THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. ~~ FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1930. PART IV. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELL LONDON,SQUARE, W.C. I. August, 1930. Publications Committee, 193013 1 LEWIS EYNON (Chairman), G. C. CLAYTON (President), H. B. BROWN, H. V. A. BRISCOE, W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD, A. M. CAMERON, A. J. CHAPMAN, F. D.CHATTAWAY, A. COULTHARD, W. R. FEARON, C.S.GIBSON, W. H.GIBSON, T. P. HILDITCH, L. E. HINKEL, J. G. KING, PATRICK €I.KIRKALDY (Hon. Tveasirvev), D.JORDAN LLOYD, H.M. MASON, C. A. MITCHELL, W. D.ROGERS, WILLIAM WARDLAW, F. J. WILSON, A. W. M. WINTLE. 205 Proceedings of the Council. JUNE-AUGUST, 1930. Patent Law Reform.-On the action taken by the Council in representing to the Board of Trade Patents Committee that medical patents should not be treated differently from other patents, it has been suggested that this view may be modified when the evidence taken before the Board of Trade Patents Committee is published, particularly in view of the relationship which exists between the chemist and the medical man in the discovery and development of new remedies. It must be obvious that success depends upon co-operation, and that the Joint Chemical Committee hoped that the suggested scheme for dedicated medical patents would secure this co-operation, while giving reasonable safeguards to the inventor and manufacturer.It should be made clear, also, that the view expressed by the Council, that the individual research worker should not be deprived of due reward for the results of his inventions, applies equally as much to medical men as to chemists. It is hoped that an agreement will be arrived at before any change in the law is effected; in the meantime, the publication of the evidence given before the Board of Trade Committee will be awaited with interest. Government Inquiries-Arising out of the apparent neglect of the Government to secure representation of scientific opinion on governmental advisory bodies, as exemplified in the appoint- ment of the Royal Commission on the Civil Service, the Council of the Institute appointed Professor Arthur Smithells, Past President, to represent the Institute (as a body associated with the Federal Council for Chemistry) at a conference of delegates nominated by professional engineering and scientific institutions, held at the Institution of Mechanical Engineers on the 29th May.In the course of the conference, it was noted that the British Science Guild was preparing a memorandum of evidence to be submitted to the Royal Commission, but it was agreed that steps should be taken to prevent a repetition of the appointment of similar advisory bodies without scientific representation. It 206 was felt that an endeavour should be made to express the collective views of the principal engineering and professional scientific institutions to the Government, and it is proposed to prepare a memorandum, which, with the approval of the institutions concerned, should form the basis of representation to the Government on this subject; also that a watching com- mittee be appointed to keep institutions informed of matters in public life which may affect their common interests.Go-operation.-At a meeting of Council held in June, the Council gave consideration to a motion, submitted by Dr. Herbert Levinstein, that the scope and activities of the Institute and its Local Sections should be reviewed, having regard to the interests of other Chemical Bodies. At the same time, a sug- gestion was received from the Council of the Chemical Society that a Joint Committee, consisting of representatives of the Chemical Society, the Society of Chemical Industry, and the Institute, should be appointed to explore a number of suggestions regarding the sectional meetings of the Institute and the Society of Chemical Industry, and other matters directed to the provision of still closer co-operation between the three bodies.Professor Smithells, Past President, Mr. Patrick H. Kirkaldy, Hon. Treasurer, and Dr. H. McCombie were appointed as representatives of the Institute, and it was also decided to invite the views of Local Sections on the matter. Chemical Standardisation.-A Conference was held, on 4th June, at the offices of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers, of representatives of societies and institutions likely to be interested in the organisation of chemical stan- dardisation.The Institute was represented by Mr. W. J. A. Butterfield, Member of Council. The Conference was unanimous in the opinion that a chemical standardising Body was needed and that, in the interests of efficiency and economy, there should be a single organisation embracing all forms of standardisation. It was decided that a Committee be appointed to explore the situat.ion in collaboration with the British Engineering Standards Association and to report to the Conference. The constitution of the Committee, which was left in the hands of the Chairman, Dr. E. F. Armstrong, includes eight members of the Institute.207 At the annual general meeting of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers, on 10th July, Dr. E. F. Armstrong, in referring to this matter, gave an assurance that, in drawing up a scheme of organisation in conjunction with the British Engineering Standards Association, full autonomy would be secured for chemical interests, and that nothing in the way of hasty standardisation would be attempted. Pedler Scholarship.-Mr. G. M. Moir has submitted records of his work to the Pedler Fund Committee, and, with the approval of the Council, arrangements are being made for the publication in due course of his experimental results. The subject for investigation by the next Pedler Research Scholar has not yet been determined, but will be announced in due course.Dixihme Congres de Chimie 1ndustrielle.-Prof. Charles Stanley Gibson, Member of Council, has been appointed as the representative of the Institute at the 10th Congress of Industrial Chemistry, organised by the Soci6t6 de Chimie Industrielle, to be held at Li6ge from 7th to 13th September next, and at the 10th International Conference of Chemistry, to be held at Likge from the 14th-20th September. These and many other meetings of scientific and industrial interest have been arranged to take place during the International Exhibition at Liege, which was opened in May last and will continue until October, in celebration of the Centenary of the Belgian Independence. The Registrar will be glad to hear from any Fellow or Associate who intends to be present at the Congress, in order that the organisers may be notified.Faraday Celebrations, 1931.-The Federal Council for Chemistry has notified the Council of the Institute regarding the arrangements for the Faraday Centenary Celebrations, to be held in September, 1931, under the auspices of the Royal Institution, in conjunction with other Bodies,-especially the Institution of Electrical Engineers and the Federal Council. It is proposed to hold an exhibition, to be open for about ten days, at the Albert Hall, London, which has been secured for this occasion. For the purpose of this exhibition, it is estimated that a sum of Ero,ooo will be required, and of this sum the Institution 208 of Electrical Engineers has already guaranteed to provide j68,ooo.It is hoped that the representatives of chemical interests, pure and applied, will be able to provide the remaining j52,ooo. The Finance and House Committee of the Institute will have the appeal under consideration at an early meeting. The Council is requested, however, to bring the matter before the Fellows and Associates of the Institute with the object of obtaining their interest and support. The extent to which Faraday’s work has been of importance to chemistry is illustrated by the programme of subjects to be covered by the exhibits. Faraday’s work will be the starting point of each section, and a series of carefully chosen exhibits will show the main lines of progress which have been pursued by British workers up to the present day.Simple descriptive pamphlets will be provided. The British Association will also celebrate its centenary during the week in which the Faraday Celebrations are held, and it is anticipated that many foreign visitors will participate in the meetings. A unique opportunity will, therefore, be afforded of bringing before the world at large the nature and outcome of the work of experimental discovery, and the im- portance to the community of the scientific enquiries initiated by a single worker. From a display of relics of Faraday will radiate exhibits in illustration of the outcome and development of his discoveries, briefly summarised as follows :-1.EARLYWORK. “Analysis of 1ime”his f3st publication. Transpirationof gases. Chlorides of carbon-modern use as solvents. Sub-division of gold-relation of colour to size of particle-ultramicroscope. ‘‘Chemical Manipulation ”-his book-its novelties. 2. CONDENSATIONOF GASES(HIS APPARATUS). Andrew’s work on critical temperature. Cailletet pump. Liquid air, oxygen, hydrogen, solid carbon dioxide. Dewar vessels and charcoal. Rare gases-their use for advertising. Helium airship. Metallic conductivity at low temperature. Liquid air and charcoal explosive. Acetylene-cutting steel-conversion into alcohol and acetic acid. 209 3. EXPERIMENTSON ALLOYSTEELS. Modern alloys-tool steel-rustless steels, magnetic and non-magnetic alloys.Uses of rustless steel-hard nmnganese and silicon steels. 4. ELECTRO-CHEMICALSTUDIES. Identacation of Electricities. Electrolysis--laws of (voltameter, etc.). Secondary cells. Electro-deposition of metale. Manufacture of hydrogen, chlorine, sodium and aluminium byelectrolysis. Production of graphite, calcium carbide and carborundum byelectric heating. Electric welding and electric smelting, melting and refining. 5. CATALYSIS. Catalytic effect of clean platinum. Gas battery. Hydrogenation of fats-synthetic ammonia and methanol. 6. DISCOVERYOF BENZENE. Oil gas plant-separation from coal by charcoal and from coal tar by distillation. Coke oven plant-use of tar in road making. Conversion of benzene into derivatives used in making dyestuff B and other products.Display of selected fabrics illustrating applications of dyestas. 7. OPTICALGLASS (HEAVY). Perkin’s work on magnetic rotatory power. 8. SPECIEIC CAPACITY.INDUCTIVE Magne crystallic action. Chemical Society Library.-The Council has made a donation of Ez50 to the Library of the Chemical Society for the present year. The privileges, regarding the use of the Library, by Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students of the Institute will be continued. The Register.-The production of the new edition of the Register lately published was somewhat delayed owing to the change in form. The Registrar regrets that it is necessary to direct attention to a few errors; the following alterations may be noted:-Page 37.Hill, Robert Ashton-uddress should read The University, Hong Kong, China. ,, 103. Barrett, Arthur W.-for 50 Hendale Road, read 59 Hendale Avenue; also 8ee index, for 203 read 103. ,, 125. Holgate, Eric-8hould read Titanine-Emaillite, Ltd., Sheaves- hill Avenue, Colindale, N.W.9. Work8 Manager and Chemist. 210 Page 154. Rowland, Stanley-appointment should read Assistant Chemist, North Metropolitan Electric Power Supply Co. ,, 163. Kellett, E. G.--for Edison Geoffrey read Edwin Geoffrey. ,, 163. Muddiman, Ernest Walter--add B.Sc. (Lond.). ,, 174. Stubbs, Leslie William--or B.Sc. read M.Sc. ,, 178. Floris, Robert Brooke-appointment should read DeputyDirector of Water Examination and Chief Chemist, Metropoli- tan Water Board.,, 182. Wheatley, William-should not be under Sutton, but under Richmond on p. 180. ,, 186. Groves, Miss Ida Mary-deZete “Assistant Chemist, The General Hospital, Birmingham.” ,, 207. Briers, Frank-udd D.Phi1. (0xon.)-address should read 40 Linden Grove. Appointment should read Research Chemist, Synthetic Ammonia & Nitrates, Ltd. ,, 209. Burdekin, John Thomas-B.Sc. Tech. (Manc.) should read B.Sc. Tech (Sheffield). ,, 210. Huxley, James Henry--for T.N. Central 2844, read T.N. Central 50144. ,, 253. Hill, Ronald Alfred-address should read 29 Prospect Hill, Redditch, Worcs. The attention of Fellows and Associates is directed to the list of names of members whose addresses are required, given on page 292. Postal packages addressed to the following have also been returned, marked “ Gone, no address.” Howells, Oliver Richard, M.Sc.(Lond.), A.I.C. Jones, Arthur Frederick, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.I.C. Mitchell, Thomas Corlett, BSc., Ph.D. (Glas.), A.R.T.C., A.I.C. Morgan, Idwal, B.Sc. (Wales), A.I.C. O’Brien, Arthur Matthew, F.I.C. Phillips, David John Pritchard, B.Sc. (Wales), A.I.C. Walker, Alexander, B.Sc. (Glas.), A.I.C. Hindle, James, B.Sc. (Lond.) Student. 21 1 Local Sections. Aberdeen and North of Scotland.-On 4th July, the Section held a meeting, in the form of a hill climb. The objective was Morven (2862 feet), on Deeside, and a small party motored from Aberdeen to the foot of the hill, via Tarland, a distance of 40 miles. Arriving there about noon, the party was led by the Chairman of the Section, Dr.Tocher, who is an enthusiastic hill-climber, and it was hoped to reach the top to partake of lunch. The sultry weather, however, forced a slow pace, and some depression settled over those who had not encountered Morven before; for Morven-with its numerous ridges that look like the top, but are not-plays deceptive tricks on newcomers. Eventually the summit was reached, but not without a stop for lunch, almost within sight of it; though Dr. Tocher, with greater persistence, reached the objective before lunching, and greeted the younger members as they arrived. After a discussion, among the experienced climbers, as to the location of various hills and landmarks, the descent was begun, and was completed in less than half the time taken for the ascent.The party then motored to the cave at the Burn 0’Vat, and thence to Profeit’s Hotel, where Dr. Tocher kindly entertained the company to supper. The excursion was made under ideal conditions, and was voted a distinct success. Bristol and South-Western Counties,-The first meeting of the 10th Session took the form of a visit to the Exeter Gas Light and Coke Company’s works at Southernhay, Exeter, on 25th June, when members from Bristol and Gloucester were met at Exeter by local members and others from Budleigh Salterton and Tiverton, and by Mr. W. N, Westlake, Manager of the Gas Works. The party was conveyed in private cars from the station to the works, where, under the guidance of Mr.212 Westlake, Mr. Rudd and Mr. Copp, the plant for the production of coal gas was inspected-practically all of modern construction -and also a gas holder, in course of erection, of two million cubic feet capacity. The members were then conveyed to the Rougemont Hotel for tea. Mr. Frank Southerden, Chairman of the Section, voiced the thanks of the members to Mr. Westlake and, through him, to the Directors of the Company, for the excellent facilities provided and for the hospitality enjoyed during the visit. Afterwards, under the guidance of Mr. Southerden and Dr. H. T. S. Britton, the members visited the Northernhay Gardens and the new Science Buildings of the University College which are now in course of erection.The next meeting will be held in Bristol University on 18th November, when a paper on “Some Thallium Compounds” will be given by Dr. R. C. Menzies. Cape.-The Annual General Meeting of the Cape Section was held at the University of Cape Town, on 25th April,- Professor E. Newbery in the Chair. The Fifth Annual Report, submitted by the Honorary Secretary, Dr. C. F. Juritz, and the Annual Accounts, submitted by the Hon. Treasurer, Mr. E. H. Croghan, were received and adopted. The meeting expressed its regret at the death of Mr. A. Stead, and requested the Hon. Secretary to convey a message of con-dolence to his family. The report showed that 22 meetings of the Section had been held during the five years of its existence, and that the proceedings of the past year (1929) had been of special interest and importance.The Section had been visited by the President (Professor Smithells) and later by other members of the Institute who attended the meeting of the British Asso- cia tion. The Section recorded its appreciation of a visit paid by the members to the Cape Explosives Works, at Somerset West, where, together with a party of members of the Cape Chemical Society and other visitors, they were entertained to dinner and after- wards heard a paper read, by Mr. T. T. Wood, on “Control of Acid Production by means of the Acid-Water Balance, with reference to the Manufacture of Explosives.” Dr. Juritz and Mr. Croghan retired from their respective offices and received the thanks of the Section for their services.213 The officers and committee of the Section for the ensuing year were elected as follows:- Chairman : Dr. C. F. Juritz; Hon. Secretary : Dr. W. Pugh; HOP^. Treasurer: Mr. G. F. Britten; committee : Professor E. Newbery and Mr. G. C. Scully ;Auditors :Dr. L. Denis-Nathan and Dr. J. C. Vogel. The meeting gave preliminary consideration to a scheme for allowing the members the use of the University Library. A discussion ensued on a communication from Mr. W. P. Dreaper, regarding the formation of a Science Committee of Members of the House of Commons and suggesting the establish- ment of a similar committee of members of the Union House of Assembly, which was welcomed and referred to the Committee.Malaya.-The honorary secretary of the Malaya Section has forwarded copies of papers read before the Section by Major B. J. Eaton on “The Chemist and the Rubber Industry,” and by Mr. A. C. Brooke on “Lantern Slides, What they are, Why they are, and Here they are.” The Committee of the Section has recommended that Major Eaton’s paper be printed as a monograph and circulated to all members of the Institute, and the Publications Committee is in communication with him on that suggestion. Further reference to the paper is therefore postponed. Mr. Brooke, in his paper, dealt with lantern plates in three classes : bromide, chloride, and chloro-bromide,-each class having its counterpart in bromide, gaslight, and mezzotint printing papers respectively.The differences between them were, in the main, in respect of contrast and colour of image produced. Bromide plates yielded a black and white image of normal contrast from a normal negative. Unless steps were taken to prevent it from being so, the image on a chloride plate was of higher contrast than one on either of the other varieties, while the chloro-bromide plate lent itself to the production of coloured images when special developers were employed. For a black and white slide from a normal or vigorous negative, a bromide plate was used, but if the negative were flat, i.e. lacking in contrast, a chloride plate should be chosen; for a 214 coloured image by direct development a chloro-bromide plate was selected. In the exposure and development of black and white slides there was only the degree of contrast to be considered.The exposure was found by trial and the contrast controlled by development. In using a metol-hydroquinone developer, the greater the proportion of hydroquinone to metol, the greater the contrast of the resulting image. Contrast was also dependent on the duration of the time of development and to a large extent on the degree of concentration of the developer: the longer the period and the greater the dilution, the greater the contrast. Mr. Brooke dealt with the methods of producing coloured images on lantern slides. The colour of the final slide depended on the amount of solvent action which took place during develop- ment, and this could be controlled by varying the time of development and the amount of solvent; the longer the develop- ment, the greater the contrast; the greater the solvent action, the redder the colour.Two substances had been found really satisfactory as solvents : ammonium carbonate and thiocarba- mide. For the ammonium carbonate method two solutions are required,-one an ordinary Metol-hydroquinone developer and the other a solution containing 10 per cent. each of ammonium carbonate and ammonium bromide. The bromide functioned solely as a restrainer, to prevent fog. The two solutions should be kept separate and mixed just before use. The necessary proportions, which, combined with an appropriate time of development, would produce a slide of good contrast and of the required colour, could only be determined by trial, though, when experience had been gained, a fairly accurate guess could be made and a record kept, in order that any particular result might be repeated, provided that the working temperature was the same.The results obtained by the thiocarbamide method easily surpassed those by other processes, but it was difficult to repeat a given result with certainty, no matter how accurately the con- ditions had been standardised. The ammonium carbonate method produced sepia, brown and red shades; the thiocarbamide gave blue-blacks, grey-blues, blues and violets, leaving greens as the only colours unobtainable by direct development. For the thiocarbamide method three solutions were required,-the metol-hydroquinine developer, the solution of ammonium car- bonate and ammonium bromide, as before, and a very dilute 215 solution containing ammonium bromide and thiocarbamide.The colours obtainable depended on the relative proportions of the three solutions, the time of development and exposure. Roughly speaking, an increase in exposure, in the time of develop- ment, and in the amount of thiocarbamide solutionin the developer all tended towards an increase of blue in the result. Mr. Brooke gave his views on the reasons for these results and suggested that there was an excellent field for research. He then dealt with other methods of producing coloured slides, by toning and staining.Silver sulphide, iron ferrocyanide, uranium ferrocyanide and gold, yielded respectively slides in sepia, bright blue, chocolate, and blue-black colours. The sulphide toning required bleaching and re-development, but the others could be completed with a single solution. The iron and uranium slides could not be regarded as permanent. The ordinary bleacher was a solution containing potassium ferricyanide and potassium bromide, which, however, bleached unevenly : the thinner silver deposits were bleached first, and therefore bleaching had to be allowed to go to completion if an even tone was required. He had found that if, after a slide had been allowed to soak in a solution of common salt it was bleached with a dilute solution of hypochlorite, the action was so remark-ably even that the bleaching might be stopped at any stage, and the whole range of tones between black and sepia made available.In the production of coloured slides by staining with dyes, the problem was to find a mordant which would fix the dye to the image while leaving clear the gelatine in which that image was embedded. Silver ferrocyanide was satisfactory, so that the problem was how best to deposit it on the image. The slide was treated with uranium ferricyanide in acid solution. This was reduced by the metallic silver of the image to ferrocyanide, so that a mixture of silver and uranium ferrocyanides was deposited on the image; but the presence of uranium ferrocyanide was un- necessary and objectionable, since it is a highly coloured sub- stance, and he had endeavoured to eliminate it.When mor- danted the slide could be stained with a variety of basic dyes, such as chrysoidine, malachite green and methylene blue. Bymixing these in varying proportions, a large number of shades was obtainable. He used 092 per cent. of the dye in a 05 per cent. solution of acetic acid. The lecture was illustrated by about 70 lantern slides, includ- ing examples produced by nearly all the processes mentioned, 216 New Zealand.-The Honorary Secretary of the New Zealand Section has reported that chemists in that Dominion are discussing the desirability of forming a New Zealand Chemical Institute, and that the subject will be considered at the next Annual Conference of the Section.The promoters of the new Institute are favourably disposed towards the New Zealand Section, and fully cognisant of the work which has been done by the Section in the interests of the profession in New Zealand; but they are desirous of forming an association representative of the whole profession in the Dominion and naturally look to the members of the New Zealand Section of the Institute for their support. On the other hand, it is felt by some of the senior members that it is inadvisable that a Dominion Institute should be established if it requires only a moderate standard of qualifica-tion for membership, and that for the present it would be better to secure the adherence of those who are duly qualified to the home Institute and its Local Section.Excluding the teachers of science in technical schools and high schools, who do not possess qualifications such as are required by the Institute, the number of chemists in New Zealand is about roo, of whom nearly 40 are members of the home Institute. 217 Notes. Beilby Memorial Awards.-As a memorial to Sir George Beilby, a fund was collected in 1926,from the interest on which, at the discretion of the administrators, awards are to be made from time to time to British investigators in science, to mark appreciation of distinguished original work carried out over a number of years, preference being given to investigations relating to the special interests of Sir George Beilby, including problems connected with fuel economy, chemical engineering, and metal- lurgy.In July, the administrators of the fund-the Presidents, Treasurers and Secretaries of the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry, and the Institute of Metals-announced the award of E250 each to Dr.Guy Dunstan Bengough, of the Chemical Research Laboratory, Teddington, and Mr. Ulick Richardson Evans, of Cambridge. Dr. Bengough’s first research work was done at Liverpool University, where he was appointed in charge of the Metallurgical Department in 1907,and consisted of metallographic investiga- tions on the annealing of metals and on the tensile properties of alloys at high temperatures. In some of this work he was associated with 0. F. Hudson and D.Hanson. In 1911 he published the first of a series of reports to the Corrosion Research Committee of the Institute of Metals. This series was largely concerned with the corrosion of condenser tubes, and was con- tinued till 1924,when the 7th Report was published in collabora- tion with R. May. In 1926 he published, in conjunction with J. M. Stuart, an account of the anodic process for the protection of aluminium and certain light alloys against corrosion. Patents for this process had already been granted to the two authors, and the rights assigned to H.M. Treasury. The process has come into use all over the world, wherever aircraft are made, and has been found useful for such diverse purposes as the protection of artificial limbs, surveying instruments and metal rollers.In 215 I927 Dr. Bengough was appointed principal assistant at the Department’s Chemical Research Laboratory, Teddington, where he is now in charge of the corrosion research section of the laboratory, in which many problems of this nature are being investigated. In 1928he was invited to give a special lecture on corrosion before the 8th Congress of Industrial Chemistry at Strasbourg, and to write the article on corrosion for the EncycZo-padia Britannica. In conjunction with J. M. Stuart and A. R. Lee, he has recently published a series of papers in the Proceedings of the RoyaZ Society and elsewhere, on the theory of corrosion, in the light of quantitative measurements. Mr. Evans is the author of a four-volume book on Metals and Metallic Compounds.Since its publication in 1923 he has been occupied mainly with research work on the corrosion and passivity of metals, and on the properties of the thin oxide films frequently present on the surface of metals. These films, which may pro- foundly influence the behaviour of the metals, are usually invisible, although, as Mr. Evans has shown, they become visible when removed from the brightly reflecting basis. On these subjects he has published many papers which have appeared in the Journals of the Institute of Metals, the Faraday Society, the Chemical Society, and the Society of Chemical Industry. His communications have also been published in the Proceedings of the Royal Society, Nature, and several other journals, and he is the author of several papers on other scientific and technical subjects, including recrystallisation in metals, colloid-chemistry, fuel cells, and electro-tanning.Much of this work has been conducted alone, but there have been joint papers with E. K. Rideal, L. L. Bircumshaw, M. Cook, R. T. M. Haines, L. C. Bannister, J. Stockdale, S.C. Britton, and others. In 1924 appeared the first edition of Mr. Evans’s book on the Corrosion of Metals; the second edition, greatly altered owing to the advances made in the intervening two years, was published in 1926;this book has been translated into German (1926)and French (1928). He has contributed papers to three symposia on corrosion, held in America in the years 1924, 1925 and 1927;and, in February, 1929, by invitation of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, he visited New York to deliver the annual lecture on metals.This was followed by a lecture tour in the States. Mr. Evans is a member of the Corrosion Committee of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, and of the Corrosion Committee of the Iron and Steel Institute. 219 Benevolent Fund.-The Benevolent Fund Committee acknowledges the gift of jcI~received anonymously on the 29th August. The total receipts to the end of August, 1930, including loans repaid (fT77) and dividends (i77 3s. 4d.) amount to fT1086 10s. gd., and the expenditure, to the same date, is k721 9s. 3d. The receipts at the corresponding date in 1929 amounted to fT1oo8 16s.3d., and the payments to L609 4s. 7d. It will be seen, therefore, that while the income has increased by fT77 14s 6d., the expenditure has increased by EIIZ 4s. 8d. Registration (Accountants) .-The Departmental Com-mittee appointed by the Board of Trade, in February, to consider whether it is desirable to restrict the practice of the profession of accountancy to registered persons and to report on the method by which such a register should be maintained, has reported unanimously that it is not desirable to restrict the practice of that profession in the manner suggested, and that a close examination of the effects of the proposal for a partial scheme of compulsory registration has prevented the Committee from recommending its adoption. The suggestion, so far as the profession of accountancy is concerned, was brought into prominence by a recommendation made in May, 1929,by the House of Commons Committee on Local Legislation that the profession of accountancy and auditing should be placed on a unified basis, by the incorporation of a representative body, having control over the whole profession and keeping a register of all fully qualified members of the profession.The Departmental Committee, assuming that the question was to be examined from the point of view of public interest, found that there was no general demand for the establishment of a register of accountants, accompanied by a prohibition of practice by unregistered accountants.The evidence showed that while a few incompetent and even undesirable persons offered their services to the public, the public was able to, and did, discriminate between the various classes of persons who practise as accountants; and that there was little to indicate that those who had need of accountants suffered as the result of the present conditions. Opinion was not unanimous in the accountancy profession itself as to the value of compulsory registration, and the usual 220 objection was advanced that it would be necessary, in the initial stage, to include all persons who had been practising the profession for some time, whether competent or not. The public was inclined to assume that if a man’s name was on a register he possessed the minimum qualification for practice, but during the initial stage unworthy persons might secure registration. One practical difficulty was to define accountancy, since the functions of an accountant might extend from what is little more than book-keeping, to advising on the flotation of under- takings, and on financial reconstruction schemes.Solicitors and bankers undertook the preparation of trust accounts and income tax returns, and officials of companies, as well as accountants, acted as liquidators, and as trustees in bankruptcy. The Committee asked the question-whether the clerk who assisted the trader with his accounts, or the estate agent who accepts responsibility for estate accounts, or the income tax expert, were to be regarded as practising accountants.Suggestions were advanced for partial restriction of practice to such as offered their services independently to the public, and not to those who are engaged as employees, or to those who practised as auditors, in order that only registered auditors might be permitted to audit accounts as required by statute. The Committee pointed out that the Company Law Amendment Committee had considered the qualifications of the auditors of accounts of public companies four years ago, but did not recom- mend any provision in the Companies Act on that subject. The Departmental Committee found that the evidence on the point afforded no ground for alteration of the law and was, in fact opposed to alteration; because the requirement that the accounts of private companies should be audited by registered auditors would impose an expense on over go,ooo private companies, for which there was no justification.If a compulsory register were set up it would be essential that the standard should be a high one, but if the practice of accountancy were restricted to those who complied with the high standard required, considerable hardship would ensue, as, for example, to those, on the one hand, who practised in minor branches of accountancy work and, on the other, to those who did not need to employ highly qualified members of the profession for work which can well be accomplished by those with elementary knowledge. At the same time, the fear was expressed, by the National Chamber of.Trade, that the setting 221 up of a monopoly might result in an increase of fees payable for accountancy services. John Millar Thomson Medal.-The London University Court has accepted the offer of Professor Samuel Smiles and Professor A. J. Allmand to found a Medal to commemorate the services, rendered to King’s College, London, and to chemical education, by Professor John Millar Thomson. Professor Thomson, a past President (I~oo-I~o~)and past Honorary Registrar of the Institute (1894-t goo), who is now in his eighty- second year, was a member of the staff of the Department of Chemistry at King’s College from 1871-1914, including twenty-seven years as Daniel1 Professor of Chemistry and Head of the Department of Chemistry.British Association.-Professor G. T. Morgan’s Address, as President of Section B. Chemistry, at the Bristol Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, was entitled “A State Experiment in Chemical Research,” and is published in the issue of Chemistry and Industry dated 5th September. Professor Morgan gives an account of the origin of the Chemical Research Laboratory at Teddington, with particulars of its administration and control, and of the programme of research on which the scientific and technical staffs are engaged. Association of Special Libraries and Information Bureaux.-The Seventh Annual Conference of the Associa- tion of Special Libraries and Information Bureaux will be held at New College, Oxford, from 19th to zznd September.The Conference will be open generally to all interested. Full particulars can be obtained from the General Secretary, Association of Special Libraries and Information Bureaux, 26, Bedford Square, London, W.C.I. Dr. G. C. CLAYTON,President of the Institute, has been appointed to represent Chemistry on the Advisory Council of the Board of Trade. Professor C. K. INGOLDhas been appointed Professor of Organic Chemistry at University College, London, in succession to Professor Robert Robinson, now Waynflete Professor of Chemistry in the University of Oxford. 222 Dr. J. L. SIMONSENhas been appointed to the Chair of Chemistry in the University College of North Wales, Bangor, rendered vacant by the death of Professor K.J. P. Orton. Dr. F. CHALLENGERhas been appointed Professor of Organic Chemistry in the University of Leeds in succession to Professor Ingold. An Exposition of Chemical Industries has been announced to take place in New York, from 4th to 9th May, 1931. The Organising Secretary has invited the American Express Company, 6, Haymarket, London, S.W.1, to afford information and assistance to possible European visitors. 223 National Certificates in Chemistry, 1930. THE Council has received and adopted the Report of the Joint Committee of the Board of Education and the Institute of Chemistry on National Certificates in Chemistry for 1930. A ssessors.-Professor G. T. Morgan, O.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S., Dr.T. Slater Price, O.B.E., F.R.S., and Professor J. E. Coates, O.B.E., D.Sc. I. Introductory .-During the present session two additional schools have submitted candidates in the senior grade. The number of entries in the senior grade was 216, of whom 109 passed, against 183 in 1929,of whom 94 passed. In the advanced grade there were 54 candidates, of whom 35 passed, compared with 63 in 1929,of whom 43 passed; of these 54 candidates, 33 had previously obtained the ordinary certificate, and 23 of the latter were successful in obtaining the higher certificate this year. 11. General Remarks.-The Assessors wish again to stress the point that practical examinations are primarily a test of experi-mental accuracy and skill; the manner and neatness of recording results are of secondary importance.111. Inorganic Chemistry-Theory .-The compulsory ques-tion was answered fairly well in most cases, but there still remains room for improvement in the candidates’ understanding of the laws and theories underlying chemistry. Answers to questions on manufacturing processes still tend to be somewhat superficial. It is again emphasised that such questions should not be set, if a detailed answer is required, except in districts where such pro- cesses are in actual operation and of local importance. At this stage it is much better that students should obtain a general knowledge of chemistry, rather than a detailed one of a particular section. There is evidence that students, when once they have taken up the study of organic chemistry, tend to forget the in-organic work they have done in the earlier part of the course.Generally speaking, however, the answers showed an improvement on the previous year. 224 IV. Inorganic Chemistry-Practical.-There was an im-provement in the work shown by candidates, both in qualita- tive and volumetric analysis. More attention was paid to confirmatory tests, and duplicate analyses were often carried out. It is still necessary, however, to point out that preliminary tests have their importance in qualitative analysis ; many candi- dates do not realise this. In the advanced grade, the work generally was of a very satisfactory character. V. Physical Chemistry .-The impression gained by the Assessors is the same as last year, namely, that the most satis- factory answers were given by candidates from institutions where there are ample facilities for experimental work in physical chemistry.There seems to be a tendency for formulz to be memorised without a proper understanding, either of their derivation, or of their physical significance. It was noticeable that in dealing with the strength of acids it was not realised that hydrogen ion concentrations must be compared at equivalent concentrations of acid. There was also a weakness in the knowledge of osmotic pressure. In the advanced grade, the work was generally of a very satisfactory character. VI. Organic Chemistry-Theory. -Isomerism was not always clearly defined, and the examples given of polymerisation were often condensations accompanied by loss of water.In one school, the paper in the senior grade contained a question set by the teacher on the preparation of fluorobenzene. The answers indicated that the process was analogous to that employed for iodobenzene. If candidates are to receive instruc- tion on this somewhat recondite topic they should be taught the most practical method-pyrolysis of benzenediazonium borofluo- ride. But this matter might well be left over for the advanced grade. The production of phthalic anhydride from naphthalene appeared in many answers in both senior and advanced grades, but only in one instance was the modern manufacturing process mentioned :-Aerial oxidation of naphthalene vapour over a vanadium oxide catalyst.All the other answers described the older method from naphthalene and sulphuric acid with mercury catalyst. The compulsory question on the orienting influence of sub-stituents in the benzene ring evoked thoughtful and correct 226 answers, but the nitration of aniline presented some difficulty. In the senior grade the following variants of this reaction might be usefully discussed :-Nitration of acyl derivatives of aniline, nitration of aniline in cold concentrated sulphuric acid. With advanced grade classes a more extensive survey might be made of the nitration of aromatic amines, nitration of their acyl deriva- tives and quaternary salts and dehydration of the nitrates of these amines.It might be suggested that in the partial reduction of meta- dinitrobenzene to meta-nitroaniline a useful alternative to alcoholic ammonium sulphide is Flurscheim’s works process with aqueous sodium disulphide:-C,H4(NO2)%+ N+S2+ H,O =NOz.C,H,. N H, + Na,&O,. VII. Organic Chemistry, Practical.-In this section par-ticularly, many candidates rely too much on notes, presentation, descriptions of methods and other book work, and seem to imagine that they can satisfy the Examiners, although returning hope- lessly inaccurate results. In the ultimate analysis of organic substances with sodium it was stated by several candidates that this test did not reveal the presence of nitrogen in azobenzene, but on the other hand many of their colleagues obtained a positive result.There was, however, no indication that potassium was ever tried in doubtful cases. When this test indicated the presence of halogens there was frequently no further attempt to specify the particular halogen. This criticism applies to both grades, for at the higher stage ethyl iodide was returned and estimated as ethyl bromide by a candidate who was given a good pass mark. Determinations of the molecular weight of an aromatic amine (aniline or toluidine) by diazotisation of its hydrochloride with standard sodium nitrite were not very successful. Out of seven candidates from the same school only one obtained an accurate result. It is, however, noteworthy that satisfactory analyses were returned for the Kjeldahl estimations, which were introduced as practical exercises into both grades.VIII. Technological Subjects.-Answers to questions in tech- nical chemistry suggest that industrial students do not always connect in their own minds the chemical processes which they encounter in their daily work with the fundamental scientific principles taught in their evening classes. 226 In reply to a question set by the teacher in one school, on the importance of coal as a raw material for the production of organic compounds, even the best candidate was given only half marks. Candidates who were asked to describe any process of chemical manufacture with which they were personally familiar sometimes selected examples of which they had no first-hand knowledge, such as the destructive distillation of wood or the manufacture of sodium cyanide.Some attention is now being paid to the results of high- pressure syntheses from carbon monoxide and hydrogen in presence of catalysts. Answers to questions dealing with the chemistry of industrially important materials were , in general, satisfactory, although calculations based on technical processes were not infrequently incorrect. Among students of dyeing there is an increased appreciation of the chemical nature of vat dyes and of modern colours of the azoic series. But sometimes this new knowledge is gained at the expense of the old, as, for instance, where candidates indicate correctly the chemical constitution of indigosol but misplace alizarin in the dyers’ classification of colouring matters. A question on the chemical theory of dyeing led to many thought- ful and critical answers.The identification of dyes both in bulk and on the fibres was as a rule correctly carried out, but in some instances confirmatory tests were lacking. IX. Physics and Mathematics.-There is perhaps less ten- dency to improve in this section than in any. Several papers in elementary physics contained questions on higher physics- such as X-rays and electron theory-and the candidates, who nearly always choose these questions, showed in general a very superficial knowledge while betraying weakness in first principles. Thus a candidate who attempted a question on X-rays was ignorant of the simple gas laws.The inclusion of such higher work in a course of this nature is undesirable. In some cases there is room for much improvement in the general neatness of the written papers, and slovenly diagrams are still all too common. In practical physics, also, little weight is given to accuracy, and a candidate who obtains a very inaccurate result often hopes to pass on method and presentation of work. It is necessary to point out that the full calculation of results from observations 227 should be shown, and that all observations should be entered in the examination book at the time they are made and not on scraps of paper. NATIONAL IN SCOTLANDCERTIFICATES CHEMISTRY, , 1930. The Council has received and adopted the Report of the Joint Committee of the Scottish Education Department and the Institute re National Certificates in Chemistry for 1930.Assessor-Dr. Norman Picton. Eight candidates have been awarded Higher Certificates, one with distinction in organic chemistry and one with distinction in inorganic chemistry. Two candidates who took their courses under the arrange- ments made by the Joint Committee on the Organisation of Classes in Science and Technology have been awarded Ordinary Certificates. Arrangements are being made by which students will be kept more fully informed as to the requirements for National Certifi- cates during their courses. 228 Obituary. SHIRRADOUGALLSADXUEL died at Perth, Western Australia, on 19th March, in his 83rd year.Born at Glasgow, he was educated at the Glasgow Academy and subsequently studied medicine at the University. After assisting his brother, Dr. K. J. Dougall, in London, and his cousin Dr. Andrew Watson, in Glasgow, for several years, he decided to pursuechemistry and proceeded to Heidelberg, where he worked under Bunsen. On his return, he was assistant in a chemical works at Flint, and later practised as a Consulting Chemist, at Denver, Colorado, U.S.A. In or about 1885, after further experience in England, he went to Australia, and established a practice in Sydney, N.S.W., in which he continued until 1890, when he was appointed Chemist to the New South Wales Shale & Oil Co., at Hartley Vale.In 1893, he went to Perth and, in the following year, was appointed chemist to the Agricultural Department. From 1899 he resumed private practice until his retirement in 1926, acting as Analystto the cities of Perth and Fremantle, and to a number of country Munici- palities and Road Boards. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1878. JAMES a Registered Student, was killed in an M. W. L. HEMINGWAY, accident on 28th June, at the age of nearly 21 years. Born at East Hackney, he was educated at the College of the Sacred Heart, Wimbledon. He became an Assistant in the Laboratory of the Paint and Varnish Research Association, Teddington, and at the time of his death was preparing by evening classes, at the Birkbeck College, for the Final B.Sc.Examination of the University of London. JOHNTHOMAINSLIE WALKER died on 27th July at Paddington,London, in his 63rd year. He was educated at Watson’s COllSge and at the University, Edinburgh, and in 1889 joined the staff of the Scottish Marine Station for Scientific Research. In the following year he was appointed Second Chemist at the Broxburn Oil Company, Linlithgow, and in 1895 became Chief Chemist to Messrs. A. M. Peebles Company, Paper Mills, Lancashire. In 1900 he was appointed Chief Chemist to McMurray’s Royal Paper Mills in London, and from 1902 to 1905 conducted a privateconsulting practice in Westminster. From 1905 to 191 1 he was Managing Director, Chief Chemist and Bacteriologist to Jeyes Sanitary Compounds Co., Ltd., and subsequently occupied similar positions with the Barrett Manufacturing Co., New York, from 1911 to 1914, and with the Walker- Leeming Laboratories in the same city, from 1914 to 1917.From the latter year until the end of the war he was engaged with the forces, and was appointed specialist in bacteriology while 0.C. No. 9 Mobile Laboratory, with the rank of Captain, R.A.M.C. (T.F.). He was the author of numerous papers published in journals devoted to hygiene and medicine. The Rideal-Walker and the Sommerville-Walker methods for the evaluation of disinfectants, in which he collaborated, are well known, and his work on the solubility of thymol has proved of considerable service in facilitating the use of this substance in medicine. In 1920 he resumed practice at Ludgate Hill, in the City of London.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in the same year. 229 Books and their Contents. Since the publication of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part 111,the following books have been presented by the authors or publishers. Copiesrnay be seen in the Library of the Institute. “Essences, Naturelles et Parfums.” Raymond Delange. Pp. vi+zzo. (Paris: Librarie Armand Colin.) 10 frs. 50 (paper covers). Historique; de l’odeur et de ses relations avec les propn6Ms et avec h structure mol6culaire des corps; analyse; les huiles essentielles et lee plantes ; huiles essentielles, baumes et produits animaux ; compos6s odorants d6hes ; appendice;bibliographis. “Chemistry, The Spirit of.” An Introduction to Chemistry for Students of the Liberal Arts.Alexander Findlay. With Portraits and illustrations. Pp. xvi +480. (London: Longmans, Green & Co.) 10s. 6d. net. The aim and method of science; the twilight age of chemistry; the dawn of chemistry; the fundamental laws of chemistry; atomic weights and the periodic law; radioactivity and atomic constitution; %he three states of matter; the determination of atomic weights; the gases of the atmos- phere and the phenomenon of combustion; the production of f3e; matter and energy; fuels and illuminants; hydrogen, water and hydrogen peroxide; solutions; acids, alkalis and salts; theory of ionisation; electricity and chemistry; metals and their properties; metals and alloys; velocity of reactions and catalysis; sulphur and sulphuric acid; salts of potassium and sodium; nitrogen, the production of fertilisers and explosives; silica, clay, lime and glass; the colloidal state; the rise of organic chemistry ; the aliphatic compounds ; stereochemistry;the aromatic compounds.Appendix I: Books for further reading; Appendix 11: Scales of tem-perature; Appendix I11 : The metric system. Index. “Hydrogen Ion Concentration, The Measurement of.” Julius Grant. With Illustrations and Diagrams. Pp. viii +159. (London: Longmans, Green & Co., Ltd.) 9s. net. Electrometric method ; colorimetric method; methods and techniqueapplicable to particular cases ; tabulated data. “Inorganic Materials, The Quantitative Analysis of.” Norman Hackney. With Illustrations.Pp. xv +378. (London: Charles Griffin & Co., Ltd.) 30s. net. Apparatus, reagents and manipulation ; theoretical considerations; 8s-timation of the metals ; the acid radicles; volumetric analysis; sepma-tions ; sepnrabions of the anions ; alloys and other industrial products; tables ; Index, 230 “Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry.’’ A Comprehensive Treatise on. J. W. Mellor. Volume X. With 217 Dia-grams. Pp. x3-958. (London: Longmans, Green & Co., Ltd.) E3 3s. net. Sulphur: History ; occurrence; extraction; allotropic, amorphous and colloidal forms of sulphur; physical and chemical properties; valency and atomic weight ; hydrogen sulphide ; polysulphides of hydrogen; sulphoxylic acid ; hyposulphurous acid ; hyposulphites; sulphur ses-quioxide; sulphur dioxide and sulphurous acid ; alkali and ammonium sulphites;sulphites of copper family ;alkaline earth sulphites; sulphites of the beryllium-mercury family; sulphites of the aluminium-rare earth family; sulphites of the zirconium-lead family ; sulphites of the antimony-vanadium family; sulphites of selenium-uranium family; sulphites of manganese and iron families; the sulphites of the platinum metals; pyrosulphurous acid and pyrosulphites; sulphur trioxide; hydrates of sulphur trioxide and sulphuric acid ;sulphuric acid-history, occurrence and preparation ; physical properties of sulphuric acid ; chemical properties of sulphuric acid ; pyrosulphuric acid and the pyrosulphates;polysulphates;sulphur heptoxide and persulphuric acids ; persulphates or perdisulphates; pennonosulphuric acid and permono -sulphates; thiosulphuric acid ; thiosulphates; polythionic acids ; di-thionic acids ;dithionates;trithionic acid and trithionates ;tetrathionic acid and tetrathionates ; pentathionic acid and pentathionates ; hexa-thionic acid and hexathionates ; sulphur fluorides; sulphur chlorides ; sulphur bromides ; sulphur iodides ;thionyl halides ; sulphuryl halides ; sulphur oxyhalides ; halogenosulphonic acids and their salts.Selenium : History and occurrence; extraction and purificakion ; allo-tropic forms; physical properties; chemical properties; hydrogenselenide; selenides; selenium dioxide and lower oxides; hydrate of selenium dioxide-selenious acid ;selenites;selenium trioxide and selenic acid; selenates;selenium halides ;oxyhalogen compounds of selenium ; selenium sulphides ; sulphoselenides; oxysulphoselenium compounds; selenatosulphates and sulphatoselenates; selenophosphites and seleno- phosphates.Index. “Rubber Information.” A Compendium of the Rubber In-dustry in all its branches, including Plantation and Factory Practice, Rubber Chemistry and Engineering, Trade Sta- tistics, Machinery and Equipment, Rubber Chemicals and Materials, Planters and Manufacturers, Rubber Goods and Trade Marks. Edited by H. B. Cronshaw; assisted by F. H. Cotton, H. A. Daynes, T. J. Drakeley, F. Grove-Palmer, J. R. Scott, H. P. Stevens, and W. H. Stevens. Pp. 237. (London: Leonard Hill, Ltd.) 10s.Rubber dictionary;compounding ingredients and other rubber chemicals; bibliography ; rubber trade statistics ; plantation companies ; alpha-betical list of firms;classified list of products and equipment ;trade and registered names. 231 “Beilstein’s Handbuch der Organischen Chemie, A Brief Intro- duction to the use of.” E. H. Huntress. Pp. viii+35. (London: Chapman & Hall.) 5s. The mode of formation of the four main divisions; the sub-classification of divisions; the arrangement of derivatives of the individual index compounds; the location of compounds of tautomeric structure; the method of locating a particular compound from its structural formula. Alkali, etc., Works Regulation Act.-In the sixty-sixth Annual Report on Alkali, etc., Works by the Chief In- spectors, on proceedings during the year 1929 (H.M. Stationery Office, 6d.net), Mr. W. A. Damon, who succeeded Dr. T. Lewis Bailey as Chief Inspector in November last, reports to the Minister of Health, and Mr. J. W. Young, to the Department of Health for Scotland. The Report contains much important matter of direct interest to chemists engaged in a large variety of industries. In addition to alkali, the Inspectors have been concerned with cement, smelting, the manufacture of sulphuric, nitric and hydrochloric acids, gas liquors, ammonium sulphate and chloride, chlorine, sulphides, Venetian red, lead, arsenic, nitrate and chloride of iron, bisulphide of carbon, paraffin oil, tar, zinc, benzene, pyridine, bromine, picric acid, and hydrofluoric acid.Factories and Workshops.-The annual report of the Chief Inspector of Factories and Workshops for the year I929 (H. M. Stationery Office, Cmd. 3633, 2s. 6d. net) contains the Report of the Senior Medical Inspector, Dr. John C. Bridge, dealing with workers who come into daily contact with lead, phosphorus, mercury, arsenic, etc. or are exposed to poisonous fumes, gases and dust, and with a still larger group of workers who are not so exposed, in regard to whom the effects of industry on health are much less readily ascertained. Reference is made to the operations of the Sandstone (Silicosis) Scheme and the Various Industries (Silicosis) Scheme and to poisoning by carbon bisulphide, and by aniline and benzene, and to the occurrence of epitheliomatous ulceration in industries dealing with pitch and tar, paraffin and mineral oil, of dermatitis and anthrax, and of other industrial diseases.232 The Safety in Mines Research Board has published a summarising report on Flameproof Electrical Apparatus for Use in Coal Mines. Casings for electrical switchgear and other electrical apparatus for use in coal mines are necessary to safeguard the mine-workers in the event of an explosion of firedamp being caused within the casing by the operation of the apparatus. For this purpose the casing must either be strong enough to withstand the pressure produced by the explosion, which involves heavy construction, or must permit the immediate release of pressure; but the means of release must not be such as to permit the propagation of the flame of the explosion to an inflammable firedamp or coal dust mixture outside. Researches into this problem have been conducted by the Safety in Mines Research Board, and papers have been issued dealing with various forms of pressure release, viz.: Paper 5 (Flange Protection) ; Paper 21 (Perforated Plate Protection) , and Paper 35 (Ring relief protection).Other phases of the re- search on firedamp explosions within closed vessels have been reported on in Paper 10 (The effects of turbulence) and Paper 49 (Pressure piling). The summarising report, by I. C. F. Statham and R. V. Wheeler, collects the information contained in these papers and compares the experimental results with the results obtained in the testing at Sheffield University of apparatus submitted by manufacturers for certification.In the light of the knowledge so obtained, the report deals with the general design of flameproof electrical apparatus with pressure release devices. Copies of the Report-Safety in Mines Research Board, Paper 60-are obtainable either directly or through any book- seller, from H.M. Stationery Office, Kingsway, London, Price 6d. net. Dyestuffs.-The Dyestuffs Industry Development Com-mittee has reported to the Board of Trade on the progress of the industry since the Dyestuffs (Import Regulation) Act, 1920, came into operation. (Stationery Office : Cmd.3658. Price IS. 6d. net.) The Committee, which was appointed to advise the Board of Trade on the efficient and economical development of the industry, states that the protection afforded by the Act has given British manufacturers the confidence to develop their works, has provided them with opportunities for acquiring the 233 necessary skill and technique for the production of dyestuffs of first quality, and has enabled them to reduce the costs of produc- tion to the lowest economic levels. The Report deals with dyestuffs and intermediate products; output, range of production, quality, novelties and plant ;prices of dyestuffs and intermediate products; staff; organisation of research, the effects of the Dyestuffs Act, etc., and concludes with the following paragraphs:- “The question now arises whether it would be possible for the industry to carry on that development and maintain its present position without the protection afforded by the Act.There are two possible opinions on this. The colour users say the Act was for 10years and no longer. The colour makers say that their increased efficiency during the last few years warrants an extension of the Act, which would enable them to complete their work. Further, the importance of the dye industry from the point of view of national security must not be overlooked, but from the point of view of obtaining this object the burden should not be laid on the colour users. “Consequently, it is to the interest of all parties concerned, -that is the Government, the users and the dyestuff manu- facturers,-to continue to consider the problem in the same spirit of co-operation that has marked the period of the operation of the Dyestuffs Act, and together to agree, if possible, first whether any further assistance to the industry is necessary, and, if so, as to the form which such assistance should take.’’ Mr.R. T. Rolfe has forwarded a copy of a paper on “Bearing Alloys,” read by him before the Manchester Association of Engineers, in October, 1929,published, with discussion thereon, by the Association. (Manchester: Herald and Walker, Ltd.) Mr. Arthur R. Warnes has forwarded a copy of a booklet of “Notes Relative to Reparation Work,” i.e. the problem of restoring to soundness-as applied to buildings, industrial, domestic, ecclesiastical and historical-dealing with causes of decay in various materials, cleaning, plastic repairs, reinforcing, scaffolding, and shoring, etc.Rothamsted Memoirs.-Volume XIV of the Rothamsted Memoirs, including 64 papers, covering the period from 1928 to 234 1930,is now ready €or distribution. Copies can be obtained from the Secretary, Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpen- den, Herts. 36s. net. World Power Conference.-The Transactions of the Second World Conference held at Berlin from 16th to 20th June, are about to be published. Special pre-publication prices have been arranged to purchasers requiring the whole set of nineteen volumes and index volume, or any separate volume, whose orders are received on or before 15th September.The complete set will be published at L17 10s.; pre-publication price Ex5* Enquiries should be addressed at once to Messrs. Percy Lund, Humphries & Co., Ltd., 3, Amen Corner, London, E.C.4. U.S. Bureau of Mines, Department of Commerce.-The United States Bureau of Mines has issued information circulars relating to Radium (I.C. 6312) and Cobalt (I.C. 6331),-both by Paul M. Tyler, assisted by Miss E. P. Youngman-copies of which can be consulted in the Library of the Institute. 235 The Register. AT the meeting of Council held on 18th July, 1930,-1o Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 34 new Associates were elected, and 4 Students were admitted.Associates elected to the Fellowship. Byme, George Thomas, M.Sc. (Vict.), 4, University Path, Hong Kong. China, Frederick John Edwin, B.Sc. (Lond.), c/o Messrs. Burt, Boulton & Haywood, Ltd., Prince Regent’s Wharf, Silvertown, London, E.16. Johnson, Edgar Bertie, B.Sc. (Birm.), 32, Alcester Road, Moseley, Birm- ingham. Jones, Arthur Butler, M.Sc. (Liv.), Northcote, Kinlochleven, Argyllshire. Murphy, Edward Arthur, M.Sc. (Lond.), 91, Green Lanes, Chester Road, Birmingham. Sen, Nalinbihari, B.Sc. (Cal.), B.Met. (Sheffield), Tata’s Laboratory,Jamshedpur, Via Tatanagar, India. Speakman, John Bamber, M.Sc. (Vict.), Chemical Laboratories, The University, Leeds. Stott, George Herbert, M.Sc. (Liv.), Argus, Kinlochleven, Argyllshire.Subrahmanyan, Vaidyanatha, B.A. (Madras), D.Sc. (Lond.), Lecturer in Bio-Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. Wood, Thomas, B.Sc. (Lond.), 22, Linden Avenue, Coulsdon, Surrey. New Associates. Adam, Thomas Coats Campbell, M.Sc. (Q.U.B.), Beulah, Everton Drive, Cregagh, Belfast. Aldington, John Norman, B.Sc. (Lond.), 46, Long Lane, Ashton-on-Ribble, Preston. Barent, Mark, B.Sc. (Lond.), 29, Victoria Park Square, London, E.2. Barker, William Edward, M.Sc. (S.A.), Chemistry Department, Cape Town Technical College, P.O. Box 652, Cape Town, S. Africa. Bennett, Thomas Mitchell, B.Sc. (Glas.), 12, Mulberry Road, Newlands, Glasgow. Blackie, Joseph John, c/oMessrs. Duncan Flockhart & Co., 104, HolyroodRoad, Edinburgh.Brown, John Ferguson, B.Sc. (Glas.), 55, Clarkston Road, Cathcart, Glasgow. Burrows, Ronald Bertram, B.Sc. (Lond.), 123, Mere Road, Leicester. Chapman, James, B.Sc. (Glas.), Ballencrieff, Troon, Ayrshire. Cloudsley, Robert Keith, B.Sc. (Glas.), 17, Herries Road, Maxwell Park, Glasgow, S.l. Crombie, John James, A. H-W. C., Mayfield, Pumpherston, Mid-Calder. Eaglesfield, Philip, M.Sc. (Sheff.), c/oResearch Department, Distillers Co., Ltd., Great Burgh, Epsom, Surrey. Elliott, Frederick Jacob, B.Sc. (Dunelm), Needless Hall Farm, Bishop Auckland, Co. Durham. 236 Fletcher, Sidney John, B.Sc. (Lond.), 65, Moor Lane, Loughborough. Garrow, Frederick Campbell, B.Sc. (Aberd.), 56, Albury Road, Aberdeen. Gilbert, Frank Lathe, B.Sc.(Lond.), Ph.D. (Cantab.), 7, Castle Hill, Maidenhead. Grant, John Scurrah, 63, Bellwood Street, Langside, Glasgow. Hall, Mervyn Hector, B.Sc. (Bris.), 42, Alma Vale Road, Clifton, Bristol. Heaysman, Leonard Thomas, B.Sc. (Lond.), 3, Cockshott Road, Reigate, Surrey.Henderson, William, B.Sc. (Glas.), 40, Pollok Buildings, Corkerhill, Glasgow, S.W.2. Lawrie, James Haston, A. H-W. C., 15, Barclay Place, Edinburgh. Liebenberg, Doyle Pienaar, M.Sc. (Cape), c/o African Explosives & In-dustries, Ltd., P.O. North Rand, Transvaal. Kerr, Miss Alexandra Jean Robson, B.Sc. (Aberd.), 3, Inverurie Road, Bucksburn, Aberdeenshire. Lithgow, James Craib, 44, Loughborough Road, Kirkcaldy, Fife. Martin, David Johnston, B.Sc. (Liv.), 35,Orrell Lane, Aintree, Liverpool.Ramsay, John, M.A., B.Sc. (Glas.), 9, Elgin Street, Granby, P.Q., Canada. Samuel, Johnny Oswald, B.Sc. (Wales), Glan-y-Gors, Rhiwfawr, Swansea. Sarkar, Nripendra Nath, B.Sc (Calcutta), c/o Messre. Thomas Cook & Son, Berkeley Street, London, W.l. Vashist, Shankar Dat, M.Sc. (Allahabad), Ward Hall, Victoria Park, Manchester. Wakeford, Bernard Dudley, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., Lake Magadi, Kenya, B.E.A. Walters, John Alan, B.Sc. (Lond.), Research Laboratories, General Electric Co., East Lane, N. Wembley, Middx. Walton, Arthur, M.Sc. (Manc.), 171, Kedleston Road, Derby. Whittam, Richard, B.Sc. (Lond.), 189, Walmersley Road, Bury. Winfield, Francis Thomas, B.Sc. (Lond.), 35, Dovedale Road, West Bridgford, Notts. New Students.Blench, Ronald Oliver, Eldon House, South Parade, Whitley Bay. Brook, Francis Henry Colson, Charnwood, Parkcroft Road, West Bridgford, Nottingham.Damkevala, Jalezar Eduljee, B.Sc. (Nagpur), Arlington Villa, St. Paul’s Road, Camden Square, London, N.W.l. Jones, John Henry, 18, Bloxcidge Street, Langley, Nr. Birmingham. DEATHS. Fellows. James Robson. John Thom Ainslie Walker. Associate. Richard James Barron, A.R.C.Sc.1. Student. James Maria Winpenny Lenwood Herningway. 237 General Notices. Annual Chemical Dinner, 6th November, 1930.-It is hoped that Fellows and Associates of the Institute will attend the annual chemical dinner, to be held in London at the Con- naught Rooms, on Thursday, the 6th November, at 7 for 7.30 p.m.The dinner will be followed by music and dancing. Tickets, 12s. 6d. each, for both ladies and gentlemen (in- cluding gratuities but not wines) will be obtainable in October from Mr. F. A. Greene, Hon. Sec. Annual Chemical Dinner. Chemical Industry Club, z Whitehall Court, London, S.W.1. Further particulars will be announced in due course. Examinations in 1931.-The arrangements for examina- tions during 1931 will be as follows :-Dates of Examinations. Entries close. 5th to 9th January. or 12th to 16th January. Monday, 10th November, 1930. 13th to 17th April. or 20th to 24th April. Monday, 16th February, 1931. 14th to 18th September. Monday, 20th July, 1931. zIst to 25th September. Candidates for the Associateship will be examined in January, April and September, and candidates for the Fellowship in April and September.Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize for Registered Students.-A medal and prize (41010s.) for the best essay, not exceeding 3000 words, on bb Chemical Education, from the Student’s Point of View ” will be awarded in January, 1931, and presented at the next Annual General Meeting, or at a meeting of the Local Section to which the successful competitor is attached. 238 Entries are limited to registered students who are less than 22 years of age at the time of forwarding the essay. Each essay must be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the Local Section of the district in which the competitor resides, on or before the 3rst December, 1930, and must be accompanied by a signed declaration that it is the independent work of the com- petitor.Essays will be valued partly for literary style and technique, but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein. The Committee of each Local Section will be asked to select from among the essays received not more than three considered to be worthy of the award. The essays selected by the Local Sections will be referred to assessors appointed by the Council. On the report of the assessors, the Council will decide whether an award be made. The award will not be made more than once to any individual competitor. Enquiries on the subject of the Sir Edward Frankland Essays should be addressed to the Registrar. The Meldola Medal (the gift of the Society of Maccabzeanaj is awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise and is brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st December prior to the award. The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work.The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person. In awarding the Medal for 1930 the adjudicators will, unless exceptional circumstances arise, give special consideration to work in inorganic or physical chemistry. The next award will be made in January, 1931. The Council will be glad to have attention directed, before 31st December, 1930, to work of the character indicated.Beilby Memorial Awards.-From the interest derived from the invested capital of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, at intervals to be determined by the administrators representing the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institute of Metals, awards will be made to British investigators in science to mark appreciation of records of distinguished original work, preference being given to in-vestigations relating to the special interests of Sir George Beilby, 239 including problems connected with fuel economy, chemical engineering and metallurgy. Awards will not be made on the result of any competition, but in recognition of continuous work of exceptional merit, bearing evidence of distinct advancement in knowledge and practice.The administrators of the Fund are the Presidents, the Honorary Treasurers, and the Secretaries of the three partici- pating Institutions. Fellows and Associates who wish to direct attention to work of the character indicated are requested to communicate with the Registrar of the Institute. Pedler Research Scholarship.-Under the regulations for the award of the Pedler Scholarship, the scholar is required to undertake work on a problem or problems to be chosen by the Council, having special regard to the need for its investigation in the public interest. The selected problem will be announced in due course, and the Pedler Fund Committee will invite applications from candi- dates for the scholarship. The successful candidate will be informed of his or her appointment as soon as possible after the award.The scholarship is of the annual value of E300, payable monthly, and tenable for one year, but, at the discretion of the Council, may be extended for any further period at the same rate. The work shall be conducted in a laboratory approved by the Council, and under the general direction of any person or persons, duly authorised by the Council for this purpose, who shall report to the Pedler Fund Committee from time to time as required. The Council will defray the expenses of the research out of the Pedler Fund, all such expenses being subject to the approval of the Council or of an officer duly authorised for this purpose. The results of the investigations undertaken by the scholar shall be the property of the Institute, and shall be published as the Council may direct.Any such publication, however, shall be in the name of the scholar solely. Notice to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship as soon as possible. 240 Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists.Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute on the same terms as Fellows and Associates, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their professors. Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register, Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employment are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period of six months, if necessary.The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assis- tants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students and Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute provides a collection of books primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations, but is open for the use of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students between the hours of 10 a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m.and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is avail-able, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute, wishing to consult or 241 borrow books, from 10 a.m. to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.), except during August and the early part of September, when the hours are from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted, at present, to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books. Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books.The Science Museum, South Kensington.-The Director and Secretary of the Science Museum, South Kensington, has notified the Council of the Institute that arrangements have been made for the issue of books and periodicals on loan to scientific workers introduced by approved institutions. Books which can be obtained easily from other institutions are not ordinarily lent by the Science Library. The Science Library, however, contains some 360 periodicals specially devoted to chemical science, and arrangements have been made (by means of a form of requisition obtainable from the Registrar of the Institute) for borrowing any of these, and of the remainder of the 8000 periodicals in the Library which may not be available in the Library of the Chemical Society or elsewhere.Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers for binding the JOURNAL (IS. zd. each) are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which they are desirous of binding the JOURNAL. Arrangements have been made with Messrs. A. W, Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19, Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.z, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGStheon following terms : buckram case, IS. zd. ;binding, 2s. gd.; postage and packing, gd.; in all, 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who wish to give lectures. The collection includes a large number of portraits and pictures of alchemists and chemists, which are especially useful to members lecturing on various phases of the history of chemistry.A List of Slides appeared in JOURNAL AND PRO-CEEDINGS,Part IV, 1929, but it is constantly being augmented by the addition of new slides to meet the wishes of lecturers. As the slides are constantly in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration.