of infection of the yeast. “Beer is the safest drink,” but less desirable organisms may develop with detriment to flavour. Following Pasteur, Hansen’s remedy was the use of pure cul- tures of yeast, but, as with cider, these may not give the best results. An alternative lies in the study of the fermentation process itself. Brilliant researches in the last two decades have shown that the original equation of Gay-Lussac :-C,H,,O, --+ KO, + C,H,OH consists of the following stages (Mcyerhof 1938) .1 7 Glucose-phosphoric acid + Frilctose-phosphoric acid --J 2 Glyceraldehyde phosphoric acid Oxidatiol.2 -----------I 2 Phospho-glyceric acid I Nicotinic z Phospho-pyruvic acid 4(acid) 11 2 Pyruvic acid + z Phosphoric acid-I I2 Ethyl Alcohol The main process of fermentation proceeds smoothly if the associated enzyme catalysts, e.g., nicotinic acid, vitamin B, and adenylic acid are supplied, by either synthesis in the yeast or absorption from the wort.The latter are the yeast vitamins or “bios” which have proved important factors in maintaining healthy yeast and so avoiding infection. To the same end an adequate supply of assimilable nitrogen has been shown to be even more important. [ 214 1 September Examinations, 1942 Report of the Board of Examiners Examinations were held as under : No. No. Entered.Passed. For the Associateship in General Chemistry- At the Institute, in the Laboratories of the University of London, South Kensington, and at the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, theoretical papers being also taken at a number of local centres. &Ionday to Saturday, 14th-19th September, inclusive. 49 23 For the Fellowship : Except where otherwise stated the examinations were held at the Institute and in the Laboratories of the University of London, South Kensington, in the week commencing 21st September. Branch A. Inorganic Chemistry .. .. .. .. With special reference to the Chemical Analysis of Non-ferrous Metals, Alloys and Steels : at UniversityCollege, Swansea .. .. .. .. .. 1 1 Branch C. Organic Chemistry .. .. .... .. 2 2 Branch E. The Chemistry, including Microscopy, of Food and Drugs and of Water .. .. .. .. 1 1 Branch G. Industrial Chemistry, with special reference to Dyestuffs and Intermediates . . .. .. .. 1 1 With special reference to Chocolate, Cocoa and Con- fectionery :at the Institute and in the Laboratories of the British Association of Research for the Cocoa, etc. Trades . . .. .. .. .. .. 1 1 Branch H. General Analytical Chemistry . . .. .. 2 1 60 32 EXAMINATION THE ASSOCIATESHIPFOR INORGANIC CHEMISTRY.AND PHYSICAL Theory.-Only a few candidates reached a really high standard in this part of the examination, although, as a general rule, the required number of questions was attempted. On the whole the answers returned to the compulsory calculations on Paper I were disappointing. Only simple mathematics were required for the solution yet too many candidates failed to get correct answers.Carelessness in working and, in some cases, failure to convert weights to gram molecules were too common. At rare intervals the examiners were cheered by perfectly correct answers. For the other questions no highly specialised knowledge was called for, yet it was exceptional to get answers which indicated a thorough grasp of the subject under discussion. Many candidates in dealing with Question 7 overlooked the important fact that the preparation of sodium from fused hydroxide is not an industrial preparation of a metal from a fused snlt. In Paper 2 the first question dealing with gas analysis was quite well [ 215 J done, although a few candidates failed to use their reagents, for absorption of the gases, in the correct order.The questions which gave greatest difficulty in this paper'were 4 and 7; the Questions z and 3 were popular and reasonably well done. In answer to Question 6, dealing with prep- arations of chemical substances, many candidates forgot that by the action of chlorine on silicon other chlorides are formed in addition to SiCl, and can be separated by fractionation. In practice, aluminium sulphide and water give reasonably pure hydrogen sulphide and are better than the usual text-book method of antimony sulphide and con- centrated hydrochloric acid. Practical.-Candidates gained excellent marks in this part of the examination and the results of the exercises were very gratifying to the Examiners.ORGANICCHEMISTRY. Theory .-All the questions received an approximately equal number of answers and all of them received a satisfactory proportion of good answers. The essay and discussion questions were least satisfactorily done, the answers being frequently too discursive , hazy and lacking in substance. There is little doubt that many weaker candidates attempted these more specialised questions in order to avoid those of a more general and fundamental type. Detailed points of criticism are as follows: (a)Acquaintance with developments made during the past 20 years on the subject of the Walden Inversion was completely lacking in a number of cases.(6) Consideration of the behaviour of compounds containing the keto- methylene group was frequently restricted to the particular case of aceto- acetic ester, and in the majority of cases the reaction with nitrous acid was not dealt with (Question 5). (c) Many candidates assumed that malonic acid is isolated during the preparation of malonic ester. (d) Some five candidates confused acetonitrile with acetyl cyanide. Practical.-In general the practical exercises were fairly well done and call for 1ittle.comment. One or two candidates failed to detect nitrogen (or chlorine) in the chloronitroanilines provided. Some candidates wrote up their results in a very untidy and hapazard manner. TRANSLATIoNS.-These were done moderately well.The Examiners wish to remind candidates both for the Fellowship and for the Associateship that they should present the results of their practical work in an orderly manner. They should not leave the Examiners to collect figures or other data, but should summarise it at the end and set out clearly their conclusions and the reasons therefor. Ability to give a coherent account of professional work is not unimportant. [ 216 1 PASS LIST Examination in General Chemistry for the Associateship. Bentley, Ronald, Derby Technical College. Bishop, Joseph Robert, Leeds College of Technology.Bradwell, Donald, University College, Nottingham. Britton, Leslie George, South-East Essex Technical College, Dagenham. Brooks, Archibald, Royal Technical College, Glasgow.Campbell, William Alec, Rutherford Technical College, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Clarke, James Allan, Derby Technical College. Cooper, Alan Howard, The Polytechnic, Regent Street, London. Davies, John Douglas, Cardiff Technical College. Drysdale, Angus, Heriot-Watt College, Edinburgh. Duerden, Alan Beardwood, Blackburn Municipal Technical College. Forsdike, Jack Leslie, B.Pharm. (Lond.), University College, London. Freeman, Philip Reginald, Northern Polytechnic, London ; and DenbighshireTechnical Institute, Wrexham. Gardiner, William, Heriot-Watt College, Edinburgh. Hensman, Jack, B.Sc. (Lond.), Leicester College of Technology. Hookway, Harry Thurston, Battersea Polytechnic, London. &ye, Maurice Arthur George, Municipal Technical College, Coventry.Marvin, Denys Ni co1, University College, Nottingham. McGill, Eric Frederick George, Acton Technical College, London. Morgan, Edward Norman, B .Pharm. (Wales), Cardiff Technical College. Roberts, Eric, Manchester College of Technology and Salford Royal Technical College. Sarfas, Donald Thomas, Derby Technical College. Warburton, Harold, Manchester College of Technology; and Bolton MunicipalTechnical College. Examination for the Fellowship. In Branch A : Inorganic Chemistry. Bloomfield, Cyril Josiah, B.Sc. (Lond.). Ratcliffe, John, B.Sc. (Lond.). with special reference to the Chemical Analysis of Non-ferrous Metals, Alloys and Steels : Furness, Walter, B.Sc. (Lond.). In Branch C : Organic Chemistry.Platt, Percy John, B.Sc. (Lond.). Topham, Arthur, B.Sc. (Lond.). In Branch E : The Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs, and of Water. Stretton, Geoffrey William Peter, B.Sc. (Lond.). In Branch B : Industrial Chemistry, with speeial reference toDyestuas and Intermediatea. Holburn, William. with special reference to Chocolate, Cocoa, etc. Mallows, John Henry. In Branch H : General Analytical Chemistry. Halliwell, Ronald Harry, B.Sc. (Lond.). The following papers and exercises were given :-Examination €or the Associateship in General Chemistry MONDAY, 14th SEPTEMBER, 1942: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Answer question No. 1 and FOUR other questions. Answer concisely and to the point. Giveformulae and equations where possible.) 1.A mixture of 7.8 grams of ethyl alcohol and 10 grams of acetic acid was kept at a constant temperature until equilibrium was established, when 2-7 grams of acetic acid remained in the mixture. Calculate the equilibrium constant of the reaction correct to one place of decimals. Determine also the equilibrium mixture formed by allowing 12 grams of ethyl alcohol, 8.1 grams of acetic acid, 4 grams of ethyl acetate and 10.8 grams of water to react under the given conditions. 2. Give an account of THREE important catalytic processes which are used for the technical production of inorganic substances. Discuss, in each case, the theoreti- cal principles involved. [: 217 ] 3. Explain the principles involved in the preparation of a buffer solution of known pH.Indicate how the value could be verified. 4. Describe the preparation, properties and uses of THREE of the following:- (a)vanadium pentoxide; (b) forrosilicon; (c) potassium mercuric iodide; (d) phos-phorus pentachloride ; (e) sodium hydrosulphito (Na2S204). 5. Write short explanatory notes on EACH of the following:-(a) Henry’s Law; (b)Raoult’s Law; (c) the Arrhoiiius equation for energy of activation. 6. Discuss ONE of the following :-(a) the quantitative determination of fluorine in minerals; (b) the use of ceric sulphate in laboratory practice. 7. Describe the industrial preparation of THREE metals by tho electrolysis of fused salts. Briefly indicate the uses of the metals you describe. 2 to 5 p.m. (Answer FIVE qzlestions only.Answer concisely and to the point. Give formulae and equations where possible.) 1. A sample of gas consists of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen. Describe, with essential details and sketches of the appara- tus, how you mould estimate the constituents quantitatively. . 2. Discuss the relationships which exist between the elements in the fourth group of tho periodic classification. 3. What are the properties of lead, glass, silica ware and the various “in-corrodible” metallic alloys which fit them for us0 in chemical works operations and what disadvantages are associated with each matcrial ? 4. How will a base divide itself between two acids when the amount of the former is insufficient for neutralisation? Show how this problem may be investi- gated (a)experimentally, (b) theoretically.5. Write an essay on the transmutation of the elements. 6. Describe in detail how reasonably pure specimens of THREE of ths following substances may be prepared :-(a) phosphine ;(b) silicon tetrachloride; (c) hydrogen sulphide ; (d) sulphuryl chloride ; (e) lead tetrachloride. 7. Give some account of photochemical reactionp involving the halogens. TUESDAY, 15th SEPTEMBER, 1943: 10 a.m. to 1 pm. (Answer FOUR questions only. Answer concisely and to the point. Give formulae and equations whero possible.) 1. Describe, with the necessary experimental’details, how you would prepare acetophenone.Give equations-(a) to illustrate two other methods by which this substance can be prepared; (b) to indicate the action of tho following reagents on acetophenone; (i) bromine and caustic soda; (ii) nitrous acid (non-aqueous); (iii) hydroxylamine; (iv) reducing agents; (v) a Grignard reagent; (vi) selenium dioxide.2. Give one appyopriute example, in each case, illustrating the use of the follow- ing oxidising agents in organic chemistry :-(i) dilute permanganate; (ii) chromic acid; (iii) ferric chloride; (iv) ozone; (v)hydrogen peroxide; (vi) air and a suitable catalyst; (vii) lead tetra-acetate; (viii) lead dioxide ; (ix) dilute nitric acid. 3. Discuss the isomerism of (a) maleic and fumaric acids and (b) the hesa- 4. Write a short essay on ONE of the following topics:-(a) Eeckmann’s hydrocreeols.Give structural furmulae to illustrate your answer. transformation of oximes ; (b) Methods of preparing carboxylic esters, including acid esters ; (c) Hofmann’s method of exhaustive methylation. 5. Give an account of the characteristic behaviour of compounds containiiig the keto-methylene group. 6. By means of equations and short notes, indicate how the following com- pounds may be prepared from acetic acid and tho appropriate reagents :-(a) malonic ester; (b) acetoacotic ester; (c) acetone; (d)acetonitrile; (e)ethylamine; (f)ketene. 7. Discuss ONE of the following topics :-(u) The Walden Inversion; (b)Substitu-tion in the Aromatic Nucleus; (c) Thc structure of benzene. 2 to 3.30 p.m. Translations from French and German tochnical literature.I: 218 1 WEDNESDAY, 16th XEPTEJIBER, 1942: 10 a.m. to 4.30p.m. Characterise as completely cs possible the compounds (A) and (B). (A) = Aspirin OR Salol; (B) = o-benzoylbenzoic acid OR o-hydrosydiphenyl (Xa salt). THURSDAY, 17th SEPTEMBER, 1942:10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Purify compounds (C) and (D), assign each to its class and prepare two charac- teristic crystalline derivatives of each. Speciniens are not to be handed in, but the crystalline appearance and melting point of each of the six compounds should be clearly recorded. (C) = 2-chloro-o-phenyl phenol OR 4-chloro-o-phenyl phenol; (9)= 2-chloro-4-nitro-aniline;OR 4-chloro-2-nitro-aniline. FRIDAY, 18th SEPTEMBER, 1942: 10a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. The solution (E) contains copper sulphate and potassium chloride.You are provided with a solut,ion of sodium thiosulphate, pure crystallised copper sulphate and potassium iodide. Standardiss the approximately ciecinormal thiosulphate solution and use it to determine the copper in (E) volumetrically. Determine the chloride in (E) gravimetrically.Use 25 C.C. for each determination and express your results as grams of copper and grams of chlorine per litre of A. 2. Arralyse the mixture (5’)which cont,ains six radicals. (17) = Cd, Ni, NH,, PO,, SO,, borate. SATURDAY, 19th SEPTEMBER, 1942: 10 a.m. to 4.30p.m. 1. Identify the substances (G) and (H). (G) = lithopone; (H) = potassiumtitanium oxyoxalate. 2. The solid (I)is a mixture of molybdenum trioxide and ammonium molyb- date.Determine the weight of MOO, in 100 grams of (I). Examination for the Fellowship Eranch A: Inorganic Chemistry MONDAY, 21st XEPTJCMBER, 1942: 10 a.m. to 1 pm. /(FOUR questions to be answered.) 1. Discuss the relationships which exist between the elements in the sixth group of the periodic classification. 2. Trace historically the development of ideas which led to our present-day conception of the Periodic Lam-. 3. Write an essay on OXE of the following subjects:-(a) the spatial configura- tion of co-ordination compounds; (b) the factors which determine the stability of a complex molecule. 4. Give an account of the hydrides of boron and silicon with special reference to the experimental methods wed for the study of these compounds. 5.Comment on matters of note in the chemistry of the metallic carbonyls 6. Write an essay on “Some aspects of modern valency theory.” and nitrosyls. 2 to 5 p.nz. (FOUR questions to be answered.) 1. Write a concise account of the crystal structures of the elements. 2. Review the methods available for the separation of the rare earths and 3. Elucidate points of interest in connoxion with ITOUR of the following:- explain how the separations can be established. PCl,, N4S4,B,N,H,, NeN,, K [CsO,Nj, K, [Mo(CN),]. 4. Give an account of some of the more recent advances in the practice of quantitative inorganic analysis. 5. Write an essay on “Reactions in non-aqueous solutions.” 6. Select ONE of the following subjects for discussion :-(a) isotope exchange in inorganic chemistry; (b) fiuclear fission.r 219 I I'UESDAY, 22nd SEPTEMBER, 1942: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. ldentify the substances (A) and (B). (A) = Cadmium lithopone; (B) = ilmenite. (This exercise must be completed to-day.) 2. Determine the weight of tin and weight of lead in 100 grams of the solder (C) provided. (This exercise may be completed to-mwroio.) WEDNESDAY, 23rd SEPTEMBER, 1942: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday's exercise 2. 2. Report on the nature of (D). (0)= Molybdenite and graphite. (This exercise must be completed to-day.) 3. Prepare a pure specimen of BaS20,.2H,0. Leave the labelled specimen for examination. (This exercise must be completed to-day.) THURSDAY and FRIDAY, 24th and 25th SEPTEMBER, 1942: 10 a.m.to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Estimate the weight of sulphur in 100 grams of the iron pyrites (h). Use a dry process and a wet process and comment on your results. 2. Make a critical study of the determination of the porcentage purity of the sample of ammonium persulphate (F), using volumetric processes involving (a) reduction by ferrous iron, (b)reduction by oxalic acid and (c) an ioclometric method. The necessary unstandardised solutions will be supplied. Branch A: Inorganic Chemistry, with special reference to the Chemical Analysis of Non-ferrous Metals, Alloys and Steels MOXDAY, 21st SEPTEMBER, 1942: 10 a.m. to 1p.m. See page 219. 2 to 5 p.m. (Only FIVE questions to be attempted; answer briejy and to the point.) 1.Outline a scheme suitable for the complete analysis of electrolytic zinc. 2. Write a short essay on the application of ONE of the following to metallurgical analysis :-(a) the Spekker photo-electric absorptiometer ;(b)potentiometric methods. 3. Discuss, critically, the methods available for the determination of sulphur in steels. 4. Describe, briefly, how you would determine the non-metallic impurities in any ONE of the following:-(a) aluminium; (b) steel; (c)electrolytic copper. 5. How would you sample and assay the dross from ONE of the following:- (a)an aluminium holding-furnace; (b)a tin-refining kettle ;(c) a lead-softening furnace. 6. Write a short essay on the application of spectrographic methods to the analysis of alloy steels.7. Discuss, CI itically, the application of the polarog1 aph to metallurgicalanalysis. TUEh'DAY to FRIDAY, 2212d to 25th SEPTEMBER, 1942: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. Identify and, as far as time permits, make complete analyses of the given samples (A), (B) and (C). (A) = Alloy steel; (B) = Aluminium-magnesium alloy; (C) = White bearing metal. Branch C: Organic Chemistry MONDAY, 21st SEPTEMBER, 1942: 10 a.m. to 1p.m. (Answer FOUR questions.) 1. Indicate the uses of malonic, cyanoacetic and acetoacetic esters in the synthesis of cyclic compounds. 2. Give an account of the general methods of preparing aldehydes and ketones, 3. By means of typical examples illustrate the uses of the following reagents including phenolic aldehydes and ketones.Describe the usual methods of characterising aldehydes and ketones. [ 220 1 in organic chemistry-( a) thionyl chlorj de, (b) selenium; (c) selenium dioxide ; (d) aluminium iso-propoxide ; (e) potassium cyanide ; (f)phenylisocyanate (phenyl- carbimide). 4. Give an account of the evidence, analytical as well as synthetical, on which the structure of TWO of the following compounds is based:-(a,) dipentene; (b)indole; (c)piperine. 5. Describe some applications of catalysts in modern industrial organic chemistry. 6. Discuss the evidence for the present-day formulation of glucose and fructose. 2 to 5 p.m. (Answer FOUR questions.) 1. Give an account of any one important group of dyestuffs.2. Outline the methods of preparation of the following compounds (equations and short notes, where necessary, will sufXce) :-(a) benzidine; (b)anthranilic acid; (c) 6-naphthylamine, (d) hydroquinone (quinol) ; (e) quinhydrone, (f)resorckol, (9)4-amino-diphenylamine, and the modern methods of manufacturing :-(i j acetalde-hyde; (ii) acetic acid; (iii) ethyl acetate; (iv) acetic anhydride; (v) n-butyl alcohol; (vi) phthalic anhydride ; (vii) anthraquinone. 3. “The study of the chemical behaviour of optically active compounds has sometimes thrown more light on the course and mechanism of chemical reactions than would have been possible if optically inactive corn-pounds had been used.” Comment on this statement.4. Discuss some applications of the electronic theory of valency in organic chemistry. 5. Give an account of EITHER (a)tautomeric change, OR (b) molecular re- arrangements. 6. Indicate and discuss ONE line of physico-chemical investigation which has thrown light on the reactions or structure of organic compounds. TUESDAY, 22nd SEPTEMBER, 1942: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Identify compounds (A) and (B). (A) = Maleic acid OR maleic anhydride; (B) = sulphanilamide. WEDNESDAY to FRIDAY, 23rd to 25th SEPTEMBER, 1942: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. From the aniline and benzaldehyde provided, prepare crystalline specimens of :-a) p-bromoaniline; (b) p-nitroacetanilide; (c) diazoamino benzene; (d) aminoazo-benzene; (e) p-toluenesulphanilide; (f).benzyl alcohol; (9) phenylglycine ; (h)l-amino-2-naphthol;(i)nitrosobenzene; (3)benzil.Branch E: The Chemistry, including Microscopy, of Food and Drugs,and of Water MONDAY, 21st SEPTEMBER, 1942: 10 to 11.30 a.m. 1. Give an account of the uses of ultra-violet light in analysis. 2. How and under what conditions can proceedings under the Food and Drugs Act be taken against the manufacturer or wholesaler of an unsatisfactory article sold by a retailer? 3. How would you differentiate between faecal and non-faecal B. CoZi in a drinking water ? How would you detect B. Welchii and Streptococci? 11.30 a.m. to 1 p.m. (THREE questions to be answered.) 1. Discuss the factors involved in comparing the bactericidal values of anti- septics.Describe briefly the Rideal-Walker and Chick-Martin tests and discuss their relative merits. 2. Write a short essay on EITHER (a) recent advances in chemotherapy OR (b)the use of antitoxins and sera in therapeutics. [ 221 J 3. Give an account of the pharmacology and therapeutics of (a) kaolin; (b) digoxin; (c) santonin; (d) sodium sulphate. 4. Write brief notes on chronic poisoning with lead and on acute poisoning with (a)oxalic acid; (b) barbitone; (c) phenol. 2 to 5 p.m. 1. Write an essay on EITHER “Food Substitutes and their control” OR “The colouring of Food.” 2. Describe a method for the determination of-all the commonly occurring metallic impurities in a samplo of food such as canned fish. 3. Name the principal enzymes found in milk and indicate the reactions by which they may be recognised. 4.Discuss changes which have recently been ordered in flour. State your views on any additions made to flour and indicate the methods of analytical control. 5. How would you determine :-(a) p-hydroxybenzoic ester in a coffee extract ; (b) phosphorus present as phytic acid in soya meal; (c) fluoride in drinking water. 6. Describo inethods appropriate for the determination of arsenic in foodstuffs including contamination by war gases. TUESDAY and WEDNESDAY, 22nd and 23rd SEPTEMBER, 1942: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Examine and report upon the gelatin6 supplied for edible purposes. (Powdered industrial glue.) 2. Determine the nature and amount of (a) preservative and (b) sweetener in the fruit product.(Formic acid and dulcin.) THLJRSDAY, 24th SEPTEMBER, 1942: 10 a.~.to 5 p.’tn. 1. Report upon the sample of Sherry. (Sherry fermented and containing methyl alcohol.) 2. Analyse the sample of condensed milk. (These exercises may be completed lo-mowow, but notebooks should state what further work is contemplated.) FRIDAY, 25th SEPTEMBER, 1942: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercises. 2. Identify the preservative. (Butyl hydroxybenzoic ester.) SATURDAY, 26th S-EPTEMBER, 1942: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. (All reports on microscopical examinations must be accompanied by annotated sketches.) 1. Cut, stain and mount sections of the specimoil (A) and give a descriptionof the distinctive features.(A) = cummin fruit. 2. Identify the vegetable powders (B),(C), (D),(E),(F)and (G). (B) = areca nut; (C) = cinchona bark; (D) = senna leaf; (E)= liquorice root; (3’)colocSmth pulp ; (G) arrowroot. 3. Make the following toxicological examinations :-A qualitative examination for a metallic gastro-intestinal irritant in the lemonade ice (H). Irritant = Cadmium. A qualitative examination of the purgative pills, which are alleged to have been used for procuring abortion (I). (I)= Aloes and myrrh. Branch G : Industrial Chemistry, with special reference tQ Dyestuffsand Intermediates TUESDAY, 22nd SEPTEMBER, 1942: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Identify compounds (A) and (B). (A = naphthalene-l-sodiuln sulphonate; (R) = naphthalene picrate. 10 a.m.to 5 p.m. Characterise as completely as possible the intermediates (C), (D), (E) and (F).(C) = 2-hydroxy-3-naphthoic acid; (D) = anthranilic acid; (E) = Rlichler’s ketone; (F)= benzidine. (This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) [ 222 3 THURSDAY and FRIDAY, 24th aizd 26th SEPTEMBER, 1942: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercise. 2. Report: on the chemical nature of the dyestuffs (G) and (H). (G) = di-nitrosoresorcinol; (H) = Orange 11. Branch G: Industrial Chemistry, with special reference to Cocoa, Chocolate, etc. MONDAY, 21st SEPTEMBER, 1942: 10 a.m. to’l pm. (FOUR questions only to be attempted.) 1. Discuss briefly the principles which underlie commercial methods for drying heat-senstive materials.Describe in some detail the main characteristics of ONE form of plant used for this purpose. 2. For what purposes do you consider the following substances to be suitable as materials for t8he construction of equipment to be used in the food industry:- (a)copper; (b)aluminium; (c)monel metal? Indicate clearly the limitations to the use of each. 3. Give a brief aecount of the various methods of refining employed in the production of edible fats. 4. Describe the characteristic features of industrial equipment (one form in each case) for carrying out any THREE of the following operations :-(a) emulsification of two immiscible liquids; (b)mixing two dry powders in exact proportions; (c)mixing viscous masses such as dough; (cl) removing very small amounts of solid from a liquid; (e) removing a finely divided solid from air.5. State the factors which have to be taken into account in selecting an installa- tion for air-conditioning a factory in which food products are being manufactured. Neglecting quantities and constructional detail, draw up a form of specification which you consider suitable for inviting tenders from suppliers of such plants. 6. Write a concise essay on “Preservatives-their nature and uses in the food industry. ” 2 to 5 p.m. (Questions 1 and 2 must be attempted. Not more than THREE other questions should be attempted.) 1. Discuss vapour pressure in its relation to the keeping properties of sugar- containing materials. Describe any suitable method of determining the vapour pressure of such samples.2. Discuss the importance of temperature-treatment in regard to (a) the flow-properties of molten chocolate and (b)the physical behaviour of fats in finished chocolate. 3. Describe chemical methods of assay of vitamins A, B, and C. 4. What methods may be employed to determine the amount of cacao shell in 5. Discuss the possibilities of harmful metallic contamination being introduced cocoa and chocolate? Discuss the relat,ive merits of these methods. int.0 foodstuffs, with especial reference to confectionery. Suggest limits for lead and arsenic in colouring matters, wrapping materials and finished goods. 6. Discuss procedure in connexion with the examination of stocks of sugar and cocoa butter scspected of contamination by vesicant war gases.What steps would you propose in dealing with contaminated stocks ? 7. Give a brief account of recent work on the constitution and physical 8. Discuss the effects, on the decomposition of sucrose by heat, of the impurities properties of starch. normally present in water supplies and in confectionery sugar. Give examples of the use of buffering substances in the control of siicrose decomposition. [ 223 ] T UESDAY to FRIDA Y,22nd to 25th SEPTEMBER, 1942 : 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Analyse tho sample of piping jelly. Report on the suitability of the recipe used in making this sample and make any suggestions as to how improvements might be effected.(Glucose, sucrose, agar, pectin, acid, high invert, low S.S.) 2. Examine the sample of colouring matter for metallic contamination and report on it,s suitability for use in foodstuffs. (As, Cu, Pb.) 3. Analyse and report on the fat in the sample of cream filling. (Soya and slightly rancid fat.) 4. Report on the sample of drinking chocolate. (Shell high, starch added, FeO.) Branch H: Analytical Chemistry .&IONDAY, 21st SEPTEMBER, 1942: 10 a.m. to 1 y.m. (Answer FOUR questions.) 1. Write an essay on EITHER (a)the polarograph, OR (b)the spectrograph and its use in analysis. 2. Describe the course of neutralisation by a solution of a strong alkali of (a)a weak acid, (b) a strong acid. Indicate the cases in which it is possible to determine by titration a strong acid in presence of a weak acid. 3.Discuss the properties of colloids as they affect chemical analysis. 4. Define the terms Specij’ic Gravity and Density. Describe how you would determine to an accuracy of 0.0001 the true density of (a)a mobile liquid such as methanol; (b) a viscid liquid such as glycerol. Indicate the method of calculation and any necessary corrections to be applied. 5. Discuss critically modern methods for the determination of Sulphur in organic compounds (a)as an essential constituent; (b)as a trace impurity (< 0.2 per cent.). 6. Defhe the term azeotrope and describe some applications of azeotropic distillation in anlytical chemistry. 7. What are chelate compounds? Describe some of the uses of these com- pounds in gravimetric and colorimetric analysis.2 to 5 p.m. (Answer FOUR questions.) 1. Discuss the behaviour in solution of salts of the metals Co, Zn, Ni, Mn, towards H,S and the behaviour of their sulphides towards acids. How can these metals be quantitatively se;mated from one another ? 2. Describe the determination of the calorific value of a solid fuel, indicating any likely sources of inaccuracy. What other important factors have to be taken into account in assessing the value of a coal to be used in a boiler house ? 3. Briefly discuss the (qualitative and quantitative) analytical chemistry of 4. Discuss the accurate determination of phosphate which is finally weighed 5. What are the analytical uses of the following reagents:-tannin; 2 :4-TWO of the following elements : beryllium, tellurium, niobium, bismuth, boron.as Mg,P,O,, paying attention to the various equilibria involved. xylenol ; hydriodic acid ; thioglycolli3 acid ;titanous sulphate ;iodine monochloride ; hydroxylamine hydrochloride. 6. Write an essay on the analytical applications of the Diels-Alder Reaction 7. Describe recent work on the accurate determination of fluorine. How and Grignard’s Reaction. would you determine this element in (a)basic slag, (b) commercial fluorspar, (c) in a borehole water ? [ 224 1 TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 22nd to 25th SEPTEMBER, 1942: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Make a complete analysis of the white pigment. (BaSO, ; BaCO,; TiO,.) 2.Exarnino the fluid marked “Welding flux’’ sold as a “gas welding fluid,” and report on its composition. (Solution of trimethylborate in a solvent containing mixed alcohols and acetone. 3. As far as time permits, analyse the copper alloy. (Si 3 per cent., Mn 1 percent., Fe 0.5 per cent. approximately.) Notes The late Professor G. G. Henderson.-The Council records with deep and sincere regret the death, on 28th September, of Professor George Gerald Henderson, D.Sc., LL.D., F.R.S., President of the Institute from 1924to 1927,who shared with Sir Frederick Abel and Professor Meldola the honour of having also occupied the Presidential Chairs of the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry. Professor Henderson’s success as a teacher was established early in his career, and many of his students, both from the Royal Technical College and the University of Glasgow, who have qualified as Associates and Fellows of the Institute and now hold positions of importance in the profession of chemistry * will remember with affection their old Professor.He served the Institute as a considerate but just examiner and as a wise counsellor. As President, he guided its affairs with natural modesty and good humour, while he maintained the confidence and loyal support of all his colleagues. His attractive personality will remain a happy and enduring memory to all who enjoyed his friendship. Science in Parliament.-On 8th September, in the House of Commons, Sir John Anderson, replying on behalf of the Ministry of Agriculture, to a question asked by Sir G. Jeffreys, said that the Agri- cultural Research Council worked in close collaboration with the Depart- ment of Scientific and Industrial Research in relation to chemical problems of mutual interest, and with the responsible Departments in regard to fertilisers.In connexion with specific investigations, the Council made contacts with the research organisations of firms concerned with chemicals and fertilisers whenever such a course was desirable. Captain Plugge asked what organisation existed for circulating the results of agricultural research, and Mr. Hudson replied that the results were disseminated in this country mainly through the Research, Advisory and Educational organisation set up by the Ministry.The Agricultural Improvement Council for England and Wales would include this matter in its consideration of the future arrangements for agricultural advisory work. On 30th July, Sir Patrick Hannon put a question on the progress made through the British Council for the exchange of scientific information c 225 1 between British and Soviet scientists. In reply, Mr. Law, Parlia- mentary Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs, said that some 50 enquiries from British men of science and institutions had been forwarded through the British Council to the Soviet scientific institutions. Exchange of information had been encouraged by the formation of a Joint Advisory Committee under the Chairmanship of Sir John Russell, As reported in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part IV (page 179),a motion was placed on the Order Papers of the House of Commons in August, urging the early establishment of a whole-time Central Scientific and Technical Board to co-ordinate research and development in relation to the war effort.Over 120 members were prepared to support the motion. On 4th September, however, the Government announced that, in order to ensure the fullest use being made of scientific and technical resources in the field of production, the Minister of Production had appointed Mr. W. A. Stanier, Dr. T. R. Merton and Professor Ian M. Heilbron to his staff in the capacity of full-time scientific advisers. These advisers would keep in close touch with the scientific advisers of the Service and Supply Departments and would be available to assist the Departmental Organisations of scientific research and technical develop- ment.They would not supersede Departmental Organisations which would continue to be responsible for the examination of new inventions and technical suggestions in their own fields. They would be responsible to the Minister of Production but woulc work under the immediate supervision of the Lord Privy Seal acting on his behalf. These appoint- ments had been made with a view to completing the existing organisation which had been carefully built up and had operated with outstanding efficiency. The Government had reviewed the whole position in the light of recent representations and had decided that the creation of the post of Minister of Production afforded the opportunity for this further measure of co-ordination.On 8th September, the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee, while welcoming the appointment of the three full-time scientific advisers, regretted that their field of activity was apparently to be limited to the sphere of production and did not include the scientific and technical activities of the Service Departments or the other Ministries outside the strict field of production. The Committee felt that the scientific advisers should have direct access to the War Cabinet and that the Lord Privy Seal should exercise his supervisory functions over the new body directly on behalf of the War Cabinet.On 9th September, Rear-Admiral Beainish asked the Lord President what was the attitude of the Government towards the establishment of a central scientific and technical board, to which Sir John Anderson replied that in the view of the Government the best method of utilising the scientific resources of the country for the purposes of the war was to ensure that each Ministry or Department had available to it skilled service of the requisite quality and to provide for the necessary co-ordination by arrangements appropriate to the particular circumstances. [ 226 1 On 11th September, in answer to a question by Mr. R. Morgan as to what were the relations between the new Scientific Advisory Board and the Scientific Advisory Committee of the War Cabinet and the Engineering Advisory Committee, the Lord Privy Seal (Sir Stafford Cripps), replying for the Minister of Production, said it would not be correct to describe the recent additions to the staff as a Board.Their field was co-extensive with the responsibility of the Minister of Production and the appointments did not in any way affect the functions of the Scientific Advisory Com- mittee or the Engineering Advisory Committee of the War Cabinet, who would continue to advise the Government on matters coming within their terms of reference. In appropriate cases these Committees would no doubt consult with the scientific advisers of the Minister of Production. Chemical Society Research Fund.-Hitherto, the Research Fund Committee has met in December of each year to consider applications for grants from the Research Fund.In view of present conditions, however, the Council has decided that, for the present, applications for grants shall be considered as and when received. Forms of application for grants are obtainable from the General Secretary, Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.I. All who have received grants, accounts of which have not been closed, are reminded that reports should be sent to the General Secretary as soon as possible and, in any case, not later than Monday, 16th November. The Minister of Supply has made the Control of Paint, etc. (No.3) Order, 1942, which provides that after 19th October, 1942,no person shall acquire raw materials for the manufacture of paint, varnish lacquer or distemper and sell the resultant product, unless he holds a licence issued by the Ministry of Supply.Copies of the Order, which comes into operation on the 19th day of October, 1942,may be obtained from H.hI. Stationery Office, York House, Kingsway, London, W.C.2, or through any bookseller (price ~d.). The Control of Paint Lacquer and Varnish Nos. I & 2 Orders are revoked. Plant Pests and Diseases.-The Ministry of Agriculture has reported the provision of a scheme for the approval of Proprietary Products for the Control of Plant Pests and Diseases. The Minister of Agriculture and the Secretary of State for Scotland, in consultation with the Agricultural Research Council have appointed, among others, Mr.C. T. Gimingham, O.B.E., Mr. A. J. Holden and Dr. Hubert Martin, FeZZows, to a Committee to advise on applications from manufacturers for the approval of their products. Dr. J. T. Martin, Associate, is the Secretary of the Committee. Professor Samuel Sugden, F.R.S., Fellow, has been appointed Director of Explosives Research in succession to Dr. Godfrey Rotter, C.B., FeZZow, who has retired. [ 227 1 National Certificates in Chemistry ENGLANDAND WALES Assessors.-Dr. J. Kenyon, F.R.S., F.I.C., Professor W. Wardlaw, D.Sc.; F.I.C., Professor J. E. Coates, O.B.E., DSc., F.I.C. The Council has received the Report of the Joint Committee of the Institute a,nd the Board of Education on the examinations for National Certificates in England and Wales.Copies of the full Report of the Assessors have been sent to all the Colleges concerned and the results have been communicated to the candidates. The following is a brief abstract of the Report. During the present session one school has submitted candidates for the first time in the Advanced Grade. The number of entries in the Senior Grade was 257, of whom 170 passed, compared with 217 in 1941, of whom 131passed. In the Advanced Grade there were 84 candidates, of whom 66 passed. In 1941, there were 77 candidates, of whom 53 passed. Of the 84 candi-dates, 61had previously obtained the Ordinary Certificate, and of the 66 successful candidates, 47 had previously obtained the Ordinary Certificate.It is generally agreed that, while it is desirable that a student should appreciate the theoretical background of chemistry, it is equally important that he should accumulate an accurate and adequate knowledge of chemical facts. It is only possible to realise this aim when careful atten- tion is given, in the teaching, to descriptions and experimental illustrations of preparations, properties and reactions of the more important com-pounds of the elements. It was gratifying to find that in the examination papers submitted by the Colleges the questions were framed to test the acquaintance of the students with chemical facts as well as their appreciation of chemical theory. In very few cases was it necessary for the Assessors to suggest modifications in the questions proposed and, speaking generally, the standard of the candidates’ work this session was fully up to that of recent years.SCOTLAND Assessor. Dr. F. D. Miles, F.I.C. For the Ordinary National Certificates, 54 candidates entered and 42 passed, and for the Higher National Certificate 14candidates entered and 12passed. This represents a considerable increase on the corresponding number of last year. NOXTHERNIRELAND The Council has received and approved a Report from the Ministry of Education, Northern Ireland. Four candidates presented themselves and 3 were awarded the Ordinary Certificate. Three candidates presented themselves for the Higher Certificate but were not successful. [ 228 3 Obituary KEITH BENHAM died at Burton House, Stafford, on 12th October, inBEKHAM his 64th year.Educated at Clifton College, he continued his studies at Mason College, Birmingham, from 1897-1899, and at University College, London, from 1899-1901, graduating B.Sc. He then became engaged in the pottery industry and devoted himself to research in coniiexioii with the manufacture of enamel colours for ceramic purposes. In 1912 he applied his specialist knowledge to the grinding wheel industry and joined the Universal Grinding Wheel Co., Ltd., of which he became Managing Director, the position he held at the time of his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1903 and a Fellow in 1906. CHARLESROBERT died at Rose Hill, Pant, Shropshire, on 12th October, DARLING at the age of 72 years.The son of Thomas Darling, he was educated privately at Crewe and trained at the Royal College of Science, Dublin. He gained the Associate- ship of the College, and in 1899 was appointed lecturer in chemistry at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, where he was subsequently assistant professor of science. He was also lecturer in Applied Physics at the Finsbury Technical College, and practised as a consulting chemist in metallurgy, fuels, combustion and high temperature processes. He was a Past Vice-president and Member of Council of the Physical Society and a Past Member of Council of the Faraday Society, a Fellow of the Institute of Physics, and a Member of the Royal Engineers Board. During the war of 1914-1918 he was Chairman of an Electric Welding Research Committee under the Admiralty.He was the author of “Liquid Drops and Globules, their Formation and Move- ments” (1914) and of a “Treatise on Pyrometry” (1920), and contributed numerous articles on heat for engineers, thermo-electricity, electro-chemistry, fuels and heat insulation, to scientific and technical journals, including the Transactions of the Paraday Society and Engineering.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1899 and a Fellow in 1908. GARRATTWALTER REGINALD died at Brighouse, Yorks., on 6th September, in his 49th year. Educated at the Central Secondary School, Sheffield, he studied at the University and graduated B.Sc. in 1913, continued as a research student, and was admitted to the degree of M.Sc.with honours in chemistry and physics in 1914. In May, 1915, he mas engaged as an analyst in the Government Laboratory, London, and towards the end of 1916 was appointed a research chemist and metallurgist to the Ministry of Munitions in Sheffield, where he also held the appointment as a demonstrator in the evening classes at the University. In 1920-1921 hb was an evening lecturer at Bradford Technical College. In 1925 he moved to Huddorsfield and became chief metallurgist to J. B. Blakeborough, Ltd., which position he held until his death, which was apparently hastened by the report that his eldest son, a Flight Sergeant (Pilot) in the R .A.F., was missing and believed killed in action,-a report subsequently confirmed.He was elected an Associate of t’he Institute in 1918. JAMES GRANGERDARNELL died at Winchester on 29th August, in his 71st year. From 1888-1803 he studied under Clowes at University College, Nottingham, and gained the Associateship of the College. In 1893 he was awarded a Scholarship by the 1851 Exhibition Commissioners, and proceeded to Berlin, where he worked under Emile Fischer, and obtained the degree of Ph.D. magna cum Zaude. From 1597-1911 he was research chemist with the Chiswick Soap Company and its succeeding com- panies; in 1911 he became Manager of the Chiswick Polish Co. of Australia, Ltd., Sydney, from which position he retired in 1920. He then returned as a research chemist to the Chiswick Polish Co., Ltd., London, with whom and with Chiswick Products, Ltd., he continued until his retirement in 1937.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1897. GEORGE GERALD HENDERSON died at Horsaciett, Tarbert, Isle of Harris, on 28th September, in his 81st year. He was the eldest son of George Henderson, of Glasgow,andwas educated privately before entering the University, whare he gained the George A. Clark Fellowship [ 229 ] in Natural Science, and graduated M.A., later proceeding t>oD.Sc. After working for some months under Wislicenius and Wiedeinann at, Leipzig, he returned to Glasgow in 1884, as lecturer and demonstrator, under Ferguson, in the University, which position he held until 1892, when he was appointed Freeland Professor of Chemistry in the Royal Technical College.From 1889-1892 he was also lecturer in chemistryat Queen Margaret College, and in 1919 he succeeded Fergusori as Regius Professor in the University, from which position he retired in 1937, with the title of Emeritns Professor. He was a Vice-president of the Chemical Society for three periods, 1916-1919, 1927-1930, and 1933-1936, and was President of the Society from 1931-1933. From 1901-1904 he was Secretary of the Chemistry Section of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, and was President of the Section in 1916. He was for eight years Secretary, and later Chairman, of the Glasgow Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, of which Society he became President in 1914-1915. Professor Henderson received the honorary degree of LL.D.from the Universities of St. Andrews and Glasgow, the honorary degree of D.Sc. from Queen’s University, Belfast, and WP.S elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1916. He was also an Honorary Member of the Society of Public Analysts. He was the author of ‘numerous papers on inorganic and organic chemistry, published in The Transactions of the Chemical Society, The Proceedings of the Royal Society, The Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry, l’he Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, and The Analyst; also the author of “Catalysts in Industrial Chemistry,” “Chemical Industries of the West of Scotland” and joint author with the late Professor Matthew Parker, of “An Introduction to Analytical Chemistry.” He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1887, and was actively connected with its work for nearly 40 years; as a Member of Council, for three periods, 1897-1900, 1908-1911 and 1916-1919; as a Vice-president for three Periods from 1923-1924, 1927-1930 and 1931-1934; as President from 1924-1927; as a Censor from 1924-1935, and as an Examiner from 1904-1908. REECEHENRYVALLANCEdied at Birmingham on 27th Soptomber, in his 56th year.Born at Tamworth where he was educated at the Grammar School, he matriculated at London University and continued his studies at BirminghamMunicipal Technical School and at tho University of Birmingham, graduating B.Sc. in 1910, proceeding to Bl.Sc. in 1922. On the outbreak of war in 1914, he oillisted in the 17th Royal Wa,rwickshire Regiment, and in the following year was transferred to the Special Brigade (R.E.).He was in engagements at Loos, Hullach, Cuinchy, and on tho Somme, and in June, 1916, was wounded at Beaumont Hamol. He was discharged from tho Army in the autumn of 1917 and became chemistry inaster at Kings Norton Secondary School, and in 1919 was appointed lecturer in chornistry at tho Municipal Technical Schoo1,-now the Central Technical College-Birmingham. He was popular with his colleagues and students, and will long be renicmbered for his welfare activities, especially as Chairman of the Hampton-in-&-den Scout Group Committee. He was also a Gas Identification Officer, and frequentiy lectured on Home Defence.He was author of “Arsenic,” joint author with D. F. Twiss and A. R. Russell of “Sulphur, Selenium and Tellurium,” and with A. A. Eldridge of “Chromium and its Congeners,” Vols. VI (Part 4)and VII (Parts 2 and 3), respectively, of “A Text- book of Inorganic Chemistry,” edited by J. Newton Friend. He also contributed a number of papers to the Transactions of the Chemical Society, including important ones on complex tlungstates and on the solubility of potassium ferrocyanide. He was elected an Associate of the Instituto in 1918 and a Fellow in 1927, F. W. CLIFFoItD.-Fellows and Associates who have had the privilege of using the Library of the Chemical Society will have heard with regret of the death, on 21st September, of the Librarian to the Society, Mr.F. W. Clifford, who had held that office since 1903. In his time, the collection had increased threefold-from 15,000 to 45,000 volumes,-and yet he had managed to find accommodation for the increase in the rooms of the Society, a task now becoming more and more difficult. Rlr. Clifford was well known in his profession, had provided evidence for the Report on the Public Libraries in England and U‘ales prosented to the Board of Education in 1927, had been a Member of the Library Association and had served on the Council of the Association of Special Libraries and Information Bureaux from 1925-1 930. He was a keen member of the St. John Ambulance Brigade, in which, at tho time of his death, he held the rank of Commander. [ 230 1 Books and their Contents The following books have been kindly presented by the authors and publishers :-Food and Drugs, Aids to Analysis of.John Ralph Nicholls. 6th edition. (The first being by T. H. Pearman and C. G. Moor, 1895.) Pp. viii 4-424. (London: Bailli&-e, Tindall & Cox.) 10s. net. Though not intended to be used as a “cram-book” for examinational purposes, the work covers much of the syllabus of the examination of the Institute in the chemistry of food and drugs, and is primarily writtoil for the use of practising chemists. The Appericlis includes legal information, Regulations and Orders, Atomic Weights and other useful data. Hydrogen Ions : Their Determination and Importance inPure and Industrial Chemistry.Hubert T. S. Britton. 3rd ed. (revised and enlarged). 2 Volumes. Vol. I, pp. xx + 420. Vol. 11,pp. xx+444. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 1942. 36s. net each vol. Volume P. Theory of olectrometric methods for the determination of hydrogen-ion con- centration ;standard half dements ;the hydrogen electrode and pH ;quinhydrono electrode ; oxygen and air electrodes; metal-metallic oxide electrodes; glss electrode ; measurernent of electromotive force ; modified potentiometric and other mothods ; principles of volumetric analysis ; standardisation of volumetrjc solutions; abnormal acids; theory of the ionisation of dil,asic and polybasic acids; activity theory of solutions; Lowry-Brmstsd theory of acids and bases; solutions of knoivn hydrogen-ion conc>entration ; colorimetric methods for the determination of hydrogen-ion concentrations ; errors in indicator methods ; the us0 of indicators in titrations; indicator papers and their use for the ap- proxiniate determination of pH ; notes on the preparation of some indicators; name and subject indexes.Volumo 11. The influence of hydrogen-ion concentration on oxidation-reduction processes, rH; potentiometric titrations of acids and bases in non-aqueous solvents ; fundamental importance of hydrogen-ion concentrations in inorganic chemistry, precipitation of hydroxides ; precipitation of basic chromates, borates, car-bonates, and silicates ;precipitation of sulphides ;precipitation of normal and basic phosphates ; reaction between weak organic acids and inorganic bases ;hydrogen-ion concentration of solutions containing complex ions ; analytical processes involving pH;importance of pH control in the detection of metals with organic reagents ; importance of hydrogen-ion concentration in electro-deposition of metals ; in the preliminary stages of leather manufacture; in chrome tanning and other mineral tanning processes ; of chrome tanning liquors ; in the vegetable tanning of leather; sugar manufacture; pulp and paper manufacture ; brewing; significance of the hydrogen-ion concentration of milk; hens’ eggs ; in baking; water purification, corrosion aid sewage disposal ; boaring of hydrogen-ion concentration on the fertility of soils; hydrogon-ion concentration and ceramics ; hydrogen-ion concentration and the textile and dj-e industries; ore flotation; miscellanoous; name and subject indexes.Vitamins, Hormones and Go-enzymes, Application of Absorption Spectra to the Study of. R. A. Morton. and edition. Pp. 226. (London: Adam Hilger, Ltd.) 28s. net. Introductory, notation ; absorption spxtra and steroids ; provitamins and vitamin A; vitamin E and anti-oxidants; vitamin K; vitamin C and vitamin P; tho vitamin B complex; purine and pyrimidine derivatives ; proteins; enzymes and co-enzymes; name and subject index. [ 231 1 D. 0. Raghallaigh, B.Sc., A.I.C., has forwarded a monograph on Sir Robert Kane (1809-18go),first President of Queen’s College, Cork, a Pioneer in Science, Industry and Commerce in Ireland, with a foreword by Professor Joseph Reilly.Pp. 44. (Cork University Press.) 2s. net. The British Standards Institution has recently issued the following standards,-2s. each, post free 2s. 3d. 1053-1942. Water Paints and Distempers for Interior Use. 1056-1942. Painting of Buildings in War-time. 1057-1942. Substitute Paints for Exterior Finishing. Amendment Slip for PD. 4 $or B.S. 1045-1942. Manganese Steel Gas Cylinders for Atmospheric Gases. ‘‘ Endeavour.”-Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., has published No. 4 of Volume I of Edeavo$br, containing a tribute to Newton, to mark the tercentenary of the year of his birth, and an article by Dr. Douglas McKie, who suggests that Newton attempted to discover the laws of chemical attraction and to parallel in the microcosm of chemistry his fundamental work in the macrocosm of mechanics.The Number also contains an article on the “Evolution of the Chemical Laboratory,” by Professor J. R. Partington. (5s. net.). The Institute of Petroleum has presented a copy of Standard Methods for Testing Petroleum and its Products, 4th edition, revised and re-written, 1942 ; comprising 75 classified methods ; specifica-. tions for I.P. Petroleum Spirit and Standard Thermometers; methods of calculating Diesel Index and Viscosity Index; tables for the conversion of kinematic viscosity to Redwood No. I viscosity; methods standardised by the American Society for Testing Materials. 400 pp. (London: Institute of Petroleum.) 15s. “C. H. Gribb” Collection of Prints.-The collection of prints bequeathed to the Institute by the late Mr.Cecil H. Cribb, who died in 1932, has lately received additions, through the courtesy of his execu- tors, including “A Philosopher showing an Experiment on the Air-Pump ” by Valentine Green, after Joseph Wright of Derby,-a strong impression, possibly a “proof,” with the names of the painter and engraver, but without the title; an oval, coloured print of Lavoisier; a mezzotint of the friend and neighbour of Stephen Hales, Alexander Pope, the poet, who in his Essay of Man refers to “the starving chemist in his golden views”; “Le Chemiste en, Operation ” by Basan, after Th. Wyck ; “Astronomy ”-an eighteenth-century, coloured print by Boydell; and a painting in oils --“The Chemist ”-after D.Teniers, jun. The Institute has also received from the Executors of the late Mr. Cribb the following books:- Essays on the Microscope, by George Adams (London: sold by the author at his shop, Tycho Brahe’s head, No. 60, Fleet Street, 1787); [ 2321 plates for the Essays on the Microscope, by George Adams; Lexicon Technicum, or an Universal English Dictionary of Arts and Science (2nd edition) by John Harris, D.D., F.R.S. (London, 1708); Commercium Philosophico-Technicum; or, The Philosophical Commerce of Arts, by W. Lewis, F.R.S. (London, 1765) ; The Construction and Principal Uses of Mathematical Instruments, translated from the French of M. Bion, Chief Instrument Maker to the French King, to which are added “The Con- struction and Uses of such Instruments as are omitted by M.Bion, particularly those invented or improved by the English Edmund Stone; Second Edition to which is added a supplement containing a further account of some most useful mathematical instruments as now improved (London, 1758). The Register At the meeting of Council held on 16th October, 1942, 25 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 81 new Associates were elected, 40 new Students were admitted, and I Student was re-registered. The Council regrets to report the death of 5 Fellows and one Associate. Associates elected to the Fellowship Alexander, William Alastair, B.Sc. (Lond.), 11, Arden Street, Edinburgh. Bennett, William Herbert, M.Sc. (Lond.), 2, Friary Close, Torrington Park, London, N.12. Bloomfield, Cyril Josiah, B.Sc. (Lond.), 39, St. Albans Road, Brynmill, Swansea. Cohen, Aaron, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 7, The Quadrangle, Welwyn Garden City. Dodds, Gilbert Elliot, A.H-W.C., 43, Libertor Brae, Edinburgh, 9. Dyson, Watson Harold, M.A. (Cantab.), Norman House, Isipingo Beach, Natal, S. Africa. Eden, Alfred, M.A., Ph.D. (Cantab.), The Veterinary Laboratory, New Haw, Weybridge.Farmer, Robert Harvey, B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), D.Sc.Tech. (Zurich), 16, Lansdown Road, Sidcup, Kent. Frew, John, Beech Villa, Kirkby, Liverpool. Furness, Walter, B.Sc. (Lond.), 17, North View, Knowles Hill Road, Dewsbury.Halliwell, Ronald Harry, B.Sc. (Lond.), Kasernil, Mount Road, Cranleigh, Surrey. Holburn, William, 23, Ryburn Buildings, Sowerby Bridge, Yorks.Holman, John Christian George Mervyn, B.Sc. (Lond.), c/o Anglo-Iranian Oil Co., Ltd., Abadan, Iran. Jay, Henry Cecil, 35, Highbury, Newcastle-on-Tyne, 2. Kennedy, Thomas, RLSc., Ph.D. (Mane.), c/o Anglo-Iranian Oil Co., Abadan, Khuzistan, Iran. Long, Henry Lawrence, R.Sc. (Lond.), A.M.I.Chem.E., 9, East Avenue, Leicester. Mallows, John Henry, 7, Craigentinny Grove, Edinburgh, 7. Middlebrook, William Robert, 14, Estcourt Avenue, Headingley, Leeds, 6. Muers, Morris Marcus, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), The Gables, Hemyock, Devon. Platt, Percy John, B.Sc. (Lond.), 277, Norwich Road, Ipswich. Ratcliffe, John, B.Sc. (Lond.), Technical College, Derby. Roffey, Frank, B.Sc. (Lond.), Ph.D. (Bris.), Hillcrest, Abbotswood, Guildford.Shuttleworth, Professor Stanley Gordon, M.Sc., Ph.D. (S.A.), Rhodes University College, Grrthamstown, S. Africa. [ 233 1 Stretton, Geoffrey William Peter, B.Sc. (Lond.), Trenython, Elfin Grove, BognorRegis, Sussex. Sutcliffo, Ronald, M.A. (Oxon.), Government Laboratory, Clement’s Inn Passage, Strand, London, W.C.2. New Associates Appleyard, Eric Bentley, 23, Rex Avenue, Ashford, Middx. Barton, Derek Harold Richard, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., Theydon, Hillside Drive, Old Road East, Gravesend. Berrie, Miss Eileen Boyd, B.Sc. (Liv.), 12, Knowsley Road, Wallasey. Bishop, Edmund, B.Sc. (Glas.), A.R.T.C., 93, Gauldry Avenue, Cardonald, Glasgow, S.w.2. Bishop, Joseph Robert, Station House, Calder Grove, nr. Wakefield.Boutelje, Eduard, B.Sc. (Witwatersrand), 113, Eckstein Street East, Observatory Extension, Johannesburg, Trensvaal, S. Africa. Eowden, Kenneth, B.Sc. (Lond.), 16, High Street, Manchester, 13. Bradwell, Donald, c/o Meece House, Cold Meece, nr. Stone, Staffs. Britton, Leslie George, 13, Uphall Road, Ilford, Essex. lprooks, Archibald, 84, Merton Drive, Hillington, Glasgow, S.VV.2. Bunn, Dennis, B.Sc. (Leeds), 43, Easterly Avenue, Harehills, Leeds, 8. Campbell, John James Mackenzie, B.Sc. (Edin.), 37, Cluny Gardens, Edinburgh. Campbell, William Alec, 270, Buddle Itoad, Benwell, Newcastlo-upon-Tyne, 4. Carruthers, Thomas Geoffrey, B.Sc. (Leeds), 68, Hookstone Road, Harrogate. Clarke, James Allan, 25, Field Lane, Burton-on-Trent. Cocker, Wesley, M.Sc., Ph.D.(Mane.), 2, West\?-ood Gardens, Kenton, Newcastle- upon-Tyne, 3. Cottrell, Miss Helen Joyce, B.Sc. (Lond.), 12, Lyndhurst Drive, Romford, Essex. Cotfrell, Jack Andrews, B.Sc. (Lond.), 128, Highfield Lane, Portswood, Southampton. Daniels, Reuben Edwin, B.Sc. (Lond.), 103, Station Road, Glastonbury, Somerset. Davidson, James Norman, B.Sc., M.D. (Edin.), F.R.S.E., Marischal College, The University, Aberdeen. Davies, John Douglas, 3, Prendergast Hill, Haverfordwest, Pem. Drysdale, Angus, 66a, Stewart Avenue, Bo’ness, Scotland. Dunning, John Stanley, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 75, Cleckheaton Road, Odsal, Bradford. Forsdikc, Jack Leslie, B.Pharm. (Lond.), 81, Radcliffe Road, West Bridgford, Nott ingham . Freeman, Philip Reginald, 47, Borras Road, Rhosnessney, Wrexham.Fry, Douglas James, B.Sc. (Lond.), 159, South Park Drive, Ilford. Gardinor, William, 24, Stobhill Road Gomkshill, Newton Grange, Midlothian. Gaunt, William Eric, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Leeds), 203, Hood House, Dolphin Square, London, S.W. 1. Gibbons, George Cuthbert, 26, Mentone Road, Beaton Moor, Stockport.Gilchrist, James Duncan, R.Sc. (Glas.), 6, Linn Drive, Glasgow, S.4. Gill, ,John Parker, B.Sc. (Leeds), 2, Kenslow Avenue, Crumpsall, Manchester, 8. Glascock, Raymond Frederick, B.Sc. (Lond.), 14, St. James’ Avenue, Sutton, Surrey. Hamer, Alfred, B.Sc. (Lond.), 164, King Street, Dukinfiel d, Cheshire. Hards, William Charles Alfred, B.Sc. (Lond.), 36, Princes Road, Brighton, 7. Nensman, Jack, B.Sc. (Lond.), 30, Eastlake Avenue, Parkstone, Dorset.Bitchin, Eric Wilfred, B.Sc. (Lond.), The Walnuts, Wiltra Grove, Duffield, Derby. Hookway, Harry Thurston, 26, Court Drive, Waddon, Croydon. Johnson, Robert, B.Sc. (Lond.), Falcon House, Seascab, Cumberland. Kilham, John Kilvington, B.Sc. (hods), 11, Burton Avenue, Burton Stone Lane, York. Langston, Eobert Pombruge, B.Sc. (Lond.), c/oAnglo-Iranian Oil Co., Ltd., Abadan, Iran. Lewis, John Eryn, B.Sc. (Wales), Lilybank, Barrhill, Dalbeattie, Kirkcudbrightshire. Litherland, L41an, M.A., Ph.D. (Cantab.), 253, Citmdon Road, London, N.7. Lovett, Thomas Whittaker, 222, Heywood Road, Prestwich, Manchcster. Macdonald, William Archie Byroll, B.Sc. (Lond.), c/o 9, Thornly Park Aveilue, Paisley, Renfrewshire.;LIai+tin, Sidney Launcelot Hiam, M.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 66, Streatham Court, London, S.W.16. McCanlis, Arthur William Hepburn, M.A. (Cantab.).45, Eaton Road, Sutton, Surrey. [ 234 I McGill, Eric Frederick George, 27, Marble Hill Gardens, Twickenham, Middlesex. Michaels, Isaac, B.Sc. (Lond.), College of the Pharmaceutical Society, at University College, Cathays Park, Cardiff. Mills, Alfred Joseph, A.C.G.F.C., 28, Coombe Gardens, West Wimbledon, London, s.w.20. Mitchell, John Edmund, B.Sc. (Lond.), 536, Bolton Road, Blackburn. Morgan, Edward Norman, B.Pharm. (Wales), Myrtle Villa, Brynithel Crescent, Llanhilleth, Mon. Murty, Gundu Varaha Lakshmi Narasimha, M.Sc. (Allahabad), D.Sc. (Andhra), Lecturer in Chemistry, Andhra University, Waltair, India.Neilson, James Hugh Saunders, B.Sc. (Glas.), A.R.T.C., 16, Ruthven Street, Glasgow, W.2. Niven, William Love, B.Sc. (Glas.), c/o Rutt, 82, Ashridge Way, Sunbury-on- Thames, Middx. Patrick, Eric Anthony Knights, B.Sc. (Lond.), 49, Ingleby Way, Wallington, Stirrey. Phillips, John Leslie, B.Sc. (Liv.), 56, Wavertree Nook Road, Broadgreen, Liver- pool, 15. Roberts, Ellis Gwynne, B.Sc. (Lond.), 16, Bodwyn Park, Gresford, nr. Wrexham. Roberts, Eric, 20, Dunstcr Avenue, Rochdale, Lancs. Robinson, Henry Williamson Harcourt, B.Sc. (Liv.), Forge House, Cleator, Cumberland. Samuel, Dillwyn Morgan, B.Sc. (Wales), 29, Bold Square, Chester. Sspsford, James, B.Sc.Tech. (Mane.), Rochdale Corporation, Gas Department, Dane Street Works, Rochdale, Lancs.Sarfas, Donald Thomas, 50, Manor Road, Borrowash, Derby. Sathaye, Sharatkumar Vinayak, B.Sc. (Bombay), Dr. Kambli Blocks, Vile Parie (Bombay Suburban District), India. Schwartz, Miss Helen Marie, M.Sc. (Cape Town), Department of Chemistry, Uni-versity of Cape Town, Cape Town, S. Africa. Shah, HariIal Amratlal, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Bombay), No. 7, Pritaninagar, Ahmedabad, Ahniedabad No. 6, India. Shaikh-Mahamud, Husani Salebhai, B.Sc. (Bombay), Ph.D. (Lond.), 8, The Gray- lands, Rhiwibina, Cardiff. Siegert, Robert Wallace Clifford, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., c/o Angostura Bitters, Ltd., Port of Spain, Trinidad, B.W.1. Simpson, Charles Ludgate, M.Sc. (N.U.I.), 49, Mill Street, Cannock, Staffs. Smith, Wenslcy Noah, B.Sc.(Lond.), 41, Elmore Road, Shcffield, 10. Smyth, Jaines Desrnond, B.A., B.Sc., Ph.D. (Dublin), University College, University Road, Leicester. Souter, Robert, B.Sc. (Lond.), 17, Lynclhurst Grove, Chaddesden, Derby. Taylor, Charles Murray, B.Sc. (Glaa.), Rexworthy, Groveley Road, Felthsm, lliddx. Thewlis, Basil Hugh, B.A., U.Sc. (Oxon.), 31, Campden Grove, London, W.S. Thomson, William Renderso;on Scott, B.Sc. (Glas.), 50, Fullarton Driv-e, Troon, Ayrshire.Wallis, Ronald George, B.Sc. (Lond,), 22, Xudbrooke Road, London, S.W.12. IYarburton, Harold, 129, Manchester Road, Walniersley, Bury. White, John, B.Sc. (Birin.), 5, Caithness Drive, Great Crosby, Liverpool, 23. JVhite, Thoinas Walter, B.8c. (Lond.), 45, Maltoii Road, New Baaford, Nottingham.Wilkinsoii, Geoffrey, A.R.C.S. (Loiid.), 4, Wellington Road. Todmorden, Lancs. Wilkinson, John Bertrand, B.Sc. (Leeds), 58, Beech Way, Twickenham, Middx. \Yilson, Walter,. B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., Church Road, Wisbech St. Mary, nr. Wisbech, Cambs. New Students Apling, Edward Chatterton, 45, Hatley Avenue, Iiford, Essex. Barker, Peter Frederick, c/o 41, Merchant Avenue, Spondon, nr. Derby. Bellringer, Miss Kathleen, 5 la, Lumber Lane, JVorsley, Lancs. Bradshaw, Stanley Erwin, 61, Rugby Road, Belfast, N. Ireland. Bruce, John Wilkinson, 113, Leith Walk, Leith. Craston, John Leslie, 37, Eeatty Road, Southport. Cronibie, Leslie, 77, Wesley Grove, Copnor, Portsmouth. Cunliffe, Philip Nowell, The Vicarage, 142, Blackburn Road, Accrington.Dooley, Ronald Clarkson, 60, Abbotsford Road, Smithills, Bolton, Lancs. Douglas, Bryce, 47, Lochleven Road, Langside, Glasgow. [ 235 3 Driver, Raymond Irving Tillson, 10, Stanley Road, Lindley, Huddersfield. Fulton, Derek Fraaer, 67, Gloucester Court, Kew Road, Kew. Gallaher, Patrick Edmund, 274, Shirley Road, Acock’s Green, Birmingham, 27. Goode, Alan Herbert, 8, Church Road, Ilford, Essex. Gow, Robert John, Brook Cottage, Chapel Lane, Rainhill, Lancs. Hanford, Joseph, 10, Baines Avenue, Edlington, Doncaster. Horgan, Vincent John Joseph, 11, Albion Street, Paisley, Scotland. Howe, Kenneth, 141, Chorley Road, Swinton, Lancs. Keeble, Richard Hedley Moulson, 28, Hampden Grove, Beeston, Notts. Kent, Paul Welberry, 2, Oversley Road, Wheatley, Doncaster.Lawton, Jack, 18, Huntley Road, Cheadle Heath, Stockport. Lea, James, 100, Alder Avenue, Widnes. Lowe, John Saunders, Warrington Road, The Holt, Rainhill, nr. Liverpool. Marsden, Philip Sydney Stewart Forbes, 7, Stanway Gardens, London, W.3. Millen, Douglas James, Gascoigne, High Halden, Ashford, Kent. Moreman, Kenneth George, 146, St. Andrew’s Road, Montpelier, Bristol, 6. Moseley, Philip John, 171, Kingfield Road, Foleshill, Coventry. Newman, Maurice Frederick, Bryn Dovey, Ditchfield Road, Hough Green, Widnes. Paul, Harry, Triumph Village, East Coast, Demerara, British Guiana. Penny, David Sheldon, 11, Park View Road, Heaton, Bradford. Pugh, Clifford, 151, Bell Lane, Hendon, London, N.W.4. Sheppard, Stanley James, 1, Tankard’s Close, St.Michael’s, Bristol, 2. Slicer, Ian Harold, 23, Oliver Avenue, London, S.E.25. Smith, John Francis, 9, Royds Avenue, Heysham, Lancs. Stary, Frederick, 21, St. Andrew’s Street, Ayr, Scotland. Stewart, Charles Edward, 1,Baird Avenue, East Howdon-on-Tyne, Northumberland. Whitehead, Thomas Patterson, 102, Victoria Road, Salford, 6. Wilson, Royce Robert, 33, Saxby Street, Leicester. Yardley, Basil Edmondson, 7, Ashfield Terrace West, Newcastle-on-Tyne, 4. Young, William Leonard, Aberlour, Jacks Road, Saltcoats, Ayrshire. Re-registered Student Rich, Albert Charles, 18, Drayton Park Avenue, West Drayton, Middx. DEATHS Fellows Keith Benham, B.Sc. (Lond.). Charles Robert Darling, A.R.C.Sc.I., F.1nst.P. James Darnel1 Granger, Ph.D.(Berlin). George Gerald Henderson, M.A., D.Sc. (Glas.), H0n.LL.D. (St. Andrews),F.R.S.,Past President. Reece, Henry Vallance, M.Sc. (Birm.). Associate Walter Reginald Garratt, M.Sc. (Sheffield). CHANGE OF NAME (Miss) Peggy Lunam, M.Sc. (Dunelm), Associate, to Mrs. Edge,-on her marriage to Herbert Allan Edge, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), Associate. Nov. 2-28 8-22 12 14 17 18 19 20 Coming Events Exhibition. Photography in Science and Industry. Organised by the Association of Scientific Workers, at the Royal Photographic Society, 16, Princes Gate, London, S.W.7. Week-days, 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. Admission free. National Exhibition. Soviet Life in War and Peace,-at Hertford House, Manchester Square, London, W.1.Week-days, 11 a.m. to 5 p.m.;Sundays, 2 p.m. to 5 p.m. Admission Is. INSTITUTEOF FUEL. “Provision of Smokeless Fuel for Post-war Recon- struction.” Dr. G. E. Foxwell, in the Connaught Rooms, Great Queen Street, Kingsway, London, W.C.2, at 2.30 p.m. THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY, THE INSTITUTE AND THE SOCIETY OF CHEMICAL INDUSTILY(Bristol and South-Western Counties). “The Long ehton Contribution to the Utilisation of Surplus Fruit and Vegetables. Mr. V. L. S. Charley, in the University Chemical Department (Woodland Road), Bristol, at 5.30 p.m. THE PHARMACEUTICAL : “Nutrition” by Prof. J. C. Drummond,SOCIETY in the Small Hall, of Friends House, Euston Road, London, N.W.1, at 2.30 p.m. ASSOCIATIONOF SCIENTIFIC WORKERS. “Technical Cinematography in Colour” (illustrated by a selection of films). Dr.H. Mandiwall, at the Royal Photographic Society, 16, Prince’s Gate, London, S.W.7, at 6.30 p.m. THE CHEMICALSOCIETY(Cardiff). Professor H. W. Melville, F.R.S. INSTITUTEOF FUEL. “Discussion on the Battle of Fuel in Industry: How is it going?” Dr. E. W. Smith, C.B.E., in the Grand Hotel, Birmingham, at 2.30 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Plastics Group). “Co-operation as a Post-war Problem.” Mr. H. V. Potter, in the Rooms of the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 2.30 p.m. ASSOCIATION SCIENTIFICOF WORKERS.“Photography as an Aid to Patho- logical Research.” Dr. E. Bone, at the Royal Photographic Society, 16, Prince’s Gate, London, S.W.7, at 6.30 p.m.(Birmingham and Midlands Section). “Forensic Science.” THE IKSTITUTE Dr. J. &I. Wsbster, at the Cnamber of Commerce, New Street, Birmingham, at 5.30 p.m. THE INSTITUTE(London and South-Eastern Counties Section). Annual General Meeting. Address on “Adulteration Past and Present” by Dr. J. R. Nicholls, at the Institute, at 4.0 p.m. THE CHEMICALSOCIETY. Sir William Bragg Memorial Lecture. Professor J. D. Bernal, F.R.S., in the Lecture Theatre of the Royal Institution at 2.30 p.m. THE INSTITUTE(Tees-side Section). “The Changing Scene.” Professor D. T. A. Townend, at Spark’s Cafe, High Street, Stockton-on-Tees. THE CHEMICALSOCIETY (South Yorkshire). “Some Kinetic Problems in Heterogeneous Systems.” Dr. E. A. Moelwyn Hughes, at The University, Western Bank, Sheffield, at 5.30 p.m.INSTJTUTIONMECHANICAL ENGINEERS. “Caustic Embrittlement,”OF E. W. Colbeck, S. H. Smith and L. Powell; and “Corrosion of Boiler Tubes,” T. Henry Turner, at the Institution, Storey’s Gate, St. James’s Park, London, S.W.l, at 5.30 p.m. [ 237 3 Nov. 20 ASSOCIATION WORKERS. Exhibition of Scientific Films from OF SCIENTIFIC various sources. Scientific Films Committee, A.Sc.W., at the Royal Photographic Society, 16, Prince’s Gate, London, S.W.7. at 6.30 p.m. 21 SYMPOSIUM RADIOGRAPHY.ON INDUSTRIAL Arranged by the Scientific Group of the Royal Photographic Society, at 16, Prince’s Gate, London, S.W.7, at 2.30 p.m. 25 THE INSTITUTE(Dublin Section). Annual General Meeting, in the Chemical Department, University College, Upper Merrion Street, Dublin, at 4.30 p.m.26 INSTITUTEOF FUEL. “The Standardisation of the Critical Air Blast Test.” Dr. D. H. Bangman and Dr. G. C. Phillpotts, in the Connaught Rooms, Great Queen Street, Kingsway, London, W.C.2, at 2.30 p.m. 28 ROYALPHOTOGRAPHICSOCIETY: HURTERAND DRIFFIELD MEMORIAL LECTURE: “Sensitometry since Hurter and Drfield.” Dr. S. 8. Rawling, at 16, Prince’s Gate, London, S.W.7, at 3.0 p.m. Dec. 1 THE CHEMICALSOCIETY (Edinburgh). Joint Meeting with the Edinburgh University Chemical Society and the Local Sections of the Institute and the Society of Chemical Industry. “Molecules and Crystals.’’ Professor J. Monteath Robertson, in the Medical Chemistry Lecture Theatre, The University, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, at 7 p.m.SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(Food Group) and SOCIETY OF PUBLIC AND OTHER ANALYTICAL ANALYSTS CHEMISTS: Joint meeting. 4 THE CHEMICALSOCIETY (Glasgow and West of Scotland Sections). Joint Meeting with the Institute and the Society of Chemical Industry. “X-rayStudies of Coalification and Carbonization.” Prof. H. L. Riley. 5 THE INSTITUTE(South Yorlmhire Section). Jointly with the Sheffield Metallurgical Association. “Plastics Mouldings.’’ Mr. J. W. Buckley, at 198, West Street, Sheffield, at 2.30 p.m. (Yorkshire Section). “Some Rheological SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY Problems in Industry.” Dr. G. W. Scott Blair. 10 INSTITUTEOF FUEL. “Fuel Economy at Collieries.” Mr. H. E. Partridge, in the Connaught Rooms, Great Queen Street, Kingsway, London, W.C.2, at 2.30 p.m.16 THE INSTITUTE(Dublin Section). “Surface Tension mid Wett’ing Agents.” Mr. C. W.Grove-White, or “Plastics,” by Dr. A. E. Werner. 17 THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY. Tilden Lecture. Mr. R. P. Bell, on “Recent Developments in the Theory of Reaction Kine tics in Solution,” at Rurling- ton House, Piccadilly, London, W.1, at 2.30 p.m. 1943 Jan. 8 THE INSTITUTE(Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section). “Some Recent Advances in Biochemistry Applied to Brewing.” Prof. R. H. Hopkins, in the North British Station Hotel, Edinburgh, at 7.30 p.m. (Leeds Area). “The Functions of a Government Inspection 11 THE INSTITUTE Department in War-time.” Mr. H. Hollis. r 2381 General Notices Streatfeild Memorial Lecture €or 1942.-Mr.Russell G. Pelly, FeZZow, has agreed to give a lecture entitled “Some Notes on Water Treatment,” before the Institute, at 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1, on Friday, 27th November, at 2.30 pm., notice of which is being issued with this Part of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. Examinations.-It is hoped to arrange Examinations for the Associateship and Fellowship in April, 1943. Candidates whose applications have been accepted will be notified at the earliest moment and may then forward their entry forms and fees. Associates who desire to present themselves for Examination for the Fellowship in April, 1943, should forward their applications for con-sideration by the Council and not wait for a notification of the exact arrangements for the Examinat ions.Active Service.-Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who are on active service with the Navy, Army and Air Force are requested to notify the Registrar of the Institute, givingsuch particulars as may be permissible, as to their rank, unit, etc. Meldola Medal.-On the advice of the Board of Examiners and with the concurrence of the Society of Maccabaeans, the Council has decided that the ward of the Meldola Medal should be suspended until further notice. The Council has decided, however, that when the resumption of the award is authorised, the possibility of awarding more than one Medal in any year should be envisaged, and that if any such additional Medal be awarded, it should be to a candidate who has been precluded from the consideration of his claims during the period of hostilities and in consequence, may be over the age of 30 years. Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize for Registered Students.--A medal and prize (LIO10s.) for the best essay, not exceeding 3000 words, may be awarded in January, 1943, and presented at the next Annual General Meeting, or at a meeting of the Local Section to which the successful competitor is attached. Entries are limited to registered students who are less than 22 years of age at the time of forwarding the essays.The object of the essay is to induce Registered Students to develop a sense of professional public spirit and to devote thought to questions [ 239 1 of professional interest and to the position of chemists in the life of the community-the essay to be on the subject of professional rather than technical or purely chemical importance.Having due regard to the objects stated above, Registered Students are informed that the Council is prepared to consider an essay on any subject which has a bearing on chemistry or chemical work, provided that it does not deal with any purely chemical, technical, or historical subject. Each essay must be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the Local Section of the district in which the competitor resides (see list of Local Sections at the end of the JOURNAL) on or before the 31st December, 1942, and must be accompanied by a signed declaration that it is the independent work of the competitor. Essays will be valued partly for literary style and technique, but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein.The Committee of each Local Section will be asked to select, from those received, not more than three essays considered to be worthy of the award. The essays selected by the Local Sections will be referred to assessors appointed by the Council. On the report of the assessors the Council will decide whether, and to whom, an award shall be made. The award will not be made more than once to any individual competitior. Election of District Members of Council.-Fellows and Associates are reminded that, for the election of District Members of the Council, to take office from 1st March, 1943, nominations should be received at the offices of the Institute on or before Monday, 14th December, 1942.I. In accordance with By-law 30 (I), the Districts were defined by the Institute in General Meeting held on 7th March, 1921, amended on 1st March, 1923, on 1st March, 1935,and on 1st March, 1937:- Birmingham and Midlands, including the Counties of Hereford, Salop, Stafford, Worcester, Warwick, Rutland and Northampton. Bristol and South-Western Counties, including the Counties of Gloucester, Wilts, Dorset, Somerset, Devon and Cornwall. East Midlands and South E’orkshire, including the Counties of Derby,Nottingham and Leicester, and the Lindsey Division of Lincoln; and that portion of Southern Yorkshire, including the towns of Doncaster, Rother- ham, Sheffield, and district immediately contiguous thereto which have been allotted to the South Yorkshire Section; together with the Parts of Holland and the Kesteren Division of Lincoln.Liverpool and Korth-West Coast, including the Counties of Flint, Westmor- land and Cumberland, and so much of the Counties of Chester and Lancaster as lies to the west of the line drawn through the centre of the postal district of Wigaii and Warrington; the towns of Wigan and Warrington and all towns on the line, of which the greater portion of the postal district lies to the west of the line. The Isle of Man. London and South-Eastern Counties, including the Counties of Middlesex, Kent, Sussex, Surrey, Berks, Oxford, Buckingham, Hertford, Essex, Bedford, Cambridge, Suffolk, Norfolk, Huntingdon, Hants, with the Isle of Wight and the Channel Islands.Manchester and District, including so much of the Counties of Lsncaster and Chester as lies to the east of the line drawn through the postal districts of Wigan and Warrington as aforesaid. Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North-East Coast, including the Counties of Northumberland and Durham. [ 240 3 (viii) Yorksliire, except those portions of Southern Yorkshire referred to in (iii) above. (ix) Edinburgh and East of Scotland, including the Counties of Perth, Fife, Kinross, Clackmannan, Stirling, Linlithgow, Edinburgh, Haddington,Berwick, Peebles, Selkirk and Roxburgh. (x) Aberdeen and North of Scotland, including the Counties of Caithness, Sutherland, Ross and Cromarty, Nairn, Elgin, Banff, Aberdeen, Inverness, Kincardine, and Angus (Forfar).(xi) Glasgow and West of Scotland, including the Counties of Argyll, Dumbarton, Renfrew, Lanark, Ayr, Wigtown, Kirkcudbright and Dumfries. (xii) Wales, excluding the County of Flint, see (iv), and the County of Monmouth. (xiii) Northern Ireland, as defined by the Government of Ireland Act, 1920, and subsequent enactments relating thereto. (xiv) Irish Free State, as defined in the Government of Ireland Act, 1920, and subsequent enactments relating thereto. (xv) The Commonwealth of Australia, the Dominion of Canada, the Dominion of New Zealand, the Union of South Africa, the Empire of India, the Crown Colonies and elsewhere abroad. The Rides for the election of District Members of Council are as follows:--The Council have adopted the following Rules for the election of District Members of Council : 11.(1) Any five Members whose registered addresses are within any one District, as defined and adopted by the Institute in General Meeting, may nominate one eligible Fellow as a candidate for election as R District Member of Council for that District, but no member shall nominate more than one such Fellow; except that the Committee of any Local Section constituted in accordance with By-law 94 2(n)may, as such, nominate one candidate for such election, or if there be more than one Local Section id a District the Committees of all the Local Sections in that District shall sit jointly for the purpose of nominating one candidate for such election.(2) Any nomination made under’ these Rules shall be delivered to the Secretary at the Offices of the Institute on or before the second Monday in December in the year preceding the date of election and shall be in the following form:- “We, the undersigned, Members of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland, do hereby certify that A.B., of (registered address) ,a Fellow of this Institute, is, in our estimation, a fit and proper person to be a District Member of the Council of the Institute, and we do hereby nominate him as a candidate for election as a District Member of Council.” (3) Any such nomination may consist of several documents in like form, each signed by one or more Members.Nominations for District (xv) should be received not later than 31st August. 111. (1) On or before the fifth day of January in any year, the Council shall cause to be sent to every Member in each district in the manner prescribed by By-law 81, a balloting list containing the names of the candidates nominated for election as Distriet Members of Couricil for such District, and the balloting list shall indicate which, if any, of the candidates has been nominated by the Committee or Committees of the Local Section or Sections in the respective District; except that in the case of District (xv) this rule shall read as if “September” (in the year previous) were substituted for “January.” (2) Each Member desirous of voting- -(a) Shall record his vote for a District Meiiiber of the Council by making a cross against the name of the candidate for whose election he desires to vote, but no Member shall rote for more than one such candidate.(b) Shall deliver or transmit his balloting list in a sealed envelope bearing on the outside the signature of the Member, addressed to the Secretary, at the office of the Institute, so that it be received not later than by the first post on the third Monday in January in the year for which the election is being held. IV. (1) The envelopes containing the balloting list shall, on the Thursday next after the third Monday in January in the year in which the election is held, be opened by two Scrutineers, neither Members of the Council, nor candidates [ 241 ] nominated for election as District Members of the Council, who shall be nominated by the Council in December of the year preceding the election at a meet- ing convened specially for that purpose.(2) The balloting list bf any member who oil the Thursday next after the third Monday in January is in arrear with any subscription or other sum payable by him to the Institute under the By-laws shall be disallowed. (3) The Scrutineers shall present their Report to the Couiicil at a meeting, on the Friday next afier the third Monday in January, specially convened for that purpose. (4) The candidate receiving the greatest number of votes in each District respec- tively shall be elected and, in any case of an equality of votes, the Council shall decide the matter by ballot.(5) If at any time after the balloting lists have been sent to members, and before the dissolution of the Annual General Meeting, any candidate who would otherwise have been elected has died or has withdrawn his nomination or has in any way become ineligible for Membership of the Council, then the candidate having the next greatest number of votes shall be elected, or if there be no such candidate, the vacancy shall be filled as provided in Rule V. (6) The election of District Members of Council shall be iiotified to inembers whon they are-served with the balloting list for the election of General Members of Council at the Annual General Meeting, V. After the first election any vacancy ainong the District Members of thc c7ouncil occurring between the Annual General Meetings, owing to death, resignation, removal or otherwise, shall be filled by the election by the Committee of the Local Section in the respective District of one eligible Fellow ;or if there be more than one Local Section in the District the Committees of all the Sections therein shall hold a joint meeting for the purpose of such election.Kotice convening a meeting for this purpose shall be sent by the Secretary of the Institute to all the members of the Committee or Committees of the Section or Sections concerned at least fourteen days before the date of the meetiiig. If there be no Local Section within a District, a casual vacancy shall be filled by the election by the Council of one eligible Fellow from the Fellows resident in that District.If there be a casual vacancy in the case of the District Member of Council for IIistrict (xv), such vacancy shall be filled by the Council by the election of one eligible Fellow. The Fellows whose names are given below are the present Members of Council for the Districts indicated. Those whose names are given in italics will have completed the period of three years’ service on the Council, and will retire in accordance with By-law 23. J3iriningh~m and Midlands : Garfield Thomas, M.Sc. Hristol aid South-Western C’ounties : Allarb CuthbertsorhMortkhousa, B.Sc., Ph.D. East Midlands and South 1-orkshire : h’dwin Gregory, M.Sc., Ph.L).Liverpool and North-West Coast : Leslie Victor Cocks. London and South-Eastern Counties : David Michael Freeland. Manchester and District : Harold Stevenson. Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast :Sigurcl \Yalfrid Albert Wikner. Yorlrshire: George James Denbigh, M.Sc. Edinburgh and East of Scotland: Louis Fletcher. Aberdeen and North of Scotland: John Arnold Lovern, Ph.D., D.Sc. Glasgow and West of Scotland: James Wilfred Cook, Ph.D., D.Sc., F.H.8. Wales and the County of Monmouth : Ernest Edward Ayling, M.So., R.K.(:. Northern Ireland: Donald Alford Derrett-Smith, B.Sc., A.C.G.F.C., F.T.1, Irish Free State: John Andrews, B.Sc. The Overseas Dominions and elsewhere abroad :Norman Lindsay Sheldoyz,C.I.E., Ph.D. [ 242 1 Libraries.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m.and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10 a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The Library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is available for the use of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books. It is open from 10a.m. to 5 p.m. from Monday to Friday, and from 10a.m. to I p.m. on Saturdays. Mem-bers and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules regarding the use of the books. The Institute has entered into an arrangement with The Science Library, Science Museum, South Kensington, S.W.7, whereby books may be borrowed on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary of the Institute.Boots’ Booklovers Library .-Under the arrangements made on behalf of Fellows and Associates of the Institute, subscriptions to Boots’ Booklovers Library will expire on 1st March. Further information is obtainable from the Head Librarian, Boots’ Booklovers Library, Stamford Street, London, S.E.I. Lewis’s Lending Library .-Any Fellow or Associate who is not already acquainted with this Library of scientific and technical books may obtain a copy of the Prospectus from the Registrar of the Institute. Notices to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Asso-ciates to qualify for the Fellowship.Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As the slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.-Fellows, Associates and Registered Students who wish to hotify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration.All requests for changes in the Register should be addressed to the Registrar, and not to the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. In order to facilitate identification, Fellows and Associates are asked to give their full initials on communications addressed to the Institute. In the prevailing circumstances, Fellows and Associates are also asked not invariably to expect formal acknowledgments of communications addressed to the Institute unless replies are necessary. “31 1.A-1 WAR SAVINGS CAMPAIGN1 1 1 1 1511 becomes 2016 I I How so ? I A IS/-National Savings Certificate grows in I value until at the end of 10years it is worth 20/6. 1 Do I pay any Income Tax on this increase?1 No. It is entirely free of Income Tax. 1 1 Where do I buy Savings Certijcates? From any Post Office, Bank, or Trustee1 Savings Bank; through a Savings Group or 1 from shops acting as Honorary Official Agents. 1 How do I buy Savings CerttjCicates?1 You can buy them outright at IS/-each. You1 can also purchase them by instalments by buying 6d. or 2/6 National Savings Stamps. I Is there any limit to the number I may hold?4 No individual may hold more than 5004 Certificates. i4 Can I get my money back if I need if ? Yes. You can cash Savings Certificates at anytime by giving a few days’ notice. You will get your money back with the increase which your Certificates have earned up to that date. NATIONAL1 SAVINGS CERTIFICATES4.1 ~ wvv--vw Issued by The National Savings Committee, London